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where does the first home alone take place
The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Paris , gathering at Peter and Kate 's home outside of Chicago on the night before their departure . Peter and Kate 's youngest son , eight - year - old Kevin , is being ridiculed by his siblings and cousins . A fight with his older brother , Buzz , results in Kevin getting sent to the third floor of the house for punishment , where he wishes that his family would disappear . During the night , heavy winds cause damage to power lines , which causes a temporary power outage and resets the alarm clocks , causing the entire family to oversleep . In the confusion and rush to get to the airport , Kevin is accidentally left behind .
Chicago
Home Alone
home alone
Home Alone is a 1990 American comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus . The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister , a boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation . Kevin initially relishes being home alone , but soon has to contend with two would - be burglars played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern . The film also features Catherine O'Hara and John Heard as Kevin 's parents .
Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy . After its release , Home Alone became the highest - grossing live action comedy film of all time in the United States , and also held the record worldwide until it was overtaken by The Hangover Part II in 2011 . It is the highest grossing Christmas movie of all time at the North American box office ( when adjusted for inflation ) . Home Alone has spawned a successful film franchise with four sequels , including the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , the only Home Alone sequel to have the original cast reprising their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Sequels 6 Novelization 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Paris , gathering at Peter and Kate 's home outside of Chicago on the night before their departure . Peter and Kate 's youngest son , eight - year - old Kevin , is being ridiculed by his siblings and cousins . A fight with his older brother , Buzz , results in Kevin getting sent to the third floor of the house for punishment , where he wishes that his family would disappear . During the night , heavy winds cause damage to power lines , which causes a temporary power outage and resets the alarm clocks , causing the entire family to oversleep . In the confusion and rush to get to the airport , Kevin is accidentally left behind . Kevin wakes up to find the house empty and , thinking his wish has come true , is overjoyed with his new - found freedom . However , Kevin soon becomes frightened by his next door neighbor , `` Old Man '' Marley , who is rumored to have murdered his family with a snow shovel in 1958 ; as well as the `` Wet Bandits '' , Harry and Marv , a pair of burglars who have been breaking into other vacant houses in the neighborhood and have targeted the McCallisters ' house . Kevin tricks the pair into thinking his whole family is home , forcing them to put their plans on hold . Kate discovers mid-flight that Kevin is missing and , upon arrival in Paris , the family discovers that all flights for the next two days are booked . Peter and the rest of the family go to his brother Rob 's apartment in the city while Kate manages to get a flight back to the United States , only to get as far as Scranton , Pennsylvania . She attempts to book a flight to Chicago but again , everything is booked . Unable to accept this , Kate is overheard by Gus Polinski , the lead member of a traveling polka band , who offers to let her travel with them to Chicago on their way to Milwaukee in a moving van , which she graciously accepts . Meanwhile , Harry and Marv realize that Kevin is home alone , and on Christmas Eve , Kevin overhears them discussing plans to break into his house that night . Kevin goes to church and watches a choir perform . He meets Old Man Marley , who sits with Kevin and they briefly speak ; he learns that Marley is actually a nice man and that the rumors about him are false . He points to Kevin his granddaughter in the choir , whom he never gets to meet as he and his son are estranged and have not been on speaking terms for some time ; Kevin suggests that he try to reconcile with his son . Kevin returns home and rigs the house with numerous booby traps . Harry and Marv break in , spring the traps , and suffer various injuries . While the duo pursues Kevin around the house , he calls the police and flees the house , luring the duo into a neighboring vacant home . Harry and Marv manage to catch him and discuss how they will get their revenge , but Marley sneaks in and knocks them unconscious with his snow shovel before they can do anything to Kevin . The police arrive and arrest Harry and Marv , having identified all the houses they burgled due to the latter 's habit of flooding them . On Christmas Day , Kevin is disappointed to find that his family is still gone . He then hears Kate enter the house and call for him ; they reconcile and are soon joined by the rest of the McCallisters , who waited in Paris until they could get a direct flight to Chicago . Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv , although Peter finds Harry 's missing gold tooth . Kevin then observes Marley reuniting with his son and his family . Marley notices Kevin and the pair wave to each other before Marley and his family go inside his house . Buzz suddenly calls out , `` Kevin , what did you do to my room ? ! '' at which point Kevin runs off . Cast ( edit ) Macaulay Culkin as Kevin Joe Pesci as Harry Daniel Stern as Marv John Heard as Peter Roberts Blossom as Marley Catherine O'Hara as Kate Angela Goethals as Linnie Devin Ratray as Buzz Gerry Bamman as Uncle Frank Hillary Wolf as Megan Larry Hankin as Officer Balzak John Candy as Gus Polinski Production ( edit ) Home Alone house in Winnetka , Illinois Home Alone was initially a Warner Bros. production ; when 20th Century Fox took over the project , the budget grew from $14 to $17 million . Columbus ' work with Home Alone began several years earlier when Hughes helped him secure the directing job for National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation . That project ended poorly when a personality clash between Columbus and Chevy Chase led to Columbus leaving the movie . Hughes then gave him the script to Home Alone , which he accepted . Hughes suggested to Columbus that they cast Macaulay Culkin in the main role because of his experience with the child actor while shooting Uncle Buck . Columbus met with other actors for the part , by his count `` hundreds and hundreds '' , as he felt it was his `` directorial responsibility '' . Columbus finally met with Culkin and agreed he was the right choice for the role . Due to Culkin 's age , he could only work until 10 PM which created shooting problems for the crew because of the movie 's many night - time scenes . The film 's stunts also created tension for the crew during shooting . Columbus said , `` Every time the stunt guys did one of those stunts it was n't funny . We 'd watch it , and I would just pray that the guys were alive . '' Stunts were originally prepared with safety harnesses , but because of their visibility on camera , the film 's final stunts were performed without them . Some scenes were shot in a three - story single - family house located at 671 Lincoln Avenue in the village of Winnetka . The kitchen in the film was shot in the house , along with the main staircase , basement , attic and most of the first floor landing . The house 's dining room , and all the downstairs rooms ( excluding the kitchen ) were duplicated on a sound stage to allow more room for equipment and crew . The house was built in 1920 and features five bedrooms , a fully converted attic , a detached double garage and a greenhouse . The tree house in the back yard was built specifically for the film and dismantled after filming ended . The scenes inside the church were shot at Grace Episcopal Church , Oak Park , Illinois . For the film within a film , Angels with Filthy Souls , shooting took only one day . To create the illusion that the film was a 1940s gangster film , the scene was filmed with black - and - white negative film and Johnny 's office used authentic items from that era . In May 2011 , the house was listed for sale at $2.4 million ; it sold in March 2012 for $1.585 million . The house is promoted as a tourist attraction and cited as an example of `` How to Get Your Home in the Movies . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Home Alone : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Initially Columbus hoped to have Bruce Broughton score the films , and early posters listed him as the composer . However , Broughton was busy with The Rescuers Down Under and he had to cancel at the last minute . From there Columbus was able to get in touch with Steven Spielberg who helped him contact John Williams to produce the final score . Christmas songs , such as `` O Holy Night '' and `` Carol of the Bells '' , are featured prominently in the film , as well as the film 's theme song `` Somewhere in My Memory '' . The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical in cassette on December 4 , 1990 and in CD on May 27 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Home Alone grossed $285.8 million in the United States and Canada and $190.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $476.7 million , against a production budget of $18 million . In its opening weekend , Home Alone grossed $17 million from 1,202 theaters , averaging $14,211 per site and just 6 % of the final total and added screens over the next six weeks , with a peak screen count of 2,174 during its eighth weekend at the start of January 1991 . Home Alone proved so popular that it stayed in theaters well past the Christmas season . It was the No. 1 film at the box office for 12 straight weeks , from its release weekend of November 16 -- 18 , 1990 through the weekend of February 1 -- 3 , 1991 . It was finally dethroned from the top spot when Sleeping with the Enemy opened with $13 million . It nevertheless remained a top ten draw at the box office until the weekend of April 26 that year , which was well past Easter weekend . It made two more appearances in the top ten ( the weekend of May 31 -- June 2 and the weekend of June 14 -- 16 ) before finally falling out of the top ten . After over nine months into its run , the film had earned 16x its debut weekend and ended up making a final gross of $285,761,243 , the top - grossing film of its year in North America . The film is listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest - grossing live - action comedy ever . By the time it had run its course in theaters , Home Alone was the third - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide , as well as in the United States and Canada behind only Star Wars ( $322 million at the time ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( $399 million at that time ) , according to the home video box . In total , its cinema run grossed $477,561,243 worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 67.7 million tickets in the US . According to William Goldman , the film 's success prompted the creation of a Hollywood verb : `` to be Home Aloned '' , meaning to have a film 's box office reduced by the impact of Home Alone . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , Home Alone holds an approval rating of 62 % based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Home Alone 's uneven but frequently funny premise stretched unreasonably thin is buoyed by Macaulay Culkin 's cute performance and strong supporting stars . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , it has a score of 63 out of 100 , based on 9 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Variety magazine praised the film for its cast . Jeanne Cooper of The Washington Post praised the film for its comedic approach . Hal Hinson , also of The Washington Post , praised Chris Columbus 's direction and Culkin 's acting . Although Caryn James of The New York Times complained that the film 's first half is `` flat and unsurprising as its cute little premise suggests '' , she praised the second half for its slapstick humor . She also praised the conversation between Kevin and Marley , as well as the film 's final scenes . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film a ​ 2 ⁄ out of 4 - star rating . He compared the elaborate booby - traps in the film to Rube Goldberg machines , writing `` they 're the kinds of traps that any 8 - year - old could devise , if he had a budget of tens of thousands of dollars and the assistance of a crew of movie special effects people '' and criticized the plot as `` so implausible that it makes it hard for ( him ) to really care about the plight of the kid ( Kevin ) '' . However , he praised Culkin 's performance . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly magazine gave the film a `` D '' grade , criticizing the film for its `` sadistic festival of adult - bashing '' . Gleiberman said that `` ( John ) Hughes is pulling our strings as though he 'd never learn to do anything else '' . Home Alone has become a holiday classic among audiences and is often ranked as one of the best Christmas films of all time . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for two Academy Awards , one for Best Original Score , which was written by John Williams , and the other for Best Original Song for `` Somewhere in My Memory '' , music by Williams and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse . Sequels ( edit ) The film was followed by a commercially successful sequel in 1992 , Lost in New York , which brings back the first film 's cast . The film within a film , Angels with Filthy Souls , had a sequel in Home Alone 2 , Angels with Even Filthier Souls . Both Angels meta - films featured character actor Ralph Foody as stereotypical 1930s mobster Johnny . Home Alone 3 , released in 1997 , has completely different actors , and a different storyline with Hughes writing the screenplay . A fourth made - for - TV film followed in 2002 , Home Alone 4 . This entry features some of the same characters who were in the first two films , but with a new cast and a storyline that does not fall into the same continuity . Hughes did not write the screenplay for the TV film . On November 25 , 2012 , a fifth film , The Holiday Heist premiered during ABC Family 's 25 Days of Christmas programming event . In December 2015 , Culkin reprised his role as an adult Kevin McCallister in the inaugural episode of the Jack Dishel web series , `` DRYVRS '' , where a visibly disturbed Kevin recounts his experience of being left home alone by his family . In response to Culkin 's video , Daniel Stern appeared in a short video reprising his role as Marv , released in conjunction with Stern 's Reddit AMA , where he pleads for Harry to return to help protect him against Kevin 's cunning traps . Novelization ( edit ) Home Alone ( ISBN 0 - 590 - 55066 - 7 ) was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1990 to coincide with the film . Among the differences from the film the McCallisters live in Oak Park , Illinois , the Wet Bandits are named as Harry Lyme and Marv Murchens and Buzz 's tarantula is named as Axl . On October 6 , 2015 , to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the movie , an illustrated book by Kim Smith and Quirk Books was released . See also ( edit ) United States portal Film portal 1990s portal List of American films of 1990 List of films featuring home invasions , a plot device in thriller films that Home Alone lampoons List of films featuring fictional films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HOME ALONE ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 16 , 1990 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home Alone ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The top grossing Christmas films of all time '' . Telegraph.co.uk . December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Jump up ^ Teather , David ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` Fade to red '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Madison , Ira III . `` Chris Columbus Directed Home Alone Instead of Christmas Vacation Because He Met Chevy Chase '' . Vulrure . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , Amy . `` Home Alone turns 25 : A deep dive with director Chris Columbus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucido , Gary ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Home Alone House Sells For $1.585 Million '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone filming locations '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York Filming Locations '' . movielocationsguide.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Home '' . jamielynnphillips . January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` 25 Things You Might Not Know About ' Home Alone ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160508234005/https://www.graceoakpark.org/Weddings_at_Grace.html . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ King , Darryn ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` '' Merry Christmas , Ya Filthy Animal `` : Inside the Making of Home Alone 's Fake Gangster Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone house for sale '' . RTÉ News . May 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How to Get Your Home in the Movies '' . realestate.com . June 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone - Original Soundtrack '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( January 14 , 1991 ) . `` Home Alone in 9th Week as No. 1 Film : Movies : ' Godfather Part III ' takes dramatic slide from second to sixth place in its third week out . ' Awakenings ' is in second '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Home Alone ' At 25 : How I Forgave A Mediocre Movie For Becoming A Box Office Champion '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone ( 1990 ) - Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Movies.com : Movie box office results for the top 50 movies of 1990 Archived November 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Home Alone - Movie Review , retrieved August 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Movies.com : Movie box office results for the top 50 movies of 1990 '' . Movies.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , William ( 2001 ) . The Big Picture ? Who Killed Hollywood and Other Essays . Applause Theatre Books . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1557834607 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Variety Reviews - Home Alone '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . November 16 , 1990 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Jeanne ( November 16 , 1990 ) . `` Home Alone '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( November 16 , 1990 ) . `` Home Alone '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( November 16 , 1990 ) . `` Movie Review - Home Alone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 16 , 1990 ) . `` Home Alone '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 25 , 2007 ) . `` Home Alone Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Helen O'Hara . `` The 30 Best Christmas Movies Ever : # 4 Home Alone '' . Empireonline . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Favorite Christmas Movies '' . Huffington Post . December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave Infante ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Best Christmas Movies including Home Alone , Scrooged , Muppet Christmas Carol '' . thrillist . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Greatest Christmas Movies Of All - Time , According To British People '' . cinemablend.com . Jump up ^ `` Home Alone search '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About ' Home Alone ' '' . The FW . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frugal Fun : ABC 25 Days of Christmas Schedule '' . For the Mommas . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` See Macaulay Culkin Revisit Traumatized ' Home Alone ' Character '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearl , Diana ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Wet Bandits Are Back ! Daniel Stern Releases a Video Response to Macaulay Culkin 's Home Alone Parody '' . People Magazine . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yandoli , Krystie Lee ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` This Illustrated `` Home Alone '' Storybook Will Make You So Excited For Christmas `` . Buzz Feed . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Home Alone : The Classic Illustrated Storybook . Amazon . ASIN 1594748586 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Home Alone ' is the Charles ' post-Christmas gift for kids , parents and hipsters '' . The Baltimore Sun . For one sequence , the movie becomes a cat - and - mouse cartoon and a lampoon of home - invasion thrillers . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Home Alone . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Home Alone Home Alone on IMDb Home Alone at the TCM Movie Database Home Alone at Box Office Mojo Home Alone at Rotten Tomatoes Home Alone at Metacritic Home Alone at The Numbers Home Alone Films Home Alone ( 1990 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Home Alone 4 ( 2002 ) Home Alone : The Holiday Heist ( 2012 ) Video games Home Alone ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Home Alone ( 2006 ) Miscellaneous Home Alone : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Talkboy Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You , Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2017 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Alone&oldid=816079438 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films American films 1990s criminal comedy films American Christmas films American criminal comedy films Burglary in film Christmas comedy films Films set in Illinois Films shot in Illinois Home Alone ( franchise ) Home invasions in film 20th Century Fox films Films scored by John Williams Films directed by Chris Columbus Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Use mdy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 35 . 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where did the tell tale heart take place
The Tell - Tale Heart
the tell - tale heart
`` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe , first published in 1843 . It is relayed by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator 's sanity while simultaneously describing a murder they committed . The victim was an old man with a filmy `` vulture - eye '' , as the narrator calls it . The narrator emphasizes the careful calculation of the murder , attempting the perfect crime , complete with dismembering and hiding the body under the floorboards . Ultimately , the narrator 's feelings of guilt , or a mental disturbance , result in hearing a thumping sound , which the narrator interprets as the dead man 's beating heart .
The story was first published in James Russell Lowell 's The Pioneer in January 1843 . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poe 's most famous short stories . The specific motivation for murder ( aside from the narrator 's dislike of the old man 's eye ) , the relationship between narrator and old man , the gender of the narrator and other details are left unclear . The narrator denies having any feelings of hatred or resentment for the man who had , as stated , never wronged them . The narrator also denies having killed for greed . It has been speculated that the old man is a father figure , the narrator 's landlord , or that the narrator works for the old man as a servant , and that perhaps his `` vulture - eye '' represents some sort of veiled secret , or power . The ambiguity and lack of details about the two main characters stand in stark contrast to the specific plot details leading up to the murder . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Publication history 3 Analysis 4 Adaptations 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Illustration by Harry Clarke , 1919 `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is a first - person narrative of an unnamed narrator , who insists he or she is sane but is suffering from a disease ( nervousness ) which causes `` over-acuteness of the senses '' . Due to the ambiguity surrounding the identity of the story 's narrator , the narrator 's gender is uncertain . The old man with whom the narrator lives has a clouded , pale , blue `` vulture - like '' eye , which distresses the narrator so much that they plot to murder the old man , despite also insisting that they love the old man . The narrator insists that their careful precision in committing the murder proves that the narrator can not possibly be insane . For seven nights , the narrator opens the door of the old man 's room in order to shine a sliver of light onto the `` evil eye '' . However , the old man 's vulture - eye is always closed , making it impossible to `` do the work '' . On the eighth night , the old man awakens after the narrator 's hand slips and makes a noise , interrupting the narrator 's nightly ritual . But the narrator does not draw back and , after some time , decides to open the lantern . A single thin ray of light shines out and lands precisely on the `` evil eye '' , revealing that it is wide open . Hearing the old man 's heart beating loudly and dangerously fast from terror , the narrator decides to strike , jumping out with a loud yell and smothering the old man with his own bed . The narrator then dismembers the body and conceals the pieces under the floorboards , and ensures the concealment of all signs of the crime . Even so , the old man 's scream during the night causes a neighbor to report to the police , who the narrator invites in to look around . The narrator claims that the scream heard was the narrator 's own in a nightmare and that the man is absent in the country . Confident that they will not find any evidence of the murder , the narrator brings chairs for them and they sit in the old man 's room , on the very spot where the body is concealed , and suspect nothing , as the narrator has a pleasant and easy manner . The narrator begins to feel uncomfortable and notices a ringing in the narrator 's ears . As the ringing grows louder , the narrator comes to the conclusion that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards . The sound increases steadily , though the officers seem to pay no attention to it . Terrified by the violent beating of the heart , and convinced that the officers are aware not only of the heartbeat , but also of the narrator 's guilt , the narrator breaks down and confesses , telling them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the remains of the old man 's body . Publication history ( edit ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' in The Pioneer : A Literary and Critical Magazine , page 29 `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was first published in January 1843 in the inaugural issue of The Pioneer : A Literary and Critical Magazine , a short - lived Boston magazine edited by James Russell Lowell and Robert Carter who were listed as the `` proprietors '' on the front cover . The magazine was published in Boston by Leland and Whiting and in Philadelphia by Drew and Scammell . Poe was likely paid $10 for the story . Its original publication included an epigraph which quoted Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` A Psalm of Life '' . The story was slightly revised when republished in the August 23 , 1845 , edition of the Broadway Journal . This edition omitted Longfellow 's poem because Poe believed it was plagiarized . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was reprinted several additional times during Poe 's lifetime . Analysis ( edit ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' uses an unreliable narrator . The exactness with which the narrator recounts murdering the old man , as if the stealthy way in which he executed the crime were evidence of his sanity , reveals his monomania and paranoia . The focus of the story is the perverse scheme to commit the perfect crime . The narrator of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is generally assumed to be male . However , some critics have suggested a woman may be narrating ; no pronouns are used to clarify one way or the other . The story starts in medias res . The story opens with a conversation already in progress between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way . It has been speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden , a judge , a reporter , a doctor or ( anachronistically ) a psychiatrist . In any case , the narrator explains himself in great detail . What follows is a study of terror but , more specifically , the memory of terror , as the narrator is relating events from the past . The first word of the story , `` True ! '' , is an admission of his guilt , as well as an assurance of reliability . This introduction also serves to gain the reader 's attention . Every word contributes to the purpose of moving the story forward , exemplifying Poe 's theories about the writing of short stories . The story is driven not by the narrator 's insistence upon his `` innocence '' , but by his insistence on his sanity . This , however , is self - destructive , because in attempting to prove his sanity he fully admits that he is guilty of murder . His denial of insanity is based on his systematic actions and his precision , as he provides a rational explanation for irrational behavior . This rationality , however , is undermined by his lack of motive ( `` Object there was none . Passion there was none . '' ) . Despite this , he says , the idea of murder `` haunted me day and night . '' The story 's final scene shows the result of the narrator 's feelings of guilt . Like many characters in Gothic fiction , he allows his nerves to dictate his nature . Despite his best efforts at defending himself , his `` over acuteness of the senses '' , which help him hear the heart beating beneath the floorboards , is evidence that he is truly mad . Poe 's contemporaries may well have been reminded of the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s . The narrator claims to have a disease that causes hypersensitivity . A similar motif is used for Roderick Usher in `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) and in `` The Colloquy of Monos and Una '' ( 1841 ) . It is unclear , however , if the narrator actually has very acute senses , or if he is merely imagining things . If his condition is believed to be true , what he hears at the end of the story may not be the old man 's heart , but deathwatch beetles . The narrator first admits to hearing beetles in the wall after startling the old man from his sleep . According to superstition , deathwatch beetles are a sign of impending death . One variety of deathwatch beetle raps its head against surfaces , presumably as part of a mating ritual , while others emit ticking sounds . Henry David Thoreau observed in an 1838 article that deathwatch beetles make sounds similar to a heartbeat . The beating could even be the sound of the narrator 's own heart . Alternatively , if the beating is really a product of the narrator 's imagination , it is that uncontrolled imagination that leads to his own destruction . It is also possible that the narrator has paranoid schizophrenia . Paranoid schizophrenics very often experience auditory hallucinations . These auditory hallucinations are more often voices , but can also be sounds . The relationship between the old man and the narrator is ambiguous . Their names , occupations , and places of residence are not given , contrasting with the strict attention to detail in the plot . The narrator may be a servant of the old man 's or , as is more often assumed , his son . In that case , the `` vulture - eye '' of the old man as a father figure may symbolize parental surveillance , or the paternal principles of right and wrong . The murder of the eye , then , is a removal of conscience . The eye may also represent secrecy : only when the eye is found open on the final night , penetrating the veil of secrecy , is the murder carried out . Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe 's poem `` To Science '' , which depicts a struggle between imagination and science . In `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , the old man may thus represent the scientific and rational mind , while the narrator may stand for the imaginative . Adaptations ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The earliest acknowledged adaptation of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was in a 1928 silent film of that title directed by Leon Shamroy and starring Otto Matieson as `` The Insane '' , William Herford as `` The Old Man '' with Charles Darvas and Hans Fuerberg as `` Detectives '' . It was faithful to the original tale , unlike future television and film adaptations which often expanded the short story to full - length feature films . The earliest known `` talkie '' adaptation was a 1934 version filmed at the Blattner Studios , Elstree , by Clifton - Hurst Productions , directed by Brian Desmond Hurst and starring Norman Dryden . This version was 55 minutes in length . A 1941 live - action adaptation starred Joseph Schildkraut and was the directorial debut of Jules Dassin . This version differs greatly from the original tale , depicting the murderer as driven mad after suffering years of abuse by the hateful older man . A 1953 animated short film produced by United Productions of America and narrated by James Mason is included among the list of films preserved in the United States National Film Registry . Also in 1953 , a `` Variation '' on `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' entitled `` Sleep No More '' , by Gaines and Feldstein , appeared . In 1956 , an adaptation of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' was written by William Templeton for the NBC Matinee Theater and aired on the 6th November 1956 . A 1960 film adaptation , The Tell - Tale Heart , adds a love triangle to the story . Paul Simon , before his work in Simon & Garfunkel , wrote ( as Jerry Landis ) a song titled `` Tell Tale Heart '' . It is about a man whose heart 's `` beat - beat - beat '' reveals that he still pines for his former lover , although both of them are now in new relationships . An Australian ballet was based on the story , and was recorded for television in the early 1960s . In 1970 , Vincent Price included a solo recitation of the story in the anthology film An Evening of Edgar Allan Poe . A 1971 film adaptation directed by Steve Carver , and starring Sam Jaffe as the old man . CBS Radio Mystery Theater performed an adaptation of the story in 1975 ; the cast included Fred Gwynne . The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1 , 1980 . A musical adaptation performed by The Alan Parsons Project was released on their 1976 debut album Tales of Mystery and Imagination , and was later covered by Slough Feg for their 2010 album , The Animal Spirits . A musical adaptation by the Insane Clown Posse was included on their 1995 album The Riddle Box , entitled `` Ol ' Evil Eye '' , which covers the story of a young man determined to kill `` old man Willie on the hilltop '' because of his grotesque left eye , and is interspersed with samples from an audio recording of a reading of the original short story . Steven Berkoff adapted the story in 1991 , and was broadcast on British television . This adaptation was originally presented on British TV as part of the acclaimed series `` Without Walls '' . This version was later broadcast in the United States on the cable channel BRAVO as part of the Texaco Performing Arts series . The Christian Thrash / Hybrid Metal band Tourniquet adapted the story into song for their 1997 release `` Crawl To China '' . A hidden bonus track on the album captures an adaptation of the conversation between the main character and the police officers without music . Drummer / primary songwriter Ted Kirkpatrick is a huge fan of Edgar Alan Poe and has also released an album of poems and songs featuring adaptations of his works . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is the opening track , and is read by Les Carlson ( vocalist for the Metal band Bloodgood ) . The Radio Tales series produced The Tell - Tale Heart for National Public Radio in 1998 . The story was performed by Winifred Phillips along with music composed by her . The SpongeBob SquarePants episode `` Squeaky Boots , '' first aired in 1999 , is loosely based on the story . Tom Smith released `` Telly Taley Heart '' in 1999 , recounting the story to the tune of `` Achy Breaky Heart '' . A musical adaptation , entitled `` Dark Chilling Heartbeat '' , was performed by Deceased on their 2000 album Supernatural Addiction . The film Nightmares from the Mind of Poe ( 2006 ) adapts `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' along with `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , `` The Premature Burial '' and `` The Raven '' . The 2009 thriller film Tell - Tale , produced by Ridley Scott and Tony Scott , credits Poe 's `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' as the basis for the story of a man being haunted by his donor 's memories , after a heart transplant . V.H. Belvadi 's 2012 short film , Telltale , credits Poe 's `` The Tell - tale Heart '' as its inspiration and uses some dialog from the original work . A 2013 Spanish short film adaptation , Entrañas ( `` Entrails '' ) , was directed by Narciso Velver . Poe 's Tell - Tale Heart : The Game , is a 2013 mobile game adaptation in which players enact the protagonist 's actions to recreate Poe 's story on Google Play and Apple iOS . The 2015 animated anthology Extraordinary Tales includes `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , narrated by Bela Lugosi . The 2015 Lifetime movie The Murder Pact , starring Alexa Vega , is based on Poe 's work and incorporates allusions to it , such as the `` vulture eye '' from `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' . In spring 2017 , Udon Entertainment 's Manga Classics line will publish The Stories of Edgar Allan Poe , which will include a manga format adaptation of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silverman , Kenneth . Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never - ending Remembrance . New York : Harper Perennial , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092331 - 8 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Sidney P. Poe 's Literary Battles : The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu . Southern Illinois University Press , 1969 . p. 151 Jump up ^ `` '' The Tales of Edgar Allan Poe '' ( index ) `` . eapoe.org . The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore . September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , J. Gerald . Poe , Death , and the Life of Writing . Yale University Press , 1987 . p. 132 ; ISBN 0 - 300 - 03773 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Sova , Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z . New York City : Checkmark Books , 2001 : 234 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X ^ Jump up to : Benfey , Christopher . `` Poe and the Unreadable : ' The Black Cat ' and ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' '' , in New Essays on Poe 's Major Tales , Kenneth Silverman , ed . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42243 - 7 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Cleman , John . `` Irresistible Impulses : Edgar Allan Poe and the Insanity Defense '' , in Bloom 's BioCritiques : Edgar Allan Poe , edited by Harold Bloom . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6173 - 6 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Arthur Hobson . Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5730 - 9 . p. 394 Jump up ^ Meyers , Jeffrey . Edgar Allan Poe : His Life and Legacy . Cooper Square Press , 1992 . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1038 - 7 Jump up ^ Quinn , Arthur Hobson . Edgar Allan Poe : A Critical Biography . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5730 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Robinson , E. Arthur . `` Poe 's ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Poe 's Tales , edited by William L. Howarth . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall Inc. , 1971 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Benjamin Franklin . `` Poe and the Gothic Tradition '' , in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe , edited by Kevin J. Hayes . Cambridge University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79727 - 6 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Cleman , Bloom 's BioCritiques , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , John E. `` The Lesser Death - Watch and `` ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' Archived December 18 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , in The American Transcendental Quarterly . Second quarter , 1969 . Jump up ^ Robison , E. Arthur . `` Thoreau and the Deathwatch in Poe 's ' The Tell - Tale Heart ' '' , in Poe Studies , vol. IV , no . 1 . June 1971 . pp. 14 - 16 Jump up ^ Eddings , Dennis W. `` Theme and Parody in ' The Raven ' '' , in Poe and His Times : The Artist and His Milieu , edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV . Baltimore : The Edgar Allan Poe Society , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 9616449 - 2 - 3 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ ZIMMERMAN , BRETT . `` ' Moral Insanity ' or Paranoid Schizophrenia : Poe 's ' The Tell - Tale Heart . ' '' Mosaic : A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature , vol. 25 , no . 2 , 1992 , pp. 39 -- 48 . JSTOR , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/24780617 . Jump up ^ Benfey , New Essays , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Daniel . Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2321 - 8 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Benfey , New Essays , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Benfey , New Essays , pp. 31 - 32 . Jump up ^ The Telltale Heart ( 1928 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` IMDb Title Search : The Tell - Tale Heart '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1934 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1941 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1953 / I ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Sleep No More '' , by Bill Gaines and Ed Feldstein , Shock SuspenStories , April 1953 . Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1960 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1971 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Kenny , Tom ; Bumpass , Rodger ; Fagerbakke , Bill ; Brown , Clancy ( 1999 - 09 - 04 ) , Sandy 's Rocket / Squeaky Boots , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 Jump up ^ Tell - Tale ( 2009 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Telltale ( 2012 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Entrañas ( 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Poe 's Tell - Tale Heart : The Game - Android Apps on Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Traciy Reyes . `` ' The Murder Pact ' : Lifetime Movie , Also Known As ' Tell - Tale Lies ' , Airs Tonight Featuring Music By Lindsey Stirling '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-07-21/udon-ent-to-release-street-fighter-novel-dragon-crown-manga/.104545 `` Udon Ent. to Release Street Fighter Novel , Dragon 's Crown Manga '' , Anime News Network , July 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Tell - Tale Heart Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Tell - Tale Heart . `` The Poe Museum '' - Full text of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' - Full text of the first printing , from the Pioneer , 1843 Mid-Twentieth century radio adaptations of `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' study guide and teaching guide - themes , analysis , quotes , teacher resources `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' animation - Award - winning 2010 animated movie , teacher resources , student games 20 LibriVox audiorecordings , read by various readers The Pioneer , January , 1843 , Boston edition . Edgar Allan Poe Bibliography Poems `` Tamerlane '' ( 1827 ) `` Al Aaraaf '' ( 1829 ) `` Sonnet to Science '' ( 1829 ) `` To Helen '' ( 1831 ) `` The City in the Sea '' ( 1831 ) `` The Haunted Palace '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conqueror Worm '' ( 1843 ) `` Lenore '' ( 1843 ) `` Eulalie '' ( 1843 ) `` The Raven '' ( 1845 ) `` Ulalume '' ( 1847 ) `` A Dream Within a Dream '' ( 1849 ) `` Eldorado '' ( 1849 ) `` The Bells '' ( 1849 ) `` Annabel Lee '' ( 1849 ) '' Tales `` Metzengerstein '' ( 1832 ) `` Bon - Bon '' ( 1832 ) `` MS . Found in a Bottle '' ( 1833 ) `` Berenice '' ( 1835 ) `` Morella '' ( 1835 ) `` The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall '' ( 1835 ) `` Ligeia '' ( 1838 ) `` A Predicament '' ( 1838 ) `` The Devil in the Belfry '' ( 1839 ) `` The Man That Was Used Up '' ( 1839 ) `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' ( 1839 ) `` William Wilson '' ( 1839 ) `` The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion '' ( 1839 ) `` The Business Man '' ( 1840 ) `` The Man of the Crowd '' ( 1840 ) `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' ( 1841 ) `` A Descent into the Maelström '' ( 1841 ) `` Never Bet the Devil Your Head '' ( 1841 ) `` Eleonora '' ( 1841 ) `` The Oval Portrait '' ( 1842 ) `` The Masque of the Red Death '' ( 1842 ) `` The Mystery of Marie Rogêt '' ( 1842 ) `` The Pit and the Pendulum '' ( 1842 ) `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) `` The Gold - Bug '' ( 1843 ) `` The Black Cat '' ( 1843 ) `` The Spectacles '' ( 1844 ) `` A Tale of the Ragged Mountains '' ( 1844 ) `` The Premature Burial '' ( 1844 ) `` The Oblong Box '' ( 1844 ) `` The Angel of the Odd '' ( 1844 ) `` Thou Art the Man '' ( 1844 ) `` The Purloined Letter '' ( 1844 ) `` Some Words with a Mummy '' ( 1845 ) `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) `` The Imp of the Perverse '' ( 1845 ) `` The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether '' ( 1845 ) `` The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar '' ( 1845 ) `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( 1846 ) `` Hop - Frog '' ( 1849 ) Essays `` Maelzel 's Chess Player '' ( 1836 ) `` The Philosophy of Furniture '' ( 1840 ) `` Morning on the Wissahiccon '' ( 1844 ) `` The Philosophy of Composition '' ( 1846 ) `` The Poetic Principle '' ( 1846 ) Eureka : A Prose Poem ( 1848 ) Novels The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket ( 1837 ) The Journal of Julius Rodman ( 1840 ) Collections Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ( 1840 ) Play Politian ( 1835 ) Other The Conchologist 's First Book ( 1839 ) The Balloon - Hoax ( 1844 ) The Light - House ( 1849 ) Related Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe ( wife ) Eliza Poe ( mother ) David Poe Jr. ( father ) William Henry Poe ( brother ) Poe Museum Poe Cottage Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum National Historic Site The Penn magazine Death Edgar Award In popular culture film and television music Poe Toaster Tales of Mystery & Imagination Edgar Allan Poe 's `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' ( 1843 ) Adaptations The Avenging Conscience ( 1914 silent ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1934 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1941 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1953 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 1960 ) Tell - Tale ( 2009 ) Tell ( 2012 ) The Tell - Tale Heart ( 2014 ) Related Manfish The Dark Eye Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tell-Tale_Heart&oldid=866380638 '' Categories : 1843 short stories Horror short stories Fiction with unreliable narrators Short stories adapted into films Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tell-Tale%20Heart
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robin schulz - sugar (feat. francesco yates) (official music video)
Sugar ( Robin Schulz song )
sugar ( robin schulz song )
`` Sugar '' is a song by German DJ and record producer Robin Schulz . It features the vocals from Canadian singer Francesco Yates . The song was released in Germany on 17 July 2015 , and samples Baby Bash 's 2003 single `` Suga Suga '' .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 Release history 5 References Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was released onto YouTube on 24 July 2015 and runs for a total length of three minutes and forty - three seconds . Yates is seen in the video along with a rogue police officer who gyrates and grooves to the tune of the song while driving , played by comedian Nathan Barnatt . Schulz also appears on a billboard for a concert . In the end , references are made to the music video of Baby Bash 's Suga Suga when the police officer dresses in the clothes that match those of Baby Bash in that video : a green T - shirt over a white T - shirt , baggy jeans , a chain and a white beanie . At the end of the video , his car meets an accident and tumbles upside down , albeit still leaving the officer dancing as additional police cars arrive at the scene . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Sugar '' ( featuring Francesco Yates ) 3 : 39 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Sugar '' ( featuring Francesco Yates ) 3 : 39 2 . `` Sugar '' ( featuring Francesco Yates ) ( extended mix ) 5 : 01 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 18 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 76 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 22 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 10 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 44 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 37 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 41 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Poland ( ZPAV ) 22 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 42 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 35 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 81 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 45 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 89 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Italy ( FIMI ) 52 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 53 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 88 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 2 × Platinum 800,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Germany July 17 , 2015 CD digital download Tonspiel ( Warner Music Group ) United States December 8 , 2015 Mainstream radio Atlantic Big Beat RRP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Renck , Lizzie ( 19 July 2015 ) . `` Robin Schulz unveils ' Sugar ' ahead of his fall LP release '' . Dancing Astronaut . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Pranav ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` ROBIN SCHULZ FT . FRANCESCO YATES -- SUGAR ( ORIGINAL MIX ) '' . Bangin Beats . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Robin Schulz & Francesco Yates ' `` Sugar '' Video Features Hot Dancing By Nathan Barnatt : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robin Schulz : Sugar ( feat . Francesco Yates ) - Music on Google Play '' . ^ Jump up to : `` SUGAR ( 2 - Track ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 18 al 24 de Julio , 2016 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil -- weekly '' . Billboard Brasil. 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert ( ( ( year ) ) ) ( ( ( week ) ) ) into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201539 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates : Sugar '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 43 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 10 - 27 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20161 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Robin Schulz Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay -- podsumowanie 2015 roku '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 20 February 2016 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Lukas Graham ' 7 Years ' Is No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Robin Schulz -- Sugar '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Enter Robin Schulz in the field Interpret . Enter Sugar in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Robin Schulz ; ' Sugar ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates ; ' Sugar ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Enter Sugar in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Robin Schulz feat . Francesco Yates -- Sugar '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Going for Adds : December 2015 Mainstream '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ( hide ) Robin Schulz Discography Studio albums Prayer ( 2014 ) Sugar ( 2015 ) Uncovered ( 2017 ) Singles Non-album singles `` Rain '' `` Feeling '' `` To You '' `` Stone '' `` Same '' Prayer `` Waves '' ( remix ) `` Prayer in C '' ( remix ) `` Willst Du '' `` Sun Goes Down '' Sugar `` Headlights '' `` Sugar '' `` Yellow '' `` Show Me Love '' `` Heatwave '' Uncovered `` Shed a Light '' `` OK '' `` I Believe I 'm Fine '' Related articles Mr Probz Lilly Wood and the Prick Jasmine Thompson Francesco Yates Warner Music Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_(Robin_Schulz_song)&oldid=812392717 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Switzerland Tropical house songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 16 : 40 . 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of the house is chosen from the majority party and leads the house of representatives
Traditionally , the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House , with the Majority Leader as second - in - command . For instance , when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections , Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader . Despite this , Cantor and his successor , Kevin McCarthy , have been reckoned as the second - ranking Republicans in the House , since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans . However , there have been some exceptions . The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 . In contrast , the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party .
the Speaker
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
party leaders of the united states house of representatives
Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives , also known as floor leaders , are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot . With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority , the current leaders are : Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , Majority Whip Steve Scalise , Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Job description 2 Selection 3 Duties 4 History 5 Minority Leader 5.1 Responsibilities 5.2 Origin of the post 5.2. 1 Minority Party Nominees for Speaker , 1865 -- 1897 5.2. 2 Trends 5.3 Institutional functions 5.4 Party functions 6 Party whips and assistant party leaders 6.1 Whips 6.2 Assistant party leaders 7 List of party leaders and whips 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Job description ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader , the House Majority Leader 's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House . Typically , the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor . In some cases , Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker ; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert . In addition , Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor . The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party , and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader . Unlike the Majority Leader , the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress . If the Minority Leader 's party takes control of the House , and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats , the Minority Leader is usually the party 's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress , while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader . The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues . The Speaker , Majority Leader , Minority Leader , Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol . Selection ( edit ) The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot . The Speaker - elect is also chosen in a closed - door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes . Like the Speaker of the House , the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position . When Nancy Pelosi , D - CA , became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress , she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress . When her predecessor , Richard Gephardt , D - MO , became minority leader in the 104th House , he had been in the House for almost 20 years , had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years , had been a 1988 presidential candidate , and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections . Gephardt 's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel , R - IL , who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House . Michel 's predecessor , Republican John Rhodes of Arizona , was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service . By contrast , party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber , such as Lyndon B. Johnson , William F. Knowland , and Bill Frist . Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history . Duties ( edit ) The House Majority Leader 's duties vary , depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus . In several recent sessions of Congress with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership , the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor 's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees . One statutory duty , per 19 U.S.C. § 2191 ( c ) ( 1 ) , stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast - track negotiating authority ( trade promotion authority ) trade agreement must be introduced ( by request ) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House . History ( edit ) Before 1899 , the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , the most powerful committee in the House , as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House 's unique power . The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne . Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker , as the role of Speaker had become more prominent , and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356 . Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 , and continued through the Democrats ' control of the House from 1931 to 1995 , save for Republican majorities in 1947 -- 49 and 1953 -- 55 , all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent . The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965 , Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash , and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats ' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections . Since 1995 , the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner , though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections . He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011 . In 1998 , with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation , both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert . Traditionally , the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House , with the Majority Leader as second - in - command . For instance , when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections , Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader . Despite this , Cantor and his successor , Kevin McCarthy , have been reckoned as the second - ranking Republicans in the House , since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans . However , there have been some exceptions . The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 . In contrast , the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party . When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . When the Majority Leader 's party loses control of the House , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership , as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress . In 2014 , Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election . Following his primary defeat , Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader , effective July 31 , 2014 , and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress . Minority leader ( edit ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Responsibilities ( edit ) From an institutional perspective , the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader . For example , Rule XII , clause 6 , grant the minority leader ( or their designee ) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions ; Rule II , clause 6 , states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker , majority leader , and minority leader ; and Rule XV , clause 6 , provides that the Speaker , after consultation with the minority leader , may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar . The minority leader also has other institutional duties , such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities . From a party perspective , the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments , all geared toward retaking majority control of the House . Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader . The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers . The minority leader devises strategies , in consultation with other partisan colleagues , that advance party objectives . For example , by stalling action on the majority party 's agenda , the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a `` do - nothing Congress . '' The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party 's agenda . The minority leader , if their party controls the White House , confers regularly with the President and the President 's aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally . The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success . The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well - defined . To a large extent , the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom . A minority leader from 1931 to 1939 , Representative Bertrand Snell , R-N. Y. , provided this `` job description '' : `` He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies . He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority 's rights . It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority , and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation . '' Since Snell 's description , other responsibilities have been added to the job . These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions . Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader , it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position . Origin of the post ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas To a large extent , the minority leader 's position is a 20th - century innovation . Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized , so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader . Decades went by before anything like the modern two - party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders . However , from the beginning days of Congress , various House members intermittently assumed the role of `` opposition leader . '' Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first `` minority leader '' because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies . During this early period , it was more usual that neither major party grouping ( Federalists and Democratic - Republicans ) had an official leader . In 1813 , for instance , a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 `` to represent a party comprising a distinct minority '' and `` to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause . '' In 1828 , a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill : I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called , in England , Leaders , on either side of the House ... It is true , that certain members do take charge of administration questions , and certain others of opposition questions ; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves , actual or tacit , that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory , disjointed . Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader . For instance , `` seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field . Thirty - six competed in 1839 , ninety - seven in 1849 , ninety - one in 1859 , and 138 in 1855 . '' With so many candidates competing for the speakership , it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of `` minority leader . '' The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not `` nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five . The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership . '' In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley , since 1883 `` the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader . '' However , this assertion is subject to dispute . On December 3 , 1883 , the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker . Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio , who was Speaker the previous Congress . Clearly , Keifer was not the Republicans ' minority leader . He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out `` choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries . '' Keifer received `` the empty honor of the minority nomination . But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership , he was deserted by his ( partisan ) associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously . '' Representative Thomas Reed , R - ME , who later became Speaker , assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer 's stead . `` ( A ) lthough Keifer was the minority 's candidate for Speaker , Reed became its acknowledged leader , and ever after , so long as he served in the House , remained the most conspicuous member of his party . Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883 . On the Democratic side , `` there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873 , '' indicating that the `` nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership . '' Further , when Republicans were in the minority , the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers , including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875 , former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio , in 1876 , 1877 , and 1879 , and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883 . `` It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority , and nominate him for this office when in the minority , and not look to him for legislative guidance . '' This was not the case , according to some observers , with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer . In brief , there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position . Nonetheless , it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century , a period of strong party organization and professional politicians . This era was `` marked by strong partisan attachments , resilient patronage - based party organizations , and ... high levels of party voting in Congress . '' Plainly , these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure . Minority party nominees for Speaker , 1865 -- 1897 ( edit ) While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899 , the minority 's nominees for Speaker ( at the beginning of each Congress ) may be considered their party 's leaders before that time . 1865 : James Brooks ( D - NY ) 1867 : Samuel S. Marshall ( D - IL ) 1869 : Michael C. Kerr ( D - IN ) 1871 : George W. Morgan ( D - OH ) 1873 : Fernando Wood ( D - NY ) 1875 : James Gillespie Blaine ( R - ME ) 1877 , 1879 : James Abram Garfield ( R - OH ) 1881 : Samuel Jackson Randall ( D - PA ) 1883 : Joseph Warren Keifer ( R - OH ) 1885 , 1887 : Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - ME ) 1889 : John Griffin Carlisle ( D - KY ) 1891 , 1893 : Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - ME ) 1895 : Charles F. Crisp ( D - GA ) 1897 : Joseph W. Bailey ( D - TX ) Sources : Fighting for the Speakership : The House and the Rise of Party Government , by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com Trends ( edit ) Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention . First , until the 61st Congress ( 1909 -- 1910 ) , `` it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees , Rules and Ways and Means . '' Today , the minority leader no longer serves on these committees ; however , he or she appoints the minority members of the Rules Committee and influences the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee . Second , Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status . Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , for instance , Republicans bypassed James R. Mann , R - IL , who had been minority leader for eight years , and elected Frederick Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann `` had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor ; '' also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon , R - IL ( 1903 -- 1911 ) , and many Members `` suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford , Richard Gephardt , Nancy Pelosi , and John Boehner . Institutional functions ( edit ) The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements , including personality and contextual factors , such as the size and cohesion of the minority party , whether their party controls the White House , the general political climate in the House , and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda . Despite the variability of these factors , there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position . Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book . Others have devolved upon the position in other ways . To be sure , the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources -- beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative -- to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions . Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader , because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda , partisan ratios on committees , staff resources , administrative operations , and the day - to - day schedule and management of floor activities . Under the rules of the House , the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities . They include the following : Drug Testing . Under Rule I , clause 9 , the `` Speaker , in consultation with the Minority Leader , shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House . '' Inspector General . Rule II , clause 6 , states that the `` Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker , the Majority Leader , and the Minority Leader , acting jointly . '' This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general . Questions of Privilege . Under Rule IX , clause 2 , a resolution `` offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn . '' This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions . Oversight Plans . Under Rule X , clause 2 , not later `` than March 31 in the first session of a Congress , after consultation with the Speaker , the Majority Leader , and the Minority Leader , the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans '' of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees ' oversight plans . Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : Investigative Subcommittees . Rule X , clause 5 , stipulates : `` At the beginning of a Congress , the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members , Delegates , or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress . '' Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . `` The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum . '' In addition , each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties . ( Rule X , clause 11 ) . Motion to Recommit with Instructions . Under Rule XIII , clause 6 , the Rules Committee may not ( except in certain specified circumstances ) issue a `` rule '' that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions . In addition , the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions . For instance , the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities ; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors ; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions ; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission ; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission ; and he or she may , after consultation with the Speaker , convene an early organizational party caucus or conference . Informally , the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible . Party functions ( edit ) The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities . Formally , the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader . For example , under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress , the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus . He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee . Examples of other assignments are making `` recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees '' and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration . Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader . Informally , the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments . Lewis Deschler , the late House Parliamentarian ( 1928 -- 1974 ) , summarized the diverse duties of a party 's floor leader : A party 's floor leader , in conjunction with other party leaders , plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs . They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House , or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party . They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party 's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation . They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration . Such information is derived in part from the floor leader 's contacts with his party 's members serving on House committees , and with the members of the party 's whip organization . These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader 's overarching objective : retake majority control of the House . `` I want to get ( my ) members elected and win more seats , '' said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt , D - MO . `` That 's what ( my partisan colleagues ) want to do , and that 's what they want me to do . '' Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal . Provide Campaign Assistance . Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers . There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention . For example , they assist in recruiting qualified candidates ; they establish `` leadership PACs '' to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party ; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend ; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees ; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates ; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates ; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party 's campaign committee . `` The amount of time that ( Minority Leader ) Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) is unheard of , '' noted a Democratic lobbyist. `` No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support . '' Devise Minority Party Strategies . The minority leader , in consultation with other party colleagues , has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives . The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances , such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party . For instance , a majority party riven by internal dissension , as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and `` regular '' Republicans were at loggerheads , may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion . Among the variable strategies available to the minority party , which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process , are the following : Cooperation . The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor . Inconsequential Opposition . The minority party offers opposition , but it is of marginal significance , typically because the minority is so small . Withdrawal . The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue , perhaps because of intraparty divisions . Innovation . The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf . Partisan Opposition . The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own . Constructive Opposition . The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes . Participation . The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority - building role with respect to his priorities . A look at one minority leadership strategy -- partisan opposition -- may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances . The purposes of obstruction are several , such as frustrating the majority party 's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party . `` We know how to delay , '' remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn , appeals of the presiding officer 's ruling , or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time - consuming parliamentary tactics . By stalling action on the majority party 's agenda , the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a `` do - nothing Congress '' and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House . To be sure , the minority leader recognizes that `` going negative '' carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public . Promote and Publicize the Party 's Agenda . An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters . Despite the minority leader 's restricted ability to set the House 's agenda , there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities . For example , the minority leader may employ , or threaten to use , discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor . If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters , he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership . As a GOP minority leader once said , the challenges he confronted are to `` keep our people together , and to look for votes on the other side . '' Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party 's priorities and to criticize the opposition 's . For instance , to keep their party colleagues `` on message , '' they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or `` talking points '' for constituent meetings in their districts ; they help to organize `` town meetings '' in Members ' districts around the country to publicize the party 's agenda or a specific priority , such as health care or education ; they sponsor party `` retreats '' to discuss issues and assess the party 's public image ; they create `` theme teams '' to craft party messages that might be raised during the one - minute , morning hour , or special order period in the House ; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences ; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users ; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public . House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate -- and with the president if their party controls the White House . The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy , to share ideas and information , and to present a united front on issues . Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House ; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country , and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements . They must also be prepared `` to debate on the floor , ad lib , no notes , on a moment 's notice , '' remarked Minority Leader Michel . In brief , minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party 's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition 's arguments and proposals . Confer With the White House . If their party controls the White House , the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally . Strategically , the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party . In general , minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party 's President in Congress . When Robert Michel , R - IL , was minority leader ( 1981 -- 1995 ) , he typically functioned as the `` point man '' for Republican presidents . President Ronald Reagan 's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic - controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel 's effectiveness in wooing so - called `` Reagan Democrats '' to support , for instance , the Administration 's landmark budget reconciliation bill . There are occasions , of course , when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President . On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district , Michel stated that he might `` abdicate my leadership role ( on this issue ) since I ca n't harmonize my own views with the administration 's . '' Minority Leader Gephardt , as another example , has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton 's legislative initiatives from `` fast track '' trade authority to various budget issues . When the White House is controlled by the House majority party , then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party . `` As Minority Leader during ( President Lyndon Johnson 's ) Democratic administration , my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives , '' said Minority Leader Gerald Ford , R - MI . Greatly outnumbered in the House , Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection . As Ford explained : `` We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate , '' he said . When we got to the amendment phase , we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal . If we lost in the Committee of the Whole , then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that . And if we lost on the motion to recommit , our Republican members had a choice : They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative . Or they could vote for it and make the same argument . Usually we lost ; but when you 're only 140 out of 435 , you do n't expect to win many . Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen , R - IL , to act as national spokesmen for their party . They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting . Ford 's predecessor as minority leader , Charles Halleck , R - IN , probably received more visibility in this role , because the press and media dubbed it the `` Ev and Charlie Show . '' In fact , the `` Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference . '' Foster Party Harmony . Minority status , by itself , is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together , to accommodate different interests , and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements . To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank - and - file Members and with different factional groupings . As Minority Leader Gephardt said : We have weekly caucus meetings . We have daily leadership meetings . We have weekly ranking Member meetings . We have party effectiveness meetings . There 's a lot more communication . I believe leadership is bottom up , not top down . I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up , and involve people in figuring out what that is . Gephardt added that `` inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance '' from the minority party . Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues ; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure ; and daily meetings in the Leader 's office ( or at breakfast , lunch , or dinner ) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party . Party whips and Assistant party leaders ( edit ) Whips ( edit ) A whip manages their party 's legislative program on the House floor . The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon . The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on , and garner support for , proposed legislation . The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters . However , the U.S. House of Representatives does not use the term `` minority whip , '' instead calling the position `` Republican Whip '' or `` Democratic Whip '' depending on the minority party . The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip , who is the chief vote counter for their party . The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry . Within the House Republican Conference , the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership . The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips , led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip , which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus . The current senior chief deputy minority whip , John Lewis , has held his post since 1991 . List of Republican chief deputy whips : David F. Emery , 1981 -- 1983 ( Minority ) Tom Loeffler , 1983 -- 1987 ( Minority ) Edward Rell Madigan , 1987 -- 1989 ( Minority ) Robert Smith Walker , 1989 -- 1995 ( Minority ) Dennis Hastert , 1995 -- 1999 ( Majority ) Roy Blunt , 1999 -- 2003 ( Majority ) Eric Cantor , 2003 -- 2009 ( Majority , 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Minority , 2007 -- 2009 ) Kevin McCarthy , 2009 -- 2011 ( Minority ) Peter Roskam , 2011 -- 2014 ( Majority ) Patrick McHenry , 2014 -- present ( Majority ) List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Dan Rostenkowski ( 1981 -- 1987 ) Bill Alexander ( 1987 -- 1991 ) David Bonior ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Barbara Kennelly , Butler Derrick , & John Lewis ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Barbara Kennelly , Butler Derrick , John Lewis , & Bill Richardson ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Rosa DeLauro , John Lewis , & Bill Richardson ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Rosa DeLauro , Chet Edwards , John Lewis , & Robert Menendez ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Chet Edwards , John Lewis , Ed Pastor & Maxine Waters ( 2002 -- 2003 ) John Lewis , Ed Pastor , Max Sandlin & Maxine Waters ( 2003 -- 2005 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Joe Crowley , Baron Hill , Ron Kind , Ed Pastor , Max Sandlin , Jan Schakowsky , & Maxine Waters ( 2005 -- 2007 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Joe Crowley , Diana DeGette , Ron Kind , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , John Tanner & Maxine Waters ( 2007 -- 2011 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , G.K. Butterfield , Joe Crowley , Diana DeGette , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , John Tanner , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , & Maxine Waters ( 2011 -- 2013 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Maxine Waters , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , Joseph Crowley , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Jim Matheson , & Peter Welch ( 2013 -- 2015 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Ben Ray Lujan , Terri Sewell , Jan Schakowsky , Keith Ellison , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Jim Matheson , & Peter Welch ( 2015 -- present ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Jan Schakowsky , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Keith Ellison , Terri Sewell , Kyrsten Sinema , Joaquin Castro & Peter Welch Assistant party leaders ( edit ) The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established on January 3 , 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then - Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then - Majority Whip Jim Clyburn . It is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post previously held by Chris Van Hollen , who had attended all leadership meetings but was not in the leadership hierarchy . List of party leaders and whips ( edit ) ( ≥ and names in Bold indicate the Majority Leader and Majority whip ) Congress Years Democratic whip Democratic leader Speaker Republican leader Republican whip 56 1899 -- 1901 Oscar Underwood ( Alabama ) James D. Richardson ( Tennessee ) David B. Henderson ( R , Iowa ) ≥ Sereno E. Payne ( New York ) ≥ James Albertus Tawney ( Minnesota ) 57 1901 -- 1903 James Tilghman Lloyd ( Missouri ) 58 1903 -- 1905 John Sharp Williams ( Mississippi ) Joe Cannon ( R , Illinois ) 59 1905 -- 1907 ≥ James E. Watson ( Indiana ) 60 1907 -- 1908 1908 -- 1909 61 1909 -- 1911 None Champ Clark ( Missouri ) ≥ John W. Dwight ( New York ) 62 1911 -- 1913 None ≥ Oscar Underwood ( Alabama ) Champ Clark ( D , Missouri ) James Mann ( Illinois ) John W. Dwight ( New York ) 63 1913 -- 1915 ≥ Thomas M. Bell ( Georgia ) Charles H. Burke ( South Dakota ) 64 1915 -- 1917 None ≥ Claude Kitchin ( North Carolina ) Charles M. Hamilton ( New York ) 65 1917 -- 1919 66 1919 -- 1921 None Champ Clark ( Missouri ) Frederick H. Gillett ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Frank W. Mondell ( Wyoming ) ≥ Harold Knutson ( Minnesota ) 67 1921 -- 1923 William A. Oldfield ( Arkansas ) Claude Kitchin ( North Carolina ) 68 1923 -- 1925 Finis J. Garrett ( Tennessee ) ≥ Nicholas Longworth ( Ohio ) ≥ Albert H. Vestal ( Indiana ) 69 1925 -- 1927 Nicholas Longworth ( R , Ohio ) ≥ John Q. Tilson ( Connecticut ) 70 1927 -- 1929 71 1929 -- 1931 John McDuffie ( Alabama ) John Nance Garner ( Texas ) 72 1931 -- 1933 ≥ John McDuffie ( Alabama ) ≥ Henry T. Rainey ( Illinois ) John Nance Garner ( D , Texas ) Bertrand Snell ( New York ) Carl G. Bachmann ( West Virginia ) 73 1933 -- 1935 ≥ Arthur H. Greenwood ( Indiana ) ≥ Jo Byrns ( Tennessee ) Henry T. Rainey ( D , Illinois ) Harry L. Englebright ( California ) 74 1935 -- 1936 ≥ Patrick J. Boland ( Pennsylvania ) ≥ William Bankhead ( Alabama ) Jo Byrns ( D , Tennessee ) 1936 -- 1937 ≥ Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) William B. Bankhead ( D , Alabama ) 75 1937 -- 1939 76 1939 -- 1940 Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) 1940 -- 1941 ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) 77 1941 -- 1942 1942 -- 1943 ≥ Robert Ramspeck ( Georgia ) 78 1943 -- 1943 1943 -- 1945 Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 79 1945 -- 1945 1946 -- 1947 ≥ John Sparkman ( Alabama ) 80 1947 -- 1949 John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) Joe Martin ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) ≥ Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 81 1949 -- 1951 ≥ Percy Priest ( Tennessee ) ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 82 1951 -- 1953 83 1953 -- 1955 John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) Joe Martin ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) ≥ Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 84 1955 -- 1957 ≥ Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 85 1957 -- 1959 86 1959 -- 1961 Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) 87 1961 -- 1962 1962 -- 1963 ≥ Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) ≥ Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) John W. McCormack ( D , Massachusetts ) 88 1963 -- 1965 89 1965 -- 1967 Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) 90 1967 -- 1969 91 1969 -- 1971 92 1971 -- 1973 ≥ Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) ≥ Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) Carl Albert ( D , Oklahoma ) 93 1973 -- 1973 ≥ John J. McFall ( California ) ≥ Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) 1973 -- 1975 John Rhodes ( Arizona ) 94 1975 -- 1977 Bob Michel ( Illinois ) 95 1977 -- 1979 ≥ John Brademas ( Indiana ) ≥ Jim Wright ( Texas ) Tip O'Neill ( D , Massachusetts ) 96 1979 -- 1981 97 1981 -- 1983 ≥ Tom Foley ( Washington ) Bob Michel ( Illinois ) Trent Lott ( Mississippi ) 98 1983 -- 1985 99 1985 -- 1987 100 1987 -- 1989 ≥ Tony Coelho ( California ) ≥ Tom Foley ( Washington ) Jim Wright ( D , Texas ) 101 1989 -- 1989 Dick Cheney ( Wyoming ) 1989 -- 1991 ≥ William H. Gray III ( Pennsylvania ) ≥ Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) Tom Foley ( D , Washington ) Newt Gingrich ( Georgia ) 102 1991 -- 1991 1991 -- 1993 ≥ David Bonior ( Michigan ) 103 1993 -- 1995 104 1995 -- 1997 David Bonior ( Michigan ) Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) Newt Gingrich ( R , Georgia ) ≥ Dick Armey ( Texas ) ≥ Tom DeLay ( Texas ) 105 1997 -- 1999 106 1999 -- 2001 Dennis Hastert ( R , Illinois ) 107 2001 -- 2002 2002 -- 2003 Nancy Pelosi ( California ) 108 2003 -- 2005 Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( California ) ≥ Tom DeLay ( Texas ) ≥ Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) 109 2005 -- 2005 2005 -- 2006 ≥ Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) ( acting ) 2006 -- 2007 ≥ John Boehner ( Ohio ) 110 2007 -- 2009 ≥ Jim Clyburn ( South Carolina ) ≥ Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( D , California ) John Boehner ( Ohio ) Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) 111 2009 -- 2011 Eric Cantor ( Virginia ) 112 2011 -- 2013 Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( California ) John Boehner ( R , Ohio ) ≥ Eric Cantor ( Virginia ) ≥ Kevin McCarthy ( California ) 113 2013 -- 2014 2014 -- 2015 ≥ Kevin McCarthy ( California ) ≥ Steve Scalise ( Louisiana ) 114 2015 -- 2015 2015 -- 2017 Paul Ryan ( R , Wisconsin ) 115 2017 -- 2019 Congress Years Democratic whip Democratic leader Speaker Republican leader Republican whip See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Party leaders of the United States Senate Presidents of the United States and control of Congress References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` The Role of the House Minority Leader : An Overview '' by Walter J. Oleszek . ^ Jump up to : `` N.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner '' . Politico . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Majority leader , vus ist ? '' . JTA . January 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( April 24 , 2017 ) . Party Leaders in the House : Election , Duties , and Responsibilities ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 2 -- 3 . RS20881 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` A Brief History of Congressional Leadership '' . The Green Papers ( self - published website & blog ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Majority Leaders of the House ( 1899 to present ) '' . U.S. House History , Art & Archives . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best & Worst of Congress - News & Features '' . washingtonian.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi wants to remain leader '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Memoli , Michael A. ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Eric Cantor will leave House leadership post after stunning loss '' . CNN . June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ; Parkinson , John ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor Stepping Down as House Majority Leader '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Kim , Clare ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor loses GOP primary to tea party challenger Dave Brat '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cantor 's Loss : A Stunning Upset '' . The Atlantic . Politico.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , Eric ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor 1st House Majority Leader to Lose Renomination Bid in History '' . Smart Politics . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He 'll Resign in August '' . NBCNews.com . August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Riddick , Floyd M. ( 1941 ) . Congressional Procedure . Boston : Chapman and Grimes . p. 346 . Jump up ^ See Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Young , James Sterling ( 1966 ) . The Washington Community , 1800 - 1828 . New York : Harcourt Brace . pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Young , James Sterling ( 1966 ) . The Washington Community , 1800 - 1828 . New York : Harcourt Brace . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 18 ... Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 28n . Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . p. 28 . Jump up ^ 1883 Congressional Record , Vol. 29 , Page 4 - 5 ( December 3 , 1883 ) Jump up ^ McNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : David McKay Co. p. 70 . Jump up ^ Herbert Bruce Fuller , The Speakers of the House ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1909 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander , History and Procedure of the House of Representatives ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1916 ) , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ Randall Strahan , `` Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Party Government , '' in Roger Davidson , et al. , eds. , Masters of the House ( Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 1998 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ See Polsby , Nelson ( September 1968 ) . `` The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . American Political Science Review . pp. 144 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Office of the Historian : Minority Leaders of the House ( 1899 to present ) Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , The Minority Party in Congress ( Boston : Little , Brown and Co. , 1970 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 98 -- 99 ... Jump up ^ Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , Vol. 1 ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1977 ) , pp. 211 - 212 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta , `` For Minority Leader , A Matter of Consensus ; Inquiry Vote Tests Gephardt 's Skills , '' The Washington Post , October 8 , 1998 , pp. A18 . Jump up ^ Barnes , James A. ; Stone , Peter H. ( February 26 , 2000 ) . `` A Rich Harvest on the Hill '' . National Journal . p. 640 . Jump up ^ These strategic options have been modified to a degree and come from Jones , The Minority Party in Congress , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Babson , Jennifer ( July 15 , 1995 ) . `` Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Power '' . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . Congressional Quarterly . p. 2037 . Jump up ^ Wallison , Ethan ( May 17 , 1999 ) . `` Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy '' . Roll Call . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Arieff , Irwin ( February 28 , 1981 ) . `` Inside Congress '' . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . Congressional Quarterly . p. 379 . Jump up ^ 1989 Congressional Record , Vol. 135 , Page E3000 ( September 12 , 1989 ) Jump up ^ William F. Connelly , Jr. and John J. Pitney , Jr. , Congress ' Permanent Minority ? Republicans in the U.S. House ( Lanham , Maryland : Littlefield Adams , 1994 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Collin , `` Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S. , '' Chicago Tribune , August 16 , 1982 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ See Jim Vande Hei , `` White House Sidesteps Gephardt 's Leadership , '' Roll Call , July 7 , 1997 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ James M. Cannon , `` Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives , 1965 - 1973 , '' in Masters of the House , p. 275 . Jump up ^ James M. Cannon , `` Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives , 1965 - 1973 , '' in Masters of the House , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Burdette Loomis , `` The Consummate Minority Leader : Everette M. Dirksen , '' in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson , eds. , First Among Equals ( Washington , D.C. : CQ Press , 1991 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Eliza Newlin Carney , `` Do n't Count Us Out , '' National Journal , April 29 , 1995 , p. 1024 . Jump up ^ Davidson , et al. , Masters of the House , pp. 323 . Jump up ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served as Whip : One indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901 . See `` Democratic Whips '' . Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Another indicates that he served only during 1901 . See Heitshusen , Valerie ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Party Leaders in Congress , 1789 - 2007 : Vital Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service : CRS -- 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 According to a contemporary newspaper article , `` Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position ( Democratic whip ) since Congress convened '' ( December 4 , 1899 ) . See `` Call for a Democratic Caucus '' . The New York Times . January 9 , 1900 . p. 8 . 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Colorado River
colorado river
The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico ( the other being the Rio Grande ) . The 1,450 - mile - long ( 2,330 km ) river drains an expansive , arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. and two Mexican states . Starting in the central Rocky Mountains in the U.S. , the river flows generally southwest across the Colorado Plateau and through the Grand Canyon before reaching Lake Mead on the Arizona -- Nevada border , where it turns south toward the international border . After entering Mexico , the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora .
Known for its dramatic canyons , whitewater rapids , and eleven U.S. National Parks , the Colorado River system is a vital source of water for 40 million people in southwestern North America . The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams , reservoirs , and aqueducts , which in most years divert its entire flow for agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply . Its large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power , and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West . Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the river , which has rarely reached the sea since the 1960s . Beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter - gatherers , Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years . Between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago , the river and its tributaries fostered large agricultural civilizations -- some of the most sophisticated indigenous cultures in North America -- which eventually faded due to a combination of severe drought and poor land use practices . Most native peoples that inhabit the basin today are descended from other groups that settled in the region beginning about 1,000 years ago . Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century , when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area , which later became part of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 . Early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river . After most of the Colorado River basin became part of the U.S. in 1846 , the bulk of the river 's course was still the subject of myths and speculation . Several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century -- one of which , led by John Wesley Powell , was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon . American explorers collected valuable information that was later used to develop the river for navigation and water supply . Large - scale settlement of the lower basin began in the mid - to late - 19th century , with steamboats providing transportation from the Gulf of California to landings along the river that linked to wagon roads to the interior . Lesser numbers settled in the upper basin , which was the scene of major gold strikes in the 1860s and 1870s . Large engineering works began around the start of the 20th century , with major guidelines established in a series of international and U.S. interstate treaties known as the `` Law of the River '' . The U.S. federal government was the main driving force behind the construction of dams and aqueducts , although many state and local water agencies were also involved . Most of the major dams were built between 1910 and 1970 ; the system keystone , Hoover Dam , was completed in 1935 . The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world , with every drop of its water fully allocated . The environmental movement in the American Southwest has opposed the damming and diversion of the Colorado River system because of detrimental effects on the ecology and natural beauty of the river and its tributaries . During the construction of Glen Canyon Dam , environmental organizations vowed to block any further development of the river , and a number of later dam and aqueduct proposals were defeated by citizen opposition . As demands for Colorado River water continue to rise , the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Major tributaries 2 Discharge 3 Watershed 4 Geology 5 History 5.1 Indigenous peoples 5.2 Early explorers 5.3 Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma , 1850 -- 54 5.4 Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma , 1851 -- 1887 5.5 Powell 's expeditions , 1869 -- 1871 5.6 American settlement 5.6. 1 Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy 6 Engineering and development 6.1 Lower Basin development , 1930s -- 50s 6.2 Upper Basin development , 1950s -- 1970s 6.3 Pacific Southwest Water Plan 6.4 Environmental impacts 6.4. 1 Minute 319 6.5 Uncertain future 7 Wildlife and plants 8 Recreation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Works cited 13 Further reading 14 External links Course ( edit ) Main article : Course of the Colorado River The Kawuneeche Valley , near the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park The Colorado begins at La Poudre Pass in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado , at just under 2 miles ( 3 km ) above sea level . After a short run south , the river turns west below Grand Lake , the largest natural lake in the state . For the first 250 miles ( 400 km ) of its course , the Colorado carves its way through the mountainous Western Slope , a sparsely populated region defined by the portion of the state west of the Continental Divide . As it flows southwest , it gains strength from many small tributaries , as well as larger ones including the Blue , Eagle and Roaring Fork rivers . After passing through De Beque Canyon , the Colorado emerges from the Rockies into the Grand Valley , a major farming and ranching region where it meets one of its largest tributaries , the Gunnison River , at Grand Junction . Most of the upper river is a swift whitewater stream ranging from 200 to 500 feet ( 60 to 150 m ) wide , the depth ranging from 6 to 30 feet ( 2 to 9 m ) , with a few notable exceptions , such as the Blackrocks reach where the river is nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) deep . In a few areas , such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters and the Grand Valley , it exhibits braided characteristics . Arcing northwest , the Colorado begins to cut across the eponymous Colorado Plateau , a vast area of high desert centered at the Four Corners of the southwestern United States . Here , the climate becomes significantly drier than that in the Rocky Mountains , and the river becomes entrenched in progressively deeper gorges of bare rock , beginning with Ruby Canyon and then Westwater Canyon as it enters Utah , now once again heading southwest . Farther downstream it receives the Dolores River and defines the southern border of Arches National Park , before passing Moab and flowing through `` The Portal '' , where it exits the Moab Valley between a pair of 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) sandstone cliffs . In Utah , the Colorado flows primarily through the `` slickrock '' country , which is characterized by its narrow canyons and unique `` folds '' created by the tilting of sedimentary rock layers along faults . This is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States . Below the confluence with the Green River , its largest tributary , in Canyonlands National Park , the Colorado enters Cataract Canyon , named for its dangerous rapids , and then Glen Canyon , known for its arches and erosion - sculpted Navajo sandstone formations . Here , the San Juan River , carrying runoff from the southern slope of Colorado 's San Juan Mountains , joins the Colorado from the east . The Colorado then enters northern Arizona , where since the 1960s Glen Canyon Dam near Page has flooded the Glen Canyon reach of the river , forming Lake Powell for water supply and hydroelectricity generation . Colorado River in the Grand Canyon seen from Pima Point , near Hermit 's Rest In Arizona , the river passes Lee 's Ferry , an important crossing for early explorers and settlers and since the early 20th century the principal point where Colorado River flows are measured for apportionment to the seven U.S. and two Mexican states in the basin . Downstream , the river enters Marble Canyon , the beginning of the Grand Canyon , passing under the Navajo Bridges on a now southward course . Below the confluence with the Little Colorado River , the river swings west into Granite Gorge , the most dramatic portion of the Grand Canyon , where the river cuts up to one mile ( 1.6 km ) into the Colorado Plateau , exposing some of the oldest visible rocks on Earth , dating as long ago as 2 billion years . The 277 miles ( 446 km ) of the river that flow through the Grand Canyon are largely encompassed by Grand Canyon National Park and are known for their difficult whitewater , separated by pools that reach up to 110 feet ( 34 m ) in depth . At the lower end of Grand Canyon , the Colorado widens into Lake Mead , the largest reservoir in the continental United States , formed by Hoover Dam on the border of Arizona and Nevada . Situated southeast of metropolitan Las Vegas , the dam is an integral component for management of the Colorado River , controlling floods and storing water for farms and cities in the lower Colorado River basin . Below the dam the river passes under the Mike O'Callaghan -- Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge -- which at nearly 900 feet ( 270 m ) above the water is the highest concrete arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere -- and then turns due south towards Mexico , defining the Arizona -- Nevada and Arizona -- California borders . Satellite view of the Colorado River valley near Yuma , Arizona ; the Mexico -- United States border runs from left to right just below center . After leaving the confines of the Black Canyon , the river emerges from the Colorado Plateau into the Lower Colorado River Valley ( LCRV ) , a desert region dependent on irrigation agriculture and tourism and also home to several major Indian reservations . The river widens here to a broad , moderately deep waterway averaging 500 to 1,000 feet ( 150 to 300 m ) wide and reaching up to ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) across , with depths ranging from 8 to 60 feet ( 2 to 20 m ) . Before channelization of the Colorado in the 20th century , the lower river was subject to frequent course changes caused by seasonal flow variations . Joseph C. Ives , who surveyed the lower river in 1861 , wrote that `` the shifting of the channel , the banks , the islands , the bars is so continual and rapid that a detailed description , derived from the experiences of one trip , would be found incorrect , not only during the subsequent year , but perhaps in the course of a week , or even a day . '' The LCRV is one of the most densely populated areas along the river , and there are numerous towns including Bullhead City , Arizona , Needles , California , and Lake Havasu City , Arizona . Here , many diversions draw from the river , providing water for both local uses and distant regions including the Salt River Valley of Arizona and metropolitan Southern California . The last major U.S. diversion is at Imperial Dam , where over 90 percent of the river 's remaining flow is moved into the All - American Canal to irrigate California 's Imperial Valley , the most productive winter agricultural region in the United States . Colorado River as it exits the United States into Mexico beneath the San Luis Colorado - Colonia Miguel Aléman Bridge ( September 09 ) Below Imperial Dam , only a small portion of the Colorado River makes it beyond Yuma , Arizona , and the confluence with the intermittent Gila River -- which carries runoff from western New Mexico and most of Arizona -- before defining about 24 miles ( 39 km ) of the Mexico -- United States border . At Morelos Dam , the entire remaining flow of the Colorado is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , among Mexico 's most fertile agricultural lands . Below San Luis Río Colorado , the Colorado passes entirely into Mexico , defining the Baja California -- Sonora border ; in most years , the stretch of the Colorado between here and the Gulf of California is dry or a trickle formed by irrigation return flows . The Hardy River provides most of the flow into the Colorado River Delta , a vast alluvial floodplain covering about 3,000 square miles ( 7,800 km ) of northwestern Mexico . A large estuary is formed here before the Colorado empties into the Gulf about 75 miles ( 120 km ) south of Yuma . Before 20th - century development dewatered the lower Colorado , a major tidal bore was present in the delta and estuary ; the first historical record was made by the Croatian missionary in Spanish service Father Ferdinand Konščak on July 18 , 1746 . During spring tide conditions , the tidal bore -- locally called El Burro -- formed in the estuary about Montague Island in Baja California and propagated upstream . Major tributaries ( edit ) The San Juan River near Mexican Hat , Utah The Green River at Mineral Bottom , just north of Canyonlands National Park Main article : List of tributaries of the Colorado River The Colorado is joined by over 25 significant tributaries , of which the Green River is the largest by both length and discharge . The Green takes drainage from the Wind River Range of west - central Wyoming , from Utah 's Uinta Mountains , and from the Rockies of northwestern Colorado . The Gila River is the second longest and drains a greater area than the Green , but has a significantly lower flow because of a more arid climate and larger diversions for irrigation and cities . Both the Gunnison and San Juan rivers , which derive most of their water from Rocky Mountains snowmelt , contribute more water than the Gila did naturally . Statistics of the Colorado 's longest tributaries Name State Length Watershed Discharge References mi km mi km cfs m / s Green River UT 730 1,170 48,100 125,000 6,048 171.3 Gila River AZ 649 1,044 58,200 151,000 247 7.0 San Juan River UT 383 616 24,600 64,000 2,192 62.1 Little Colorado River AZ 356 573 26,500 69,000 424 12.0 Dolores River UT 250 400 4,574 11,850 633 17.9 Gunnison River CO 164 264 7,930 20,500 2,570 73 Virgin River NV 160 260 13,020 33,700 239 6.8 Discharge ( edit ) In its natural state , the Colorado River poured about 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) into the Gulf of California each year , amounting to an average flow rate of 22,500 cubic feet per second ( 640 m / s ) . Its flow regime was not at all steady -- indeed , `` prior to the construction of federal dams and reservoirs , the Colorado was a river of extremes like no other in the United States . '' Once , the river reached peaks of more than 100,000 cubic feet per second ( 2,800 m / s ) in the summer and low flows of less than 2,500 cubic feet per second ( 71 m / s ) in the winter annually . At Topock , Arizona , about 300 miles ( 480 km ) upstream from the Gulf , a maximum historical discharge of 384,000 cubic feet per second ( 10,900 m / s ) was recorded in 1884 and a minimum of 422 cubic feet per second ( 11.9 m / s ) was recorded in 1935 . In contrast , the regulated discharge rates on the lower Colorado below Hoover Dam rarely exceed 35,000 cubic feet per second ( 990 m / s ) or drop below 4,000 cubic feet per second ( 110 m / s ) . Annual runoff volume has ranged from a high of 22.2 million acre feet ( 27.4 km ) in 1984 to a low of 3.8 million acre feet ( 4.7 km ) in 2002 , although in most years only a small portion of this flow , if any , reaches the Gulf . Annual Colorado River discharge volumes at Lee 's Ferry between 1895 and 2004 Between 85 and 90 percent of the Colorado River 's discharge originates in snowmelt , mostly from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming . The three major upper tributaries of the Colorado -- the Gunnison , Green , and San Juan -- alone deliver almost 9 million acre feet ( 11 km ) per year to the main stem , mostly from snowmelt . The remaining 10 to 15 percent comes from a variety of sources , principally groundwater base flow and summer monsoon storms . The latter often produces heavy , highly localized floods on lower tributaries of the river , but does not often contribute significant volumes of runoff . Most of the annual runoff in the basin occurs with the melting of Rocky Mountains snowpack , which begins in April and peaks during May and June before exhausting in late July or early August . Flows at the mouth have steadily declined since the beginning of the 20th century , and in most years after 1960 the Colorado River has run dry before reaching the sea . Irrigation , industrial , and municipal diversions , evaporation from reservoirs , natural runoff , and likely climate change have all contributed to this substantial reduction in flow , threatening the future water supply . For example , the Gila River -- formerly one of the Colorado 's largest tributaries -- contributes little more than a trickle in most years due to use of its water by cities and farms in central Arizona . The average flow rate of the Colorado at the northernmost point of the Mexico -- United States border ( NIB , or Northerly International Boundary ) is about 2,060 cubic feet per second ( 58 m / s ) , 1.49 million acre feet ( 1.84 km ) per year -- less than a 10th of the natural flow -- due to upstream water use . Below here , all of the remaining flow is diverted to irrigate the Mexicali Valley , leaving a dry riverbed from Morelos Dam to the sea that is supplemented by intermittent flows of irrigation drainage water . There have been exceptions , however , namely in the early to mid-1980s , when the Colorado once again reached the sea during several consecutive years of record - breaking precipitation and snowmelt . In 1984 , so much excess runoff occurred that some 16.5 million acre feet ( 20.4 km ) , or 22,860 cubic feet per second ( 647 m / s ) , poured into the sea . ( show ) Discharge of the Colorado River at selected locations Gage Discharge ( average ) Discharge ( max ) Drainage area Period of record Ref cfs m / s cfs m / s mi km Grand Lake , CO 62.7 1.78 976 27.6 63.9 166 1953 -- 2010 Dotsero , CO 2,095 59.3 22,200 630 4,390 11,400 1941 -- 2011 Cisco , UT 7,181 203.3 125,000 3,500 24,100 62,000 1895 -- 2010 Lee 's Ferry , AZ 14,800 420 300,000 8,500 107,800 279,000 1895 -- 2010 Davis Dam , AZ -- NV 14,180 402 116,000 3,300 169,300 438,000 1905 -- 2010 Parker Dam , AZ -- CA 11,990 340 42,400 1,200 178,500 462,000 1935 -- 2010 Laguna Dam , AZ -- CA 1,693 47.9 30,900 870 184,600 478,000 1971 -- 2010 NIB ( near Andrade , CA ) 2,059 58.3 40,600 1,150 238,700 618,000 1950 -- 2010 ( show ) Monthly discharge of the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry Month Jan . Feb . Mar . Apr . May Jun . Jul . Aug . Sep . Oct . Nov . Dec . Discharge cfs 9,650 9,740 10,500 16,000 28,000 32,800 18,300 13,200 10,900 9,530 9,620 9,440 m / s 273.3 275.8 297.3 453.1 792.9 928.8 518.2 373.8 308.7 269.9 272.4 267.3 The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) operates or has operated 46 stream gauges to measure the discharge of the Colorado River , ranging from the headwaters near Grand Lake to the Mexico -- U.S. border . The tables at right list data associated with eight of these gauges . River flows as gauged at Lee 's Ferry , Arizona , about halfway along the length of the Colorado and 16 miles ( 26 km ) below Glen Canyon Dam , are used to determine water allocations in the Colorado River basin . The average discharge recorded there was approximately 14,800 cubic feet per second ( 420 m / s ) , 10.72 million acre feet ( 13.22 km ) per year , from 1921 to 2010 . This figure has been heavily affected by upstream diversions and reservoir evaporation , especially after the completion of the Colorado River Storage Project in the 1970s . Prior to the completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1964 , the average discharge recorded between 1912 and 1962 was 17,850 cubic feet per second ( 505 m / s ) , 12.93 million acre feet ( 15.95 km ) per year . Watershed ( edit ) Colorado River at the Coyote Valley Trail head , Kawuneeche Valley The drainage basin or watershed of the Colorado River encompasses 246,000 square miles ( 640,000 km ) of southwestern North America , making it the seventh largest on the continent . About 238,600 square miles ( 618,000 km ) , or 97 percent of the watershed , is in the United States . The river and its tributaries drain most of western Colorado and New Mexico , southwestern Wyoming , eastern and southern Utah , southeastern Nevada and California , and nearly all of Arizona . The areas drained within Baja California and Sonora are very small and do not contribute measurable runoff . Most of the basin is arid , defined by the Sonoran and Mojave deserts and the expanse of the Colorado Plateau , although significant expanses of forest are found in the Rocky Mountains ; the Kaibab , Aquarius , and Markagunt plateaus in southern Utah and northern Arizona ; the Mogollon Rim through central Arizona ; and other smaller mountain ranges and sky islands . Elevations range from sea level at the Gulf of California to 14,321 feet ( 4,365 m ) at the summit of Uncompahgre Peak in Colorado , with an average of 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) across the entire basin . Climate varies widely across the watershed . Mean monthly high temperatures are 25.3 ° C ( 77.5 ° F ) in the upper basin and 33.4 ° C ( 92.1 ° F ) in the lower basin , and lows average − 3.6 and 8.9 ° C ( 25.5 and 48.0 ° F ) , respectively . Annual precipitation averages 6.5 inches ( 164 mm ) , ranging from over 40 inches ( 1,000 mm ) in some areas of the Rockies to just 0.6 inches ( 15 mm ) along the Mexican reach of the river . The upper basin generally receives snow and rain during the winter and early spring , while precipitation in the lower basin falls mainly during intense but infrequent summer thunderstorms brought on by the North American Monsoon . The river in western Colorado , with the California Zephyr running alongside As of 2010 , approximately 12.7 million people lived in the Colorado River basin . Phoenix in Arizona and Las Vegas in Nevada are the largest metropolitan areas in the watershed . Population densities are also high along the lower Colorado River below Davis Dam , which includes Bullhead City , Lake Havasu City , and Yuma . Other significant population centers in the basin include Tucson , Arizona ; St. George , Utah ; and Grand Junction , Colorado . Colorado River basin states are among the fastest - growing in the U.S. ; the population of Nevada alone increased by about 66 percent between 1990 and 2000 as Arizona grew by some 40 percent . The Colorado River basin shares drainage boundaries with many other major watersheds of North America . The Continental Divide of the Americas forms a large portion of the eastern boundary of the watershed , separating it from the basins of the Yellowstone River and the Platte River -- both tributaries of the Missouri River -- on the northeast , and from the headwaters of the Arkansas River on the east . Both the Missouri and Arkansas rivers are part of the Mississippi River system . Further south , the Colorado River basin borders on the Rio Grande drainage , which along with the Mississippi flows to the Gulf of Mexico , as well as a series of endorheic ( closed ) drainage basins in southwestern New Mexico and extreme southeastern Arizona . For a short stretch , the Colorado watershed meets the drainage basin of the Snake River , a tributary of the Columbia River , in the Wind River Range of western Wyoming . Southwest of there , the northern divide of the Colorado watershed skirts the edge of the Great Basin , bordering on the closed drainage basins of the Great Salt Lake and the Sevier River in central Utah , and other closed basins in southern Utah and Nevada . To the west in California , the Colorado River watershed borders on those of small closed basins in the Mojave Desert , the largest of which is the Salton Sea drainage north of the Colorado River Delta . On the south , the watersheds of the Sonoyta , Concepción , and Yaqui rivers , all of which drain to the Gulf of California , border that of the Colorado . Geology ( edit ) As recently as the Cretaceous period 100 million years ago , much of western North America was still part of the Pacific Ocean . Tectonic forces from the collision of the Farallon Plate with the North American Plate pushed up the Rocky Mountains between 75 and 50 million years ago in a mountain - building episode known as the Laramide orogeny . The Colorado first formed as a west - flowing stream draining the southwestern portion of the range , and the uplift also diverted the Green River from its original course to the Mississippi River west towards the Colorado . About 30 to 20 million years ago , volcanic activity related to the orogeny led to the Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare - up , which created smaller formations such as the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona and deposited massive amounts of volcanic ash and debris over the watershed . The Colorado Plateau first began to rise during the Eocene , between about 55 and 34 million years ago , but did not attain its present height until about 5 million years ago , about when the Colorado River established its present course into the Gulf of California . The time scale and sequence over which the river 's present course and the Grand Canyon were formed is uncertain . Before the Gulf of California was formed around 12 to 5 million years ago by faulting processes along the boundary of the North American and Pacific plates , the Colorado flowed west to an outlet on the Pacific Ocean -- possibly Monterey Bay on the Central California coast , forming the Monterey submarine canyon . The uplift of the Sierra Nevada mountains began about 4.5 million years ago , diverting the Colorado southwards towards the Gulf . As the Colorado Plateau continued to rise between 5 and 2.5 million years ago , the river maintained its ancestral course ( as an antecedent stream ) and began to cut the Grand Canyon . Antecedence played a major part in shaping other peculiar geographic features in the watershed , including the Dolores River 's bisection of Paradox Valley in Colorado and the Green River 's cut through the Uinta Mountains in Utah . Remnants of basalt flows from the Uinkaret volcanic field are seen here descending into the Grand Canyon , where they dammed the Colorado over 10 times in the past 2 million years . Sediments carried from the plateau by the Colorado River created a vast delta made of more than 10,000 cubic miles ( 42,000 km ) of material that walled off the northernmost part of the gulf in approximately 1 million years . Cut off from the ocean , the portion of the gulf north of the delta eventually evaporated and formed the Salton Sink , which reached about 260 feet ( 79 m ) below sea level . Since then the river has changed course into the Salton Sink at least three times , transforming it into Lake Cahuilla , which at maximum size flooded up the valley to present - day Indio , California . The lake took about 50 years to evaporate after the Colorado resumed flowing to the Gulf . The present - day Salton Sea can be considered the most recent incarnation of Lake Cahuilla , though on a much smaller scale . Between 1.8 million and 10,000 years ago , massive flows of basalt from the Uinkaret volcanic field in northern Arizona dammed the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon . At least 13 lava dams were formed , the largest of which was more than 2,300 feet ( 700 m ) high , backing the river up for nearly 500 miles ( 800 km ) to present - day Moab , Utah . The lack of associated sediment deposits along this stretch of the Colorado River , which would have accumulated in the impounded lakes over time , suggests that most of these dams did not survive for more than a few decades before collapsing or being washed away . Failure of the lava dams caused by erosion , leaks and cavitation caused catastrophic floods , which may have been some of the largest ever to occur in North America , rivaling the late - Pleistocene Missoula Floods of the northwestern United States . Mapping of flood deposits indicate that crests as high as 700 feet ( 210 m ) passed through the Grand Canyon , reaching peak discharges as great as 17 million cubic feet per second ( 480,000 m / s ) . History ( edit ) Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Navajo woman and child , photographed by Ansel Adams , c. 1944 Pueblos and cliff dwellings such as this one in New Mexico were inhabited by people of the Colorado River basin between 2,000 and 700 years ago . The first humans of the Colorado River basin were likely Paleo - Indians of the Clovis and Folsom cultures , who first arrived on the Colorado Plateau about 12,000 years ago . Very little human activity occurred in the watershed until the rise of the Desert Archaic Culture , which from 8,000 to 2,000 years ago constituted most of the region 's human population . These prehistoric inhabitants led a generally nomadic lifestyle , gathering plants and hunting small animals ( though some of the earliest peoples hunted larger mammals that became extinct in North America after the end of the Pleistocene epoch ) . Another notable early group was the Fremont culture , whose peoples inhabited the Colorado Plateau from 2,000 to 700 years ago . The Fremont were likely the first peoples of the Colorado River basin to domesticate crops and construct masonry dwellings ; they also left behind a large amount of rock art and petroglyphs , many of which have survived to the present day . Beginning in the early centuries A.D. , Colorado River basin peoples began to form large agriculture - based societies , some of which lasted hundreds of years and grew into well - organized civilizations encompassing tens of thousands of inhabitants . The Ancient Puebloan ( also known as Anasazi or Hisatsinom ) people of the Four Corners region were descended from the Desert Archaic culture . The Puebloan people developed a complex distribution system to supply drinking and irrigation water in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico . The Puebloans dominated the basin of the San Juan River , and the center of their civilization was in Chaco Canyon . In Chaco Canyon and the surrounding lands , they built more than 150 multi-story pueblos or `` great houses '' , the largest of which , Pueblo Bonito , is composed of more than 600 rooms . The Hohokam culture was present along the middle Gila River beginning around 1 A.D. Between 600 and 700 A.D. they began to employ irrigation on a large scale , and did so more prolifically than any other native group in the Colorado River basin . An extensive system of irrigation canals was constructed on the Gila and Salt rivers , with various estimates of a total length ranging from 180 to 300 miles ( 290 to 480 km ) and capable of irrigating 25,000 to 250,000 acres ( 10,000 to 101,000 ha ) . Both civilizations supported large populations at their height ; the Chaco Canyon Puebloans numbered between 6,000 and 15,000 and estimates for the Hohokam range between 30,000 and 200,000 . These sedentary peoples heavily exploited their surroundings , practicing logging and harvesting of other resources on a large scale . The construction of irrigation canals may have led to a significant change in the morphology of many waterways in the Colorado River basin . Prior to human contact , rivers such as the Gila , Salt and Chaco were shallow perennial streams with low , vegetated banks and large floodplains . In time , flash floods caused significant downcutting on irrigation canals , which in turn led to the entrenchment of the original streams into arroyos , making agriculture difficult . A variety of methods were employed to combat these problems , including the construction of large dams , but when a megadrought hit the region in the 14th century A.D. the ancient civilizations of the Colorado River basin abruptly collapsed . Some Puebloans migrated to the Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico and south - central Colorado , becoming the predecessors of the Hopi , Zuni , Laguna and Acoma people in western New Mexico . Many of the tribes that inhabited the Colorado River basin at the time of European contact were descended from Puebloan and Hohokam survivors , while others already had a long history of living in the region or migrated in from bordering lands . Native American names for the Colorado River Maricopa : Xakxwet Mohave : ' Aha Kwahwat Havasupai : Ha Ŧay Gʼam / Sil Gsvgov Yavapai : ʼHakhwata The Navajo were an Athabaskan people who migrated from the north into the Colorado River basin around 1025 A.D. They soon established themselves as the dominant Native American tribe in the Colorado River basin , and their territory stretched over parts of present - day Arizona , New Mexico , Utah and Colorado -- in the original homelands of the Puebloans . In fact , the Navajo acquired agricultural skills from the Puebloans before the collapse of the Pueblo civilization in the 14th century . A profusion of other tribes have made a continued , lasting presence along the Colorado River . The Mohave have lived along the rich bottomlands of the lower Colorado below Black Canyon since 1200 A.D. They were fishermen -- navigating the river on rafts made of reeds to catch Gila trout and Colorado pikeminnow -- and farmers , relying on the annual floods of the river rather than irrigation to water their crops . Ute peoples have inhabited the northern Colorado River basin , mainly in present - day Colorado , Wyoming and Utah , for at least 2,000 years , but did not become well established in the Four Corners area until 1500 A.D. The Apache , Cocopah , Halchidhoma , Havasupai , Hualapai , Maricopa , Pima , and Quechan are among many other groups that live along or had territories bordering on the Colorado River and its tributaries . Beginning in the 17th century , contact with Europeans brought significant changes to the lifestyles of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin . Missionaries sought to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity -- an effort sometimes successful , such as in Father Eusebio Francisco Kino 's 1694 encounter with the `` docile Pimas of the Gila Valley ( who ) readily accepted Father Kino and his Christian teachings '' . The Spanish introduced sheep and goats to the Navajo , who came to rely heavily on them for meat , milk and wool . By the mid-16th century , the Utes , having acquired horses from the Spanish , introduced them to the Colorado River basin . The use of horses spread through the basin via trade between the various tribes and greatly facilitated hunting , communications and travel for indigenous peoples . More warlike groups such as the Utes and Navajos often used horses to their advantage in raids against tribes that were slower to adopt them , such as the Goshutes and Southern Paiutes . A pair of Mohave warriors beside the Colorado River in 1871 The gradual influx of European and American explorers , fortune seekers and settlers into the region eventually led to conflicts that forced many Native Americans off their traditional lands . After the acquisition of the Colorado River basin from Mexico in the Mexican -- American War in 1846 , U.S. military forces commanded by Kit Carson forced more than 8,000 Navajo men , women and children from their homes after a series of unsuccessful attempts to confine their territory , many of which were met with violent resistance . In what is now known as the Long Walk of the Navajo , the captives were marched from Arizona to Fort Sumner in New Mexico , and many died along the route . Four years later , the Navajo signed a treaty that moved them onto a reservation in the Four Corners region that is now known as the Navajo Nation . It is the largest Native American reservation in the United States , encompassing 27,000 square miles ( 70,000 km ) with a population of over 180,000 as of 2000 . The Mohave were expelled from their territory after a series of minor skirmishes and raids on wagon trains passing through the area in the late 1850s , culminating in an 1859 battle with American forces that concluded the Mohave War . In 1870 , the Mohave were relocated to a reservation at Fort Mojave , which spans the borders of Arizona , California and Nevada . Some Mohave were also moved to the 432 - square - mile ( 1,120 km ) Colorado River Indian Reservation on the Arizona -- California border , originally established for the Mohave and Chemehuevi people in 1865 . In the 1940s , some Hopi and Navajo people were also relocated to this reservation . The four tribes now form a geopolitical body known as the Colorado River Indian Tribes . Water rights of Native Americans in the Colorado River basin were largely ignored during the extensive water resources development carried out on the river and its tributaries in the 19th and 20th centuries . The construction of dams has often had negative impacts on tribal peoples , such as the Chemehuevi when their riverside lands were flooded after the completion of Parker Dam in 1938 . Ten Native American tribes in the basin now hold or continue to claim water rights to the Colorado River . The U.S. government has taken some actions to help quantify and develop the water resources of Native American reservations . The first federally funded irrigation project in the U.S. was the construction of an irrigation canal on the Colorado River Indian Reservation in 1867 . Other water projects include the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project , authorized in 1962 for the irrigation of lands in part of the Navajo Nation in north - central New Mexico . The Navajo continue to seek expansion of their water rights because of difficulties with the water supply on their reservation ; about 40 percent of its inhabitants must haul water by truck many miles to their homes . In the 21st century , they have filed legal claims against the governments of Arizona , New Mexico and Utah for increased water rights . Some of these claims have been successful for the Navajo , such as a 2004 settlement in which they received a 326,000 - acre - foot ( 402,000 ML ) allotment from New Mexico . Early explorers ( edit ) During the 16th century , the Spanish began to explore and colonize western North America . An early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold , or `` Cibola '' , rumored to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest . According to a United States Geological Survey publication , it is likely that Francisco de Ulloa was the first European to see the Colorado River when in 1536 he sailed to the head of the Gulf of California . Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 's 1540 -- 1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold , but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west , he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it . With the guidance of Hopi Indians , Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon . Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon , assuming the width of the Colorado River at 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) and estimating 300 - foot ( 91 m ) - tall rock formations to be the size of a man . After failing at an attempt to descend to the river , they left the area , defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather . `` Coronado Sets Out To The North '' , by Frederic Remington , c. 1905 In 1540 , Hernando de Alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the river , intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado 's expedition . Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present - day California -- Arizona border . Coronado never reached the Gulf of California , and Alarcón eventually gave up and left . Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year , intending to establish contact with Alarcón , but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz 's arrival . Díaz named the Colorado River Rio del Tizon ( `` Firebrand River '' ) after seeing a practice used by the local natives for warming themselves . The name Tizon lasted for the next 200 years , while the name Rio Colorado ( `` Red River '' ) was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River , possibly the Verde River , circa 1720 . The first known map to label the main stem as the Colorado was drawn by French cartographer Jacques - Nicolas Bellin in 1743 . During the 18th and early 19th centuries , many Americans and Spanish believed in the existence of the Buenaventura River , purported to run from the Rocky Mountains in Utah or Colorado to the Pacific Ocean . The name Buenaventura was given to the Green River by Silvestre Vélez de Escalante as early as 1776 , but Escalante did not know that the Green drained to the Colorado . Many later maps showed the headwaters of the Green and Colorado rivers connecting with the Sevier River ( Rio San Ysabel ) and Utah Lake ( Lake Timpanogos ) before flowing west through the Sierra Nevada into California . Mountain man Jedediah Smith reached the lower Colorado by way of the Virgin River canyon in 1826 . Smith called the Colorado the `` Seedskeedee '' , as the Green River in Wyoming was known to fur trappers , correctly believing it to be a continuation of the Green and not a separate river as others believed under the Buenaventura myth . John C. Frémont 's 1843 Great Basin expedition proved that no river traversed the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada , officially debunking the Buenaventura myth . Exploration and navigation below Fort Yuma , 1850 -- 54 ( edit ) Between 1850 and 1854 the U.S. Army explored the lower reach of the Colorado River from the Gulf of California , looking for the river to provide a less expensive route to supply the remote post of Fort Yuma . First in November 1850 to January 1851 , by its transport schooner , Invincible under Captain Alfred H. Wilcox and then by its longboat commanded by Lieutenant George Derby . Later Lieutenant Derby , in his expedition report , recommended that a shallow draft sternwheel steamboat would be the way to send supplies up river to the fort . The next contractors George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Benjamin M. Hartshorne , brought two barges and 250 tons of supplies arriving at the river 's mouth in February 1852 , on the United States transport schooner Sierra Nevada under Captain Wilcox . Poling the barges up the Colorado , the first barge sank with its cargo a total loss . The second was finally , after a long struggle poled up to Fort Yuma , but what little it carried was soon consumed by the garrison . Subsequently , wagons again were sent from the fort to haul the balance of the supplies overland from the estuary through the marshes and woodlands of the Delta . At last Derby 's recommendation was heeded and in November 1852 , the Uncle Sam , a 65 - foot long side - wheel paddle steamer , built by Domingo Marcucci , became the first steamboat on the Colorado River . It was brought by the schooner Capacity from San Francisco to the delta by the next contractor to supply the fort , Captain James Turnbull . It was assembled and launched in the estuary , 30 miles above the mouth of the Colorado River . Equipped with only a 20 - horsepower engine , the Uncle Sam could only carry 35 tons of supplies , taking 15 days to make the first 120 - mile trip . It made many trips up and down the river , taking four months to finish carrying the supplies for the fort , improving its time up river to 12 days . Negligence caused it to sink at its dock below Fort Yuma , and was then washed away before it could be raised , in the spring flood of 1853 . Turnbull in financial difficulty , disappeared . Nevertheless , he had shown the worth of steamboats to solve Fort Yuma 's ls supply problem . George Alonzo Johnson with his partner Hartshorne and a new partner Captain Alfred H. Wilcox ( formerly of the Invincible and Sierra Nevada ) , formed George A. Johnson & Company and obtained the next contract to supply the fort . Johnson and his partners , all having learned lessons from their failed attempts ascending the Colorado and with the example of the Uncle Sam , brought the parts of a more powerful side - wheel steamboat , the General Jesup , with them to the mouth of the Colorado from San Francisco . There it was reassembled at a landing in the upper tidewater of the river and reached Fort Yuma , January 18 , 1854 . This new boat , capable of carrying 50 tons of cargo , was very successful making round trips from the estuary to the fort in only four or five days . Costs were cut from $200 to $75 per ton . Exploration and navigation above Fort Yuma , 1851 -- 1887 ( edit ) Lithograph of Fort Yuma , c. 1875 Lorenzo Sitgreaves led the first Corps of Topographical Engineers mission across northern Arizona to the Colorado River ( near modern Bullhead City , Arizona ) , and down its east bank to the river crossings of the Southern Immigrant Trail at Fort Yuma in 1851 . The second Corps of Topographical Engineers expedition passed along and crossed the Colorado was the 1853 - 1854 Pacific Railroad Survey expedition along the 35th parallel north from Oklahoma to Los Angeles , led by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple . George A. Johnson was instrumental in getting the support for Congressional funding a military expedition up the river . With those funds Johnson expected to provide the transportation for the expedition but was angry and disappointed when the commander of the expedition Lt. Joseph Christmas Ives rejected his offer of one of his steamboats . Before Ives could finish reassembling his steamer in the delta , George A. Johnson set off from Fort Yuma on December 31 , 1857 , conducting his own exploration of the river above the fort in his steamboat General Jesup . He ascended the river in twenty one days as far as the first rapids in Pyramid Canyon , over 300 miles ( 480 km ) above Fort Yuma and 8 miles ( 13 km ) above the modern site of Davis Dam . Running low on food he turned back . He as he returned he encountered Lieutenant Ives , Whipple 's assistant , who was leading an expedition to explore the feasibility of using the Colorado River as a navigation route in the Southwest . Ives and his men used a specially built steamboat , the shallow - draft U.S.S. Explorer , and traveled up the river as far as Black Canyon . He then took a small boat up beyond the canyon to Fortification Rock and Las Vegas Wash . After experiencing numerous groundings and accidents and having been inhibited by low water in the river , Ives declared : `` Ours has been the first , and will doubtless be the last , party of whites to visit this profitless locality . It seems intended by nature that the Colorado River , along the greater portion of its lonely and majestic way , shall be forever unvisited and undisturbed . '' Until 1866 , El Dorado Canyon was the actual head of navigation on the Colorado River . In that year Captain Robert T. Rogers , commanding the steamer Esmeralda with a barge and ninety tons of freight , reached Callville , Nevada , on October 8 , 1866 . Callville remained the head of navigation on the river until July 7 , 1879 , when Captain J.A. Mellon in the Gila left El Dorado Canyon landing , steamed up through the rapids in Black Canyon , making record time to Callville and tied up overnight . Next morning he to steamed up through the rapids in Boulder Canyon to reach the mouth of the Virgin River at Rioville July 8 , 1879 . From 1879 to 1887 , Rioville , Nevada was the high water Head of Navigation for the steamboats and the mining company sloop Sou'Wester that carried the salt needed for the reduction of silver ore from there to the mills at El Dorado Canyon . Powell 's expeditions , 1869 -- 1871 ( edit ) Up until the mid-19th century , long stretches of the Colorado and Green rivers between Wyoming and Nevada remained largely unexplored due to their remote location and dangers of navigation . Because of the dramatic drop in elevation of the two rivers , there were rumors of huge waterfalls and violent rapids , and Native American tales strengthened their credibility . In 1869 , one - armed Civil War veteran John Wesley Powell led an expedition from Green River Station in Wyoming , aiming to run the two rivers all the way down to St. Thomas , Nevada , near present - day Hoover Dam. Powell and nine men -- none of whom had prior whitewater experience -- set out in May . After braving the rapids of the Gates of Lodore , Cataract Canyon and other gorges along the Colorado , the party arrived at the mouth of the Little Colorado River , where Powell noted down arguably the most famous words ever written about the Grand Canyon of the Colorado : Marble Canyon , one of the many gorges that Powell 's expedition traversed We are now ready to start on our way down the Great Unknown . Our boats , tied to a common stake , are chafing each other , as they are tossed by the fretful river . They ride high and buoyant , for their loads are lighter than we could desire . We have but a month 's rations remaining . The flour has been re-sifted through the mosquito net sieve ; the spoiled bacon has been dried , and the worst of it boiled ; the few pounds of dried apples have been spread in the sun , and re-shrunken to their normal bulk ; the sugar has all melted , and gone on its way down the river ; but we have a large sack of coffee . The lighting of the boats has this advantage : they will ride the waves better , and we shall have little to carry when we make a portage . We are three - quarters of a mile in the depths of the earth , and the great river shrinks into insignificance , as it dashes its angry waves against the walls and cliffs , that rise to the world above ; they are but puny ripples , and we but pigmies , running up and down the sands , or lost among the boulders . We have an unknown distance yet to run ; an unknown river yet to explore . What falls there are , we know not ; what rocks beset the channel , we know not ; what walls rise over the river , we know not ; Ah , well ! we may conjecture many things . The men talk as cheerfully as ever ; jests are bandied about freely this morning ; but to me the cheer is somber and the jests are ghastly . -- John Wesley Powell 's journal , August 1869 On August 28 , 1869 , three men deserted the expedition , convinced that they could not possibly survive the trip through the Grand Canyon . They were killed by Native Americans after making it to the rim of the canyon ; two days later , the expedition ran the last of the Grand Canyon rapids and reached St. Thomas . Powell led a second expedition in 1871 , this time with financial backing from the U.S. government . The explorers named many features along the Colorado and Green rivers , including Glen Canyon , the Dirty Devil River , Flaming Gorge , and the Gates of Lodore . In what is perhaps a twist of irony , modern - day Lake Powell , which floods Glen Canyon , is also named for their leader . American settlement ( edit ) The steamboat Mohave No. 2 at Yuma , c. 1876 Starting in the latter half of the 19th century , the lower Colorado below Black Canyon became an important waterway for steamboat commerce . In 1852 , the Uncle Sam was launched to provide supplies to the U.S. Army outpost at Fort Yuma . Although this vessel accidentally foundered and sank early in its career , commercial traffic quickly proliferated because river transport was much cheaper than hauling freight over land . Navigation on the Colorado River was dangerous because of the shallow channel and flow variations , so the first sternwheeler on the river , the Colorado of 1855 , was designed to carry 60 short tons ( 54 t ) while drawing less than 2 feet ( 0.6 m ) of water . The tidal bore of the lower Colorado also presented a major hazard ; in 1922 , a 15 - foot ( 4.6 m ) - high wave swamped a ship bound for Yuma , killing between 86 and 130 people . Steamboats quickly became the principal source of communication and trade along the river until competition from railroads began in the 1870s , and finally the construction of dams along the lower river in 1909 , none of which had locks to allow the passage of ships . During the Manifest Destiny era of the mid-19th century , American pioneers settled many western states but generally avoided the Colorado River basin until the 1850s . Under Brigham Young 's grand vision for a `` vast empire in the desert '' , ( the State of Deseret ) Mormon settlers were among the first whites to establish a permanent presence in the watershed , Fort Clara or Fort Santa Clara , in the winter of 1855 - 1856 along the Santa Clara River , tributary of the Virgin River . In the lower Colorado mining was the primary spur to economic development , copper mining in southwestern New Mexico Territory the 1850s then the Mohave War and a gold rush on the Gila River in 1859 , the El Dorado Canyon Rush in 1860 and Colorado River Gold Rush in 1862 . In 1860 , anticipating the American Civil War , the Mormons established a number of settlements to grow cotton along the Virgin River in Washington County , Utah . From 1863 to 1865 , Mormon colonists founded St. Thomas and other colonies on the Muddy and Virgin rivers in northwestern Arizona Territory , ( now Clark County , Nevada ) . Stone 's Ferry was established by these colonists on the Colorado at the mouth of the Virgin River to carry their produce on a wagon road to the mining districts of Mohave County , Arizona to the south . Also , in 1866 , a steamboat landing was established at Callville , intended as an outlet to the Pacific Ocean via the Colorado River , for Mormon settlements in the Great Basin . These settlements reached a peak population of about 600 before being abandoned in 1871 , and for nearly a decade these valleys became a haven for outlaws and cattle rustlers . One Mormon settler Daniel Bonelli , remained , operating the ferry and began mining salt in nearby mines , bring it in barges , down river to El Dorado Canyon where it was used to process silver ore . From 1879 to 1887 , Colorado Steam Navigation Company steamboats carried the salt , operating up river in the high spring flood waters , through Boulder Canyon , to the landing at Rioville at the mouth of the Virgin River . From 1879 to 1882 the Southwestern Mining Company , largest in El Dorado Canyon , brought in a 56 - foot sloop the Sou'Wester that sailed up and down river carrying the salt in the low water time of year until it was wrecked in the Quick and Dirty Rapids of Black Canyon . John D. Lee , date and photographer unknown . He established a permanent ferry across the Colorado . Mormons founded settlements along the Duchesne River Valley in the 1870s , and populated the Little Colorado River valley later in the century , settling in towns such as St. Johns , Arizona . They also established settlements along the Gila River in central Arizona beginning in 1871 . These early settlers were impressed by the extensive ruins of the Hohokam civilization that previously occupied the Gila River valley , and are said to have `` envisioned their new agricultural civilization rising as the mythical phoenix bird from the ashes of Hohokam society '' . The Mormons were the first whites to develop the water resources of the basin on a large scale , and built complex networks of dams and canals to irrigate wheat , oats and barley in addition to establishing extensive sheep and cattle ranches . One of the main reasons the Mormons were able to colonize Arizona was the existence of Jacob Hamblin 's ferry across the Colorado at Lee 's Ferry ( then known as Pahreah Crossing ) , which began running in March 1864 . This location was the only section of river for hundreds of miles in both directions where the canyon walls dropped away , allowing for the development of a transport route . John Doyle Lee established a more permanent ferry system at the site in 1870 . One reason Lee chose to run the ferry was to flee from Mormon leaders who held him responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre , in which 120 emigrants in a wagon train were killed by a local militia disguised as Native Americans . Even though it was located along a major travel route , Lee 's Ferry was very isolated , and there Lee and his family established the aptly named Lonely Dell Ranch . In 1928 , the ferry sank , resulting in the deaths of three men . Later that year , the Navajo Bridge was completed at a point 5 miles ( 8 km ) downstream , rendering the ferry obsolete . Gold strikes from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries played a major role in attracting settlers to the upper Colorado River basin . In 1859 , a group of adventurers from Georgia discovered gold along the Blue River in Colorado and established the mining boomtown of Breckenridge . During 1875 , even bigger strikes were made along the Uncompahgre and San Miguel rivers , also in Colorado , and these led to the creation of Ouray and Telluride , respectively . Because most gold deposits along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries occur in lode deposits , extensive mining systems and heavy machinery were required to extract them . Mining remains a substantial contributor to the economy of the upper basin and has led to acid mine drainage problems in some regional streams and rivers . Naming of the upper Colorado River and controversy ( edit ) Prior to 1921 , the upper Colorado River above the confluence with the Green River in Utah had assumed various names . Fathers Dominguez and Escalante named it Rio San Rafael in 1776 . Through the mid-1800s , the river between Green River and the Gunnison River was most commonly known as the Grand River . The river above the junction with the Gunnison River , however , was known variously as the Bunkara River , the North Fork of the Grand River , the Blue River , and the Grand River . The latter name did not become consistently applied until the 1870s . In 1921 , U.S. Representative Edward T. Taylor of Colorado petitioned the Congressional Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to rename the Grand River as the Colorado River . Taylor saw the fact that the Colorado River started outside the border of his state as an `` abomination '' . On July 25 , the name change was made official in House Joint Resolution 460 of the 66th Congress , over the objections of representatives from Wyoming , Utah , and the USGS , which noted that the Green River was much longer and had a larger drainage basin above its confluence with the Grand River , although the Grand contributed a greater flow of water . Engineering and development ( edit ) Glen Canyon Dam ( right ) forms Lake Powell , the second - largest reservoir on the Colorado River with a capacity of more than 24.3 million acre feet ( 3.00 × 10 m ) . The Colorado River is the sole source of water for the Imperial Valley in southern California , one of the most productive agricultural regions in the U.S. The Colorado River flowing into Lake Mead See also : International Boundary and Water Commission , Dams in the Colorado River system , and Colorado River Compact Today , between 36 and 40 million people depend on the Colorado River 's water for agricultural , industrial and domestic needs . Southern Nevada Water Authority called the Colorado River one of the `` most controlled , controversial and litigated rivers in the world '' . Over 29 major dams and hundreds of miles of canals serve to supply thirsty cities , provide irrigation water to some 4 million acres ( 1.6 million hectares ) , and meet peaking power demands in the Southwest , generating more than 12 billion kWh of hydroelectricity each year . Often called `` America 's Nile '' , the Colorado is so carefully managed -- with basin reservoirs capable of holding four times the river 's annual flow -- that each drop of its water is used an average of 17 times in a single year . One of the earliest water projects in the Colorado River basin was the Grand Ditch , a 16 - mile ( 26 km ) diversion canal that sends water from the Never Summer Mountains , which would naturally have drained into the headwaters of the Colorado River , to bolster supplies in Colorado 's Front Range Urban Corridor . Constructed primarily by Japanese and Mexican laborers , the ditch was considered an engineering marvel when completed in 1890 , delivering 17,700 acre feet ( 21,800 ML ) across the Continental Divide each year . Because roughly 75 percent of Colorado 's precipitation falls west of the Rocky Mountains while 80 percent of the population lives east of the range , more of these interbasin water transfers , locally known as transmountain diversions , followed . While first envisioned in the late 19th century , construction on the Colorado - Big Thompson Project ( C - BT ) did not begin until the 1930s . The C - BT now delivers more than 11 times the Grand Ditch 's flow from the Colorado River watershed to cities along the Front Range . Meanwhile , large - scale development was also beginning on the opposite end of the Colorado River . In 1900 , entrepreneurs of the California Development Company ( CDC ) looked to the Imperial Valley of southern California as an excellent location to develop agriculture irrigated by the waters of the river . Engineer George Chaffey was hired to design the Alamo Canal , which split off from the Colorado River near Pilot Knob , curved south into Mexico , and dumped into the Alamo River , a dry arroyo which had historically carried flood flows of the Colorado into the Salton Sink . With a stable year - round flow in the Alamo River , irrigators in the Imperial Valley were able to begin large - scale farming , and small towns in the region started to expand with the influx of job - seeking migrants . By 1903 , more than 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ) in the valley were under cultivation , supporting a growing population of 4,000 . It was not long before the Colorado River began to wreak havoc with its erratic flows . In autumn , the river would drop below the level of the canal inlet , and temporary brush diversion dams had to be constructed . In early 1905 , heavy floods destroyed the headworks of the canal , and water began to flow uncontrolled down the canal towards the Salton Sink . On August 9 , the entire flow of the Colorado swerved into the canal and began to flood the bottom of the Imperial Valley . In a desperate gamble to close the breach , crews of the Southern Pacific Railroad , whose tracks ran through the valley , attempted to dam the Colorado above the canal , only to see their work demolished by a flash flood . It took seven attempts , more than $3 million , and two years for the railroad , the CDC , and the federal government to permanently block the breach and send the Colorado on its natural course to the gulf -- but not before part of the Imperial Valley was flooded under a 45 - mile - long ( 72 km ) lake , today 's Salton Sea . After the immediate flooding threat passed , it was realized that a more permanent solution would be needed to rein in the Colorado . Lower basin development , 1930s -- 50s ( edit ) In 1922 , six U.S. states in the Colorado River basin signed the Colorado River Compact , which divided half of the river 's flow to both the Upper Basin ( the drainage area above Lee 's Ferry , comprising parts of Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming and a small portion of Arizona ) and the Lower Basin ( Arizona , California , Nevada , and parts of New Mexico and Utah ) . Each was given rights to 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 km ) of water per year , a figure believed to represent half of the river 's minimum flow at Lee 's Ferry . This was followed by a U.S. -- Mexico treaty in 1944 , allocating 1.5 million acre feet ( 1.9 km ) of Colorado River water to the latter country per annum . Arizona refused to ratify the Colorado River Compact in 1922 because it feared that California would take too much of the lower basin allotment ; in 1944 a compromise was reached in which Arizona would get a firm allocation of 2.8 million acre feet ( 3.5 km ) , but only if California 's 4.4 - million - acre - foot ( 5.4 km ) allocation was prioritized during drought years . These and nine other decisions , compacts , federal acts and agreements made between 1922 and 1973 form what is now known as the Law of the River . Hoover Dam releasing water in 1998 On September 30 , 1935 , the United States Bureau of Reclamation ( USBR ) completed Hoover Dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River . Behind the dam rose Lake Mead , the largest artificial lake in the U.S. , capable of holding more than two years of the Colorado 's flow . The construction of Hoover was a major step towards stabilizing the lower channel of the Colorado River , storing water for irrigation in times of drought , and providing much - needed flood control as part of a program known as the Boulder Canyon Project . Hoover was the tallest dam in the world at the time of construction and also had the world 's largest hydroelectric power plant . Flow regulation from Hoover Dam opened the doors for rapid development on the lower Colorado River ; Imperial and Parker dams followed in 1938 , and Davis Dam was completed in 1950 . Completed in 1938 some 20 miles ( 32 km ) above Yuma , Imperial Dam diverts nearly all of the Colorado 's flow into two irrigation canals . The All - American Canal , built as a permanent replacement for the Alamo Canal , is so named because it lies completely within the U.S. , unlike its ill -- fated predecessor . With a capacity of over 26,000 cubic feet per second ( 740 m / s ) , the All - American is the largest irrigation canal in the world , supplying water to 500,000 acres ( 2,000 km ) of California 's Imperial Valley . Because the valley 's warm and sunny climate lends to a year - round growing season in addition to the large water supply furnished by the Colorado , the Imperial Valley is now one of the most productive agricultural regions in North America . In 1957 , the USBR completed a second canal , the Gila Gravity Main Canal , to irrigate about 110,000 acres ( 450 km ) in southwestern Arizona with Colorado River water as part of the Gila Project . Colorado River water allocations Amount ( MAF ) Share United States 15.0 90.9 % CA 4.4 26.7 % CO 3.88 23.5 % AZ 2.8 17.0 % UT 1.72 10.4 % WY 1.05 6.4 % NM 0.84 5.1 % NV 0.3 1.8 % Mexico 1.5 9.1 % Total 16.5 100 % The Lower Basin states also sought to develop the Colorado for municipal supplies . Central Arizona initially relied on the Gila River and its tributaries through projects such as the Theodore Roosevelt and Coolidge Dams -- completed in 1911 and 1928 , respectively . Roosevelt was the first large dam constructed by the USBR and provided the water needed to start large - scale agricultural and urban development in the region . The Colorado River Aqueduct , which delivers water nearly 250 miles ( 400 km ) from near Parker Dam to 10 million people in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , was completed in 1941 . The San Diego Aqueduct branch , whose initial phase was complete by 1947 , furnishes water to nearly 3 million people in San Diego and its suburbs . The Las Vegas Valley of Nevada experienced rapid growth in part due to Hoover Dam construction , and Las Vegas had tapped a pipeline into Lake Mead by 1937 . Nevada officials , believing that groundwater resources in the southern part of the state were sufficient for future growth , were more concerned with securing a large amount of the dam 's power supply than water from the Colorado ; thus they settled for the smallest allocation of all the states in the Colorado River Compact . Upper basin development , 1950s -- 1970s ( edit ) Through the early decades of the 20th century , the Upper Basin states , with the exception of Colorado , remained relatively undeveloped and used little of the water allowed to them under the Colorado River Compact . Water use had increased significantly by the 1950s , and more water was being diverted out of the Colorado River basin to the Front Range corridor , the Salt Lake City area in Utah , and the Rio Grande basin in New Mexico . Such projects included the Roberts Tunnel , completed in 1956 , which diverts 63,000 acre feet ( 78,000 ML ) per year from the Blue River to the city of Denver , and the Fryingpan - Arkansas Project , which delivers 69,200 acre feet ( 85,400 ML ) from the Fryingpan River to the Arkansas River basin each year . Without the addition of surface water storage in the upper basin , there was no guarantee that the upper basin states would be able to use the full amount of water given to them by the compact . There was also the concern that drought could impair the upper basin 's ability to deliver the required 7.5 million acre feet ( 9.3 × 10 m ) past Lee 's Ferry per year as stipulated by the compact . A 1956 act of Congress cleared the way for the USBR 's Colorado River Storage Project ( CRSP ) , which entailed the construction of large dams on the Colorado , Green , Gunnison and San Juan Rivers . The initial blueprints for the CRSP included two dams on the Green River within Dinosaur National Monument 's Echo Park Canyon , a move criticized by both the U.S. National Park Service and environmentalist groups such as the Sierra Club . Controversy reached a nationwide scale , and the USBR dropped its plans for the Dinosaur dams in exchange for a dam at Flaming Gorge and a raise to an already - proposed dam at Glen Canyon . The famed opposition to Glen Canyon Dam , the primary feature of the CRSP , did not build momentum until construction was well underway . This was primarily because of Glen Canyon 's remote location and the result that most of the American public did not even know of the existence of the impressive gorge ; the few who did contended that it had much greater scenic value than Echo Park . Sierra Club leader David Brower fought the dam both during the construction and for many years afterwards until his death in 2000 . Brower strongly believed that he was personally responsible for the failure to prevent Glen Canyon 's flooding , calling it his `` greatest mistake , greatest sin '' . Pacific Southwest water Plan ( edit ) Agricultural and urban growth in Arizona eventually outstripped the capacity of local rivers ; these concerns were reflected in the creation of a Pacific Southwest Water Plan in the 1950s , which aimed to build a project that would permit Arizona to fully utilize its 2.8 - million - acre - foot ( 3.5 km ) allotment of the river . The Pacific Southwest Water Plan was the first major proposal to divert water to the Colorado Basin from other river basins -- namely , from the wetter northwestern United States . It was intended to boost supplies for the Lower Basin states of Arizona , California and Nevada as well as Mexico , thus allowing the Upper Basin states to retain native Colorado River flows for their own use . Although there was still a surplus of water in the Colorado Basin during the mid-20th century , the Bureau of Reclamation predicted , correctly , that eventually population growth would outstrip the available supply and require the transfer of water from other sources . The original version of the plan proposed to divert water from the Trinity River in northern California to reduce Southern California 's dependence on the Colorado , allowing more water to be pumped , by exchange , to central Arizona . Because of the large amount of power that would be required to pump Colorado River water to Arizona , the CAP originally included provisions for hydroelectric dams at Bridge Canyon and Marble Canyon , which would have flooded large portions of the Colorado within the Grand Canyon and dewatered much of the remainder . When these plans were publicized , the environmental movement -- still reeling from the Glen Canyon controversy -- successfully lobbied against the project . As a result , the Grand Canyon dams were removed from the CAP agenda , the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park were extended to preclude any further development in the area , and the pumping power was replaced by the building of the coal - fired Navajo Generating Station near Page , Arizona , in 1976 . The resulting Central Arizona Project ( CAP ) irrigates more than 830,000 acres ( 3,400 km ) and provides municipal supplies to over 5 million people from Phoenix to Tucson using water from the Colorado River . Environmental Impacts ( edit ) The Colorado was named for the reddish color caused by its natural sediment loads , but damming the river has caused it to acquire a clear green hue such as here in lower Glen Canyon . Historically , the Colorado transported from 85 to 100 million short tons ( 77,000,000 to 91,000,000 t ) of sediment or silt to the Gulf of California each year -- second only to the Mississippi among North American rivers . This sediment nourished wetlands and riparian areas along the river 's lower course , particularly in its 3,000 - square - mile ( 7,800 km ) delta , once the largest desert estuary on the continent . Currently , the majority of sediments carried by the Colorado River are deposited at the upper end of Lake Powell , and most of the remainder ends up in Lake Mead . Various estimates place the time it would take for Powell to completely fill with silt at 300 to 700 years . Dams trapping sediment not only pose damage to river habitat but also threaten future operations of the Colorado River reservoir system . Reduction in flow caused by dams , diversions , water for thermoelectric power stations , and evaporation losses from reservoirs -- the latter of which consumes more than 15 percent of the river 's natural runoff -- has had severe ecological consequences in the Colorado River Delta and the Gulf of California . Historically , the delta with its large freshwater outflow and extensive salt marshes provided an important breeding ground for aquatic species in the Gulf . Today 's desiccated delta , at only a fraction of its former size , no longer provides suitable habitat , and populations of fish , shrimp and sea mammals in the gulf have seen a dramatic decline . Since 1963 , the only times when the Colorado River has reached the ocean have been during El Niño events in the 1980s and 1990s . Reduced flows have led to increases in the concentration of certain substances in the lower river that have impacted water quality . Salinity is one of the major issues and also leads to the corrosion of pipelines in agricultural and urban areas . The lower Colorado 's salt content was about 50 parts per million ( ppm ) in its natural state , but by the 1960s , it had increased to well over 2000 ppm . By the early 1970s , there was also serious concern about salinity caused by salts leached from local soils by irrigation drainage water , which were estimated to add 10 million short tons ( 9,100,000 t ) of excess salt to the river per year . The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was passed in 1974 , mandating conservation practices including the reduction of saline drainage . The program reduced the annual load by about 1.2 million short tons ( 1,100,000 t ) , but salinity remains an ongoing issue . In 1997 , the USBR estimated that saline irrigation water caused crop damages exceeding $500 million in the U.S. and $100 million in Mexico . Further efforts have been made to combat the salt issue in the lower Colorado , including the construction of a desalination plant at Yuma . In 2011 , the seven U.S. states agreed upon a `` Plan of Implementation '' , which aims to reduce salinity by 644,000 short tons ( 584,000 t ) per year by 2030 . In 2013 , the Bureau of Reclamation estimated that around $32 million was spent each year to prevent around 1.2 million tons of salt from entering and damaging the Colorado River . Agricultural runoff containing pesticide residues has also been concentrated in the lower river in greater amounts . Toxins derived from pesticides have led to fish kills ; six of these events were recorded between 1964 and 1968 alone . The pesticide issue is even greater in streams and water bodies near agricultural lands irrigated by the Imperial Irrigation District with Colorado River water . In the Imperial Valley , Colorado River water used for irrigation overflows into the New and Alamo rivers and into the Salton Sea . Both rivers and the sea are among the most polluted bodies of water in the United States , posing dangers not only to aquatic life but to contact by humans and migrating birds . Pollution from agricultural runoff is not limited to the lower river ; the issue is also significant in upstream reaches such as Colorado 's Grand Valley , also a major center of irrigated agriculture . Large dams such as Hoover and Glen Canyon typically release water from lower levels of their reservoirs , resulting in stable and relatively cold year - round temperatures in long reaches of the river . The Colorado 's average temperature once ranged from 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) at the height of summer to near freezing in winter , but modern flows through the Grand Canyon , for example , rarely deviate significantly from 46 ° F ( 8 ° C ) . Changes in temperature regime have caused declines of native fish populations , and stable flows have enabled increased vegetation growth , obstructing riverside habitat . These flow patterns have also made the Colorado more dangerous to recreational boaters ; people are more likely to die of hypothermia in the colder water , and the general lack of flooding allows rockslides to build up , making the river more difficult to navigate . Minute 319 ( edit ) In the 21st century , there has been renewed interest in restoring a limited water flow to the delta . In November 2012 , the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement , known as Minute 319 , permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years , thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used . In addition to renovating irrigation canals in the Mexicali Valley to reduce leakage , this will make about 45,000 acre feet ( 56,000,000 m ) per year available for release to the delta on average . The water will be used to provide both an annual base flow and a spring `` pulse flow '' to mimic the river 's original snowmelt - driven regime . The first pulse flow , an eight - week release of 105,000 acre feet ( 130,000,000 m ) , was initiated on March 21 , 2014 , with the aim of revitalising 2,350 acres ( 950 hectares ) of wetland . This pulse reached the sea on May 16 , 2014 , marking the first time in 16 years that any water from the Colorado flowed into the ocean , and was hailed as `` an experiment of historic political and ecological significance '' and a landmark in U.S. -- Mexican cooperation in conservation . The pulse will be followed by the steady release of 52,000 acre feet ( 64,000,000 m ) over the following three years , just a small fraction of its average flow before damming . Uncertain Future ( edit ) `` ( The Colorado is ) a ' deficit ' river , as if the river were somehow at fault for its overuse . '' -- Marc Reisner , in Cadillac Desert When the Colorado River Compact was drafted in the 1920s , it was based on barely 30 years of streamflow records that suggested an average annual flow of 17.5 million acre feet ( 21.6 km ) past Lee 's Ferry . Modern studies of tree rings revealed that those three decades were probably the wettest in the past 500 to 1,200 years and that the natural long - term annual flow past Lee 's Ferry is probably closer to 13.5 million acre feet ( 16.7 km ) , as compared to the natural flow at the mouth of 16.3 million acre feet ( 20.1 km ) . This has resulted in more water being allocated to river users than actually flows through the Colorado . Droughts have exacerbated the issue of water over-allocation , including the Texas drought of the 1950s , which saw several consecutive years of notably low water and has often been used in planning for `` a worst - case scenario '' . Lake Mead in 2010 , showing the `` bathtub ring '' left behind by low water levels The most severe drought on record began in the early 21st century , in which the river basin produced normal or above - average runoff in only four years between 2000 and 2012 . Major reservoirs in the basin dropped to historic lows , with Lake Powell falling to just one - third of capacity in early 2005 , the lowest level on record since 1969 , when the reservoir was still in the process of filling . The watershed is experiencing a warming trend , which is accompanied by earlier snowmelt and a general reduction in precipitation . A 2004 study showed that a 1 -- 6 percent decrease of precipitation would lead to runoff declining by as much as 18 percent by 2050 . Average reservoir storage declined by at least 32 percent , further crippling the region 's water supply and hydropower generation . A study by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 2008 predicted that both Lake Mead and Lake Powell stand an even chance of dropping to useless levels or `` dead pool '' by 2021 if current drying trends and water usage rates continue . In late 2010 , Lake Mead dropped to just 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the first `` drought trigger '' elevation , a level at which Arizona and Nevada would have to begin rationing water as delineated by the Colorado River Compact . Despite above - average runoff in 2011 that raised the immense reservoir more than 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) , record drought conditions returned in 2012 and 2013 . Reservoir levels were low enough at the beginning of water year 2014 that the Bureau of Reclamation cut releases from Lake Powell by 750,000 acre feet ( 930,000,000 m ) -- the first such reduction since the 1960s , when Lake Powell was being filled for the first time . This resulted in Lake Mead dropping to its lowest recorded level since 1937 , when it was first being filled . Rapid development and economic growth further complicate the issue of a secure water supply , particularly in the case of California 's senior water rights over those of Nevada and Arizona : in case of a reduction in water supply , Nevada and Arizona would have to endure severe cuts before any reduction in the California allocation , which is also larger than the other two combined . Although stringent water conservation measures have been implemented , the threat of severe shortfalls in the Colorado River basin continues to increase each year . Wildlife and plants ( edit ) Further information : List of flora of the Lower Colorado River Valley The Colorado River and its tributaries often nourish extensive corridors of riparian growth as they traverse the arid desert regions of the watershed . Although riparian zones represent a relatively small proportion of the basin and have been affected by engineering projects and river diversion in many places , they have the greatest biodiversity of any habitat in the basin . The most prominent riparian zones along the river occur along the lower Colorado below Davis Dam , especially in the Colorado River Delta , where riparian areas support 358 species of birds despite the reduction in freshwater flow and invasive plants such as tamarisk ( salt cedar ) . Reduction of the delta 's size has also threatened animals such as jaguars and the vaquita porpoise , which is endemic to the gulf . Human development of the Colorado River has also helped to create new riparian zones by smoothing the river 's seasonal flow , notably through the Grand Canyon . Heavily forested banks of the Colorado River near Topock , Arizona More than 1,600 species of plants grow in the Colorado River watershed , ranging from the creosote bush , saguaro cactus , and Joshua trees of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts to the forests of the Rocky Mountains and other uplands , composed mainly of ponderosa pine , subalpine fir , Douglas - fir and Engelmann spruce . Before logging in the 19th century , forests were abundant in high elevations as far south as the Mexico -- U.S. border , and runoff from these areas nourished abundant grassland communities in river valleys . Some arid regions of the watershed , such as the upper Green River valley in Wyoming , Canyonlands National Park in Utah and the San Pedro River valley in Arizona and Sonora , supported extensive reaches of grassland roamed by large mammals such as buffalo and antelope as late as the 1860s . Near Tucson , Arizona , `` where now there is only powder - dry desert , the grass once reached as high as the head of a man on horse back '' . Rivers and streams in the Colorado basin were once home to 49 species of native fish , of which 42 were endemic . Engineering projects and river regulation have led to the extinction of four species and severe declines in the populations of 40 species . Bonytail chub , razorback sucker , Colorado pikeminnow , and humpback chub are among those considered the most at risk ; all are unique to the Colorado River system and well adapted to the river 's natural silty conditions and flow variations . Clear , cold water released by dams has significantly changed characteristics of habitat for these and other Colorado River basin fishes . A further 40 species that occur in the river today , notably the brown trout , were introduced during the 19th and 20th centuries , mainly for sport fishing . Recreation ( edit ) A rafting party on the Colorado River Famed for its dramatic rapids and canyons , the Colorado is one of the most desirable whitewater rivers in the United States , and its Grand Canyon section -- run by more than 22,000 people annually -- has been called the `` granddaddy of rafting trips '' . Grand Canyon trips typically begin at Lee 's Ferry and take out at Diamond Creek or Lake Mead ; they range from one to eighteen days for commercial trips and from two to twenty - five days for private trips . Private ( noncommercial ) trips are extremely difficult to arrange because the National Park Service limits river traffic for environmental purposes ; people who desire such a trip often have to wait more than 10 years for the opportunity . Several other sections of the river and its tributaries are popular whitewater runs , and many of these are also served by commercial outfitters . The Colorado 's Cataract Canyon and many reaches in the Colorado headwaters are even more heavily used than the Grand Canyon , and about 60,000 boaters run a single 4.5 - mile ( 7.2 km ) section above Radium , Colorado , each year . The upper Colorado also includes many of the river 's most challenging rapids , including those in Gore Canyon , which is considered so dangerous that `` boating is not recommended '' . Another section of the river above Moab , known as the Colorado `` Daily '' or `` Fisher Towers Section '' , is the most visited whitewater run in Utah , with more than 77,000 visitors in 2011 alone . The rapids of the Green River 's Gray and Desolation Canyons and the less difficult `` Goosenecks '' section of the lower San Juan River are also frequently traversed by boaters . Eleven U.S. national parks -- Arches , Black Canyon of the Gunnison , Bryce Canyon , Canyonlands , Capitol Reef , Grand Canyon , Mesa Verde , Petrified Forest , Rocky Mountain , Saguaro , and Zion -- are in the watershed , in addition to many national forests , state parks , and recreation areas . Hiking , backpacking , camping , skiing , and fishing are among the multiple recreation opportunities offered by these areas . Fisheries have declined in many streams in the watershed , especially in the Rocky Mountains , because of polluted runoff from mining and agricultural activities . The Colorado 's major reservoirs are also heavily traveled summer destinations . Houseboating and water - skiing are popular activities on Lakes Mead , Powell , Havasu , and Mojave , as well as Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah and Wyoming , and Navajo Reservoir in New Mexico and Colorado . Lake Powell and surrounding Glen Canyon National Recreation Area received more than two million visitors per year in 2007 , while nearly 7.9 million people visited Lake Mead and the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 2008 . Colorado River recreation employs some 250,000 people and contributes $26 billion each year to the Southwest economy . See also ( edit ) Arizona portal California portal Colorado portal Mexico portal Nevada portal New Mexico portal Utah portal Wyoming portal Colorado River Delta Colorado Desert List of Colorado River rapids and features List of largest reservoirs in the United States List of longest rivers of Mexico List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) London Bridge ( Lake Havasu City ) Moab uranium mill tailings pile Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Green River , Utah , 117.6 miles ( 189.3 km ) upstream from the mouth . The stream gauge here measures flow from an area of 44,850 square miles ( 116,200 km ) , representing about 93.2 percent of the basin . Jump up ^ Before large irrigation and municipal diversions , the Gila River discharged about 1.3 million acre feet ( 1.6 × 10 m ) per year , equating a flow of nearly 2,000 cubic feet per second ( 57 m / s ) . Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Bluff , Utah , located about 113.5 miles ( 182.7 km ) above the confluence with the Colorado . The gauge measures flow from an area of 23,000 square miles ( 60,000 km ) , about 93.5 percent of the basin . Jump up ^ Discharge data is for Littlefield , Arizona , about 66 miles ( 106 km ) from the confluence with the Colorado , and also upstream of the confluence with its major tributary , the Muddy River . The gauge measures flow from an area of 5,090 square miles ( 13,200 km ) , about 39.1 percent of the total basin . Jump up ^ NIB = `` Northerly International Boundary '' , or the point at which the Colorado begins to form the Mexico -- U.S. border , south of Yuma . Also note that the SIB ( `` Southerly International Boundary '' ) is the point at which the Colorado ceases to form the border and passes entirely into Mexico . Jump up ^ American population ( 9.7 million ) calculated from statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and the State of Colorado . The population in Mexico is about 3 million . Jump up ^ The average discharge of the Colorado ( Grand ) River at Cisco , Utah , about 97 miles ( 156 km ) upstream from the Green River confluence , is 7,181 cubic feet per second ( 203.3 m / s ) ; between here and the confluence , only a few small , intermittent tributaries join the river . The Green River has an average discharge of 6,048 cubic feet per second ( 171.3 m / s ) as measured at Green River , Utah , about 117.6 miles ( 189.3 km ) above the confluence ; below here the only major tributary is the San Rafael River , which contributes an average of 131 cubic feet per second ( 3.7 m / s ) , resulting in a total of 6,169 cubic feet per second ( 174.7 m / s ) , still significantly lower than the discharge of the Colorado at their confluence . Jump up ^ 1 MAF = 1 million acre feet ( 1.2 km ) Jump up ^ The discrepancy between the natural flow at Lee 's Ferry ( 13.5 million acre - feet / 16.65 km ) and the gauged flow between 1921 and 2010 ( 10.7 million acre - feet / 13.22 km ) is mostly due to water diversions above Lee 's Ferry and evaporation from reservoirs , especially Lake Powell . Jump up ^ Dead pool refers to the lowest lake level at which water can be released through the dam . For example , Lake Mead 's `` dead '' capacity is about 2 million acre feet ( 2.5 km ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . February 8 , 1980 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kammerer , J.C. ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nowak , Kenneth C. ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Stochastic Streamflow Simulation at Interdecadal Time Scales and Implications to Water Resources Management in the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems . University of Colorado . p. 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiltshire , Gilbert & Rogers 2010 , p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09424000 on the Colorado River near Topock , AZ -- Daily Data '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . February 14 , 1935 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Compact and Lees Ferry '' . Colorado River Streamflow : A Paleo Perspective . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waterman , Jonathan ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Where the Colorado Runs Dry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Valley '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1995 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Henry F. ; Anderson , Craig A. ( November 28 , 2003 ) . `` Precipitation Trends and Water Consumption in the Southwestern United States '' . Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Postel , Sandra ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` A Sacred Reunion : The Colorado River Returns to the Sea '' . National Geographic . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La Poudre Pass '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . October 13 , 1978 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindberg 2009 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 490 . ^ Jump up to : Pitlick , John ; Cress , Robert ( March 2000 ) . `` Longitudinal Trends in Channel Characteristics of the Colorado River and Implications for Food - Web Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . University of Colorado . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Fall River Pass , Colorado quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Westwater , Utah quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Affected Environment '' ( PDF ) . Remediation of the Moab Uranium Mill Tailings , Grand and San Juan Counties , Utah Final Environmental Impact Statement . Moab , Utah , UMTRA Project . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rigby , J. Keith ; Hamblin , W. Kenneth ; Matheny , Ray ; Welsh , Stanley L. ( 1971 ) . `` Guidebook to the Colorado River Part 3 : Moab to Hite , Utah through Canyonlands National Park '' ( PDF ) . Brigham Young University Geology Studies Volume 18 -- Part 2 . Brigham Young University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Van Cott 1990 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Van Cott 1990 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Rivers '' . Canyonlands National Park . U.S. National Park Service . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Powell '' . Colorado River Storage Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rusho , W.L. ( 1992 ) . `` Lee 's Ferry , Arizona '' . Utah History Encyclopedia . University of Utah . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Canyon National Park , Arizona : Geology Fieldnotes '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Luna B . `` The Rapids and the Pools -- Grand Canyon '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey Professional Paper 669 -- D. U.S. Geological Survey . p. 133 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoover Dam Frequently Asked Questions and Answers : Lake Mead '' . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . December 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Dam Bypass Is 2012 OCEA Winner ; OPAL Lifetime Achievement Recipients Honored ; Pankow , Michel Awards Presented '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Colorado River Indian Tribes Reservation ( C.R.I.T. ) Quick Facts '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Cooperative Extension . University of Arizona . August 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix J : Mainstem Impacts Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Draft Environmental Impact Statement : Allocation of Water Supply and Long - Term Contract Execution , Central Arizona Project . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . `` United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps : Blythe NE , California quad '' . TopoQuest . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta 2007 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Alles , David L. , ed . ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Lower Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Biology Department . Western Washington University . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting For Water In Arid Imperial Valley '' . National Public Radio . February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Border Water Source of Conflict and Cooperation : What Makes Management of Border Water Resources a Challenge ? '' ( PDF ) . Arroyo . University of Arizona . 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valdes - Casillas , Carlos ; et al. ( August 1998 ) . `` Information Database and Local Outreach Program for the Restoration of the Hardy River Wetlands , Lower Colorado River Delta , Baja California and Sonora , Mexico '' . San Diego State University . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . Environmental , Ecological and Cultural Impacts of Tidal Bores , Benaks , Bonos and Burros . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Environmental Hydraulics IWEH09 , Theoretical , Experimental and Computational Solutions . University of Queensland . Jump up ^ Felger & Broyles 2007 , pp. 519 -- 520 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary , Green River Basin Water Plan '' . Wyoming State Water Plan . February 2001 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions , Subregions , Accounting Units and Cataloging Units '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , pp. 532 -- 533 . Jump up ^ `` Green River '' . Utah Rivers Council . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09315000 on the Green River at Green River , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1895 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09520000 on the Gila River near Dome , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1905 -- 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The National Map Archived 2012 - 04 - 05 at WebCite . U.S. Geological Survey . Accessed February 25 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09379000 on the San Juan River near Bluff , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1914 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report , Findings , and Determination Regarding the Navigability of the Little Colorado River From its Headwaters to the Confluence with the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Navigable Stream Adjudication Commission . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09402300 on the Little Colorado River Above the Mouth near Desert View , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S Geological Survey . 1990 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fielder 2002 , p. 403 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09180000 on the Dolores River near Cisco , UT '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1950 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09152000 on the Gunnison River near Grand Junction , CO '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1897 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Annerino 1999 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09415000 on the Virgin River at Littlefield , AZ '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1929 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wiltshire , Gilbert & Rogers 2010 , pp. 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Leopold 1994 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) , Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies 1996 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09421500 on the Colorado River below Hoover Dam '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1934 -- 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climatic Fluctuations , Drought , and Flow in the Colorado River Basin '' . USGS Fact Sheet 2004 - 3062 . U.S. Geological Survey . August 2004 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Preston , Ben ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Risky Business of Slicing the Pie '' . Miller -- McCune . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Kenneth L. ; Collins , Dannie L. ; Aldridge , Byron N. `` Runoff in the Upper Colorado River Basin Water Years , 1983 -- 85 , and Comparisons with Forecasts of Runoff to Lake Powell '' ( PDF ) . Western Snow Conference . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Michael J. ; Henges - Jeck , Christine ; Castillo - Moreno , Gerardo ( 2001 ) . `` A Preliminary Water Balance for the Colorado River Delta , 1992 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Arid Environments. 49 : 35 -- 48 . doi : 10.1006 / jare. 2001.0834 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Janet ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Colorado River Drought Threatens Power Production '' . The Press - Enterprise . Riverside , California . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stark , Mike ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` Study : Shortages Likely on Colorado River by 2050 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoerling , Martin ; Eischeid , Jon . `` Past Peak Water in the Southwest '' ( PDF ) . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Shaun ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` Mines , Farms Put Gila River on Life Support : Despite Lack of Regulation , Some Trying to Restore River to Its Natural Beauty and Wonder '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09522000 on the Colorado River at Northerly International Boundary , Above Morelos Dam , Near Andrade , CA '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1950 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reclamation '' . Colorado River Water Users Association . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Niklas S. ; Wood , Andrew W. ; Voisin , Nathalie ; Lettenmaier , Dennis P. ; Palmer , Richard N. ( 2004 ) . `` The Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrology and Water Resources of the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . Kluwer Academic Publishers . 62 ( 337 -- 363 ) : 345 . doi : 10.1023 / b : clim. 0000013684.13621. 1f . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09522200 on the Colorado River at NIB , Above Morelos Dam , AZ -- Annual Statistics '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1951 -- 1992 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09010500 on the Colorado River below Baker Gulch near Grand Lake , CO '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1953 -- 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 09070500 on the Colorado River near Dotsero , CO '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1941 -- 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09180500 on the Colorado River near Cisco , UT '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` USGS Surface - Water Annual Statistics for USA Grouped by Hydrologic Unit '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Gage # 09380000 on the Colorado River at Lee 's Ferry , AZ '' . National Water Information System . U.S. Geological Survey . 1921 -- 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , pp. 483 -- 489 . Jump up ^ Baker Jr. , Malchus B. ; Ffolliott , Peter F. ( 2000 ) . `` Contributions of Watershed Management Research to Ecosystem - Based Management in the Colorado River Basin '' ( PDF ) . USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS -- P -- 13 . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , pp. 483 -- 485 . Jump up ^ Fassnacht , S.R. ( 2004 ) . `` Streamflow Predictability in the Upper Versus Lower Colorado River Sub-Basins '' ( PDF ) . Eastern Snow Conference . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . 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U.S. Geological Survey , Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center . Grand Canyon River Guides . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoerling , Martin ; Eischeid , Jon ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Outlook for Water in the West at 2050 '' ( PDF ) . NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Climate Change Workshop . Western Water Assessment . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Eric ( January 26 , 2007 ) . `` The Colorado River 's Uncertain Future : How Climate Change May Affect Future Planning Decisions on the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . CRWCD 49th Annual Convention . Colorado River Water Conservation District . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rake , Launce ( December 31 , 2006 ) . `` Chasing Lake Mead 's Water : Part 3 of 3 '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spotts , Peter N. ( April 13 , 2008 ) . `` Lakes Mead and Powell Could Run Dry by 2021 '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Shaun ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Lake Mead Sinks to a New Historic Low : If Lake Falls 8 More Feet , Thirsty Ariz . Could Experience Water Restrictions '' . The Arizona Republic . Phoenix , Arizona . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Shaun ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Lake Mead Replenished by Snowfall '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shine , Conor ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lake Mead 's water level rises 30 feet after wet winter '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry , Tony ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` As Colorado River drought worsens , water officials parley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Terrell ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Dwindling Colorado River Forces First - Ever Cuts in Lake Powell Water Releases '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brean , Henry ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Lake Mead sinks to a record low '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Water war bubbling up between California and Arizona '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Colorado River Faces Flood and Drought -- Becoming Less Reliable ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biotic Communities of the Colorado Plateau : Riparian Areas '' . Land Use History of North America . Northern Arizona University . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ohmart , Robert D. ; Anderson , Bertin W. ; Hunter , William C. ( September 1988 ) . `` The Ecology of the Lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico - United States International Boundary : A Community Profile '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . pp. 9 , 12 , 14 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , S.A. ; Nelson , S.M. ; Van Dooremolen , D.M. ; Eckberg , J.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Restoring Habitat for Riparian Birds in the Lower Colorado River Watershed : An Example from the Las Vegas Wash , Nevada '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Arid Environments. 75 : 1182 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaridenv. 2011.06. 017 . Jump up ^ Alles , David L. ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` The Delta of the Colorado River '' ( PDF ) . Western Washington University . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schell , Robert ; King , Morgan E. `` Riparian Vegetation : Structural Diversity Benefits Birds '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Davis . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status of Plant and Animal Life '' . A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin . U.S. National Park Service . September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benke & Cushing 2005 , p. 493 . Jump up ^ `` 130 : Colorado '' . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado River Basin Fish '' . Defenders of Wildlife . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shorey , Ananda ( December 23 , 2004 ) . `` River May Be Getting More Rafters '' . Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . Associated Press . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blond , Dunford & Schulte - Peevers 2008 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` River Trips / Permits '' . Grand Canyon National Park . U.S. National Park Service . July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Melissa L. ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Rafting the Colorado River Through the Grand Canyon '' . azcentral.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Upper Colorado Special Recreation Management Area '' . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . September 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recreation Fee Account Accomplishments : Colorado River ( Moab ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Land Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell 2003 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Armstead 1997 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ `` National Parks of the Colorado River Basin : Water Resources , Threats and Economics '' ( PDF ) . National Parks Conservation Association . April 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Driver , Nancy E. ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Effects of Mining on Water Quality in Upper Colorado River Basin '' . National Water - Quality Assessment Program -- Upper Colorado River Basin Study Unit . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Expanded Zebra Mussel Action Plan '' ( PDF ) . Glen Canyon National Recreation Area . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Mead Proves Popular During Economic Downturn '' . Lake Mead National Recreation Area . U.S. National Park Service . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Amy Joi ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Worst Colorado River drought in century prompts feds to cut releases from Lake Powell '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Works cited ( edit ) Annerino , John ( 1999 ) . Canyoneering : How to Explore the Canyons of the Great Southwest . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2700 - 9 . Armstead , Lloyd Dean ( 1997 ) . Whitewater Rafting in North America : More than 100 River Adventures in the United States and Canada . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 0083 - 1 . Axelrod , Alan ; Phillips , Charles ( 2008 ) . What Every American Should Know About American History : 225 Events That Shaped The Nation . Adams Media . ISBN 1 - 59869 - 428 - 6 . Barnes , Will Croft ( 1988 ) . Arizona Place Names . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1074 - 1 . Benke , Arthur C. ; Cushing , Colbert E. ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088253 - 1 . Billington , David P. ; Jackson , Donald C. ; Melosi , Martin V. ( 2005 ) . `` The History of Large Federal Dams : Planning , Design and Construction in the Era of Big Dams '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Reclamation . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Blond , Becca ; Dunford , Lisa ; Schulte - Peevers , Andrea ( 2008 ) . Southwest USA . Lonely Planet Travel Guides . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74104 - 713 - 7 . Brown , Robert Leaman ( 1972 ) . Colorado Ghost Towns -- Past and Present . Caxton Press . ISBN 0 - 87004 - 218 - 1 . Casey , Robert L. ( 2007 ) . Journey to the High Southwest : A Traveler 's Guide to Santa Fe and the Four Corners of Arizona , Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 4064 - 7 . Dellenbaugh , Frederick Samuel ( 1909 ) . The Romance of the Colorado River : The Story of its Discovery in 1540 , With an Account of the Later Explorations , and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through The Line of the Great Canyons . G.P. Putnam 's Sons . OCLC 645167127 . Dolnick , Edward ( 2002 ) . Down the Great Unknown : John Wesley Powell 's Journey of Discovery and Tragedy Through the Grand Canyon . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 095586 - 4 . Felger , Richard Stephen ; Broyles , Bill ( 2007 ) . Dry borders : great natural reserves of the Sonoran desert . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 818 - 9 . Fielder , John ( 2002 ) . John Fielder 's Best of Colorado . Big Earth Publishing . ISBN 1 - 56579 - 429 - X . Fradkin , Philip L. ( 1996 ) . A River No More : The Colorado River and the West ( 2 ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20564 - 2 . Glass , Mary Ellen ; Glass , Al ( 1983 ) . Touring Nevada : A Historic and Scenic Guide . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 074 - 5 . Gudde , Erwin G. ; Bright , William ( 2004 ) . California Place Names : The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24217 - 3 . Gupta , Avijit ( 2007 ) . Large Rivers : Geomorphology and Management . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84987 - 8 . Gupta , S.K. ( 2010 ) . Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 2397 - 0 . Ghiglieri , Michael P. ; Myers , Thomas M. ( 2001 ) . Over the Edge : Death in Grand Canyon ( 1st , tenth revision ed . ) . Flagstaff : Puma Press . ISBN 0 - 9700973 - 1 - X . Hopkins , Ralph Lee ( 2002 ) . Hiking the Southwest 's Geology : Four Corners Region . The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 169 - 7 . Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3337 - 4 . Lankford , Andrea ( 2010 ) . Ranger Confidential : Living , Working , and Dying in the National Parks . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5263 - 7 . Leuchtenburg , William Edward ( 2000 ) . American Places : Encounters with History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513026 - X . Leopold , Luna Bergere ( 1994 ) . A View of the River . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 93732 - 5 . Lindberg , Eric ( 2009 ) . Colorado Off the Beaten Path : A Guide to Unique Places . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 5024 - 3 . Lingenfelter , Richard E. ( 1978 ) . Steamboats on the Colorado River , 1852 -- 1916 . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0650 - 7 . Logan , Michael F. ( 2006 ) . Desert Cities : The Environmental History of Phoenix and Tucson . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 4294 - 1 . National Research Council ( U.S. ) , Committee to Review the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies ( 1996 ) . River Resource Management in the Grand Canyon . National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 05448 - 6 . Nobles , Gregory H. ( 1998 ) . American Frontiers : Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 1602 - 8 . Powell , Allan Kent ( 2003 ) . The Utah Guide ( 3 ed . ) . Fulcrum Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55591 - 114 - 5 . Prisciantelli , Tom ( 2002 ) . Spirit of the American Southwest : Geology , Ancient Eras and Prehistoric People , Hiking Through Time . Sunstone Press . ISBN 0 - 86534 - 354 - 3 . Pritzker , Barry ( 1998 ) . Native Americans : An Encyclopedia of History , Culture , and Peoples . 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 836 - 7 . Reisner , Marc ( 1993 ) . Cadillac Desert . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017824 - 4 . Rolle , Andrew ( 1999 ) . John Charles Fremont : Character As Destiny . University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3135 - 7 . Schmidt , Jeremy ( 1993 ) . Grand Canyon National Park : A Natural History Guide . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 59932 - 6 . Van Cott , John W. ( 1990 ) . Utah Place Names : A Comprehensive Guide to the Origins of Geographic Names . University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 345 - 4 . Wildfang , Frederic B. ( 2005 ) . Lake Havasu City . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 3012 - 3 . Wiltshire , Richard L. ; Gilbert , David R. ; Rogers , Jerry R. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium : Proceedings of the Hoover Dam 75th Anniversary History Symposium , October 21 -- 22 , 2010 , Las Vegas , Nevada . ASCE Publications . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 1141 - 7 . Young , Richard A. ; Spamer , Earle E. ( 2001 ) . The Colorado River : Origin and Evolution . Grand Canyon Association . ISBN 0 - 938216 - 79 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Darrah , William Culp , Ralph V. Chamberlin , and Charles Kelly , editors . ( 2009 ) . The Exploration of the Colorado River in 1869 and 1871 -- 1872 : Biographical Sketches and Original Documents of the First Powell Expedition of 1869 and the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 -- 1872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 963 - 3 . DeBuys , William ( 2011 ) . A Great Aridness : Climate Change and the Future of the American Southwest . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 977892 - 8 . Fleck , Richard F. , editor . ( 2000 ) . A Colorado River Reader . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 647 - 2 . Fowler , Don D. , editor . ( 2012 ) . Cleaving an Unknown World : The Powell Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration of the Colorado Plateau . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60781 - 146 - 6 . Gregory , Herbert E. , William Culp Darrah , and Charles Kelly , editors . ( 2009 ) . The Exploration of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah by the Second Powell Expedition of 1871 -- 1872 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 964 - 0 . Martin , Russell ( 1990 ) . A Story That Stands Like A Dam : Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West ( 1 ed . ) . Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0822 - 5 . Summitt , April R. ( 2013 ) . Contested Waters : An Environmental History of the Colorado River . Boulder : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60732 - 201 - 6 . Summitt , April R. ( 2013 ) Contested Waters : An Environmental History of the Colorado River External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colorado River . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Colorado River Agriculture in the Colorado River Basin : Colorado River Water Users Association Colorado River Water Allocations by State : GOOD Infographics Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin : U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Irrigation Water Withdrawals in the Colorado River Basin : Pacific Institute Living Rivers : Colorado Riverkeeper Water Level Data for Major Colorado River Reservoirs : water-data.com Where the Colorado Runs Dry : The New York Times 1854 report from the U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers : Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers Killing the Colorado -- ProPublica Colorado River system Jurisdictions United States Arizona California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Utah Wyoming Mexico Baja California Sonora Canyons Byers Canyon Gore Canyon Red Gorge Glenwood Canyon De Beque Canyon Horsethief Canyon Ruby Canyon Westwater Canyon Cataract Canyon Narrow Canyon Glen Canyon Grand Canyon Marble Canyon Granite Gorge Middle Granite Gorge Lower Granite Gorge Grand Wash Canyon Iceberg Canyon Virgin Canyon Boulder Canyon Black Canyon Pyramid Canyon Mohave Canyon Natural features River course Rocky Mountains Colorado River Basin Colorado Plateau Grand Lake Horseshoe Bend Sonoran Desert Mojave Desert Lower Colorado River Valley Mohave Valley Parker Valley Palo Verde Valley Colorado Desert Alamo River New River Salton Sea Imperial Valley Delta Montague Island Gulf of California / Sea of Cortez Tributaries Blue River Dirty Devil River Dolores River Escalante River Eagle River Fraser River Gila River Green River Gunnison River Kanab Creek Little Colorado River Paria River Roaring Fork River San Juan River Thunder River / Tapeats Creek Virgin River Las Vegas Wash Williams Fork Río Hardy Engineering Mainstem dams Shadow Mountain Granby Windy Gap Grand Valley Price - Stubb Glen Canyon Hoover Davis Parker Headgate Rock Palo Verde Imperial Laguna Morelos Major reservoirs Fontenelle Reservoir Flaming Gorge Reservoir Blue Mesa Reservoir Navajo Lake Lake Powell Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Imperial Reservoir Theodore Roosevelt Lake San Carlos Lake Aqueducts and canals Grand Ditch Colorado River Aqueduct San Diego Aqueduct Central Arizona Project All - American Canal Coachella Canal Water projects Boulder Canyon Project Colorado - Big Thompson Project Colorado River Storage Project Grand Valley AVA Yuma Project Designated areas Arches National Park Canyonlands National Park Colorado National Monument Dead Horse Point State Park Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Grand Canyon National Park Lake Mead National Recreation Area Rocky Mountain National Park Related topics Arizona v. 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2,284
who has won back to back premier league titles
Year Champions ( number of titles ) Points Runners - up Points Third place Points Top goalscorer Goals 1992 -- 93 Manchester United ( 8 ) 84 Aston Villa 74 Norwich City 72 Teddy Sheringham ( Nottingham Forest / Tottenham ) 22 1993 -- 94 Manchester United ( 9 ) 92 Blackburn Rovers 84 Newcastle United 77 Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United ) 34 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 89 Manchester United 88 Nottingham Forest 77 Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers ) 34 1995 -- 96 Manchester United ( 10 ) 82 Newcastle United 78 Liverpool 71 Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers ) 31 1996 -- 97 Manchester United ( 11 ) 75 Newcastle United 68 Arsenal 68 Alan Shearer ( Newcastle United ) 25 1997 -- 98 Arsenal ( 11 ) 78 Manchester United 77 Liverpool 65 Chris Sutton ( Blackburn Rovers ) Dion Dublin ( Coventry City ) Michael Owen ( Liverpool ) 18 1998 -- 99 Manchester United ( 12 ) 79 Arsenal 78 Chelsea 75 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( Leeds United ) Michael Owen ( Liverpool ) Dwight Yorke ( Manchester United ) 18 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United ( 13 ) 91 Arsenal 73 Leeds United 69 Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland ) 30 2000 -- 01 Manchester United ( 14 ) 80 Arsenal 70 Liverpool 69 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( Chelsea ) 23 2001 -- 02 Arsenal ( 12 ) 87 Liverpool 80 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 24 2002 -- 03 Manchester United ( 15 ) 83 Arsenal 78 Newcastle United 69 Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Manchester United ) 25 2003 -- 04 Arsenal ( 13 ) 90 Chelsea 79 Manchester United 75 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 30 2004 -- 05 Chelsea ( 2 ) 95 Arsenal 83 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 25 2005 -- 06 Chelsea ( 3 ) 91 Manchester United 83 Liverpool 82 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 27 2006 -- 07 Manchester United ( 16 ) 89 Chelsea 83 Liverpool 68 Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) 20 2007 -- 08 Manchester United ( 17 ) 87 Chelsea 85 Arsenal 83 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) 31 2008 -- 09 Manchester United ( 18 ) 90 Liverpool 86 Chelsea 83 Nicolas Anelka ( Chelsea ) 19 2009 -- 10 Chelsea ( 4 ) 86 Manchester United 85 Arsenal 75 Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) 29 2010 -- 11 Manchester United ( 19 ) 80 Chelsea 71 Manchester City 71 Dimitar Berbatov ( Manchester United ) Carlos Tevez ( Manchester City ) 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City ( 3 ) 89 Manchester United 89 Arsenal 70 Robin van Persie ( Arsenal ) 30 2012 -- 13 Manchester United ( 20 ) 89 Manchester City 78 Chelsea 75 Robin van Persie ( Manchester United ) 26 2013 -- 14 Manchester City ( 4 ) 86 Liverpool 84 Chelsea 82 Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) 31 2014 -- 15 Chelsea ( 5 ) 87 Manchester City 79 Arsenal 75 Sergio Agüero ( Manchester City ) 26 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 81 Arsenal 71 Tottenham Hotspur 70 Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea ( 6 ) 93 Tottenham Hotspur 86 Manchester City 78 Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 29 2017 -- 18 Manchester City ( 5 ) 100 Manchester United 81 Tottenham Hotspur 77 Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool ) 32 2018 -- 19
Manchester United|Chelsea
List of English Football champions
list of english football champions
The English football champions are the winners of the highest league in English men 's football , which since 1992 -- 93 is the Premier League .
Following the legalisation of professional football by the Football Association in 1885 , the Football League was established in 1888 , after a series of meetings initiated by Aston Villa director William McGregor . At the end of the 1888 -- 89 season , Preston North End were the first club to be crowned champions after completing their fixtures unbeaten . Representing the first fully professional football competition in the world the league saw its early years dominated by teams from the North and Midlands , where professionalism was embraced more readily than in the South . Its status as the country 's pre-eminent league was strengthened in 1892 , when the rival Football Alliance was absorbed into the Football League . Former Alliance clubs comprised the bulk of a new Second Division , from which promotion to the top level could be gained . It was not until 1931 that a Southern club were crowned champions , when Herbert Chapman 's Arsenal secured the title . Arsenal scored 127 goals in the process , a record for a title - winning side ( though runners - up Aston Villa scored one goal more , a record for the top division ) . Rules stipulating a maximum wage for players were abolished in 1961 . This resulted in a shift of power towards bigger clubs . Financial considerations became an even bigger influence from 1992 , when the teams then in the First Division defected to form the FA Premier League . This supplanted the Football League First Division as the highest level of football in England , and due to a series of progressively larger television contracts , put wealth into the hands of top flight clubs in a hitherto unprecedented manner . The first five champions in the Premier League era - Arsenal , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Manchester City and Manchester United - had all won the title at least once prior to 1992 . Leicester City were crowned champions for the first time in 2016 , becoming the first ( and to date only ) team to win the Premier League without having previously won the First Division . All the clubs which have ever been crowned champions are still in existence today and all take part in the top four tiers of the English football league system - the football pyramid . Sheffield Wednesday are the only club who have ever changed their name after winning a league title having been known as The Wednesday for the first three of their four titles . Manchester United have won 20 titles , the most of any club . United 's rivals Liverpool are second with 18 . Liverpool dominated during the 1970s and 1980s , while United dominated in the 1990s and 2000s under Sir Alex Ferguson . Arsenal are third ; their 13 titles all came after 1930 . Everton ( nine ) Aston Villa ( seven ) and Sunderland ( six ) secured the majority of their titles before World War I. Huddersfield Town in 1924 -- 26 , Arsenal in 1933 -- 35 , Liverpool in 1982 -- 84 and Manchester United in 1999 -- 2001 and 2007 -- 09 are the only sides to have won the League title in three consecutive seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 1.1 Football League ( 1888 -- 1892 ) 1.2 Football League First Division ( 1892 -- 1992 ) 1.3 Premier League ( 1992 -- present ) 2 Total titles won 3 Total titles won by region 3.1 By City / Town 4 Multiple trophy wins 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References List ( edit ) Bold indicates double winners -- i.e. League and Domestic ( FA ) or League ( EFL ) Cup winners OR League and UEFA Champions League or UEFA Europa League winners . Bold italic indicates treble winners -- i.e. League , Domestic ( FA ) or League ( EFL ) Cup winners and UEFA Champions League or UEFA Europa League winners . Football League ( 1888 -- 1892 ) ( edit ) Year Champions ( number of titles ) Runners - up Third place Leading goalscorer Goals 1888 -- 89 Preston North End Aston Villa Wolverhampton Wanderers John Goodall ( Preston North End ) 21 1889 -- 90 Preston North End ( 2 ) Everton Blackburn Rovers Jimmy Ross ( Preston North End ) 24 1890 -- 91 Everton Preston North End Notts County Jack Southworth ( Blackburn Rovers ) 26 1891 -- 92 Sunderland Preston North End Bolton Wanderers John Campbell ( Sunderland ) 32 Football League First Division ( 1892 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Year Champions ( number of titles ) Runners - up Third place Leading goalscorer Goals 1892 -- 93 Sunderland ( 2 ) Preston North End Everton John Campbell ( Sunderland ) 31 1893 -- 94 Aston Villa Sunderland Derby County Jack Southworth ( Everton ) 27 1894 -- 95 Sunderland ( 3 ) Everton Aston Villa John Campbell ( Sunderland ) 22 1895 -- 96 Aston Villa ( 2 ) Derby County Everton Johnny Campbell ( Aston Villa ) Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 20 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa ( 3 ) Sheffield United Derby County Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 22 1897 -- 98 Sheffield United Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers Fred Wheldon ( Aston Villa ) 21 1898 -- 99 Aston Villa ( 4 ) Liverpool Burnley Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 23 1899 -- 1900 Aston Villa ( 5 ) Sheffield United Sunderland Billy Garraty ( Aston Villa ) 27 1900 -- 01 Liverpool Sunderland Notts County Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 23 1901 -- 02 Sunderland ( 4 ) Everton Newcastle United Jimmy Settle ( Everton ) 18 1902 -- 03 The Wednesday Aston Villa Sunderland Sam Raybould ( Liverpool ) 31 1903 -- 04 The Wednesday ( 2 ) Manchester City Everton Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 20 1904 -- 05 Newcastle United Everton Manchester City Arthur Brown ( Sheffield United ) 22 1905 -- 06 Liverpool ( 2 ) Preston North End The Wednesday Albert Shepherd ( Bolton Wanderers ) 26 1906 -- 07 Newcastle United ( 2 ) Bristol City Everton Alex Young ( Everton ) 30 1907 -- 08 Manchester United Aston Villa Manchester City Enoch West ( Nottingham Forest ) 27 1908 -- 09 Newcastle United ( 3 ) Everton Sunderland Bert Freeman ( Everton ) 38 1909 -- 10 Aston Villa ( 6 ) Liverpool Blackburn Rovers Jack Parkinson ( Liverpool ) 30 1910 -- 11 Manchester United ( 2 ) Aston Villa Sunderland Albert Shepherd ( Newcastle United ) 25 1911 -- 12 Blackburn Rovers Everton Newcastle United Harry Hampton ( Aston Villa ) George Holley ( Sunderland ) David McLean ( The Wednesday ) 25 1912 -- 13 Sunderland ( 5 ) Aston Villa The Wednesday David McLean ( The Wednesday ) 30 1913 -- 14 Blackburn Rovers ( 2 ) Aston Villa Middlesbrough George Elliot ( Middlesbrough ) 32 1914 -- 15 Everton ( 2 ) Oldham Athletic Blackburn Rovers Bobby Parker ( Everton ) 35 1915 / 16 -- 1918 / 19 League suspended owing to the First World War 1919 -- 20 West Bromwich Albion Burnley Chelsea Fred Morris ( West Bromwich Albion ) 37 1920 -- 21 Burnley Manchester City Bolton Wanderers Joe Smith ( Bolton Wanderers ) 38 1921 -- 22 Liverpool ( 3 ) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Andy Wilson ( Middlesbrough ) 31 1922 -- 23 Liverpool ( 4 ) Sunderland Huddersfield Town Charlie Buchan ( Sunderland ) 30 1923 -- 24 Huddersfield Town Cardiff City Sunderland Wilf Chadwick ( Everton ) 28 1924 -- 25 Huddersfield Town ( 2 ) West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers Frank Roberts ( Manchester City ) 31 1925 -- 26 Huddersfield Town ( 3 ) Arsenal Sunderland Ted Harper ( Blackburn Rovers ) 43 1926 -- 27 Newcastle United ( 4 ) Huddersfield Town Sunderland Jimmy Trotter ( The Wednesday ) 37 1927 -- 28 Everton ( 3 ) Huddersfield Town Leicester City Dixie Dean ( Everton ) 60 1928 -- 29 The Wednesday ( 3 ) Leicester City Aston Villa Dave Halliday ( Sunderland ) 43 1929 -- 30 Sheffield Wednesday ( 4 ) Derby County Manchester City Vic Watson ( West Ham United ) 41 1930 -- 31 Arsenal Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Tom Waring ( Aston Villa ) 49 1931 -- 32 Everton ( 4 ) Arsenal Sheffield Wednesday Dixie Dean ( Everton ) 44 1932 -- 33 Arsenal ( 2 ) Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Jack Bowers ( Derby County ) 35 1933 -- 34 Arsenal ( 3 ) Huddersfield Town Tottenham Hotspur Jack Bowers ( Derby County ) 34 1934 -- 35 Arsenal ( 4 ) Sunderland Sheffield Wednesday Ted Drake ( Arsenal ) 42 1935 -- 36 Sunderland ( 6 ) Derby County Huddersfield Town W.G. Richardson ( West Bromwich Albion ) 39 1936 -- 37 Manchester City Charlton Athletic Arsenal Freddie Steele ( Stoke City ) 33 1937 -- 38 Arsenal ( 5 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Preston North End Tommy Lawton ( Everton ) 28 1938 -- 39 Everton ( 5 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlton Athletic Tommy Lawton ( Everton ) 35 1939 / 40 -- 1945 / 46 League suspended owing to the Second World War 1946 -- 47 Liverpool ( 5 ) Manchester United Wolverhampton Wanderers Dennis Westcott ( Wolverhampton Wanderers ) 37 1947 -- 48 Arsenal ( 6 ) Manchester United Burnley Ronnie Rooke ( Arsenal ) 33 1948 -- 49 Portsmouth Manchester United Derby County Willie Moir ( Bolton Wanderers ) 25 1949 -- 50 Portsmouth ( 2 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Sunderland Dickie Davis ( Sunderland ) 25 1950 -- 51 Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United Blackpool Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) 30 1951 -- 52 Manchester United ( 3 ) Tottenham Hotspur Arsenal George Robledo ( Newcastle United ) 33 1952 -- 53 Arsenal ( 7 ) Preston North End Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlie Wayman ( Preston North End ) 24 1953 -- 54 Wolverhampton Wanderers West Bromwich Albion Huddersfield Town Jimmy Glazzard ( Huddersfield Town ) 29 1954 -- 55 Chelsea Wolverhampton Wanderers Portsmouth Ronnie Allen ( West Bromwich Albion ) 27 1955 -- 56 Manchester United ( 4 ) Blackpool Wolverhampton Wanderers Nat Lofthouse ( Bolton Wanderers ) 33 1956 -- 57 Manchester United ( 5 ) Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End John Charles ( Leeds United ) 38 1957 -- 58 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur Bobby Smith ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 36 1958 -- 59 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 3 ) Manchester United Arsenal Jimmy Greaves ( Chelsea ) 33 1959 -- 60 Burnley ( 2 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Tottenham Hotspur Dennis Viollet ( Manchester United ) 32 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) Sheffield Wednesday Wolverhampton Wanderers Jimmy Greaves ( Chelsea ) 41 1961 -- 62 Ipswich Town Burnley Tottenham Hotspur Ray Crawford ( Ipswich Town ) Derek Kevan ( West Bromwich Albion ) 33 1962 -- 63 Everton ( 6 ) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 37 1963 -- 64 Liverpool ( 6 ) Manchester United Everton Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 35 1964 -- 65 Manchester United ( 6 ) Leeds United Chelsea Andy McEvoy ( Blackburn Rovers ) Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 29 1965 -- 66 Liverpool ( 7 ) Leeds United Burnley Willie Irvine ( Burnley ) 29 1966 -- 67 Manchester United ( 7 ) Nottingham Forest Tottenham Hotspur Ron Davies ( Southampton ) 37 1967 -- 68 Manchester City ( 2 ) Manchester United Liverpool George Best ( Manchester United ) Ron Davies ( Southampton ) 28 1968 -- 69 Leeds United Liverpool Everton Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 27 1969 -- 70 Everton ( 7 ) Leeds United Chelsea Jeff Astle ( West Bromwich Albion ) 25 1970 -- 71 Arsenal ( 8 ) Leeds United Tottenham Hotspur Tony Brown ( West Bromwich Albion ) 28 1971 -- 72 Derby County Leeds United Liverpool Francis Lee ( Manchester City ) 33 1972 -- 73 Liverpool ( 8 ) Arsenal Leeds United Pop Robson ( West Ham United ) 28 1973 -- 74 Leeds United ( 2 ) Liverpool Derby County Mick Channon ( Southampton ) 21 1974 -- 75 Derby County ( 2 ) Liverpool Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald ( Newcastle United ) 21 1975 -- 76 Liverpool ( 9 ) Queens Park Rangers Manchester United Ted MacDougall ( Norwich City ) 23 1976 -- 77 Liverpool ( 10 ) Manchester City Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald ( Arsenal ) Andy Gray ( Aston Villa ) 25 1977 -- 78 Nottingham Forest Liverpool Everton Bob Latchford ( Everton ) 30 1978 -- 79 Liverpool ( 11 ) Nottingham Forest West Bromwich Albion Frank Worthington ( Bolton Wanderers ) 24 1979 -- 80 Liverpool ( 12 ) Manchester United Ipswich Town Phil Boyer ( Southampton ) 23 1980 -- 81 Aston Villa ( 7 ) Ipswich Town Arsenal Peter Withe ( Aston Villa ) Steve Archibald ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 20 1981 -- 82 Liverpool ( 13 ) Ipswich Town Manchester United Kevin Keegan ( Southampton ) 26 1982 -- 83 Liverpool ( 14 ) Watford Manchester United Luther Blissett ( Watford ) 27 1983 -- 84 Liverpool ( 15 ) Southampton Nottingham Forest Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) 32 1984 -- 85 Everton ( 8 ) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Kerry Dixon ( Chelsea ) Gary Lineker ( Leicester City ) 24 1985 -- 86 Liverpool ( 16 ) Everton West Ham United Gary Lineker ( Everton ) 30 1986 -- 87 Everton ( 9 ) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Clive Allen ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 33 1987 -- 88 Liverpool ( 17 ) Manchester United Nottingham Forest John Aldridge ( Liverpool ) 26 1988 -- 89 Arsenal ( 9 ) Liverpool Nottingham Forest Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) 23 1989 -- 90 Liverpool ( 18 ) Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur Gary Lineker ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 24 1990 -- 91 Arsenal ( 10 ) Liverpool Crystal Palace Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) 22 1991 -- 92 Leeds United ( 3 ) Manchester United Sheffield Wednesday Ian Wright ( Crystal Palace / Arsenal ) 29 Premier League ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Champions ( number of titles ) Points Runners - up Points Third place Points Top goalscorer Goals 1992 -- 93 Manchester United ( 8 ) 84 Aston Villa 74 Norwich City 72 Teddy Sheringham ( Nottingham Forest / Tottenham ) 22 1993 -- 94 Manchester United ( 9 ) 92 Blackburn Rovers 84 Newcastle United 77 Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United ) 34 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 89 Manchester United 88 Nottingham Forest 77 Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers ) 34 1995 -- 96 Manchester United ( 10 ) 82 Newcastle United 78 Liverpool 71 Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers ) 31 1996 -- 97 Manchester United ( 11 ) 75 Newcastle United 68 Arsenal 68 Alan Shearer ( Newcastle United ) 25 1997 -- 98 Arsenal ( 11 ) 78 Manchester United 77 Liverpool 65 Chris Sutton ( Blackburn Rovers ) Dion Dublin ( Coventry City ) Michael Owen ( Liverpool ) 18 1998 -- 99 Manchester United ( 12 ) 79 Arsenal 78 Chelsea 75 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( Leeds United ) Michael Owen ( Liverpool ) Dwight Yorke ( Manchester United ) 18 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United ( 13 ) 91 Arsenal 73 Leeds United 69 Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland ) 30 2000 -- 01 Manchester United ( 14 ) 80 Arsenal 70 Liverpool 69 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( Chelsea ) 23 2001 -- 02 Arsenal ( 12 ) 87 Liverpool 80 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 24 2002 -- 03 Manchester United ( 15 ) 83 Arsenal 78 Newcastle United 69 Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Manchester United ) 25 2003 -- 04 Arsenal ( 13 ) 90 Chelsea 79 Manchester United 75 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 30 2004 -- 05 Chelsea ( 2 ) 95 Arsenal 83 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 25 2005 -- 06 Chelsea ( 3 ) 91 Manchester United 83 Liverpool 82 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 27 2006 -- 07 Manchester United ( 16 ) 89 Chelsea 83 Liverpool 68 Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) 20 2007 -- 08 Manchester United ( 17 ) 87 Chelsea 85 Arsenal 83 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) 31 2008 -- 09 Manchester United ( 18 ) 90 Liverpool 86 Chelsea 83 Nicolas Anelka ( Chelsea ) 19 2009 -- 10 Chelsea ( 4 ) 86 Manchester United 85 Arsenal 75 Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) 29 2010 -- 11 Manchester United ( 19 ) 80 Chelsea 71 Manchester City 71 Dimitar Berbatov ( Manchester United ) Carlos Tevez ( Manchester City ) 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City ( 3 ) 89 Manchester United 89 Arsenal 70 Robin van Persie ( Arsenal ) 30 2012 -- 13 Manchester United ( 20 ) 89 Manchester City 78 Chelsea 75 Robin van Persie ( Manchester United ) 26 2013 -- 14 Manchester City ( 4 ) 86 Liverpool 84 Chelsea 82 Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) 31 2014 -- 15 Chelsea ( 5 ) 87 Manchester City 79 Arsenal 75 Sergio Agüero ( Manchester City ) 26 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 81 Arsenal 71 Tottenham Hotspur 70 Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea ( 6 ) 93 Tottenham Hotspur 86 Manchester City 78 Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 29 2017 -- 18 Manchester City ( 5 ) 100 Manchester United 81 Tottenham Hotspur 77 Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool ) 32 2018 -- 19 Total titles won ( edit ) Teams in bold compete in the Premier League as of the 2018 -- 19 season . Club Winners Runners - up Winning seasons Manchester United 20 16 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Liverpool 18 13 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 Arsenal 13 9 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Everton 9 7 1890 -- 91 , 1914 -- 15 , 1927 -- 28 , 1931 -- 32 , 1938 -- 39 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 Aston Villa 7 10 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1896 -- 97 , 1898 -- 99 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1909 -- 10 , 1980 -- 81 Sunderland 6 5 1891 -- 92 , 1892 -- 93 , 1894 -- 95 , 1901 -- 02 , 1912 -- 13 , 1935 -- 36 Chelsea 6 1954 -- 55 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Manchester City 5 5 1936 -- 37 , 1967 -- 68 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Newcastle United 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 , 1926 -- 27 Sheffield Wednesday 1902 -- 03 , 1903 -- 04 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 Leeds United 5 1968 -- 69 , 1973 -- 74 , 1991 -- 92 Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 1953 -- 54 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 Huddersfield Town 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1925 -- 26 Blackburn Rovers 1911 -- 12 , 1913 -- 14 , 1994 -- 95 Preston North End 6 1888 -- 89 , 1889 -- 90 Tottenham Hotspur 5 1950 -- 51 , 1960 -- 61 Derby County 1971 -- 72 , 1974 -- 75 Burnley 1920 -- 21 , 1959 -- 60 Portsmouth 0 1948 -- 49 , 1949 -- 50 Ipswich Town 1961 -- 62 Nottingham Forest 1977 -- 78 Sheffield United 1897 -- 98 West Bromwich Albion 1919 -- 20 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Bristol City 0 Oldham Athletic 0 Cardiff City 0 Charlton Athletic 0 Blackpool 0 Queen 's Park Rangers 0 Watford 0 Southampton 0 Total titles won by region ( edit ) Region Number of titles Clubs North West 59 Manchester United ( 20 ) , Liverpool ( 18 ) , Everton ( 9 ) , Manchester City ( 5 ) Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) , Burnley ( 2 ) , Preston North End ( 2 ) London 21 Arsenal ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 6 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) Yorkshire 11 Sheffield Wednesday ( 4 ) , Huddersfield Town ( 3 ) , Leeds United ( 3 ) , Sheffield United ( 1 ) West Midlands 11 Aston Villa ( 7 ) , Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 3 ) , West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) North East 10 Sunderland ( 6 ) , Newcastle United ( 4 ) East Midlands Derby County ( 2 ) , Leicester City ( 1 ) , Nottingham Forest ( 1 ) South East Portsmouth ( 2 ) East of England Ipswich Town ( 1 ) By City / Town ( edit ) City / Town Championships Clubs Liverpool 27 Liverpool ( 18 ) , Everton ( 9 ) Manchester 25 Manchester United ( 20 ) , Manchester City ( 5 ) London 21 Arsenal ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 6 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) Birmingham 7 Aston Villa ( 7 ) Sunderland 6 Sunderland ( 6 ) Sheffield 5 Sheffield Wednesday ( 4 ) , Sheffield United ( 1 ) Newcastle Newcastle United ( 4 ) Blackburn Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) Huddersfield Huddersfield Town ( 3 ) Leeds Leeds United ( 3 ) Wolverhampton Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 3 ) Burnley Burnley ( 2 ) Derby Derby County ( 2 ) Portsmouth Portsmouth ( 2 ) Preston Preston North End ( 2 ) Ipswich Ipswich Town ( 1 ) Leicester Leicester City ( 1 ) Nottingham Nottingham Forest ( 1 ) West Bromwich West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) Multiple trophy wins ( edit ) See The Double and The Treble . See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers For English women 's football champions , see FA Women 's Premier League National Division : History List of First Division and Premier League winning managers List of Premier League winning players List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won List of FA Cup winners Notes ( edit ) Completed the season unbeaten . Also won the UEFA Europa League . Also won the UEFA Champions League . Also won the EFL Cup . From the 1981 -- 82 season onwards three points were awarded for a win . Prior to this a win gave two points . Also won the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . In addition to the double of League and FA Cup , Manchester United also won the UEFA Champions League in 1999 . This achievement is referred to as the Treble . Sheffield Wednesday were known as The Wednesday until 1929 . References ( edit ) General `` Past winners -- The Football League '' . Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . `` England - List of Champions '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . `` English League Leading Goalscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` The History of the Football League '' . Football League website . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Simon ( 1988 ) . League Football and the Men Who Made It . Willow Books . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218242 - 4 . Jump up ^ Titford , Roger ( November 2005 ) . `` Football League , 1888 -- 89 '' . When Saturday Comes . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2007 ) . The Ball is Round : A Global History of Football . London : Penguin . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101582 - 8 . Jump up ^ Inglis , League Football and the Men Who Made It , p25 Jump up ^ `` Free - scoring Gunners clinch first title '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Burnley : little town , big traditions '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A History of The Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 7 February 2009 ) . `` £ 1.78 bn : Record Premier League TV deal defies economic slump '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Blackburn 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sideline '' . London : The Times . 16 May 2003 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . 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when will the next book in the game of thrones series be released
The Winds of Winter
the winds of winter
The Winds of Winter is the planned sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R.R. Martin .
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter . Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . In 2014 , estimates based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 . In January 2017 , Martin announced that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Viewpoint characters 3 Background and publication 3.1 Chapters 3.2 Publication date 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and the Others will appear in the book . The previous installment , A Dance with Dragons , covered less story than Martin intended , excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers . Martin intends to resolve these storylines `` very early '' in The Winds of Winter , saying `` I 'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen -- the battle of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons , taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders ' arrival in Slaver 's Bay . Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin 's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon . Viewpoint characters ( edit ) George R.R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point - of - view chapters in The Winds of Winter : Sansa Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin 's website in April 2015 . Arya Stark : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 , and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin 's website in March 2014 . Arianne Martell : Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010 . One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in January 2013 , and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015 . Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016 . In May 2016 , Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon . Aeron Greyjoy : One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010 . A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon . It was written in , or before , 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons . Theon Greyjoy : One sample chapter appeared on Martin 's website in December 2011 . It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons ( part two ) . Victarion Greyjoy : Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012 . Tyrion Lannister : One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012 , and another one at Worldcon in August 2013 , the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20 , 2014 . Barristan Selmy : One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons . In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone . George R.R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter . Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah and Melisandre will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in , and that Bran Stark will appear in the novel , but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint . In addition , he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con that Jeyne Westerling , Robb Stark 's widow , will appear in the prologue chapter , but did not reveal who will be the POV character . Background and publication ( edit ) Chapters ( edit ) The Winds of Winter was originally intended , in the very early stages of the series , to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire ( then conceived as a trilogy ) . Following his expansion of the series , Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel , A Dream of Spring . By June 2010 , Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , and Arianne Martell . In July 2010 , he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter , accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages . Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011 , Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012 , having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions . He continued to work , with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson , on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history , which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011 . He also worked on a Westeros story , the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella , that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere . A year after that eventual publication , the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand - alone fix - up novel . In December 2011 , Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter ; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons , which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012 , but was released on October 29 , 2013 . ( International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new , as yet unpublished sample chapter . ) In the first quarter of 2012 , Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events , including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister . Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large , highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire , which was published in October 2012 . Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell 's POV on his website in January 2013 . On March 27 , ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere , Martin posted a chapter on his website , titled Mercy . Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one , though never published nor publicly read . In April 2015 , Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne . In May 2016 , Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon , and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon . As of June 2016 , a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter . The point of view characters with released material are Victarion , Aeron , Tyrion , Barristan , Arianne , Theon , Mercy ( Arya ) , and Alayne ( Sansa ) . Several websites , including Goodreads , have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter , including plot twists , theories , and speculations . At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 , George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter : ... `` I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places ... Things get worse before they get better , so things are getting worse for a lot of people . '' Publication date ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500 + manuscript pages each . He does not intend to separate characters by geography again , as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows ' original manuscript . But , as Martin stated in a 2011 interview , `` Three years from now when I 'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight , who the hell knows '' . In April 2011 , shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write , Martin hoped that `` the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has '' and estimated that it would take `` three years to finish the next one at a good pace '' . By October 2012 , 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written , although Martin considered only the first 200 as `` really finished '' , the rest still needing revisions . In April 2013 , Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book . In the past , Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically ; therefore , he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter 's final release date . Ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' . In 2012 , Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel , A Dream of Spring , not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels . In January 2014 , Martin 's UK publisher , Jane Johnson , declared on Twitter that the book would `` certainly '' not be published before 2015 . In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was `` not a 2015 release '' , a statement she repeated in January 2015 . In April 2015 , Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones ( which would cover material from the book ) aired in 2016 . In Autumn 2015 , statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016 . In early January 2016 , Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well '' . Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones but one of the showrunners , David Benioff , claimed that while certain key elements would be the same , the show would diverge from the book in many respects . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . In September 2014 , Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018 , based on extrapolation of Martin 's writing pace . In 2017 , Goodreads advertised its expected publication in 2020 . On January 10 , 2017 , Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released `` this year '' , referring to 2017 . However , he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year . He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22 , 2017 , being `` still months away '' from finishing the book . He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Webchat Transcript '' . empireonline.com. April 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two , ' The Winds of Winter , ' and Real - World Influences for ' A Song of Ice and Fire ' '' . SmarterTravel . March 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Fantasy King '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Walt . `` Predicting When ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book '' . Fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ingraham , Christopher ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ' Game of Thrones ' , using the magic of geometry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : George R.R. Martin ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doom , Despair , Defeat '' . Not a Blog . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date : ' I think this year ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Winds of Winter : release date , news , plot , chapters and returning characters '' . NME. 2017 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 30 : 50 min . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Arianne '' . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing in Circles '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . georgerrmartin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Winds Of Winter ' Chapter -- George RR Martin Releases ' Game Of Thrones ' Excerpt - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Mercy '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2015 ) . George R.R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015 Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon '' . Winter is Coming . ^ Jump up to : `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( July 31 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter '' . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter : Theon Chapter '' . georgerrmartin.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EasterCon -- Eat , Drink and talk SFF ! '' . harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terry ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Winds of Winter : Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin 's next Game of Thrones novel '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today '' . Tor.com . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Dragons Are Here '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Much of George R.R. Martin 's The Winds of Winter is Out So Far ? '' . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. `` A Taste of This , A Taste of That '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27 : 22 Jump up ^ `` Conventions and Cancellations '' . GRRM Not A Blog. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin teases the prologue and plotlines of ' The Winds of Winter ' '' . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) Jump up ^ Harte , Bryant ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` An Interview with George R.R. Martin , Part I '' . indigo.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Treat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons by George R.R. Martin '' . Random House . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons : A Song of Ice and Fire : Book Five '' . amazon.de . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R ( April 8 , 2012 ) . George R.R. Martin Interview . Eastercon . Event occurs at 58 : 00 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Lands of Ice and Fire ( A Game of Thrones ) '' . randomhouse.ca . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . ew.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Just Write It ! A fantasy author and his impatient fans . '' . newyorker.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R.R. Martin Interview . YouTube . April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Bryant ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Martin Talks ' Game Of Thrones , ' ' The Winds Of Winter ' '' . Airlock Alpha . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jane ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr : @ bonefish914 Certainly not this year . '' . Twitter . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Jane Johnson on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Alison Flood . `` George RR Martin 's The Winds of Winter : no plans for publication in 2015 '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Reading for Rockets '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Winds of Winter release date : Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date 2016 : George RR Martin 's next book might finally be coming '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesús Baratheon . `` Alejo Cuervo ( Gigamesh ) : `` Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 ( también en español ) '' `` . Los Siete Reinos . Jump up ^ `` Relacja z konwentu Kapitularz 2015 '' . Pieśń lodu i ognia - Gra o tron . Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Winds of Winter release date news : Polish translator slip suggests late 2015 / early 2016 for next George RR Martin book '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Last Year ( Winds of Winter ) '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' showrunners : Season 6 wo n't spoil the books - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER '' `` . Winter is Coming . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12111823-the-winds-of-winter ? Jump up ^ http://grrm.livejournal.com/544709.html External links ( edit ) Official website of author George R.R. Martin George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Winds_of_Winter&oldid=807237816 '' Categories : 21st - century American novels A Song of Ice and Fire books American fantasy novels HarperCollins books Novels by George R.R. Martin Unpublished novels Upcoming books Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Books with missing cover All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages भोजपुरी Čeština Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Winds%20of%20Winter
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seth macfarlane producer of king of the hill
Seth MacFarlane
seth macfarlane
Seth Woodbury MacFarlane ( / məkˈfɑːrlɪn / ; born October 26 , 1973 ) is an American actor , filmmaker , comedian , and singer , working primarily in animation and comedy , as well as live - action and other genres . MacFarlane is the creator of the TV series Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 -- present ) and The Orville ( 2017 ) , and co-creator of the TV series American Dad ! ( 2005 -- present ) and The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) . He also wrote , directed , and starred in the films Ted ( 2012 ) , its sequel Ted 2 ( 2015 ) , and A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) .
MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design , where he studied animation . Recruited to Hollywood , he was an animator and writer for Hanna - Barbera for several television series , including Johnny Bravo , Cow and Chicken , Dexter 's Laboratory , I Am Weasel , and Larry & Steve . As an actor , he has made guest appearances on series , such as Gilmore Girls , The War at Home and FlashForward . In 2008 , he created his own YouTube series titled Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy . He won several awards for his work on Family Guy , including four Primetime Emmy Awards and an Annie Award . In 2009 , he won the Webby Award for Film & Video Person of the Year . He occasionally speaks at universities and colleges throughout the United States , and is an active supporter of gay rights . As a singer , MacFarlane has performed at several venues , including Carnegie Hall and the Royal Albert Hall . MacFarlane has released four studio albums , in the same vein of his musical idol Frank Sinatra , beginning with Music Is Better Than Words in 2011 . He has been nominated for four Grammy Awards for his musical work . MacFarlane hosted the 85th Academy Awards in 2013 and was also nominated for Best Original Song for the song `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' from Ted . MacFarlane served as executive producer of the Neil deGrasse Tyson - hosted Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey , an update of the 1980s Cosmos series hosted by Carl Sagan . MacFarlane was instrumental in providing funding for the series , as well as securing studio support for it from other entertainment executives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Television career 2.1. 1 Hanna - Barbera years 2.1. 2 Family Guy 2.1. 3 American Dad ! 2.1. 4 The Cleveland Show 2.1. 5 Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy 2.1. 6 The Orville 2.1. 7 Television producing 2.1. 8 Television hosting 2.2 Film career 2.2. 1 Ted 2.2. 2 A Million Ways to Die in the West 2.3 Music career 2.3. 1 Music Is Better Than Words 2.3. 2 Holiday for Swing 2.3. 3 No One Ever Tells You 2.4 Future projects 2.5 Guest appearances 3 Music 3.1 Style 3.2 Voice and influences 4 Activism 4.1 Political views 4.1. 1 LGBT issues 4.2 Speaking engagements 4.3 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike 4.4 The Seth MacFarlane Collection of the Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Archive 5 Personal life 5.1 September 11 , 2001 experience 5.2 Lawsuits 6 Accolades 7 Filmography 8 Discography 8.1 Albums 8.1. 1 Studio albums 8.1. 2 Soundtrack albums 8.2 Singles 8.2. 1 As main artist 8.2. 2 As featuring artist 8.3 Guest appearances 9 Written works 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) MacFarlane was born and raised in Kent , Connecticut . His parents , Ronald Milton MacFarlane ( born 1946 ) and Ann Perry ( née Sager ; 1947 -- 2010 ) , were born in Newburyport , Massachusetts . His sister is voice actress Rachael Ann MacFarlane ( born 1976 ) . He has roots in New England going back to the 1600s , and is a descendant of Mayflower passenger William Brewster . MacFarlane 's parents met in 1970 , when they both lived and worked in Boston , Massachusetts , and married later that year . The couple moved to Kent in 1972 , where Ann began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School . She later worked in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School , a selective college preparatory school , where Ronald was a teacher . During his childhood , MacFarlane developed an interest in illustration and began drawing cartoon characters Fred Flintstone and Woody Woodpecker , as early as two years old . By the age of five , MacFarlane knew that he would want to pursue a career in animation , and began by creating flip books , after his parents found a book on the subject for him . Four years later , aged nine , MacFarlane began publishing a weekly comic strip titled `` Walter Crouton '' for The Kent Good Times Dispatch , the local newspaper in Kent , Connecticut , which paid him five dollars per week . In one anecdote from the time , MacFarlane said in an October 2011 interview that as a child he was always `` weirdly fascinated by the Communion ceremony '' . He created a strip with a character kneeling at the altar taking Communion and asking `` Can I have fries with that ? '' The paper printed it and he got an `` angry letter '' from the local priest ; it led to `` sort of a little mini-controversy '' in the town . MacFarlane received his high school diploma in 1991 from the Kent School . While there , he continued experimenting with animation , and his parents gave him an 8 mm camera . MacFarlane went on to study film , video and animation at the Rhode Island School of Design ( RISD ) , where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree . As a student , he had originally intended to work for Disney , but changed his mind upon graduating . At RISD MacFarlane created a series of independent films , eventually meeting future Family Guy cast member Mike Henry , whose brother Patrick was MacFarlane 's classmate . During his time at RISD , MacFarlane performed stand - up comedy . In his senior year at RISD MacFarlane created a thesis film titled The Life of Larry , which eventually would become the inspiration for Family Guy . MacFarlane 's professor submitted his film to the animation studio Hanna - Barbera , where he was later hired . Career ( edit ) Television career ( edit ) Hanna - Barbera years ( edit ) MacFarlane was recruited during the senior film festival by development executive Ellen Cockrill and President Fred Seibert . He went to work at Hanna - Barbera ( then Hanna - Barbera Cartoons ) based on the writing content of The Life of Larry , rather than on cartooning ability . He was one of only a few people hired by the company solely based on writing talent . He worked as an animator and writer for Cartoon Network 's Cartoon Cartoons series . He described the atmosphere at Hanna - Barbera as resembling an `` old - fashioned Hollywood structure , where you move from one show to another or you jump from a writing job on one show to a storyboard job on another '' . MacFarlane worked on four television series during his tenure at the studio : Dexter 's Laboratory , Cow and Chicken , I Am Weasel , and Johnny Bravo . Working as both a writer and storyboard artist , MacFarlane spent the most time on Johnny Bravo . He found it easier to develop his own style at Johnny Bravo through the show 's process of scriptwriting , which Dexter 's Laboratory , Cow and Chicken , and I Am Weasel did not use . As a part of the Johnny Bravo crew , MacFarlane met actors and voiceover artists such as Adam West and Jack Sheldon of Schoolhouse Rock ! fame . Meeting these individuals later became significant to the production and success of his Family Guy series . He also did freelance work for Walt Disney Television Animation , writing for Jungle Cubs , and for Nelvana , where he wrote for Ace Ventura : Pet Detective . Through strict observation of writing elements such as story progression , character stakes and plot points , MacFarlane found the work for Disney was , from a writing standpoint , very valuable in preparation for his career ( particularly on Ace Ventura ) . MacFarlane also created and wrote a short titled Zoomates for Frederator Studios ' Oh Yeah ! Cartoons on Nickelodeon . In 1996 , MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry & Steve , which features a middle - aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog , Steve . The short was broadcast as one of Cartoon Network 's World Premiere Toons . Executives at Fox saw both Larry shorts and negotiations soon began for a prime - time animated series . Family Guy ( edit ) Main article : Family Guy Although MacFarlane enjoyed working at Hanna - Barbera , he felt his real calling was for prime - time animation , which would allow a much edgier style of humor . He first pitched Family Guy to Fox during his tenure at Hanna - Barbera . A development executive for Hanna - Barbera , who was trying to get back into the prime - time business at the time , introduced MacFarlane to Leslie Kolins and Mike Darnell , heads of the alternative comedy department at Fox . After the success of King of the Hill in 1997 , MacFarlane called Kolins once more to ask about a possible second pitch for the series . The company offered the young writer a strange deal : Fox gave him a budget of US $50,000 to produce a pilot that could lead to a series ( most episodes of animated prime - time productions cost at least US $1 million ) . Recalling the experience in an interview with The New York Times , MacFarlane stated , `` I spent about six months with no sleep and no life , just drawing like crazy in my kitchen and doing this pilot '' . After six months , MacFarlane returned to Fox with a `` very , very simply , crudely animated film -- with just enough to get the tone of the show across '' to present to the executives , who loved the pilot and ordered the series immediately . In July 1998 , the Fox Broadcast Company announced the purchase of Family Guy for a January 1999 debut . Family Guy was originally intended to be a series of shorts on MADtv , much in the same way The Simpsons had begun on The Tracey Ullman Show a decade earlier . Negotiations for the show 's MADtv connection fell through early on as a result of budgetary concerns . At age 24 , MacFarlane was television 's youngest executive producer . Family Guy first aired January 31 , 1999 . MacFarlane 's work in animating Family Guy has been influenced by Jackie Gleason and Hanna - Barbera along with examples from The Simpsons and All in the Family . In addition to writing three episodes , `` Death Has a Shadow '' , `` Family Guy Viewer Mail 1 '' and `` North by North Quahog '' , MacFarlane voices Family Guy 's main male characters -- Peter Griffin , Stewie Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire as well as Tom Tucker , his son Jake Tucker , and additional characters . Bolstered by high DVD sales and established fan loyalty , Family Guy developed into a US $1 - billion franchise . On May 4 , 2008 , after approximately two and a half years of negotiations , MacFarlane reached a US $100 - million agreement with Fox to keep Family Guy and American Dad ! until 2012 . The agreement makes him the world 's highest paid television writer . MacFarlane 's success with Family Guy has opened doors to other ventures relating to the show . On April 26 , 2005 , he and composer Walter Murphy created Family Guy : Live in Vegas . The soundtrack features a Broadway show tune theme , and MacFarlane voiced Stewie in the track `` Stewie 's Sexy Party '' . A fan of Broadway musicals , MacFarlane comments on using musicals as a component to Family Guy : I love the lush orchestration and old - fashioned melody writing ... it just gets you excited , that kind of music `` , he said . `` It 's very optimistic . And it 's fun . The one thing that 's missing for me from popular music today is fun . Guys like ( Bing ) Crosby , or ( Frank ) Sinatra , or Dean Martin , or Mel Tormé ( ... ) these are guys who sounded like they were having a great time . In addition , a Family Guy video game was released in 2006 . Two years later , in August 2007 , he closed a digital content production deal with AdSense . MacFarlane takes cast members on the road to voice characters in front of live audiences . Family Guy Live provides fans with the opportunity to hear future scripts . In mid-2007 , Chicago fans had the opportunity to hear the then upcoming sixth - season premiere `` Blue Harvest '' . Shows have been played in Montreal , New York City , Chicago , and Los Angeles . MacFarlane at a RISD reception on June 1 , 2007 On July 22 , 2007 , in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , MacFarlane announced that he may start working on a feature film , although `` nothing 's official '' . In September 2007 , Ricky Blitt gave TV.com an interview confirming that he had already started working on the script . Then in TV Week on July 18 , 2008 , MacFarlane confirmed plans to produce a theatrically released Family Guy feature film sometime `` within the next year '' . He came up with an idea for the story , `` something that you could not do on the show , which ( to him ) is the only reason to do a movie '' . He later went on to say he imagines the film to be `` an old - style musical with dialogue '' similar to The Sound of Music , saying that he would `` really be trying to capture , musically , that feel '' . On October 13 , 2011 , MacFarlane confirmed that a deal for a Family Guy film had been made , and that it would be written by himself and series co-producer Ricky Blitt . On November 30 , 2012 , MacFarlane confirmed plans to produce a Family Guy film . Despite its popularity , Family Guy has often been criticized . The Parents Television Council frequently criticizes the show for its content , once organized a letter - writing campaign aimed at removing it from Fox 's lineup , and has filed complaints with the Federal Communications Commission alleging that some episodes of the show contained indecent content . MacFarlane has responded to the PTC 's criticism by saying , among other things , `` That 's like getting hate mail from Hitler . They 're literally terrible human beings . '' Family Guy has been cancelled twice , although strong fan support and DVD sales have caused Fox to reconsider . MacFarlane mentioned how these cancellations affected the lineup of writers each time Fox approved the show . `` One of the positive aspects of Family Guy constantly being pulled off ( the air ) is that we were always having to restaff writers '' . During the sixth season , episodes of Family Guy and American Dad ! were delayed from regular broadcast due to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike ( which MacFarlane participated in to support the writers while Fox aired three Family Guy episodes without MacFarlane 's permission ) . On February 12 , 2008 , the strike ended , and the series resumed airing regularly , beginning with `` Back to the Woods '' . American Dad ! ( edit ) Main article : American Dad ! MacFarlane has a second long - running , successful adult animated series in American Dad ! which has been in production since early 2005 . To date , American Dad ! is MacFarlane 's only animated series never to have suffered an official cancellation , though it did undergo a network relocation from Fox to TBS on October 20 , 2014 , following the show 's 11th season . TBS announced on July 16 , 2013 , that they had picked up the series for a 15 - episode 12th season . Reportedly , the purpose of the network relocation was originally to make room for new animated broadcasts on Fox 's now - defunct `` Animation Domination '' lineup . It was reported that the relocation of American Dad ! allowed room for other shows , such as Mulaney and another animated series from Seth MacFarlane called Bordertown . Bordertown ran during the 2015 -- 16 television season . While MacFarlane regularly does extensive voice acting work for American Dad ! , he has left much of the show 's creative direction up to Weitzman and Barker . MacFarlane has credited this move with helping to give the series its own distinct voice and identity . Though , as announced on November 4 , 2013 , Barker departed American Dad ! after 10 seasons of serving as the show 's producer / co-showrunner , resulting from creative differences as production for season 11 on TBS commenced . American Dad ! was first shown after Super Bowl XXXIX , debuting with the episode `` Pilot . '' This February 6 , 2005 series premiere was somewhat of an early sneak preview as the program would not begin airing regularly as part of Fox 's Animation Domination until May 1 , 2005 . Because of atypical scheduling of the show 's first 7 episodes , American Dad ! has a controversial season number discrepancy in which many are divided as to how many seasons the program has had . Beyond division between media journalists and fans , there has been conflicting reports as to what season the show is in even between American Dad ! creators and the show 's official website -- both from its original Fox website and now from TBS website . At Comic - Con 2013 on July 20 , American Dad ! co-creator Mike Barker hinted that an American Dad ! movie -- centering on the Roger character and set from his birth planet -- is in the works and partially written . What with Barker 's departure from the series however , it is unclear if any of these plans have been scrapped or modified in any way . MacFarlane has described the initial seasons of American Dad ! as being similar to All in the Family , likening title character Stan Smith 's originally bigoted persona to Archie Bunker . MacFarlane has also stated that his inspiration to create American Dad ! derived from his and Weitzman 's exasperation with George W. Bush 's policies as former United States President . After the early couple of seasons however , the series discontinued using these elements of political satire and began to serve up its own brand of entertainment and humor . MacFarlane was described as having difficulty understanding the series in its early going ; however , he heavily warmed up to the series after its early seasons once he felt the show truly came into its own . His fellow co-creators have sensed this through MacFarlane 's greatly increased attention to the series after its early seasons . MacFarlane has also revealed he is an American Dad ! fan himself . He has taken note of the positive reaction to the `` Roger '' character by fans via his Twitter . The show focuses on the Smith family : Stan Smith , the endangering , dog - eat - dog , rash and inconsiderate head of the household . He has an exaggeratedly large chin and masculine manner about him . As the family 's breadwinner , he works as a CIA officer and was initially portrayed in the series as an old - fashioned conservative bigot but has since grown out of these traits ( the show is known for its story arc elements and other distinguishing plot techniques ) ; Stan 's paradoxically moralistic yet simultaneously inappropriate , corrupt wife , Francine ; and their two children , new - age hippie daughter Hayley and nerdy son Steve . Accompanying the Smith family are three additional main characters , two of which belong to non-human species : zany , shocking , blithely cruel and rascally alien Roger , who 's full of disguises / alter egos and has few if any limits on his behaviors . He was rescued by Stan from Area 51 ; Klaus , the man - in - a-fish - body pet . Klaus 's unenviable situation came about from the brain of an East German Olympic skier being shrunk and transplanted into a fish body ; and Jeff Fischer , Hayley 's boyfriend turned `` whipped '' husband , known for his infatuation with Hayley 's mom , Francine . Together , the Smiths and their three housemates run what is only at a first glance the typical middle - class American lifestyle , but is anything but . Seth MacFarlane provides the voices of Stan and Roger , basing Roger 's voice on Paul Lynde ( who played Uncle Arthur in Bewitched ) . His sister Rachael MacFarlane provides the voice of Hayley . The Cleveland show ( edit ) Main article : The Cleveland Show MacFarlane developed a Family Guy spin - off called The Cleveland Show , which focuses on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family . The idea for the show originated from a suggestion by Family Guy writer and voice of Cleveland , Mike Henry . Fox ordered 22 episodes and the series first aired on September 27 , 2009 . The show , which was picked up to air a first season consisting of 22 episodes , was picked up by Fox for a second season , consisting of 13 episodes , bringing the total number to 35 episodes . The announcement was made on May 3 , 2009 before the first season even premiered . Due to strong ratings , Fox picked up the back nine episodes of season 2 , making a 22 - episode season and bringing the total episode count of the show to 44 . The series ended on May 19 , 2013 , with a total of 4 seasons and 88 episodes , and the character of Cleveland returned to Family Guy in the episode He 's Bla - ack ! . This is the only animated series created by MacFarlane that does not have him voicing the main character . Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10 . Jess Harnell voices Tim from season 3 episode 11 onwards . Cavalcade of Cartoon comedy ( edit ) Main article : Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy On September 10 , 2008 , MacFarlane released a series of webisodes known as Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy with its animated shorts sponsored by Burger King and released weekly . The Orville ( edit ) Main article : The Orville On May 4 , 2016 , FOX picked up a sci - fi comedy - drama series called The Orville . The show is created , executive - produced , and starred in by MacFarlane . The show is set 400 years in the future aboard the Orville , a not - so - top - of - the - line exploratory ship in the Union interstellar fleet . The series premiered during the 2017 -- 2018 season , on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 . Television producing ( edit ) MacFarlane was the executive producer of a live - action sitcom starring Rob Corddry called The Winner . The plot has a man named Glen discussing the time he matured at 32 and has him pursuing his only love after she moves in next door . Glen meets her son and both become good friends . The show ran on Fox for six episodes in Spring 2007 . In August 2011 , Fox ordered a 13 - part updated series of Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey . MacFarlane co-produced the series with Ann Druyan and Steven Soter . The new series is hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson and began airing on the channel in March 2014 , with repeats airing on the National Geographic Channel on the next night . In addition to serving as one of the executive producers , MacFarlane provided voices for characters during the animated portions of the series . In 2013 and 2014 , MacFarlane produced one season of a live - action sitcom called Dads . The series , revolves around Eli , played by Seth Green , and Warner , played by Giovanni Ribisi , two successful guys in their 30 's whose world is turned upside down when their dads move in with them . MacFarlane , Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild executive - produced the series , with Sulkin and Wild writing . In 2014 , MacFarlane executive - produced a two - season , 20 - episode series called Blunt Talk for Starz . The series followed an English newscaster who moves to Los Angeles with his alcoholic manservant and the baggage of several failed marriages to host a sanctimonious talk show . In 2009 MacFarlane began work on the animated series Bordertown . The series is set in Texas and follows a border patrol agent and a Mexican immigrant , satirizing America 's changing cultural landscape . It ran for 13 episodes in the first half of 2016 , on Fox . Television hosting ( edit ) MacFarlane often participates as one of the `` roasters '' in the annual Comedy Central Roasts . MacFarlane is the only person to serve as roastmaster for more than one Comedy Central roast . In 2010 , he filled this role for The Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselhoff . The following year he was roastmaster of Comedy Central roasts of Donald Trump and Charlie Sheen . On October 1 , 2012 , it was announced that MacFarlane would host the 85th Academy Awards on February 24 , 2013 . He also presented the nominees with actress Emma Stone , on January 10 , 2013 . In addition to hosting , MacFarlane was also nominated in the Academy Award for Best Original Song category for co-writing the theme song `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' for his film Ted with Walter Murphy . Critical response to MacFarlane 's performance was mixed . Columnist Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly commented `` By calling constant attention to the naughty factor , '' MacFarlane created `` an echo chamber of outrage , working a little too hard to top himself with faux - scandalous gags about race , Jews in Hollywood , and the killing of Abraham Lincoln . '' Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter praised MacFarlane 's performance saying that he did `` impressively better than one would have wagered . '' He also noted that he added `` plenty of niceties with a little bit of the Ricky Gervais bite - the - hand - that - feeds - you thing and worked the juxtaposition rather nicely . '' He stirred up controversy in the form of a musical number titled `` We Saw Your Boobs '' . On October 29 , 2014 , it was announced that MacFarlane would host the Breakthrough Prize ceremony . The event was held on Silicon Valley and televised on November 15 , 2014 on Discovery Channel and Science , and globally on November 22 , 2014 on BBC World News . He returned to host the following year . Film career ( edit ) Ted ( edit ) Main articles : Ted ( film ) and Ted 2 MacFarlane made his directorial live - action film debut with the release of Ted in 2012 . He announced that he was directing it on an episode of Conan that aired on February 10 , 2011 . Along with directing the film , he also wrote the screenplay , served as producer , and starred as the title character . Ted tells the story of John Bennett ( Mark Wahlberg ) and his talking teddy bear ( MacFarlane ) who keeps John and his girlfriend Lori Collins ( Mila Kunis ) from moving on with their lives . The film received generally favorable reviews from both critics and audiences , and was a box office success , opening with the highest weekend gross of all time for an original R - rated comedy . Internationally , the movie is currently the highest - grossing original R - rated comedy of all time , beating The Hangover . A sequel , Ted 2 , was released on June 26 , 2015 . A Million Ways to Die in the West ( edit ) Main article : A Million Ways to Die in the West MacFarlane co-wrote and starred in his second film , A Million Ways to Die in the West . Alec Sulkin and Wellesley Wild were also co-writers for the film . The film follows a cowardly sheep farmer ( MacFarlane ) who loses a gunfight and sees his girlfriend leave him for another man . When a mysterious woman rides into town , she helps him find his courage . But when her outlaw husband arrives seeking revenge , the farmer must put his newfound courage to the test . The film was met with mixed to negative reviews from critics . On January 27 , 2014 , MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film 's script , which was released on March 4 , 2014 . An audio - book version was also made available , narrated by Jonathan Frakes . MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film , partially due to boredom . Music career ( edit ) Music is Better than Words ( edit ) Main article : Music Is Better Than Words He signed a record deal with Universal Republic Records and released a big band / standards album in 2011 . MacFarlane 's debut studio album , Music Is Better Than Words , was released on September 27 , 2011 , drawing on his training in and attraction to `` the Great American Songbook and particularly the early - to late - ' 50s era of orchestration '' . The singer , asked about his experience with the music , said he did `` old Nelson Riddle , Billy May charts ( with ) one of my composers , Ron Jones , ( who ) has a group called the Influence Jazz Orchestra that he performs with throughout L.A. '' His album was nominated in the Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album category at the 54th Grammy Awards . Music Is Better Than Words received a score of 52 out of 100 on Metacritic 's compilation of music critic reviews . Holiday for Swing ( edit ) Main article : Holiday for Swing MacFarlane was featured on Calabria Foti 's 2013 single `` Let 's Fall in Love '' . In September 2013 , it was announced that MacFarlane was working on a Christmas album scheduled for release in 2014 . The album , which contains collaborations with Norah Jones and Sara Bareilles , is titled Holiday for Swing , and was released on September 30 , 2014 . The album was recorded between Christmas Day and New Year 's Eve 2013 in Los Angeles and in studio 2 at Abbey Road Studios in London . The album received mostly positive reviews . No one Ever Tells you ( edit ) Main article : No One Ever Tells You MacFarlane released his third studio album on September 30 , 2015 . Titled No One Ever Tells You , it received mostly positive reviews , and earned MacFarlane a Grammy Award nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album . Due to the success of his musical endeavors , MacFarlane was honored by Barbara Sinatra at the 28th annual Frank Sinatra Celebrity Invitational on February 20 , 2016 . Later on in the year , MacFarlane recorded the song `` Pure Imagination '' as a duet with Barbra Streisand for her album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , released in August 2016 . Future Projects ( edit ) In 2011 , it was announced that MacFarlane would be reviving The Flintstones for the Fox network , with the first episode airing in 2013 . MacFarlane said that he would provide the voice of Barney Rubble . However , at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2012 , while promoting Ted , MacFarlane revealed that the project had been shelved due to the unimpressed response garnered by Fox . Regarding Broadway , MacFarlane told The Hollywood Reporter , `` If I did a Broadway musical , I 'd probably want to do something a little bit more old - fashioned '' , and went on saying `` I would n't necessarily do something that was as edgy as what they ( Matt Stone and Trey Parker ) have done . The challenge to me would be more along the lines of , gosh , can somebody write Oklahoma ! for 2011 ? '' He has also said that , `` The good thing about Broadway is that you do n't have to worry about an airdate . It gets done when it gets done . '' In late 2011 , it was confirmed that MacFarlane is working on another animated series with Alex Borstein and Gary Janetti . Currently not much is known about the series other than it will be about a family and will have a female lead role . Janetti stated that the series has not yet been greenlit by Fox . Guest appearances ( edit ) MacFarlane has appeared in sitcoms , comedy and news programs , independent films , and other animated shows . In 2002 , MacFarlane appeared in the Gilmore Girls episode `` Lorelai 's Graduation Day '' . Four years later on November 5 , 2006 , MacFarlane guest starred on Fox 's The War at Home as `` Hillary 's Date '' , an unnamed 33 - year - old man who secretly dates teenaged Hillary in the episode `` I Wash My Hands of You '' . MacFarlane also appeared as the engineer Ensign Rivers on Star Trek : Enterprise in the third - season episode `` The Forgotten '' and the fourth - season episode `` Affliction '' . During 2006 , MacFarlane had a role in the independent film Life is Short . He portrayed Dr. Ned , a psychologist who advises a short man ( played by Freaks and Geeks star Samm Levine ) to have relationships with taller women . He is a frequent guest on the radio talkshow Loveline , hosted by Dr. Drew Pinsky . MacFarlane being interviewed at the Fox Fall Eco-Casino Party in Hollywood on September 8 , 2008 . MacFarlane appeared on the November 11 , 2006 episode of Fox 's comedy show MADtv and performed a live action re-enactment of a scene from the Family Guy episode `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' . In the scene , Peter and Lois suspect Chris of murdering his teacher 's husband . As a reaction , a terrified Meg jumps out the window . A version with MacFarlane as Peter , Nicole Parker as Kathy Griffin as Lois , Ike Barinholtz as Dane Cook as Chris , Nicole Randall Johnson as Queen Latifah as Meg , and Keegan - Michael Key as Snoop Dogg as Stewie was recorded over the original cartoon . MacFarlane served as a host to the Canadian Awards for the Electronic & Animated Arts 's Second Annual Elan Awards on February 15 , 2008 . MacFarlane has also appeared on news shows and late night television shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Late Show with David Letterman . On January 19 , 2007 , MacFarlane appeared on Countdown with Keith Olbermann on MSNBC to discuss Stephen Colbert 's appearance on The O'Reilly Factor and Bill O'Reilly 's return appearance on The Colbert Report . MacFarlane introduced the segment by saying in Stewie 's voice `` Oh , wait Bill . Hold still , allow me to soil myself on you . Victory is mine ! '' Three months later on March 24 , 2007 , MacFarlane was interviewed on Fox 's Talkshow with Spike Feresten , and closed the show by singing the Frank Sinatra song `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' . He also provided Stewie 's voice when he appeared as a brain tumor - induced hallucination to Seeley Booth in an episode of Bones , writing his own dialogue for the episode . On May 8 , 2009 , MacFarlane was a guest on Real Time with Bill Maher . Other than Family Guy and American Dad ! , MacFarlane voices characters in other cartoon shows and films . He voiced Wayne `` The Brain '' McClain in an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force . He has also voiced various characters on Adult Swim 's Robot Chicken , including a parody of Lion - O and Emperor Palpatine as well as Peter Griffin in the Season 2 premiere -- he even parodied himself in the Season 4 premiere , in which he renewed the show simply by mentioning it in a Family Guy - like cutaway after its fictitious cancellation at the end of Season 3 . He also played the villain `` The Manotaur '' in Bob Boyle 's animated kids series Yin Yang Yo ! . In addition , MacFarlane voiced Johann Kraus in the 2008 film Hellboy II : The Golden Army . He also had a guest appearance in the animated film Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder where he sings `` That Was Then ( And This is Too ) '' , the opening theme . He had also starred in a commercial for Hulu in which he plays an alien presenting Hulu as an `` evil plot to destroy the world '' , progressively as his famous Family Guy and American Dad ! characters . He also lent his voice to the series finale movie of the Comedy Central series , Drawn Together . MacFarlane played Ziggy in the 2010 film Tooth Fairy . In August 2010 , he appeared as a guest voice - over in a sci - fi themed episode of Disney 's Phineas and Ferb entitled `` Nerds of a Feather '' . On September 15 , 2012 , MacFarlane hosted the season premiere of Saturday Night Live , with musical guest Frank Ocean . The episode was MacFarlane 's first appearance on the show . MacFarlane had a cameo in the 2013 film Movie 43 . MacFarlane collaborated with Matt Groening on an episode of The Simpsons and Futurama . In 2016 , he had a voice role in the animated film Sing , as well as serving as a major performer on the film 's soundtrack . In 2017 , he appeared in Steven Soderbergh 's heist comedy Logan Lucky , alongside Channing Tatum and Adam Driver . Music ( edit ) Style ( edit ) In 2009 , he appeared as a vocalist at the BBC Proms with the John Wilson Orchestra in Prom 22 A Celebration of Classic MGM Film Musicals . In 2010 , he reappeared at the Proms with the John Wilson Orchestra in a Christmas concert special . In 2012 , it was announced he would again appear at the Proms with the John Wilson Orchestra in a concert celebrating Broadway musicals . Regarding his musical passion , MacFarlane has said , `` I love and am fascinated by exciting orchestration -- what you can do with a band that size -- and I think in many ways it 's a lost art . '' MacFarlane 's sound of music is predominantly traditional pop , easy listening , jazz , vocal , vocal jazz , show tunes , swing , and big band He will occasionally use musical comedy for either his shows or movies . In 2015 , MacFarlane again appeared at The Proms as a vocalist with the John Wilson Orchestra , this time in a Sinatra programme . Voice and influences ( edit ) Frank Sinatra significantly influenced MacFarlane and his music . MacFarlane has a baritone voice . He is a pianist and singer who , in his early years , trained with Lee and Sally Sweetland , the vocal coaches of Barbra Streisand and Frank Sinatra . In an interview with NPR , MacFarlane commented on their vocal training , to which he said `` They really drill you , '' he said . `` They teach you the old - style way of singing , back when you had no electronic help ... ( They teach you to ) show your teeth . If you look at old photos of Sinatra while he 's singing , there 's a lot of very exposed teeth . That was something that Lee Sweetland hit on day in and day out , and correctly so , because it just brightens the whole performance . '' His comedy influences include people like Woody Allen , Jackie Gleason , Mel Brooks , and the creators of Monty Python . While his musical influences include people like Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Vic Damone , Johnny Mercer , Bing Crosby , Bobby Darin , Gordon MacRae , and the Rat Pack . Activism ( edit ) Political views ( edit ) MacFarlane is a supporter of the Democratic Party . He has donated over US $200,000 to various Democratic congressional committees and to the 2008 presidential campaign of then - U.S. Senator Barack Obama . He has stated that he supports the legalization of cannabis . MacFarlane serves on the board of directors of People for the American Way , a progressive advocacy organization . In 2015 , MacFarlane revealed support for Bernie Sanders in the 2016 U.S. presidential election , and he introduced Sanders onstage at a Los Angeles rally . After the primaries , MacFarlane then supported Hillary Clinton for president during the general election . LGBT issues ( edit ) MacFarlane speaking at a ceremony for Bill Maher to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in September 2010 MacFarlane is passionate about his support for gay rights . In 2008 he called it `` infuriating and idiotic '' that two gay partners `` have to go through this fucking dog and pony act when they stop at a hotel and the guy behind the counter says , ' You want one room or two ? ' '' He went on to say , `` I 'm incredibly passionate about my support for the gay community and what they 're dealing with at this current point in time '' . MacFarlane continued , `` Why is it that Johnny Spaghetti Stain in fucking Georgia can knock a woman up , legally be married to her , and then beat the shit out of her , but these two intelligent , sophisticated writers who have been together for 20 years ca n't get married ? '' MacFarlane , in recognition of `` his active , passionate commitment to humanist values , and his fearless support of equal marriage rights and other social justice issues '' , was named the Harvard Humanist of the Year in 2011 . However , MacFarlane was criticized for his portrayal of transsexualism in the Family Guy episode `` Quagmire 's Dad '' . Gay novelist Brent Hartinger found the episode 's inclusion of transphobic remarks from Peter and Lois Griffin -- as well as a scene of Brian vomiting profusely upon discovering his new girlfriend to be Glenn Quagmire 's father -- to be `` shockingly insensitive '' . Hartinger continued , `` Frankly , it 's literally impossible for me to reconcile last night 's episode with MacFarlane 's words , unless I come to the conclusion that the man is pretty much a complete idiot '' . The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation , a LGBT media watchdog organization , shared `` serious concerns being voiced from members of the community '' about the episode . MacFarlane said he was `` surprised '' by the negative reaction to `` Quagmire 's Dad '' , saying that `` it seemed that ( gay commentators ) were not picking up on the fact that it was a very sympathetic portrayal of a transsexual character '' . He further added , `` Look , Brian happens to be a heterosexual character , as I am . If I found out that I had slept with a transsexual , I might throw up in the same way that a gay guy looks at a vagina and goes , ' Oh , my God , that 's disgusting . ' '' Speaking engagements ( edit ) MacFarlane is a frequent speaking guest on college campuses . On April 16 , 2006 , he was invited by Stanford University 's ASSU Speakers ' Bureau to address an audience of over 1,000 at Memorial Auditorium . MacFarlane was invited by Harvard University 's class of 2006 to deliver the `` class day '' address on June 7 , 2006 . He spoke as himself , and also as Peter Griffin , Stewie Griffin and Glenn Quagmire . He also has delivered speeches at George Washington University , Washington University in St. Louis , the University of Texas , the University of Missouri , University of Toledo , Bowling Green State University , and Loyola Marymount University . 2007 -- 08 writers Guild of America strike ( edit ) MacFarlane speaking at a Writers Guild of America rally in Culver City on November 9 , 2007 During the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , MacFarlane publicly sided with the Writers Guild , and fully participated in the strike . Official production of Family Guy was halted for most of December 2007 and various periods afterwards . Fox continued producing episodes without MacFarlane 's final approval , and although he refused to work on the show during the strike , his contract with Fox required him to contribute to any episodes it subsequently produced . Rumors of continued production on Family Guy prompted the statement from MacFarlane that `` ... it would just be a colossal dick move if they did that '' . During the strike , MacFarlane wrote an inside joke into an episode of Family Guy about Jon Stewart 's choice to return to the air and undermine the writers of The Daily Show , causing Stewart to respond with an hour - long call in which he questioned how MacFarlane could consider himself the `` moral arbiter '' of Hollywood . The strike ended on February 12 , 2008 . The Seth MacFarlane Collection of the Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Archive ( edit ) MacFarlane donated money to create The Seth MacFarlane Collection of the Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan Archive at the Library of Congress . MacFarlane said , `` The work of Carl Sagan has been a profound influence in my life , and the life of every individual who recognizes the importance of humanity 's ongoing commitment to the exploration of our universe ( ... ) The continuance of our journey outward into space should always occupy some part of our collective attention , regardless of whatever Snooki did last week . '' Personal Life ( edit ) In a 2004 interview with The Daily Princetonian , MacFarlane noted his similarities to Brian Griffin from Family Guy , revealing , `` I have some Brian type issues from time to time -- looking for the right person -- but I date as much as the next guy '' . In 2012 , he dated Game of Thrones star Emilia Clarke for about six months . MacFarlane is a fan of Game of Thrones , and the two remained friends after they broke up . On July 16 , 2010 , MacFarlane 's mother , Ann Perry Sager , died after a long battle with cancer . Her death was reported by Larry King on his show Larry King Live , who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010 . September 11 , 2001 experience ( edit ) On the morning of September 11 , 2001 , MacFarlane was scheduled to return to Los Angeles on American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston . Suffering from a hangover after the previous night 's celebrations that followed his speech at his alma mater , the Rhode Island School of Design , and with an incorrect departure time ( 8 : 15 a.m. instead of 7 : 45 a.m. ) from his travel agent , he arrived at Logan International Airport about ten minutes too late to board the flight as the gates had been closed . Fifteen minutes after departure , American Airlines Flight 11 was hijacked , and at 8 : 46 a.m. it was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center , killing everyone on board . MacFarlane said , The only reason it has n't really affected me as it maybe could have is I did n't really know that I was in any danger until after it was over , so I never had that panic moment . After the fact , it was sobering , but people have a lot of close calls ; you 're crossing the street and you almost get hit by a car ... this one just happened to be related to something massive . I really ca n't let it affect me because I 'm a comedy writer . I have to put that in the back of my head . Lawsuits ( edit ) On October 3 , 2007 , Bourne Co . Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing Family Guy of infringing its copyright on the song `` When You Wish upon a Star '' , through a parody song entitled `` I Need a Jew '' appearing in the episode `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' . Bourne Co. , which holds the copyright , alleged the parody pairs a `` thinly veiled '' copy of their music with antisemitic lyrics . Named in the suit were MacFarlane , 20th Century Fox Film Corp. , Fox Broadcasting Co. , Cartoon Network , and Walter Murphy ; the suit sought to stop the program 's distribution and asked for unspecified damages . Bourne argued that `` I Need a Jew '' uses the copyrighted melody of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' without commenting on that song , and that it was therefore not a First Amendment - protected parody per the ruling in Campbell v. Acuff - Rose Music , Inc . On March 16 , 2009 , United States District Judge Deborah Batts held that Family Guy did not infringe on Bourne 's copyright when it transformed the song for comical use in an episode . In December 2007 , Family Guy was again accused of copyright infringement when actor Art Metrano filed a lawsuit regarding a scene in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , in which Jesus performs Metrano 's signature magic parody act , involving absurd faux magical hand gestures while humming the distinctive tune `` Fine and Dandy '' . MacFarlane , 20th Century Fox , Steve Callaghan , and Alex Borstein were all named in the suit . In July 2009 , a federal district court judge rejected Fox 's motion to dismiss , saying that the first three fair use factors involved -- `` purpose and character of the use '' , `` nature of the infringed work '' , and `` amount and substantiality of the taking '' -- counted in Metrano 's favor , while the fourth -- `` economic impact '' -- had to await more fact - finding . In denying the dismissal , the court held that the reference in the scene made light of Jesus and his followers -- not Metrano or his act . The case was settled out of court in 2010 with undisclosed terms . On July 16 , 2014 , MacFarlane was served with a lawsuit from the production company of a series of Internet videos called Charlie the Abusive Teddy Bear claiming that Ted infringes on the copyright of its videos due to the Ted bear largely matching the background story , persona , voice tone , attitude , and dialogue of the Charlie bear . The suit was dropped on March 23 , 2015 , after the plaintiffs withdrew the suit . Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Seth MacFarlane MacFarlane has won four Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on Family Guy and has been nominated twenty times , winning in 2000 , 2002 and 2016 . He has been nominated for four Grammy Awards for his work in Family Guy : Live in Vegas , Music Is Better Than Words , Family Guy and No One Ever Tells You . He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for co-writing the opening song , `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' , from his film Ted with the film 's composer Walter Murphy . He has received numerous awards from other organizations , including the Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production and the Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation for the Family Guy episode titled `` Blue Harvest '' , the MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo and the Empire Award for Best Comedy for Ted . Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Seth MacFarlane filmography Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder ( 2009 ) The Drawn Together Movie : The Movie ! ( 2010 ) Tooth Fairy ( 2010 ) Ted ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Logan Lucky ( 2017 ) Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Studio Albums ( edit ) List of studio albums , with selected chart positions Title Details Peak chart positions US US Jazz US Heatseekers US Holiday Music Is Better Than Words Release date : September 27 , 2011 Label : Universal Republic Records Formats : CD , vinyl , digital download 111 -- Holiday for Swing Release date : September 30 , 2014 Label : Republic Records Formats : CD , vinyl , digital download 51 8 No One Ever Tells You Release date : October 30 , 2015 Label : Republic Records Formats : CD , vinyl , digital download -- -- -- In Full Swing Release date : September 15 , 2017 Label : Republic Records Formats : CD , vinyl , digital download -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Soundtrack Albums ( edit ) List of soundtrack albums , with selected chart positions Title Details Peak chart positions US US Com . Family Guy : Live in Vegas Release date : April 26 , 2005 Label : Geffen Records Formats : CD , vinyl , digital download 105 `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Singles ( edit ) As main artist ( edit ) List of singles , with selected chart positions Title Year Peaks Album US US AC `` The Night They Invented Champagne '' 2011 -- -- Music Is Better Than Words `` Nine O'Clock '' -- -- `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' 2014 -- 28 Holiday for Swing `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( featuring Sara Bareilles ) -- 10 `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . As featuring artist ( edit ) List of singles Title Year Album `` Let 's Fall in Love '' ( Calabria Foti featuring Seth MacFarlane ) 2013 Non-album single Guest appearances ( edit ) List of non-single guest appearances , with other performing artists , showing year released and album name Title Year Other artist ( s ) Album `` Pure Imagination '' 2016 Barbra Streisand Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway Written works ( edit ) MacFarlane , Seth ( 2014 ) . A Million Ways to Die in the West . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 39167 - 1 . See also ( edit ) Animation portal Biography portal Family Guy portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Child , Christopher . `` Ancestry of Seth MacFarlane '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Seth MacFarlane : The creator of Family Guy discusses his career '' . IGN . July 21 , 2003 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' Creator Part of ' Cosmos ' Update '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituaries -- Ann Perry MacFarlane '' . Newburyport News . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` One - man campaign out for ' Family Guy ' '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Associated Press . July 2 , 1999 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Seth MacFarlane has been out of prep school for eight years , but the headmaster is still on his case . The top administrator of the Kent School is leading a one - man campaign to get advertisers to drop The Family Guy , an animated TV comedy created by MacFarlane , a 1991 Kent alumnus . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` ' Dad ' joins ' Guy ' for yuks '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( 2009 ) . Inside the Actors Studio ( Television production ) . Bravo . I was two years old when I started drawing ... I knew by five that I wanted to get into animation , and there was just no ... there was no information at the time . And I think my parents found one book on animation , that they scrounged up for me , and they got it from a library , you know , two towns over . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane -- Profile '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( 2009 ) . Inside the Actors Studio ( Television production ) . Bravo . Walter Crouton was a comic strip that I did for our local paper , and I started when I was about nine years old , and , I would do it every week for , you know , five bucks a pop . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane : TV 's ' Family Guy ' Makes Music , Too '' . October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( 2009 ) . Inside the Actors Studio ( Television production ) . Bravo . I did n't really take a hard crack at ( animation ) until I was in high school . My parents got me an 8 mm movie camera . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane -- Biography '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane Secretly Wants ' Family Guy ' to End ; Relaunch ' Star Trek ' for TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy Seth MacFarlane to speak at Class Day : Creator and executive producer of ' Family Guy ' will headline undergraduate celebration . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nicktoons Network Animation Festival - Seth MacFarlane '' . Frederator Studios . June 9 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Broom , Caroline . `` Creator of Family Guy to speak at Assembly Series '' . Record . Washington University in St. Louis . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Leo ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` My TV hero : Daniel Roche on Seth MacFarlane '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rumor Confirmed '' . February 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , James ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane -- he 's the `` Family Guy '' `` . greatreporter.com . Presswire Limited . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Family Guy creator seals megadeal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( July 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Young Guy Of ' Family Guy ' ; A 30 - Year - Old 's Cartoon Hit Makes An Unexpected Comeback '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p. 2 . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eric , Mink ( July 24 , 1998 ) . `` Fox Fine - ' Toons Its Midseason Lineup '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Returns to Production with an Initial Order of 22 New Episodes to Premiere in Early 2005 '' . Business Wire . March 26 , 2004 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane : Family Guy , American Dad ! '' . Variety . Reed Business . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Family Guy Creator Signs Lucrative Deal with Fox . BuddyTV . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spence D. Family Guy Live In Vegas : Unnecessary gutter humor and pointless profanity drain the wit right outta this CD . '' ( April 28 , 2005 ) IGN . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Norton James. `` Seth MacFarlane 's Third Act '' . Flak Magazine . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Adams , David ( May 3 , 2005 ) . `` Family Guy creator seals megadeal '' . IGN . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ypulse Essentials : Urban Disney , Marketing 's Child , Teen Hackers '' Archived December 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... YPulse . August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Family Guy hits the road : MacFarlane and Co. to perform in Chicago '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Archived February 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` '' Family Guy '' movie possible , MacFarlane says `` . Reuters . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy feature film is in the works ! '' . TV.com . September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TCA Video : Family Guy Spoilers ; Movie Plans '' . TV Week . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dean , Josh . `` Seth MacFarlane 's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire '' . FastCompany.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy writer Seth MacFarlane wants show to end '' . BBC News . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane reveals Oscar contest , ' Family Guy ' movie plans '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox 's `` Comedic Genius '' by Brent Bozell . TownHall. April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parents Council E-Alert . Vol. 4 , No. 26 . May 5 , 2000 . `` In the two months since the show returned , creator Seth MacFarlane has aggressively sought to push the content envelope . Worse , Fox has permitted him to do so . Although Family Guy airs during the family hour , when children are likely to be watching , recent episodes have included animated nudity , vulgar references to genitalia , and references to pornography and masturbation . '' ( Cited episode `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' as example ) Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` PTC Outraged Over ' Family Guy ' Episode '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Voss , Brandon ( February -- March 2008 ) . `` Read Oscar Host Seth MacFarlane 's One and Only Gay Interview ( From 2008 ) '' . The Advocate ... They 're literally terrible human beings . I 've read their newsletter , I 've visited their website , and they 're just rotten to the core . For an organization that prides itself on Christian values -- I mean , I 'm an atheist , so what do I know ? -- they spend their entire day hating people . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( May 2 , 2005 ) . `` Canceled and Resurrected , on the Air and Onstage '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strike over , Hollywood writers head back to work '' . CNN.com . February 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bordertown being pushed til FOX Fall 2015 ? '' . ^ Jump up to : Sean Doorly . `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . Doorly.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Dad ' Executive Producer / Co-Showrunner Mike Barker Exits '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ May 11 , 2013 , 8 : 44 am EST ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' American Dad ' Shakeup : Co-Creator Leaving Before TBS Move '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` American Dad : Series Overview '' . MSN . Microsoft . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim . `` American Dad Francisco Chronicle '' . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FOX Broadcasting Company -- American Dad TV Show -- American Dad TV Series -- American Dad Episode Guide '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Todd VanDerWerff ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Comedy Showrunners Week : American Dad 's co-creators on the show 's weird evolution TV Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Troy . `` Seth MacFarlane , American Dad Interview '' . Underground Online . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Missing Kink '' ; American Dad ; TV Club ; TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alexandria ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` Dad Is a C.I.A. Operative , the Kids Have a Weird Pet '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Goyette , Jay ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` Family Guys Seth MacFarlane 's Speech Rescheduled '' . The View . University of Vermont . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael MacFarlane Biography '' . Fox . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 10 , 2008 ) . `` Fox orders full season of ' Family Guy ' spin - off ; Inside TV ; EW.com '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Cleveland Show renewed before it begins '' . Tvsquad.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fox orders second full season of The Cleveland Show '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Family Guy creator opens Cavalcade of Comedy for business '' . Arstechnica.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Macon & J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane To Create & Star In Fox Sci - Fi Dramedy Series For 2017 -- 18 Season '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Hooper , Barrett . `` Winner 's one big loser : Not all ex-Daily Show correspondents make great sitcom stars '' . Now Toronto . Published March 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Archived March 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney . Sample The Winner . USA TODAY Blog . Published February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2007 Canceled Shows : Fox Cancels Plenty of Series `` . TV Series Finale . May 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Orders Seth MacFarlane 's ' Cosmos : A Space - Time Odyssey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Dads ' ' Enlisted ' and ' Surviving Jack ' Canceled by FOX After First Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' Dads ' Series Casts ' Mindy Project ' Actor -- MSN TV News '' . MSN . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starz Gives 20 - Episode Order to Seth MacFarlane - Patrick Stewart Comedy ' Blunt Talk ' Variety '' . variety.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Starz Orders Two Seasons of Seth MacFarlane Comedy ' Blunt Talk ' '' . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Blunt Talk Cancelled at Starz '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Miriam ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Delivering New Animated Comedy for Fox '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` ' Grinder ' , ' Grandfathered ' , ' Bordertown ' & ' Cooper Barrett ' Canceled By Fox After One Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 13 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane will lead David Hasselhoff Roast '' . July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane to Host 85th Oscars '' ( Press release ) . AMPAS . October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SETH MACFARLANE TO HOST 85TH OSCARS ® , AIRING LIVE ON ABC , SUNDAY , FEBRUARY 24 , 2013 '' . ABC Media Net . American Broadcasting Company . October 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane to host the Oscars -- BREAKING '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , David ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` '' Lincoln , '' `` Life of Pi '' lead Oscar race `` . CBS News . CBS Corporation . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` This year 's Academy Awards : a lively , occasionally uneasy mixture of snark and sincerity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( February 24 , 2013 ) . `` TV Review : Seth MacFarlane Wins at Oscar Hosting Against Odds '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Aly ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' We Saw Your Boobs ' Song Outraged Women In Hollywood '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Why not list all the penises we 've seen ? ' Jane Fonda and Lena Dunham slam Seth MacFarlane 's We Saw Your Boobs skit as controversy continues over Oscar opening '' . the Daily Mail . DAILY MAIL REPORTER. 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Kevin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane to Host 2nd Annual Breakthrough Prize Ceremony '' . Variety . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGoogan , Cara ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Scientists get £ 14.6 m in Zuckerberg - backed Breakthrough awards '' . Wired . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken 2 ' Crushes Predecessor , ' Ted ' Sets New Record '' . Boxofficemojo.com . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Report : ' Ted ' Earns Record $54.1 Mil ; ' Magic Mike ' Sizzles With $39.2 Mil -- Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com . July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ted 2 ′ Gets June 2015 Release Date '' . deadline.com . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2012 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Comic - Con -- Seth MacFarlane Says `` I 'd Be Open To Making Ted 2 '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Bourne Legacy sequel confirmed '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2012 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MacFarlane planning Western film -- Yahoo ! Movies UK '' . Uk.movies.yahoo.com . December 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane to Direct and Star in A MILLION WAYS TO DIE IN THE WEST Collider Page 215574 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Million Ways to Die in the West Reviews -- Metacritic '' . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarlane , Seth ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` For anyone who still reads '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gibson , Megan ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Writes His First Novel '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane 's A Million Ways to Die in the West '' . Random House . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane on ' Million Ways to Die ' and Taking Projects That ' Terrify ' Him '' . Variety . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic reviews - Seth MacFarlane : Music is Better than Words '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Calabria Foti & Seth MacFarlane release `` Let 's Fall in Love '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Holiday For Swing LP '' . elusivedisc.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane on Playing It Straight for His New ' Holiday for Swing ' Album '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Beaumont - Thomas ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane records Christmas album with Norah Jones '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trakin , Roy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Set to Release Christmas Album '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Holiday for Swing ! - Seth MacFarlane '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Holiday reviews '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No One Ever Tells You by Seth MacFarlane on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` No One Ever Tells You -- Seth MacFarlane -- Songs , Reviews , Credits -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominations 2016 : See the Full List of Nominees '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Honored at 2016 Frank Sinatra Celebrity Invitational '' . Classicalite. 2016 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` New album ENCORE : Movie Partners Sing Broadway coming August 26 '' barbrastreisand.com , June 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Willllllllllmmmmaaa ! Animated ' Flinstones ' Resurrected by Seth MacFarlane and Fox '' . May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Flintstones set for yabba - dabba - do - over '' . BBC Online . BBC . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Family Guy creator to revive Flintstones '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Puts His Flintstones Reboot on Hold '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` What Killed Seth MacFarlane 's ' Flintstones ' TV Remake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Borstein 's New Series With Seth McFarlane '' . The Mary Sue . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Would n't Mind Ending FAMILY GUY , Wants to Reboot STAR TREK on TV , Has New Series with Alex Borstein in the Works '' . Collider.com . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The War at Home -- `` I Wash My Hands of You '' Synopsis . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Production Report : Klingon Discrepancy Addressed in ' Affliction ' '' . Star Trek Online . Published December 16 , 2004 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finley , Adam ( June 30 , 2007 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane and Samm Levine in new short film -- VIDEO '' . TV Squad . Webblogs ( in partnership with AOL ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MAD TV Gets More Animated on FOX '' . AWN Headline News . November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Joins CAEAA Family to Host 2nd Annual Elan Awards '' . Market for Home Computing and Video Games . Intent Media . January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel Live Gallery '' . ABC . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McIntee , Michael Z . `` Monday , March 28 , 2005 : Show # 2339 '' . Late Show with David Letterman . CBS . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Countdown with Keith Olbermann '' for Jan. 19 `` . MSNBC . January 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh . `` TALKSHOW with Spike Feresten '' . FOX . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2007 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane sings `` You Make Me Feel So Young '' `` . Spoke . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . Exclusive : ' Bones ' plots ' Family Guy ' crossover ! Entertainment Weekly . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MacIntyre , April ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' tips the hat to Stephen King '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh . `` ' Just Bring ' em in From Space ' : An Interview With the Creators of Aqua Teen Hunger Force '' . Flak Magazine . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` American Dad and Family Guy Creator Seth MacFarlane Is Animated About Work and Play '' . The TV Tattler . AOL . May 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hellboy 2 's Psychic Entity Voiced By Family Guy '' . io9 . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane to Voice Next Futurama Movie '' . November 14 , 2008 . Sci - Fi TV Australia . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb -- Nerds of a Feather '' . IMDb. 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Season 38 Premiere '' . NBC . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie 43 is Upcoming Movie of Emma Stone , Release Date , Cast , Wallpapers '' . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Lends Voice to ' Simpsons ' Season Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Futurama : Seth MacFarlane to play ... -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Adam Driver Steps Into Steven Soderbergh 's ' Logan Lucky ' ; Seth MacFarlane In Talks '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Review for the Independent by Edward Seckerson , Monday 3 August 2009 . accessed August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane to perform at Proms '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schutte , Lauren ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane Receives Two Grammy Nominations ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Easy Listening , Soundtracks & Musicals Reviews '' . BBC Music . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane records Christmas album with Norah Jones '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Stuart ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane : from cartoons to showtunes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swingin ' Christmas '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2013 : 25 Things to Know About Host Seth MacFarlane '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 23 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The BBC Proms today announces full details of its 2015 season , marking the 120th anniversary of the world 's largest and longest - running music festival '' ( Press release ) . BBC . 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Stuart ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane : from cartoons to showtunes '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane : A ' Family Guy ' Sings Out '' . NPR . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollak , Kevin ; MacFarlane , Seth ( August 30 , 2009 ) . `` Kevin Pollak Chat Show '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Kevin Pollak . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Family Guy ' Creator Seth MacFarlane Releases Cover Art , Release Date For Christmas Album ' Holiday For Swing ' '' . Music Times . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane : Swingin ' in Concert '' . Epix . September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane 's Federal Campaign Contribution Report '' . newsmeat.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane on Legalizing Marijuana . Jump up ^ `` Boards of Directors '' . People for the American Way . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane Introduces Bernie Sanders at Los Angeles Rally . Jump up ^ Johnson , T. Variety 2016 - 09 - 06 ^ Jump up to : Voss , Brandon . `` BGF : Seth MacFarlane '' . Advocate . Retrieved September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane , Harvard Humanist of the Year 2011 ! '' . Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hartinger , Brent ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Is Family Guy 's Seth MacFarlane a Complete Idiot ? '' . AfterElton.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosales , Jonathan ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` GLAAD Shares Community Concerns About Last Night 's Family Guy '' . Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amy Wallace ( 2010 - 08 ) . Seth MacFarlane sounds off . Details.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Archived July 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane coming to George Washington Univ. ! '' Adult Swim . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Finley , Adam . `` Seth McFarlane talks about South Park '' TV Squad . Published April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Family Guy ' Seth MacFarlane to speak at Class Day '' . The Harvard University Gazette . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Family Guy ' creator brings insights to UT '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 ... The Daily Texan . Retrieved April 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Levy , Stephanie ( August 21 , 2007 ) . `` DSA lines up fall entertainment '' . The Maneater . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . MacFarlane and ( Henry ) Rollins were chosen because of their popularity with students and prevalence in pop culture . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ryan ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` A ' voice ' For Obama : ' Family Guy ' Creator MacFarlane Speaks At Bowling Green State U . '' . Bowling Green News . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Oddis , Kyle ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` LMU reacts to First Amendment Week keynote choice '' . The Los Angeles Loyolan . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pencils Down '' Archived December 19 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Writers ' Guild of America . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Adalian , Josef ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` Fox to air new ' Guy ' Sunday ; MacFarlane hopes network changes plans '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Piers , Morgan . `` Seth MacFarlane Interview '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Somewhere , aliens watch Jersey Shore and plot Earth 's total annihilation '' . The Express , a Washington , DC newspaper . June 29 , 2012 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fischer , Audrey . `` Library of Congress Acquires Carl Sagan Papers '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane donates Carl Sagan 's papers to Library of Congress '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rusli , Evelyn ( February 5 , 2004 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' : Today Princeton , tomorrow the world '' . The Daily Princetonian . Princeton University . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2004 . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Finally Opens Up About Dating Seth MacFarlane '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane 's mother dies '' . Canoe . July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full Frontal TV '' Q&A : Head of the Family `` . Penthouse . September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Peter ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` TV Insider ( column ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ( Archived from the original via ProQuest . ) ^ Jump up to : Sauriol , Patrick ( September 15 , 2003 ) . `` DVD Interview : 10 Questions with FAMILY GUY 's Seth MacFarlane -- Part Two '' . ManiaDVD . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 9 / 11 Investigation ( PENTTBOM ) . FBI National Press Release , September 2001 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Path Study -- American Airlines Flight 11 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . TVShowsonDVD.com. April 23 , 2003 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bourne Co. , vs. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation , Fox Broadcasting Company , Twentieth Century Fox Television , Inc. , Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc. , Fuzzy Door Productions , Inc. , The Cartoon Network , Inc. , Seth MacFarlane , Walter Murphy ( United States District Court , Southern District of New York October 3 , 2007 ) . Text Jump up ^ Hilden , Julie ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` '' The Family Guy '' Once Again Tests Parody 's Limits : The Copyright Suit Challenging the Show 's Use of `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' `` . FindLaw 's Writ . FindLaw . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp . Wins Suit Dismissal Over ' Family Guy ' Song ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg L.P. March 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kearney , Christine ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` '' Family Guy '' wins court battle over song `` . Reuters . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Magician sues over cartoon Jesus '' . Chortle . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arthur Metrano , vs. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation , Seth MacFarlane , Steve Callaghan and Alex Borstein ( United States District Court , Central District of California December 5 , 2007 ) . Text Jump up ^ Metrano v. Twentieth Century Fox et al. ( CV 08 - 6314 ) , Memorandum & Order on Motions to Dismiss and to Strike ( C.D. Cal . June 16 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Dave Fagundes ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Amazing Metrano , Family Guy , and Fair Use '' . PrawfsBlawg . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andy I. Corea ( December 2009 ) . `` Copyright Lessons from Family Guy Add Insult to Injury to Support Your Fair - Use Defense '' ( PDF ) . Tennessee Bar Association Newsletter . Tennessee Bar Association . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SEPARATING THE SHEEP FROM THE GOATS : CELEBRITY SATIRE AS FAIR USE '' ( PDF ) . p. 802 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lawsuit : Seth MacFarlane 's ' Ted ' ripped off ' Charlie the Abusive Bear ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Beats Ted Lawsuit With Independently Created Bear '' . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Emmys '' . Television Academy . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete List of Grammy Nominations '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 8 , 2005 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James . `` Grammy Nominations : The Biggest Shocks And Snubs '' . MTV . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Comedy '' . Empireonline.com . Bauer Consumer Media . 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ ASIFA - Hollywood ( December 5 , 2005 ) . `` Nominations Announced For 33rd Annual Annie Awards Honoring The Year 's Best Animation '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Marvel 's The Avengers ' Slays Competition At 2013 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV.com. 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Chart History : Jazz Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Chart History : Heatseekers Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Chart History : Holiday Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy Live in Las Vegas ( CD & DVD ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Chart History : The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane -- Chart History : Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barbra Streisand To Release `` ENCORE : Movie Partners Sing Broadway '' Album August 26th `` . PR Newswire . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSeth MacFarlaneat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Seth MacFarlane on IMDb Seth MacFarlane at AllMusic Seth MacFarlane on Hollywood Bowl Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Night of the Hurricane Hosts of the Academy Awards ceremonies 1929 -- 50 Douglas Fairbanks / William C. deMille ( 1929 ) William C. deMille ( 1930 ) Conrad Nagel ( 1930 ) Lawrence Grant ( 1931 ) Lionel Barrymore / Conrad Nagel ( 1932 ) Will Rogers ( 1934 ) Irvin S. Cobb ( 1935 ) Frank Capra ( 1936 ) George Jessel ( 1937 ) Bob Burns ( 1938 ) None ( 1939 ) Bob Hope ( 1940 ) Bob Hope ( 1941 ) None ( 1942 ) Bob Hope ( 1943 ) Jack Benny ( 1944 ) Bob Hope / John Cromwell ( 1945 ) Bob Hope / James Stewart ( 1946 ) Jack Benny ( 1947 ) Dick Powell / Agnes Moorehead ( 1948 ) Robert Montgomery ( 1949 ) Paul Douglas ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 75 Fred Astaire ( 1951 ) Danny Kaye ( 1952 ) Bob Hope / Conrad Nagel ( 1953 ) Donald O'Connor / Fredric March ( 1954 ) Bob Hope / Thelma Ritter ( 1955 ) Jerry Lewis / Claudette Colbert / Joseph L. Mankiewicz ( 1956 ) Jerry Lewis / Celeste Holm ( 1957 ) Bob Hope / David Niven / Donald Duck / James Stewart / Jack Lemmon / Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Bob Hope / David Niven / Tony Randall / Mort Sahl / Laurence Olivier / Jerry Lewis ( 1959 ) Bob Hope ( 1960 ) Bob Hope ( 1961 ) Bob Hope ( 1962 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1963 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1964 ) Bob Hope ( 1965 ) Bob Hope ( 1966 ) Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Bob Hope ( 1968 ) None ( 1969 ) None ( 1970 ) None ( 1971 ) Helen Hayes / Alan King / Sammy Davis Jr . / Jack Lemmon ( 1972 ) Carol Burnett / Michael Caine / Charlton Heston / Rock Hudson ( 1973 ) John Huston / Burt Reynolds / David Niven / Diana Ross ( 1974 ) Sammy Davis Jr . / Bob Hope / Shirley MacLaine / Frank Sinatra ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Goldie Hawn / Gene Kelly / Walter Matthau / George Segal / Robert Shaw ( 1976 ) Warren Beatty / Ellen Burstyn / Jane Fonda / Richard Pryor ( 1977 ) Bob Hope ( 1978 ) Johnny Carson ( 1979 ) Johnny Carson ( 1980 ) Johnny Carson ( 1981 ) Johnny Carson ( 1982 ) Liza Minnelli / Dudley Moore / Richard Pryor / Walter Matthau ( 1983 ) Johnny Carson ( 1984 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1985 ) Alan Alda / Jane Fonda / Robin Williams ( 1986 ) Chevy Chase / Goldie Hawn / Paul Hogan ( 1987 ) Chevy Chase ( 1988 ) None ( 1989 ) Billy Crystal ( 1990 ) Billy Crystal ( 1991 ) Billy Crystal ( 1992 ) Billy Crystal ( 1993 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1994 ) David Letterman ( 1995 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1996 ) Billy Crystal ( 1997 ) Billy Crystal ( 1998 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Steve Martin ( 2001 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 2002 ) Steve Martin ( 2003 ) Billy Crystal ( 2004 ) Chris Rock ( 2005 ) Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2007 ) Jon Stewart ( 2008 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2009 ) Alec Baldwin / Steve Martin ( 2010 ) James Franco / Anne Hathaway ( 2011 ) Billy Crystal ( 2012 ) Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2014 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2015 ) Chris Rock ( 2016 ) Jimmy Kimmel ( 2017 ) Jimmy Kimmel ( 2018 ) Awards for Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Nancy Cartwright / Dan Castellaneta / Julie Kavner / Jackie Mason / Yeardley Smith / Marcia Wallace ( 1992 ) Dan Castellaneta ( 1993 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1994 ) Jonathan Katz ( 1995 ) none ( 1996 ) Jeremy Irons / Rik Mayall ( 1997 ) Hank Azaria ( 1998 ) Ja'net Dubois ( 1999 ) Seth MacFarlane / Julie Harris ( 2000 ) Hank Azaria / Ja'net Dubois ( 2001 ) Peter Macon / Pamela Adlon ( 2002 ) Hank Azaria ( 2003 ) Dan Castellaneta ( 2004 ) Keith David ( 2005 ) Kelsey Grammer ( 2006 ) none ( 2007 ) Keith David ( 2008 ) Dan Castellaneta ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Maurice LaMarche ( 2011 ) Maurice LaMarche ( 2012 ) Lily Tomlin ( 2013 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Harry Shearer ( 2014 ) Hank Azaria ( 2015 ) Seth MacFarlane ( 2016 ) Seth MacFarlane ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) VIAF : 66765233 LCCN : no2004082594 ISNI : 0000 0001 1492 9564 GND : 137217099 SUDOC : 16850815X BNF : cb15118121d ( data ) MusicBrainz : e7d458f6 - e006 - 4d83 - ba86 - bf7d4d8985b0 BNE : XX1796060 IATH : w6wt110z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seth_MacFarlane&oldid=807296804 '' Categories : 1973 births 20th - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers 20th - century American writers 20th - century atheists 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers 21st - century atheists Actors from Providence , Rhode Island American animators American atheists American baritones American cannabis activists American cartoonists American comedy musicians American crooners American Dad ! 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what powers does the emperor of japan have
Emperor of Japan
emperor of japan
The Emperor of Japan is the head of the Imperial Family and the traditional head of state of Japan . According to the 1947 constitution , he is `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people . '' Historically , he is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion as he and his family are said to be the direct descendants of the sun - goddess Amaterasu , and his importance also lies in dealing with heavenly affairs , including Shinto ritual and rites throughout the nation .
In Japanese , the Emperor is called Tennō ( 天皇 ) , which means `` heavenly sovereign '' . In English , the use of the term Mikado ( 帝 ) for the Emperor was once common , but is now considered obsolete . Currently , the Emperor of Japan is the only head of state in the world with the English title of `` Emperor '' . The Imperial House of Japan is the oldest continuing monarchical house in the world . The historical origins of the Emperors lie in the late Kofun period of the 5th - 6th centuries AD , but according to the traditional account of the Kojiki ( finished 712 ) and Nihon Shoki ( finished 720 ) , Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu . The current Emperor is Akihito . He acceded the Chrysanthemum Throne upon the death of his father , Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito ) , in 1989 . The role of the Emperor of Japan has historically alternated between a largely ceremonial symbolic role and that of an actual imperial ruler . Since the establishment of the first shogunate in 1192 , the Emperors of Japan have rarely taken on a role as supreme battlefield commander , unlike many Western monarchs . Japanese Emperors have nearly always been controlled by external political forces , to varying degrees . In fact , between 1192 and 1867 , the shoguns , or their shikken regents in Kamakura ( 1203 -- 1333 ) , were the de facto rulers of Japan , although they were nominally appointed by the Emperor . After the Meiji Restoration in 1867 , the Emperor was the embodiment of all sovereign power in the realm , as enshrined in the Meiji Constitution of 1889 . His current status as a figurehead dates from the 1947 Constitution . Since the mid-nineteenth century , the Imperial Palace has been called Kyūjō ( 宮城 ) , later Kōkyo ( 皇居 ) , and is located on the former site of Edo Castle in the heart of Tokyo ( the current capital of Japan ) . Earlier , Emperors resided in Kyoto ( the ancient capital ) for nearly eleven centuries . The Emperor 's Birthday ( December 23 ) is a national holiday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current role 2 History 2.1 Origin 2.2 Factional control 2.3 Disputes 2.4 Territorial matters 2.5 Shoguns 2.6 Meiji restoration 2.7 World War II 2.8 Current constitution 2.9 Education 3 Addressing and naming 3.1 Origin of the title 4 Marriage traditions 5 Burial traditions 6 Succession 6.1 Current status 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 External links Current role ( edit ) The Emperor is the ceremonial head of state but not the nominal Chief Executive . Article 65 of the Constitution explicitly vests executive power in the Cabinet , of which the Prime Minister is the leader . The Emperor is also not the ( nominal ) commander - in - chief of the Japan Self - Defense Forces . The Japan Self - Defense Forces Act of 1954 also explicitly vests this role with the Prime Minister . The Emperor 's powers are limited only to important ceremonial functions . Article 4 of the Constitution stipulates that the Emperor `` shall perform only such acts in matters of state as are provided for in the Constitution and he shall not have powers related to government . '' It also stipulates that `` the advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state '' ( Article 3 ) . Article 4 also states that these duties can be delegated by the Emperor as provided for by law . While the Emperor formally appoints the Prime Minister to office , Article 6 of the Constitution requires him to appoint the candidate `` as designated by the Diet '' , without giving the Emperor the right to decline appointment . Article 6 of the Constitution delegates the Emperor the following ceremonial roles : Appointment of the Prime Minister as designated by the Diet . Appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet . The Emperor 's other duties are laid down in article 7 of the Constitution , where it is stated that the `` Emperor with the advice and approval of the Cabinet , shall perform the following acts in matters of state on behalf of the people '' : Promulgation of amendments of the constitution , laws , cabinet orders , and treaties . Convocation of the Diet . Dissolution of the House of Representatives . Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet . Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law , and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers . Attestation of general and special amnesty , commutation of punishment , reprieve , and restoration of rights . Awarding of honors . Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law . Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers . Performance of ceremonial functions . Regular ceremonies of the Emperor with a constitutional basis are the Imperial Investitures ( Shinninshiki ) in the Tokyo Imperial Palace and the Speech from the Throne ceremony in the House of Councillors in the National Diet Building . The latter ceremony opens ordinary and extra sessions of the Diet . Ordinary sessions are opened each January and also after new elections to the House of Representatives . Extra sessions usually convene in the autumn and are opened then . History ( edit ) Although the Emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past , the degree of power exercised by the Emperor has varied considerably throughout Japanese history . In the early 7th century , the Emperor had begun to be called the `` Son of Heaven '' ( 天子 , tenshi , or 天子 様 tenshi - sama ) . Origin ( edit ) Main article : List of Emperors of Japan The title of Emperor was borrowed from China , being derived from Chinese characters and was retroactively applied to the legendary Japanese rulers who reigned prior to the 7th -- 8th centuries AD . According to the traditional account of the Nihon Shoki , Japan was founded by Emperor Jimmu in 660 BC . Modern historians agree that the Emperors prior to the possible late 3rd century AD ruler known traditionally as Emperor Ōjin are legendary . Emperor Ankō of 5th century AD , traditionally the 20th emperor , is the earliest generally agreed upon historical ruler of all or a part of Japan . The reign of Emperor Kinmei ( c. 509 -- 571 AD ) , the 29th emperor , is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates ; however , the conventionally accepted names and dates of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as `` traditional '' until the reign of Emperor Kanmu ( 737 -- 806 ) , the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty . Archaeological information about the earliest historical rulers of Japan may lie within the ancient tombs known as kofun , built in the 4th - 5th centuries AD . However , since the Meiji period , the Imperial Household Agency has refused to open the kofun to the public nor to archaeologists , citing their desire not to disturb the spirits of the past Emperors . In December 2006 , the Imperial Household Agency reversed its position and decided to allow researchers to enter some of the kofun with no restrictions . Factional control ( edit ) There have been six non-imperial families who have controlled Japanese emperors : the Soga ( 530s -- 645 ) , the Fujiwara ( 850s -- 1070 ) , the Taira ( 1159 - 1180s ) , the Minamoto ( and Kamakura bakufu ) ( 1192 -- 1333 ) , the Ashikaga ( 1336 -- 1565 ) , and the Tokugawa ( 1603 -- 1867 ) . However , every shogun from the Minamoto , Ashikaga , and Tokugawa families had to be officially recognized by the Emperors , who were still the source of sovereignty , although they could not exercise their powers independently from the Shogunate . Disputes ( edit ) The growth of the samurai class from the 10th century gradually weakened the power of the imperial family over the realm , leading to a time of instability . Emperors have been known to come into conflict with the reigning shogun from time to time . Some instances , such as Emperor Go - Toba 's 1221 rebellion against the Kamakura shogunate and the 1336 Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go - Daigo , show the power struggle between the imperial court and the military governments of Japan . Territorial matters ( edit ) Until recent centuries , Japan 's territory did not include several remote regions of its modern - day territory . The name `` Nippon '' came into use only many centuries after the start of the current imperial line . Centralized government only began to appear shortly before and during the time of Prince Shōtoku ( 572 -- 622 ) . The Emperor was more like a revered embodiment of divine harmony than the head of an actual governing administration . In Japan , it has always been easy for ambitious lords to hold actual power , as such positions have not been inherently contradictory to the Emperor 's position . The parliamentary government today continues a similar coexistence with the Emperor as have various shoguns , regents , warlords , guardians , etc . Historically the titles of Tennō in Japanese have never included territorial designations as is the case with many European monarchs . The position of Emperor is a territory - independent phenomenon -- the Emperor is the Emperor , even if he has followers only in one province ( as was the case sometimes with the southern and northern courts ) . Shoguns ( edit ) From 1192 to 1867 , sovereignty of the state was exercised by the shoguns , or their shikken regents ( 1203 -- 1333 ) , whose authority was conferred by Imperial warrant . When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ) , they described Japanese conditions in analogy , likening the Emperor with great symbolic authority but little political power , to the Pope , and the Shogun to secular European rulers ( e.g. , the Holy Roman Emperor ) . In keeping with the analogy , they even used the term `` Emperor '' in reference to the shogun and their regent , e.g. in the case of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , whom missionaries called `` Emperor Taico - sama '' ( from Taikō and the honorific sama ) . Meiji Restoration ( edit ) Main article : Meiji Restoration After the United States Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry 's Black Ships forcibly opened Japan to foreign trade , and the shogunate proved incapable of hindering the `` barbarian '' interlopers , the Emperor Kōmei began to assert himself politically . By the early 1860s , the relationship between the imperial court and the Shogunate was changing radically . Disaffected domains and rōnin began to rally to the call of sonnō jōi ( `` revere the Emperor , expel the barbarians '' ) . The domains of Satsuma and Chōshū , historic enemies of the Tokugawa , used this turmoil to unite their forces and won an important military victory outside of Kyoto against Tokugawa forces . In 1868 , imperial `` restoration '' was declared , and the Shogunate was dissolved . A new constitution described the Emperor as `` the head of the Empire , combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty '' , whose rights included to sanction and promulgate laws , to execute them and to exercise `` supreme command of the Army and the Navy '' . The liaison conference created in 1893 also made the Emperor the leader of the Imperial General Headquarters . World War II ( edit ) The role of the Emperor as head of the State Shinto religion was exploited during the war , creating an Imperial cult that led to kamikaze bombers and other fanaticism . This in turn led to the requirement in the Potsdam Declaration for the elimination `` for all time ( of ) the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest '' . Following Japan 's surrender , the Allies issued the Shinto Directive separating church and state within Japan , leading to the Humanity Declaration of the incumbent Emperor . Subsequently , a new constitution was drafted to define the role of the Emperor and the government . Current Constitution ( edit ) The constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights . Under its terms , the Emperor of Japan is `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty . The constitution , also known as the `` Constitution of Japan '' ( 日本 国 憲法 , Nihonkoku - Kenpō , formerly written 日本 國 憲法 ( same pronunciation ) ) , `` Postwar Constitution '' ( 戦後 憲法 , Sengo - Kenpō ) or the `` Peace Constitution '' ( 平和 憲法 , Heiwa - Kenpō ) , was drawn up under the Allied occupation that followed World War II and was intended to replace Japan 's previous militaristic and quasi-absolute monarchy system with a form of liberal democracy . Currently , it is a rigid document and no subsequent amendment has been made to it since its adoption . Education ( edit ) The Emperors traditionally had an education officer . In recent times , Emperor Taishō had Count Nogi Maresuke , Emperor Shōwa had Marshal - Admiral Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō , and Emperor Akihito had Elizabeth Gray Vining as well as Shinzō Koizumi as their tutors . Addressing and naming ( edit ) There are two Japanese words equivalent to the English word `` Emperor '' : tennō ( 天皇 , lit . `` heavenly sovereign '' ) , which is used exclusively to refer to the Emperor of Japan , and kōtei ( 皇帝 , the title used for all other foreign Emperors ) , which is used primarily to describe non-Japanese Emperors . Sumeramikoto ( lit . `` the Imperial person '' ) was also used in Old Japanese . The term tennō was used by the Emperors up until the Middle Ages ; then , following a period of disuse , it was used again from the 19th century . In English , the term mikado ( 御門 or 帝 or みかど ) , literally meaning `` the honorable gate '' ( i.e. the gate of the imperial palace , which indicates the person who lives in and possesses the palace ) , was once used ( as in The Mikado , a 19th - century operetta ) , but this term is now obsolete . ( Compare Sublime Porte , an old term for the Ottoman government . ) Traditionally , the Japanese considered it disrespectful to call any person by his given name , and more so for a person of noble rank . This convention is only slightly relaxed in the modern age and it is still inadvisable among friends to use the given name , use of the family name being the common form of address . In the case of the imperial family , it is considered extremely inappropriate to use the given name . Since Emperor Meiji , it has been customary to have one era per Emperor and to rename each Emperor after his death using the name of the era over which he presided . Prior to Emperor Meiji , the names of the eras were changed more frequently , and the posthumous names of the Emperors were chosen in a different manner . Play media The Emperor of Japan giving a New Year 's address to the people in 2010 Outside Japan , beginning with Emperor Shōwa , the Emperors are often referred to by their given names , both whilst alive and posthumously . For example , the previous Emperor is usually called Hirohito in English , although he was never referred to as Hirohito in Japan , and was renamed Shōwa Tennō after his death , which is the only name that Japanese speakers currently use when referring to him . The current Emperor on the throne is typically referred to by the title Tennō Heika ( 天皇 陛下 , `` His Majesty the Emperor '' ) , Kinjō Heika ( 今 上 陛下 , `` His Current Majesty '' ) or simply Tennō , when speaking Japanese . The current Emperor will be renamed Heisei Tennō ( 平成 天皇 ) after his death and will then be referred to exclusively by that name in Japanese . Non-Japanese speakers typically refer to him as Emperor Akihito , and will almost certainly continue to do so after his death . In Japanese culture , it is considered a major faux pas to refer to a living Emperor by his posthumous name . Origin of the title ( edit ) Originally , the ruler of Japan was known as either 大和 大王 / 大 君 ( Yamato - ōkimi , Grand King of Yamato ) , 倭 王 / 倭国 王 ( Wa - ō / Wakoku - ō , King of Wa , used externally ) or 治 天下 大王 ( Ame - no - shita shiroshimesu ōkimi or Sumera no mikoto , Grand King who rules all under heaven , used internally ) in Japanese and Chinese sources prior to the 7th century . The oldest documented use of the word `` Tennō '' is on a wooden slat , or mokkan , that was unearthed in Asuka - mura , Nara Prefecture in 1998 and dated back to the reign of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō . Marriage traditions ( edit ) The current empress , Michiko Throughout history , Japanese Emperors and noblemen appointed the position of chief wife , rather than just keeping a harem or an assortment of female attendants . The Japanese imperial dynasty consistently practiced official polygamy , a practice that only ended in the Taishō period ( 1912 -- 1926 ) . Besides the Empress , the Emperor could take , and nearly always took , several secondary consorts ( `` concubines '' ) of various hierarchical degrees . Concubines were allowed also to other dynasts ( Shinnōke , Ōke ) . After a decree by Emperor Ichijō , some Emperors even had two empresses simultaneously ( kōgō and chūgū are the two separate titles for that situation ) . With the help of all this polygamy , the imperial clan thus was capable of producing more offspring . ( Sons by secondary consorts were usually recognized as imperial princes , too , and could be recognized as heir to the throne if the empress did not give birth to an heir . ) Of the eight female Tennō ( reigning empresses ) of Japan , none married or gave birth after ascending the throne . Some of them , being widows , had produced children prior to their reigns . In the succession , children of the empress were preferred over sons of secondary consorts . Thus it was significant which quarters had preferential opportunities in providing chief wives to imperial princes , i.e. supplying future empresses . Apparently , the oldest tradition of official marriages within the imperial dynasty were marriages between dynasty members , even half - siblings or uncle and niece . Such marriages were deemed to preserve better the imperial blood or were aimed at producing children symbolic of a reconciliation between two branches of the imperial dynasty . Daughters of others remained concubines , until Emperor Shōmu ( 701 - 706 ) -- in what was specifically reported as the first elevation of its kind -- elevated his Fujiwara consort Empress Kōmyō to chief wife . Japanese monarchs have been , as much as others elsewhere , dependent on making alliances with powerful chiefs and other monarchs . Many such alliances were sealed by marriages . The specific feature in Japan has been the fact that these marriages have been soon incorporated as elements of tradition which controlled the marriages of later generations , though the original practical alliance had lost its real meaning . A repeated pattern has been an imperial son - in - law under the influence of his powerful non-imperial father - in - law . Beginning from the 7th and 8th centuries , Emperors primarily took women of the Fujiwara clan as their highest wives -- the most probable mothers of future monarchs . This was cloaked as a tradition of marriage between heirs of two kami ( Shinto deities ) : descendants of Amaterasu with descendants of the family kami of the Fujiwara . ( Originally , the Fujiwara were descended from relatively minor nobility , thus their kami is an unremarkable one in the Japanese myth world . ) To produce imperial children , heirs of the nation , with two - side descent from the two kami , was regarded as desirable -- or at least it suited powerful Fujiwara lords , who thus received preference in the imperial marriage market . The reality behind such marriages was an alliance between an imperial prince and a Fujiwara lord , his father - in - law or grandfather , the latter with his resources supporting the prince to the throne and most often controlling the government . These arrangements created the tradition of regents ( Sesshō and Kampaku ) , with these positions held only by a Fujiwara sekke lord . Earlier , the Emperors had married women from families of the government - holding Soga lords , and women of the imperial clan itself , i.e. various - degree cousins and often even their own sisters ( half - sisters ) . Several imperials of the 5th and 6th centuries such as Prince Shōtoku were children of half - sibling couples . These marriages often were alliance or succession devices : the Soga lord ensured his domination of a prince who would be put on the throne as a puppet ; or a prince ensured the combination of two imperial descents , to strengthen his own and his children 's claim to the throne . Marriages were also a means to seal a reconciliation between two imperial branches . After a couple of centuries , Emperors could no longer take anyone from outside such families as primary wife , no matter what the expediency of such a marriage and power or wealth brought by such might have been . Only very rarely did a prince ascend the throne whose mother was not descended from the approved families . The earlier necessity and expediency had mutated into a strict tradition that did not allow for current expediency or necessity , but only dictated that daughters of a restricted circle of families were eligible brides , because they had produced eligible brides for centuries . Tradition had become more forceful than law . Fujiwara women were often Empresses , and concubines came from less exalted noble families . In the last thousand years , sons of an imperial male and a Fujiwara woman have been preferred in the succession . The five Fujiwara families , Ichijō , Kujō , Nijō , Konoe , and Takatsukasa , were the primary source of imperial brides from the 8th century to the 19th century , even more often than daughters of the imperial clan itself . Fujiwara daughters were thus the usual empresses and mothers of Emperors . This restriction on brides for the Emperor and crown prince was made explicit in the Meiji - era Imperial House Law of 1889 . A clause stipulated that daughters of Sekke ( the five main branches of the higher Fujiwara ) and daughters of the imperial clan itself were primarily acceptable brides . The law was repealed in the aftermath of World War II . The present Emperor , Akihito , became the first crown prince for over a thousand years to marry a consort from outside the previously eligible circle . Burial traditions ( edit ) Entrance of the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji , Tokyo During the Kofun period , so - called `` archaic funerals '' were held for the dead Emperors , but only the funerary rites from the end of the period , which the chronicles describe in more detail , are known . They were centered around the rite of the mogari , a provisional depository between death and permanent burial . Empress Jitō was the first Japanese imperial personage to be cremated ( in 703 ) . After that , with a few exceptions , all Emperors were cremated up to the Edo period . For the next 350 years , in - ground burial became the favoured funeral custom . In 2013 , the Imperial Household Agency announced that Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko would be cremated after they die . Until 1912 , the Emperors of Japan were usually buried in Kyoto . From the Taishō Emperor onward , the Emperors have been buried at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Tokyo . Succession ( edit ) Tokyo Imperial Palace The Japanese imperial dynasty bases its position in the expression that it has `` reigned since time immemorial '' ( 万世 一 系 bansei ikkei ) . It is true that its origins are buried in the mists of time : there are no records of any Emperor who was not said to have been a descendant of other , yet earlier Emperors . There is suspicion that Emperor Keitai ( c. 500 AD ) may have been an unrelated outsider , though the sources state that he was a male - line descendant of Emperor Ōjin . However , his descendants , including his successors , were according to records descended from at least one and probably several imperial princesses of the older lineage . The tradition built by those legends has chosen to recognize just the putative male ancestry as valid for legitimizing his succession , not giving any weight to ties through the said princesses . Millennia ago , the Japanese imperial family developed its own peculiar system of hereditary succession . It has been non-primogenitural , more or less agnatic , based mostly on rotation . Today , Japan uses strict agnatic primogeniture , which was adopted from Prussia , by which Japan was greatly influenced in the 1870s . The controlling principles and their interaction were apparently very complex and sophisticated , leading to even idiosyncratic outcomes . Some chief principles apparent in the succession have been : Women were allowed to succeed ( but there existed no known children of theirs whose father did not also happen to be an agnate of the imperial house , thus there is neither a precedent that a child of an imperial woman with a non-imperial man could inherit , nor a precedent forbidding it for children of empresses ) . However , female accession was clearly much more rare than male . Adoption was possible and a much used way to increase the number of succession - entitled heirs ( however , the adopted child had to be a child of another member agnate of the imperial house ) . Abdication was used very often , and in fact occurred more often than death on the throne . In those days , the Emperor 's chief task was priestly ( or godly ) , containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed that after a service of around ten years , the incumbent deserved pampered retirement as an honored former Emperor . Primogeniture was not used -- rather , in the early days , the imperial house practiced something resembling a system of rotation . Very often a brother ( or sister ) followed the elder sibling even in the case of the predecessor leaving children . The `` turn '' of the next generation came more often after several individuals of the senior generation . Rotation went often between two or more of the branches of the imperial house , thus more or less distant cousins succeeded each other . Emperor Go - Saga even decreed an official alternation between heirs of his two sons , which system continued for a couple of centuries ( leading finally to shogun - induced ( or utilized ) strife between these two branches , the `` southern '' and `` northern '' Emperors ) . Towards the end , the alternates were very distant cousins counted in degrees of male descent ( but all that time , intermarriages occurred within the imperial house , thus they were close cousins if female ties are counted ) . During the past five hundred years , however , probably due to Confucian influence , inheritance by sons -- but not always , or even most often , the eldest son has been the norm . Historically , the succession to the Chrysanthemum Throne has always passed to descendants in male line from the imperial lineage . Generally , they have been males , though of the over one hundred monarchs there have been nine women ( one pre-historical and eight historical ) as Emperor on eleven occasions . Over a thousand years ago , a tradition started that an Emperor should ascend relatively young . A dynast who had passed his toddler years was regarded suitable and old enough . Reaching the age of legal majority was not a requirement . Thus , a multitude of Japanese Emperors have ascended as children , as young as 6 or 8 years old . The high - priestly duties were deemed possible for a walking child . A reign of around ten years was regarded a sufficient service . Being a child was apparently a fine property , to better endure tedious duties and to tolerate subjugation to political power - brokers , as well as sometimes to cloak the truly powerful members of the imperial dynasty . Almost all Japanese empresses and dozens of Emperors abdicated , and lived the rest of their lives in pampered retirement , wielding influence behind the scenes . Several Emperors abdicated to their entitled retirement while still in their teens . These traditions show in Japanese folklore , theater , literature , and other forms of culture , where the Emperor is usually described or depicted as an adolescent . Before the Meiji Restoration , Japan had eleven reigns of reigning empresses , all of them daughters of the male line of the Imperial House . None ascended purely as a wife or as a widow of an Emperor . Imperial daughters and granddaughters , however , usually ascended the throne as a sort of a `` stop gap '' measure -- if a suitable male was not available or some imperial branches were in rivalry so that a compromise was needed . Over half of Japanese empresses and many Emperors abdicated once a suitable male descendant was considered to be old enough to rule ( just past toddlerhood , in some cases ) . Four empresses , Empress Suiko , Empress Kōgyoku ( also Empress Saimei ) , and Empress Jitō , as well as the mythical Empress Jingū , were widows of deceased Emperors and princesses of the blood imperial in their own right . One , Empress Genmei , was the widow of a crown prince and a princess of the blood imperial . The other four , Empress Genshō , Empress Kōken ( also Empress Shōtoku ) , Empress Meishō , and Empress Go - Sakuramachi , were unwed daughters of previous Emperors . None of these empresses married or gave birth after ascending the throne . Article 2 of the Meiji Constitution ( the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ) stated , `` The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by imperial male descendants , according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law . '' The 1889 Imperial Household Law fixed the succession on male descendants of the imperial line , and specifically excluded female descendants from the succession . In the event of a complete failure of the main line , the throne would pass to the nearest collateral branch , again in the male line . If the Empress did not give birth to an heir , the Emperor could take a concubine , and the son he had by that concubine would be recognized as heir to the throne . This law , which was promulgated on the same day as the Meiji Constitution , enjoyed co-equal status with that constitution . Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan , promulgated in 1947 by influence of the U.S. occupation administration , provides that `` The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet . '' The Imperial Household Law of 1947 , enacted by the ninety - second and last session of the Imperial Diet , retained the exclusion on female dynasts found in the 1889 law . The government of Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru hastily cobbled together the legislation to bring the Imperial Household in compliance with the American - written Constitution of Japan that went into effect in May 1947 . In an effort to control the size of the imperial family , the law stipulates that only legitimate male descendants in the male line can be dynasts ; that imperial princesses lose their status as Imperial Family members if they marry outside the Imperial Family ; and that the Emperor and other members of the Imperial Family may not adopt children . It also prevented branches , other than the branch descending from Taishō , from being imperial princes any longer . Current status ( edit ) Main article : Line of succession to the Japanese throne Succession is now regulated by laws passed by the National Diet . The current law excludes women from the succession . A change to this law had been considered until Princess Kiko gave birth to a son . Until the birth of Prince Hisahito , son of Prince Akishino , on September 6 , 2006 , there was a potential succession problem , since Prince Akishino was the only male child to be born into the imperial family since 1965 . Following the birth of Princess Aiko , there was public debate about amending the current Imperial Household Law to allow women to succeed to the throne . In January 2005 , Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi appointed a special panel composed of judges , university professors , and civil servants to study changes to the Imperial Household Law and to make recommendations to the government . The panel dealing with the succession issue recommended on October 25 , 2005 amending the law to allow females of the male line of imperial descent to ascend the Japanese throne . On January 20 , 2006 , Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi devoted part of his annual keynote speech to the controversy , pledging to submit a bill allowing women to ascend the throne to ensure that the succession continues in the future in a stable manner . Shortly after the announcement that Princess Kiko was pregnant with her third child , Koizumi suspended such plans . Her son , Prince Hisahito , is the third in line to the throne under the current law of succession . On January 3 , 2007 , Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that he would drop the proposal to alter the Imperial Household Law . See also ( edit ) Japan portal Monarchy portal Reigning Emperor Daijō Tennō ( Retired Emperor of Japan ) List of Emperors of Japan Sacred king Chrysanthemum taboo Japanese official state car Japanese Air Force One Japanese honors system State Shinto References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ 役員 、 総代 として の 基礎 知識 全国 神社 総代 会 編集 発行 「 改訂 神社 役員 、 総代 必携 」 ( in Japanese ) ^ Jump up to : Kanʼichi Asakawa . The early institutional life of Japan : a study in the reform of 645 A.D. . Tokyo : Shueisha ( 1903 ) , p. 25 . `` We purposely avoid , in spite of its wide usage in foreign literature , the misleading term Mikado . If it be not for the natural curiosity of the races , which always seeks something novel and loves to call foreign things by foreign names , it is hard to understand why this obsolete and ambiguous word should so sedulously be retained . It originally meant not only the Sovereign , but also his house , the court , and even the State , and its use in historical writings causes many difficulties which it is unnecessary to discuss here in detail . The native Japanese employ the term neither in speech nor in writing . It might as well be dismissed with great advantage from sober literature as it has been for the official documents . '' Jump up ^ `` Japan desperate for male heir to oldest monarchy '' . London : independent.co.uk . March 1 , 1996 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The formal investiture of the Prime Minister in 2010 , the opening of the ordinary session of the Diet in January 2012 and the opening of an extra session of the Diet in the autumn of 2011 . The 120th anniversary of the Diet was commemorarated with a special ceremony in the House of Councillors in November 2010 , when also the Empress and the Prince and Princess Akishino were present . Jump up ^ Boscaro , Adriana ; Gatti , Franco ; Raveri , Massimo , eds. ( 2003 ) . Rethinking Japan : Social Sciences , Ideology and Thought. II . Japan Library Limited . p. 300 . ISBN 0 - 904404 - 79 - X . Jump up ^ Charles Holcombe ( January 2001 ) . The Genesis of East Asia : 221 B.C. -- A.D. 907 . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 198 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2465 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Charles F. `` Kofun Culture '' , Japanese Archaeology. 27 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Titsingh , pp. 34 -- 36 ; Brown , pp. 261 -- 262 ; Varley , pp. 123 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Hoye , Timothy . ( 1999 ) . Japanese Politics : Fixed and Floating Worlds , p. 78 ; excerpt , `` According to legend , the first Japanese emperor was Jinmu . Along with the next 13 emperors , Jinmu is not considered an actual , historical figure . Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kinmei . Jump up ^ Aston , William . ( 1896 ) . Nihongi , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ Screech , ( 2006 ) . Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns : Isaac Titsingh and Japan , 1779 -- 1822 , p. 232 n4 . ^ Jump up to : François Macé . `` The Funerals of the Japanese Emperors '' . Jump up ^ `` Emperor , Empress plan to be cremated '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidensticker , Edward . ( 1990 ) . Tokyo Rising , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Martin , Alex , `` Imperial law revisited as family shrinks , Emperor ages '' , Japan Times , December 16 , 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Japan to drop plan to allow female monarch '' . USA Today . McLean , VA : Gannett . The Associated Press . January 3 , 2007 . ISSN 0734 - 7456 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Sources ( edit ) Asakawa , Kan'ichi ( 1903 ) . The Early Institutional Life of Japan . Tokyo : Shueisha . OCLC 4427686 ; see online , multi-formatted , full - text book at openlibrary.org Screech , Timon ( 2006 ) . Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns : Isaac Titsingh and Japan , 1779 -- 1822 . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1720 - X ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1720 - 0 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperors of Japan . Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Mikado . The Imperial Household Agency List of the Emperors , accompanied with the regents and shoguns during their reign and a genealogical tree of the imperial family The Emperor of Japan , explanation of the title of Emperor in the context of western terminology Japan opens imperial tombs for research ( hide ) Japanese monarchs Italics mark imperial consort and regent Jingū , who is not traditionally listed . Years given as CE / AD Legendary Jimmu Suizei Annei Itoku Kōshō Kōan Kōrei Kōgen Kaika Sujin Suinin Keikō Seimu Chūai Jingū Kofun Ōjin Nintoku Richū Hanzei Ingyō Ankō Yūryaku Seinei Kenzō Ninken Buretsu Keitai Ankan Senka Asuka 552 -- 710 Kinmei Bidatsu Yōmei Sushun Suiko Jomei Kōgyoku Kōtoku Saimei Tenji Kōbun Tenmu Jitō Monmu Genmei Nara 710 -- 794 Genmei Genshō Shōmu Kōken Junnin Shōtoku Kōnin Kanmu Heian 794 -- 1185 Kanmu Heizei Saga Junna Ninmyō Montoku Seiwa Yōzei Kōkō Uda Daigo Suzaku Murakami Reizei En'yū Kazan Ichijō Sanjō Go - Ichijō Go - Suzaku Go - Reizei Go - Sanjō Shirakawa Horikawa Toba Sutoku Konoe Go - Shirakawa Nijō Rokujō Takakura Antoku Go - Toba Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Tsuchimikado Juntoku Chūkyō Go - Horikawa Shijō Go - Saga Go - Fukakusa Kameyama Go - Uda Fushimi Go - Fushimi Go - Nijō Hanazono Go - Daigo Northern Court 1333 -- 1392 Kōgon Kōmyō Sukō Go - Kōgon Go - En'yū Go - Komatsu Muromachi 1333 -- 1573 Go - Murakami Chōkei Go - Kameyama Go - Komatsu Shōkō Go - Hanazono Go - Tsuchimikado Go - Kashiwabara Go - Nara Ōgimachi Azuchi - Momoyama 1573 -- 1603 Ōgimachi Go - Yōzei Edo 1603 -- 1868 Go - Yōzei Go - Mizunoo Meishō Go - Kōmyō Go - Sai Reigen Higashiyama Nakamikado Sakuramachi Momozono Go - Sakuramachi Go - Momozono Kōkaku Ninkō Kōmei Meiji Empire of Japan 1868 -- 1947 Meiji Taishō Shōwa Japan ( Post-war Japan ) 1947 -- present Shōwa Akihito ( Reigning Emperor ) Imperial family tree Imperial house List Category Book Japan articles History Chronology Prehistory Paleolithic Ancient history Jōmon Yayoi Kofun Antiquity history Asuka Nara Heian Post-antiquity history Kamakura Muromachi Azuchi -- Momoyama Edo Modern history Bakumatsu Empire of Japan Meiji Taishō Shōwa Post-war Post-occupation Heisei By topic Economic Education Military Naval Imperial Army Imperial Navy Overseas actions Geography Addresses Archipelago Cities Districts Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Islands Lakes Prefectures Regions Rivers Towns Villages Politics Constitution Pre-war Elections Emperor list Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement National Diet House of Councillors House of Representatives Political parties Self - Defense Forces Air Ground Maritime Government Cabinet Fiscal policy Foreign policy Ministries Prime Minister list Deputy Prime Minister Economy Agriculture , forestry , fishing Central bank International rankings Labor Manufacturing Energy solar power Telecommunications Transport Yen ( currency ) Society Crime Demographics Education Etiquette Gambling Housing Languages Religion Sexuality Smoking Women Kyariaūman ( career woman ) Culture Aesthetics Anime ( animation ) / Manga ( comics ) Architecture Art Bonsai ( miniature trees ) Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore folktales Gardens Geisha ( hostess ) Games Ikebana ( flower arranging ) Kawaii ( `` cuteness '' ) Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology Names Onsen ( hot springs ) / Sentō ( bath house ) Sport Tea ceremony Television Theatre Japan portal Category Commons JP Phrase JP Basic WikiProject Heads of state of the Group of 20 Macri Elizabeth II ( Governor - General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Johnston ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Zuma Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump LCCN : sh85069411 GND : 4232704 - 0 NDL : 00572851 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Japan&oldid=800511949 '' Categories : Deified people History of Japan Japanese emperors Japanese nationalism Japanese Shintoists Ceremonial heads of state 7th - century BC establishments 660 BC Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 00 : 47 . 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what are the four major types of plasma lipoproteins
Chylomicrons carry triglycerides ( fat ) from the intestines to the liver , to skeletal muscle , and to adipose tissue . Very - low - density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) carry ( newly synthesised ) triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue . Intermediate - density lipoproteins ( IDL ) are intermediate between VLDL and LDL . They are not usually detectable in the blood when fasting . Low - density lipoproteins ( LDL ) carry 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules ( phospholipids , cholesterol , triglycerides , etc . ) around the body . LDL particles are sometimes referred to as `` bad '' lipoprotein because concentrations , dose related , correlate with atherosclerosis progression . large buoyant LDL ( lb LDL ) particles small dense LDL ( sd LDL ) particles Lipoprotein ( a ) is a lipoprotein particle of a certain phenotype High - density lipoproteins ( HDL ) collect fat molecules ( phospholipids , cholesterol , triglycerides , etc . ) from the body 's cells / tissues , and take it back to the liver . HDLs are sometimes referred to as `` good '' lipoprotein because higher concentrations correlate with low rates of atherosclerosis progression and / or regression .
Chylomicrons|Very - low - density lipoproteins ( VLDL )|Low - density lipoproteins ( LDL )|High - density lipoproteins ( HDL )
Lipoprotein
lipoprotein
A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose purpose is to transport hydrophobic lipid ( a.k.a. fat ) molecules in water , as in blood or extracellular fluid . They have a single - layer phospholipid and cholesterol outer shell , with the hydrophilic portions oriented outward toward the surrounding water and lipophilic portions of each molecule oriented inwards toward the lipids molecules within the particles . Apolipoproteins are embedded in the membrane , both stabilising the complex and giving it functional identity determining its fate . Thus the complex serves to emulsify the fats . Many enzymes , transporters , structural proteins , antigens , adhesions , and toxins are lipoproteins . Examples include the plasma lipoprotein particles classified as HDL , LDL , IDL , VLDL and ULDL ( a.k.a. chylomicrons ) lipoproteins , according to density / size ( an inverse relationship ) , compared with the surrounding plasma water . These complex protein capsules enable fats to be carried in all extracellular water , including the blood stream ( an example of emulsification ) , subgroups of which are primary drivers / modulators of atherosclerosis , the transmembrane proteins of mitochondrion , chloroplast , and bacterial lipoproteins . Proteolipids are a different kind of protein - lipid combination that are insoluble in water . Proteolipids are abundant in brain tissue , and are also present in many other animal and plant tissues .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Scope 1.1 Transmembrane lipoproteins 1.2 Plasma lipoprotein particles 2 Function 2.1 Exogenous pathway 2.2 Endogenous pathway 3 Classification 3.1 By density 3.2 Alpha and beta 3.3 Lipoprotein ( a ) 4 Studies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Scope ( edit ) Transmembrane lipoproteins ( edit ) The lipids are often an essential part of the complex , even if they seem to have no catalytic activity by themselves . Detergents are usually required to isolate transmembrane lipoproteins from their associated biological membranes . Plasma lipoprotein particles ( edit ) Because fats are insoluble in water , these can not be transported in blood on their own . Instead , they are attached to hydrophilic proteins that function as transport vehicles . The role of lipoprotein particles is to transport triacylglycerols ( a.k.a. triglycerides ) and cholesterol in the blood between all the tissues of the body . The most common being the liver and the adipocytes of adipose tissue . Particles are synthesized in the small intestine and the liver , but interestingly not in the adipocytes . All cells use and rely on fats and cholesterol as building - blocks to create the multiple membranes that cells use both to control internal water content and internal water - soluble elements and to organize their internal structure and protein enzymatic systems . The lipoprotein particles have hydrophilic groups of phospholipids , cholesterol , and apoproteins directed outward . Such characteristics make them soluble in the salt water - based blood pool . Triglyceride - fats and cholesteryl esters are carried internally , shielded from the water by the phospholipid monolayer and the apoproteins . The interaction of the proteins forming the surface of the particles ( with enzymes in the blood ; with each other ; and with specific proteins on the surfaces of cells ) determines whether triglycerides and cholesterol will be added to or removed from the lipoprotein transport particles . Regarding atheroma development and progression as opposed to regression , the key issue has always been cholesterol transport patterns , not cholesterol concentration itself . Function ( edit ) The handling of lipoprotein particles in the body is referred to as lipoprotein particle metabolism . It is divided into two pathways , exogenous and endogenous , depending in large part on whether the lipoprotein particles in question are composed chiefly of dietary ( exogenous ) lipids or whether they originated in the liver ( endogenous ) , through de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols . The hepatocytes are the main platform for the handling of triacylglycerols and cholesterol ; the liver can also store certain amounts of glycogen and triacylglycerols . While adipocytes are the main storage cells for triacylglycerols , they do not produce any lipoproteins . Exogenous pathway ( edit ) Simplified flowchart showing the essentials of lipoprotein metabolism . Bile emulsifies fats contained in the chyme , then pancreatic lipase cleaves triacylglycerol molecules into two fatty acids and one 2 - monoacylglycerol . Enterocytes readily absorb these small molecules from the chymus . Inside of the enterocytes , fatty acids and monoacylglycerides are transformed again into triacylglycerides . Then these lipids ( i.e. triacylglycerols , phospholipids , cholesterol , and cholesteryl esters ) are assembled with apolipoprotein B - 48 into nascent chylomicrons . These particles are then secreted into the lacteals in a process that depends heavily on apolipoprotein B - 48 . As they circulate through the lymphatic vessels , nascent chylomicrons bypass the liver circulation and are drained via the thoracic duct into the bloodstream . In the blood stream , nascent chylomicron particles interact with HDL particles resulting in HDL donation of apolipoprotein C - II and apolipoprotein E to the nascent chylomicron . The chylomicron at this stage is then considered mature . Via apolipoprotein C - II , mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) , an enzyme on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels . LPL catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol ( glycerol covalently joined to three fatty acids ) that ultimately releases glycerol and fatty acids from the chylomicrons . Glycerol and fatty acids can then be absorbed in peripheral tissues , especially adipose and muscle , for energy and storage . The hydrolyzed chylomicrons are now called chylomicron remnants . The chylomicron remnants continue circulating the bloodstream until they interact via apolipoprotein E with chylomicron remnant receptors , found chiefly in the liver . This interaction causes the endocytosis of the chylomicron remnants , which are subsequently hydrolyzed within lysosomes . Lysosomal hydrolysis releases glycerol and fatty acids into the cell , which can be used for energy or stored for later use . Endogenous pathway ( edit ) The liver is the central platform for the handling of lipids : it is able to store glycerols and fats in its cells , the hepatocytes . Hepatocytes are also able to create triacylglycerols via de novo synthesis . They also produce the bile from cholesterol . The intestines are responsible for absorbing cholesterol . They transfer it over into the blood stream . In the hepatocytes , triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters are assembled with apolipoprotein B - 100 to form nascent VLDL particles . Nascent VLDL particles are released into the bloodstream via a process that depends upon apolipoprotein B - 100 . In the blood stream , nascent VLDL particles bump with HDL particles ; as a result , HDL particles donate apolipoprotein C - II and apolipoprotein E to the nascent VLDL particle . Once loaded with apolipoproteins C - II and E , the nascent VLDL particle is considered mature . Again , like chylomicrons , VLDL particles circulate and encounter lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) expressed on endothelial cells . Apolipoprotein C - II activates LPL , causing hydrolysis of the VLDL particle and the release of glycerol and fatty acids . These products can be absorbed from the blood by peripheral tissues , principally adipose and muscle . The hydrolyzed VLDL particles are now called VLDL remnants or intermediate - density lipoproteins ( IDLs ) . VLDL remnants can circulate and , via an interaction between apolipoprotein E and the remnant receptor , be absorbed by the liver , or they can be further hydrolyzed by hepatic lipase . Hydrolysis by hepatic lipase releases glycerol and fatty acids , leaving behind IDL remnants , called low - density lipoproteins ( LDL ) , which contain a relatively high cholesterol content ( see native LDL structure at 37 ° C on YouTube ) . LDL circulates and is absorbed by the liver and peripheral cells . Binding of LDL to its target tissue occurs through an interaction between the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein B - 100 on the LDL particle . Absorption occurs through endocytosis , and the internalized LDL particles are hydrolyzed within lysosomes , releasing lipids , chiefly cholesterol . Classification ( edit ) By density ( edit ) Lipoproteins may be classified as follows , listed from larger and less dense to smaller and denser . Lipoproteins are larger and less dense when the fat to protein ratio is increased . They are classified on the basis of electrophoresis , ultracentrifugation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy via the Vantera Analyzer . Chylomicrons carry triglycerides ( fat ) from the intestines to the liver , to skeletal muscle , and to adipose tissue . Very - low - density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) carry ( newly synthesised ) triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue . Intermediate - density lipoproteins ( IDL ) are intermediate between VLDL and LDL . They are not usually detectable in the blood when fasting . Low - density lipoproteins ( LDL ) carry 3,000 to 6,000 fat molecules ( phospholipids , cholesterol , triglycerides , etc . ) around the body . LDL particles are sometimes referred to as `` bad '' lipoprotein because concentrations , dose related , correlate with atherosclerosis progression . large buoyant LDL ( lb LDL ) particles small dense LDL ( sd LDL ) particles Lipoprotein ( a ) is a lipoprotein particle of a certain phenotype High - density lipoproteins ( HDL ) collect fat molecules ( phospholipids , cholesterol , triglycerides , etc . ) from the body 's cells / tissues , and take it back to the liver . HDLs are sometimes referred to as `` good '' lipoprotein because higher concentrations correlate with low rates of atherosclerosis progression and / or regression . For young healthy research subjects , ~ 70 kg ( 154 lb ) , this data represents averages across individuals studied , percentages represent % dry weight : Density ( g / m L ) Class Diameter ( nm ) % protein % cholesterol % phospholipid % triacylglycerol & cholesterol ester > 1.063 HDL 5 -- 15 33 30 29 4 - 8 1.019 -- 1.063 LDL 18 -- 28 25 46 - 50 21 - 22 8 - 10 1.006 -- 1.019 IDL 25 -- 50 18 29 22 31 0.95 -- 1.006 VLDL 30 -- 80 10 22 18 50 < 0.95 Chylomicrons 75 - 1200 1 - 2 8 7 83 - 84 However , this data is not reliable for any one individual or for the general clinical population . Alpha and beta ( edit ) It is also possible to classify lipoproteins as `` alpha '' and `` beta '' , according to the classification of proteins in serum protein electrophoresis . This terminology is sometimes used in describing lipid disorders such as abetalipoproteinemia . Lipoprotein ( a ) ( edit ) Further information : Lipoprotein ( a ) Studies ( edit ) Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of coronary artery disease , which is the leading cause of mortality in the world . Since the 1980s , many studies have examined possible correlations between the incidence of the disease and plasma lipoprotein particle concentrations in the blood . Hypotheses exist for possible causations . Studies have shown correlation between atherosclerosis and concentrations of particles . Further studies looked for correlations between nutrition and concentration of the distinguishable lipoprotein particles , e.g. whether the ratio of dietary fat raises or lowers levels of LDL particles in the blood . Studies have shown that different phenotypes do exist regarding the amount of particles and reaction to diet composition . See also ( edit ) Apolipoprotein Lipid anchored protein Remnant cholesterol Reverse cholesterol transport Vertical Auto Profile Lipids References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gofman , J.W. ; Jones , H.B. ; Lindgren , F.T. ; Lyon , T.P. ; Elliott , H.A. ; Strisower , B. ( August 1950 ) . `` Blood Lipids and Human Atherosclerosis '' ( PDF ) . Circulation. 2 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 178 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 2.2. 161 . Jump up ^ `` DOLOP - A Database of Bacterial Lipoproteins '' . cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MeSH Browser '' . meshb.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Vibhor ; Butcher , Sarah J. ; Öörni , Katariina ; Engelhardt , Peter ; Heikkonen , Jukka ; Kaski , Kimmo ; Ala - Korpela , Mika ; Kovanen , Petri T. ; Schulz , Christian ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Three - Dimensional cryoEM Reconstruction of Native LDL Particles to 16Å Resolution at Physiological Body Temperature '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 5 ) : e18841 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0018841 . PMC 3090388 . PMID 21573056 . Jump up ^ `` Vantera Clinical Analyzer - MDEA 2013 Finalist '' . YouTube.com. 2500 Sumner Blvd , Raleigh , NC 27616 : LipoScience , Inc . Jump up ^ Biochemistry 2nd Ed . 1995 Garrett & Grisham Jump up ^ Principles of Biochemistry 2nd Ed . 1995 Zubay , Parson and Vance Jump up ^ `` The top 10 causes of death '' . who.int . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Further reading Lusis , Aldons J ; Pajukanta , Päivi . `` A treasure trove for lipoprotein biology '' . Nature Genetics . 40 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 130 . doi : 10.1038 / ng0208 - 129 . PMID 18227868 . including Figure 1 - The primary pathways for the metabolism of human plasma lipoproteins are summarized External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Database of bacterial lipoproteins at mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk Overview and diagram at washington.edu Lipoprotein research at the Medical University of Vienna Lipoprotein assembly at wisc.edu Various types of lipoprotein in Medscape Cholesterol , Lipoproteins and the Liver Remnant Lipoproteins Lipoproteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Proteolipids at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Lipoproteins Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Lipids : lipoprotein particle metabolism Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses delivery of TGs : Chylomicron VLDL delivery of C and CE : IDL LDL lb LDL sd LDL Lp ( a ) HDL Remnant cholesterol Apolipoproteins APOA 5 APOB APOC APOD APOE APOH SAA SAA1 Extracellular enzymes LCAT LIPC LPL Lipid transfer proteins CETP MTTP PLTP Cell surface receptors HDL : SCARB1 IDL : LRP LRP1 LRP1B LRP2 LRP3 LRP4 LRP5 LRP5L LRP6 LRP8 LRP10 LRP11 LRP12 LDL : LDLR LRPAP1 ATP - binding cassette transporter ABCA1 ABCG5 ABCG8 GND : 4074259 - 3 NDL : 00569543 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipoprotein&oldid=841558524 '' Categories : Lipids Lipoproteins Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 15 : 34 . 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2,289
since i've been loving you - jimmy page & robert plant
Since I 've Been Loving You
since i've been loving you
`` Since I 've Been Loving You '' is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin , released in 1970 on the album Led Zeppelin III .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Song Information 3 Reception 4 Live performances 5 Re-recordings 5.1 Accolades 6 Personnel 7 Cover versions 8 Sources 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' was one of the first songs prepared for the Led Zeppelin III album . The song was recorded live in the studio with very little overdubbing . It was reportedly the hardest to record . Audio engineer Terry Manning called it `` The best rock guitar solo of all time . '' John Paul Jones played Hammond organ on the song , using the bass pedals for the bassline . This recording was done using John Bonham 's Ludwig Speed King model # 201 , the drum pedal he used for his entire career and which was known as the `` Squeak King '' because of the excessive squeaking that can be heard on some recordings , especially on this track . Page commented : The only real problem I can remember encountering was when we were putting the first boxed set together . There was an awfully squeaky bass drum pedal on ' Since I 've Been Loving You ' . It sounds louder and louder every time I hear it ! ( laughs ) . That was something that was obviously sadly overlooked at the time . The opening and closing lyrics of `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' are nearly identical to the 1968 Moby Grape song Never . Song information ( edit ) The song is a slow blues in the key of C minor . It uses the 12 bar chord minor progression known as `` quick - change '' . Reception ( edit ) In a contemporary review of Led Zeppelin III , Lester Bangs of Rolling Stone gave `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' a negative review , writing the track `` represents the obligatory slow and lethally dull seven - minute blues jam . '' Live performances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As an improvisational showcase for all four group members , and especially for Page 's electric blues guitar solos , `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' became a staple and fan favourite of Led Zeppelin 's live concert performances from 1970 until the end of their ninth American tour in summer 1973 . It was played on the 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1979 and 1980 tours , but only a few times on the 1975 North American tour . In live performances of the song from 1977 onwards , Page would sometimes incorporate some of the solo of `` Tea for One '' , a track from the band 's 1976 album Presence that is similar in style to this song . Page 's guitar prowess is well demonstrated in different performances of the song from Madison Square Garden in July 1973 , as seen in the group 's concert films The Song Remains the Same ( and accompanying soundtrack ) and Led Zeppelin DVD . There is also a June 1972 live recording of `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' which can be heard on the album How the West Was Won , and another live version on Disc two of BBC Sessions . The band performed the song during the 2007 Reunion gig in London 's O Arena , and it is included the 2012 film of that historic concert , Celebration Day . Re-recordings ( edit ) Page and Plant recorded a version of the song in 1994 , released on their album No Quarter : Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded . Plant also used a sample from this on his solo track `` White , Clean , and Neat '' . `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' was performed at Led Zeppelin 's reunion show at the O Arena , London on 10 December 2007 . Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Sounds Germany `` The Top 30 Songs of All Time '' 16 Mojo United Kingdom `` 100 Great Voices '' * Guitarist United Kingdom `` Top 100 Guitar Solos of All - time '' 1998 8 Guitar World United States `` 100 Greatest Solos of All - time '' 1998 53 Q United Kingdom `` 1010 Songs You Must Own ! '' * ( * ) designates unordered lists . Personnel ( edit ) Robert Plant -- vocals Jimmy Page -- guitars , lyrics John Paul Jones -- Hammond organ , bass pedals John Bonham -- drums Cover versions ( edit ) Main article : List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs Sources ( edit ) Lewis , Dave ( 2004 ) The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 3528 - 9 Welch , Chris ( 1998 ) Led Zeppelin : Dazed and Confused : The Stories Behind Every Song , ISBN 1 - 56025 - 818 - 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' at AllMusic Jump up ^ Kevin Courtright ( 1 September 2009 ) . Back to Schoolin ' . Xulon Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61579 - 045 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( 2004 ) . Led Zeppelin : The Complete Guide to Their Music . p. 24 . ISBN 1 - 84449 - 141 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brad Tolinski and Greg Di Bendetto , `` Light and Shade '' , Guitar World , January 1998 . Jump up ^ Barney Hoskyns ( 2006 ) Led Zeppelin IV , New York : Rodale Books . ISBN 1 - 59486 - 370 - 9 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin , London : Orion Books . ISBN 1 - 85797 - 930 - 3 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Page discusses making Led Zeppelin III '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Bonham > > Bass Drum Pedal '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dave ( 2012 ) . From a Whisper to a Scream : The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 788 - 4 . A self - styled custom blues , though Robert Plant clearly derived some of the lyrics from the Moby Grape track ' Never ' which appeared on the Grape Jam bonus disc that came with their 1968 Wow album . Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin Complete . Superhype Publishing . 1973 . p. 56 . ISBN 0769207057 . Jump up ^ Bangs , Lester ( 26 November 1970 ) . `` Led Zeppelin III '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Hitparade : The Top 30 Songs of All Time - June 1992 '' . Zounds . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Great Voices : Robert Plant - 1994 '' . Mojo . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Guitar Solos of All - time - January 1998 '' . Guitarist . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Solos of All - time - September 1998 '' . Guitar World . Retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1010 Songs You Must Own ! Part Five -- On a Downer : 60 Songs for Long Dark Night of the Soul - September 2004 '' . Q. Retrieved 10 February 2009 . External links ( edit ) `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' at ledzeppelin.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Led Zeppelin III track listing Songs Side one `` Immigrant Song '' `` Friends '' `` Celebration Day '' `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' `` Out on the Tiles '' Side two `` Gallows Pole '' `` Tangerine '' `` That 's the Way '' `` Bron - Y - Aur Stomp '' `` Hats Off to ( Roy ) Harper '' Deluxe edition `` Bathroom Sound '' `` Jennings Farm Blues '' `` Key to the Highway / Trouble in Mind '' Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III Led Zeppelin IV Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled The Best of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K. 1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Since_I%27ve_Been_Loving_You&oldid=800171238 '' Categories : 1970 songs Led Zeppelin songs Song recordings produced by Jimmy Page Songs written by Jimmy Page Songs written by Robert Plant Songs written by John Paul Jones ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 22 : 15 . 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2,290
who played the oldest daughter in uncle buck
Jean Louisa Kelly
jean louisa kelly
Jean Louisa Kelly ( born March 9 , 1972 ) is an American actress . After making her film debut as Tia Russell in Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) alongside John Candy , she appeared in a wide range of other films including The Fantasticks ( 1995 ) and Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) . From 2000 to 2006 , she was known for portraying Kim Warner on the CBS sitcom Yes , Dear .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Notes 5 External links Career ( edit ) Before attending college , she already had roles in the original Broadway cast of Sondheim 's Into the Woods ( as Snow White and understudy to Red Riding Hood ) and as Tia Russell in the film Uncle Buck with John Candy . She also took roles in college productions , including with the Barnard College Gilbert and Sullivan Society . In the mid-1990s , after graduating from college , Kelly became well known for a series of television commercials she did for MCI long distance , in which she played a telephone operator who challenged AT&T . In 1995 , she starred as Louisa in the musical film The Fantasticks with Joey McIntyre and Joel Grey , although the film was shelved until 2000 . The same year , she appeared in her most prominent role since Tia , as Rowena Morgan , the muse for the title character of Mr. Holland 's Opus . In the 1990s , other films followed . Later starring roles in films have included Landfall ( 2001 ) and Little Red Light ( 2003 ) . Kelly appeared Off Broadway at the York Theatre in the title role in Paul McKibbins and B.T. McNicholl 's The It Girl , based on the 1927 movie It . She also appeared in the York 's `` Mufti '' series as Lois Lane in It 's a Bird , It 's a Plane , It 's Superman . In 1996 , Kelly voiced the title role in the second season of the animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders . After several made - for - TV movies , Kelly 's broadest exposure came from her roles in situation comedies , first guest starring in such shows as Mad About You , and then as a cast member of the short - lived NBC version of Cold Feet . From 2000 to 2006 , she starred as Kim Warner on the long - running sitcom Yes , Dear . On April 30 , 2006 , she guest starred in the ABC drama Grey 's Anatomy and has continued to guest star in television dramas . In 2010 , she was cast in a guest starring role in an episode of the television spy drama Burn Notice -- playing a widow who had been swindled out of her life savings by a con man . She currently appears as Bernice Pope in the Yahoo production of Sin City Saints . She released an album of children 's music called Color of Your Heart in 2013 . On April 14 , 2015 , she released a collection of original songs in a five - song EP called Willing . Her latest musical release is an album entitled `` For My Folks '' and features a collection of standards . Personal life ( edit ) Kelly was born in Worcester , Massachusetts , the daughter of J. Joseph Kelly III and Wendy Kelly . Her father was a high school English teacher , and her mother taught piano . She attended Easton High School in Easton , Maryland . In 1994 , Kelly graduated from Columbia University 's Columbia College with a Bachelor of Arts in English . In 1997 , she married James Pitaro . As of 2010 , Kelly resides in Los Angeles . She is close friends with Jennifer Garner , having hosted the baby shower for Garner 's daughter Violet Anne Affleck and interviewed Garner for Self magazine in 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Uncle Buck Tia Russell American Shaolin Maria 1995 Fantasticks , The The Fantasticks Luisa Bellamy 1995 Mr. Holland 's Opus Rowena Morgan 1998 Origin of the Species Laura 1999 Stranger in the Kingdom , AA Stranger in the Kingdom Athena Allen 2001 Landfall Marguerite Harris 2003 Little Red Light Amanda Meyer Short film Locked Away Chloe Public Access Nancy Short film 2014 1000 to 1 : The Cory Weissman Story Tina Weissman Video 2017 Out of the Wild Jesse King Video Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Breathing Lessons Daisy Movie 1994 One More Mountain Mary Graves Movie 1995 Tad Julia Taft Movie Harvest of Fire Rachel Movie Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders Princess Gwenevere ( voice ) Main role ( 10 episodes ) 1997 Homicide : Life on the Street Sarah Langdon Episode : `` Kaddish '' 1997 Stolen Women : Captured Hearts Sarah White Movie 1998 Ruby Bridges Jane Coles Movie 1998 Day Lincoln Was Shot , The The Day Lincoln Was Shot Lucy Lambert Hale Movie 1998 Law & Order Coral Galvin Episode : `` Scrambled '' 1998 / 99 Mad About You Diane 3 episodes 1999 Cyberstalking , The The Cyberstalking Holly Moon Movie 1999 Cold Feet Shelley Sullivan Main role ( 8 episodes ) 2000 -- 06 Yes , Dear Kim Warner Main role ( 122 episodes ) 2001 Ally McBeal Lisa Episode : `` The Ex-Files '' 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Rose Ward Episode : `` Blues for Sister Someone '' 2008 Ghost Whisperer Jennifer Quinlan / Nora Sutherland Episode : `` First Do No Harm '' 2008 Eli Stone Julie Lazer Episode : `` Heal the Pain '' 2008 Gary Unmarried Beth Episode : `` Gary and Allison Brooks '' 2009 Surviving Suburbia Melissa Mann Episode : `` Desperate Housewife '' 2009 Three Gifts , The The Three Gifts Cherie Green Movie Glades , The The Glades Becky Episode : `` A Perfect Storm '' Burn Notice Emily Episode : `` Blind Spot '' 2010 -- 13 Hero Factory Natalie Breez / Operator Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2011 Paul the Male Matchmaker Darla 2 episodes 2011 CSI : Miami Amy Wells Episode : `` Stoned Cold '' 2012 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Sheila DeMarcus Episode : `` Code Blue Plate Special '' 2013 Chance at Romance Roz Hallmark Channel TV movie 2013 The Good Mother Rachel Lifetime TV Movie 2014 Zoe Gone Det . Patricia Henderson Lifetime movie 2015 Sin City Saints Bernice Pope Yahoo Studios Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yes Woman '' . people.com . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` College Grad Is Someone to Watch '' , Columbia University Record , Vol. 21 , No. 19 , March 8 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Me '' . jeanlouisakelly.com . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Dear '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy - Season 2 , Episode 23 : Blues for Sister Someone - TV.com '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A LIFE OF SONG : Jean Louisa Kelly On Her Career , Inspirations and New EP ! '' . Icon vs. Icon . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Color of Your Heart by Jean Louisa Kelly '' . iTunes . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yes , Dear ' Actress Jean Louisa Kelly Branches Into Music With Charming Children 's Collection '' . yahoo.com. 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Willing EP by Jean Louisa Kelly '' . iTunes . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store for album '' . apple.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly , Jean Louisa 1972 -- - Dictionary definition of Kelly , Jean Louisa 1972 -- - Encyclopedia.com : FREE online dictionary '' . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jean Louisa Kelly , James A. Pitaro '' . 25 May 1997 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Actress Jean Louisa Kelly gives birth to second child -- a daughter -- Moms & Babies -- Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jean Louisa Kelly . Official website Self magazine interview transcript ( June 2005 ) March 1996 article in the Columbia University Record Jean Louisa Kelly on IMDb Jean Kelly at the Internet Broadway Database LCCN : no2001041989 VIAF : 39024644 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Louisa_Kelly&oldid=829747424 '' Categories : 1972 births Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses from Worcester , Massachusetts American child actresses American Congregationalists American female singers American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American people of Irish descent American television actresses Columbia University alumni Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from June 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 15 : 51 . 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2,291
who played the german soldier on laugh in
Arthur Stanton Eric `` Arte '' Johnson ( born January 20 , 1929 ) is an American comic actor who was a regular on television 's Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In . His best - remembered character was that of a German soldier with the catchphrase `` Verrrry interesting '' , sometimes followed by , `` but stupid '' or `` but not very funny . ''
Arthur Stanton Eric `` Arte '' Johnson
Arte Johnson
arte johnson
Arthur Stanton Eric `` Arte '' Johnson ( born January 20 , 1929 ) is an American comic actor who was a regular on television 's Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In . His best - remembered character was that of a German soldier with the catchphrase `` Verrrry interesting '' , sometimes followed by , `` but stupid '' or `` but not very funny . ''
Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Early television and film roles 1.3 Laugh - In 1.4 Later work 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early Life ( edit ) Johnson was born January 20 , 1929 , in Benton Harbor , Michigan , and is the son of Abraham Lincoln and Edythe Mackenzie ( Golden ) Johnson . His father was an attorney . Johnson attended the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , where he worked at the campus radio station and the UI Theater Guild with his brother Coslough `` Cos '' Johnson , and graduated in 1949 . He sought employment in Chicago advertising agencies but was unsuccessful and left for New York City to work for Viking Press . In early 1954 , Johnson performed in several New York nightclubs , including Le Ruban Bleu and The Village Vanguard . His first job in show business came when he impulsively stepped into an audition line and was cast in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . Johnson appeared in Ben Bagley 's The Shoestring Revue , which opened off - Broadway on February 28 , 1955 , at the President Theater in New York . Early television and film roles ( edit ) Johnson appeared three times in the 1955 -- 1956 CBS sitcom It 's Always Jan , starring Janis Paige and Merry Anders . In 1958 , he joined the cast of the short - lived NBC sitcom , Sally , starring Joan Caulfield . In it he played Bascomb Bleacher , Jr. , the son of a co-owner of a department store , Bascomb , Sr. , portrayed by Gale Gordon . In 1960 , he played Ariel Lavalerra in the film adaptation of Jack Kerouac 's novel The Subterraneans . He also starred in `` The Andy Griffith Show '' as a hotel clerk in 1962 in the episode `` Andy and Barney in the Big City '' . In 1960 and 1961 , he was cast in three episodes of Jackie Cooper 's military sitcom / drama series , Hennesey , also on CBS . The following year , he played `` Mr. Bates '' in the episode `` A Secret Life '' on Alfred Hitchcock Presents . He was cast in an episode of Frank Aletter 's sitcom , Bringing Up Buddy . He also appeared in `` The Whole Truth '' , a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone , as an underpaid car salesman who punches dishonest used car lot owner Jack Carson . Before his big breakthrough in Laugh - In , Johnson appeared as Corporal Coogan in the 1962 episode `` The Handmade Private '' of the anthology series , GE True , hosted by Jack Webb . He played a bumbling navy cameraman on an episode of `` McHale 's Navy '' in the first season . Johnson appeared in a comedic role as Charlie , a boom - microphone operator who demonstrates to Jack Benny how to tell a joke properly , on The Jack Benny Program , aired on October 2 , 1964 . The joke performed in the sketch was the `` ugly baby '' story , later associated with Flip Wilson . In 1965 , he made a first - season guest appearance on ABC 's sitcom , Bewitched as Samantha ( Elizabeth Montgomery ) 's Cousin Edgar . A mute elf , Edgar is initially sent to observe and undermine Samantha 's marriage -- all with the blessing of Endora ( Agnes Moorehead ) . Once he sees how happily married Samantha and Darrin Stephens ( Dick York ) are , Edgar reverses his mischief and gives his ( albeit quiet ) blessing to their still - new marriage . Johnson appeared in one of the final episodes of ABC 's The Donna Reed Show in 1966 . He was cast in the 1967 satirical James Coburn film The President 's Analyst , in which he gave a comically chilling performance as a federal agent with a blindly obedient `` orders - are - orders '' mentality . In 1968 , he acted in the Season 3 episode of Lost in Space , `` Princess of Space . '' Johnson played the traitorous Robot Space Pirate `` Fedor '' helping the machines to win the war . Johnson also starred in the 1971 episode of Rod Serling 's Night Gallery entitled `` The Flip - Side of Satan , '' playing ruthless , fringe - leather vested , disk jockey `` J.J. Wilson '' , who is forced to confront his past transgressions . Laugh - in ( edit ) Johnson is best known for his work on Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In , an American television series broadcast from 1968 to 1973 . He played various characters including `` Wolfgang , '' a smoking World War II German soldier , still fighting the war , who scouted the show from behind a bush . He would then invariably comment on the preceding sketch with the catchphrase `` Very interesting ... '' , followed by either a comic observation or misinterpretation , or simply `` but stupid ! '' Often toward the show 's close , he ( as the Nazi ) would offer words of affection to ' Lucy and Gary ' ( Lucille Ball and her second husband , Gary Morton ) . THE LUCY SHOW was on CBS in direct competition with NBC 's LAUGH - IN on Monday night . LAUGH - IN was a full hour show while Lucy was a traditional 30 minute sitcom . Lucy was pretty much the only show that could survive airing opposite LAUGH - IN . Johnson indicated later that the phrase came from Desperate Journey , a 1942 World War II film with Errol Flynn and Ronald Reagan playing Royal Air Force pilots shot down in Nazi Germany . They manage to cross much of the country without speaking German , or knowing the territory , but , when captured , their Nazi interrogator doubts their story by saying `` very interesting '' . Johnson reprised the role while voicing the Nazi - inspired character Virman Vunderbarr on an episode of Justice League Unlimited . Johnson as `` Tyrone F. Horneigh '' approaching Lucille Ball in a sketch on The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour ( 1971 ) His other iconic Laugh - In character was `` Tyrone F. Horneigh '' ( the last name pronounced `` horn - eye , '' a `` clean '' variant of the vulgar term `` horny '' ) , the white - haired , trench coat - wearing `` dirty old man '' who repeatedly sought to seduce `` Gladys Ormphby , '' ( Ruth Buzzi 's brown - clad `` spinster '' character ) on a park bench . Tyrone would enter the scene , muttering a song ( usually `` In the Merry , Merry Month of May '' ) , and , spying Gladys on the bench , would sit next to her . He would ask `` Do you believe in the hereafter ? '' And she would reply `` Of course I do . '' He would then respond `` Then you know what I am here after , '' at which point she would whack him with her purse and he would fall off the bench . Referring to an only moderately popular candy made from caramel and walnuts , Tyrone would also frequently ask Gladys , `` How about a Walnetto ? '' To boost ratings in the third season Tyrone successfully courted Gladys which led to an on - air wedding on the March 16th 1970 episode during the spring ratings sweep . Tiny Tim as best man , Carol Channing as bridesmaid and ' Parson '' Henry Gibson officiating . Years after Laugh - In ended , the two characters were made into an animated Saturday - morning children 's show , Baggy Pants and the Nitwits with Tyrone as a helpful , muttering `` superhero . '' Arte and his brother , Cos , earned their Emmy Awards while working on Laugh - In. ( 1 ) Later work ( edit ) In 1972 , Johnson guest - starred in an episode of the Partridge Family as Nicholas Minsky Pushkin , in the episode My Heart Belongs to a Two Car Garage . In 1973 , Johnson guest - starred in an episode of the situation comedy A Touch of Grace . In 1974 , he appeared in the first season of the Detroit - produced children 's show Hot Fudge . He also appeared , for one week , as a celebrity guest panelist on the game show Match Game . In the late 1970s , he was a semi-regular celebrity guest panelist on The Gong Show . In 1976 , he played the animated cartoon character `` Misterjaw '' , a blue , German - accented shark ( with a bow tie and top hat ) , who liked to leap out of the water and shout `` HEEGotcha ! '' or `` Gotcha ! '' at unsuspecting folks on The Pink Panther Laugh - and - a-Half Hour - and - a-Half Show . He also voiced the character `` Rhubarb '' on The Houndcats . Also in 1976 , he appeared as a guest on Canadian TV show Celebrity Cooks with host Bruno Gerussi and a clip from his episode was featured in the opening credits until the show ended in 1987 . In September 1977 , Johnson appeared on an episode of the NBC daytime version of Wheel of Fortune as a substitute letter - turner , both to fill - in for an injured Susan Stafford , and to promote his short - lived NBC game show Knockout , which aired through early 1978 . Instead of being introduced by the show 's announcer , he would start the show with a small monologue , then the announcer would introduce the day 's contestants . In 1979 , he was cast as `` Renfield , '' the comic sidekick of George Hamilton 's Dracula in the surprise box office smash , Love At First Bite . The following year he appeared in the all - star television disaster movie Condominium . In 1985 , he voiced `` Weerd '' in The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo , and played a disgruntled employee denied severance pay in an episode of Airwolf . He also voiced several characters , such as : Dr. Ludwig Von Strangebuck and Count Ray on two episodes of Ducktales , Devil Smurf on The Smurfs , Top Cat and Lou on Yo Yogi ! , Newt on Animaniacs , and many other shows . In 1990 , Johnson appeared in an episode of Night Court . From 1991 to 1992 Johnson appeared in multiple episodes of General Hospital as Finian O'Toole . He has performed more than 80 audiobook readings , including Gary Shteyngart 's Absurdistan ( 2006 ) and Carl Hiaasen 's Bad Monkey . In 2005 , he appeared in the Justice League Unlimited episode The Ties That Bind as the voice of Virman Vundabar . Personal Life ( edit ) Johnson lives in Southern California with his wife , Gisela . He is a non-Hodgkins lymphoma survivor , having been diagnosed and successfully treated in 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Miracle in the Rain ( 1956 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Bewitched ( 1965 ) The Third Day ( 1965 ) That Funny Feeling ( 1965 ) The President 's Analyst ( 1967 ) P.J. ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( 1971 , TV ) Charge of the Model T 's ( 1977 ) Once Upon a Brothers Grimm ( 1977 , TV ) Fantasy Island ( 1977 , 1978 , TV ) Love At First Bite ( 1979 ) Condominium ( 1980 , TV ) The Love Tapes ( 1980 , TV ) Cannonball Run II ( 1984 ) Evil Spirits ( 1990 ) Evil Toons ( 1992 ) Munchie ( 1992 ) Justice League Unlimited ( 2005 , TV ) Biography portal Michigan portal Illinois portal New York portal California portal Comedy portal Film portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Arte Johnson biography '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weekly Variety , Jan. 20 , 1954 ; April 7 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` ' Old Faces of 2002 ' : Peter Marshall and Arte Johnson '' . USA Today . January 21 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Correspondent ( 1942 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Arte Johnson on IMDb Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Perry Como / Dinah Shore ( 1959 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1960 ) Fred Astaire ( 1961 ) Carol Burnett ( 1962 ) Carol Burnett ( 1963 ) Danny Kaye ( 1964 ) Art Carney ( 1967 ) Art Carney / Pat Paulsen ( 1968 ) Arte Johnson / Harvey Korman ( 1969 ) Harvey Korman ( 1971 ) Harvey Korman ( 1972 ) Tim Conway ( 1973 ) Harvey Korman / Brenda Vaccaro ( 1974 ) Jack Albertson / Cloris Leachman ( 1975 ) Chevy Chase / Vicki Lawrence ( 1976 ) Tim Conway / Rita Moreno ( 1977 ) Tim Conway / Gilda Radner ( 1978 ) Sarah Vaughan ( 1981 ) Nell Carter / André De Shields ( 1982 ) Leontyne Price ( 1983 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1984 ) George Hearn ( 1985 ) Whitney Houston ( 1986 ) Robin Williams ( 1987 ) Robin Williams ( 1988 ) Linda Ronstadt ( 1989 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1990 ) Billy Crystal ( 1991 ) Bette Midler ( 1992 ) Dana Carvey ( 1993 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1994 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1995 ) Tony Bennett ( 1996 ) Bette Midler ( 1997 ) Billy Crystal ( 1998 ) John Leguizamo ( 1999 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2000 ) Barbra Streisand ( 2001 ) Sting ( 2002 ) Wayne Brady ( 2003 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2004 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2005 ) Barry Manilow ( 2006 ) Tony Bennett ( 2007 ) Don Rickles ( 2008 ) Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) VIAF : 75117784 LCCN : n78098247 ISNI : 0000 0000 2193 1745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arte_Johnson&oldid=805688357 '' Categories : 1929 births Living people American male comedians American game show hosts American male television actors American male film actors American male voice actors Cancer survivors Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Benton Harbor , Michigan Male actors from Michigan University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign alumni Male actors from New York City Male actors from Los Angeles Comedians from California Comedians from New York City Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 00 : 29 . 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2,292
where was the movie i kill giants filmed at
I Kill Giants ( film )
i kill giants ( film )
I Kill Giants is a 2017 fantasy drama film directed by Anders Walter with a screenplay by Joe Kelly , based on Kelly and Ken Niimura 's graphic novel of the same name . The film stars Madison Wolfe , Imogen Poots , Sydney Wade , Rory Jackson and Zoe Saldana .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Barbara Thorson is a young , independent teenager who lives with her brother and supportive older sister , Karen . Barbara has created a fantasy world inspired by her love of Dungeons & Dragons and the career of former Phillies pitcher , Harry Coveleski . Believing that giants from other worlds are coming to attack her hometown , she spends her days creating weapons and traps to fend off the creatures . One day , Barbara meets Sophia , who just moved to the area from Leeds , England . Sophia expresses an interest in getting to know Barbara , but Barbara initially remains aloof . A confrontation between Barbara and a group of bullies led by Taylor is interrupted by Barbara being called by the school psychologist , Mrs. Mollé . Barbara leaves the ensuing meeting abruptly , declaring that their talk would just distract her from her preparations to battle a giant . Later , Barbara explains the mythology behind the giants to Sophie . She shows Sophia the baits and traps she created to lure and trap giants , and tells her about the magical warhammer , Coveleski , which she keeps in her handbag . She also tells Sophia about Harbingers , ghostly creatures that warn her when there is a nearby giant . After Barbara is given detention by the principal for insulting a teacher , she takes Sophie with her on her hunt for a giant . Sophia begins to doubt Barbara 's claims about the giants . When Mrs. Mollé learns about Barbara 's interest in baseball , she asks about it , causing Barbara to become lost in bad memories and to run home . In a daze , she is startled by Sophie and strikes her , causing Taylor and her friends - who witnessed it - to laugh . Though Barbara tries to apologize , Sophie runs off , upset . Later , Sophie is approached by Taylor who promises to tell her a secret about Barbara if Sophie will show them some of the `` freaky things '' Barbara does . Sophie agrees , leading Taylor and friends to the sanctuary , where they proceed to dismantle many of Barbara 's traps . Barbara interrupts and draws Coveleski , which turns out to be a small animal 's jawbone tied to a stick . Barbara is shocked at the state of her weapon , and is beaten by Taylor and her friends . Sophia takes Barbara to her home to recover . When Barbara wakes , she becomes very upset at being brought upstairs , and tells Sophie to slowly move away , before `` it '' sees her . Sophia looks into one of the bedrooms and drops a glass of water in shock before fleeing the house . Barbara visits Mrs. Mollé at her house looking for help , but grows uncomfortable upon being introduced to her family . After Barbara fails to go to school for several days , Sophie and Mrs. Mollé visit Barbara 's house . In the basement , Sophie discovers a recording of Barbara and her mother telling the story of Coveleski 's `` Giant Killer '' nickname . Sophia leaves and finds Barbara , telling her that all of the giants are in her head , and asks Barbara why she never told Sophie about her mother . Barbara angrily storms off . She is visited by Harbingers who taunt her , telling her that she is too weak to defeat a giant . Barbara heads to face the giant at an abandoned train yard . She hides in the trains , but is hunted by the giant . She eventually activates a train control station rigged to nearby electrical poles , which electrocutes it and sets fire to some of the train cars . Sophie arrives just as Barbara is leaving . The next day , Barbara humiliates Taylor by placing a skeleton in her locker . This worries Mrs. Mollé and Karen who proceed to look for Barbara . Barbara heads to her sanctuary upon discovering that she still ca n't use Coveleski , where she prays for the return of her weapon . As an unexpected storm bears down on the town , Mrs. Mollé confronts Barbara on her way to the sanctuary , telling her that Barbara 's mother is desperate to see her . Barbara ignores her . Upon arriving , she witnesses a scene of destruction . Sophia explains that Taylor wrecked the area as revenge for what Barbara did and that she tried to stop her . Suddenly , a giant appears out of the water . Barbara stands against it , and draws forth the restored Coveleski from her handbag , revealing a massive , glowing war hammer . She proceeds to defeat the titan with it , fueled by her wrath that it came for her mother . Laying injured upon the beach , the titan reveals that he came for Barbara , not her mother . Barbara is stunned , and demands that the titan `` finish it '' . The titan snatches her up , and draws her close to its head , so she can strike it down with Coveleski . As the titan falls back into the ocean , it brings Barbara with it . Sinking below the waves , she hears the voice of the titan telling her that every living thing must die . It says to run from death is to reject life , and that she must find joy in every moment while she can . Barbara swims back to the beach , where she reunites with Sophie . The next day , Barbara climbs upstairs to see her mother , who lies dying in her bed . They share heartfelt messages and Barbara apologizes for avoiding her . After the summer break , Barbara 's mother dies , but Barbara rekindles her relationships with Mrs. Mollé , Karen and Sophia . On the first night of school , she is awoken by the titan , who stands in the ocean , watching her . She says thank you and goes back to sleep . Cast ( edit ) Madison Wolfe as Barbara Thorson Imogen Poots as Karen Thorson Sydney Wade as Sophia Rory Jackson as Taylor Zoe Saldana as Mrs. Mollé Noel Clarke as Mr. Mollé Jennifer Ehle as Mrs. Thorson Ciara O'Callaghan as Theresa Tuzzo Production ( edit ) On March 23 , 2015 , it was announced that Joe Kelly and Ken Niimura 's graphic novel I Kill Giants was being adapted into a live - action feature film , for which Kelly would write the screenplay . Chris Columbus came on board to produce the film through his 1492 Pictures , along with Ocean Blue Entertainment , Man of Action Studios and XYZ Films . Treehouse would fully finance the film , while XYZ would handle the international sales . Anders Walter would make his feature film directing debut . On September 11 , 2015 , Zoe Saldana and Madison Wolfe joined the film , in which Wolfe would play Barbara , a young misfit girl battling both internal and external monsters in her life , while Saldana would play Mrs. Mollé , a school psychologist . Wolfe was cast in the film after a search through 500 actors . On September 10 , 2016 , Imogen Poots was confirmed to star in the film . Principal photography on the film began on September 27 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 79 % based on 42 reviews , and an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` I Kill Giants ' moody magical realism sometimes slips into the mundane , but impressive CGI and a powerhouse performance by Madison Wolfe pack an unexpected punch . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100 , based on 10 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I KILL GIANTS '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` I Kill Giants ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Kill Giants ( 2018 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' I Kill Giants ' Movie Gains Financing From Treehouse '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Zoe Saldana to Star in Graphic Novel Adaptation ' I Kill Giants ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Toronto : Imogen Poots Joins Zoe Saldana 's ' I Kill Giants ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelmini , David ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Comic Adaptation I Kill Giants Starring Zoe Saldana Begins Filming - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lachenal , Jessica ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` I Kill Giants Movie Begins Filming Today , Your Feels Better Get Ready for a Pounding '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Kill Giants ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Kill Giants Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) I Kill Giants on IMDb I Kill Giants at Rotten Tomatoes Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You , Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2017 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets Films directed by Anders Walter 9 meter ( 2012 ) Helium ( 2014 ) I Kill Giants ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Kill_Giants_(film)&oldid=843663792 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s thriller films American films American fantasy films American thriller films Films based on Image Comics Films produced by Chris Columbus 1492 Pictures films Giant monster films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Kill%20Giants%20%28film%29
2,293
how many employees does disney world in florida have
Walt Disney World Resort Cinderella Castle , the centerpiece of Magic Kingdom Industry Theme parks and resorts Founded October 1 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 10 - 01 ) Founders Walt and Roy Disney Headquarters Lake Buena Vista , Florida , U.S. Key people George Kalogridis ( President ) Number of employees 62,000 Parent Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products ( The Walt Disney Company ) Website Official website
62,000
Walt Disney World
walt disney world
Walt Disney World Resort Cinderella Castle , the centerpiece of Magic Kingdom Industry Theme parks and resorts Founded October 1 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 10 - 01 ) Founders Walt and Roy Disney Headquarters Lake Buena Vista , Florida , U.S. Key people George Kalogridis ( President ) Number of employees 62,000 Parent Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products ( The Walt Disney Company ) Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Water parks Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Other attractions Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Hotels Walt Disney World Resorts Coordinates : 28 ° 23 ′ 07 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 50 '' W  /  28.385233 ° N 81.563874 ° W  / 28.385233 ; - 81.563874 The Walt Disney World Resort , commonly known as Walt Disney World , or often just as Disney World , is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista , Florida , near Orlando and Kissimmee , Florida . Opened on October 1 , 1971 , the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products , a division of The Walt Disney Company . It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company . The property covers nearly 25,000 acres ( 39 sq mi ; 101 km ) , featuring four theme parks , two water parks , twenty - seven themed resort hotels , nine non-Disney hotels , several golf courses , a camping resort , and other entertainment venues , including the outdoor shopping center Disney Springs . Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 , the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s . `` The Florida Project '' , as it was known , was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of attractions . Walt Disney 's original plans also called for the inclusion of an `` Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow '' ( EPCOT ) , a planned community intended to serve as a test bed for new city living innovations . After extensive lobbying , the government of Florida created the Reedy Creek Improvement District , a special government district that essentially gave The Walt Disney Company the standard powers and autonomy of an incorporated city . Walt Disney died on December 15 , 1966 , during construction of the complex . Without Disney spearheading the construction , the company created a resort similar to Disneyland , abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community . Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex , in 1971 , followed by Epcot in 1982 , Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 1989 , and the most recent , Disney 's Animal Kingdom in 1998 . Today , Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world , with an average annual attendance of over 52 million . The resort is the flagship destination of Disney 's worldwide corporate enterprise , and has become a popular staple in American culture . Contents 1 History 1.1 Planning and construction 1.1. 1 Conception 1.1. 2 Roy Disney 's oversight of construction 1.2 Recent history 1.3 Timeline 1.4 Future expansion 2 Location 3 Attractions 3.1 Theme parks 3.2 Water parks 3.3 Other attractions 3.4 Golf and recreation 3.5 Former attractions 4 Resorts 4.1 On - site Disney resorts 4.2 On - site non-Disney hotels 4.3 Former resorts 4.4 Proposed resorts 4.5 Never - built resorts 4.6 Disney 's Magical Express 5 Attendance 6 Operations 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Employment 6.3 Corporate culture 6.4 Security 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Planning and construction ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Walt Disney ( left ) with his brother Roy O. Disney ( right ) and then - governor of Florida W. Haydon Burns ( center ) on November 15 , 1965 , publicly announcing the creation of Disney World . In 1959 , Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 . Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5 % of Disneyland 's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River , where 75 % of the population of the United States lived . Additionally , Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project . Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando , Florida -- one of many -- in November 1963 . After witnessing the well - developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida 's Turnpike into account , with McCoy Air Force Base ( later Orlando International Airport ) to the east , Disney selected a centrally - located site near Bay Lake . To avoid a burst of land speculation , Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) of land . In May 1965 , some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County . In addition , two large tracts totaling $1.5 million were sold , and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically - named companies such as the `` Ayefour Corporation '' , `` Latin - American Development and Management Corporation '' and the `` Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation '' . Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street , U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom . The smaller parcels of land acquired were called `` outs '' . They were 5 - acre ( 2 ha ) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors . Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land , which was mostly swamp at the time . Another issue was the mineral rights to the land , which were owned by Tufts University . Without the transfer of these rights , Tufts could come in at any time and demand the removal of buildings to obtain minerals . Eventually , Disney 's team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the mineral rights for $15,000 . Working strictly in secrecy , real estate agents unaware of their client 's identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties . The agents were careful not to reveal the extent of their intentions , and they were able to negotiate numerous land contracts with some including large tracts of land for as little as $100 an acre . With the understanding that the recording of the first deeds would trigger intense public scrutiny , Disney delayed the filing of paperwork until a large portion of the land was under contract . Early rumors and speculation about the land purchases assumed possible development by NASA in support of the nearby Kennedy Space Center , as well as references to other famous investors such as Ford , the Rockefellers , and Howard Hughes . An Orlando Sentinel news article published weeks later on May 20 , 1965 , acknowledged a popular rumor that Disney was building an `` East Coast '' version of Disneyland . However , the publication denied its accuracy based on an earlier interview with Disney at Kennedy Space Center , in which he claimed a $50 million investment was in the works for Disneyland , and that he had no interest in building a new park . In October 1965 , editor Emily Bavar from the Sentinel visited Disneyland during the park 's 10th - anniversary celebration . In an interview with Disney , she asked him if he was behind recent land purchases in Central Florida ; Bavar later described that Disney `` looked like I had thrown a bucket of water in his face '' before denying the story . His reaction , combined with other research obtained during her Anaheim visit , led Bavar to author a story on October 21 , 1965 , where she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida . Three days later after gathering more information from various sources , the Sentinel published another article headlined , `` We Say : ' Mystery Industry ' Is Disney '' . Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15 , 1965 , but in light of the Sentinel story , Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25 . His announcement called the new theme park `` the greatest attraction in the history of Florida '' . The official reveal was kept on the previously - planned November 15 date , and Disney joined Burns in Orlando for the event . Roy Disney 's oversight of construction ( edit ) Roy O. Disney inspecting design plans on - site in Florida . Walt Disney died from circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer on December 15 , 1966 , before his vision was realized . His brother and business partner , Roy O. Disney , postponed his retirement to oversee construction of the resort 's first phase . On February 2 , 1967 , Roy O. Disney held a press conference at the Park Theatres in Winter Park , Florida . The role of EPCOT was emphasized in the film that was played . After the film , it was explained that for Disney World , including EPCOT , to succeed , a special district would have to be formed : the Reedy Creek Improvement District with two cities inside it , Bay Lake and Reedy Creek , now Lake Buena Vista . In addition to the standard powers of an incorporated city , which include the issuance of tax - free bonds , the district would have immunity from any current or future county or state land - use laws . The only areas where the district had to submit to the county and state would be property taxes and elevator inspections . The legislation forming the district and the two cities was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. on May 12 , 1967 . The Supreme Court of Florida then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax - exempt bonds for public projects within the district , despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions . The district soon began construction of drainage canals , and Disney built the first roads and the Magic Kingdom . The Contemporary Resort Hotel and Polynesian Village were also completed in time for the park 's opening on October 1 , 1971 . The Palm and Magnolia golf courses near Magic Kingdom had opened a few weeks before , while Fort Wilderness opened a month later . 24 days after the park opened , Roy O. Disney dedicated the property and declared that it would be known as `` Walt Disney World '' in his brother 's honor . In his own words : `` Everyone has heard of Ford cars . But have they all heard of Henry Ford , who started it all ? Walt Disney World is in memory of the man who started it all , so people will know his name as long as Walt Disney World is here . '' After the dedication , Roy Disney asked Walt 's widow , Lillian , what she thought of Walt Disney World . According to biographer Bob Thomas , she responded , `` I think Walt would have approved . '' Roy Disney died at age 78 on December 20 , 1971 , less than three months after the property opened . Admission prices in 1971 were $3.50 for adults , $2.50 for juniors under age 18 , and one dollar for children under twelve . Recent history ( edit ) Much of Walt Disney 's plans for his Progress City were abandoned after his death and after the company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city . The concept evolved into the resort 's second theme park , EPCOT Center , which opened in 1982 ( renamed EPCOT in 1996 ) . While still emulating Walt Disney 's original idea of showcasing new technology , the park is closer to a world 's fair than a `` community of tomorrow '' . One of EPCOT 's main attractions is their world 's showcase which highlights 11 countries across the globe . Some of the urban planning concepts from the original idea of EPCOT would instead be integrated into the community of Celebration much later . The resort 's third theme park , Disney - MGM Studios ( renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2008 ) , opened in 1989 and is inspired by show business . The resort 's fourth theme park , Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened in 1998 . George Kalogridis was named president of the resort in December 2012 , replacing Meg Crofton , who had overseen the site since 2006 . On January 21 , 2016 , the resort 's management structure was changed , with general managers within a theme park being in charge of an area or land , instead of on a functional basis as previously . Theme parks have already had a vice-president overseeing them . Disney Springs and Disney Sports were also affected . Now hotel general managers manage a single hotel instead of some managing multiple hotels . On October 18 , 2017 , it was announced that resort visitors could bring dogs to Disney 's Yacht Club Resort , Disney Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside , Disney 's Art of Animation Resort and Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground . Timeline ( edit ) Some popular Disney characters ( from left to right ) : Goofy , Donald Duck , Mickey Mouse , and Minnie Mouse can be found throughout the resort . hide Year Event 1965 Walt Disney announces Florida Project 1966 Walt Disney dies of lung cancer at age 65 1967 Construction of Walt Disney World Resort begins 1971 Magic Kingdom Opened Palm and Magnolia Golf Courses Opened Disney 's Contemporary Resort Opened Disney 's Polynesian Resort Opened Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Opened Roy O. Disney dies at age 78 1972 Disney 's Village Resort opens 1973 The Golf Resort opens Discovery Island opens Walt Disney Village Marketplace opens 1976 Disney 's River Country opens 1980 Walt Disney World Conference Center opens 1982 EPCOT Center opens 1986 The Golf Resort is expanded and renamed The Disney Inn Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort opens Disney - MGM Studios opens Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon opens Pleasure Island opens Disney 's Yacht and Beach Club resorts open Walt Disney World Swan opens Walt Disney World Dolphin opens 1991 Disney 's Port Orleans Resort French Quarter opens Disney Vacation Club is launched Disney 's Old Key West Resort opens Disney 's Port Orleans Resort Riverside ( Dixie Landings ) opens Bonnet Creek Golf Club opens Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort and Disney 's All Star Music Resort opens Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens The Disney Inn is Shades of Green 1995 Disney 's Blizzard Beach opens Disney 's Wedding Pavilion opens Walt Disney World Speedway opens EPCOT Center is renamed Epcot Disney Institute opens Disney 's BoardWalk Inn and BoardWalk Villas open Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort opens Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex opens Downtown Disney West Side opens 1998 Disney 's Animal Kingdom opens DisneyQuest opens 1999 Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort opens Discovery Island closes Hurricane Floyd closes the resort for September 15 . 2000 The Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge opens Disney 's River Country closes September 11 attack causes all parks on property to evacuate early due to national safety concerns . 2002 Disney 's Beach Club Villas opens 2003 Disney 's Pop Century Resort opens Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa opens Hurricane Frances causes the second closure on both Sept. 4 and 5 . Hurricane Jeanne closes the resort for its third time on September 26 . 2007 Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas opens 2008 Disney - MGM Studios is renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2009 Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort opens Treehouse Villas opens 2011 Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort opens 2012 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Phase 1 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2013 The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens 2014 Phase 2 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2015 Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows opens Downtown Disney is expanded and renamed Disney Springs 2016 Disney Springs finishes construction Hurricane Matthew forced the resort to close for its fourth time on October 7 . 2017 Pandora -- The World of Avatar opens at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Hurricane Irma forced the resort to close for its fifth time on September 10 and 11 . Copper Creek Villas & Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens DisneyQuest closes permanently for the NBA experience 2018 Toy Story Land opens at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Future expansion ( edit ) The resort has a number of expansion projects planned or ongoing , including : Star Wars Hotel ( opening date to be announced ) Disney Riviera Resort an all new Disney resort opening fall 2019 Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in late fall of 2019 . A Tron themed ride at Magic Kingdom due to open in 2021 Expansion at Epcot including new attractions related to Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille due to open by the end of 2021 Disney Skyliner , a new gondola lift style transportation system . Select cabins will feature Disney characters on the exterior and will give guests the ability to travel to Epcot , Hollywood Studios and four Disney resorts : Art of Animation , Caribbean Beach , Pop Century , and the new Riviera Resort . Location ( edit ) Map of the resort as of May 2015 One of four arches welcoming guests to the resort . The Florida resort is not within Orlando city limits but is southwest of Downtown Orlando . Much of the resort is in southwestern Orange County , with the remainder in adjacent Osceola County . The property includes the cities of Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake which are governed by the Reedy Creek Improvement District . The site is accessible from Central Florida 's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B ( World Drive ) , 64B ( US 192 West ) , 65B ( Osceola Parkway West ) , 67B ( SR 536 West ) , and 68 ( SR 535 North ) , and Exit 8 on SR 429 , the Western Expressway . At its founding , the resort occupied approximately 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) . Portions of the property have since been sold or de-annexed , including land now occupied by the Disney - built community of Celebration . Now the resort occupies nearly 25,000 acres ( 39 sq mi ; 101 km ) . Attractions ( edit ) Further information : List of Walt Disney World Resort attractions Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom Spaceship Earth at Epcot The Chinese Theatre at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Tree of Life at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Theme parks ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , opened October 1 , 1971 Epcot , opened October 1 , 1982 Disney 's Hollywood Studios , opened May 1 , 1989 Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened April 22 , 1998 Water parks ( edit ) Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon , opened June 1 , 1989 Disney 's Blizzard Beach , opened April 1 , 1995 Other Attractions ( edit ) The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Walt Disney World Railroad Typhoon Lagoon , one of two waterparks at the resort View of Disney Springs Multiple resorts across Disney property offer a variety of spa treatments including Disney 's Grand Floridian and Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort Disney 's Boardwalk , located outside of their Boardwalk Inn , functions as an entertainment , dining , and shopping district . Epcot has annual festivals that run for limited amounts of time throughout the year like the Epcot Flower and Garden Festival , Epcot Festival of the Arts , and the Epcot Food and Wine Festival Disney does special ticketed events throughout the year including the Mickey 's Not So Scary Halloween Party , which usually runs late August through October , and Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party Disney Springs , opened March 22 , 1975 ( Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village , Disney Village Marketplace , and Downtown Disney ) Disney 's Wedding Pavilion , opened July 15 , 1995 ESPN Wide World of Sports , opened March 28 , 1997 Golf and recreation ( edit ) Disney 's property includes four golf courses . The three 18 - hole golf courses are Disney 's Palm ( 4.5 stars ) , Disney 's Magnolia ( 4 stars ) , and Disney 's Lake Buena Vista ( 4 stars ) . There is also a nine - hole walking course ( no electric carts allowed ) called Oak Trail , designed for young golfers . The Magnolia and Palm courses played home to the PGA Tour 's Children 's Miracle Network Hospitals Classic . Arnold Palmer Golf Management manages the Disney golf courses . Additionally , there are two themed miniature golf complexes , each with two courses , Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland . The two courses at Fantasia Gardens are Fantasia Garden and Fantasia Fairways . The Garden course is a traditional miniature - style course based on the `` Fantasia '' movies with musical holes , water fountains and characters . Fantasia Fairways is a traditional golf course on miniature scale having water hazards and sand traps . The two courses at Winter Summerland are Summer and Winter , both themed around Santa . Summer is the more challenging of the two 18 - hole courses . Former Attractions ( edit ) Discovery Island -- an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds . It opened on April 8 , 1974 , and closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney 's River Country -- the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort . It opened on June 20 , 1976 , and closed on November 2 , 2001 . Walt Disney World Speedway -- a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience . It opened November 28 , 1995 , and closed on August 9 , 2015 . DisneyQuest -- an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions . It opened June 19 , 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks . It closed on July 2 , 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience . La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil -- opened December 23 , 1998 , and closed after December 31 , 2017 . Resorts ( edit ) See also : Category : Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort Of the thirty - four resorts and hotels on the Walt Disney World property , twenty - eight are owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products . These are classified into four categories -- Deluxe , Moderate , Value , and Disney Vacation Club Villas -- and are located in one of five resort areas : the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Wide World of Sports , Animal Kingdom , or Disney Springs resort areas . While all of the Deluxe resort hotels have achieved an AAA Four Diamond rating , Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa is considered the highest tier flagship luxury resort on the Walt Disney World Resort complex . On - site Disney resorts ( edit ) Name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Resort Area Deluxe resorts Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge April 16 , 2001 African Wildlife preserve 1,307 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Resort November 19 , 1990 Newport Beach cottage 576 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Inn July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic and Ocean City 378 Disney 's Contemporary Resort October 1 , 1971 Modern 655 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa July 1 , 1988 Early 20th Century Florida 867 Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort October 1 , 1971 South Seas 492 Disney 's Wilderness Lodge May 28 , 1994 Pacific Northwest , National Park Service rustic 729 Disney 's Yacht Club Resort November 5 , 1990 Martha 's Vineyard Resort 621 Epcot Star Wars Hotel TBA Star Wars starship TBA Disney 's Hollywood Studios Moderate resorts Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort October 1 , 1988 Caribbean Islands 2,112 Epcot Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort August 1 , 1997 Mexico , American Southwest 1,915 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- French Quarter May 17 , 1991 New Orleans French Quarter 1,008 Disney Springs Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside February 2 , 1992 Antebellum South 2,048 Value resorts Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort January 15 , 1999 Disney films 1,920 Animal Kingdom Disney 's All - Star Music Resort November 22 , 1994 Music 1,604 Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort April 24 , 1994 Sports 1,920 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort May 31 , 2012 Disney and Pixar animated films 1,984 Wide World of Sports Disney 's Pop Century Resort December 14 , 2003 20th Century American pop culture 2,880 Disney Vacation Club Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort August 4 , 2009 Modern 428 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas August 15 , 2007 African safari lodge 708 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Villas July 1 , 2002 Newport resort 282 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Villas July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic City 530 Disney 's Old Key West Resort December 20 , 1991 Early 20th Century Key West 761 Disney Springs Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows April 1 , 2015 South Seas 380 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa May 17 , 2004 1880s Upstate New York resort 1,320 Disney Springs The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa October 23 , 2013 Early 20th Century Florida 147 Magic Kingdom Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge November 15 , 2000 Pacific Northwest 181 Copper Creek Villas and Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge July 17 , 2017 Pacific Northwest 184 Disney Riviera Resort Fall 2019 Riviera 300 Epcot Cabins and campgrounds Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground November 19 , 1971 Rustic Woods Camping 800 campsites 409 cabins Magic Kingdom Residential areas Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Fall 2011 Varies 450 homes Magic Kingdom The Grand Floridian Resort & Spa , Walt Disney World 's flagship resort Disney 's Polynesian Resort , a deluxe level resort Caribbean Beach Resort , the first moderate resort at Walt Disney World Fort Wilderness , Disney 's campground and cabin resort Disney 's All Star Movies Resort , one of five value resorts On - site non-Disney hotels ( edit ) Hotel name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Owner Area Best Western Lake Buena Vista Resort Hotel November 21 , 1972 None 325 Drury Hotels Hotel Plaza Boulevard , close to Disney Springs Doubletree Guest Suite Resort March 15 , 1987 229 Hilton Hotels Corporation Wyndham Lake Buena Vista October 15 , 1972 626 Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Hilton Walt Disney World November 23 , 1983 787 Hilton Hotels Corporation Holiday Inn in the Walt Disney World Resort February 8 , 1973 323 InterContinental Hotels Group B Resort October 1 , 1972 394 B Hotels & Resorts Buena Vista Palace Resort & Spa March 10 , 1983 1,014 Hilton Hotels Corporation Four Seasons Orlando at Walt Disney World Resort August 3 , 2014 450 Four Seasons Magic Kingdom Bonnet Creek Resort Various Various , 3,000 total Hilton Worldwide , Wyndham Worldwide Epcot Walt Disney World Dolphin June 1 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 1509 Sheraton Walt Disney World Swan January 13 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 756 Westin Shades of Green February 1 , 1994 Upscale Country Club 586 United States Department of Defense Magic Kingdom Shades of Green Resort , owned and operated by the United States Military The Walt Disney World Dolphin The Walt Disney World Swan The Hilton at Walt Disney World , located at Hotel Plaza Boulevard Former resorts ( edit ) The Golf Resort -- Became The Disney Inn , and later became Shades of Green . Disney 's Village Resort -- Became the Villas at Disney Institute and then Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa . The `` Tree House '' Villas were decommissioned for a time because they were not accessible to disabled guests . Until early 2008 , they were used for International Program Cast Member housing . In February 2008 , Disney submitted plans to the South Florida Water Management District to replace the 60 existing villas with 60 new villas . The Treehouse Villas opened during the summer of 2009 . Celebration -- a town designed and built by Disney , now managed by a resident - run association . Lake Buena Vista -- Disney originally intended this area to become a complete community with multiple residences , shopping , and offices , but transformed the original homes into hotel lodging in the 1970s , which were demolished in the early 2000s to build Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa ) Proposed resorts ( edit ) Star Wars Hotel -- planned to be built on the south side of Disney 's Hollywood Studios , just east of World Drive and just outside of the under - construction Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge land theme park planning to open in 2019 . Riveria Resort -- Disney 's 15th Vacation Club property , the 300 - unit resort is slated to open in the fall of 2019 , and will be served by the new Disney Skyliner gondola lift system . Never - built resorts ( edit ) Disney 's Asian Resort Disney 's Persian Resort Disney 's Venetian Resort Disney 's Mediterranean Resort Fort Wilderness Junction Disney 's Magical Express ( edit ) Main article : Disney 's Magical Express Guests with a Disney Resort reservation ( excluding the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin ) that arrive at Orlando International Airport can be transported to their resort from the airport using the complimentary Disney Magical Express service , which is operated by Mears Destination Services . Guests can also have their bags picked up and transported to their resort for them through a contract with BAGS Incorporated on participating airlines . Many resorts feature Airline Check - in counters for guests returning to the airport . Here their bags will be checked all the way through to their final destination and they can also have boarding passes printed for them . Some participating airlines are Delta , United , American , Jet Blue , Southwest and Alaska Airlines . Attendance ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , the world 's most visited theme park In 2014 , the resort 's four theme parks all ranked in the top 8 on the list of the 25 most visited theme parks in the world ; ( 1st ) Magic Kingdom - 19,332,000 visitors , ( 6th ) Epcot - 11,454,000 visitors , ( 7th ) Disney 's Animal Kingdom - 10,402,000 visitors , and ( 8th ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios - 10,312,000 visitors . Year Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Overall Ref . 2008 17,063,000 10,935,000 9,608,000 9,540,000 47,146,000 2009 17,233,000 10,990,000 9,700,000 9,590,000 47,513,000 16,972,000 10,825,000 9,603,000 9,686,000 47,086,000 2011 17,142,000 10,826,000 9,699,000 9,783,000 47,450,000 2012 17,536,000 11,063,000 9,912,000 9,998,000 48,509,000 2013 18,588,000 11,229,000 10,110,000 10,198,000 50,125,000 2014 19,332,000 11,454,000 10,312,000 10,402,000 51,500,000 2015 20,492,000 11,798,000 10,828,000 10,922,000 54,040,000 2016 20,395,000 11,712,000 10,776,000 10,844,000 53,727,000 2017 20,450,000 12,200,000 10,722,000 12,500,000 55,872,000 Total overall 1,347,096,000 Operations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transportation ( edit ) The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transport across the resort . The Walt Disney World Resort is serviced by Disney Transport , a complimentary mass transportation system allowing guest access across the property . The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transportation at Walt Disney World . Guests can aboard the monorail from select on property resorts including The Grand Floridian and The Polynesian . The system operates on three routes that interconnect at the Transportation and Ticket Center ( TTC ) , adjacent to the Magic Kingdom 's parking lot . A fleet of Disney - operated buses on property , branded Disney Transport , is also complimentary for guests . Disney Transport also operates a fleet of watercraft , ranging in size from water taxis , up to the ferries that connect the Magic Kingdom to the Transportation and Ticket Center . Disney Transport is also responsible for maintaining the fleet of parking lot trams that are used for shuttling visitors between the various theme park parking lots and their respective main entrances . A gondola lift system , dubbed Disney Skyliner , is under construction as of June 2018 . The system 's three lines will connect Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Epcot with four resort hotels . Completion is expected some time in 2019 . Walt Disney World previously had its own small airport : the Walt Disney World Airport which was also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport . During the early 1970s , scheduled passenger service was operated by Shawnee Airlines with small de Havilland Canada DHC - 6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops which had STOL ( short take off and landing ) capabilities on flights to Tampa and Orlando . The airport is no longer in operation . Employment ( edit ) When the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971 , the site employed about 5,500 `` cast members '' . Today , Walt Disney World employs more than 74,000 cast members , spending more than $1.2 billion on payroll and $474 million on benefits each year . The largest single - site employer in the United States , Walt Disney World has more than 3,700 job classifications . The resort also sponsors and operates the Walt Disney World College Program , an internship program that offers American college students ( CP 's ) the opportunity to live about 15 miles ( 24 km ) off - site in four Disney - owned apartment complexes and work at the resort , and thereby provides much of the theme park and resort `` front line '' cast members . There is also the Walt Disney World International College Program , an internship program that offers international college students ( ICP 's ) from all over the world the same opportunity . Corporate culture ( edit ) Walt Disney World 's corporate culture uses jargon based on theatrical terminology . For example , park visitors are always `` guests '' , employees are called `` cast members '' , rides are `` attractions '' or `` adventures '' , cast members costumed as famous Disney characters in a way that does not cover their faces are known as `` face characters '' , jobs are `` roles '' , and public and nonpublic areas are respectively labeled `` onstage '' and `` backstage '' . Security ( edit ) Disney 's security personnel are generally dressed in typical security guard uniforms , though some of the personnel are dressed as tourists in plain clothes . Since September 11 , 2001 , uniformed security has been stationed just outside each Disney park in Florida to search guests ' bags as they enter the parks . Disney Security Vehicle , picture taken July 2 , 2009 in front of Epcot The land where Walt Disney World resides is part of the Reedy Creek Improvement District ( RCID ) , a governing jurisdiction created in 1967 by the State of Florida at the request of Disney . RCID provides 911 services , fire , environmental protection , building code enforcement , utilities and road maintenance but does not provide law enforcement services . The approximately 800 security staff are instead considered employees of the Walt Disney Company . Arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies who patrol the roads . Disney security does maintain a fleet of security vans equipped with flares , traffic cones , and chalk commonly used by police officers . These security personnel are charged with traffic control by the RCID and may only issue personnel violation notices to Disney and RCID employees , not the general public . Despite the appearance of the uniformed security personnel , they are not considered a legal law enforcement agency . Disney and The Reedy Creek Improvement District were sued for access to Disney Security records by Bob and Kathy Sipkema following the death of their son at the resort in 1994 . The court characterized Disney security as a `` night watchman '' service not a law enforcement agency and was not subject to Florida 's open records laws . An appeals court later upheld the lower court 's ruling . In late 2015 , Disney confirmed the addition of randomized secondary screenings and dogs trained to detect body - worn explosives within parks , in addition to metal detectors at entrances . It has also increased the number of uniformed security personnel at Walt Disney World and Disneyland properties . Disney Security personnel in Florida have investigated traffic accidents and issued accident reports . The forms used by Disney Security may be confused with official , government forms by some . The Orange County Sheriff maintains an office on Disney property , but this is primarily to process guests accused of shoplifting by Disney security personnel . See also ( edit ) List of Disney theme park attractions List of Disney attractions that were never built Walt Disney World Company Walt Disney Travel Company Walt Disney World Hospitality and Recreation Corporation Disney College Program Incidents at Walt Disney World Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Walt Disney World Casting Center The Walt Disney World Explorer Walt Disney World International Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Telling , Gillian. `` 10 crazy things you never knew about Walt Disney World '' . Today . NBC . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney World Fun Facts '' . Walt Disney World News . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Popular Theme Parks in the World '' . uscitytraveler.com . US City Traveler . 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Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ; Palm , Matthew J. `` Cirque du Soleil 's ' La Nouba ' to close at Disney '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Floridian Construction Project '' . Laughing Place . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse Villas To Be Replaced By New Treehouses At Walt Disney World '' . Netcot.com . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Update on the Star Wars Immersive Resort Planned for Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` D23 EXPO 2017 : New Disney Riviera Resort hotel announced for Walt Disney World to connect to Disney Skyliner Inside the Magic '' . Inside the Magic. 2017 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Magic Kingdom Tops The List Of The 25 Most Visited Theme Parks In The World '' . dwtickets.com . OrlandoTastic . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2008 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2009 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2010 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2011 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2012 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association / AECOM. 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Judith ; Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Beth ; Cheu , Linda ; Elsea , Daniel ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Lock , Jodie ; Linford , Sarah ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Pincus , Jeff ; Robinett , John ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , Will ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris . `` TEA / AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index : The Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association ( TEA ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Bet ; Chen , Bryan ; Cheu , Linda ; Fischer , Lucia ; Hoffman , Marina ; Kondaurova , Olga ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Li , Shaojin ; Linford , Sarah ; Marling , George ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Robinett , John ; Rubin , Judith ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , William ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` TEA / AECOM 2016 Theme Index & Museum Index : Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2017 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Airlines ( International ) system timetable June 15 , 1972 timetableimages.com Jump up ^ Eastern Air Lines system timetable , Air Commuter Service section Sept. 6 , 1972 departedflights.com Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Grand Opening '' . www.thisdayindisneyhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Disney donates $1 million to help those affected by Orlando massacre '' . 7 News Miami . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Profile '' . Hospitality Online . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Rich ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Walt Disney 's Love of Trains Changed the World '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sehlinger , Bob ; Testa , Len ( 2014 ) . The Unofficial Guide to Walt Disney World 2014 . Birmingham , AL : Keen Communications . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781628090000 . ^ Jump up to : Mohney , Chris ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Irreverent Guide to Walt Disney World . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley Publishing , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 9780470089880 . Jump up ^ Foglesong , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . Yale University Press , . pp. 69,139 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09828 - 6 . Jump up ^ Southern Reporter . Second Series . Alabama . Supreme Court , Alabama . Court of Appeals , Florida . Supreme Court , Louisiana . Courts of Appeal , Louisiana . Supreme Court , Florida . District Court of Appeals , Mississippi . Supreme Court . West Pub. Co . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Pastor , James F. ( 2006 ) . Security Law and Methods . Butterworth - Heinemann , . pp. 505 -- 512 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7994 - 8 . Jump up ^ Louissant , Moise . `` The Walt Disney Company : A Case Study in Private Security Trends '' . Fast Guard Service . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ; Rochelle Schweizer ( 1998 ) . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed : Greed , Corruption , and Children at Risk . Regnery Publishing . pp. 65 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 387 - 4 . 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2,294
who ruled during the new kingdom ancient egypt
New Kingdom of Egypt
new kingdom of egypt
The New Kingdom of Egypt , also referred to as the Egyptian Empire , is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC , covering the Eighteenth , Nineteenth , and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt . Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC . The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period . It was Egypt 's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power .
The later part of this period , under the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties ( 1292 -- 1069 BC ) , is also known as the Ramesside period . It is named after the eleven Pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses I , the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty . Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period , the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt , and attained its greatest territorial extent . Similarly , in response to very successful 17th century attacks by the powerful Kingdom of Kush , the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far south into Nubia and hold wide territories in the Near East . Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern - day Syria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eighteenth Dynasty 2 Nineteenth Dynasty 3 Twentieth Dynasty 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Eighteenth Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Eighteenth Dynasty contained some of Egypt 's most famous Pharaohs , including Ahmose I , Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Amenhotep III , Akhenaten and Tutankhamun . Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt 's external trade by sending a commercial expedition to the land of Punt . Thutmose III ( `` the Napoleon of Egypt '' ) expanded Egypt 's army and wielded it with great success to consolidate the empire created by his predecessors . This resulted in a peak in Egypt 's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III . During the reign of Thutmose III ( c. 1479 -- 1425 BC ) , Pharaoh , originally referring to the king 's palace , became a form of address for the person who was king . One of the best - known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV , who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten , a representation of the Egyptian god , Ra . His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history 's first instance of monotheism . Akhenaten 's wife , Nefertiti , contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion . Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten . Akhenaten 's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history . Under his reign , in the 14th century BC , Egyptian art flourished and attained an unprecedented level of realism . ( See Amarna Period . ) Towards the end of the 18th Dynasty , the situation had changed radically . Aided by Akhenaten 's apparent lack of interest in international affairs , the Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Phoenicia and Canaan to become a major power in international politics -- a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with during the Nineteenth Dynasty . Nineteenth Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II ( `` the Great '' ) sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty . His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh , where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II . Ramesses was caught in history 's first recorded military ambush , although he was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin ( possibly mercenaries in the employ of Egypt ) . The outcome of the battle was undecided , with both sides claiming victory at their home front , and ultimately resulting in a peace treaty between the two nations . Egypt was able to obtain wealth and stability under Ramesses ' rule of over half a century . His immediate successors continued the military campaigns , although an increasingly troubled court -- which at one point put a usurper ( Amenmesse ) on the throne -- made it increasingly difficult for a pharaoh to effectively retain control of the territories . Ramesses II was also famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines ; the tomb he built for his sons , many of whom he outlived , in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt . Egyptian and Hittite Empires , around the time of the Battle of Kadesh . Twentieth Dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt The last `` great '' pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely considered to be Ramesses III , a Twentieth Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades after Ramesses II . In the eighth year of his reign the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt by land and sea . Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles ( the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta ) . He incorporated them as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan . Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states , such as Philistia , in this region after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire . He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt 's Western Delta in his sixth year and eleventh year respectively . The heavy cost of this warfare slowly drained Egypt 's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia . The severity of the difficulties is indicated by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during the 29th year of Ramesses III 's reign , when the food rations for Egypt 's favored and elite royal tomb - builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned . Air pollutants prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC . One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland but the dating of this remains disputed . Rameses III 's death was followed by years of bickering among his heirs . Three of his sons ascended the throne successively as Ramesses IV , Rameses VI and Rameses VIII . Egypt was increasingly beset by droughts , below - normal flooding of the Nile , famine , civil unrest and official corruption . The power of the last pharaoh of the dynasty , Ramesses XI , grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt , and Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Rameses XI 's death . Smendes eventually founded the Twenty - First dynasty at Tanis . Gallery ( edit ) This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images . Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged ; please improve or remove the section accordingly . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Relief of a Nobleman , c. 1295 -- 1070 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum Queen Ahmose - Nefertari Hatshepsut as a Sphinx . Daughter of Thutmose I , she ruled jointly as her stepson 's ( Thutmose III ) co-regent . She soon took the throne for herself , and declared herself pharaoh . Queen Hatshepsut 's Temple at Deir el - Bahari , was called Djeser - Djeseru , meaning the Holy of Holies , in ancient times . Thutmosis III , a military man and member of the Thutmosid royal line is commonly called the Napoleon of Egypt . His conquests of the Levant brought Egypt 's territories and influence to its greatest extent . Colossi of Memnon . Representing Amenhotep III , this statue sits outside Luxor . Tiye , born a commoner , became queen through her marriage to Amenhotep III . In the New Kingdom , women gained influence in court , and Tiye soon helped run affairs of state for both her husband and son during their reigns . Akhenaten , born Amenhotep IV , was the son of Queen Tiye . He rejected the old Egyptian religion and went about promoting the Aten as a supreme deity . Akhenaten Bust of Nefertiti . The wife of Akhenaten , she held position as co-regent with Akhenaten . She may also have ruled as pharaoh in her own right as she is one of few candidates for the identity of Pharaoh Neferneferuaten . Tutankhamun 's mask . King Tutankhamun , son of Akhenaten , restored Egypt to its former religion . Though he died young and was not considered significant in his own time , the 1922 discovery of his KV62 intact tomb by Howard Carter , made him relevant as a symbol of ancient Egypt in the modern world . Detail Temple of Rameses II Nefertari 's Temple at Abu Simbel Giant Ramses II Abu Simbel Temple of Ramesses II Abu Simbel King Tutanhkamun Guardian Statue See also ( edit ) History of ancient Egypt The Stonemason Ostracon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al. , Radiocarbon - Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt , Science 18 June 2010 : Vol. 328 , no . 5985 , pp. 1554 -- 1557 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 481 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya . `` Tomb reveals Ancient Egypt 's humiliating secret '' . The Times . London . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Redmount , Carol A. `` Bitter Lives : Israel in and out of Egypt . '' p. 89 - 90 . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Michael D. Coogan , ed . Oxford University Press . 1998 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2005 - 04 - 28 ) . Nefertiti : Egypt 's Sun Queen . Penguin UK . ISBN 9780141949796 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Susanna ( 2003 ) . Rameses II : Pharaoh of the New Kingdom . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9780823935970 . Jump up ^ Eric H. Cline and David O'Connor , eds . Ramesses III : The Life and Times of Egypt 's Last Hero ( University of Michigan Press ; 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicolas Grimal , A History of Ancient Egypt , Blackwell Books , 1992 . p. 271 Jump up ^ William F. Edgerton , `` The Strikes in Ramses III 's Twenty - Ninth Year '' , JNES 10 , no . 3 ( July 1951 ) , pp. 137 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Yurco , `` End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods : A Volcanic Cause , '' in Gold of Praise : Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente , ed : Emily Teeter & John Larson , ( SAOC 58 ) 1999 , pp. 456 - 458 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian New Kingdom . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Egyptian Empire . Middle East on the Matrix : Egypt , The New Kingdom -- Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the New Kingdom New Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Kingdom_of_Egypt&oldid=815297480 '' Categories : Former countries in Africa Former countries in Asia States and territories established in the 16th century BC States and territories disestablished in the 11th century BC New Kingdom of Egypt Former empires Former kingdoms 2nd millennium BC in Egypt 2nd - millennium BC establishments in Egypt 2nd - millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Former country articles requiring maintenance Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 00 : 43 . 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2,295
where is most of earths fresh water found
The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps .
in ice caps
Fresh water
fresh water
Fresh water ( or freshwater ) is naturally occurring water on Earth 's surface in ice sheets , ice caps , glaciers , icebergs , bogs , ponds , lakes , rivers and streams , and underground as groundwater . Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids . The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral - rich waters such as chalybeate springs .
Fresh water is not the same as potable water ( or drinking water ) : Much of the earth 's surface fresh water and groundwater is unsuitable for drinking without some form of treatment . This is because fresh water can be polluted by human activities or it may be contaminated due to naturally occurring processes . Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms . Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live . The term `` sweet water '' is used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Numerical definition 1.2 Systems 2 Sources 3 Water distribution 4 Aquatic organisms 5 Problems 5.1 Limited resource 5.2 Minimum streamflow 5.3 Water pollution 6 Human uses 6.1 Agriculture 6.2 Examples 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definitions ( edit ) Numerical definition ( edit ) Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million ( ppm ) of dissolved salts . Part of a series on Water salinity Salinity levels Fresh water ( 5 % ) Bodies of water Seawater Salt lake Hypersaline lake Salt pan Brine pool Bodies by salinity Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water , e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm . Systems ( edit ) Earth seen from Apollo 17 . The Antarctic ice sheet at the bottom of the photograph contains 61 % of the fresh water , or 1.7 % of the total water , on Earth . Visualisation of the distribution ( by volume ) of water on Earth . Each tiny cube ( such as the one representing biological water ) corresponds to approximately 1000 cubic km of water , with a mass of approximately 1 trillion tonnes ( 200000 times that of the Great Pyramid of Giza or 5 times that of Lake Kariba , arguably the heaviest man - made object ) . The entire block comprises 1 million tiny cubes . Water fountain found in a small Swiss village . They are used as a drinking water source for people and cattle . Almost every Alpine village has such a water source . Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems , which are the stillwaters including ponds , lakes , swamps and mires ; lotic , or running - water systems ; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers . There is , in addition , a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems , which is the hyporheic zone , which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel . It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water . The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps . Sources ( edit ) The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere , in the form of mist , rain and snow . Fresh water falling as mist , rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled . In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars , factories , trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry . In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers . In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain - bearing clouds . This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium , chloride , magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations . In desert areas , or areas with impoverished or dusty soils , rain - bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils . Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well - documented transfer of iron - rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand - storms in the Sahara in north Africa . Water distribution ( edit ) Main article : Water distribution on Earth Out of all the water on Earth , saline water in oceans , seas and saline groundwater make up about 97 % of it . Only 2.5 -- 2.75 % is fresh water , including 1.75 -- 2 % frozen in glaciers , ice and snow , 0.5 -- 0.75 % as fresh groundwater and soil moisture , and less than 0.01 % of it as surface water in lakes , swamps and rivers . Freshwater lakes contain about 87 % of this fresh surface water , including 29 % in the African Great Lakes , 22 % in Lake Baikal in Russia , 21 % in the North American Great Lakes , and 14 % in other lakes . Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers , most notably the Amazon River . The atmosphere contains 0.04 % water . In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface , fresh water derived from precipitation may , because of its lower density , overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers . Most of the world 's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets . Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water , such as deserts . Aquatic organisms ( edit ) Further information : Aquatic animal Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms . Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live . Some terrestrial mammals , especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree . Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms . This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes , whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted . Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles , while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney . Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity , diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies . During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities ; these processes are hormonally controlled . The eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) uses the hormone prolactin , while in salmon ( Salmo salar ) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process . Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted . Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion . Freshwater molluscs include freshwater snails and freshwater bivalves . Freshwater crustaceans include freshwater crabs , and others . Problems ( edit ) Limited resource ( edit ) Main article : Water scarcity Fresh water is a renewable and variable , but finite natural resource . Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle , in which water from seas , lakes , forests , land , rivers , and reservoirs evaporates , forms clouds , and returns as precipitation . Locally however , if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored , this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments . Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003 % of total water available globally . The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources availability of clean fresh water . The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components : water quality , water quantity or volume , and water timing . A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well . Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water . Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability ( or water scarcity ) . Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses , it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse . A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation , to overall health and the production of grain . Minimum streamflow ( edit ) An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow , especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations . Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems . The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down - stream ecosystems . Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose , excluding evaporation losses . Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream . Water pollution ( edit ) Main article : Water pollution Pollution from human activity , including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources . The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena , Argentina , on 15 January 1999 , polluting the environment , drinkable water , plants and animals . Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems . Human uses ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water . Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water . As a result , more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture . However , since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water , this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems . In Australia , over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33 % of the land area to be at risk of salination . With regards to agriculture , the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate . Examples ( edit ) With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner . Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution . Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water . As a guide the following tables provide some indicators . Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs ( per person ) Activity Minimum , litres / day Range / day Drinking Water 5 2 -- 5 Sanitation Services 20 20 -- 75 Bathing 15 5 -- 70 Cooking and Kitchen 10 10 -- 50 Table 2 . Water Requirements of different classes of livestock Animal Average / day Range / day Dairy cow 76 L ( 20 US gal ) 57 to 95 L ( 15 to 25 US gal ) Cow - calf pair 57 L ( 15 US gal ) 8 to 76 L ( 2 to 20 US gal ) Yearling cattle 38 L ( 10 US gal ) 23 to 53 L ( 6 to 14 US gal ) Horse 38 L ( 10 US gal ) 30 to 53 L ( 8 to 14 US gal ) Sheep 8 L ( 2 US gal ) 8 to 11 L ( 2 to 3 US gal ) Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs Crop Crop water needs mm / total growing period Sugar Cane 1500 -- 2500 Banana 1200 -- 2200 Citrus 900 -- 1200 Potato 500 -- 700 Tomato 400 -- 800 Barley / Oats / Wheat 450 -- 650 Cabbage 350 -- 500 Onions 350 -- 550 Pea 350 -- 500 See also ( edit ) African Great Lakes Aral Sea Desalination Drought Freshwater ecology Limnology List of countries by freshwater withdrawal List of countries by total renewable water resources Properties of water Water cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Groundwater Glossary '' . 27 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . June 2000 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Freshwater '' . Fishkeeping glossary . Practical Fishkeeping . Archived from the original on 11 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ USGS -- Earth 's water distribution Archived 29 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Ga.water.usgs.gov ( 11 December 2012 ) . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Where is Earth 's water ? Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Physicalgeography.net Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Physicalgeography.net . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleick , Peter ; et al. ( 1996 ) . Stephen H. Schneider , ed . Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Kidneys '' . 3 November 2002 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Kalujnaia , S. ; et . al. ( 2007 ) . `` Salinity adaptation and gene profiling analysis in the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) using microarray technology '' . Gen Comp Endocrinol . National Center for Biotechnology Information . 152 ( 2007 ) : 274 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ygcen. 2006.12. 025 . PMID 17324422 . Jump up ^ Bisal , G.A. ; Specker , J.L. ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` Cortisol stimulates hypo - osmoregulatory ability in Atlantic salmon , Salmo salar L '' . Journal of Fish Biology . Wiley . 39 ( 3 ) : 421 -- 432 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1991. tb04373. x . Jump up ^ Nitti , Gianfranco ( May 2011 ) . `` Water is not an infinite resource and the world is thirsty '' . The Italian Insider . Rome . p. 8 . Jump up ^ The World Bank , 2009 `` Water and Climate Change : Understanding the Risks and Making Climate - Smart Investment Decisions '' . pp. 19 -- 22 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrients in fresh water '' Jump up ^ `` Fresh Water in the Future '' Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Un.org ( 17 December 2010 ) . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Gleick ; Heather Cooley ; David Katz ( 2006 ) . The world 's water , 2006 -- 2007 : the biennial report on freshwater resources . Island Press . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 106 - 8 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Petroleomagdalena.com Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Petroleomagdalena.com ( 15 January 1999 ) . Retrieved on 29 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon L. , D.M. ( 2003 ) . `` Land cover change and water vapour flows : learning from Australia '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1440 ) : 1973 -- 1984 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2003.1381 . JSTOR 3558315 . PMC 1693281 . PMID 14728792 . Jump up ^ Reengaging in Agricultural Water Management : Challenges and Options , The World Bank , pp. 4 -- 5 , archived from the original on 5 January 2012 , retrieved 30 October 2011 Jump up ^ Water Aid . `` Water '' . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleick , Peter . `` Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Filley , S. `` How much does a cow need ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Natural Resource Management and Environmental Dept . `` Crops Need Water '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freshwater . The World Bank 's work and publications on water resources U.S. Geological Survey Fresh Water National Geographic ( hide ) Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources GND : 4058507 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresh_water&oldid=843629902 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Fresh water Hydrology Liquid water Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 46 . 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is nightmare before christmas a christmas movie or halloween movie
The Nightmare Before Christmas
the nightmare before christmas
The Nightmare Before Christmas Original theatrical release poster Directed by Henry Selick Produced by Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Screenplay by Caroline Thompson Story by Michael McDowell ( adaptation ) Based on Story and characters by Tim Burton Starring Danny Elfman Chris Sarandon Catherine O'Hara William Hickey Glenn Shadix Paul Reubens Ken Page Ed Ivory Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Pete Kozachik Edited by Stan Webb Production companies Touchstone Pictures Skellington Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date October 29 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 29 ) Running time 76 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $76.2 million The Nightmare Before Christmas ( also known as Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ) is a 1993 American stop - motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick , and produced and conceived by Tim Burton . It tells the story of Jack Skellington , the King of `` Halloween Town '' who stumbles through a portal to `` Christmas Town '' and decides to celebrate the holiday , with some dastardly and comical consequences . Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score , and provided the singing voice of Jack . The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon , Catherine O'Hara , William Hickey , Ken Page , Paul Reubens , and Glenn Shadix . The Nightmare Before Christmas originated in a poem written by Tim Burton in 1982 , while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation . With the success of Vincent in the same year , Burton began to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30 - minute television special to no avail . Over the years , Burton 's thoughts regularly returned to the project , and in 1990 , he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios . Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco ; Disney released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be `` too dark and scary for kids '' . The film was met with both critical and financial success , grossing over $76 million during its initial run . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , a first for an animated film . The film has since been reissued by Walt Disney Pictures , and was re-released annually in Disney Digital 3 - D from 2006 until 2009 , making it the first stop - motion animated feature to be entirely converted to 3D . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Possible sequel 8 Related media 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Halloween Town is a fantasy world filled with monsters , ghosts , ghouls , goblins , zombies , demons , mummies , vampires , werewolves , and witches Jack Skellington , the `` Pumpkin King '' and leader of the town , leads them in organizing the annual Halloween celebrations . However , privately Jack has grown weary of the same routine year after year , and wants something new . Wandering in the woods the morning after Halloween , he stumbles across seven trees containing doors leading to towns representing various holidays , and opens a portal to Christmas Town . Awed by the unfamiliar holiday , Jack returns to Halloween Town to show the residents his findings , but they fail to grasp the idea of Christmas and compare everything to their ideas of Halloween , although they do relate to one Christmas Town character ; a red lobster - like king who flies at night named `` Sandy Claws '' . Jack sequesters himself in his tower to study Christmas and find a way to rationally explain it , but can not . He ultimately decides that it 's unfair for Christmas Town alone to enjoy the holiday and announces that he and the citizens of Halloween Town will take over Christmas this year . Jack assigns the citizens of Halloween Town Christmas - themed jobs , including singing carols , making presents , and building a sleigh to be pulled by skeletal reindeer . Sally , a beautiful rag doll woman that is secretly in love with Jack , feels that their efforts will end in disaster , but Jack dismisses her and assigns her the task of sewing him a red coat to wear . He also tasks Lock , Shock and Barrel , a trio of mischievous trick - or - treating children , to abduct Santa Claus and bring him back to Halloween Town . Jack tells Santa he will be bringing Christmas to the world in his place this year . Jack orders the trio to keep Santa safe , but the children instead deliver Santa to Oogie Boogie , a gambling - addict bogeyman , who plots to play a game with Santa 's life at stake . Sally attempts to rescue Santa so he can stop Jack , but Oogie captures her as well . Jack departs to deliver presents to the world , but the Halloween - styled gifts terrify and attack the populace . As concerns over `` Santa 's '' behavior grows , the military takes action and shoot down Jack , causing him to crash in the cemetery . As Jack bemoans the disaster he has made of Christmas , he finds he enjoyed the experience nonetheless , reigniting his love of Halloween . Jack returns to Halloween Town and finds Oogie 's lair . Oogie tries to kill Jack , but Jack pulls apart the thread holding his cloth form together , revealing a massive pile of bugs that fall into Oogie 's cauldron and are killed . Jack apologizes to Santa for his actions , and Santa assures Jack that he can fix things and returns to Christmas Town . As Santa replaces the Halloween - style presents with genuine ones , the townspeople of Halloween Town celebrate Jack 's return . Santa then visits Halloween Town and brings them a snowfall for the residents to play with . In the graveyard , Jack and Sally declare their love for each other . Voice cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters Chris Sarandon , the speaking voice of Jack Skellington Catherine O'Hara , the voice of Sally Chris Sarandon ( speaking voice ) and Danny Elfman ( singing voice ) as Jack Skellington , a skeleton known as the `` Pumpkin King '' of Halloween Town . He owns a ghost dog named Zero , who has a small , glowing jack - o ' - lantern nose . Danny Elfman also voices Barrel , one of the trick - or - treaters working for Oogie Boogie . Elfman was initially cast as Jack 's singing voice and , after the songs were recorded , Sarandon was cast to match Elfman 's voice style . Catherine O'Hara as Sally , a rag doll - like creation of Finklestein , and the growing love interest of Jack . She is an amateur toxicologist that uses various types of poison to liberate herself from the captivity of Finklestein . She 's also psychic and has premonitions when anything bad is about to happen . O'Hara also voices Shock , one of the trick - or - treaters working for Oogie Boogie . She had previously co-starred in Burton 's Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) . William Hickey as Doctor Finklestein , a mad scientist , and the `` father '' of Sally . He is listed in the credits only as `` Evil Scientist '' and is only mentioned by name once in the film . Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloween Town , an enthusiastic leader who conducts town meetings . His wild mood swings from happy to distraught cause his head to spin between a `` happy '' and `` sad '' face ; where some career politicians are figuratively two - faced , the Mayor is literally so . Burton and Shadix previously worked on Beetlejuice . Ken Page as Oogie Boogie , a villainous bogeyman in Halloween Town , who has a passion for gambling . Ed Ivory as Santa Claus , the leader of Christmas Town . Santa Claus is responsible for the annual celebration of Christmas , at which time he delivers presents to children around the world . Ivory also does the brief narration at the start of the film . Paul Reubens as Lock , one of the trick - or - treaters working for Oogie Boogie . Reubens and Burton previously worked on Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) and Batman Returns ( 1992 ) . The cast also features Kerry Katz , Carmen Twillie , Randy Crenshaw , Debi Durst , Glenn Walters , Sherwood Ball , and Greg Proops voicing various characters . Patrick Stewart recorded narration for a prologue and epilogue . While not used in the final scene of the film , the narration is included on the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) As writer Tim Burton 's upbringing in Burbank , California was associated with the feeling of solitude , the filmmaker was largely fascinated by holidays during his childhood . `` Anytime there was Christmas or Halloween , ( ... ) it was great . It gave you some sort of texture all of a sudden that was n't there before '' , Burton would later recall . After completing his short film Vincent in 1982 , Burton , who was then employed at Walt Disney Feature Animation , wrote a three - page poem titled The Nightmare Before Christmas , drawing inspiration from television specials of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! and the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas . Burton intended to adapt the poem into a television special with the narration spoken by his favorite actor , Vincent Price , but also considered other options such as a children 's book . He created concept art and storyboards for the project in collaboration with Rick Heinrichs , who also sculpted character models ; Burton later showed his and Heinrichs ' works - in - progress to Henry Selick , also a Disney animator at the time . After the success of Vincent in 1982 , Disney started to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30 - minute holiday television special . However , the project 's development eventually stalled , as its tone seemed `` too weird '' to the company . As Disney was unable to `` offer his nocturnal loners enough scope '' , Burton was fired from the studio in 1984 , and went on to direct the commercially successful films , Beetlejuice and Batman . Director Henry Selick ( left ) and producer Tim Burton ( right ) on the Nightmare Before Christmas set . Over the years , Burton regularly thought about the project . In 1990 , Burton found out that Disney still owned the film rights . He and Selick committed to produce a full - length film with the latter as director . Burton 's own success in live - action films piqued the interest of Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg , who saw the film as an opportunity of continuing the studio 's streak of recent success in feature animation . Disney was looking forward to Nightmare `` to show capabilities of technical and storytelling achievements that were present in Who Framed Roger Rabbit . '' Walt Disney Pictures president David Hoberman , believed the film would prove to be a creative achievement for Disney 's image , elaborating `` we can think outside the envelope . We can do different and unusual things . '' Nightmare marked Burton 's third film in a row to have a Christmas setting . Burton could not direct because of his commitment to Batman Returns and he did not want to be involved with `` the painstakingly slow process of stop motion '' . To adapt his poem into a screenplay , Burton approached Michael McDowell , his collaborator on Beetlejuice . McDowell and Burton experienced creative differences , which convinced Burton to make the film as a musical with lyrics and compositions by frequent collaborator Danny Elfman . Elfman and Burton created a rough storyline and two - thirds of the film 's songs . Elfman found writing Nightmare 's eleven songs as `` one of the easiest jobs I 've ever had . I had a lot in common with Jack Skellington . '' Caroline Thompson still had yet to be hired to write the screenplay . With Thompson 's screenplay , Selick stated , `` there are very few lines of dialogue that are Caroline 's . She became busy on other films and we were constantly rewriting , re-configuring and developing the film visually . '' Filming ( edit ) Selick and his team of animators began production in July 1991 in San Francisco , California with a crew of over 120 workers , utilizing 20 sound stages for filming . Joe Ranft was hired from Disney as a storyboard supervisor , while Eric Leighton was hired to supervise animation . At the peak of production , 20 individual stages were simultaneously being used for filming . In total , there were 109,440 frames taken for the film . The work of Ray Harryhausen , Ladislas Starevich , Edward Gorey , Étienne Delessert , Gahan Wilson , Charles Addams , Jan Lenica , Francis Bacon , and Wassily Kandinsky influenced the filmmakers . Selick described the production design as akin to a pop - up book . In addition , Selick stated , `` When we reach Halloween Town , it 's entirely German Expressionism . When Jack enters Christmas Town , it 's an outrageous Dr. Seuss-esque setpiece . Finally , when Jack is delivering presents in the ' Real World ' , everything is plain , simple and perfectly aligned . '' Vincent Price , Don Ameche , and James Earl Jones were considered to provide the narration for the film 's prologue ; however , all proved difficult to cast , and the producers instead hired local voice artist , Ed Ivory . Patrick Stewart provided the prologue narration for the film 's soundtrack . On the direction of the film , Selick reflected , `` It 's as though he ( Burton ) laid the egg , and I sat on it and hatched it . He was n't involved in a hands - on way , but his hand is in it . It was my job to make it look like ' a Tim Burton film ' , which is not so different from my own films . '' When asked on Burton 's involvement , Selick claimed , `` I do n't want to take away from Tim , but he was not in San Francisco when we made it . He came up five times over two years , and spent no more than eight or ten days in total . '' Walt Disney Feature Animation contributed with some use of second - layering traditional animation . Burton found production somewhat difficult because he was directing Batman Returns and in pre-production of Ed Wood . The filmmakers constructed 227 puppets to represent the characters in the movie , with Jack Skellington having `` around four hundred heads '' , allowing the expression of every possible emotion . Sally 's mouth movements `` were animated through the replacement method . During the animation process , ( ... ) only Sally 's face ' mask ' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long , red hair . Sally had ten types of faces , each made with a series of eleven expressions ( e.g. eyes open and closed , and various facial poses ) and synchronized mouth movements . '' The stop motion figurine of Jack was reused in James and the Giant Peach ( also directed by Selick ) as Captain Jack . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main articles : The Nightmare Before Christmas ( soundtrack ) and Nightmare Revisited The film 's soundtrack album was released in 1993 on Walt Disney Records . For the film 's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3 - D , a special edition of the soundtrack was released , featuring a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film 's songs by Fall Out Boy , Panic ! at the Disco , Marilyn Manson , Fiona Apple , and She Wants Revenge . Four original demo tracks by Elfman were also included . On September 30 , 2008 , Disney released the cover album Nightmare Revisited , featuring artists such as Amy Lee , Flyleaf , Korn , Rise Against , Plain White T 's , The All - American Rejects , and many more . American gothic rock band London After Midnight featured a cover of `` Sally 's Song '' on their 1998 album Oddities . LiLi Roquelin did a French cover of `` Sally 's Song '' which was released on her album Will you hate the rest of the world or will you renew your life ? in 2010 . Pentatonix released a cover of `` Making Christmas '' for their 2018 Christmas album Christmas Is Here ! . Another soundtrack released in 2003 was the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday CD . Although most were not original songs from the movie , one song provided on the CD is a medley of `` Making Christmas '' , `` What 's This ? '' , and `` Kidnap the Sandy Claws '' . Other songs included are original holiday songs changed to incorporate the theme of the movie . The last song on the list , however , is the soundtrack for the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday ride . Release ( edit ) Disney decided to release the film under its adult film label Touchstone Pictures because they thought the film would be `` too dark and scary for kids '' , Selick remembered . `` Their biggest fear , and why it was kind of a stepchild project , ( was ) they were afraid of their core audience hating the film and not coming . '' To convey Burton 's involvement and attract a wider audience , Disney marketed the film as Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas . Burton explained that , `` ... it turned more into more of a brand - name thing , it turned into something else , which I 'm not quite sure about . '' The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 9 , and was given a limited release on October 15 , 1993 , before its wide theatrical release on October 22 . The Nightmare Before Christmas was reissued under the Walt Disney Pictures label and re-released on October 20 , 2006 , with conversion to Disney Digital 3 - D. Industrial Light & Magic assisted in the process . The film subsequently received annually releases in October 2007 and 2008 . The El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California has been showing the film in 4 - D screenings annually in October , ending on Halloween , since 2010 . The reissues have led to a reemergence of 3 - D films and advances in RealD Cinema . Home media ( edit ) With years of successful home video sales , Nightmare later achieved the ranks of a cult film . Touchstone Home Video first released the film on VHS on September 30 , 1994 , and on DVD on December 2 , 1997 . The DVD release contained no special features . Nightmare was released a second time on October 3 , 2000 as a special edition . The release included an audio commentary by Selick and cinematographer Pete Kozachik , a 28 - minute making - of documentary , a gallery of concept art , storyboards , test footage and deleted scenes . Burton 's Vincent and Frankenweenie were also included . Both DVDs were non-anamorphic widescreen releases . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on DVD again ( this time with an anamorphic transfer ) and on Blu - ray Disc ( for the first time ) on August 26 , 2008 as a two - disc digitally remastered `` collector 's edition '' , but still containing the same special features . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Nightmare Before Christmas on Blu - ray 3D on August 30 , 2011 . The release included a Blu - ray 3D disc , Blu - ray Disc and a DVD that includes both a DVD and digital copy of the film . Marketing ( edit ) Disney has undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media . Since 2001 , Disneyland has held a seasonal Nightmare Before Christmas theme for its Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction . The attraction , an overlay of the park 's Haunted Mansion , features characters , decorations and music from the film . In addition to Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party and Mickey 's Halloween Party featuring the film 's characters , Jack Skellington , Sally , Pajama Jack , and the Mayor have been made into Bendies figures , while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art . Moreover , Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume . A Jack Skellington figurine is available for the Disney Infinity video game , allowing the character to be playable in the game 's `` Toy Box Mode '' . Jack is also the titular character in the short story `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's Story '' , and also appeared in HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks at Magic Kingdom ( where the host is Ghost Host ) and Disneyland ( where the host is Jack itself ) . Nightmare has inspired video game spin - offs , including Oogie 's Revenge and The Pumpkin King , and is among the many Disney - owned franchises that contribute to the mythology of the Kingdom Hearts series . A trading card game is also available . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Around the release of the film , Disney executive David Hoberman was quoted , `` I hope Nightmare goes out and makes a fortune . If it does , great . If it does n't , that does n't negate the validity of the process . The budget was less than any Disney blockbuster so it does n't have to earn Aladdin - sized grosses to satisfy us . '' The film earned $50 million in the United States on its first theatrical run . and was regarded as a moderate `` sleeper hit '' . The Nightmare Before Christmas made a further $8.7 million in box office gross in its 2006 reissue . The 2007 and 2008 reissues earned $14.5 million and $1.1 million , respectively , increasing the film 's total box office gross to $75 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film initially received positive reviews from critics ; it has since gone on to receive widespread critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 95 % , based on 88 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` The Nightmare Before Christmas is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop - motion animation . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Roger Ebert gave a highly positive review for Nightmare . Ebert believed the film 's visual effects were as revolutionary as Star Wars , taking into account that Nightmare was `` filled with imagination that carries us into a new world '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it a restoration of `` originality and daring to the Halloween genre . This dazzling mix of fun and fright also explodes the notion that animation is kid stuff. ... It 's 74 minutes of timeless movie magic . '' James Berardinelli stated `` The Nightmare Before Christmas has something to offer just about everyone . For the kids , it 's a fantasy celebrating two holidays . For the adults , it 's an opportunity to experience some light entertainment while marveling at how adept Hollywood has become at these techniques . There are songs , laughs , and a little romance . In short , The Nightmare Before Christmas does what it intends to : entertain . '' Desson Thomson of The Washington Post enjoyed stylistic features in common with Oscar Wilde , German Expressionism , the Brothers Grimm and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! on the film , writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max , the Grinch 's dog . Philip Nel writes that the film `` challenges the wisdom of adults through its trickster characters '' , contrasting Jack as a `` good trickster '' with Oogie Boogie , whom he also compares with Dr. Seuss ' Dr. Terwilliker as a bad trickster . Entertainment Weekly reports that fan reception of these characters borders on obsession , profiling Laurie and Myk Rudnick , a couple whose `` degree of obsession with ( the ) film is so great that ... they named their son after the real - life person that a character in the film is based on . '' This enthusiasm for the characters has also been profiled as having spread beyond North America to Japan . Yvonne Tasker notes `` the complex characterization seen in The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Danny Elfman was worried the characterization of Oogie Boogie would be considered racist by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) . Elfman 's predictions came true ; however , director Henry Selick stated the character was inspired by the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain . `` Cab Calloway would dance his inimitable jazz dance and sing ' Minnie the Moocher ' or ' Old Man of the Mountain ' , and they would rotoscope him , trace him , turn him into a cartoon character , often transforming him into an animal , like a walrus , '' Selick continued . `` I think those are some of the most inventive moments in cartoon history , in no way racist , even though he was sometimes a villain . We went with Ken Page , who is a black singer , and he had no problem with it '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Nightmare won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film , while Elfman won Best Music . Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work . Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . Most recently , the film ranked # 1 on Rotten Tomatoes ' `` Top 25 Best Christmas Movies '' list . Possible sequel ( edit ) In 2001 , Disney began to consider producing a sequel , but rather than using stop motion , Disney wanted to use computer animation . Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea . `` I was always very protective of Nightmare not to do sequels or things of that kind , '' Burton explained . `` You know , ' Jack visits Thanksgiving world ' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it ... Because it 's a mass - market kind of thing , it was important to kind of keep that purity of it . '' The 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge did serve as a sequel of the film , with Capcom 's crew of developers going after Burton for advice , and having the collaboration of the film 's art director , Deane Taylor . In 2009 , Selick said he would do a film sequel if he and Burton could create a good story for it . Related media ( edit ) A collectible card game based on the film called The Nightmare Before Christmas TCG was released in 2005 by NECA . The game was designed by Quixotic Games founder Andrew Parks and Kez Shlasnger . It consists of a Premiere set and 4 Starter Decks based on four characters , Jack Skellington , the Mayor , Oogie Boogie , and Doctor Finklestein . Each Starter Deck contains a rule book , a Pumpkin King card , a Pumpkin Points card , and a 48 - card deck . The game has four card types : Characters , Locales , Creations , and Surprises . The Cards ' rarities are separated into four categories : Common , Uncommon , Rare , Ultra Rare . Quixotic Games also developed The Nightmare Before Christmas Party Game that was released in 2007 by NECA . A collector 's edition The Nightmare Before Christmas - themed Jenga game was issued with orange , purple and black blocks with Jack Skellington heads on them . The set comes in a coffin - shaped box instead of the normal rectangular box . A 168 - card Munchkin Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas - themed Munchkin was developed by USAopoly featuring the citizens of Halloween Town such as Jack Skellington , Oogie Boogie , Doctor Finklestein , and Lock , Shock and Barrel . The game comes with a custom die similar to the ones used by Oogie Boogie in the film . A live concert , produced by Disney Concerts , was held at the Hollywood Bowl in October 2015 , and was followed by subsequent performances in 2016 and 2018 . The shows featured Elfman , O'Hara , and Page reprising their roles from the film . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Animation portal Film portal List of ghost films Notes ( edit ) ^ The Nightmare Before Christmas was reissued as a Walt Disney Pictures release in 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 18 , 1994 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Salisbury , Tim Burton ( 2006 ) . Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 121 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Turns 20 : From Shameful Spawn To Disney 's Pride '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Marlow ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Henry Selick on Directing ' The Nightmare Before Christmas ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Tim ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sarandon remains proud of ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' as film classic turns 20 '' . Strictly Cinema . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Blaise ( October 10 , 1993 ) . `` The Concept : Jack - o ' - Santa : Tim Burton 's new movie for Disney is n't exactly a steal - Christmas - kind - of - thing . It 's more like a borrow - it - and - give - it - a-weird - twist - kind - of - thing '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tim Burton , Henry Selick , The Making of Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas , 2000 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Carr , Jay ( October 17 , 1993 ) . `` Tim Burton 's Big Adventure '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Thompson , Frank T. ( October 14 , 1993 ) . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Film , The Art , The Vision . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786880669 . OCLC 28294626 . ^ Jump up to : Avins , Mimi ( November 1993 ) . `` Ghoul World '' . Premiere : pp. 24 -- 30 . Retrieved on September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Director Henry Selick Interview -- The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . About.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury , Burton , p. 115 -- 120 ^ Jump up to : Broeske , Pat H. ( January 20 , 1991 ) . `` Dusting Off Burton '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Blaise ( October 10 , 1993 ) . `` The Concept : Jack - o ' - Santa : Tim Burton 's new movie for Disney is n't exactly a steal - Christmas - kind - of - thing . It 's more like a borrow - it - and - give - it - a-weird - twist - kind - of - thing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korkis , Jim ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Making of Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas - Part One '' . Mouse Planet.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BV toons up down under '' . Variety . February 18 , 1993 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : David Helpern ( December 1994 ) . `` Animated Dreams '' , Sight & Sound , pp. 33 -- 37 . Retrieved on September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jones , Bill ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` He Kept His Nightmare Alive '' . The Phoenix Gazette . ^ Jump up to : Scott Collura ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas 3 - D : 13 Years and Three Dimensions Later '' . IGN . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmare : Truly the Stuff of Dreams '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly ( 53 ) . EGM Media , LLC . December 1993 . p. 357 . Jump up ^ Henry Selick , Pete Kozachik , DVD audio commentary , 2000 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Jump up ^ Richard Rickitt , Special Effects : The History and Technique ( Watson - Guptill , 2000 ) , 159 - 160 . Jump up ^ Maureen Furniss , Art in motion : animation aesthetics ( 1998 ) , 168 . Jump up ^ James Montgomery ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` Fall Out Boy , Panic , Marilyn Manson Add To New ' Nightmare Before Christmas ' Soundtrack '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas 3 - D : 13 Years and Three Dimensions Later '' . IGN . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Evan Prook ( August 18 , 1993 ) . `` Christmas comes to N.Y. Film Fest '' . Variety . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas '' , Releases , Box Office Mojo , Retrieved September 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's ' The Nightmare Before Christmas ' To Use 4D in Special Event '' . Geeksofdoom.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cam Shea ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Real D: The Future of Cinema '' . IGN . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ; Larry Carroll ( October 20 , 2006 ) . `` How Burton 's Fever Dream Spawned Nightmare Before Christmas '' . MTV . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( Special Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 2 - Disc Collector 's Edition + Digital Copy ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( Blu - ray ) + Digital Copy ( 1993 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Nightmare Before Christmas - 3D ' Dated and Detailed for Blu - ray 3D ! '' . highdefdigest.com . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh , `` Haunted Parks '' , Newsweek 144.16 ( October 18 , 2004 ) : 73 . Jump up ^ Frederick J. Augustyn , Dictionary of Toys and Games in American Popular Culture ( Haworth Press , 2004 ) , 18 . Jump up ^ `` New Disney Fine Art : Tim Burton 's Nightmare Before Christmas Limited Edition by Artist Jim Salvati , '' TechWhack ( November 3 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ For an image of a Sally costume , see Bobwilson , `` Halloween gives teens a chance to scare , be silly , '' Lubbock Avalanche - Journal ( October 31 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Disney Infinity : Jack Skellington '' . Disney . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ tk , `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Jack 's story '' , Disney Scary Storybook Collection ( New York : Disney Press , 2003 . ) , 5 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas in 3 - D ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( April 11 , 2001 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . ReelViews . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Desson Thomson ( October 22 , 1993 ) . `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Morrison , Trajectories of the Fantastic : Selected Essays from the Fourteenth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1997 ) , 154 . Jump up ^ Philip Nel , Dr. Seuss : American Icon ( Continuum International Publishing Group , 2004 ) , 95 . Jump up ^ `` Obsessive Fans of the Week ! '' in Entertainment Weekly 909 ( 12 / 1 / 2006 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Jones , The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror ( Carroll & Graf Publishers , 2002 ) , 75 . Jump up ^ Yvonne Tasker , Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers ( Routledge , 2002 ) , 76 . Jump up ^ Ken Hanke ( 1999 ) . `` Burtonland '' . Tim Burton : An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 137 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58063 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) : Rank 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fred Topel ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Director Henry Selick Interview -- The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . About.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CYNAMATIC : EXCLUSIVE : Masato Yoshino Gets Oogie 's Revenge '' . MovieWeb . October 7 , 2005 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : Oogie 's Revenge -- Deane Taylor Interview '' . TeamXbox . September 19 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Otto , Jack ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` How possible is a sequel to Nightmare Before Christmas ? '' . Blastr . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Quixotic Games - About Quixotic '' . quixoticgames.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quixotic Games - Ludography '' . quixoticgames.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nightmare Before Christmas Jenga '' . craziestgadgets.com . Jump up ^ `` Munchkin ® The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . worldofmunchkin.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MUNCHKIN : Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas '' . usaopoly.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Nightmare Before Christmas ' Getting 25th Anniversary Concert at Hollywood Bowl '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Frank Thompson ( July 2002 ) . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas : The Film , the Art and the Vision ( Paperback ) . Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 5378 - 6 . Jun Asaga ( July 2002 ) . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas ( Paperback ) . Disney Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 3849 - 3 . Manga adaptation of the film . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Nightmare Before Christmas . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Nightmare Before Christmas Official website The Nightmare Before Christmas on IMDb The Nightmare Before Christmas at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Nightmare Before Christmas at AllMovie The Nightmare Before Christmas at Box Office Mojo The Nightmare Before Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes The Nightmare Before Christmas at The Tim Burton Collective John Scalzi ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Why Tim Burton 's Recurring Nightmare Remains So Popular '' . AMC . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Nightmare Before Christmas Behind The Scenes A time lapse of the stop - motion animation process . Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Films directed by Henry Selick The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Moongirl ( 2005 ) Coraline ( 2009 ) The Shadow King ( TBA ) Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1983 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) Disneytoon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Jennifer Lee Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Disneytoon Studios ( defunct ) Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Disney Christmas films Theatrical shorts Empty Socks ( 1927 ) Mickey 's Orphans ( 1931 ) Santa 's Workshop ( 1932 ) Mickey 's Good Deed ( 1932 ) The Night Before Christmas ( 1933 ) Broken Toys ( 1935 ) Toy Tinkers ( 1949 ) Pluto 's Christmas Tree ( 1952 ) The Small One ( 1978 ) Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( 2017 ) Theatrical features Babes in Toyland ( 1961 ) One Magic Christmas ( 1985 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) The Santa Clause ( 1994 ) I 'll Be Home for Christmas ( 1998 ) The Santa Clause 2 ( 2002 ) The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause ( 2006 ) Disney 's A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Direct - to - video Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Winnie the Pooh : A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Santa Buddies ( 2009 ) The Search for Santa Paws ( 2010 ) Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups ( 2012 ) Made for TV Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( special , 1991 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( DCOM , 2000 ) ' Twas the Night ( DCOM , 2001 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( special , 2008 ) Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation ( episode , 2009 ) Prep & Landing ( special 2009 ) Prep & Landing : Operation : Secret Santa ( special 2010 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( DCOM , 2011 ) Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice ( special , 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( special , 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( special , 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas&oldid=866520443 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films The Nightmare Before Christmas 1993 animated films 1990s American animated films American 3D films American films American animated fantasy films American Christmas films American monster movies American musical fantasy films Animated musical films Dark fantasy films Directorial debut films Disney animated films Films about Halloween Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films based on poems Films directed by Henry Selick Films scored by Danny Elfman Parallel universes in fiction Santa Claus in film Screenplays by Caroline Thompson Films about witchcraft Touchstone Pictures animated films Walt Disney Pictures films Films produced by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Stop - motion animated films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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who plays john in meet me in st louis
It is summer 1903 . The Smith family leads a comfortable upper - middle class life . Alonzo Smith ( Leon Ames ) and his wife Anna ( Mary Astor ) have four daughters : Rose ( Lucille Bremer ) , Esther ( Judy Garland ) , Agnes ( Joan Carroll ) , and Tootie ( Margaret O'Brien ) ; and a son , Lon Jr . ( Henry H. Daniels , Jr . ) . Esther , the second eldest daughter , is in love with the boy next door , John Truett ( Tom Drake ) , although he does not notice her at first . Rose is expecting a phone call in which she hopes to be proposed to by Warren Sheffield ( Robert Sully ) .
Tom Drake
Meet Me in St. Louis
meet me in st. louis
Meet Me in St. Louis is a musical film made by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and released in 1944 . Divided into a series of seasonal vignettes , starting with Summer 1903 , it relates the story of a year in the life of the Smith family in St. Louis , leading up to the opening of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( more commonly referred to as the World 's Fair ) in the spring of 1904 . The picture stars Judy Garland , Margaret O'Brien , Mary Astor , Lucille Bremer , Tom Drake , Leon Ames , Marjorie Main , June Lockhart , and Joan Carroll .
The film was adapted by Irving Brecher and Fred F. Finklehoffe from a series of short stories by Sally Benson , originally published in The New Yorker magazine under the title `` 5135 Kensington '' , and later in novel form as Meet Me in St. Louis . The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli , who met Garland on the set and later married her . It was the second - highest grossing picture of the year , only behind Going My Way.In 1994 , the film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Garland debuted the standards `` The Trolley Song '' , `` The Boy Next Door '' , and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , all of which became hits after the film was released . Arthur Freed , the producer of the film , also wrote and performed one of the songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 3.1 Deleted song 4 Reception 5 Accolades 6 Adaptations 7 Movie references 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland perform the song `` Under the Bamboo Tree '' in Meet Me in St. Louis Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis The backdrop for Meet Me in St. Louis is St. Louis , Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 World 's Fair . It is summer 1903 . The Smith family leads a comfortable upper - middle class life . Alonzo Smith ( Leon Ames ) and his wife Anna ( Mary Astor ) have four daughters : Rose ( Lucille Bremer ) , Esther ( Judy Garland ) , Agnes ( Joan Carroll ) , and Tootie ( Margaret O'Brien ) ; and a son , Lon Jr . ( Henry H. Daniels , Jr . ) . Esther , the second eldest daughter , is in love with the boy next door , John Truett ( Tom Drake ) , although he does not notice her at first . Rose is expecting a phone call in which she hopes to be proposed to by Warren Sheffield ( Robert Sully ) . Esther finally gets to meet John properly when he is a guest at the Smiths ' house party , although her chances of romancing him do n't go to plan when , after all the guests are gone and he is helping her turn off the gas lamps throughout the house , he tells her she uses the same perfume as his grandmother and that she has `` a mighty strong grip for a girl '' . Esther hopes to meet John again the following Friday on a trolley ride from the city to the construction site of the World Fair . Esther is sad when the trolley sets off without any sign of him , but cheers up when she sees him running to catch the trolley mid journey . On Halloween , Tootie returns home injured , claiming that John Truett attacked her . Without bothering to investigate , Esther confronts John , physically attacking him and scolding him for being a `` bully '' . When Esther returns home , Tootie confesses that what really happened was that John was trying to protect Tootie and Agnes from the police after a dangerous prank they pulled went wrong . Upon learning the truth , Esther immediately dashes to John 's house next door to apologize , and they share their first kiss . Mr. Smith announces to the family that he is to be sent to New York City on business and eventually they will all move . The family is devastated and upset at the news of the move , especially Rose and Esther whose romances , friendships , and educational plans are threatened . Esther is also aghast because they will miss the World 's Fair . An elegant ball takes place on Christmas Eve . Esther is devastated when John can not take her as his date , due to his leaving his tuxedo at the tailor 's and being unable to get it back . But she is relieved when her grandfather ( Harry Davenport ) offers to take her instead . At the ball , Esther fills up a visiting girl 's ( Lucille Ballard , played by June Lockhart ) dance card with losers because she thinks Lucille is a rival of Rose 's . But when Lucille turns out to be interested in Lon , Esther switches her dance card with Lucille 's and instead dances herself with the clumsy and awkward partners . After being rescued by Grandpa , she is overwhelmed when John unexpectedly turns up after somehow managing to obtain a tuxedo , and the pair dance together for the rest of the evening . Later on , John proposes to Esther and she accepts . Esther returns home to an upset Tootie . She is soothed by the poignant `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' . Tootie , however , becomes more upset at the prospect of the family 's move and runs downstairs , out into the cold to destroy the snowmen they have made . Mr. Smith sees his daughter 's upsetting outburst from an upstairs window . Mr. Smith later announces that the family will not leave St. Louis after all when he realizes how much the move will affect his family . Warren boldly declares his love for Rose , stating that they will marry at the first possible opportunity . On or after April 30 , 1904 , the family take two horse drawn buggies to the World 's Fair . The film ends that night with the entire family ( including boyfriends - to - turn - into - presumed - husbands and Lon 's new love interest ) overlooking the Grand Lagoon at the center of the World 's Fair just as thousands of lights illuminate the grand pavilions . Cast ( edit ) Margaret O'Brien and Judy Garland Judy Garland as Esther Smith Margaret O'Brien as `` Tootie '' Smith Mary Astor as Mrs. Anna Smith Leon Ames as Mr. Alonzo Smith Lucille Bremer as Rose Smith Tom Drake as John Truett Marjorie Main as Katie the maid Harry Davenport as Grandpa Henry H. Daniels Jr. as Alonzo `` Lon '' Smith Jr . Joan Carroll as Agnes Smith June Lockhart as Lucille Ballard Robert Sully as Warren Sheffield Hugh Marlowe as Colonel Darly Chill Wills as Mr. Neely the iceman Music ( edit ) The musical score for the film was adapted by Roger Edens , who also served as an uncredited associate producer . Georgie Stoll conducted the orchestrations of Conrad Salinger . Some of the songs in the film are from around the time of the St Louis Exposition . Others were written for the movie . `` Meet Me in St. Louis , Louis '' Kerry Mills and Andrew B. Sterling , 1904 `` The Boy Next Door '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Judy Garland . `` Skip to My Lou '' , Traditional , with section sung to the tunes of `` Kingdom Coming '' and `` Yankee Doodle '' arranged by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 `` I Was Drunk Last Night , '' performed by Margaret O'Brien . `` Under the Bamboo Tree , '' Words and music by Robert Cole and The Johnson Bros. , 1902 , performed by Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien . `` Over the Banister , '' 19th - century melody adapted by Conrad Salinger , lyrics from the 1888 poem `` Over the Banisters '' by Ella Wheeler Wilcox , adapted by Roger Edens ( 1944 ) , performed by Judy Garland . `` The Trolley Song '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Chorus and Judy Garland . `` You and I , '' Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed , sung by Arthur Freed and D. Markas , dubbing for Leon Ames and Mary Astor . `` Goodbye , My Lady Love '' , ( Instrumental ) , Joseph E. Howard , 1904 . `` Little Brown Jug '' , ( Instrumental ) , Joseph Winner , 1869 . `` Down at the Old Bull and Bush , '' ( Instrumental ) , Harry von Tilzer , 1903 . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , ( Instrumental ) , Henry Bishop , 1823 / 1852 . `` Auld Lang Syne '' , ( Instrumental ) `` The First Noel '' , ( Instrumental ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , 1944 , performed by Judy Garland . The lyrics for `` Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' were originally different . The lyricist , Hugh Martin , wrote opening lyrics which were deemed too depressing by Judy Garland , Tom Drake , and Vincente Minnelli ( They were : `` Have yourself a merry little Christmas / It may be your last / Next year we may all be living in the past '' ) , so Martin changed the lyrics . ( Years after the movie 's release , additional lyric changes were made for Frank Sinatra , who objected to the song 's generally downbeat tone . The most notable changes included `` Next year '' becoming `` From now on '' , `` Once again , as in olden days / Happy golden days of yore / Faithful friends that were dear to us / Will be near to us once more '' becoming `` Here we are , as in olden days / Happy golden days of yore / Faithful friends that are dear to us / Gather near to us once more '' , and `` Someday soon we all will be together / If the fates allow / Until then we 'll just have to muddle through somehow '' becoming `` Through the years we all will be together / If the fates allow / Hang a shining star upon the highest bough '' . This revised version is the one now most commonly performed . ) Deleted Song ( edit ) Judy Garland pre-recording of `` Boys and Girls Like You and Me '' for this film survives today , but the film footage has been lost . Reception ( edit ) Play media Film trailer Upon its 1944 release , Meet Me in St. Louis was a massive critical and commercial success . During its initial theatrical release , it earned a then - massive $5,016,000 in the US and Canada and $1,550,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $2,359,000 . Time called it `` one of the year 's prettiest pictures '' ; `` Technicolor has seldom been more affectionately used than in its registrations of the sober mahoganies and tender muslins and benign gaslights of the period . Now & then , too , the film gets well beyond the charm of mere tableau for short flights in the empyrean of genuine domestic poetry . These triumphs are creditable mainly to the intensity and grace of Margaret O'Brien and to the ability of director Minnelli & Co. to get the best out of her . '' O'Brien drew further praise from Time ; `` ( her ) song and her cakewalk done in a nightgown at a grown - up party , are entrancing acts . Her self - terrified Halloween adventures richly set against firelight , dark streets , and the rusty confabulations of fallen leaves , bring this section of the film very near the first - rate . '' The film is a New York Times Critics ' Pick : after seeing it at the Astor Theatre , Bosley Crowther called it `` a warm and beguiling picturization based on Sally Benson 's memoirs of her folks . '' Crowther concludes : `` As a comparable screen companion to Life With Father , we would confidently predict that Meet Me in St. Louis has a future that is equally bright . In the words of one of the gentlemen , it is a ginger - peachy show . '' Writing in The New Yorker , Wolcott Gibbs praised the film as `` extremely attractive '' and called the dialogue `` funny in a sense rather rare in the movies , '' although he thought it was too long . In 2005 , Richard Schickel included the film on Time. com 's ALL - TIME 100 best films , saying `` It had wonderful songs ( and ) a sweetly unneurotic performance by Judy Garland ... Despite its nostalgic charm , Minnelli infused the piece with a dreamy , occasionally surreal , darkness and it remains , for some of us , the greatest of American movie musicals . '' Arthur Freed : `` Meet Me in St. Louis is my personal favourite . I got along wonderfully with Judy , but the only time we were ever on the outs was when we did this film . She did n't want to do the picture . Even her mother came to me about it . We bumped into some trouble with some opinions -- Eddie Mannix , the studio manager , thought the Halloween sequence was wrong , but it was left in . There was a song that Rodgers and Hammerstein had written , called Boys and Girls Like You and Me , that Judy did wonderfully , but it slowed up the picture and it was cut out . After the preview of the completed film , Judy came over to me and said , `` Arthur remind me not to tell you what kind of pictures to make . '' ( It ) was the biggest grosser Metro had up to that time , except for Gone With the Wind . '' The film currently holds a 100 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 30 critical reviews with an average score of 8.7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) The Trolley Song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song . Margaret O'Brien won an Academy Juvenile Award for her screen work in 1944 . The film was nominated for four Academy Awards : Best Writing , Adapted Screenplay , Best Cinematography , Color , Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture , and Best Music , Song ( Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin for `` The Trolley Song '' ) . Margaret O'Brien received an Academy Juvenile Award for her work that year , in which she appeared in several movies along with Meet Me in St. Louis . In 1994 , the film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . The American Film Institute ranked the film 10th on AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals ; two songs from the film made AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ( `` The Trolley Song '' at # 26 and `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' at # 76 ) . Gerald Kaufman wrote a study of the film , with the same title , which was published by the British Film Institute in 1994 . Adaptations ( edit ) Meet Me in St. Louis was remade in 1959 for television , starring Jane Powell , Jeanne Crain , Patty Duke , Walter Pidgeon , Ed Wynn , Tab Hunter and Myrna Loy . It was directed by George Schaefer from the original Brecher and Finklehoffe screenplay . Meet Me in St. Louis was remade again for television in 1966 . This was a non-musical version starring Shelley Fabares , Celeste Holm , Larry Merrill , Judy Land , Reta Shaw , Tammy Locke and Morgan Brittany . It was directed by Alan D. Courtney from a script written by Sally Benson herself . This was to be a pilot for a TV series , but no network picked it up . It was later included as a special feature on the 2 disc DVD set released in 2004 . A Broadway musical based on the film was produced in 1989 , with additional songs . The late - 19th century vintage carousel in this movie could be found at Bob - Lo Amusement Park in Amherstburg , Ontario until the park closed in September 1993 . It was dismantled and sold to private collectors . Movie references ( edit ) The Family Stone ( 2005 ) shows two partial scenes from the movie ; one where Esther and John dance , and another where Esther sings `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' to Tootie . Deck the Halls ( 2006 ) shows Steve ( Matthew Broderick ) watching the scene where Esther sings `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' to Tootie and she bashes the snowmen . Steve is depressed that his family left him and watching this scene in the film makes him only more upset . Sex and the City ( 2008 ) shows Carrie 's ( Sarah Jessica Parker ) assistant , Louise from St. Louis , give her a DVD of the film as a Christmas gift , and later shows Carrie watching a bit of `` The Trolley Song '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet Me in St. Louis '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Meet Me in St. Louis . The Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Variety film review ; November 1 , 1944 , page 10 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; November 4 , 1944 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Movies : Top 5 Box Office Hits , 1939 to 1988 '' . Ldsfilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Judy Garland 's pre-recording of `` Boys and Girls Like You and Me '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The New Pictures '' . TIME . November 27 , 1944 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( November 29 , 1944 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis , a Period Film That Has Charm , With Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien , Opens at the Astor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Wolcott ( December 9 , 1944 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 50 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( February 12 , 2005 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) '' . TIME . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Films of Judy Garland , Joe Morella & Edward Epstein Cadillac Publishing , 1969 Jump up ^ Movie Reviews for Meet Me in St. Louis . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMeet Me in St. Louisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Meet Me in St. Louis on IMDb Meet Me in St. Louis at the TCM Movie Database Meet Me in St. Louis at AllMovie Meet Me in St. Louis at Rotten Tomatoes Meet Me in St. Louis from TheJudyRoom.com Meet Me in St. Louis at Filmsite.org . Meet Me in St. Louis at the Museum of Modern Art . Meet Me in St. Louis on Lux Radio Theater : December 2 , 1946 Films directed by Vincente Minnelli Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) I Dood It ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) The Clock ( 1945 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1945 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) Undercurrent ( 1946 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Madame Bovary ( 1949 ) Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) The Story of Three Loves ( 1953 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) The Long , Long Trailer ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) The Cobweb ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Lust for Life ( 1956 ) Tea and Sympathy ( 1956 ) Designing Woman ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) The Reluctant Debutante ( 1958 ) Some Came Running ( 1958 ) Home from the Hill ( 1960 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ( 1962 ) Two Weeks in Another Town ( 1962 ) The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ( 1963 ) Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) The Sandpiper ( 1965 ) On a Clear Day You Can See Forever ( 1970 ) A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) VIAF : 184098918 GND : 4562209 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_Me_in_St._Louis&oldid=826508640 '' Categories : 1944 films English - language films 1940s musical films American films American Christmas films American musical films Films adapted into plays Films based on short fiction Films directed by Vincente Minnelli Films produced by Arthur Freed Films set in 1903 Films set in 1904 Films set in St. Louis Films shot in Los Angeles Jukebox musical films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Screenplays by Irving Brecher St. Louis World 's Fair United States National Film Registry films World 's fairs in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Use mdy dates from December 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 15 : 00 . 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2,298
who played aunt esther on sanford and son
LaWanda Page ( born Alberta Peal ; October 19 , 1920 -- September 14 , 2002 ) , was an American actress and comedian best known for her role as Esther `` Aunt Esther '' Anderson in the popular television sitcom Sanford and Son which originally aired from 1973 until 1977 . Page later reprised this role in the television shows Sanford Arms ( 1976 -- 1977 ) and Sanford ( 1980 -- 1981 ) .
LaWanda Page
LaWanda Page
lawanda page
LaWanda Page ( born Alberta Peal ; October 19 , 1920 -- September 14 , 2002 ) , was an American actress and comedian best known for her role as Esther `` Aunt Esther '' Anderson in the popular television sitcom Sanford and Son which originally aired from 1973 until 1977 . Page later reprised this role in the television shows Sanford Arms ( 1976 -- 1977 ) and Sanford ( 1980 -- 1981 ) .
Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and career 1.2 Sanford and Son ( 1973 - 1977 ) 1.3 Other film and television appearances 2 Personal life and death 3 Discography 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and career ( edit ) Page was born Alberta Peal on October 19 , 1920 , in Cleveland , Ohio and raised in St. Louis , Missouri . Page attended Banneker Elementary School . Page began her show business career dancing at age 15 . Page later worked in small nightclubs billed as `` The Bronze Goddess of Fire , '' an act which included Page eating fire and lighting cigarettes with her fingertips . After paying dues on the club circuit , where she shared stages with noted comedians such as Redd Foxx and Richard Pryor , Page moved to Los Angeles , California in the early 1960s where she became a member of the comedy group Skillet , Leroy & Co . Skillet was Ernest `` Skillet '' Mayhand ( 1916 -- 2007 ) and Leroy was Wilbert LeRoy Daniel ( 1928 -- 1993 ) . In Los Angeles , Page started honing the feisty approach to comedy that would make her famous . LaWanda Page and Redd Foxx ( who portrayed Fred Sanford ) were very close friends from the time they were pre-teens , having attended school and grown up together in St. Louis . Eventually , both entered the field of comedy separately and performed their own stage acts . During her tenure as a stand - up comic , a career she continued into the 1990s , Page often was billed as `` The Queen of Comedy '' or `` The Black Queen of Comedy '' . Page recorded several live comedy albums for the Laff Records label in the late 1960s and early 1970s under her LaWanda Page stage name . Other than the relatively clean Sane Advice album , released two years after the run of Sanford and Son , Page 's albums and stand - up material were raunchy blue comedy in nature . She was one of the few women who performed extended spoken word pieces in the black signifying or toasting tradition . One release , a gold - selling album called Watch It , Sucker ! , was titled after one of her Aunt Esther character 's catchphrases in order to capitalize on her newfound television fame . Sanford and Son ( 1973 - 1977 ) ( edit ) On Sanford and Son , Esther Anderson ( `` Aunt Esther '' ) was the sister of Fred Sanford 's late wife Elizabeth . Page had been performing her comedy routine in nightclubs in St. Louis and then Los Angeles for several years , but had planned to leave show business to move back to St. Louis to take care of her ailing mother . When Redd Foxx was offered a sitcom in Los Angeles , he brought his childhood friend Page to the attention to one of the show 's producers , who was already familiar with Page and her act . Foxx subsequently asked Page to read for the role of Aunt Esther . She was offered the role after she auditioned . However , prior to taping , producers became concerned when Page , whose experience was limited primarily to nightclub stages , seemed to have difficulty working in a sitcom format . Eventually , one of Sanford and Son 's producers told Foxx that Page would need to be fired and that another actor would need to be cast before the show could begin taping . Foxx responded by insisting that Page keep the part , even threatening to walk away from the show if Page were fired . The producers relented , and Page 's Aunt Esther went on to become one of the most popular TV sitcom characters of the 1970s . Page 's Aunt Esther was a combination of devout churchgoer and tough - as - nails realist , unafraid to state whatever was on her mind . While her relationship with Foxx 's character Fred G. Sanford was usually confrontational , she portrayed a tender side when it came to her nephew Lamont . Common issues between brother - in - law and sister - in - law were Sanford 's lack of business success and lukewarm religious faith . Sometimes , primarily because of their shared love for Lamont and the late Elizabeth , the two adversaries managed to find common ground . Although Sanford and Son was clearly Foxx 's vehicle , Page 's Aunt Esther could hold her own against the show 's star . The church - going act of Esther was a great contrast to the raunchy , expletive - filled material of Page 's live act and records . Other film and television appearances ( edit ) In 1977 , Page appeared in an episode of The Love Boat entitled `` A Tasteful Affair ; Oh , Dale ! ; The Main Event '' alongside Sherman Hemsley . Page also appeared on several episodes of The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts , and over the next two decades occasionally guest - starred in episodes of other popular television shows , including Amen , Martin , 227 , Family Matters , and Diff'rent Strokes . She appeared on Circus Of The Stars as a fire eater . In the early 1990s she appeared on several tracks of the debut album by RuPaul entitled Supermodel of the World , most notably the hit song `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) . '' She also appeared in several music videos from the album . Shortly before her death she appeared in a series of comical Church 's Chicken television commercials featuring the catchphrase `` Gotta love it ! '' Among her movie credits are appearances in Zapped ! ( 1982 ) , Good - bye , Cruel World ( 1983 ) , Mausoleum ( 1983 ) , the Steve Martin film My Blue Heaven ( 1990 ) , as an extremely foul - mouthed clown in Bobcat Goldthwait 's 1991 comedy Shakes the Clown , CB4 ( 1993 ) , a cameo appearance in the 1995 movie Friday , stealing the opening scene with a one - liner , Do n't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood ( 1996 ) , and a recurring role as Ms. Porter during the first season of the 1990s television sitcom Martin . Personal life and death ( edit ) Page was married three times , the first being at the age of 14 . Page was the older sister of actress Lynn Hamilton . Page died of complications from diabetes on September 14 , 2002 at age 81 . She is interred in an outdoor crypt at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood , California . Page 's daughter , the evangelist Clara Estella Roberta Johnson , died on June 4 , 2006 , in Los Angeles , California , at the age of 69 . Discography ( edit ) Mutha Is Half a Word ( 1971 ) Watch It , Sucker ! ( 1972 ) Back Door Daddy ( 1972 ; featuring Skillet & Leroy ) Preach On Sister , Preach On ! ( 1973 ) Pipe Layin ' Dan ( 1973 ) Sane Advice ( 1979 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Black and Blue : The Redd Foxx Story ^ Jump up to : Black Comedians on Black Comedy : How African - Americans Taught Us to Laugh - LaWanda Page ^ Jump up to : Comediennes : Laugh Be a Lady - LaWanda Page ^ Jump up to : Obituaries in the Performing Arts , 2002 : Film , Television , Radio , Theatre - LaWanda Page ^ Jump up to : JET Magazine - LaWanda Page , 81 , Of ' Sanford And Son ' Fame Succumbs In Los Angeles - October 7 , 2002 ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Mel ( September 18 , 2002 ) . `` LaWanda Page , 81 , the Aunt On TV 's ' Sanford and Son ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV Guide , March 17 -- 23 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 24 May 1976 ) . `` LaWanda Page lives in Beverly Watts '' . Ontario Daily Report . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) LaWanda Page on IMDb LaWanda Page at Find a Grave ISNI : 0000 0000 4987 8499 LCCN : nr2004016799 VIAF : 66418507 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LaWanda_Page&oldid=851855812 '' Categories : 1920 births 2002 deaths African - American comedians Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery Deaths from diabetes Actresses from St. Louis Actresses from Cleveland American women comedians American television actresses African - American actresses American film actresses Comedians from Missouri Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Español فارسی Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 01 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaWanda%20Page
2,299
when does who do you think you are return in 2018
The show premiered on NBC on March 5 , 2010 where it ran for three seasons before being cancelled in 2012 . It was then picked up by TLC , where it has aired for six additional seasons . In August 2017 , TLC renewed the series for a tenth season that is set to premiere on May 21 , 2018 and feature Hilary Duff , Jean Smart , Jon Cryer , Laverne Cox , Megan Mullally , and Molly Shannon .
May 21 , 2018
Who Do You Think You Are ? ( US TV series )
who do you think you are? ( us tv series )
Who Do You Think You Are ? is an American genealogy documentary series that is an adaptation of the British BBC series of the same name . In each episode , a different celebrity goes on a journey to trace parts of his or her family tree .
The show premiered on NBC on March 5 , 2010 where it ran for three seasons before being cancelled in 2012 . It was then picked up by TLC , where it has aired for six additional seasons . In August 2017 , TLC renewed the series for a tenth season that is set to premiere on May 21 , 2018 and feature Hilary Duff , Jean Smart , Jon Cryer , Laverne Cox , Megan Mullally , and Molly Shannon . Lisa Kudrow is an executive producer for the series , which is a partnership between Shed Media , NBC Entertainment and Ancestry.com . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2011 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2012 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2013 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2014 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2015 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2018 ) 2.11 Specials 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 : 2010 3.2 Season 2 : 2011 3.3 Season 7 : 2015 4 DVD releases 5 International distribution 6 Awards and nominations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) In early 2009 , it was announced that NBC had ordered an American adaptation of the British series Who Do You Think You Are ? . It was reported that Lisa Kudrow was set to executive produce the series as well as participate in one of the first season episodes . The show premiered on NBC on March 5 , 2010 , as one of the replacement shows of The Jay Leno Show at the ten o'clock hour . NBC renewed the series for two subsequent seasons before cancelling it in 2012 . After the cancellation the series was then picked up by TLC , where it has aired for six additional seasons . On August 25 , 2017 , TLC renewed the series for a tenth season . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) NBC 8 February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 12 February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) May 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) 8 July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) TLC 5 6 July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) 6 8 March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 7 5 July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 8 6 April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 9 8 March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 10 6 May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) TBA Specials August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date `` Sarah Jessica Parker '' Cincinnati , Ohio ; El Dorado County , California ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Danvers , Massachusetts March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) `` Emmitt Smith '' Pensacola , Florida ; Burnt Corn , Alabama ; Claiborne , Alabama ; Boydton , Virginia ; Ouidah , Benin March 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) `` Lisa Kudrow '' Minsk , Belarus , Ilya , Belarus ; Gdynia , Poland March 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) `` Matthew Broderick '' Jersey City , New Jersey ; New York City , New York ; Forest of Argonne , France ; Hartford , Connecticut ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Marietta National Cemetery , Cobb County , Georgia March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) 5 5 `` Brooke Shields '' Newark , New Jersey ; New York City , New York ; Rome , Italy ; Augerolles , France ; Paris , France April 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) 6 6 `` Susan Sarandon '' Virginia ; New York City , New York ; Florence ; Coreglia Antelminelli ; Rockland County , New York April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) 7 7 `` Spike Lee '' Atlanta , Georgia ; Twiggs County , Georgia ; Arlington , Texas April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) Season 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) NBC ordered a second season for the reality series on April 5 , 2010 . The second season of the series began on February 4 , 2011 , and consisted of eight episodes . The first episode featured Vanessa Williams . Following episodes featured Tim McGraw , Rosie O'Donnell , Kim Cattrall , Lionel Richie , Steve Buscemi , Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd . Cattrall 's episode is an edited version of the original one that she made for the British series in 2009 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 8 `` Vanessa L. Williams '' Chappaqua , New York ; Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York ; Washington , D.C. ; Johns Island , South Carolina ; Baltimore , Maryland ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Nashville , Tennessee February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 9 `` Tim McGraw '' Kansas City , Missouri ; Big Stone Gap , Virginia ; Rye Cove , Virginia ; Richmond , Virginia ; Shenandoah Valley ; Washington , D.C. ; New York City , New York ; Franklin , Tennessee February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 10 `` Rosie O'Donnell '' Nyack , New York ; Jersey City , New Jersey ; New York City , New York ( Manhattan and Brooklyn ) ; Secaucus , New Jersey ; Montreal , Quebec ; Dublin , Ireland ; County Wicklow , Ireland ; Newbridge , County Kildare , Ireland ; Birr , County Offaly , Ireland February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 11 `` Kim Cattrall '' Liverpool , England ; Derbyshire , England ; Durham , County Durham , England ; Tudhoe , County Durham , England ; Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada February 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) 12 5 `` Lionel Richie '' Los Angeles , California ; Tuskegee , Alabama ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Chattanooga , Tennessee March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 13 6 `` Steve Buscemi '' Brooklyn , New York ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ; Fredericksburg , Virginia ; Camden , New Jersey March 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 25 ) 14 7 `` Gwyneth Paltrow '' Manhattan , New York City , New York ; Bridgetown , Barbados April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 15 8 `` Ashley Judd '' Louisville , Kentucky ; Frankfort , Kentucky ; Saltville , Virginia ; Boston , Massachusetts ; York , England ; Boston , Lincolnshire , England ; Cambridge , England ; Plymouth , Devon , England April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) Season 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The show was renewed for a third season by NBC on February 22 , 2011 , and aired during the 2011 -- 2012 television season . The 12 celebrities included in season 3 were Marisa Tomei , Rob Lowe , Paula Deen , Rashida Jones , Jerome Bettis , Reba McEntire , Helen Hunt , Edie Falco , Rita Wilson , Jason Sudeikis , Martin Sheen and Blair Underwood . The show returned on February 3 , 2012 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 16 `` Martin Sheen '' Malibu , California ; Dublin , Ireland ; Madrid , Spain ; Pamplona , Navarre , Spain ; Tui , Galicia , Spain ; La Coruña , Galicia , Spain ; Parderrubias , Galicia , Spain February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 17 `` Marisa Tomei '' Manhattan , New York City , New York ; Livorno , Tuscany , Italy ( Cecina , Rio nell'Elba , Portoferraio and Castiglioncello ) ; Lucca , Tuscany , Italy February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 18 `` Blair Underwood '' Los Angeles , California ; Petersburg , Virginia ; Richmond , Virginia ; Lynchburg , Virginia ; Babungo , Northwest Region , Cameroon February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 19 `` Reba McEntire '' Stringtown , Oklahoma ; Aberdeen , Mississippi ; Raleigh , North Carolina ; Oxford , North Carolina ; Tappahannock , Virginia ; Cheshire , England March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 20 5 `` Jerome Bettis '' Detroit , Michigan ; Paducah , Kentucky ; Calloway County , Kentucky March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) 21 6 `` Helen Hunt '' Los Angeles , California ; Pasadena , California ; San Francisco , California ; Portland , Maine March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) 22 7 `` Rita Wilson '' Los Angeles , California ; Oraio , Greece ; Smolyan , Bulgaria ; Plovdiv , Bulgaria ; Sofia , Bulgaria March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) 23 8 `` Edie Falco '' Long Island , New York ; Milwaukee , Wisconsin ; England ( Fulham ; Penzance ) April 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) 24 9 `` Rob Lowe '' Santa Barbara , California ; Washington , D.C. ; Trenton , New Jersey ; Newtown , Pennsylvania ; Germany ( Marburg ; Hessisch Lichtenau ) April 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) 25 10 `` Rashida Jones '' Los Angeles , California ; New York City , New York ; Dublin , Ireland ; Latvia ( Riga ; Aizpute ; Rumbula ) May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) 26 11 `` Jason Sudeikis '' New York City , New York ; Overland Park , Kansas ; Chicago , Illinois ; Bridgeport , Connecticut ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania May 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) 27 12 `` Paula Deen '' Savannah , Georgia ; Albany , Georgia ; Morrow , Georgia ; Athens , Georgia ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Leesburg , Georgia May 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) Season 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) After being cancelled by NBC , TLC picked up the series and the new season began on July 23 , 2013 . Celebrities taking part in the fourth season were Christina Applegate , Cindy Crawford , Zooey Deschanel , Chelsea Handler , Kelly Clarkson , Trisha Yearwood , Jim Parsons and Chris O'Donnell . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 28 `` Kelly Clarkson '' Columbus , Ohio ; Decatur , Georgia ; Andersonville , Georgia ; Marietta , Ohio ; Coal Run , Ohio July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 29 `` Christina Applegate '' Trenton , New Jersey July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 30 `` Chelsea Handler '' Bochum , Germany ; Herne , Germany ; Berlin , Germany ; Saint - Raphaël , France ; Algona , Iowa August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 31 `` Zooey Deschanel '' Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Swarthmore , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Christiana , Pennsylvania August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 32 5 `` Chris O'Donnell '' St. Louis , Missouri ; Washington , D.C. ; Annapolis , Maryland ; Baltimore , Maryland August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 33 6 `` Cindy Crawford '' Boston , Massachusetts ; Hartford , Connecticut ; Taunton , England ; London , England ; Aachen , Germany August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 34 7 `` Trisha Yearwood '' Nashville , Tennessee ; Hampshire , England ; Kew , England ; Atlanta , Georgia September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 35 8 `` Jim Parsons '' New Orleans , Louisiana ; Paris , France ; Versailles , France September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) Season 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) TLC renewed the show on September 10 , 2013 . The season premiered on July 23 , 2014 and featured Cynthia Nixon , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Rachel McAdams , Valerie Bertinelli , and Kelsey Grammer . Initially , an episode featuring Lauren Graham was planned but cancelled . Just like Kim Cattrall 's episode , the network chose to air an edited version of an episode that Minnie Driver had made for the original BBC series in 2013 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 36 `` Cynthia Nixon '' Manhattan , New York City , New York ; Washington , D.C ; Jefferson City , Missouri ; Leasburg , Missouri July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) 37 `` Jesse Tyler Ferguson '' Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Annapolis , Maryland ; Evanston , Illinois ; Wrangell , Alaska July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 38 `` Rachel McAdams '' Plymouth , Devon , England ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ; St - Jean - sur - Richelieu , Quebec , Canada ; Toronto , Ontario , Canada August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) 39 `` Valerie Bertinelli '' Scranton , Pennsylvania ; Lanzo , Torino , Italy ; London , United Kingdom August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) 40 5 `` Kelsey Grammer '' Beverly Hills , California ; San Francisco , California ; Oakland , California ; Portland , Oregon ; Baker City , Oregon ; Salem , Oregon ; Benton County , Oregon August 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) 41 6 `` Minnie Driver '' United Kingdom August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The episode also featured McAdams ' sister Kayleen McAdams , a Hollywood make - up artist . Season 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Season 6 premiered on March 8 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 42 `` Julie Chen '' Los Angeles , California ; Singapore ; Penglai , Anxi County , Fujian , China March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 43 `` Josh Groban '' Los Angeles , California ; Stuttgart , Germany March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 44 `` Angie Harmon '' Charlotte , North Carolina ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Valley Forge , Pennsylvania ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ; Harrodsburg , Kentucky March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 45 `` Sean Hayes '' Los Angeles , California ; Chicago , Illinois ; Dublin , Ireland ; Tarbert , Ireland March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 46 5 `` Tony Goldwyn '' Los Angeles , California ; Albany , New York ; Nunda , New York ; Portland , Oregon ; The Dalles , Oregon ; Salem , Oregon ; Hood River , Oregon April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 47 6 `` America Ferrera '' New York City , New York ; La Esperanza , Intibucá , Honduras ; Tegucigalpa , Honduras ; San Jerónimo , Copán , Honduras April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 48 7 `` Bill Paxton '' Los Angeles , California ; Washington , D.C. ; Blacksburg , South Carolina ; Richmond , Virginia ; Warren County , Missouri April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 49 8 `` Melissa Etheridge '' Los Angeles , California ; Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ; Chester , Illinois ; Kaskaskia , Illinois ; Ste . Genevieve , Missouri April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) Season 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Season 7 premiered on July 26 , 2015 . This season featured Ginnifer Goodwin , J.K. Rowling , Alfre Woodard , Bryan Cranston , and Tom Bergeron . Rowling 's episode was an edited version of her appearance on the original BBC series in 2011 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 50 `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' Los Angeles , California ; Batesville , Arkansas ; Little Rock , Arkansas ; Shreveport , Louisiana July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 51 `` J.K. Rowling '' Edinburgh , Scotland ; Paris , France ; Brumath , Alsace , France August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) 52 `` Alfre Woodard '' Los Angeles , California ; Perry , Georgia ; Baton Rouge , Louisiana ; Jackson Parish , Louisiana August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 53 `` Bryan Cranston '' Los Angeles , California ; Chicago , Illinois ; Springfield , Illinois ; Montreal , Quebec ; Dayton , Ohio August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 54 5 `` Tom Bergeron '' Portsmouth , New Hampshire ; La Rochelle , France ; Quebec City , Quebec August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) Season 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Season 8 premiered on April 3 , 2016 . The list of celebrity participants included Aisha Tyler , Scott Foley , Lea Michele , Chris Noth , Katey Sagal , and Molly Ringwald . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 55 `` Aisha Tyler '' Oberlin , Ohio ; Cleveland , Ohio ; Austin , Texas April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 56 `` Scott Foley '' Washington , D.C. ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Salem , Massachusetts April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 57 `` Katey Sagal '' New York , New York ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 58 `` Molly Ringwald '' Brooklyn , New York ; Lund , Sweden ; Höganäs , Sweden ; Washington County , Nebraska ; Arlington , Nebraska April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 59 5 `` Chris Noth '' Chicago , Illinois ; London , England ; Elvas , Portugal ; County Cavan , Ireland May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 60 6 `` Lea Michele '' Bronx , New York ; Ellis Island May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 9 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a ninth season to consist of 8 episodes which premiered on March 5 , 2017 . The list of celebrities that participated includes Jessica Biel , Julie Bowen , Courteney Cox , Jennifer Grey , Smokey Robinson , John Stamos , Liv Tyler and Noah Wyle . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 61 `` Courteney Cox '' Los Angeles , California ; Gloucestershire , England ; London , England March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 62 `` Julie Bowen '' Chicago , Illinois ; Washington , Pennsylvania March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 63 `` Jennifer Grey '' Brooklyn , New York March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 64 `` Noah Wyle '' Baton Rouge , Louisiana ; Jackson , Mississippi ; Beauvoir ( Biloxi , Mississippi ) March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 65 5 `` Jessica Biel '' Los Angeles , California ; Chicago , Illinois ; St Louis , Missouri ; Miller County , Missouri ; Washington , D.C. ; Alton , Illinois April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 66 6 `` Smokey Robinson '' Los Angeles , California ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Washington , D.C. ; Fayette County , Tennessee April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 67 7 `` John Stamos '' Athens , Greece ; Levidi , Greece ; Nafplio , Greece ; Kakouri , Greece April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 68 8 `` Liv Tyler '' Plattsburg , New York ; Washington D.C. ; Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ; Schuylerville , New York April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) Season 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The series has been renewed for its tenth season that is set to premiere on May 21 , 2018 . The list of celebrity participants is set to include Hilary Duff , Jean Smart , Jon Cryer , Laverne Cox , Megan Mullally , and Molly Shannon . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 69 `` Jon Cryer '' New York City , New York ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Edinburgh , Scotland ; Dunbar , Scotland ; Durham , England ; May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 70 `` Laverne Cox '' Los Angeles , California ; Mobile , Alabama ; Montgomery , Alabama ; Selma , Alabama ; Cahaba , Alabama May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 71 `` Megan Mullally '' Los Angeles , California ; Morrow , Georgia ; Washington , D.C. ; Macon , Georgia May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 72 `` Hilary Duff '' TBA June 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 73 5 `` Molly Shannon '' TBA June 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) Specials ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Into the Archives '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) Some of the biggest emotional and shocking highlights from past seasons . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) No . Episode Rating Share Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) `` Sarah Jessica Parker '' 4.6 8 1.6 / 6 6.85 5 `` Emmitt Smith '' 4.5 8 1.8 / 6 7.15 `` Lisa Kudrow '' 4.7 9 1.7 / 7 7.14 `` Matthew Broderick '' 4.1 8 1.5 / 5 6.21 9 5 `` Brooke Shields '' 4.0 8 1.4 / 6 5.90 5 6 `` Susan Sarandon '' 4.2 8 1.3 / 5 6.35 7 `` Spike Lee '' 3.5 7 1.2 / 5 5.21 7 Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) No . Episode Rating Share Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Note `` Vanessa Williams '' 4.5 8 1.3 / 4 7.31 6 `` Tim McGraw '' 4.2 7 1.4 / 5 6.59 `` Rosie O'Donnell '' 3.8 7 1.3 / 5 5.88 8 `` Kim Cattrall '' 4.1 7 1.2 / 4 6.18 9 5 `` Lionel Richie '' 3.9 7 1.2 / 4 6.11 5 6 `` Steve Buscemi '' 4.2 8 1.3 / 5 6.55 7 `` Gwyneth Paltrow '' 4.1 7 1.3 / 5 6.01 8 `` Ashley Judd '' 3.7 7 1.3 / 4 5.76 Season 7 : 2015 ( edit ) No . Episode Rating ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' 0.34 1.428 `` J.K. Rowling '' 0.32 1.527 `` Alfre Woodard '' `` Into the Archives '' DVD releases ( edit ) Complete season Release dates DVD extras and bonus features Number of discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 March 15 , 2011 February 1 , 2011 August 12 , 2010 None Season 2 May 1 , 2012 February 20 , 2012 TBA TBA International distribution ( edit ) In Australia , season 1 began airing on the Nine Network on April 28 , 2010 . Season 2 and reruns of season 1 will now air on sister channel , GEM . For a reason unexplained by Nine , the episodes featuring Spike Lee and Emmitt Smith were not aired in the initial Australian screenings . In the Republic of Ireland , the first season of the US version began airing on RTÉ One on Thursday , May 27 , 2010 , at 22 : 25 . The second series premiered on RTÉ One on Monday , July 4 , 2011 , at 22 : 40 . In the United Kingdom , the first season of the US version began airing on BBC One on Sunday , June 13 , 2010 , at 21 : 15 , the show received the same voice - over as the UK original series . The second series , premiered on Wednesday , November 16 , 2011 , at 22 : 45 . The first episode shown was that following Steve Buscemi . The fourth series premiered on BBC1 at midnight on Tuesday , January 14 , 2014 . The order of celebrity is changed in the opening credits to Applegate , Clarkson , O'Donnell , Deschanel , Crawford and Parsons . Handler and Yearwood are not featured as they have little profile in the UK . In Sweden , the first season of the US version began airing with Swedish subtitles on SVT on Tuesday , September 14 , 2010 , at 13 : 20 . In Greece , the first season of the US version began airing with Greek subtitles on Fox Life on Thursday , October 14 , 2010 , at 21 : 55 . In Finland , the first season of the US version began airing with Finnish subtitles on MTV3 on Thursday December 30 , 2010 , at 20 : 00 , called Sukujuuria etsimässä , `` Looking for family roots '' . In Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary and Former Yugoslav republics , the US version airs on Universal Channel , the British version airs on Viasat History . In The Netherlands , the US versions of season 1 & 2 aired on August 8 , 2013 . In Italy , the show began airing on Studio Universal on February 4 , 2013 . Reruns of season 2 and season 1 began airing on LaEFFE since May , 2013 . In Germany , it began airing on RTL Living on November 25 , 2011 . The network also aired the British version of the series on January 6 , 2012 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Presenter Award Result 2012 64th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Reality Program Nominated 2014 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Structured Reality Program Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Structured Reality Program Nominated 2018 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Structured Reality Series Nominated See also ( edit ) African American Lives Ancestors in the Attic Finding Your Roots Genealogy Roadshow References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burstein , Nathan ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lisa Kudrow 's Family Tree '' . The Forward . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` Everything now in ' Order ' at NBC post-Leno shift '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fear Factor , ' ' Minute to Win It , ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' and ' The Sing Off ' All Canceled by NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stromblad , Cory ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Embraces Her Southern Roots on ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TLC Renews `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' and `` Long Lost Family '' for Additional Seasons `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TLC Reveals New Celebrity Contributors for `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Renewed By TLC '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` NBC renews `` Marriage Ref , `` Minute To Win It , '' and `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CW - Primetime Calender thru to March 4 , 2011 '' . December 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' : NBC Announces The Celebrities Tracing Their Family Trees On Season Two Archived December 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . NBC Jump up ^ `` NBC Picks Up ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' and ' The Sing - Off ' For 2011 - 12 '' . NBC . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` Martin Sheen , Reba McEntire , Rob Lowe Among ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Season 3 Cast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ TLC Reveals the Celebrity Contributors on ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Including Kelly Clarkson & Jim Parsons TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` '' Who Do You Think You Are ? '' Season 5 to Feature Cynthia Nixon , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Rachel McAdams `` . Jump up ^ `` Updates On New Season Of `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' And TLC Network `` . July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Cranston and more to appear on new season of family history series ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' '' . Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` New Season of ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Launching April 3rd '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meroski , Kate ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` New Celebrities Trace Their Roots On Who Do You Think You Are '' . TLC . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TLC TV Schedule Watch Now for FREE ! '' . TLC . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : CBS edges out NBC Friday '' . ZAP2it.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Medium , Dateline Lead Night ; Who Do You Think You Are Debuts '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Numb3rs ' finale leads CBS Friday '' . Zap2It.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Numb3rs Counted For the Last Time ? '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Law , Christine ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Family tree show helps NBC take a Friday win '' . ZAP2it.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Dateline Leads NBC Win , As Food Revolution Ends Without A Bang '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : CBS , NBC share Friday victory '' . ZAP2it.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Dateline Leads Friday Again '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Finals : No Adjustments for ' Fringe , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Smallville ' or Any Other Show 's 18 - 49 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment For ' Fringe , ' ' Smallville , ' ' Supernatural ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' Falls ; No Adjustments for ' Fringe , ' ' Smallville ' and ' Supernatural '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments For ' Fringe , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Smallville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Smallville ' Adjusted Down , 20 / 20 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings Friday : ' Fringe ' Rebounds , ' Shark Tank 's ' Mark Cuban Still Ca n't Beat The Donald '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Chaos ' Bombs ; ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods ' Return Down ; ' Shark Tank ' Steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Chaos ' Goes Even Lower and Takes ' CSI : NY ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Down With It ; ' Shark Tank ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Futon Staff Critic ( April 9 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ' Chaos ' Craters in Second Week '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.26. 2015 '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.2. 2015 '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? DVD news : Announcement for Who Do You Think You Are ? - Season 1 '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are - U.S. '' April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? ( Usa ) DVD Movies & TV Shows , Genres , Special Interest / Documentary '' . Jbhifionline.com.au . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? : Season 2 '' . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? USA - Series Two '' . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . Channel Nine Australia . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ News '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? USA '' . RTÉ News . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . BBC . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Do You Think You Are ? on IMDb Who Do You Think You Are ? at TV.com Who Do You Think You Are ? 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Who Do You Think You Are ? See also Template : Former TLC Programming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=843556482 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American documentary television series American television series based on British television series NBC network shows TLC ( TV network ) programs English - language television programs Television series about family history American television series revived after cancellation American genealogy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Articles using Template : Episode table with invalid colour combination Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Magyar Norsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 22 : 33 . 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2,300
where was the movie the thorn birds filmed
Although the mini-series is set in Australia it was filmed in the United States . The outback scenes were filmed in southern California and the Queensland scenes were filmed on the Hawaiian island of Kauai . The Drogheda main house was a set built on the Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , California .
southern California|Kauai|Simi Valley
The Thorn Birds ( miniseries )
the thorn birds ( miniseries )
The Thorn Birds is an American television miniseries broadcast on ABC from March 27 to 30 , 1983 . It starred Richard Chamberlain , Rachel Ward , Barbara Stanwyck , Christopher Plummer , Jean Simmons , Richard Kiley , Bryan Brown , Mare Winningham and Philip Anglim . It was directed by Daryl Duke and based on a novel by Colleen McCullough . The series was enormously successful and became the United States ' second highest - rated miniseries of all time behind Roots ; both series were produced by television veteran David L. Wolper .
Set primarily on Drogheda , a fictional sheep station in the Australian outback named after Drogheda , Ireland , the story focuses on three generations of the Cleary family and spans the years from December 1920 to December 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Deviations from the novel 3 Cast 4 Development 5 Filming 6 Awards and nominations 7 VHS and DVD releases and ratings 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see The Thorn Birds § Plot . Deviations from the novel ( edit ) The novel begins in New Zealand on December 8 , 1915 , Meggie Cleary 's fourth birthday . The miniseries begins in Australia five years later with the Cleary 's newly arrived from New Zealand . In the novel , Meggie Cleary 's `` titian '' ( red ) hair is mentioned frequently , and used as a plot device . Rachel Ward , who played Meggie in the miniseries , had auburn hair which is a reddish brown . In the miniseries , Meggie and Stuart visit Frank in prison only once , where the audience learns in 1954 that Frank had died some time while in prison . In the novel , Ralph acts as a go - between and no one in the Cleary family sees Frank until he is released from prison after 30 years . In the novel , Meggie is totally ignorant of sexual matters until her wedding and has her own childish idea of how babies are made , which is revealed in her dialogue with Ralph . In the corresponding dialogue in the miniseries , Meggie is at least aware that animals copulate . The scene in the novel where Meggie reveals to Ralph that she has begun menstruating has Ralph reacting with anger toward Fee ( although he never confronts Fee about it ) , whereas in the miniseries , Ralph is amused and bewildered . Meggie has 8 brothers in the novel . In the miniseries , only 5 appear ( Frank , Bob , Jack , Stuey and Hal ) , but Fee mentions to Father Ralph soon after arriving in Australia that she lost two other sons . Justine visits Greece with Dane in the miniseries , while in the novel she stays in London . In the miniseries , Anne and Luddie Mueller attend Dane 's funeral . In the novel , Luddie had died prior to Dane 's funeral and Anne attended alone . Ralph dies while sitting in a chair with Meggie 's head in his lap , recalling the legend of the thorn bird soon after Dane 's funeral . In the novel his heart slowly gives out while the room goes into a blur . The miniseries ends with Ralph 's death . The novel continues with Justine 's and Rainer 's story . Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Richard Chamberlain Ralph de Bricassart Rachel Ward Meggie Cleary ( as an adult ) Sydney Penny Meggie Cleary ( as a child ) Barbara Stanwyck Mary Carson Richard Kiley Paddy Cleary Jean Simmons Fee Cleary Bryan Brown Luke O'Neill Mare Winningham Justine O'Neill Philip Anglim Dane O'Neill Ken Howard Rainer Hartheim John Friedrich Frank Cleary Dwier Brown Stuart Cleary ( as an adult ) Vidal Peterson Stuart Cleary ( as a child ) Piper Laurie Anne Mueller Earl Holliman Luddie Mueller Christopher Plummer Archbishop Vittorio di Contini - Verchese Brett Cullen Bob Cleary Stephen W. Burns Jack Cleary Barry Corbin Pete Holly Palance Miss Carmichael John de Lancie Alastair MacQueen Allyn Ann McLerie Mrs. Smith Richard Venture Harry Gough Stephanie Faracy Judy Antoinette Bower Sarah MacQueen Development ( edit ) The novel was originally developed as a feature film with Ed Lewis attached to produce . Ivan Moffat wrote an early draft of the script . Herbert Ross was the first director , and he saw Christopher Reeve about playing the lead . Then Peter Weir became attached to direct ; Robert Redford was the favourite to play the lead . Eventually Weir dropped out Arthur Hiller was going to direct ; Ryan O'Neal was mooted as a star . Eventually it was decided to turn it into a mini series . Filming ( edit ) Although the mini-series is set in Australia it was filmed in the United States . The outback scenes were filmed in southern California and the Queensland scenes were filmed on the Hawaiian island of Kauai . The Drogheda main house was a set built on the Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley , California . The mountainous terrain of the southern California `` outback '' filming location does not resemble western New South Wales , which is predominantly level to gently rolling . The mini-series included `` the most dangerous bus in Australia '' . Since filming took place in the US an American bus was used . In Australia , where there is right - hand drive , it would set down its passengers in the middle of the road . In the miniseries , Drogheda , Mary Carson 's sheep station , is said to have been named after the Irish town of Drogheda , by a former resident of that town . However , its name is mispronounced by all characters as `` Drog - ee - da '' . In fact , the g should be silent and the e short . A former resident would pronounce it as Draw - hed - ah or Dro - hed - ah ( with a soft o as in `` drop '' ) , or draw - da . A followup was produced in 1996 by CBS , entitled The Thorn Birds : The Missing Years , which tells the story of the 19 years unaccounted for in the original miniseries . New York Jets offensive tackle D'Brickashaw Ferguson was named after the character Ralph de Bricassart . Rachel Ward , who was born in 1957 , plays the mother of a daughter played by 1959 - born actress Mare Winningham , and a son played by 1953 - born actor Philip Anglim . Rachel Ward met her husband Bryan Brown on the set while filming the series . Brown plays Luke O'Neill , who marries Ward 's character , Meggie Cleary . Actor Bryan Brown , was the only Australian - born cast member hired in a major role . This is not too unusual since although the series takes place in Australia , Luke O'Neill and Meggie 's children were the only major characters who were Australian - born . Father Ralph , Mary Carson , and Paddy Cleary were all Irish - born . Fee and most of the Cleary children were born in New Zealand . During casting , actress Jane Seymour was considered for the role of Meggie Cleary and the role of Mary Carson was originally offered to Audrey Hepburn . Father Terrance Sweeney , an Emmy Award - winning Jesuit priest , was a technical advisor on the mini-series . He left the priesthood in 1986 and married Pamela Susan Shoop , an actress and daughter of actress Julie Bishop in 1987 . They co-authored the book `` What God Hath Joined '' that discussed their relationship . The serial has had great success in France . The French title is `` Les oiseaux se cachent pour mourir '' ( The birds hide to die ) . The series is still regularly repeated on TV channels . The series was also very successful in Brazil , where it was broadcast by SBT . During its first broadcast , in 1985 , the miniseries beat Globo TV network in the ratings , which had always been the leader in ratings in Brazil . The series last aired in Brazil from October 2 through October 13 , 2006 , at 9 : 40 PM ( local time ) . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Achievement in Makeup Del Acevedo Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Movie Robert MacKichan , Jerry Adams Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Film Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie Carroll Timothy O'Meara Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Richard Chamberlain Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Barbara Stanwyck Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Miniseries or Movie The Thorn Birds Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Bryan Brown Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Richard Kiley Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Christopher Plummer Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Piper Laurie Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Jean Simmons Won 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film Richard Chamberlain Won 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Rachel Ward Nominated 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Miniseries or Television Film The Thorn Birds Won 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Bryan Brown Nominated 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Richard Kiley Won 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Piper Laurie Nominated 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Jean Simmons Nominated 1984 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Barbara Stanwyck Won 1984 People 's Choice Awards Best TV Miniseries The Thorn Birds Won 1984 Young Artist Awards Best Young Actress in a Miniseries or Television Movie Sydney Penny Won VHS and DVD releases and ratings ( edit ) The Thorn Birds was released on VHS in 1991 in the US and Canada ; it was re-released on DVD in the US and Canada on February 3 , 2004 . Both editions were given a `` Not Rated '' certification . It is rated PG in New Zealand for violence , sexual references , coarse language and nudity . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mann , Roderick ( 8 July 1980 ) . `` RYAN O'NEAL : HOOKED ON ' THORN BIRDS ' AND FARRAH '' . Los Angeles Times . p. g1 . Jump up ^ Mann , Roderick ( 14 Feb 1980 ) . `` REDFORD IS READING ' THORN BIRDS ' SCRIPT '' . Los Angeles Times . p. i1 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1987-11-16/local/me-14246_1_catholic-priests External links ( edit ) Encyclopedia of Television The Thorn Birds on IMDb Films directed by Daryl Duke Children of the Lotus Eater ( 1970 ) Payday ( 1972 ) I Heard the Owl Call My Name ( 1973 ) The President Is Missing ( 1973 ) A Cry for Help ( 1975 ) Griffin and Phoenix ( 1976 ) The Silent Partner ( 1978 ) The Return of Charlie Chan ( 1979 ) Hard Feelings ( 1982 ) The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) Florence Nightingale ( 1985 ) Tai - Pan ( 1986 ) When We Were Young ( 1989 ) Fatal Memories ( 1992 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film The Snow Goose : A Story of Dunkirk ( 1971 ) That Certain Summer ( 1972 ) The Shadow Box ( 1980 ) Bill ( 1981 ) Brideshead Revisited ( 1982 ) The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) Something About Amelia ( 1984 ) The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Promise ( 1986 ) Escape from Sobibor ( 1987 ) War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Decoration Day ( 1990 ) One Against the Wind ( 1991 ) Sinatra ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) The Burning Season ( 1994 ) Indictment : The McMartin Trial ( 1995 ) Rasputin : Dark Servant of Destiny ( 1996 ) George Wallace ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) RKO 281 ( 1999 ) Dirty Pictures ( 2000 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) The Gathering Storm ( 2002 ) Angels in America ( 2003 ) The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) Empire Falls ( 2005 ) Elizabeth I ( 2006 ) Longford ( 2007 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Grey Gardens ( 2009 ) Carlos ( 2010 ) Downton Abbey , series 1 ( 2011 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Fargo , season 1 ( 2014 ) Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Thorn_Birds_(miniseries)&oldid=790667486 '' Categories : 1983 American television series debuts 1983 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows 1980s American television series 1980s American television miniseries Family saga Television programs based on novels Television series set in the 1920s Television series set in the 1930s Television series set in the 1940s Television series set in the 1950s Television series set in the 1960s Television shows set in Australia Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners Television series by The Wolper Organization Films directed by Daryl Duke Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 07 : 50 . 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2,301
which of the following influenced the formation of zaire
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
history of the democratic republic of the congo
Part of a series on the History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Early history pre -- 1876 Colonization 1876 -- 1885 Congo Free State 1885 -- 1908 Belgian Congo 1908 -- 1960 Congo Crisis 1960 -- 1965 Zaire 1965 -- 1996 First Congo War 1996 -- 1997 Second Congo War 1998 -- 2003 Transitional government 2003 -- 2006 See also : Years DRC Portal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The region that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo was first settled about 80,000 years ago . The Kingdom of Congo remained present in the region between the 14th and the early 19th centuries . Belgian colonization began when King Leopold II founded the Congo Free State , a corporate state run solely by King Leopold . Reports of widespread murder and torture in the rubber plantations led the Belgian government to seize the Congo from Leopold II and establish the Belgian Congo . Under Belgian rule numerous Christian organizations attempted to Westernize the Congolese people . After an uprising by the Congolese people , Belgium surrendered to the independence of the Congo in 1960 . However , the Congo remained unstable because tribal leaders had more power than the central government . Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba tried to restore order with the aid of the Soviet Union as part of the Cold War , causing the United States to support a coup led by Colonel Joseph Mobutu in 1965 . Mobutu quickly seized complete power of the Congo and renamed the country Zaire . He sought to Africanize the country , changing his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko , and demanded that African citizens change their Western names to traditional African names . Mobutu sought to repress any opposition to his rule , in which he successfully did throughout the 1980s . However , with his regime weakened in the 1990s , Mobutu was forced to agree to a power - sharing government with the opposition party . Mobutu remained the head of state and promised elections within the next two years that never took place . In the First Congo War , Rwanda invaded Zaire ; Mobutu lost his power during this process . Laurent - Desire Kabila took power and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo . After a disappointing rule under Kabila , the Second Congo War broke out , resulting in a regional war in which different African nations took part . Kabila was assassinated by his bodyguard in 2001 , and his son , Joseph , succeeded him and was later elected president by the Congolese government in 2006 . Kabila quickly sought peace . Foreign soldiers remained in the Congo for a few years and a power - sharing government between Kabila and the opposition party was set up . Kabila later resumed complete control over the Congo and was re-elected in a disputed election in 2011 . Today , the Congo remains dangerously unstable . Contents 1 Early history 2 Colonial rule 2.1 Congo Free State ( 1885 -- 1908 ) 2.2 Belgian Congo ( 1908 -- 60 ) 2.3 Rise in Congolese political activity 3 Independence and the Congo Crisis ( 1960 -- 65 ) 4 Zaire ( 1965 -- 97 ) 5 Civil Wars ( 1996 - 2003 ) 5.1 First Congo War ( 1996 -- 97 ) 5.2 Second Congo War ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 6 Joseph Kabila period 6.1 Transitional government ( 2003 -- 06 ) 6.2 Kabila overstays his term 7 Continued conflicts 7.1 Conflict in Kivu ( 2004 - present ) 7.1. 1 Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 7.1. 2 Ethnic Mai Mai factions 7.2 Conflict in Katanga 7.3 Conflict in Kasai 7.4 Ituri conflict 7.5 Dongo Conflict 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Early history ( edit ) Main article : Early Congolese history Map of the Kingdom of Kongo The area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 80,000 years ago , as shown by the 1988 discovery of the Semliki harpoon at Katanda , one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found , which is believed to have been used to catch giant river catfish . During its recorded history , the area has also been known as Congo , Congo Free State , Belgian Congo , and Zaire . The Kingdom of Kongo existed from the 14th to the early 19th century . Until the arrival of the Portuguese it was the dominant force in the region along with the Kingdom of Luba , the Kingdom of Lunda , the Mongo people and the Anziku Kingdom . Colonial rule ( edit ) See also : Belgian overseas colonies Congo Free state ( 1885 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) Main article : Congo Free State Children mutilated during King Leopold II 's rule The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium through the Association internationale africaine , a non-governmental organization . Leopold was the sole shareholder and chairman . The state included the entire area of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo . Under Leopold II , the Congo Free State became one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the twentieth century . The report of the British Consul Roger Casement led to the arrest and punishment of white officials who had been responsible for cold - blooded killings during a rubber - collecting expedition in 1900 , including a Belgian national who caused the shooting of at least 122 Congolese natives . Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably . The first census was only done in 1924 , so it is even more difficult to quantify the population loss of the period . Roger Casement 's famous 1904 report estimated ten million people . According to Casement 's report , indiscriminate `` war '' , starvation , reduction of births and tropical diseases caused the country 's depopulation . European and U.S. press agencies exposed the conditions in the Congo Free State to the public in 1900 . By 1908 public and diplomatic pressure had led Leopold II to annex the Congo as the Belgian Congo colony . Belgian Congo ( 1908 -- 60 ) ( edit ) Main article : Belgian Congo On 15 November 1908 King Léopold II of Belgium formally relinquished personal control of the Congo Free State . The renamed Belgian Congo was put under the direct administration of the Belgian government and its Ministry of Colonies . Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the `` colonial trinity '' ( trinité coloniale ) of state , missionary and private company interests . The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised . The interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied ; the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers imposed by the indigenous population . The country was split into nesting , hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions , and run uniformly according to a set `` native policy '' ( politique indigène ) -- in contrast to the British and the French , who generally favoured the system of indirect rule whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight . There was also a high degree of racial segregation . Large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of World War II came from across the social spectrum , but were nonetheless always treated as superior to blacks . During the 1940s and 1950s , the Congo experienced an unprecedented level of urbanisation and the colonial administration began various development programmes aimed at making the territory into a `` model colony '' . Notable advances were made in treating diseases such as African trypanosomiasis . One of the results of these measures was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African évolués in the cities . By the 1950s the Congo had a wage labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony . The Congo 's rich natural resources , including uranium -- much of the uranium used by the U.S. nuclear programme during World War II was Congolese -- led to substantial interest in the region from both the Soviet Union and the United States as the Cold War developed . Rise in Congolese political activity ( edit ) See also : Belgian Congo in World War II During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo , known as the évolué s . Forming an African middle class in the colony , they held skilled positions ( such as clerks and nurses ) made available by the economic boom . While there were no universal criteria for determining évolué status , it was generally accepted that one would have `` a good knowledge of French , adhere to Christianity , and have some form of post-primary education . '' Early on in their history , most évolués sought to use their unique status to earn special privileges in the Congo . Since opportunities for upward mobility through the colonial structure were limited , the évolué class institutionally manifested itself in elite clubs through which they could enjoy trivial privileges that made them feel distinct from the Congolese `` masses '' . Additional groups , such as labour unions , alumni associations , and ethnic syndicates , provided other Congolese the means of organisation . Among the most important of these was the Alliance des Bakongo ( ABAKO ) , representing the Kongo people of the Lower Congo . However , they were restricted in their actions by the administration . While white settlers were consulted in the appointment of certain officials , the Congolese had no means of expressing their beliefs through the governing structures . Though native chiefs held legal authority in some jurisdictions , in practice they were used by the administration to further its own policies . Up into the 1950s most évolués were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the Belgians . Questions of self - government were not considered until 1954 , when ABAKO requested that the administration consider a list of suggested candidates for a Léopoldville municipal post . That year the association was taken over by Joseph Kasa - Vubu , and under his leadership it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo . In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years . The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for `` immediate independence '' . The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realising the necessity of a plan for decolonisation in 1957 , it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium . In December 1957 the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties . Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony , but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese - initiated groups . Nationalism fermented in 1958 as more évolués began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state . Nevertheless , most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions . In Katanga , various tribal groups came together to form the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga ( CONAKAT ) under the leadership of Godefroid Munongo and Moïse Tshombe . Hostile to immigrant peoples , it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium . Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs , businessmen , and European settlers of southern Katanga . It was opposed by Jason Sendwe 's Association Générale des Baluba de Katanga ( BALUBAKAT ) . Patrice Lumumba , founding member and leader of the MNC In October 1958 a group of Léopoldville évolués including Patrice Lumumba , Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Iléo established the Mouvement National Congolais ( MNC ) . Diverse in membership , the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence , promote the political education of the populace , and eliminate regionalism . The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of Stanleyville , where Lumumba was well known , and from the population of the Kasai Province , where efforts were directed by a Muluba businessman , Albert Kalonji . Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the All - African Peoples ' Conference in Accra , Ghana , in December 1958 ( Kasa - Vubu was informed that the documents necessary for his travel to the event were not in order and was not permitted to go ) . Lumumba was deeply impressed by the Pan-Africanist ideals of Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme . He reported on his trip during a widely - attended rally in Léopoldville and demanded the country 's `` genuine '' independence . Fearing that they were being overshadowed by Lumumba and the MNC , Kasa - Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting their own rally in the capital on 4 January 1959 . The municipal government ( under Belgian domination ) was given short notice , and communicated that only a `` private meeting '' would be authorised . On the scheduled day of the rally the ABAKO leadership told the crowd that had gathered that the event was postponed and that they should disperse . The mass was infuriated and instead began hurling stones at the police and pillaging European property , initiating three days of violent and destructive riots . The Force Publique , the colonial army , was called into service and suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality . In wake of the riots Kasa - Vubu and his lieutenants were arrested . Unlike earlier expressions of discontent , the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents , not évolués . Popular opinion in Belgium was one of extreme shock and surprise . An investigative commission found the riots to be the culmination of racial discrimination , overcrowding , unemployment , and wishes for more political self - determination . On 13 January the administration announced several reforms , and the Belgian King , Baudouin , declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future . Meanwhile , discontent surfaced among the MNC leadership , who were bothered by Lumumba 's domination over the party 's politics . Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense , as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and antagonising other tribes . This culminated into the split of the party into the MNC - Lumumba / MNC - L under Lumumba and the MNC - Kalonji / MNC - K under Kalonji and Iléo . The latter began advocating federalism . Adoula left the organisation . Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO , Lumumba became increasingly strident in his demands for independence . Following an October riot in Stanleyville he was arrested . Nevertheless , the influence of himself and the MNC - L continued to grow rapidly . The party advocated for a strong unitary state , nationalism , and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups , such as the Kivu - based Centre du Regroupement Africain ( CEREA ) . Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT , they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba 's increasingly extremist attitudes . With the implicit support of the colonial administration , the moderates formed the Parti National du Progrès ( PNP ) under the leadership of Paul Bolya and Albert Delvaux . It advocated centralisation , respect for traditional elements , and close ties with Belgium . In southern Léopoldville Province , a socialist - federalist party , the Parti Solidaire Africain ( PSA ) was founded . Antoine Gizenga served as its president , and Cléophas Kamitatu was in charge of the Léopoldville Province chapter . Independence and the Congo crisis ( 1960 -- 65 ) ( edit ) Main article : Congo Crisis Following the riots in Leopoldville 4 -- 7 January 1959 , and in Stanleyville on 31 October 1959 , the Belgians realised they could not maintain control of such a vast country in the face of rising demands for independence . Belgian and Congolese political leaders held a Round Table Conference in Brussels beginning on 18 January 1960 . At the end of the conference , on 27 January 1960 , it was announced that elections would be held in the Congo on 22 May 1960 , and full independence granted on 30 June 1960 . The elections produced the nationalist Patrice Lumumba as prime minister , and Joseph Kasavubu as president . On independence the country adopted the name `` Republic of the Congo '' ( République du Congo ) . The French colony of Middle Congo ( Moyen Congo ) also chose the name Republic of Congo upon its independence , so the two countries are more commonly known as Congo - Léopoldville and Congo - Brazzaville , after their capital cities . In 1960 , the country was very unstable -- regional tribal leaders held far more power than the central government -- and with the departure of the Belgian administrators , almost no skilled bureaucrats remained in the country . The first Congolese graduated university only in 1956 , and very few in the new nation had any idea how to manage a country of such size . On 5 July 1960 , a military mutiny by Congolese soldiers against their European officers broke out in the capital and rampant looting began . On 11 July 1960 the richest province of the country , Katanga , seceded under Moise Tshombe . The United Nations sent 20,000 peacekeepers to protect Europeans in the country and try to restore order . Western paramilitaries and mercenaries , often hired by mining companies to protect their interests , also began to pour into the country . In this period Congo 's second richest province , Kasai , also announced its independence on 8 August 1960 . After trying to get help from the United States and the United Nations , Prime Minister Lumumba turned to the USSR for assistance . Nikita Khrushchev agreed to help , offering advanced weaponry and technical advisors . The United States viewed the Soviet presence as an attempt to take advantage of the situation and gain a proxy state in sub-Saharan Africa . UN forces were ordered to block any shipments of arms into the country . The United States also looked for a way to replace Lumumba as leader . President Kasavubu had clashed with Prime Minister Lumumba and advocated an alliance with the West rather than the Soviets . The U.S. sent weapons and CIA personnel to aid forces allied with Kasavubu and combat the Soviet presence . On 14 September 1960 , with U.S. and CIA support , Colonel Joseph Mobutu overthrew the government and arrested Lumumba . A technocratic government , the College of Commissioners - General , was established . On 17 January 1961 Mobutu sent Lumumba to Élisabethville ( now Lubumbashi ) , capital of Katanga . In full view of the press he was beaten and forced to eat copies of his own speeches . For three weeks afterward , he was not seen or heard from . Then Katangan radio announced implausibly that he had escaped and been killed by villagers . It was soon clear that in fact he had been tortured and killed along with two others shortly after his arrival . In 2001 , a Belgian inquiry established that he had been shot by Katangan gendarmes in the presence of Belgian officers , under Katangan command . Lumumba was beaten , placed in front of a firing squad with two allies , cut up , buried , dug up and what remained was dissolved in acid . In Stanleyville , those loyal to the deposed Lumumba set up a rival government under Antoine Gizenga which lasted from 31 March 1961 until it was reintegrated on 5 August 1961 . After some reverses , UN and Congolese government forces succeeded in recapturing the breakaway provinces of South Kasai on 30 December 1961 , and Katanga on 15 January 1963 . A new crisis erupted in the Simba Rebellion of 1964 - 1965 which saw half the country taken by the rebels . European mercenaries , US , and Belgian troops were called in by the Congolese government to defeat the rebellion . Zaire ( 1965 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Mobutu Sese Seko Unrest and rebellion plagued the government until November 1965 , when Lieutenant General Joseph - Desire Mobutu , by then commander in chief of the national army , seized control of the country and declared himself president for five years . Mobutu quickly consolidated his power , despite the Stanleyville mutinies of 1966 and 1967 , and was elected unopposed as president in 1970 . Embarking on a campaign of cultural awareness , President Mobutu renamed the country the Republic of Zaire in 1971 and required citizens to adopt African names and drop their French - language ones . The name comes from Portuguese , adapted from the Kongo word nzere or nzadi ( `` river that swallows all rivers '' ) . Among other changes , Leopoldville became Kinshasa and Katanga Shaba . Relative peace and stability prevailed until 1977 and 1978 when Katangan Front for Congolese National Liberation rebels , based in Angola , launched the Shaba I and II invasions into the southeast Shaba region . These rebels were driven out with the aid of French and Belgian paratroopers plus Moroccan troops . An Inter-African Force remained in the region for some time afterwards . Zaire remained a one - party state in the 1980s . Although Mobutu successfully maintained control during this period , opposition parties , most notably the Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social ( UDPS ) , were active . Mobutu 's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism . As the Cold War came to a close , internal and external pressures on Mobutu increased . In late 1989 and early 1990 , Mobutu was weakened by a series of domestic protests , by heightened international criticism of his regime 's human rights practices , by a faltering economy , and by government corruption , most notably his own massive embezzlement of government funds for personal use . In April 1990 , Mobutu declared the Third Republic , agreeing to a limited multi-party system with elections and a constitution . As details of the reforms were delayed , soldiers in September 1991 began looting Kinshasa to protest their unpaid wages . Two thousand French and Belgian troops , some of whom were flown in on U.S. Air Force planes , arrived to evacuate the 20,000 endangered foreign nationals in Kinshasa . In 1992 , after previous similar attempts , the long - promised Sovereign National Conference was staged , encompassing over 2,000 representatives from various political parties . The conference gave itself a legislative mandate and elected Archbishop Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya as its chairman , along with Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba , leader of the UDPS , as prime minister . By the end of the year Mobutu had created a rival government with its own prime minister . The ensuing stalemate produced a compromise merger of the two governments into the High Council of Republic - Parliament of Transition ( HCR - PT ) in 1994 , with Mobutu as head of state and Kengo Wa Dondo as prime minister . Although presidential and legislative elections were scheduled repeatedly over the next two years , they never took place . Civil Wars ( 1996 - 2003 ) ( edit ) First Congo War ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( edit ) Main articles : First Congo War and Great Lakes refugee crisis By 1996 , tensions from the war and genocide in neighboring Rwanda had spilled over into Zaire . Rwandan Hutu militia forces ( Interahamwe ) who had fled Rwanda following the ascension of a Tutsi - led government had been using Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire as bases for incursions into Rwanda . In October 1996 Rwandan forces attacked refugee camps in the Rusizi River plain near the intersection of the Congolese , Rwandan and Burundi borders meet , scattering refugees . They took Uvira , then Bukavu , Goma and Mugunga . Hutu militia forces soon allied with the Zairian armed forces ( FAZ ) to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire . In turn , these Tutsis formed a militia to defend themselves against attacks . When the Zairian government began to escalate the massacres in November 1996 , Tutsi militias erupted in rebellion against Mobutu . The Tutsi militia was soon joined by various opposition groups and supported by several countries , including Rwanda and Uganda . This coalition , led by Laurent - Desire Kabila , became known as the Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo - Zaïre ( AFDL ) . The AFDL , now seeking the broader goal of ousting Mobutu , made significant military gains in early 1997 . Various Zairean politicians who had unsuccessfully opposed the dictatorship of Mobutu for many years now saw an opportunity for them in the invasion of Zaire by two of the region 's strongest military forces . Following failed peace talks between Mobutu and Kabila in May 1997 , Mobutu left the country , and Kabila marched unopposed to Kinshasa on 20 May . Kabila named himself president , consolidated power around himself and the AFDL , and reverted the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of Congo . Second Congo War ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Second Congo War and International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Kabila demonstrated little ability to manage the problems of his country , and lost his allies . To counterbalance the power and influence of Rwanda in DRC , Ugandan troops created another rebel movement called the Movement for the Liberation of Congo ( MLC ) , led by the Congolese warlord Jean - Pierre Bemba . They attacked in August 1998 , backed by Rwandan and Ugandan troops . Soon afterwards , Angola , Namibia , and Zimbabwe became involved militarily in the Congo , with Angola and Zimbabwe supporting the government . While the six African governments involved in the war signed a ceasefire accord in Lusaka in July 1999 , the Congolese rebels did not and the ceasefire broke down within months . Kabila was assassinated in 2001 by a bodyguard called Rashidi Kasereka , 18 , who was then shot dead , according to Justice Minister Mwenze Kongolo . Another account of the assassination says that the real killer escaped . Kabila was succeeded by his son , Joseph . Upon taking office , Kabila called for multilateral peace talks to end the war . Kabila partly succeeded when a further peace deal was brokered between him , Uganda , and Rwanda leading to the apparent withdrawal of foreign troops . Currently , the Ugandans and the MLC still hold a 200 - mile ( 320 km ) wide section of the north of the country ; Rwandan forces and its front , the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie ( RCD ) control a large section of the east ; and government forces or their allies hold the west and south of the country . There were reports that the conflict is being prolonged as a cover for extensive looting of the substantial natural resources in the country , including diamonds , copper , zinc , and coltan . The conflict was reignited in January 2002 by ethnic clashes in the northeast and both Uganda and Rwanda then halted their withdrawal and sent in more troops . Talks between Kabila and the rebel leaders , held in Sun City , lasted a full six weeks , beginning in April 2002 . In June , they signed a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels . By June 2003 , all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo . Few people in the Congo have been unaffected by the conflict . A survey conducted in 2009 by the ICRC and Ipsos shows that three quarters ( 76 % ) of the people interviewed have been affected in some way -- either personally or due to the wider consequences of armed conflict . The response of the international community has been incommensurate with the scale of the disaster resulting from the war in the Congo . Its support for political and diplomatic efforts to end the war has been relatively consistent , but it has taken no effective steps to abide by repeated pledges to demand accountability for the war crimes and crimes against humanity that were routinely committed in Congo . The United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary - General have frequently denounced human rights abuses and the humanitarian disaster that the war unleashed on the local population , but have shown little will to tackle the responsibility of occupying powers for the atrocities taking place in areas under their control , areas where the worst violence in the country took place . In particular Rwanda and Uganda have escaped any significant sanction for their role . Joseph Kabila period ( edit ) Transitional government ( 2003 -- 06 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo general election , 2006 DR Congo had a transitional government in July 2003 until the election was over . A constitution was approved by voters and on 30 July 2006 the Congo held its first multi-party elections since independence in 1960 . Joseph Kabila took 45 % of the votes and his opponent Jean - Pierre Bemba 20 % . That was the origin of a fight between the two parties from 20 -- 22 August 2006 in the streets of the capital , Kinshasa . Sixteen people died before policemen and MONUC took control of the city . A new election was held on 29 October 2006 , which Kabila won with 70 % of the vote . Bemba has decried election `` irregularities . '' On 6 December 2006 Joseph Kabila was sworn in as President . Kabila overstays his term ( edit ) In December 2011 , Joseph Kabila was re-elected for a second term as president . After the results were announced on 9 December , there was violent unrest in Kinshasa and Mbuji - Mayi , where official tallies showed that a strong majority had voted for the opposition candidate Etienne Tshisekedi . Official observers from the Carter Center reported that returns from almost 2,000 polling stations in areas where support for Tshisekedi was strong had been lost and not included in the official results . They described the election as lacking credibility . On 20 December , Kabila was sworn in for a second term , promising to invest in infrastructure and public services . However , Tshisekedi maintained that the result of the election was illegitimate and said that he intended also to `` swear himself in '' as president . On 19 January 2015 protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out . The protests began following the announcement of a proposed law that would allow Kabila to remain in power until a national census can be conducted ( elections had been planned for 2016 ) . By Wednesday 21 January clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives ( although the government claimed only 15 people had been killed ) . Similarly , in September 2016 , violent protests were met with brutal force by the police and Republican Guard soldiers . Opposition groups claim 80 dead , including the Students ' Union leader . From Monday 19 September Kinshasa residents , as well as residents elsewhere in Congo , where mostly confined to their homes . Police arrested anyone remotely connected to the opposition as well as innocent onlookers . Government propaganda , on television , and actions of covert government groups in the streets , act against opposition as well as foreigners . The president 's mandate was due to end on 19 December 2016 , but no plans have been made to elect a replacement at that time . More demonstrations are planned to mark the passing of this date . Opposition groups claim that the outcome of late elections would be civil war . Maman Sidikou , the Secretary - General 's Special Representative for DR Congo and head of MONUSCO , said that a tipping point into uncontrolable violence could come about very quickly if the political situation were not normalised . Continued conflicts ( edit ) The inability of the state and the world 's largest United Nations peacekeeping force to provide security throughout the vast country has led to the emergence of up to 70 armed groups around 2016 , perhaps the largest number in the world . By 2018 , the number of armed groups had increased to about 120 . Armed groups are often accused of being proxies or being supported by regional governments interested in Eastern Congo 's vast mineral wealth . Some argue that much of the lack of security by the national army is strategic on the part of the government , who let the army profit from illegal logging and mining operations in return for loyalty . Different rebel groups often target civilians by ethnicity as they can not tell who is a rebel or who they are providing support to and militias often become oriented around ethnicity . Conflict in Kivu ( 2004 - present ) ( edit ) Flag of CNDP Main article : Kivu conflict See also : M23 rebellion Laurent Nkunda with other soldiers from RCD - Goma who were integrated into the army defected and called themselves the National Congress for the Defence of the People ( CNDP ) . Starting in 2004 , CNDP , believed to be backed by Rwanda as a way to tackle the Hutu group Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda ( FDLR ) , rebelled against the government , claiming to protect the Banyamulenge ( Congolese Tutsis ) . In 2009 , after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda , Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants . The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government where its soldiers would be integrated into the national army . In April 2012 , the leader of the CNDP , Bosco Ntaganda and troops loyal to him mutinied , claiming a violation of the peace treaty and formed a rebel group , the March 23 Movement ( M23 ) , which was believed to be backed by Rwanda . On 20 November 2012 , M23 took control of Goma , a provincial capital with a population of one million people . The UN authorized the Force Intervention Brigade ( FIB ) , which was the first UN peacekeeping force with a mandate to neutralize opposition rather than a defensive mandate , and the FIB quickly defeated M23 . The FIB was then to fight the FDLR but were hampered by the efforts of the Congolese government , who some believe tolerate the FDLR as a counterweight to Rwandan interests . Since 2017 , fighters from M23 , most of whom had fled into Uganda and Rwanda ( both were believed to have supported them ) , started crossing back into DRC with the rising crisis over Kabila 's extension of his term limit . DRC claimed of clashes with M23 . Allied Democratic forces insurgency ( edit ) Main article : Allied Democratic Forces insurgency The Allied Democratic Forces has been waging an insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is blamed for the Beni massacre in 2016 . While the Congolese army maintains that the ADF is an Islamist insurgency , most observers feel that they are only a criminal group interested in gold mining and logging . Ethnic Mai Mai factions ( edit ) In June 2017 , the group , mostly based in South Kivu , called the National People 's Coalition for the Sovereignty of Congo ( CNPSC ) led by William Yakutumba was formed and became the strongest rebel group in the east , even briefly capturing a few strategic towns . The rebel group is one of three alliances of various Mai - Mai militias and has been referred to as the Alliance of Article 64 , a reference to Article 64 of the constitution , which says the people have an obligation to fight the efforts of those who seek to take power by force , in reference to President Kabila . Bembe warlord Yakutumba 's Mai - Mai Yakutumba is the largest component of the CNPSC and has had friction with the Congolese Tutsis who often make up commanders in army units . In 2012 , the Congolese army in its attempt to crush the Rwandan backed and Tutsi - dominated CNDP and M23 rebels , empowered and used Hutu groups such as the FDLR and a Hutu dominated Mai - Mai group called Nyatura as proxies in its fight . The Nyatura and FDLR even arbitrarily executed up to 264 mostly Tembo civilians in 2012 . In 2015 , the army then launched an offensive against the FDLR militia . The FDLR are accused of killing at least 14 Nande people in January 2016 and of killing 10 Nandes and burning houses in July 2016 while an FDLR allied group Maï Maï Nyatura are also accused of killing Nandes . The Nande - dominate UPDI militia , a Nande militia called Mai - Mai Mazembe and a militia dominated by Nyanga people , the `` Nduma Defence of Congo '' ( NDC ) , also called Maï - Maï Sheka and led by Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga , are accused of attacking Hutus . In North Kivu , in 2017 , an alliance of Mai - Mai groups called the National Movement of Revolutionaries ( MNR ) began attacks in June 2017 includes Nande Mai - Mai leaders from groups such as Corps du Christ and Mai - Mai Mazembe . Another alliance of Mai - Mai groups is CMC which brings together Hutu militia Nyatura and are active along the border between North Kivu and South Kivu . Conflict in Katanga ( edit ) Main articles : Batwa - Luba clashes and Mai - Mai Kata Katanga In Northern Katanga Province starting in 2013 , the Pygmy Batwa people , whom the Luba people often exploit and allegedly enslave , rose up into militias , such as the `` Perci '' militia , and attacked Luba villages . A Luba militia known as `` Elements '' or `` Elema '' attacked back , notably killing at least 30 people in the `` Vumilia 1 '' displaced people camp in April 2015 . Since the start of the conflict , hundreds have been killed and tens of thousands have been displaced from their homes . The weapons used in the conflict are often arrows and axes , rather than guns . Elema also began fighting the government mainly with machetes , bows and arrows in Congo 's Haut Katanga and Tanganyika provinces . The government forces fought alongside a tribe known as the Abatembo and targeting civilians of the Luba and the Tabwa tribes who were believed to be sympathetic to the Elema . Conflict in Kasai ( edit ) Main article : Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Kasaï - Central province , where the Kamwina Nsapu militia clashes with security forces began . In the Kasaï - Central province , starting in 2016 , the largely Luba Kamwina Nsapu militia led by Kamwina Nsapu attacked state institutions . The leader was killed by authorities in August 2016 and the militia reportedly took revenge by attacking civilians . By June 2017 , more than 3,300 people had been killed and 20 villages have been completely destroyed , half of them by government troops . The militia has expanded to the neighboring Kasai - Oriental area , Kasaï and Lomami . A traditional chief critical of Kabila was killed by security forces , precipitating conflict that has killed more than 3,000 people since . The UN discovered dozens of mass graves . Rebels and government forces are accused of human rights abuses , as well as a state - linked militia called Bana Mura , which shares a name with the hill in the east where presidential guards train . Ituri conflict ( edit ) Main article : Ituri conflict The Ituri conflict involved fighting between the agriculturalist Lendu and pastoralist Hema ethnic groups in the Ituri region of the north - eastern DRC . While `` Ituri conflict '' often refers to the major fighting from 1999 to 2003 , fighting has existed before and continues since that time . In 2018 , with the deterioration in security over Kabila 's extending his stay in power , more than 100 people were killed , hundreds of homes burnt and 200,000 people were forced to flee . Dongo conflict ( edit ) Main article : Dongo conflict In October 2009 a new conflict started in Dongo , Sud - Ubangi District where clashes had broken out over access to fishing ponds . See also ( edit ) Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo History of Africa List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo List of heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Cities in DR Congo : Bukavu history and timeline Goma history and timeline Kinshasa history and timeline Kisangani history and timeline Lubumbashi history and timeline Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The two major divisions of Pygmies in the DRC are the Bambuti , or Mbuti , who largely live in the Ituri forest in the northeast , and the Batwa , but many Batwa in certain areas of the country also refer to themselves as Bambuti . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Yellen , John E. ( 1998 ) . `` Barbed Bone Points : Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa '' . African Archaeological Review . 15 : 173 -- 198 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1021659928822 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Report of the British Consul , Roger Casement , on the Administration of the Congo Free State Jump up ^ Ewans , Sir Martin ( 2001 ) . European atrocity , African catastrophe : Leopold II , the Congo Free State and its aftermath . Richmond : Curzon . ISBN 0700715894 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2007 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Turner 2007 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Freund 1998 , pp. 198 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Freund 1998 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 1993 , pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Gibbs 1991 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Willame 1972 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Willame 1972 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gibbs 1991 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , pp. 296 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Young 1965 , p. 277 . ^ Jump up to : Nzongola - Ntalaja 2002 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Lemarchand 1964 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Hoskyns 1965 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Nzongola - Ntalaja 2002 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Hoskyns 1965 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Nzongola - Ntalaja 2002 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns 1965 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Merriam 1961 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ De Witte , Ludo : The Assassination of Lumumba , Verso , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Kasavubu Regime Ousted By Army Coup in Congo '' . archive.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Anthony Mockler , ' The New Mercenaries , ' Corgi Books , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 552 - 12558 - X Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. Harper & Row . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 122490 - 1 Jump up ^ Zeilig , Leo ; Dwyer , Peter ( 2012 ) . African Struggles Today : Social Movements Since Independence . Haymarket Books . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1608461202 . Jump up ^ `` New Riots in Zaire : 300 Are Evacuated '' . New York Times . Reuters . October 23 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Jason Stearns ( 2012 ) . Dancing in the Glory of Monsters : The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa . PublicAffairs . p. 23 . ISBN 1610391594 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stuart Jeffries ( 10 February 2001 ) . `` Revealed : how Africa 's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers : President Laurent Kabila 's blind faith in his teenage warriors was a fatal error '' . Guardian . Jump up ^ DRC , Opinion survey 2009 , by ICRC and Ipsos Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch : War Crimes in Kisangani '' . Hrw.org. 20 August 2002 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DR Congo election : Questions hang over Kabila 's victory '' . BBC News . 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Center : DRC Presidential Election Results Lack Credibility ( press release ) '' . Carter Center . 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DR Congo President Joseph Kabila begins second term '' . BBC News . 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Aaron ( 21 January 2015 ) . `` UPDATE 2 - Congo protests enter third day , rights group says 42 dead '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jullien , Maud ( 21 January 2015 ) . `` DR Congo unrest : Catholic church backs protests '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Guardian - Demonstrations banned Police killed ( 20 September 2016 ) Jump up ^ Democratic Republic of Congo faces civil war Jump up ^ Political polarization in DR Congo may spark ' large - scale violence , ' UN envoy warns Security Council ^ Jump up to : `` Congo Warns Return of M23 Rebels in East Could Block Vote '' . Bloomberg. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Congo , Wars Are Small and Chaos Is Endless '' . nytimes.com. 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands Flee Across Congo 's Borders After Violence in East Rages '' . Bloomberg. 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN peacekeeping in Congo Never - ending mission '' . The Economist. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DRC : Thousands flee amid surge in ' horrific violence ' '' . Al Jazeera. 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goma : M23 rebels capture DR Congo city '' . BBC News . 20 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Congo says M23 fighters captured downed air crew '' . Reuters. 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Congo rebels aim to march on Kinshasa : spokesman '' . Reuters. 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Congolese army 's campaign of rape and looting in South Kivu '' . Irinnews. 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Fighting in Eastern DR Congo , Threats to Civilians Increase '' . Human Rights Watch . 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who are the Nyatura rebels ? '' . IBT. 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` At least 21 Hutus killed in ' alarming ' east Congo violence : UN '' . Reuters. 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DRC : Rebels kill at least 10 in troubled eastern region '' . Al jazeera. 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Armed groups in eastern DRC '' . Irin news . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congo rebels kill at least 8 civilians in mounting ethnic violence '' . Reuter . 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 27 killed in DRC after Maï - Maï fighters target Hutu civilians in North Kivu '' . International Business Times . 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DR Congo militia attack kills dozens in eastern region '' . Aljazeera. 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebellion fears grow in eastern Congo '' . Irinnews. 31 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sud - Kivu : Les miliciens envahissent les localités abandonnées par l'armée à Kalehe '' . Actualite. 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Republic of the Congo - Batwa and Bambuti '' . Minority Rights Group International . ^ Jump up to : `` DR Congo : Ethnic Militias Attack Civilians in Katanga '' . Human Rights Watch . 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Refugees reaching Zambia accuse DRC troops of killing civilians - U.N '' . Reuters. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DR Congo Kasai conflict : ' Thousands dead ' in violence '' . BBC News . 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DRC 's Kasai - Oriental province requires emergency assistance 600,000 says UN '' . International Business Times . 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Catherine Wambua ( 23 Jan 2018 ) . `` DRC aid workers in record appeal for Kasai conflict victims : More than 10 million people in central Democratic Republic of Congo 's Kasai region will need aid in 2018 , NGOs warn , in the largest funding appeal in country 's history '' . Jump up ^ `` UN warns situation in DR Congo reaching ' breaking point ' '' . Deutsche Welle. 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Turner , Thomas ( 2007 ) . The Congo Wars : Conflict , Myth , and Reality ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Zed Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84277 - 688 - 9 . Freund , Bill ( 1998 ) . The Making of Contemporary Africa : The Development of African Society since 1800 ( 2nd ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave - Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 69872 - 3 . Borstelmann , Thomas ( 1993 ) . Apartheid , Colonialism , and the Cold War : the United States and Southern Africa , 1945 -- 1952 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507942 - 6 . External links ( edit ) BBC , Country profile : Democratic Republic of Congo BBC , DR Congo : Key facts BBC , Q&A : DR Congo conflict Timeline : Democratic Republic of Congo BBC , In pictures : Congo crisis Democratic Republic of the Congo articles History Early history Colonization ( 1867 -- 85 ) Congo Free State ( 1885 -- 1908 ) Belgian Congo ( 1908 -- 60 ) World War II Congo - Léopoldville ( 1960 -- 65 ) Congo Crisis ( 1960 -- 65 ) Zaire ( 1965 -- 97 ) First Congo War ( 1996 -- 98 ) Second Congo War ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 2000s Transitional Government ( 2003 -- 06 ) M23 rebellion ( 2012 -- 13 ) Geography Cities Conservation Deforestation Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Former place names Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court of Cassation Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military National Assembly Political parties President Prime Minister Senate Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy Franc ( currency ) Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Child marriage Corruption Demographics Education Health Languages Religion Social issues Women Culture Cinema Cuisine Flag Football Media Music Public holidays Outline Index Portal Years in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Belgian Congo Pre-1900s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s Republic of Congo 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Zaire 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 DR Congo 1997 1998 2017 2018 2019 History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea eSwatini ( Swaziland ) Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&oldid=861990644 '' Categories : History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo History of Central Africa History of Africa by country Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Ido עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lingála Македонски Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Vèneto Yorùbá 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 13 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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2017 elections in India
2017 elections in india
The elections in India in 2017 include the seven state legislative assembly elections .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Maps 2 Election List 3 Presidential election 4 Vice Presidential election 5 Legislative assembly elections 5.1 Punjab 5.2 Goa 5.3 Uttar Pradesh 5.4 Uttarakhand 5.5 Manipur 5.6 Himachal Pradesh 5.7 Gujarat 6 References 7 External links Maps ( edit ) Punjab Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Election List ( edit ) Start date End date Election Winning party Elected leader 4 February 2017 4 February 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election , 2017 INC Amarinder Singh 4 February 2017 4 February 2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election , 2017 BJP Manohar Parrikar 15 February 2017 15 February 2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , 2017 BJP Trivendra Singh Rawat 11 February 2017 9 March 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 BJP Yogi Adityanath 4 March 2017 8 March 2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election , 2017 BJP Nongthombam Biren Singh 17 July 2017 17 July 2017 Indian presidential election , 2017 NDA Ram Nath Kovind 5 August 2017 5 August 2017 Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 NDA Venkaiah Naidu 9 November 2017 9 November 2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 BJP Jai Ram Thakur 9 December 2017 14 December 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election , 2017 BJP Vijay Rupani Presidential election ( edit ) Main article : Indian presidential election , 2017 A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 before the term of the President Pranab Mukherjee ended . Ramnath Kovind was elected as the President of India . Vice presidential election ( edit ) Main article : Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 A Vice Presidential election were held in India on 5 August 2017 before the term of Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari ends . Venkaiah Naidu was elected as the Vice President of India . Legislative assembly elections ( edit ) Punjab ( edit ) Main article : Punjab Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Punjab Elections for the State assembly were held on February 4 , 2017 with 75 % voter turnout . In Punjab all the 117 assembly constituencies have triangular contests between major parties makes the results uncertain . Result was declared on 11 March 2017 . Summary of the Punjab Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Alliance Seats contested Seats won Seat change Popular vote Vote share Swing Indian National Congress - 117 77 31 5,945,899 38.5 % 1.42 % Aam Aadmi Party AAP+ 112 20 20 3,662,665 23.7 % 23.7 % Shiromani Akali Dal NDA 94 15 41 3,898,161 25.2 % 9.36 % Bharatiya Janata Party NDA 23 9 833,092 5.4 % 1.75 % Lok Insaaf Party AAP+ 5 189,228 1.2 % 1.2 % Bahujan Samaj Party 117 0 234,400 1.5 % Aapna Punjab Party 0 37,476 0.2 % RMPOI 0 37,243 0.2 % SAD ( M ) 0 49,260 0.3 % Communist Party of India 0 34,074 0.2 % Independents NA 0 323,243 2.1 % 5.03 % None of the above NA 108,471 0.7 % 0.7 % Total 117 - Turnout : 78.6 % Source : Election Commission of India Goa ( edit ) Main article : Goa Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Goa Elections for the State assembly were held on February 4 , 2017 with 83 % turnout . Summary of the Goa Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Seats contested Seats won Seat change Vote share Indian National Congress 36 17 8 28.4 % Bharatiya Janata Party 36 13 8 32.5 % Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party 34 0 11.3 % Goa Forward Party 0 3.5 % Independents 3 ( 2 in alliance ) 11.1 % Aam Aadmi Party 40 0 0 6.3 % Nationalist Congress Party 18 5 2.3 % Goa Suraksha Manch 0 0 1.2 % United Goans Party 0 0 0.9 % Goa Su - Raj Party 0 0 0.6 % Goa Vikas Party 0 0.6 % Total - 40 - Turnout : 83 % Result : BJP , MGP , GFP and two independents form alliance to win the election . Source : Election Commission of India Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Uttar Pradesh Main article : Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh were held between 11 February to 9 March 2017 in seven phases . Result was declared on 11 March 2017 . Summary of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Alliance Seats contested Seats won Seat change Vote share Swing Bharatiya Janata Party NDA 384 312 265 39.7 % Apna Dal ( Sonelal ) NDA 12 9 9 1.0 % Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party NDA 7 0.7 % Samajwadi Party SP+ 298 47 177 21.8 % 7.7 Indian National Congress SP+ 105 7 21 6.2 % Bahujan Samaj Party - 403 19 61 22.2 % Rashtriya Lok Dal - 131 1.8 % Communist Party of India Left 90 0 Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Left 50 0 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Left 27 0 AIMIM - 38 0 Apna Dal Grand alliance 150 0 Peace Party of India Grand Alliance 150 0 Nishad Party Grand Alliance 100 Nationalist Congress Party - Shiv Sena - 150 Independents n / a Total - 403 - Turnout : Source : Election Commission of India Uttarakhand ( edit ) Main article : Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Uttarakhand Elections for the State assembly were held on February 15 , 2017 with a 65.64 % turnout . Result was declared on 11 March 2017 . Summary of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Seats contested Seats won Seat change Vote share Swing Bharatiya Janata Party 70 57 26 46.5 % 13.37 % Indian National Congress 70 11 21 33.5 % 0.29 % Bahujan Samaj Party 70 0 7 % Uttarakhand Kranti Dal 55 0 0.7 % Samajwadi Party 25 0 0.4 % Independents - 10 % Total - - Turnout : 65.64 % ( for 69 seats except Karnaprayag ) Source : Election Commission of India Manipur ( edit ) Main article : Manipur Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Manipur Assembly elections in Manipur were held on 4 March and 8 March 2017 in two phases . Result were declared on 11 March 2017 . Summary of the Manipur Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Seats contested Seats won Seat change Vote share Swing Indian National Congress 60 28 - 19 35.1 - 6.9 Bharatiya Janata Party 60 21 + 21 36.3 + 35 Naga People 's Front 16 7.2 National People 's Party 9 + 4 5.1 Lok Janshakti Party 2.5 All India Trinamool Congress 24 - 4 1.4 Independents + 1 5.1 Peoples ' Resurgence and Justice Alliance 05 00 Total - 0 - Turnout : Source : Election Commission of India Himachal Pradesh ( edit ) Main article : Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Himachal Pradesh Elections for the State assembly was held on 9 November 2017 . Voting turnout recorded 74 % , which is highest ever in the state . The results were declared on 18 December 2017 . Over 0.9 % of all voters in the election specified the ' None of the Above ' option , which amounted to than 33,000 votes . Summary of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Seats contested Seats won Seat change Popular vote Vote share Swing Bharatiya Janata Party 68 44 + 18 Indian National Congress 68 21 - 15 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) + 1 Independents - 3 Himachal Lokhit Party - 1 Bahujan Samaj Party None of the above Total All 182 Turnout : NA Source : Election Commission of India Gujarat ( edit ) Main article : Gujarat Legislative Assembly election , 2017 Gujarat Elections for the State assembly are scheduled to be held on 9 and 14 December 2017 . Result were declared on 18 December 2017 . Summary of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly election , 2017 result Party Alliance Seats contested Seats won Seat change Popular vote Vote share Swing Bharatiya Janata Party - 182 99 - 16 Indian National Congress INC+ 176 77 + 16 Bharatiya Tribal Party INC+ 5 + 2 Nationalist Congress Party - 1 Independents NA + 2 Bahujan Samaj Party All India Hindustan Congress Party Gujarat Parivartan Party 0 - 2 Janata Dal ( United ) 0 - 1 None of the above Total All 182 Turnout : NA Source : Election Commission of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Elections in India '' . Elections.in . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elections in India -- A Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary ( Lok Sabha ) & State Assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ) Election '' . Electionsinindia.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-stays-with-vijay-rupani-as-gujarat-cm-nitin-patel-his-deputy/story-6iMvs75WimIpqtiy4gFD5O.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-day-in-punjab-goa-as-bjp-faces-aap-congress-challenge-10-points-1655916 ^ Jump up to : `` Announcement : Schedule for the General Elections to the Legislative Assemblies of Goa , Manipur , Punjab , Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/assembly-elections-2017/punjab-assembly-election.html Jump up ^ Shukla , Shuchi . `` ' BJP Stealing Elections In Goa , Manipur , ' Says Congress ' P Chidambaram '' . NDTV.com . NDTV . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.sharemarketlive.co.in/2017/02/upcoming-elections-in-india-2017.html Jump up ^ http://hindi.news18.com/uttarakhand/almora-news-uttarakhand-election-claims-of-record-breaking-voting-do-not-match-reality-950071.html Jump up ^ `` Himachal Pradesh records 74 % turnout '' . The Hindu . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tale-of-two-states-gujarat-trumps-over-himachal-pradesh-on-nota-votes/articleshow/62122042.cms Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat , 2017 '' . Press Information Bureau . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved Nov 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat Assembly poll dates announced '' . Times of India . Nov 2 , 2017 . Retrieved Nov 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission Announces Gujarat Poll Dates '' . Republic TV . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 elections in India . Election Commission of India Raajneeti -- Election 2017 Updates Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_elections_in_India&oldid=821261627 '' Categories : 2017 elections in India State Assembly elections in India , 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 10 : 51 . About Wikipedia
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2,303
nine inch nails we're in this together now
We 're in This Together
we're in this together
`` We 're in This Together '' is a three - disc single ( also known as `` triple single '' ) by industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails for the song of the same name released in 1999 . It is the 15th official Nine Inch Nails release and is a single for the album The Fragile .
Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Releases 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) According to The Fragile contributor Keith Hillebrandt , `` the whole song started from something ( Reznor ) actually played at the end of another track ... he wrote it up into an entirely new song '' . The lyrics seems to be inspired by David Bowie 's song `` ' Heroes ' '' from the same - named 1977 album , such as with the line `` You 're the queen and I 'm the king '' and describing two people trying to fight against an ominous and seemingly unstoppable force . Bowie , who is recognized as one of Reznor 's greatest influences , is given a special thanks credit in the liner notes of The Fragile . MTV 's Gil Kaufman described the song as `` a seven - minute - plus cathartic pop song with somewhat hopeful lyrics over a plodding hip - hop beat , walls of distorted guitars and an eerie slasher - film cricket sound '' . Both `` 10 Miles High '' and `` The New Flesh '' originally appeared on the vinyl version of The Fragile . The song was featured in the first official teaser trailer for Marvel Studios film The Avengers . Music video ( edit ) Reznor in the music video The song 's music video was directed by Mark Pellington and released on August 27 , 1999 . An extended version of the video has since surfaced . Trent Reznor and a large group of black - clothed men are seen running down empty streets , onto a train , and into a field . There are also shots of several elderly people , and a brief scene with a young woman . The video was filmed in Guadalajara and in the dry lake of Sayula . Releases ( edit ) `` We 're in This Together '' was released on a three - part single , which was only available in Europe and Japan ; it was not released in the United States . Two radio promos ( the first with the album mix and radio edit of the song , the second with just a unique short edit of the song ) were released in America as Halo 15 as well . Track listing ( edit ) Disc 1 ( Orange ) No . Title Length 1 . `` We 're in This Together '' 7 : 16 2 . `` 10 Miles High '' 5 : 13 3 . `` The New Flesh '' 3 : 40 Total length : 16 : 09 Disc 2 ( Green ) No . Title Length 1 . `` We 're in This Together '' ( Radio edit ) 5 : 18 2 . `` The Day the World Went Away '' ( Quiet ) 6 : 19 3 . `` The Day the World Went Away '' ( Porter Ricks mix ) 7 : 04 Total length : 18 : 41 Disc 3 ( Yellow ) No . Title Length 1 . `` We 're in This Together '' 7 : 16 2 . `` Complications of the Flesh '' 6 : 36 3 . `` The Perfect Drug '' 5 : 42 Total length : 19 : 34 show US two - track promotional No . Title Length 1 . `` We 're in This Together '' ( Radio edit ) 5 : 14 2 . `` We 're in This Together '' ( LP version ) 7 : 16 Total length : 12 : 30 show US one - track promotional No . Title Length 1 . `` We 're in This Together '' ( Short radio edit ) 4 : 20 Personnel ( edit ) Trent Reznor -- writing , performance , and production Alan Moulder -- production , engineering , mixing Porter Ricks -- remixing Danny Lohner -- remixing on `` Complications of the Flesh '' David Carson -- design and photography Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position US Hot Modern Rock Tracks 11 US Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 21 UK Singles Chart 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Fricke ( July 8 , 1999 ) . `` Reznor Returns With Bold New Album '' . Rolling Stone . No. 816 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Will Hermes ( 1999 - 09 - 24 ) . `` The Fragile '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Alex Burns ( December 1999 ) . `` This Machine Is Obsolete '' . M / C Journal . 2 ( 8 ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 1999 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Judging By Song Titles , Nine Inch Nails Still On Downward Spiral '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Avengers ' trailer : Marvel superheroes unite '' . Hero Complex . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Rosenberg , Axl ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nine Inch Nails in the teaser trailer for The Avengers ? Smart smart smart '' . MetalSucks . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MTV News Staff ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) . `` NIN Delivering New Single , Video On August 27 '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ archive - Brian - Hiatt ( 1999 - 08 - 27 ) . `` New Nine Inch Nails Single Surprisingly Upbeat '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( 1999 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Nine Inch Nails Shoot Video In Guadalajara , Mexico '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman ( 1999 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Nine Inch Nails To Release Single , Video '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails We 're in This Together , Pt. 1 Album '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails We 're in This Together , Pt. 2 Album '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails We 're in This Together , Pt. 3 Album '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nine Inch Nails '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official music video on YouTube Single `` We 're in This Together '' at the NinWiki Song `` We 're in This Together '' at the NinWiki halo fifteen : we 're in this together at NINCollector.com discogs.com : We 're in This Together ( disc 1 ) ( CD5 `` ) discogs.com : We 're in This Together ( disc 2 ) ( CD5 `` ) discogs.com : We 're in This Together ( disc 3 ) ( CD5 `` ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Nine Inch Nails Trent Reznor Atticus Ross Studio albums Pretty Hate Machine The Downward Spiral The Fragile With Teeth Year Zero Ghosts I -- IV The Slip Hesitation Marks Bad Witch Extended plays Broken Fixed Live 2013 EP Remix 2014 EP Not the Actual Events Add Violence Live releases Closure And All That Could Have Been Beside You in Time Remix albums Further Down the Spiral Things Falling Apart Year Zero Remixed Box sets Halo I -- IV Singles `` Down in It '' `` Head Like a Hole '' `` Sin '' `` March of the Pigs '' `` Closer '' `` The Perfect Drug '' `` The Day the World Went Away '' `` We 're in This Together '' `` Into the Void '' `` The Hand That Feeds '' `` Only '' `` Every Day Is Exactly the Same '' `` Survivalism '' `` Capital G '' `` Discipline '' `` Came Back Haunted '' `` Copy of a '' `` Everything '' `` Less Than '' `` God Break Down the Door '' Promotional singles `` Happiness in Slavery '' `` Wish '' `` Burn '' `` Piggy '' `` Hurt '' `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' `` Deep '' Other songs `` Something I Can Never Have '' `` Gave Up '' `` Mr. Self Destruct '' `` Just Like You Imagined '' `` All the Love in the World '' Compilations Lights in the Sky : Over North America 2008 Tour Sampler NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler The Fragile : Deviations 1 Games Quake Year Zero Nine Inch Nails Revenge Tours Pretty Hate Machine Tour Series Self - Destruct Dissonance Fragility Live : With Teeth Performance 2007 Wave Goodbye Twenty Thirteen Tour Current touring members Robin Finck Alessandro Cortini Ilan Rubin Former touring members Guitarists Richard Patrick Danny Lohner Jeordie White Aaron North Rich Fownes Justin Meldal - Johnsen Joshua Eustis Pino Palladino Eric Avery Adrian Belew Drummers Jeff Ward Chris Vrenna Jerome Dillon Josh Freese Alex Carapetis Keyboardists James Woolley Charlie Clouser Backing vocalists Lisa Fischer Related Bands Option 30 The Innocent Exotic Birds Lucky Pierre Prick Pigface Tapeworm Marilyn Manson How to Destroy Angels Filter Jane 's Addiction Queens of the Stone Age People Mariqueen Maandig John Malm Jr . Marilyn Manson Kevin McMahon Russell Mills Rob Sheridan Gary Talpas Albums Natural Born Killers Lost Highway The Social Network The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Gone Girl Before the Flood Pretty Eight Machine Radiant Decay Recoiled Articles Discography List of songs recorded by Nine Inch Nails Trent Reznor discography Awards and nominations Band members Live performances Concert tours Nothing Records The Null Corporation Broken ( film ) Beats Music `` I 'm Afraid of Americans '' Another Version of the Truth Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27re_in_This_Together&oldid=864043901 '' Categories : Nine Inch Nails songs 1999 singles Nothing Records singles Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Trent Reznor Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Song recordings produced by Alan Moulder Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Italiano Latviešu Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what are the 3 major functions of the house ways and means committee
United States House Committee on Ways and Means
united states house committee on ways and means
The Committee on Ways and Means is the chief tax - writing committee of the United States House of Representatives . Members of the Ways and Means Committee are not allowed to serve on any other House Committee unless they apply for a waiver from their party 's congressional leadership . The Committee has jurisdiction over all taxation , tariffs , and other revenue - raising measures , as well as a number of other programs including :
Social Security Unemployment benefits Medicare Enforcement of child support laws Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , a federal welfare program Foster care and adoption programs The U.S. Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the House of Representatives . Since House procedure is that all bills regarding taxation must go through this committee , the committee is very influential , as is its Senate counterpart , the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance . Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas , Charlie Rangel , Sander Levin , and Dave Camp . On November 4 , 2015 Representative Kevin Brady of Texas was chosen to succeed Representative Paul Ryan as chairman . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Political significance 3 Members , 115th Congress 4 Subcommittees , 115th Congress 5 Chairman 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The idea of a ways and means committee to handle the financial matters of a legislature is an old one , having been used in the British Parliament and the colonial and early state legislatures in America . The Committee was first established during the first Congress , in 1789 . However , this initial version was disbanded after only 8 weeks ; for the next several years , only ad hoc committees were formed , to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House . It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21 , 1795 , and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7 , 1802 . Upon its original creation , it held power over both taxes and spending , until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865 . During the Civil War the key policy - maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens , as chairman of the Committee and Republican floor leader . He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and permanently transformed the nation 's economic policies regarding tariffs , bonds , income and excise taxes , national banks , suppression of money issued by state banks , greenback currency , and western railroad land grants . Stevens was one of the major policymakers regarding Reconstruction , and obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson ( who was acquitted by the Senate in 1868 ) . Hans Trefousse , his leading biographer , concludes that Stevens `` was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress . ( He dominated ) the House with his wit , knowledge of parliamentary law , and sheer willpower , even though he was often unable to prevail . '' Historiographical views of Stevens have dramatically shifted over the years , from the early 20th - century view of Stevens and the Radical Republicans as tools of big business and motivated by hatred of the white South , to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards , who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves . Three future presidents - James Polk , Millard Fillmore , and William McKinley - served as Committee Chairman . Before the official roles of floor leader came about in the late 19th century , the Chairman of Ways and Means was considered the Majority Leader . The Chairman is one of very few Representatives to have office space within the Capitol building itself . Political significance ( edit ) Because of its wide jurisdiction , Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy . Although it lacks the prospects for re-election help that comes with the Appropriations Committee , it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons . First , since its range is so broad , members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions , simply to be able to influence policy decisions . Some recent major issues that have gone through this committee include welfare reform , a Medicare prescription drug benefit , Social Security reform , George W. Bush 's tax cuts , and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) . Second , given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee , a seat makes it very easy to collect campaign contributions . Until 1974 , the Ways and Means Committee decided which chairmanships newly elected members of Congress would have , along with its regular financial duties . When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills ' career ended in scandal , Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee 's selection powers to a separate , newly created committee . Members , 115th Congress ( edit ) Chairman Kevin Brady of Texas Majority Minority Republican Democratic Kevin Brady , Texas 's 8th , Chair Sam Johnson , Texas 's 3rd Devin Nunes , California 's 22nd Dave Reichert , Washington 's 8th Peter Roskam , Illinois 's 6th Vern Buchanan , Florida 's 16th Adrian Smith , Nebraska 's 3rd Lynn Jenkins , Kansas 's 2nd Erik Paulsen , Minnesota 's 3rd Kenny Marchant , Texas 's 24th Diane Black , Tennessee 's 6th Tom Reed , New York 's 23rd Mike Kelly , Pennsylvania 's 3rd Jim Renacci , Ohio 's 16th Pat Meehan , Pennsylvania 's 7th Kristi Noem , South Dakota 's at - large George Holding , North Carolina 's 2nd Jason T. Smith , Missouri 's 8th Tom Rice , South Carolina 's 7th David Schweikert , Arizona 's 6th Jackie Walorski , Indiana 's 2nd Carlos Curbelo , Florida 's 26th Mike Bishop , Michigan 's 8th Darin LaHood , Illinois 's 18th Richard Neal , Massachusetts 's 1st , Ranking Member Sander Levin , Michigan 's 9th , Former Chair John Lewis , Georgia 's 5th Lloyd Doggett , Texas 's 35th Mike Thompson , California 's 5th John B. Larson , Connecticut 's 1st Earl Blumenauer , Oregon 's 3rd Ron Kind , Wisconsin 's 3rd Bill Pascrell , New Jersey 's 9th Joseph Crowley , New York 's 14th Danny K. Davis , Illinois 's 7th Linda Sánchez , California 's 38th Brian Higgins , New York 's 26th , Vice Ranking Member Terri Sewell , Alabama 's 7th Suzan DelBene , Washington 's 1st Judy Chu , California 's 27th Resolutions electing members : H. Res. 6 ( Chair ) ; H. Res. 7 ( Ranking Member ) ; H. Res. 29 , H. Res. 131 , ( Republicans ) ; H. Res. 45 , H. Res. 95 ( Democrats ) . Subcommittees , 115th Congress ( edit ) There are six subcommittees in the 115th Congress . In 2011 , the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources , returning to the name it held prior to the 110th Congress . In 2015 , the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy . Subcommittee Chair Ranking Member Health Pat Tiberi ( R - OH ) Sander Levin ( D - MI ) Human Resources Adrian Smith ( R - NE ) Danny K. Davis ( D - IL ) Oversight Vern Buchanan ( R - FL ) John Lewis ( D - GA ) Tax Policy Peter Roskam ( R - IL ) Lloyd Doggett ( D - TX ) Social Security Sam Johnson ( R - TX ) John B. Larson ( D - CT ) Trade Dave Reichert ( R - WA ) Bill Pascrell ( D - NJ ) Chairman ( edit ) # Chair Party State Start of Service End of Service Thomas Fitzsimons Federalist PA 1789 1789 William L. Smith Federalist SC 1794 1797 Robert G. Harper Federalist SC 1797 1800 Roger Griswold Federalist CT 1800 1801 5 John Randolph Democratic - Republican VA 1801 1805 6 Joseph Clay Democratic - Republican PA 1805 1807 7 George W. Cambpell Democratic - Republican TN 1807 1809 8 John W. Eppes Democratic - Republican VA 1809 1811 9 Ezekiel Bacon Democratic - Republican SC 1811 1812 10 Langdon Cheves Democratic - Republican SC 1812 1813 11 John W. Eppes Democratic - Republican VA 1813 1815 12 William Lowndes Democratic - Republican SC 1815 1818 13 Samuel Smith Democratic - Republican MD 1818 1822 14 Louis McLane Democratic - Republican DE 1822 1827 15 John Randolph Democratic VA 1827 1827 16 George McDuffie Democratic SC 1827 1832 17 Gulian C. Verplanck Democratic NY 1832 1833 18 James K. Polk Democratic TN 1833 1835 19 Churchill C. Cambreleng Democratic NY 1835 1839 20 John W. Jones Democratic VA 1839 1841 21 Millard Fillmore Whig NY 1841 1843 22 James I. McKay Democratic NC 1843 1847 23 Samuel F. Vinton Whig OH 1847 1849 24 Thomas H. Bayly Democratic VA 1849 1851 25 George S. Houston Democratic AL 1851 1855 26 Lewis D. Campbell Republican OH 1856 1857 27 J. Glancy Jones Democratic PA 1857 1858 28 John S. Phelps Democratic MO 1858 1859 29 John Sherman Republican OH 1860 1861 30 Thaddeus Stevens Republican PA 1861 1865 31 Justin Morrill Republican VT 1865 1867 32 Robert C. Schenck Republican OH 1867 1871 33 Samuel Hooper Republican MA 1871 1871 34 Henry L. Dawes Republican MA 1871 1875 35 William R. Morrison Democratic IL 1875 1877 36 Fernando Wood Democratic NY 1877 1881 37 John R. Tucker Democratic VA 1881 1881 38 William D. Kelley Republican PA 1881 1883 39 William R. Morrison Democratic IL 1883 1887 40 Roger Q. Mills Democratic TX 1887 1889 41 William McKinley Republican OH 1889 1891 42 William M. Springer Democratic IL 1891 1893 43 William L. Wilson Democratic WV 1893 1895 44 Nelson Dingley , Jr . Republican ME 1895 1899 45 Sereno E. Payne Republican NY 1899 1911 46 Oscar W. Underwood Democratic AL 1911 1915 47 Claude Kitchin Democratic NC 1915 1919 48 Joseph Fordney Republican MI 1919 1923 49 William R. Green Republican IA 1923 1928 50 Willis C. Hawley Republican OR 1928 1931 51 James W. Collier Democratic MS 1931 1933 52 Robert L. Doughton Democratic NC 1933 1947 53 Harold Knutson Republican MN 1947 1949 54 Robert L. Doughton Democratic NC 1949 1953 55 Daniel A. Reed Republican NY 1953 1955 56 Jere Cooper Democratic TN 1955 1957 57 Wilbur Mills Democratic AR 1957 Al Ullman ( acting ) Democratic OR 1973 58 Al Ullman Democratic OR 1981 59 Dan Rostenkowski Democratic IL 1981 1994 Sam Gibbons ( acting ) Democratic FL 1994 1995 60 Bill Archer Republican TX 1995 2001 61 Bill Thomas Republican CA 2001 2007 62 Charles Rangel Democratic NY 2007 Pete Stark ( acting ) Democratic CA 63 Sander Levin ( acting ) Democratic MI 2011 64 Dave Camp Republican MI 2011 2015 65 Paul Ryan Republican WI 2015 2015 66 Kevin Brady Republican TX 2015 Present See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of current United States House of Representatives committees References ( edit ) H. Doc . 100 - 244 , The Committee on Ways and Means a Bicentennial History 1789 - 1989 Jump up ^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History , Page 38 Jump up ^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History , Page 58 Jump up ^ Heather Cox Richardson ( 1997 ) . The Greatest Nation of the Earth : Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War . Harvard University Press . pp. 9 , 41 , 52 , 111 , 116 , 120 , 182 , 202 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse ( 1991 ) . Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction . Greenwood . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Grier , Kevin ; Munger , Michael ( 1991 ) . `` Committee Assignments , Constituent Preferences and Campaign Contributions '' . Economic Inquiry. 29 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1465 - 7295.1991. tb01250. x . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York , New York : Basic Books . pp. 276 -- 279 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman Camp Announces Republican Membership on Ways & Means Subcommittees for 113th Congress '' . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman Brady Announces Republican Subcommittee Chairs , Members '' . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official Committee web site ( Archive ) House Ways and Means Committee . Legislation activity and reports , Congress.gov . House Ways and Means Committee Hearings and Meetings Video . 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how many episodes are in seraph of the end season 2
On December 12 , 2014 , it was announced the series would run in two split cours ( quarters of the year ) . The first would air in 2015 from April to June and the second from October to December , with both cours having 12 episodes each . The series premiered on Tokyo MX , MBS , TV Aichi , and BS11 at their respective time slots . NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan is releasing the first cour in Blu - ray and DVD formats in Japan starting on June 24 , 2015 across four volumes . A six minutes omake anime specials adapted from the omake featured in the original manga , included in each Blu - ray / DVD volume titled Seraph of the Endless ( 終わら ない セラフ , Owaranai Serafu ) . On March 31 , 2015 , it was announced that Funimation Entertainment has licensed the series for streaming and home video release in North America . Hulu will also be streaming the series . On May 13 , 2015 , Funimation announced that the English broadcast dub will stream every Wednesday at 8 : 30 p.m. EDT on its `` Dubble Talk '' streaming block .
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List of Seraph of the End episodes
list of seraph of the end episodes
Seraph of the End ( Japanese : 終わり の セラフ , Hepburn : Owari no Seraph ) is a Japanese dark fantasy anime based on the manga with the same name written by Takaya Kagami and illustrated by Yamato Yamamoto with storyboards by Daisuke Furuya . It is produced by Wit Studio , directed by Daisuke Tokudo , and screenplayed solely by Hiroshi Seko . Additionally , the original manga 's writer , Takaya Kagami , is personally drafting the original story for episodes with material not yet serialized in the manga and supervising the scripts until the anime 's final episode . The series is set in a world that allegedly comes to an end at the hands of a `` human - made '' virus , ravaging the global populace and leaving only children under the age of thirteen untouched . It is at this time that vampires emerge from the recesses of the earth , likely followed by age - old horrors of the dark thought only to be myth . A young man named Yūichirō Hyakuya joins a vampire extermination unit to avenge the deaths of his orphaned family and reclaim his best friend Mikaela Hyakuya from the vampires .
On December 12 , 2014 , it was announced the series would run in two split cours ( quarters of the year ) . The first would air in 2015 from April to June and the second from October to December , with both cours having 12 episodes each . The series premiered on Tokyo MX , MBS , TV Aichi , and BS11 at their respective time slots . NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan is releasing the first cour in Blu - ray and DVD formats in Japan starting on June 24 , 2015 across four volumes . A six minutes omake anime specials adapted from the omake featured in the original manga , included in each Blu - ray / DVD volume titled Seraph of the Endless ( 終わら ない セラフ , Owaranai Serafu ) . On March 31 , 2015 , it was announced that Funimation Entertainment has licensed the series for streaming and home video release in North America . Hulu will also be streaming the series . On May 13 , 2015 , Funimation announced that the English broadcast dub will stream every Wednesday at 8 : 30 p.m. EDT on its `` Dubble Talk '' streaming block . The second cour of the anime television series was renamed as Seraph of The End : Battle in Nagoya ( 終わり の セラフ 名古屋 決戦 編 , Owari no Serafu : Nagoya Kessen - hen ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Seraph of the End : Vampire Reign ( First cour ) 1.2 Seraph of the End : Battle in Nagoya ( Second cour ) 1.3 OVA 2 Home media 2.1 Vampire Reign 2.2 Battle in Nagoya 3 Music 3.1 Track listing 4 References Episode list ( edit ) Seraph of the End : vampire Reign ( first cour ) ( edit ) No . Title Director Original air date `` The World of Blood Legacy '' `` Kechimyaku no Sekai '' ( 血脈 の セカイ ) Satoshi Kadowaki April 4 , 2015 An epidemic of unknown origin strikes mankind , killing all adults and rendering the youngsters at the mercy of the vampire kind . Four years later , Yūichirō Hyakuya is fed up with his new life at his family orphanage in the vampire capitol named Sanguinem , but his best friend Mikaela Hyakuya begs to differ . Yūichirō looks back to when he first met Mikaela at the family orphanage . Yūichirō becomes concerned when Mikaela does not show up for dinner . However , Mikaela arrives , obtaining a gun and a map in order to bring the orphans out of Sanguinem . When Yūichirō , Mikaela and the orphans make a daring attempt to escape , they are trapped by Ferid Bathory , who kills the orphans one by one . Ferid mortally wound Mikaela in the midst of his charge , but Yūichirō manages to shoot Ferid . Yūichirō leaves Mikaela behind and escapes outside Sanguinem . `` Humanity After the Fall '' `` Hametsu - go no Ningen '' ( 破滅 後 の ニンゲン ) Masashi Koizuka April 11 , 2015 Four years later after he escapes outside Sanguinem , Yūichirō joins the Japanese Imperial Demon Army , but is eager to become a member of the Moon Demon Company , their special vampire hunting force led by Guren Ichinose . However , due to his reckless behavior , Yūichirō is advised by Shinoa Hiiragi to make a friend in his school before the promotion can be granted . Yūichirō befriends Yoichi Saotome , who was being bullied by three students named Satoshi Yamanaka , Shishido and Yuji . Yoichi intends to avenge his sister Tomoe Saotome , who was killed by a vampire , by joining the Moon Demon Company . Later , a school evacuation is initiated when a female vampire attacks the school . Going against orders , Yūichirō faces the female vampire alone , that is until Guren arrives to kill her instead . Since Yūichirō fulfilled his requirement nonetheless , Shinoa enlists both Yūichirō and Yoichi into recruit training . `` The Demon in Your Heart '' `` Kokoro ni Sumu Oni '' ( 心 に 棲む オニ ) Satoshi Kadowaki April 18 , 2015 Shinoa , who is aware that Yūichirō desires more power , spars with him using her Cursed Gear named Shikama Dōji , a pen that transforms into a scythe , in order to intimidate him . Later , Yūichirō , Shinoa and Yoichi learn from Yamanaka and Shishido that Yuji went underground into a forbidden chamber and never came back out . Shinoa says that Yuji has been possessed by a demon which resides there . As Yūichirō , Shinoa and Yoichi enter the forbidden chamber , Yūichirō confronts Yuji not only in hopes to save him , but also to make a contract with the demon and claim the ax as his Cursed Gear . After managing to take the ax from Yuji , Yūichirō has a hallucination of Mikaela , but breaks free before being tricked into desiring vengeance . After Yūichirō wakes up , Shinoa congratulates him on his progress so far . `` Vampire Mikaela '' `` Kyūketsuki Mikaera '' ( 吸血鬼 ミカエラ ) Satoshi Kadowaki April 25 , 2015 Mikaela is shown to still be alive shortly after the deaths of the other orphans , thanks to Krul Tepes , who decided to preserve his life by having him ingest her blood . Shinoa brings Yūichirō and Yoichi to their new classroom for recruit training taught by Sayuri Hanayori , where Yūichirō immediately develops rivalry against Shihō Kimizuki . A week before an aptitude test , Guren warns Shihō not to use his desire to find a cure for a virus that has infected his dying sister Mirai Kimizuki simply in order to acquire the strongest Cursed Gear , since its overwhelming power will consume him . On the day of the aptitude test , Yūichirō and Shihō are chained together as partners to battle against giant demon puppets . The test is interrupted when Shihō is informed to see Mirai at the hospital ward . Although their scores will be highly affected due to their leave of absence , Shihō thanks Yūichirō for convincing him to see Mirai . 5 `` Black Demon 's Contract '' `` Kuro - oni tono Keiyaku '' ( 黒 鬼 と の ケイヤク ) Shuhei Matsushita May 2 , 2015 Krul assembles her vampires together and declares war on the Japanese Imperial Demon Army due to their rise to power . Meanwhile , Guren encounters Yūichirō and approves his request of arranging a time for selecting a Cursed Gear . Later , Yūichirō ends up being the only student who failed the spellcraft test in his class . When Guren arrives in the classroom , he uses his Cursed Gear named Mahiru - no - Yo , which takes the form of a katana , to determine which of the students can withstand its demonic energy . Yūichirō , Yoichi and Shihō are the only students able to do so . Guren takes the three of them underground to a chamber to choose a Cursed Gear for themselves , despite knowing the risks . 6 `` New Family '' `` Atarashii kazoku '' ( 新しい カゾク ) Kei Anjiki May 9 , 2015 Yūichirō , Yoichi and Shihō each confront their respective demons , in the embodiment of their loved ones , in order to gain control of their desires . Both Yūichirō and Shihō manage to obtain their own Cursed Gears , but Yoichi ends up possessed by his weapon and begins to attack the two . Yūichirō and Shihō fend off the attacks , but they hesitate to harm Yoichi , knowing that his soul is still alive . When Yūichirō puts down his Cursed Gear to leave himself out in the open , Yoichi eventually snaps out of it and prevents himself from killing Yūichirō , thanks to Guren 's words of encouragement . As the three students all passed the final test to be official members of the Moon Demon Company , Guren tells them to focus on the future to protect others rather than the past to seek revenge on others . 7 `` Mitsuba 's Squad '' `` Mitsuba no Chīmu '' ( 三 葉 の チーム ) Tetsuya Wakano May 16 , 2015 Yūichirō , Shinoa , Yoichi and Shihō are introduced to Mitsuba Sangū as the fifth member of Shinoa Squad . Guren dispatches them on their first mission together to Harajuku . On their way there , a Four Horsemen of John is spotted attacking a little girl in distress . Despite Mitsuba 's warning that he is being lured into a trap , Yūichirō ignores orders and rushes to rescue the little girl , while Shinoa , Yoichi , Shihō and Mitsuba are soon ambushed by three vampires . The four manage to destroy the Horsemen , which forces the three vampires to fall back . Although Mitsuba scolds Yūichirō for putting the whole squad in danger , she is later reminded by Shinoa of when she cost the life of a member of her former squad during a mission . The little girl informs Shinoa Squad that the lair of the vampires is located at Omotesando Station . 8 `` First Extermination '' `` Senmetsu no Hajimari '' ( 殲滅 の ハジマリ ) Masaki Utsunomiya May 23 , 2015 Shinoa Squad enters Omotesando Station , populated by many orphaned children . As they travel further , Yūichirō defeats two vampires by himself . The five of them are eventually ambushed by eight vampires , which is more than what the little girl reported . Shinoa Squad manages to exterminate the vampires and free the orphaned children . In the aftermath , the little girl apologizes to Yūichirō for her deceit . Mitsuba struggles to thank Yūichirō for saving her life , but she ends up withdrawing the statement . After Shihō starts a truck by method of hot - wiring , Shinoa Squad proceeds to Shinjuku , where they encounter vampire noble Crowley Eusford , who easily overpowers them despite being significantly outnumbered . However , vampire nobles Chess Belle and Horn Skuld arrive and take Crowley back to the front lines . Despite now knowing what they will be up against , Shinoa Squad prepares to head towards Shinjuku . 9 `` Vampire Attack '' `` Shūgeki no Vanpaiya '' ( 襲撃 の ヴァンパイア ) Takeshi Ninomiya May 30 , 2015 Shinoa Squad arrives at Shinjuku to assist Nagai , corporal of the Japanese Imperial Demon Army , in repelling the offensives of the vampires , who attack using helicopters equipped with missiles . Meanwhile , Guren spots Mikaela and Ferid from a distance . Ferid reminds Mikaela that he should embrace his new role as a vampire and drink human blood . A flashback is shown when Mikaela refused to drink Krul 's blood , but eventually gave in to his craving . While Nagai drives Shinoa Squad towards the western defensive barrier , Shinoa gives Yūichirō , Yoichi , and Shihō each a pack of curse stimulant pills to be used sparingly , which will temporarily enhance their power . Suddenly , a helicopter attacks them , which causes them to fall into an underground subway as a result of the blast . The debris separates Yūichirō , Shinoa and Nagai from Yoichi , Shihō and Mitsuba . 10 `` Results of the Choice '' `` Sentaku no Kekka '' ( 選択 の ケッカ ) Takeshi Ninomiya June 6 , 2015 Yūichirō and Shinoa carry a wounded Nagai to the temporary shelter to be treated by the military paramedics before planning to meet up with Yoichi , Shihō and Mitsuba at the western defensive barrier . While the Moon Demon Company take down much of the vampire army , Ferid allows Mikaela to fight Guren . After being informed that Yoichi , Shihō and Mitsuba are being attacked by a group of vampires at the central park , Yūichirō and Shinoa rush over there to assist them before they make their way to the western defensive barrier . Although Shigure Yukimi and Norito Goshi throw Mikaela off guard with their attacks , Ferid prevents Guren from making the final blow and pushes him away . Mikaela stabs Guren before giving him the chance to fight back . As Shinoa Squad arrives , Yūichirō approaches Mikaela from behind and stabs him through the chest , in which both are surprised to see each other still alive . 11 `` Reunion of Childhood Friends '' `` Osananajimi no Saikai '' ( 幼馴染 の サイカイ ) Kunihiro Mori June 13 , 2015 After seeing that Yūichirō hesitated to kill Mikaela after recognizing his face , Ferid agrees to help Mikaela escape with Yūichirō . Crowley , Chess and Horn , along with Lacus Welt and René Simm , arrive to take on the Moon Demon Company , while Ferid lures Yūichirō and Guren away from the rest . While Ferid restrains Guren , Mikaela attempts to convince Yūichirō to side with him , but Yūichirō declines after noticing how much Mikaela has changed . Yūichirō loses control of the dreadful power within him upon seeing his friends suffering at the hands of the vampires . Crowley evades Yūichirō due to being unable to withstand his attacks . Mikaela shields Shinoa from Yūichirō , but Shinoa embraces Yūichirō as a last resort , which reverts him back to normal before falling unconscious . The vampires soon find themselves surrounded by the Japanese Imperial Demon Army . 12 `` Everyone 's a Sinner '' `` Min'na Tsumibito '' ( みんな ツミビト ) Toshikazu Yoshizawa June 20 , 2015 Shinoa is granted access to see Guren in the underground laboratory . She confronts him about the curse stimulant pills given to Yūichirō , who has been in a comatose state for five days . Guren advises Shinoa to wait by Yūichirō at his hospital bed if she truly does care for him . Meanwhile , Mikaela contemplates his identity as a vampire and a human , while Lacus and René notice his past association with Yūichirō . On the seventh day , Yūichirō finally wakes up and Yoichi notifies the others . Shinoa tells Yūichirō that Mikaela retreated with the vampire nobles in response to an attack led by Kureto Hiiragi and Shinya Hiiragi of the Japanese Imperial Demon Army . Once the rest of his friends gather in the hospital room , Yūichirō thanks them and apologizes for sleeping so long . Both Yūichirō and Mikaela make a silent vow that they will save each other . Guren writes a letter to an unknown recipient , and Ferid gives research data to an unseen client . Seraph of the End : battle in Nagoya ( second cour ) ( edit ) Series No . Season No . Title Director Original air date 13 `` Human World '' `` Ningen no Sekai '' ( 人間 の セカイ ) Satoshi Kadowaki October 10 , 2015 Shinoa Hiiragi spars with Guren Ichinose , reminded that he killed her demon - possessed sister Mahiru Hiiragi in order to claim his Cursed Gear . Shinoa finds Yūichirō Hyakuya at the library , where she explains that Mikaela Hyakuya was chosen by the vampire nobles to become a vampire . Guren declares himself as a superior rather than a friend to Yūichirō , and Mitsuba Sangū receives a promotion despite seeing herself as a failure to Yūichirō . Kureto Hiiragi summons Yūichirō to test his loyalty to the Japanese Imperial Demon Army due to the suspicion of being a spy . Kureto reveals Yoichi Saotome and Shihō Kimizuki being held captive and interrogates Yūichirō , mentioning that his former family orphanage was being used for spellcraft experimentation by his vampire sect . After being released , Yūichirō asks Guren to help him reclaim Mikaela from the vampire nobles . In Sanguinem , Ferid Bathory halts a bloodthirsty Mikaela . When a boy named Dai offers his blood , Mikaela refuses despite being tempted by Ferid . Mikaela is then invited by Ferid to the upcoming Progenitor Council meeting . 14 `` Complicated Connections '' `` Kōsakusuru Kankei '' ( 交錯 する カンケイ ) Tetsuo Hirakawa October 17 , 2015 After Yoichi successfully eliminates five Four Horsemen of John with one attack , Yūichirō confronts his Cursed Gear named Asuramaru , managing to break free from Asuramaru 's illusion of Mikaela and asking Asuramaru to lend him strength to save Mikaela as a gesture of friendship . Meanwhile , at the Progenitor Council meeting , Ferid has Mikaela show footage of Yūichirō briefly going berserk during the battle at Shinjuku , which enrages Krul Tepes , but Ferid reminds her that she can not kill him since he has secret information about her . Shihō battles his Cursed Gear named Kiseki - O , but he struggles to break free from Kiseki - O 's illusion of his sister , Mirai Kimizuki . Shihō breaks free by remembering how Yūichirō strives to protect Mikaela like family despite not being related by blood . While Yūichirō and Shihō show off their new fighting techniques , Shinoa and Mitsuba later learn that the files containing data on Yūichirō , Yoichi and Shihō have been erased . 15 `` Ambition in the Demon Army '' `` Teiki Gun no Yabou '' ( 帝 鬼 軍 の ヤボウ ) Fumihiro Ueno October 24 , 2015 A letter is sent via messenger pigeon from Dai to Kureto through Aoi Sangū . Shinoa Squad meets during breakfast , in which they discuss whether or not to follow Guren . Elsewhere , Kureto entrusts Guren to send Shinoa Squad and the Moon Demon Company to wipe out ten vampire nobles in Nagoya before the vampires bring their main army into Tokyo in one month . Shinoa Squad eventually decides to follow Guren and make it their policy to protect their family . Meanwhile , Mikaela satisfies his craving for blood by forcing himself onto Krul . Once he calms down , she reveals her plans to him and gives him a secret task . Guren , who is briefed by Shinoa about the progress of Yūichirō and Shihō in their training , tells Shinoa to make preparations for the mission . While Mikaela meets with the other vampires to head towards Nagoya , Kureto orders potentially lethal experimentation on an unknown female test subject in the underground laboratory . 16 `` The Moon Demon 's Orders '' `` Gekki no gourei '' ( 月 鬼 の ゴウレイ ) Yoshiaki Kyogoku October 31 , 2015 Shinoa Squad travels to the Ebina Rest Stop , dodging several Four Horsemen of John along the way . Because of this , Shinoa Squad arrives late when Guren gives his speech , in which Yūichirō takes full blame for their tardiness . As punishment , Shinoa Squad is lured into a fight against Guren , Mito Jujo and Shinya Hiiragi . Despite carefully planning out a strategy , Shinoa Squad is eventually yet handily defeated . When Makoto Narumi comments that Shinoa Squad lacks teamwork and discipline , Guren assigns Shinoa Squad to join with Narumi Squad for the next mission as a result . Elsewhere , as Mikaela and Lacus Welt collect stray human children as gifts for the vampire nobles in Nagoya , Mikaela realizes that his thirst for human blood has increased even more . Mikaela withholds himself from attacking a girl for her blood , which Lacus finds strange . 17 5 `` Livestock Revolt '' `` Hangyaku suru kachiku '' ( 反逆 する カチク ) Yasuhiro Akamatsu November 7 , 2015 Narumi tells Yūichirō , Shinoa , Shihō and Mitsuba that their mission is to exterminate vampire noble Lucal Wesker , while Shinya calms Yoichi down as they wait to snipe Lucal from a distance . While Lucal and his servant Esther Lee debate whether or not to obey Krul 's orders , Lucal sacrifices Esther to act as a shield from Yoichi and Shinya 's attacks . As Shinoa Squad and Narumi Squad ambush Lucal , he is able to fend off some of the attacks , that is until they alter their formation and manage to severely injure him . When Yayoi Endo attempt to finish Lucal off , he takes her sword and commits suicide , refusing to die by a human . Meanwhile , Guren Squad defeats vampire noble Mel Stefano . A dying Eita Kusunoki reports to Guren , revealing that forty - five soldiers at Nagoya City Hall were defeated , in which nineteen of them were killed and the remainder are held hostage . Kusunoki passes away shortly afterwards . 18 6 `` Sword of Justice '' `` Seigi no Tsurugi '' ( 正義 の ツルギ ) Yoko Kanamori November 14 , 2015 At Nagoya City Hall , Crowley Eusford , Chess Belle and Horn Skuld discuss their next plan of action , suspecting that a traitorous vampire noble provided information to the humans . All of Shinoa Squad , Narumi Squad and Guren Squad regroup , but Aiko Aihara lost eight out of fourteen members in her squad during her assigned mission . Guren leaves Aiko behind to take the three squads to rescue hostages at Nagoya City Hall . Mikaela , Lacus and René Simm suddenly arrive in two helicopters , but Aiko orders her squad to commit suicide by swallowing their poisonous pills . Mikaela prevents Aiko from doing the same , leaving her as the only survivor . Aiko decides to trust Mikaela , discreetly telling him that Yūichirō is headed towards Nagoya City Hall , while tricking Lacus and René into going to Higashiyama Park . After Mikaela kills Aiko upon her request , he sets off to Nagoya City Hall , planning on intercepting Yūichirō . 19 7 `` Shinya and Guren '' `` Shinya to Guren '' ( 深夜 と グレン ) Kunihiro Mori November 21 , 2015 The Moon Demon Company tries to figure out a way how to handle the hostage situation and come up with a plan to attack Crowley , Chess and Horn . Guren Squad is tasked to distract the vampires , while Shinoa Squad and Narumi Squad must focus on rescuing the hostages . Guren and Shinya jump straight to the office on the top floor to fight Crowley , but they are no match against him . Shinoa Squad launches their plan to assist Guren and Shinya when entering the building . When Guren and Shinya try to run away from Crowley in the hallway , they both wind up wounded and defenseless . However , Yūichirō suddenly appears from under the floor to strike Crowley , yet Crowley immediately makes a counterattack . 20 8 `` Demon 's Lullaby '' `` Oni no komoriuta '' ( 鬼 の コモリウタ ) Ayumi Yamada November 28 , 2015 Chess and Horn defend Crowley when all of Shinoa Squad attempts to attack . Shinoa Squad retreats with Shinya , having to leave Guren behind . Guren Squad tries to rescue Guren from Crowley , Chess and Horn , but to no avail . Meanwhile , Seishirō Hiiragi attempts to arrest Kureto for having a secret plan of his own , but Aoi eliminates two soldiers under Seishirō in retaliation . Yūichirō disagrees with the orders to abandon Guren and carry on with the mission , looking back on how Guren treated him like family since he was younger . In defiance , Yūichirō takes two extra curse stimulant pills , which causes blood to gush out of his mouth and eyes before he collapses . Kureto tells Aoi to inform the scientists to increase the dosage into the test subject since time is running out . 21 9 `` Traitorous Allies '' `` Uragiri no Mikata '' ( 裏切り の ミカタ ) Yoshiaki Kyogoku December 5 , 2015 Yūichirō remains alive due to the power of angels in the form of a golden trumpet , but Asuramaru lures Yūichirō away from the golden trumpet and gives him enough power to awaken . After reviving in front of his squad , Yūichirō charges off and faces Crowley inside the auditorium in hopes of saving Guren . However , Yūichirō 's lust for more power encourages Asuramaru to possess him . Shihō arrives and uses Kiseki - O to stop Yūichirō , rendering him unconscious . As the Moon Demon Company retreats , Mikaela arrives on the scene , charging past the Moon Demon Company to rescue Yūichirō . Since they see Yūichirō as family just like Mikaela does , Shinoa Squad distracts the Moon Demon Company to allow Mikaela to flee with Yūichirō in tow . The vampires then show up and kill Yayoi and Taro Kagiyama before the rest of the Moon Demon Company escape to Nagoya Airport . 22 10 `` Yu and Mika '' `` Yū to Mika '' ( 優 と ミカ ) Shuhei Matsushita December 12 , 2015 Mikaela brings Yūichirō to an abandoned store and struggles with his thirst for blood . Yūichirō wakes up and recognizes Mikaela trying to hold back his craving . Then , Yūichirō tries to convince Mikaela to drink his blood to keep on living with him , even if that means to survive as a complete vampire . Even though Mikaela still believes that the humans are brainwashing Yūichirō , he eventually agrees to trust Yūichirō as well as Shinoa Squad . While Yūichirō and Mikaela drive to Nagoya Airport to rendezvous with the remnants of the Moon Demon Company , Mikaela explains that both the vampires in the past and the humans in the present have been performing experiments . Nonetheless , Yūichirō ensures Mikaela to trust Shinoa Squad just like family . The test subject that Kureto is conducting experiments on is revealed to be Mirai . 23 11 `` Arrogant Love '' `` Gōman'na ai '' ( 傲慢 な アイ ) Satoshi Kadowaki December 19 , 2015 At Nagoya Airport , a letter is sent to the Moon Demon Company informing them to stand by . Narumi eventually believes that the Moon Demon Company should abandon the mission and rescue Guren instead , to which Shinya agrees . Crowley learns from Ferid that Guren is a half - demon , in which Mahiru can fully possess Guren . Krul is told by Guren that the Moon Demon Company is currently at Nagoya Airport . As the helicopters finally arrive at Nagoya Airport , Kureto steps out and tells the Moon Demon Company to relax their weapons , but he soon skewers Shusaku Iwasaki and Rika Inoue with chained spears protruding from a large container . Yūichirō and Mikaela arrive in time to assist in fending off the chained spears . The chaos climaxes to a three - way battle among the Japanese Imperial Demon Army , the Moon Demon Company and the vampires . When Yūichirō encounters Guren , the latter suddenly swings his sword at the former . 24 12 `` Seraph of the End '' `` Owari no Serafu '' ( 終わり の セラフ ) Yumi Kawai , Yoshiaki Kyogoku , Tetsuya Wakano , Daisuke Tokudo December 26 , 2015 Mikaela blocks the strike made by Guren . After many soldiers from all three sides are sacrificed by the chained spears , Mirai emerges from inside the container as an angel . Mirai summons Abaddon , the Angel of Destruction of the Fifth Trumpet , and Kureto succeeds in controlling it . As the chaos continues , Abaddon spits out a horde of the Four Horsemen of John to attack everyone . When Mikaela becomes badly injured , Yūichirō stabs himself in the chest to retrieve the golden trumpet within his subconsciousness . Yūichirō awakens as the King of Salt of the Second Trumpet , using his newly found power to turn Abaddon into salt before Asuramaru knocks Yūichirō unconscious . Mikaela flees when Krul is intervened by Crowley and killed by Ferid , who declares Krul to be a traitor and assumes command of the vampires . While Shinoa Squad , Mikaela and Narumi escape with Yūichirō in tow , Shinoa officially resigns her squad from the Japanese Imperial Demon Army . Four months later , the Japanese Imperial Demon Army takes over Sanguinem , while Ferid , Crowley , Chess , Horn , Lacus and René meet with vampire noble Lest Karr . Yūichirō , Mikaela , Shinoa , Yoichi , Shihō , Mitsuba and Narumi set out to rescue Mirai and Guren in Sanguinem . Ova ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Vampire Shahal '' `` Kyūketsuki Shahal '' ( 吸血鬼 シャハル ) May 2 , 2016 A mysterious vampire named Shahal kidnaps a human girl named Riko . Shahal 's true goal is unknown , and while he has kidnapped Riko , he refuses to drink her blood . Suddenly , he receives a visit from the vampire nobles Ferid and Crowley . Meanwhile , Guren tasks Shinoa Squad with rescuing Riko and returning her to her family . Home media ( edit ) Vampire Reign ( edit ) NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan Vol . Episodes Bonus disc Release date Ref . 1 , 2 , 3 Seraph of the Endless June 24 , 2015 4 , 5 , 6 Seraph of the Endless 2 July 25 , 2015 7 , 8 , 9 Seraph of the Endless 3 August 26 , 2015 10 , 11 , 12 Seraph of the Endless 4 September 26 , 2015 Battle in Nagoya ( edit ) NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan Vol . Episodes Bonus disc Release date Ref . 13 , 14 , 15 - December 25 , 2015 16 , 17 , 18 - January 27 , 2016 19 , 20 , 21 - March 9 , 2016 22 , 23 , 24 - March 30 , 2016 Music ( edit ) Seraph of the End Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Hiroyuki Sawano , Takafumi Wada , Asami Tachibana , Megumi Shiraishi Released July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) ( OST 1 ) January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) ( OST 2 ) Recorded Studio Sound Valley ( Tokyo , Japan ) Genre Soundtrack Length 53 : 54 ( OST 1 : Disc 1 ) 56 : 38 ( OST 1 : Disc 2 ) 54 : 25 ( OST 2 ) Label NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan Producer Hiroyuki Sawano , Takafumi Wada , Asami Tachibana , Megumi Shiraishi , Yasushi Horiguchi The series ' soundtrack was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano , Takafumi Wada , Asami Tachibana , and Megumi Shiraishi . The first soundtrack album was released on July 15 , 2015 containing two discs : the first disc contained 14 tracks all composed by Sawano , while the second disc contained 19 tracks composed by Wada , Tachibana and Shiraishi . A second soundtrack album was released on January 27 , 2016 , containing 17 tracks composed by Sawano , Wada , Tachibana and Shiraishi . Sawano produced and composed the opening and ending theme songs in the first cour of the anime series , titled `` X.U. '' and `` scaPEGoat '' , respectively . As part of Sawano 's vocal song project `` SawanoHiroyuki ( nZk ) '' , for the first cour , the opening song is performed by SawanoHiroyuki ( nZk ) : Gemie , while the ending song is performed by SawanoHiroyuki ( nZk ) : Yosh . Both themes were released in Japan on a CD on May 20 , 2015 . In the second cour of the anime series , the opening theme song is `` Two souls - towards the truth - '' by fripSide and the ending theme song is `` Orarion '' ( オラリオン ) by Nagi Yanagi . Track listing ( edit ) All music in the first disc of Seraph of the End Original Soundtrack were composed by Hiroyuki Sawano . ( show ) Seraph of the End Original Soundtrack ( Disc 1 ) No . Title Lyrics Vocals Length 1 . `` X.U. ( TV size ) '' Benjamin mpi Gemie 1 : 32 2 . `` ( A ) pa - t '' Benjamin mpi 2 : 30 3 . `` 1hundredknight : Y '' 5 : 37 4 . `` pfSOTEad1 '' 3 : 36 5 . `` 1hundredknight : M '' 5 : 32 6 . `` pfSOTEad2 '' 3 : 42 7 . `` OneZeroEight '' 5 : 42 8 . `` ( B ) pa - t '' 5 : 14 9 . `` pfSOTEad3 '' 3 : 58 10 . `` 108 '' Benjamin mpi Mika Kobayashi , mpi 4 : 18 11 . `` 9BL00d 鬼 '' 3 : 07 12 . `` SOTE '' 5 : 04 13 . `` scaPEGoat ( TV size ) '' Hiroyuki Sawano Benjamin mpi Yosh 1 : 34 14 . `` ToBeContinued ... '' 2 : 28 Total length : 53 : 54 ( show ) Seraph of the End Original Soundtrack ( Disc 2 ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Seraph of the End - Prologue '' Takafumi Wada 0 : 42 2 . `` Seraph of the End - Epic '' Wada 3 : 45 3 . `` Moon Demon Company '' ( 月 鬼 ノ 組 ) Asami Tachibana 2 : 24 4 . `` Beyond Unrest '' ( 不安 の む こう ) Megumi Shiraishi 2 : 07 5 . `` Battlefield '' Wada 3 : 09 6 . `` Ferid Bathory '' Wada 3 : 20 7 . `` Commence Battle '' ( 戦闘 開始 ) Tachibana 2 : 44 8 . `` Comrade '' ( 仲間 ) Shiraishi 2 : 27 9 . `` Invisible Sky '' Wada 3 : 38 10 . `` Post-Apocalyptic World '' ( 破滅 後 の 世界 ) Tachibana 3 : 19 11 . `` The Japanese Imperial Demon Army '' Wada 2 : 25 12 . `` Swooping Evil '' ( 襲い 来る 悪 ) Shiraishi 3 : 25 13 . `` Escape '' ( 脱出 行 ) Tachibana 5 : 28 14 . `` Bizarre '' ( 奇々 怪々 ) Shiraishi 3 : 02 15 . `` Demon 's Reborn '' Wada 2 : 34 16 . `` Battle Time '' ( 戦い の 時 ) Shiraishi 3 : 12 17 . `` Reality , Destiny '' Wada 3 : 13 18 . `` Bonds '' ( 絆 ) Tachibana 2 : 59 19 . `` Evening '' ( 夕景 ) Shiraishi 2 : 45 Total length : 56 : 38 ( show ) Seraph of the End : Battle in Nagoya Original Soundtrack No . Title Writer ( s ) Lyrics Length 1 . `` Dim Light '' ( vocals by mpi ) Hiroyuki Sawano Benjamin mpi 4 : 18 2 . `` 4 - a '' Sawano 2 : 49 3 . `` world wAr E '' Takafumi Wada 3 : 16 4 . `` Asura 's Power '' ( 阿 朱 羅 の 力 ) Asami Tachibana 2 : 08 5 . `` Imperial Demon Army '' ( 帝 鬼 軍 ) Megumi Shiraishi 3 : 27 6 . `` WD × 2 '' Sawano 3 : 18 7 . `` In Cold Blood '' Wada 2 : 37 8 . `` Confrontation in the Aristocracies '' ( 貴族 社会 の 対立 ) Tachibana 2 : 28 9 . `` Style of Monarch '' ( 王者 の 風格 ) Shiraishi 3 : 04 10 . `` 21 科 315 '' Sawano 3 : 28 11 . `` Extinction Evil '' Wada 3 : 37 12 . `` The Existence Called Comrades '' ( 仲間 という 存在 ) Tachibana 2 : 20 13 . `` With Sadness and Strength '' ( 哀し さと 強 さと ) Shiraishi 3 : 19 14 . `` WD × 2 '' Sawano 3 : 18 15 . `` Cataclysm '' ( 天変 地異 ) Shiraishi 3 : 35 16 . `` 4 - a : slow '' Sawano 3 : 05 17 . `` Dim Light '' Sawano 4 : 18 Total length : 54 : 25 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Seraph of the End by The Legend of the Legendary Heroes ' Kagami Gets TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seraph of the End 's Additional Cast , Creator 's Direct Involvement Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seraph of the End 's English - Subtitled Trailer , Split - Season Plans , More Cast Unveiled '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 1 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Trailer for DVD / Blu - ray Bonus Episode `` Seraph of the Endless '' `` . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Michelle Lee . `` Funimation Acquires the Rights for Seraph of the End : Vampire Reign '' . Funimation.com Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Seraph of the End English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Seraph of the End English Broadcast Dub Clip '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 1 話 「 血脈 の セカイ 」 - Episode1 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 血脈 の セカイ '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 2 話 「 破滅 後 の ニンゲン 」 - Episode2 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 2 話 破滅 後 の ニンゲン '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 3 話 「 心 に 棲む オニ 」 - Episode3 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 3 話 心 に 棲む オニ '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 4 話 「 吸血鬼 ミカエラ 」 - Episode4 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 4 話 吸血鬼 ミカエラ '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 5 話 「 黒 鬼 と の ケイヤク 」 - Episode5 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 5 話 黒 鬼 と の ケイヤク '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 6 話 「 新しい カゾク 」 - Episode6 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 6 話 新しい カゾク '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 7 話 「 三 葉 の チーム 」 - Episode7 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 7 話 三 葉 の チーム '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 8 話 「 殲滅 の ハジマリ 」 - Episode8 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 襲撃 の ヴァンパイア '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 9 話 「 襲撃 の ヴァンパイア 」 - Episode9 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 襲撃 の ヴァンパイア '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 10 話 「 選択 の ケッカ 」 - Episode10 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 選択 の ケッカ '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 11 話 「 幼馴染 の サイカイ 」 - Episode11 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 幼馴染 の サイカイ '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 12 話 「 みんな ツミビト 」 - Episode12 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` みんな ツミビト '' . MXTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 13 話 「 人間 の セカイ 」 - Episode13 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 人間 の セカイ '' . MXTV . October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 14 話 「 交錯 する カンケイ 」 - Episode14 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 14 話 交錯 する カンケイ '' . MXTV . October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 15 話 「 帝 鬼 軍 の ヤボウ 」 - Episode15 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 15 話 帝 鬼 軍 の ヤボウ '' . MXTV . October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 16 話 「 月 鬼 の ゴウレイ 」 - Episode16 '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 17 話 「 反逆 する カチク 」 - Episode17 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 18 話 「 正義 の ツルギ 」 - Episode18 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 19 話 「 深夜 と グレン 」 - Episode19 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 20 話 「 鬼 の コモリウタ 」 - Episode20 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 21 話 「 裏切り の ミカタ 」 - Episode21 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 22 話 「 優 と ミカ 」 - Episode22 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 23 話 「 傲慢 な アイ 」 - Episode23 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 第 24 話 「 終わり の セラフ 」 - Episode24 - '' . Owari no Seraph . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 1 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 2 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 3 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 第 4 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 名古屋 決戦 編 第 1 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 名古屋 決戦 編 第 2 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 名古屋 決戦 編 第 3 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 終わり の セラフ 名古屋 決戦 編 第 4 巻 '' . Owari no Seraph ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 終わり の セラフ オリジナル サウンド トラック . owarino-seraph.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 終わり の セラフ 名古屋 決戦 編 オリジナル サウンド トラック . owarino-seraph.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seraph of the End Anime 's Additional Cast , Theme Songs , Air Date Announced '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seraph of the End `` Battle in Nagoya '' theme song `` . Twitter . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Seraph_of_the_End_episodes&oldid=805708483 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Română Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 03 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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nuclear thermal power generation in india its contribution to total power generation
Electricity sector in India
electricity sector in india
The utility electricity sector in India has one National Grid with an installed capacity of 331.11 GW as on 31 October 2017 . Renewable power plants constituted 31.7 % of total installed capacity . During the fiscal year 2016 - 17 , the gross electricity generated by utilities in India was 1,236.39 TWh and the total electricity generation ( utilities and non utilities ) in the country was 1,433.4 TWh . The gross electricity consumption was 1,122 kWh per capita in the year 2016 - 17 . India is the world 's third largest producer and fourth largest consumer of electricity . Electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded highest ( 17.89 % ) in 2015 - 16 among all countries . The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India .
In order to address the lack of adequate electricity availability to all the people in the country by March 2019 , the Government of India launched a scheme called `` Power for All '' . This scheme will ensure continuous and uninterrupted electricity supply to all households , industries and commercial establishments by creating and improving necessary infrastructure . Its a joint collaboration of the Government of India with states to share funding and create overall economic growth . India 's electricity sector is dominated by fossil fuels , and in particular coal , which in 2016 produced about two thirds of all electricity . However , the government is pushing for an increased investment in renewable energy . The Draft National Electricity Plan of 2016 prepared by the Government of India states that the country does not need additional non-renewable power plants in the utility sector until 2027 , with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal - based power plants under construction and achieving 275,000 MW total installed renewable power capacity . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Installed capacity 2.1 Utility power 2.2 Captive power 2.3 Installed capacity by state or territory 3 Demand 3.1 Rural electrification 3.2 Per - Capita consumption 4 Electricity generation 5 Thermal power 5.1 Pollution from thermal power plants 5.2 Coal supply constraints 5.3 Natural gas supply constraints 5.4 Replacement of old thermal power plants 6 Renewable energy 6.1 Hydro power 6.2 Solar power 6.3 Wind power 6.4 Biomass power 6.5 Geothermal energy 6.6 Tidal power 7 Nuclear power 8 Electricity transmission and distribution 9 Regulation and administration 9.1 Trading 9.2 Government - owned power companies 9.3 Funding of power infrastructure 9.4 Borrowing by state owned discoms 9.5 Budgetary support 9.6 Human resource development 10 Problems with India 's power sector 11 Foreign electricity trade 12 Electricity as substitute to imported LPG and kerosene 13 Electric vehicles 14 Energy reserves 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Tehri Hydroelectric Power station 's lake in Uttarakhand . With a capacity of 2.4 GW , the largest in India . The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) was conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co . On 7 January 1897 , Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting license as agents of the Indian Electric Co , which was registered in London on 15 January 1897 . A month later , the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation . The control of the company was transferred from London to Calcutta only in 1970 . Enthused by the success of electricity in Calcutta , power was thereafter introduced in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) . Mumbai saw electric lighting demonstration for the first time in 1882 at Crawford Market and the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company ( BEST ) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway . The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897 . The first electric street light in Asia was lit on 5 August 1905 in Bangalore . The first electric train in the country ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay 's Victoria Terminus and Kurla on 3 February 1925 . On 18 August 2015 , Cochin International Airport became the world 's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant . India began utilizing grid management on a regional basis in the 1960s . Individual State grids were interconnected to form 5 regional grids covering mainland India . The grids were the Northern , Eastern , Western , North Eastern and Southern Grids . These regional links were established to enable transmission of surplus electricity between States in each region . In the 1990s , the Indian government began planning for a national grid . Regional grids were initially interconnected by asynchronous HVDC back - to - back links facilitating limited exchange of regulated power . The links were subsequently upgraded to high capacity synchronous links . The first interconnection of regional grids was established in October 1991 when the North Eastern and Eastern grids were interconnected . The Western Grid was interconnected with the aforementioned grids in March 2003 . The Northern grid was also interconnected in August 2006 , forming a Central Grid synchronously connected operating at one frequency . The sole remaining regional grid , the Southern Grid , was synchronously interconnected to the Central Grid on 31 December 2013 with the commissioning of the 765 kV Raichur - Solapur transmission line , thereby establishing the National Grid . By the end of calendar year 2015 , despite poor hydro electricity generation , India had become a power surplus nation with huge electric power generation capacity idling for want of power demand . The calendar year 2016 started with steep fall in the international price of energy commodities such as coal , diesel oil , naphtha , bunker fuel and LNG which are used in electricity generation in India . Earlier many of the power stations which are using fuels other than coal are unable to operate due to high cost of LNG and petro products . This situation has changed due to glut in petroleum products globally . The prices are falling to such an extent that these fuels have become cheaper to give competition for pit head coal based power generators . Many of the stranded gas and liquid fuel based power stations would be competing with indigenous coal based power stations in an electricity market where demand growth is not encouraging . All the segments of the electricity sector such as fuel suppliers , fuel transporters ( railways , harbours , pipelines , etc . ) , electricity generators , electricity transmission companies and distribution companies would be facing severe competition to cut down the prices and improve their operating efficiency in a final consumer dictated market . Due to tepid growth in electricity consumption , coal stocks are continuously building up at power stations as well as coal mines . On March 29 , 2017 the Central Electricity Authority stated that for the first time India has become net exporter of electricity . India exported 5,798 GWh to neighbouring countries , against a total import of 5,585 GWh . Installed capacity ( edit ) The total installed power generation capacity is sum of utility capacity , captive power capacity and other non-utilities Utility power ( edit ) Growth of Installed Capacity in India Installed Capacity as on Thermal ( MW ) Nuclear ( MW ) Renewable ( MW ) Total ( MW ) % Growth ( on yearly basis ) Coal Gas Diesel Sub-Total Thermal Hydro Other Renewable Sub-Total Renewable 31 - Dec - 1947 756 - 98 854 - 508 - 508 1,362 - 31 - Dec - 1950 1,004 - 149 1,153 - 560 - 560 1,713 8.59 % 31 - Mar - 1956 1,597 - 228 1,825 - 1,061 - 1,061 2,886 13.04 % 31 - Mar - 1961 2,436 - 300 2,736 - 1,917 - 1,917 4,653 12.25 % 31 - Mar - 1966 4,417 137 352 4,903 - 4,124 - 4,124 9,027 18.80 % 31 - Mar - 1974 8,652 165 241 9,058 640 6,966 - 6,966 16,664 10.58 % 31 - Mar - 1979 14,875 168 164 15,207 640 10,833 - 10,833 26,680 12.02 % 31 - Mar - 1985 26,311 542 177 27,030 1,095 14,460 - 14,460 42,585 9.94 % 31 - Mar - 1990 41,236 2,343 165 43,764 1,565 18,307 - 18,307 63,636 9.89 % 31 - Mar - 1997 54,154 6,562 294 61,010 2,225 21,658 902 22,560 85,795 4.94 % 31 - Mar - 2002 62,131 11,163 1,135 74,429 2,720 26,269 1,628 27,897 105,046 4.49 % 31 - Mar - 2007 71,121 13,692 1,202 86,015 3,900 34,654 7,760 42,414 132,329 5.19 % 31 - Mar - 2012 112,022 18,381 1,200 131,603 4,780 38,990 24,503 63,493 199,877 9.00 % 31 Mar 2017 192,163 25,329 838 218,330 6,780 44,478 57,260 108,518 326,841 10.31 % The total installed capacity is after deducting the retired capacity ( if any ) which are very old and obsolete . As of 31 March 2017 ( i.e. end of 12th five - year plan ) , the achieved thermal power generation capacity addition excluding renewable power is 91,730 MW against the target of 161,403 MW during the 12th five - year plan . Nearly 70,000 MW is in various stages of construction as on 31 March 2017 . The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 30 April 2017 with sector wise & type wise break up is as given below . Sector Thermal ( MW ) Nuclear ( MW ) Renewable ( MW ) Total ( MW ) % Coal Gas Diesel Sub-Total Thermal Hydro Other Renewable Central 55,245.00 7,490.83 0.00 62,735.83 6,780.00 11,651.42 0.00 81,167.25 25 State 65,145.50 7,257.95 363.93 72,767.38 0.00 29,703.00 1,963.80 104,447.28 32 Private 74,012.38 10,580.60 473.70 85,066.68 0.00 3,240.00 55,283.33 143,590.01 43 All India 194,402.88 25,329.38 837.63 220,569.88 6,780.00 44,594.42 57,260.23 329,204.53 100 Captive power ( edit ) The installed captive power generation capacity ( above 1 MW capacity ) in the industries is 50,289 MW as on 31 March 2017 . Another 75,000 MW capacity diesel power generation sets ( excluding sets of size above 1 MW and below 100 kVA ) are also installed in the country . In addition , there are innumerable DG sets of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during the power outages in all sectors such as industrial , commercial , domestic and agriculture . Captive Power Generation Source Captive Power Capacity ( MW ) Share Coal 29,888 59.43 % Hydroelectricity 54 0.11 % Renewable energy source Included in ' Oil ' Natural Gas 6,061 12.05 % Oil 14,285 28.41 % Total 50,289 100.00 % Installed capacity by state or territory ( edit ) State-wise All India installed capacity as of July 2015 ( show ) State-wise All India installed capacity as of July 2015 ( including allocated shares in joint and central sector utilities ) State / Union Territory Thermal ( in MW ) Nuclear ( in MW ) Renewable ( in MW ) Total ( in MW ) % of Total Coal Gas Diesel Sub-Total Thermal Hydro Other Renewable Sub-Total Renewable Maharashtra 24,669.27 3,475.93 - 28,145.20 690.14 3,331.84 6,205.65 9,537.49 38,372.83 13.91 % Gujarat 16,010.27 6,806.09 - 22,816.36 559.32 772.00 4,802.40 5,574.4 28,950.08 10.49 % Madhya Pradesh 11,126.39 257.18 - 11,383.57 273.24 3,223.66 1,670.34 4,894.00 16,550.81 6.00 % Chhattisgarh 13,193.49 - - 13,193.49 47.52 120.00 327.18 447.18 13,688.19 4.96 % Goa 326.17 48.00 - 374.17 25.80 - 0.05 0.05 400.02 0.14 % Dadra & Nagar Haveli 44.37 27.10 - 71.47 8.46 - - - 79.93 0.03 % Daman & Diu 36.71 4.20 - 40.91 7.38 - - - 48.29 0.02 % Central - Unallocated 1,622.35 196.91 - 1,819.26 228.14 - - - 2,047.40 0.74 % Western Region 67,029.01 10,815.41 - 77,844.42 1,840.00 7,447.50 13,005.62 20,453.12 100,137.54 36.29 % Rajasthan 9,400.72 825.03 - 10,225.75 573.00 1,719.30 4,710.50 6,429.8 17,228.55 6.24 % Uttar Pradesh 11,677.95 549.97 - 12,227.92 335.72 2,168.30 989.86 3,158.16 15,721.80 5.70 % Punjab 6,444.88 288.92 - 6,733.80 208.04 3,145.13 503.42 3,648.55 10,590.38 3.84 % Haryana 6,527.53 560.29 - 7,087.82 109.16 1,456.83 138.60 1,595.43 8,792.41 3.19 % Delhi 5,001.87 2,366.01 - 7,367.88 122.08 822.05 34.71 856.76 8,346.72 3.03 % Himachal Pradesh 152.02 61.88 - 213.90 34.08 3,421.51 728.91 4,150.42 4,398.40 1.59 % Uttarakhand 399.50 69.35 - 468.85 22.28 2,441.82 244.32 2,686.14 3,177.27 1.15 % Jammu & Kashmir 329.32 304.14 - 633.46 77.00 1,805.21 156.53 1,961.74 2,672.20 0.97 % Chandigarh 32.54 15.32 - 47.86 8.84 62.32 5.04 67.36 124.06 0.04 % Central - Unallocated 977.19 290.35 - 1,267.54 129.80 754.30 - 754.30 2,151.64 0.78 % Northern Region 40.943. 50 5,331.26 12.99 46,274.76 1,620.00 17,796.77 7,511.89 25,308.66 73,203.42 26.53 % Tamil Nadu 10,075.10 1026.30 411.66 11,513.06 986.50 2,182.20 8,423.15 10,605.35 23,104.91 8.37 % Karnataka 6,408.46 - 234.42 6,642.88 475.86 3,599.80 4552.48 8,152.28 15,271.02 5.53 % Andhra Pradesh 5,849.21 1,672.65 16.97 7,538.83 127.16 1,721.99 2,002.65 3,724.64 11,390.64 4.13 % Telangana 5,598.47 1,697.75 19.83 7,316.05 148.62 2012.54 62.75 2,075.29 9,539.96 3.46 % Kerala 1,038.69 533.58 234.60 1,806.87 228.60 1881.50 204.05 2,085.55 4,121.02 1.49 % Puducherry 249.32 32.50 - 281.82 52.78 - 0.03 0.03 334.63 0.12 % Central - NLC 100.17 - - 100.17 - - - - 100.17 0.04 % Central - Unallocated 1,523.08 - - 1,523.08 300.48 - - - 1,823.56 0.66 % Southern Region 30,842.50 4,962.78 917.48 36,722.76 2,320.00 11,398.03 15,245.11 26,643.14 65,685.90 23.81 % West Bengal 8,083.83 100.00 - 8,183.83 - 1,248.30 131.45 1,379.75 9,563.84 3.47 % Odisha 6,753.04 - - 6,753.04 - 2,166.93 116.55 2,283.48 9,036.52 3.28 % DVC 7,160.66 90.00 - 7,250.66 - 193.26 - 193.26 7,443.92 2.70 % Bihar 2,516.24 - - 2,516.24 - 129.43 114.12 243.55 2,759.79 1.00 % Jharkhand 2,404.93 - - 2,404.93 - 200.93 20.05 220.98 2,625.91 0.95 % Sikkim 92.10 - - 92.10 - 174.27 52.11 226.38 318.48 0.12 % Central - Unallocated 1,572.07 - - 1,572.07 - - - - 1,572.07 0.57 % Eastern Region 28,582.87 190.00 - 28,772.87 - 4,113.12 434.54 4,547.66 33,320.53 12.08 % Assam 187.00 718.62 - 905.62 - 429.72 34.11 463.83 1,369.45 0.50 % Tripura 18.70 538.82 - 557.52 - 62.37 21.01 83.38 640.90 0.23 % Meghalaya 17.70 105.14 - 122.84 - 356.58 31.03 387.61 510.45 0.19 % Arunachal Pradesh 12.35 43.06 - 55.41 - 97.57 104.64 202.21 257.62 0.09 % Manipur 15.70 67.98 36.00 119.68 - 80.98 5.45 86.43 206.11 0.07 % Nagaland 10.70 46.35 - 57.05 - 53.32 29.67 82.99 140.04 0.05 % Mizoram 10.35 38.29 - 48.64 - 34.31 36.47 70.78 119.42 0.04 % Central - Unallocated 37.50 104.44 - 141.94 - 127.15 - 127.15 269.09 0.10 % North - Eastern Region 310.00 1,662.70 36.00 2,008.70 - 1,242.00 262.38 1,504.38 3,513.08 1.27 % Andaman & Nicobar - - 40.05 40.05 - - 10.35 10.35 50.40 0.02 % Lakshadweep - - - - - - 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.00 % Islands - - 40.05 40.05 - - 11.10 11.10 51.15 0.02 % Total 167,707.88 22,962.15 993.53 191,663.56 5,780 41,997.42 36,470.64 78,468.06 275,911.62 100.00 % Demand ( edit ) Demand trends During the fiscal year 2016 - 17 , the energy availability was 1,135.334 billion KWh with a short fall of requirement by 7.595 billion KWh ( - 0.7 % ) against the 1.1 % surplus anticipated . The peak load met was 156,934 MW with a short fall of requirement by 2,608 MW ( - 1.6 % ) against the 2.6 % surplus anticipated . In LGBR 2017 report , India 's Central Electricity Authority anticipated for the 2017 -- 18 fiscal year , energy surplus and peaking surplus to be 8.8 % and 6.8 % respectively . Though few states are expected to face energy shortage , power would be made available adequately from the surplus regions with the higher capacity inter regional transmission links . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India has become power surplus country despite lower power tariffs . Demand drivers Of the 1.4 billion people in the world who have no access to electricity , India accounts for over 300 million . The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050 . This added new capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generation capacity of European Union ( EU - 27 ) in 2005 . The technologies and fuel sources India adopts , as it adds this electricity generation capacity , may make significant impact to global resource usage and environmental issues . Some 500 million Indians ( 40 % ) use traditional fuels -- fuelwood , agricultural waste and biomass cakes -- for cooking and general heating needs . These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves , known as chulah or chulha in some parts of India . Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy , its burning releases high levels of smoke , PM10 particulate matter , NOX , SOX , PAHs , polyaromatics , formaldehyde , carbon monoxide and other air pollutants . Some reports , including one by the World Health Organisation , claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs . Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants , between 5 and 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal , thereby affecting outdoor air quality , haze and smog , chronic health problems , damage to forests , ecosystems and global climate . Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop , these reports claim , unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India . The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning . In addition to air pollution problems , a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India . There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India . The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained . Majority of the government - owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants . The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates . The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions , release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater . Almost all rivers , lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India . Water pollution also adversely impacts river , wetland and ocean life . Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India 's water pollution and associated environmental issues . Other drivers for India 's electricity sector are its rapidly growing economy , rising exports , improving infrastructure and increasing household incomes . Growth of Electricity Consumption in India Fiscal year ending on Consumption ( GWh ) % of Total Per - Capita Consumption ( in kWh ) Domestic Commercial Industrial Traction Agriculture Misc 31 - Dec - 1947 4,182 10.11 % 4.26 % 70.78 % 6.62 % 2.99 % 5.24 % 16.3 31 - Dec - 1950 5,610 9.36 % 5.51 % 72.32 % 5.49 % 2.89 % 4.44 % 18.2 31 - Mar - 1956 10,150 9.20 % 5.38 % 74.03 % 3.99 % 3.11 % 4.29 % 30.9 31 - Mar - 1961 16,804 8.88 % 5.05 % 74.67 % 2.70 % 4.96 % 3.75 % 45.9 31 - Mar - 1966 30,455 7.73 % 5.42 % 74.19 % 3.47 % 6.21 % 2.97 % 73.9 31 - Mar - 1974 55,557 8.36 % 5.38 % 68.02 % 2.76 % 11.36 % 4.13 % 126.2 31 - Mar - 1979 84,005 9.02 % 5.15 % 64.81 % 2.60 % 14.32 % 4.10 % 171.6 31 - Mar - 1985 124,569 12.45 % 5.57 % 59.02 % 2.31 % 16.83 % 3.83 % 228.7 31 - Mar - 1990 195,098 15.16 % 4.89 % 51.45 % 2.09 % 22.58 % 3.83 % 329.2 31 - Mar - 1997 315,294 17.53 % 5.56 % 44.17 % 2.09 % 26.65 % 4.01 % 464.6 31 - Mar - 2002 374,670 21.27 % 6.44 % 42.57 % 2.16 % 21.80 % 5.75 % 671.9 31 - Mar - 2007 525,672 21.12 % 7.65 % 45.89 % 2.05 % 18.84 % 4.45 % 559.2 31 - March - 2012 785,194 22.00 % 8.00 % 45.00 % 2.00 % 18.00 % 5.00 % 883.6 31 - March - 2013 824,301 22.29 % 8.83 % 44.40 % 1.71 % 17.89 % 4.88 % 914.4 31 - March - 2014 881,562 22.95 % 8.80 % 43.17 % 1.75 % 18.19 % 5.14 % 957 31 - March - 2015 938,823 23.53 % 8.77 % 42.10 % 1.79 % 18.45 % 5.37 % 1010.0 31 - March - 2016 1,001,191 23.86 % 8.59 % 42.30 % 1.66 % 17.30 % 6.29 % 1075 31 - March - 2017 1,066,268 24.32 % 9.22 % 40.01 % 1.61 % 18.33 % 6.50 % 1122 The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2,600 kWh and 6,200 kWh in the European Union . Rural electrification ( edit ) See also : Rural Electrification Corporation Limited As of 30 September 2017 , 99.49 % of 597,464 villages in India are electrified . Of those who did have access to electricity in rural India , the supply was intermittent and unreliable . Rural electrification rate State ( Electrification rate , Unelectrified villages ) 100 % 16 states and all 7 union territories 99.00 - 99.99 % Uttar Pradesh ( 99.99 % , 2 ) , Karnataka ( 99.97 % , 9 ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 99.92 % , 41 ) , Uttarakhand ( 99.68 % , 50 ) , Bihar ( 99.47 % , 206 ) , Odisha ( 99.30 % , 335 ) 98.00 - 98.99 % Jharkhand ( 98.94 % , 312 ) , Chhattisgarh ( 98.83 % , 229 ) , Assam ( 98.70 % , 330 ) , Meghalaya ( 98.59 % , 91 ) , Manipur ( 97.48 % , 60 ) , Mizoram ( 98.44 % , 11 ) , Jammu & Kashmir ( 98.42 % , 100 ) Below 80 % Arunachal Pradesh ( 78.28 % , 1,142 ) India 's Ministry of Power launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana ( DDUGJY ) as one of its flagship programme in July 2015 with the objective of providing round the clock power to the rural areas . It focuses on reforms in rural power sector by separation of feeder lines ( rural households & agricultural ) and strengthening of transmission and distribution infrastructure. The earlier scheme for rural electrification viz . Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana ( RGGVY ) has been subsumed in the new scheme as its rural electrification component . Up to 31 December 2016 , 133 million rural households are provided with electricity , which is 74 % of the 179 million total rural households . Rural household electrification rate State 100 % Andhra Pradesh , Goa , Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Kerala 95.00 - 99.99 % Himachal Pradesh ( 99.04 % ) , Puducherry ( 99.63 % ) , West Bengal ( 99.08 % ) , Gujarat ( 97.64 % ) 50.00 - 94.99 % Arunachal Pradesh ( 65.02 % ) , Assam ( 53.02 % ) , Chhattisgarh ( 85.64 % ) , Haryana ( 79.43 % ) , Jammu & Kashmir ( 79.02 % ) , Karnataka ( 87.32 % ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 59.71 % ) , Maharashtra ( 85.86 % ) , Manipur ( 72.37 % ) , Meghalaya ( 69.92 % ) , Mizoram ( 89.78 % ) , Odisha ( 54.33 % ) , Rajasthan ( 76.14 % ) , Sikkim ( 84.90 % ) , Telangana ( 82.65 ) , Tripura ( 72.00 % ) , Uttarakhand ( 87.89 % ) 0.00 - 49.99 % Uttar Pradesh ( 49.78 ) , Bihar ( 45.27 % ) , Jharkhand ( 39.94 % ) , Nagaland ( 44.93 % ) Per - capita consumption ( edit ) Satellite pictures of India show thick haze and black carbon smoke above India and other Asian countries . This problem is particularly severe along the Ganges Basin in northern India . Major sources of particulate matter and aerosols are believed to be smoke from biomass burning in rural parts of India , and air pollution from large cities in northern India . Play media India lit up at night . This media , courtesy of NASA , was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on 21 October 2011 . It starts over Turkmenistan , moving east . India begins past the long wavy solid orange line , marking the lights at the India - Pakistan borderline . New Delhi , India 's capital and the Kathiawar Peninsula are lit . So are Mumbai , Hyderabad , Chennai , Bangalore and many smaller cities in central and southern India , as this International Space Station 's video shifts south - eastward through southern India , into the Bay of Bengal . Lightning storms are also present , represented by the flashing lights throughout the video . The pass ends over western Indonesia . Per - Capita Electricity consumption ( kWh ) ( in 2014 -- 15 provisional ) State / Union Territory Region Per - Capita Consumption ( kWh ) Dadra & Nagar Haveli Western 13,769 Daman & Diu Western 6,960 Goa Western 1,803 Gujarat Western 2,105 Chhattisgarh Western 1,719 Maharashtra Western 1,257 Madhya Pradesh Western 813 Puducherry Southern 1,655 Tamil Nadu Southern 1,616 Andhra Pradesh Southern 1,040 Telangana Southern 1,356 Karnataka Southern 1,211 Kerala Southern 672 Lakshadweep Southern 657 Punjab Northern 1,858 Haryana Northern 1,909 Delhi Northern 1,561 Himachal Pradesh Northern 1,336 Uttarakhand Northern 1,358 Chandigarh Northern 1,052 Jammu & Kashmir Northern 1,169 Rajasthan Northern 1,123 Uttar Pradesh Northern 502 Odisha Eastern 1,419 Sikkim Eastern 685 Jharkhand Eastern 835 West Bengal Eastern 647 Andaman & Nicobar Islands Eastern 361 Bihar Eastern 203 Arunachal Pradesh North Eastern 525 Meghalaya North Eastern 704 Mizoram North Eastern 449 Nagaland North Eastern 311 Tripura North Eastern 303 Assam North Eastern 314 Manipur North Eastern 295 National 1,010 Note : Per Capita Consumption = ( Gross Electricity Generation + Net Import ) / Mid Year Population . Electricity generation ( edit ) * Electricity generation in India till 2012 India 's electricity generation from 1950 to 1985 were very low when compared to developed nations . Since 1990 , India has recorded faster growth in electricity generation . India 's electricity generation has increased from 179 TW - hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW - hr in 2012 . Power generation by coal fired plants and non conventional renewal energy sources ( RES ) has mainly contributed to the growth in the total electricity generation whereas the contribution from natural gas , oil and hydro plants has decreased in last five years ( 2012 - 2017 ) . The gross utility electricity generation ( excluding imports from Bhutan ) is 1,236 billion kWh during the year 2016 - 17 against the corresponding actual generation of 1,168 billion Kwh during the year 2015 - 16 with 5.81 % annual growth . The CEA generation data is nearly 5 % more than the NLDC data which is based on prompt data on daily basis . Yearly gross electricity generation by source ( GWh ) Year Fossil Fuel Nuclear Hydro Sub total RES Utility and Captive Power Coal Oil Gas Mini hydro Solar Wind Bio mass Other Sub total Utility Captive Misc Total 2011 - 12 612,497 2,649 93,281 32,286 130,511 871,224 na na na na na 51,226 922,451 134,387 na 1,056,838 2012 - 13 691,341 2,449 66,664 32,866 113,720 907,040 na na na na na 57,449 964,489 144,009 na 1,108,498 2013 - 14 746,087 1,868 44,522 34,228 134,847 961,552 na 3,350 na na na 59,615 1,021,167 156,643 na 1,177,810 2014 - 15 835,838 1,407 41,075 36,102 129,244 1,043,666 8,060 4,600 28,214 14,944 414 61,780 1,105,446 166,426 na 1,271,872 2015 - 16 896,260 406 47,122 37,413 121,377 1,102,578 8,355 7,450 28,604 16,681 269 65,781 1,168,359 183,611 na 1,351,970 2016 - 17 944,861 275 49,094 37,916 122,313 1,154,523 7,673 12,086 46,011 14,159 213 81,869 1,236,392 197,000 na 1,433,392 Notes : Coal includes lignite also ; na → data not available ; The total generation from all renewable energy sources is nearly 15 % of the total electricity generation ( utility and captive ) in India . Thermal power ( edit ) A thermal power plant in Maharashtra India 's electricity sector consumes about 72 % of the coal produced in the country . Pollution from thermal power plants ( edit ) The high ash content in India 's coal affects the thermal power plant 's potential emissions . Therefore , India 's Ministry of Environment and Forests has mandated the use of beneficiated coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34 % ( or lower ) in power plants in urban , ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas , and ecologically sensitive areas . Coal benefaction industry has rapidly grown in India , with current capacity topping 90 MT . India has an extensive review process , one that includes environment impact assessment , prior to a thermal power plant being approved for construction and commissioning . The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published a technical guidance manual to help project proposers and to prevent environmental pollution in India from thermal power plants . The operating coal fired power stations need to invest nearly INR 12.5 millions per MW capacity for installing pollution control equipment to comply with the latest emission norms notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in the year 2016 . Coal supply constraints ( edit ) Demand , production and import of coal ( in million tonnes ) A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal . It is of low calorific value and high ash content . The carbon content is low in India 's coal , and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible . The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor . On average , the Indian power plants using India 's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh , whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh . This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal , as measured by the Gross Calorific Value ( GCV ) . On average , Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal / kg , whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better ; for example , in Australia , the GCV is 6500 Kcal / kg approximately . India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29 % of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity , cement and steel production . China has banned import of high ash coal , high sulphur coal and contaminated coal with trace metals which are causing air pollution . The state and central power generation companies are permitted by Government of India with flexible coal linkage swaps from inefficient plants to efficient plants and from plants situated away from coal mines to pit head to minimize cost of coal transportation thus leading to reduction in cost of power Natural gas supply constraints ( edit ) The installed capacity of natural gas - based power plants and the ready to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply is nearly 26,765 MW at the end of financial year 2014 - 15 . These base load power plants are operating at overall PLF of 25 % only due to severe shortage of Natural gas in the country . Imported LNG was too costly for the power generation . Many of these power stations are shut down throughout the year for lack of natural gas supply . Natural gas shortage for power sector alone is nearly 100 MMSCMD . The break even price for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation is estimated near 6 US $ / mmBtu . Indian government has taken steps to enhance the generation from the stranded gas based power plants for meeting peak load demand by waiving applicable import duties and taxes due to drastic fall in the LNG and crude oil international prices . During the year 2016 , global LNG spot prices have been falling drastically below 6 US $ / mmBtu due to excess production capacity . Though LNG landed prices are competitive to the electricity generation from the imported coal , there is limitation to import LNG due to lack of adequate regasification capacity . By the middle of 2016 , LPG international spot prices have also fallen drastically due to LPG market glut . This would facilitate use of LPG in place of Naphtha or diesel oil ( 23 kg of LPG is equal to one mmbtu ) where the gas based power plants are not able to receive re-gasified LNG . This is possible by injecting cheap imported LPG in to the natural gas supply pipelines up to the permitted hydrocarbon dew point . Gasification of Char / Coal Gasification of coal or lignite or pet coke or biomass , produces syngas or coal gas or wood gas which is a mixture of hydrogen , carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases . Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas by using Fischer -- Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature . Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal . Synthetic natural gas production technologies have tremendous scope to meet the SNG requirements of gas - based power stations fully using the locally available coal ( or imported coal in short run ) . Dankuni coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta . Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce synthetic natural gas for bridging natural gas shortages . It is estimated that SNG production cost would be below 6 $ per mmBtu . The indigenously produced natural gas by the Exploration & Production ( E&P ) contractors sold at prevailing international gas prices do not guarantee the natural gas supply whereas the SNG produced from coal / biomass is reliable & dependable fuel supply to the gas based power stations and other natural gas consumers . Replacement of old thermal power plants ( edit ) A super thermal power plant in Rajasthan India 's coal - fired , oil - fired and natural gas - fired thermal power plants are inefficient and offer significant potential for greenhouse gas ( CO ) emission reduction through better technologies . India 's thermal power plants emit 50 % to 120 % more CO per kWh produced when compared to the average emissions from their European Union ( EU - 27 ) counterparts . The central government has firmed up plans to shut down 11,000 MW of thermal power generation capacity that are at least 25 years old and replace with bigger size plants of super-critical pressure technology totalling to at least 20,000 MW with for an estimated investment of ₹ 70,000 crore ( US $11 billion ) . As part of this plan around 100 old units of capacities ranging between 60 MW to 220 MW will be replaced by around 30 state - of - the - art super-critical units ranging between 660 MW to 800 MW , thus saving ₹ 40,000 crore ( US $6.2 billion ) on land acquisition as well infrastructure cost like rail and water linkages along with facilities like ash pond and power evacuation lines . Recently few old diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants ( Vatwa 100 MW ) were also decommissioned . However their residual life can be used effectively for grid reserve service by keeping them in working condition and connected to grid . Renewable energy ( edit ) Main article : Renewable energy in India India 's renewable energy sector is amongst the world 's most active players in renewable energy utilization , especially solar and wind electricity generation . As of 31 March 2017 , India had grid connected installed capacity of about 57.24 GW non-conventional renewable technologies - based electricity capacity , about 16 % of its total ; exceeding the capacity of major hydroelectric power for the first time in history . Solar resources in India Renewable energy installed capacity in India ( as of 30 April 2017 ) Type Capacity ( in MW ) Grid Connected Power Wind 32,287.27 Solar 12,504.50 Small Hydro Power Projects 4,384.85 Biomass Power & Gasification and Bagasse Cogeneration 8,181.70 Waste to Power 114.08 Total - Grid Connected Power 57,472.40 Off - Grid / Captive Power Biomass ( non-bagasse ) Cogeneration 651.91 SPV Systems ( > 1 kW ) 471.16 Waste to Power 171.22 Biomass Gasifiers 161.45 Water Mills / Micro Hydro 18.81 Aerogenerator / Hybrid Systems 3.15 Total - Off - Grid / Captive Power 1,477.70 As of August 2011 , India had deployed renewable energy to provide electricity in 8,846 remote villages , installed 4.4 million family biogas plants , 1,800 microhydroelectric units and 4.7 million square metres of solar water heating capacity . Hydro power ( edit ) Main article : Hydroelectric power in India Indira Sagar Dam partially completed in 2008 Nagarjuna Sagar Dam and the 810 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Krishna River . The hydro - electric power plants at Darjeeling and Shivanasamudram were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and were among the first in Asia . India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60 % load factor . In addition , 6740 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small , Mini , and Micro Hydro schemes have been assessed . Also , 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified . It is the most widely used form of renewable energy . India is blessed with immense amount of hydro - electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro - potential on global scenario . The present installed capacity as of 31 May 2014 is approximately 40,661.41 MW which is 16.36 % of total electricity generation in India . The public sector has a predominant share of 97 % in this sector . National Hydroelectric Power Corporation ( NHPC ) , Northeast Electric Power Company ( NEEPCO ) , Satluj jal vidyut nigam ( SJVNL ) , Tehri Hydro Development Corporation , NTPC - Hydro are a few public sector companies engaged in development of hydroelectric power in India . Pumped storage schemes are perfect centralised peaking power stations for the load management in the electricity grid . Pumped storage schemes would be in high demand for meeting peak load demand and storing the surplus electricity as India graduates from electricity deficit to electricity surplus . They also produce secondary / seasonal power at no additional cost when rivers are flooding with excess water . Storing electricity by other alternative systems such as batteries , compressed air storage systems , etc. is more costly than electricity production by standby generator . India has already established nearly 4785 MW pumped storage capacity which is part of its installed hydro power plants . Solar power ( edit ) Main article : Solar power in India Price history of silicon PV cells ( not modules ) since 1977 . The great thing about solar power is that it is a technology and not a fuel . It is unlimited and the more it is deployed the cheaper it would be . While the more limited fossil fuels are used , the more expensive they become . India is endowed with vast solar energy . The solar radiation of about 5,000 trillion kWh per year is incident over its land mass with average daily solar power potential of 0.25 kWh per m of used land area with the available commercially proven technologies . As of 31 January 2017 , the installed capacity was 9 GW meeting 1 % of the utility electricity generation . New solar installations in India is expected to be 4.8 GW in 2016 - 17 with nearly 21 GW development in pipeline . Installation of solar power plants require nearly 2.4 hectares ( 0.024 km ) land per MW capacity which is similar to coal - fired power plants when life cycle coal mining , consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted . 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1 % land ( 32,000 square km ) . There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8 % of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation . Part of waste lands ( 32,000 square km ) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion Kwh of electricity ( two times the total generation in the year 2013 - 14 ) with land annual productivity / yield of ₹ 1.0 million ( US $16,000 ) per acre ( at 4 Rs / kWh price ) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands . Moreover , these solar power plants are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self productive . There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements ( natural gas , coal , lignite , nuclear fuels and crude oil ) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future . The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy consumption at par with USA / Japan for the peak population in its demographic transition . Indian solar PV power tariff has fallen to ₹ 2.44 ( 3.8 ¢ US ) per kWh in May 2017 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India . In the year 2016 , the levelized tariff in US $ for solar electricity has fallen below 2.42 cents / kWh which is far cheaper than the fuel cost incurred by coal based power plants in India . Solar thermal power plant with a field of heliostats and a central solar power tower . Solar thermal power plants with thermal storage are emerging as cheaper ( US 6.1 ¢ / kWh ) and clean load following power plants compared to fossil fuel power plants . They can cater the load / demand round the clock perfectly and work as base load power plants also when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day . Proper mix of solar thermal and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the support of costly battery storage or costly non solar power plants with dispatchability and reliability . Canal Solar Power Project in Kadi , Gujarat Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India . Some state governments are exploring means to address land availability through innovation ; for example , by exploring means to deploy solar capacity above their extensive irrigation canal projects , thereby harvesting solar energy while reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar evaporation . The state of Gujarat was first to implement the Canal Solar Power Project , to use 19,000 km ( 12,000 mi ) long network of Narmada canals across the state for setting up solar panels to generate electricity . It was the first ever such project in India . Synergy with irrigation water pumping and hydro power stations The major disadvantage of solar power ( PV type only ) is that it can not produce electricity during the night time and cloudy daytime also . In India , this disadvantage can be overcome by installing pumped - storage hydroelectricity stations . Ultimate electricity requirement for river water pumping ( excluding ground water pumping ) is 570 billion kWh to pump one cubic meter of water for each square meter area by 125 m height on average for irrigating 140 million hectares of net sown area ( 42 % of total land ) for three crops in a year . This is achieved by utilising all the usable river waters by interlinking Indian rivers . These river water pumping stations would also be envisaged with pumped - storage hydroelectricity features to generate electricity when necessary to stabilise the grid needs . Also , all existing and future hydro power stations can be expanded with additional pumped - storage hydroelectricity units to cater night time electricity consumption . Most of the ground water pumping power can be met directly by solar power during the day time . Wind power ( edit ) Main article : Wind power in India Wind farm in Rajasthan . Wind turbines midst India 's agricultural farms . Wind farms midst paddy fields in India . India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world . In the year 2015 - 16 , wind power accounted for 8.5 % of India 's total installed power capacity , and 2.5 % of the country 's power output . India targets to install an additional 60 GW of wind power capacity by 2022 The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s in Tamil Nadu and has significantly increased in the last decade . As of 30 September 2017 , the installed capacity of wind power was 32.70 GW , spread across many states of India . The largest wind power generating state is Tamil Nadu accounting for nearly 30 % of installed capacity , followed in decreasing order by Maharashtra , Gujarat , Rajasthan and Karnataka . Biomass power ( edit ) Biomass is organic matter derived from living , or recently living organisms . As an energy source , biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat , or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel . Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into : thermal , chemical , and biochemical methods . In this system biomass , bagasse , forestry , domestic organic wastes , industrial organic wastes and agro residue & agricultural wastes are used as fuel to produce electricity . Nearly 750 million tons of non edible ( by cattle ) biomass is available annually in India which can be put to use for higher value addition . Biomass is a renewable energy source as it is generated by extracting the carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere . Its use for electricity generation is carbon - neutral fuel because it would also release global warming green house gasses like methane and carbon dioxide when it is left to decay / degenerate without using as an energy source . The total biomass traditional use in India is nearly 177 Mtoe in the year 2013 . 40 % of house holds in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purpose . As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG in rural areas at faster pace , biomass burning in agriculture fields has become major source for causing higher level air pollution in nearby towns and cities . Torrefied biomass Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal - fired power stations . Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to its caking problem . However 100 % biomass can be fired after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal . Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal - fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source . Cofiring dry biomass up to 20 % heat input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal - fired power stations without facing caking problem . North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture / crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems . Many old and smaller capacity coal fired power plants are being shut down permanently due to pollution problems . These units can be retrofitted economically to produce electricity from biomass without appreciable pollution . Biomass gasifier India has been promoting biomass gasifier technologies in its rural areas , to utilise surplus biomass resources such as rice husk , crop stalks , small wood chips , other agro-residues . The goal was to produce electricity for villages with power plants of up to 2 MW capacities . During 2011 , India installed 25 rice husk based gasifier systems for distributed power generation in 70 remote villages of Bihar . The largest biomass - based power plant in India is at Sirohi , Rajasthan , having the capacity of 20 MW , i.e. , Sambhav Energy Limited . In addition , gasifier systems are being installed at 60 rice mills in India . During the year , biomass gasifier projects of 1.20 MW in Gujarat and 0.5 MW in Tamil Nadu were successfully installed . Biogas This pilot programme aims to install small - scale biogas plants for meeting the cooking energy needs in rural areas of India . During 2011 , some 45000 small - scale biogas plants were installed . Cumulatively , India has installed 4.44 million small - scale biogas plants . In 2011 , India started a new initiative with the aim to demonstrate medium size mixed feed biogas - fertiliser pilot plants . This technology aims for generation , purification / enrichment , bottling and piped distribution of biogas . India approved 21 of these projects with aggregate capacity of 37016 cubic metre per day , of which 2 projects have been successfully commissioned by December 2011 . India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed / Grid Power Generation programme , with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW . India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881 MW ( agro-residues and plantations ) , 5000 MW ( bagasse cogeneration ) and 2700 MW ( energy recovery from waste ) . Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over INR 6 billion every year , generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man - days in the rural areas . As of 2010 , India burnt over 200 million tonnes of coal replacement worth of traditional biomass fuel every year to meet its energy need for cooking and other domestic use . This traditional biomass fuel -- fuelwood , crop waste and animal dung -- is a potential raw material for the application of biomass technologies for the recovery of cleaner fuel , fertilisers and electricity with significantly lower pollution . Biomass available in India can and has been playing an important role as fuel for sugar mills , textiles , paper mills , and small and medium enterprises ( SME ) . In particular there is a significant potential in breweries , textile mills , fertiliser plants , the paper and pulp industry , solvent extraction units , rice mills , petrochemical plants and other industries to harness biomass power . Geothermal energy ( edit ) Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth . Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter . India 's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental . Commercial use is insignificant . According to some ambitious estimates , India has 10,600 MW of potential in the geothermal provinces but it still needs to be exploited . India has potential resources to harvest geothermal energy . The resource map for India has been grouped into six geothermal provinces : Himalayan Province -- Tertiary Orogenic belt with Tertiary magmatism Areas of Faulted blocks -- Aravalli belt , Naga - Lushi , West coast regions and Son - Narmada lineament . Volcanic arc -- Andaman and Nicobar arc . Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age such as Cambay basin in Gujarat . Radioactive Province -- Surajkund , Hazaribagh , Jharkhand . Cratonic province -- Peninsular India India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country . Of this , 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya , in the States of Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand . They are found concentrated along a 30 - 50 - km wide thermal band mostly along the river valleys . Naga - Lusai and West Coast Provinces manifest a series of thermal springs . Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity , a continuation of the Indonesian geothermal fields , and can be good potential sites for geothermal energy . Cambay graben geothermal belt is 200 km long and 50 km wide with Tertiary sediments . Thermal springs have been reported from the belt although they are not of very high temperature and discharge . During oil and gas drilling in this area , in recent times , high subsurface temperature and thermal fluid have been reported in deep drill wells in depth ranges of 1.7 to 1.9 km . Steam blowout have also been reported in the drill holes in depth range of 1.5 to 3.4 km . The thermal springs in India 's peninsular region are more related to the faults , which allow down circulation of meteoric water to considerable depths . The circulating water acquires heat from the normal thermal gradient in the area , and depending upon local condition , emerges out at suitable localities . The area includes Aravalli range , Son - Narmada - Tapti lineament , Godavari and Mahanadi valleys and South Cratonic Belts . In a December 2011 report , India identified six most promising geothermal sites for the development of geothermal energy . These are , in decreasing order of potential : Tattapani in Chhattisgarh Puga in Jammu & Kashmir Cambay Graben in Gujarat Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh Surajkund in Jharkhand Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir India plans to set up its first geothermal power plant , with 2 -- 5 MW capacity at Puga in Jammu and Kashmir . Tidal power ( edit ) Tidal power , also called tidal energy , is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power , mainly electricity . The potential of tidal wave energy becomes higher in certain regions by local effects such as shelving , funnelling , reflection and resonance . India is surrounded by sea on three sides , its potential to harness tidal energy is significant . Energy can be extracted from tides in several ways . In one method , a reservoir is created behind a barrage and then tidal waters pass through turbines in the barrage to generate electricity . This method requires mean tidal differences greater than 4 metres and also favourable topographical conditions to keep installation costs low . One report claims the most attractive locations in India , for the barrage technology , are the Gulf of Khambhat and the Gulf of Kutch on India 's west coast where the maximum tidal range is 11 m and 8 m with average tidal range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively . The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans , West Bengal is another possibility , although with significantly less recoverable energy ; the maximum tidal range in Sunderbans is approximately 5 m with an average tidal range of 2.97 m . The report claims , barrage technology could harvest about 8 GW from tidal energy in India , mostly in Gujarat . The barrage approach has several disadvantages , one being the effect of any badly engineered barrage on the migratory fishes , marine ecosystem and aquatic life . Integrated barrage technology plants can be expensive to build . In December 2011 , the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy , Government of India and the Renewable Energy Development Agency of Govt. of West Bengal jointly approved and agreed to implement India 's first 3.75 MW Durgaduani mini tidal power project . Indian government believes that tidal energy may be an attractive solution to meet the local energy demands of this remote delta region . Another tidal wave technology harvests energy from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the sea surface . A report from the Ocean Engineering Centre , Indian Institute of Technology , Madras estimates the annual wave energy potential along the Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per metre , suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting from India 's 7500 kilometre coast line may be about 40 GW . However , the realistic economical potential , the report claims , is likely to be considerably less . A significant barrier to surface energy harvesting is the interference of its equipment to fishing and other sea bound vessels , particularly in unsettled weather . India built its first seas surface energy harvesting technology demonstration plant in Vizhinjam , near Thiruruvananthpuram . The third approach to harvesting tidal energy consists of ocean thermal energy technology . This approach tries to harvest the solar energy trapped in ocean waters into usable energy . Oceans have a thermal gradient , the surface being much warmer than deeper levels of ocean . This thermal gradient may be harvested using modified Rankine cycle . India 's National Institute of Ocean Technology ( NIOT ) attempted this approach over the last 20 years , but without success . In 2003 , with Saga University of Japan , NIOT attempted to build and deploy a 1 MW demonstration plant . However , mechanical problems prevented success . After initial tests near Kerala , the unit was scheduled for redeployment and further development in the Lakshadweep Islands in 2005 . The demonstration project 's experience have limited follow - on efforts with ocean thermal energy technology in India . Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear power in India Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant ( 2 x 1000 MW ) under construction in 2009 . As of Mar 01 , 2017 India had 6.78 GW of installed nuclear electricity generation capacity or 1.91 % of total installed electricity generation capacity in India . India 's Nuclear plants generated 37,835 million units in year 2014 - 15 . India 's nuclear power plant development began in 1964 . India signed an agreement with General Electric of the United States for the construction and commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur . In 1967 , this effort was placed under India 's Department of Atomic Energy . In 1971 , India set up its first pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan . In 1987 , India created Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited to commercialize nuclear power . Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is a public sector enterprise , wholly owned by the Government of India , under the administrative control of its Department of Atomic Energy . Its objective is to implement and operate nuclear power stations for India 's electricity sector . The state - owned company has ambitious plans to establish 63 GW generation capacity by 2032 , as a safe , environmentally benign and economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of India . India 's nuclear power generation effort satisfies many safeguards and oversights , such as getting ISO - 14001 accreditation for environment management system and peer review by World Association of Nuclear Operators including a pre-start up peer review . Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited admits , in its annual report for 2011 , that its biggest challenge is to address the public and policy maker perceptions about the safety of nuclear power , particularly after the Fukushima incident in Japan . In 2011 , India had 18 pressurized heavy water reactors in operation , with another four projects of 2.8 GW capacity launched . The country plans to implement fast breeder reactors , using plutonium based fuel . Plutonium is obtained by reprocessing spent fuel of first stage reactors . India is in the process of launching its first prototype fast breeder reactor of 500 MW capacity in Tamil Nadu . India has nuclear power plants operating in the following states : Maharashtra , Gujarat , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Tamil Nadu and Karnataka . These reactors have an installed electricity generation capacity between 100 MW and 540 MW each . KKNPP Unit - 1 with a capacity of 1,000 MWe was commissioned in July , 2013 while KKNPP Unit - 2 , also with a capacity of 1,000 MWe is nearing first approach to criticality in 2016 . In 2011 , The Wall Street Journal reported the discovery of uranium in a new mine in India , the country 's largest ever . The estimated reserves of 64,000 tonnes , could be as large as 150,000 tonnes ( making the mine one of the world 's largest ) . The new mine is expected to provide India with a fuel that it now imports . Nuclear fuel supply constraints had limited India 's ability to grow its nuclear power generation capacity . The newly discovered ore , unlike those in Australia , is of slightly lower grade . This mine is expected to be in operation in 2012 . India 's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2 % of worldwide nuclear power production capacity , making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer . India aims to supply 9 % of it electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032 . India 's largest nuclear power plant project is planned to be implementedat Jaitapur , Maharashtra in partnership with Areva , France . India 's government is also developing up to 62 , mostly thorium reactors , which it expects to be operational by 2025 . It is the `` only country in the world with a detailed , funded , government - approved plan '' to focus on thorium - based nuclear power . The country currently gets under 2 % of its electricity from nuclear power , with the rest coming from coal ( 60 % ) , hydroelectricity ( 16 % ) , other renewable sources ( 12 % ) and natural gas ( 9 % ) . It expects to produce around 25 % of its electricity from nuclear power . Electricity transmission and distribution ( edit ) Electricity transmission grid in eastern India . A tower supporting 220 kV line near Ennore , Chennai See also : Availability based tariff Installed transmission ( circuit km ) and distribution capacity ( MVA ) up to end of March 2015 Capacity Substations ( MVA ) Transmission lines ( c.km ) c.km / MVA ratio ± 500 kV HVDC 13,500 9,432 0.699 765 kV 121,500 18,644 0.153 400 kV 192,422 135,949 0.707 200 kV 268,678 149,412 0.556 As of 2013 , India has a single wide area synchronous grid that covers the country . The spread of high voltage transmission lines is such that it can form a square matrix of area 416 km ( i.e. on average , at least one HV line within 10.2 km distance / vicinity ) in entire area of the country . The length of high - voltage transmission lines is nearly equal to that of the United States ( 322,000 km ( 200,000 mi ) of 230 kV and above ) but transmits far less electricity . The HV transmission lines ( 132 kV and above ) installed in the country is nearly 700,000 km ( 430,000 mi ) ( i.e. on average , at least one ≥ 13 kV transmission line within 4.5 km distance ) . The length of transmission lines ( 400 V and above and excluding 220 V lines ) is 10,558,177 km ( 6,560,547 mi ) as on 31 March 2015 in the country . The spread of total transmission lines ( ≥ 400 V ) is such that it can form a square matrix of area 36.8 km ( i.e. on average , at least one transmission line within 3 km distance ) in entire area of the country . The all - time maximum peak load is not exceeding 163,242 MW in the unified grid whereas the all - time peak load met is 160,812 MW on 17 August 2017 . The maximum achieved demand factor of substations is not exceeding 60 % at 200 kV level . The operational performance of the huge capacity substations and the vast network of high voltage transmission lines with low demand factor is not satisfactory in meeting the peak electricity load . Detailed forensic engineering studies are to be undertaken and system inadequacies rectified to evolve into smart grid for maximising utility of the existing transmission infrastructure with optimum future capital investments . The July 2012 blackout , affecting the north of the country , was the largest power grid failure in history by number of people affected . The introduction of Availability Based Tariff ( ABT ) has brought about stability to a great extent in the Indian transmission grids . However , presently it is becoming outdated in a power surplus grid . India 's Aggregate Transmission and Commercial ( ATC ) losses is 27 % in 2011 - 12 . Whereas the total ATC loss was only 9.43 % out of the 4,113 billion kWh electricity supplied in USA during the year 2013 . The Government has pegged the national ATC losses at around 24 % for the year 2011 & has set a target of reducing them to 17.1 % by 2017 & to 14.1 % by 2022 . A high proportion of non-technical losses are caused by illegal tapping of lines , and faulty electric meters that underestimate actual consumption also contribute to reduced payment collection . A case study in Kerala estimated that replacing faulty meters could reduce distribution losses from 34 % to 29 % . Regulation and administration ( edit ) The Ministry of Power is India 's apex central government body regulating the electrical energy sector in India . This ministry was created on 2 July 1992 . It is responsible for planning , policy formulation , processing of projects for investment decisions , monitoring project implementation , training and manpower development , and the administration and enactment of legislation in regard to thermal , hydro power generation , transmission and distribution . It is also responsible for the administration of India 's Electricity Act ( 2003 ) , the Energy Conservation Act ( 2001 ) and to undertake such amendments to these Acts , as and when necessary , in conformity with the Indian government 's policy objectives . Electricity is a concurrent list subject at Entry 38 in List III of the seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India . In India 's federal governance structure , this means that both the central government and India 's state governments are involved in establishing policy and laws for its electricity sector . This principle motivates central government of India and individual state governments to enter into memorandum of understanding to help expedite projects and reform electricity sector in respective state . To bring transferency and dissemination of information to the public in power purchases by the DisComs , Government of India recently stated posting data on daily basis in its website . Trading ( edit ) Bulk power purchasers can buy electricity on daily basis for short , medium and long term duration from reverse e-auction facility . The electricity prices transacted under reverse e-auction facility are far less than the prices agreed under bilateral agreements . Multi Commodity Exchange has sought permission to offer electricity future markets in India . Government - owned power companies ( edit ) India 's Ministry of Power administers central government owned companies involved in the generation of electricity in India . These include National Thermal Power Corporation , Damodar Valley Corporation , National Hydroelectric Power Corporation and Nuclear Power Corporation of India . The Power Grid Corporation of India is also administered by the Ministry ; it is responsible for the inter-state transmission of electricity and the development of national grid . The Ministry works with various state governments in matters related to state government owned corporations in India 's electricity sector . Examples of state corporations include Telangana Power Generation Corporation , Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation Limited , Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited , Tamil Nadu Electricity Board , Maharashtra State Electricity Board , Kerala State Electricity Board , and Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited . Funding of power infrastructure ( edit ) India 's Ministry of Power administers Rural Electrification Corporation Limited and Power Finance Corporation Limited . These central government owned public sector enterprises provide loans and guarantees for public and private electricity sector infrastructure projects in India . Borrowing by state owned discoms ( edit ) Borrowings by state owned discoms & Commercial losses of discoms The accumulated losses of state - owned discoms ( without subsidies ) rose from Rs 11,699 crore in 2004 - 05 to Rs 71,271 crore in 2013 - 14 . These losses have resulted in state discoms relying more on short - term loans to fund their operations . Borrowings by state discoms rose from Rs 1 , 58,003 crore in 2007 - 08 to Rs 5 , 45,922 crore in 2013 - 14 ( CAGR 23 % ) . Consequently , the interest cost on these loans worsens the poor finances of state discoms . Poor finances of the discoms affect their ability to buy power , thus leading to power deficits . Budgetary support ( edit ) After the enactment of Electricity Act 2003 budgetary support to power sector is negligible . State Electricity Boards get initial financial help from Central Government in the event of their unbundling . Human resource development ( edit ) Rapid growth of electricity sector in India demands that talent and trained personnel become available as India 's new installed capacity adds new jobs . India has initiated the process to rapidly expand energy education in the country , to enable the existing educational institutions to introduce courses related to energy capacity addition , production , operations and maintenance , in their regular curriculum . This initiative includes conventional and renewal energy . A Ministry of Renewal and New Energy announcement claims State Renewable Energy Agencies are being supported to organise short - term training programmes for installation , operation and maintenance and repair of renewable energy systems in such places where intensive RE programme are being implemented . Renewable Energy Chairs have been established in IIT Roorkee and IIT Kharagpur . Central Training Institute Jabalpur is a primer Power Distribution Engineering and Management training Institute . Education and availability of skilled workers is expected to be a key challenge in India 's effort to rapidly expand its electricity sector . Problems with India 's power sector ( edit ) India 's electricity sector faces many issues . Some are : Inadequate last mile connectivity is the main problem to supply electricity for all users . The country already has adequate generation and transmission capacity to meet the full demand temporally and spatially . However , due to lack of last - mile link - up with all electricity consumers and reliable power supply ( to exceed 99 % ) , many consumers depend on DG sets using costly diesel oil for meeting unavoidable power requirements . Also more than 10 million households are using battery storage UPS as back - up in case of load shedding . India imports nearly US $2 billion worth of battery storage UPS every year . The distribution companies should focus on providing uninterrupted power supply to all the consumers who are using costly DG set 's power . This should be achieved by laying separate buried power cables ( not to be effected by rain and winds ) for emergency power supply in addition to the normal supply lines . Emergency supply power line shall supply power when the normal power supply line is not working . Emergency power supply would be charged at higher price without any subsidy but less than the generation cost from diesel oil . Nearly 80 billion KWh electricity is generated annually in India by DG sets which are consuming nearly 15 million tons of diesel oil . Demand build up measures can be initiated to consume the cheaper electricity ( average price Rs 2.5 per kWhr ) available from the grid instead of running the coal / gas / oil fired captive power plants in various electricity intensive industries . The captive power generation capacity by coal / gas / oil fired plants is nearly 47,000 MW mainly established in steel , fertiliser , aluminium , cement , etc. industries . These bulk captive electricity producers can draw cheaper electricity from the grid on short term open access ( STOA ) basis and avoid the costly imported coal / RLNG / natural gas or utilise these fuels for process purposes instead of electricity generation . Some of these idling captive power plants can be used for grid reserve service for earning extra revenue . At present substantial diesel oil is consumed by railways for rail traffic on its non electrified rail lines . To eliminate the substantial cost of imported diesel fuel , power ministry is envisaging to fund the electrification of these lines and achieve additional power demand of 7 billion units . No access to electricity : Over 300 million people in India or 60 million households have no access to electricity . Of those who do , almost all find electricity supply intermittent and unreliable . However , many of the power stations are idling for lack of electricity demand . The idling generation capacity can supply three times the domestic electricity needs ( nearly 80 billion KWh ) of the people who do not have access to electricity . A system of cross-subsidization is practiced based on the principle of ' the consumer 's ability to pay ' . In general , the industrial and commercial consumers subsidize the domestic and agricultural consumers . Further , Government giveaways such as free electricity for farmers , partly to curry political favor , have depleted the cash reserves of state - run electricity - distribution system and led them to amassing a debt of ₹ 2.5 trillion ( US $39 billion ) . This has financially crippled the distribution network , and its ability to pay for purchasing power to meet the demand in the absence of subsidy reimbursement from state governments . This situation has been worsened by state government departments that do not pay their electricity bills . Name plate / declared capacity of the many coal fired plants owned by IPPs are overrated above the actual maximum continuous rating ( MCR ) capacity . The reason for overrating the capacity is to over-invoice the plant cost . These plants operate 15 to 10 % below their declared capacity on daily basis and operate rarely at declared capacity . Thus these units are not effectively contributing to the on line spinning reserves to maintain power system / grid stabilization . This is also due to reason that point of connection charges are levied in India based on energy exported instead of MCR capacity as applicable for national grid in UK . Intra day load and demand graphs are not made in India at every 15 minutes or less intervals to understand power grid nature and its short comings with respect to grid frequency . These graphs should be plotted with comprehensive data collected from SCADA / on line for all grid connected generating stations ( ≥ 100 KW ) and load data from all substations to impart authenticity to the data presented . Comprehensive list of grid connected power stations along with declared capacity shall be prepared by CEA / POSOCO for all types of power plants ( including wind , solar , biomass , co-generation , etc . ) and update the data on weekly basis . Coal supply : Despite abundant reserves of coal , the country is n't producing enough to feed its power plants . India 's monopoly coal producer , state - controlled Coal India , is constrained by primitive mining techniques and is rife with theft and corruption . Poor coal transport infrastructure has worsened these problems . To expand its coal production capacity , Coal India needs to mine new deposits . However , most of India 's coal lies under protected forests or designated tribal lands . Any mining activity or land acquisition for infrastructure in these coal - rich areas of India , has been rife with political demonstrations , social activism and public interest litigations . By the end of year 2015 , the international coal prices have dropped to US $42.55 per ton which is below the local coal producers sale price . This situation is transforming coastal power station 's generation cheaper than pit head power station 's generation when electricity is made available to major load centers . Being massive consumer of local and imported coal , India should end the Coal India 's coal pricing monopoly and implement coal trading in commodities stock exchange to arrive at market determined coal price on daily basis . This is possible by devising standard coal grades / trading instruments and identifying coal supply hubs in central India , eastern India , west coast and east coast to facilitate trading in imported and local coal . Poor pipeline connectivity and infrastructure to harness India 's abundant coal bed methane and natural gas potential . The giant new offshore natural gas field has delivered far less gas than claimed causing shortage of natural gas . Average transmission , distribution and consumer - level losses exceeding 30 % which includes auxiliary power consumption of thermal power stations , fictitious electricity generation by wind generators , solar power plants & independent power producers ( IPPs ) , etc . The residential building sector is one of the largest consumers of electricity in India . Continuous urbanization and the growth of population result in increasing power consumption in buildings . Thus , while experts express the huge potential for energy conservation in this sector , the belief still predominates among stakeholders that energy - efficient buildings are more expensive than conventional buildings , which adversely affects the `` greening '' of the building sector . Key implementation challenges for India 's electricity sector include new project management and execution , ensuring availability of fuel quantities and qualities , lack of initiative to develop large coal and natural gas resources available in India , land acquisition , environmental clearances at state and central government level , and training of skilled manpower to prevent talent shortages for operating latest technology plants . Hydroelectric power projects in India 's mountainous north and north east regions have been slowed down by ecological , environmental and rehabilitation controversies , coupled with public interest litigations . Theft of power : In India , financial loss due to theft of electricity may be around $16 billion yearly . Populist pro-free power measures also bleed the power companies . Some power companies continue to bleed and lead to bankruptcy due to one of these factors . This also lead to pay more by legal users . This creates a scenario where villages have huge cut of power and simultaneously availability of power in the grid with no purchase by DISCOMs . It has become menace in India . In a recent case , an engineer from a discom team died as his car lead to crash , as a mob gathered and attacked his team during there attempt to block the theft . Losses in the connector systems / service connections leading to premature failure of capital equipments like transformers India 's nuclear power generation potential has been stymied by political activism since the Fukushima disaster . The track record of executing nuclear power plants is also very poor in India Lack of clean and reliable energy sources such as electricity is , in part , causing about 500 million people in India to continue depending on traditional biomass energy sources -- namely fuel wood , agricultural waste and livestock dung -- for cooking and other domestic needs . Traditional fuel combustion is the primary source of indoor air pollution in India , causes between 300,000 and 400,000 deaths per year and other chronic health issues . Foreign electricity Trade ( edit ) India 's National Grid is synchronously interconnected to Bhutan , and asynchronously linked with Bangladesh and Nepal . An interconnection with Myanmar , and an undersea interconnection to Sri Lanka ( India -- Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection ) has also been proposed . Despite low electricity per capita consumption in India , the country is going to achieve surplus electricity generation during the 12th plan ( 2012 to 2017 ) period provided its coal production and transport infrastructure is developed adequately . India has been exporting electricity to Bangladesh and Nepal and importing excess electricity from Bhutan . In 2015 , Nepal imported 224.21 MW of electric power from India , and Bangladesh imported 500 MW . Bangladesh , Myanmar and Pakistan are producing substantial natural gas and using for electricity generation purpose . Bangladesh , Myanmar and Pakistan produce 55 million cubic metres per day ( mcmd ) , 9 mcmd and 118 mcmd out of which 20 mcmd , 1.4 mcmd and 34 mcmd are consumed for electricity generation respectively . Whereas the natural gas production in India is not even adequate to meet its non-electricity requirements . Bangladesh , Myanmar and Pakistan have proven reserves of 184 billion cubic metres ( bcm ) , 283 bcm and 754 bcm respectively . There is ample opportunity for mutually beneficial trading in energy resources with these countries . India can supply its surplus electricity to Pakistan and Bangladesh in return for the natural gas imports by gas pipe lines . Similarly India can develop on BOOT basis hydro power projects in Bhutan , Nepal and Myanmar . India can also enter into long term power purchase agreements with China for developing the hydro power potential in Brahmaputra river basin of Tibet region . India can also supply its surplus electricity to Sri Lanka by undersea cable link . There is ample trading synergy for India with its neighbouring countries in securing its energy requirements . Electricity as substitute to imported LPG and kerosene ( edit ) See also : Energy in India The net import of liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) is 6.093 million tons and the domestic consumption is 13.568 million tons with Rs. 41,546 crores subsidy to the domestic consumers in the year 2012 - 13 . The LPG import content is nearly 40 % of total consumption in India . The affordable electricity retail tariff ( 860 Kcal / Kwh at 90 % heating efficiency ) to replace LPG ( lower heating value 11,000 Kcal / Kg at 75 % heating efficiency ) in domestic cooking is 6.47 Rs / Kwh when the retail price of LPG cylinder is Rs 1000 ( without subsidy ) with 14.2 kg LPG content . Replacing LPG consumption with electricity reduces its imports substantially . The domestic consumption of kerosene is 7.349 million tons with Rs. 30,151 crores subsidy to the domestic consumers in the year 2012 - 13 . The subsidised retail price of kerosene is 13.69 Rs / litre whereas the export / import price is 48.00 Rs / litre . The affordable electricity retail tariff ( 860 Kcal / Kwh at 90 % heating efficiency ) to replace kerosene ( lower heating value 8240 Kcal / litre at 75 % heating efficiency ) in domestic cooking is 6.00 Rs / Kwh when Kerosene retail price is 48 Rs / litre ( without subsidy ) . In the year 2014 - 15 , the plant load factor ( PLF ) of coal - fired thermal power stations is only 64.46 % whereas these stations can run above 85 % PLF comfortably provided there is adequate electricity demand in the country . The additional electricity generation at 85 % PLF is nearly 240 billion units which is adequate to replace all the LPG and kerosene consumption in domestic sector . The incremental cost of generating additional electricity is only their coal fuel cost which is less than 3 Rs / Kwh . Enhancing the PLF of coal - fired stations and encouraging domestic electricity consumers to substitute electricity in place of LPG and kerosene in household cooking , would reduce the government subsidies and idle capacity of thermal power stations can be put to use economically . The domestic consumers who are willing to surrender the subsidised LPG / kerosene permits or eligible for subsidized LPG / kerosene permits , may be given free electricity connection and subsidised electricity tariff . During the year 2014 , IPPs are offering to sell solar power below 5.50 Rs / Kwh to feed into the high voltage grid . This price is close to affordable electricity tariff for the solar power to replace LPG and Kerosene use ( after including subsidy on LPG & Kerosene ) in domestic sector . Electric vehicles ( edit ) See also : Electric vehicle industry in India The retail prices of petrol and diesel are high in India to make electricity driven vehicles more economical as more and more electricity is generated from solar energy in near future without appreciable environmental effects . The retail price of diesel is 53.00 Rs / litre in the year 2012 - 13 . The affordable electricity retail price ( 860 Kcal / Kwh at 75 % input electricity to shaft power efficiency ) to replace diesel ( lower heating value 8572 Kcal / litre at 40 % fuel energy to crank shaft power efficiency ) is 9.97 Rs / Kwh . The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs / litre in the year 2012 - 13 . The affordable electricity retail price ( 860 Kcal / Kwh at 75 % input electricity to shaft power efficiency ) to replace petrol ( lower heating value 7693 Kcal / litre at 33 % fuel energy to crank shaft power efficiency ) is 19.06 Rs / Kwh . In the year 2012 - 13 , India consumed 15.744 million tons petrol and 69.179 millon tons diesel which are mainly produced from imported crude oil at huge foreign exchange out go . Electricity driven vehicles would become popular in future when its energy storage / battery technology becomes more long lasting and maintenance free . V2G is also feasible with electricity driven vehicles to contribute for catering the peak load in the electricity grid . Electricity driven vehicles can also be continuously charged with Wireless Electricity Transmission ( WET ) technology which transmits electricity over 5 km distance without wires to charge devices ( mobile and stationary ) between the range of 3 - 12 volts under any weather conditions . Energy reserves ( edit ) India being located mostly south of Tropic of Cancer , its abundant solar power potential along with its wind , hydro and biomass power potential can meet all its energy needs perennially without depending on fossil fuels . According to Oil and Gas Journal , India had approximately 38 trillion cubic feet ( Tcf ) of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2011 , world 's 26th largest . United States Energy Information Administration estimates that India produced approximately 1.8 Tcf of natural gas in 2010 , while consuming roughly 2.3 Tcf of natural gas . The electrical power and fertiliser sectors account for nearly three - quarters of natural gas consumption in India . Natural gas is expected to be an increasingly important component of energy consumption as the country pursues energy resource diversification and overall energy security . Until 2008 , the majority of India 's natural gas production came from the Mumbai High complex in the northwest part of the country . Recent discoveries in the Bay of Bengal have shifted the centre of gravity of Indian natural gas production . The country already produces some coalbed methane and has major potential to expand this source of cleaner fuel . According to a 2011 Oil and Gas Journal report , India is estimated to have between 600 and 2000 Tcf of shale gas resources ( one of the world 's largest ) . Despite its natural resource potential , and an opportunity to create energy industry jobs , India has yet to hold a licensing round for its shale gas blocks . It is not even mentioned in India 's central government energy infrastructure or electricity generation plan documents through 2025 . The traditional natural gas reserves too have been very slow to develop in India because regulatory burdens and bureaucratic red tape severely limit the country 's ability to harness its natural gas resources . See also ( edit ) Energy in India Energy policy of India Availability - based tariff Levelised energy cost Energy returned on energy invested Virtual power plant Coal slurry pipeline Reliance east west gas pipeline Torrefaction Grid parity Net metering Energy cannibalism Electricity market Demand response Spark spread Global electricity prices Economics of new nuclear power plants List of electricity organisations in India Central Electricity Authority of India List of power stations in India Indian Rivers Inter-link Index of solar energy articles Energy portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WEO - Energy access database '' . www.worldenergyoutlook.org . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Indicators for 2015 '' . International Energy Agency . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947 - 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CEA . 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how many school shootings have there been in illinois
List of School shootings in the United States
list of school shootings in the united states
List of school shootings in the United States lists in chronology and provides additional details of incidents in which a firearm was discharged at a school infrastructure or campus , including incidents of shootings on a school bus . This list contains school shooting incidents that occurred on the campuses of K - 12 public schools and private schools , as well as colleges and universities .
It excludes incidents that occurred during wars or police actions , as well as murder - suicides by rejected suitors or estranged spouses , and suicides or suicide attempts involving only one person . Mass shootings by staff of schools that involve only other employees are covered at workplace killings . This list does not include bombings such as the Bath School disaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 18th century 1.1. 1 Colonial America 1.2 19th century 1.2. 1 1840s -- 1850s 1.2. 2 1860s 1.2. 3 1870s 1.2. 4 1880s 1.2. 5 1890s 1.3 20th century 1.3. 1 1900s 1.3. 2 1910s 1.3. 3 1920s 1.3. 4 1930s 1.3. 5 1940s 1.3. 6 1950s 1.3. 7 1960s 1.3. 8 1970s 1.3. 9 1980s 1.3. 10 1990s 1.4 21st century 1.4. 1 2000s 1.4. 2 2010s 2 See also 3 References 3.1 Bibliography 4 External links History 18th Century Colonial America Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001764 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1764 Greencastle , Pennsylvania ! Greencastle , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 10 0,000,001 2 Enoch Brown school massacre : Perhaps the earliest shooting to happen on school or college property , in what would become the United States , was the notorious Enoch Brown school massacre during the Pontiac 's War . Four Delaware ( Lenape ) American Indians entered the schoolhouse near present - day Greencastle , Pennsylvania , shot and killed schoolmaster Enoch Brown , and nine children ( reports vary ) . Only two children survived . However , this incident may only incidentally be considered a school `` shooting '' because only the teacher was shot , while the other 9 victims were killed with melee weapons . 19th Century 1840s -- 1850s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001840 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1840 Charlottesville , Virginia ! Charlottesville , Virginia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 John Anthony Gardner Davis , a law professor at the University of Virginia , was shot by student Joseph Semmes , and died from his wound three days later . 000000001853 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1853 Louisville , Kentucky ! Louisville , Kentucky 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Student Matthew Ward took a pistol to school , where he shot the schoolmaster Mr. Butler as revenge for what Ward thought was excessive punishment of his brother the day before . Ward was acquitted . 000000001856 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1856 Florence , Alabama ! Florence , Alabama 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 The schoolmaster had a tame sparrow and had warned the students not to harm it , threatening death . One of the boys stepped on the bird and killed it ; he was afraid to return to school but did so . After lessons , the master took the boy into a private room and strangled him to death . The boy 's father went to the school and shot the schoolmaster dead . 000000001858 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1858 Baltimore , Maryland ! Baltimore , Maryland 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 The 15 - year - old son of Col. John T. Farlow ( Baltimore 's Marshal of Police 1867 -- 70 ) , was killed during a Sabbath School gathering . The perpetrator escaped , but several arrests were made . 1860s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001860 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1860 Todd County , Kentucky ! Todd County , Kentucky 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A son of Col. Elijah Sebree was killed by another student . Young Sebree was threatening the other boy and said he intended to kill him . The other student got a gun and walked up to Sebree in the schoolhouse , where he killed him . 000000001864 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1864 Ashland County , Ohio ! Ashland County , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 George W. Longfelt , the school teacher of the Pyfer 's School House , killed student Alfred Desem and fled . 000000001867 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1867 Knights Ferry , California ! Knights Ferry , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Mr. McGinnis was killed by his daughter 's teacher after McGinnis threatened the teacher for expelling his daughter from school . When McGinnis ' son learned of this , he went to the school and killed the teacher . 000000001867 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1867 Madison , Florida ! Madison , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Frank Pope , a pupil at the St. John 's seminary , killed his teacher Mr. Bristow with a pistol . 000000001867 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1867 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 13 - year - old Arthur Day , secretly took a loaded pistol to Public School No. 18 to shoot a dog he said had bitten him . While playing with the pistol , Day accidentally injured classmate Robert Morton . 000000001868 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1868 Chattanooga , Tennessee ! Chattanooga , Tennessee 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 A boy who refused to be whipped by his teacher left the school . The next day he returned with his brother and a friend for revenge . Not finding the teacher at the school , they continued to his house , where a gun battle took place and three died . Only the original boy who initiated the attack survived . 1870s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001871 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1871 Knoxville , Tennessee ! Knoxville , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 John Roberts , aged ten or twelve , accidentally had one of his eyes shot out at school and died . 000000001872 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1872 Washington , Pennsylvania ! Washington , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At the all - girls Union School , 17 - year - old Thomas McGiffin shot and seriously wounded the principal , Prof. Wilson , in the hip because the professor refused to deliver a note to one of the young ladies for him . McGiffin was a son of Col. Norton McGiffin , and brother of US naval hero Philo McGiffin . 000000001873 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1873 Wisconsin ! Wisconsin 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Chris Foote shot the school mistress for whipping his son . 000000001874 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1874 Agency , Montana ! Agency , Montana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 After being ejected from school for disobedience , 20 - year - old Thomas Squires , fatally shot Prof. Hayes in the abdomen three times without warning . 000000001874 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1874 Lebanon , Tennessee ! Lebanon , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 John R. Breckinridge , son of the late Robert Jefferson Breckinridge , attending classes in law at Cumberland University in Lebanon Tennessee , was killed by John L. Anderson , the Mayor 's son . The latter was reportedly `` crazed with liquor . '' 000000001878 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1878 St. Paul , Minnesota ! St. Paul , Minnesota 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 12 - year - old boy , Luckert , accidentally wounded Allie McDonald , another boy at the Neill school . The bullet passed out , and the youth was expected to recover . His mother Mrs. McDonald went to the police station , but did not file a formal complaint . 000000001879 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1879 Lancaster , New York ! Lancaster , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Telegraph operator Frank Shugart , severely injured Mr. Carr , superintendent of the stables at a girls ' school . 1880s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001881 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1881 Santa Monica , California ! Santa Monica , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 While working late on the program for the children 's concert at the schoolhouse , the school master Mr. O'Donnell and one of the parents got into an argument . The parent , Mr. Williams , pulled a gun and fatally shot O'Donnell in the back . 000000001881 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1881 Shelby County , Indiana ! Shelby County , Indiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 School teacher Charles J. Gregory shot at a pupil at close range because he refused to write on a slate . The bullet missed the boy . The teacher was arrested . 000000001882 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1882 Iola , Kansas ! Iola , Kansas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 A group of boys shot into a schoolhouse , but no one was hurt . Two of the boys were arrested and pleaded guilty three weeks later . They were fined $9.00 each . 000000001882 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1882 Huntsville , Texas ! Huntsville , Texas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 G.W. Gray , a student at the Sam Houston Normal School , wounded another student , M.J. Jordan . They were arguing over a comic valentine . 000000001883 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1883 Florence , Nebraska ! Florence , Nebraska 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 As some children were playing and throwing snowballs outside the Ponca Creek schoolhouse , three young men pulled up in a wagon . They engaged the children in a snowball fight . When they were leaving , one of the men , Lem Harbaugh , pointed his . 45 caliber needle gun at the children , accidentally shooting and wounding three of them . Feeling great remorse , Harbaugh later surrendered himself to the authorities . 000000001883 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1883 Barber County , Kansas ! Barber County , Kansas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 A bunch of drunken cowboys stopped at several schoolhouses , forcing two teachers to drink whiskey and firing numerous shots at three schoolhouses . 000000001884 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1884 Danville , Virginia ! Danville , Virginia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 As Allen Wamack , a 15 - year - old boy , drove by a `` Negro '' schoolhouse , he called out `` school butter . '' ( an insult meaning a cobbing , or a whipping ) . The school students ran out and attacked him , firing several shots at him , he returned fire hitting two students . 000000001884 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1884 Boston , Massachusetts ! Boston , Massachusetts 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 As news of outlaw Jesse James reached the East Coast , young boys started to imitate him . For instance , boys armed with guns shot at police investigating their activities at the Concord - street schoolhouse . 000000001884 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1884 Gainesville , Georgia ! Gainesville , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 In the middle of the day , a group of very drunk Jackson County farmers were shooting their revolvers as they headed down the street , driving people into their homes . As they approached the female academy , the girls fled from the yard into the school . The gang followed and fired several rounds into the front door , but no one was hurt . 000000001887 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1887 Cleveland , Tennessee ! Cleveland , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Will Guess went to the school and killed Miss Irene Fann , his little sister 's teacher , for whipping her the day before . 000000001889 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1889 New Brunswick , New Jersey ! New Brunswick , New Jersey 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 Charles Crawford , upset over an argument with a school trustee , went up to the window and fired a pistol into a crowded schoolroom . The bullet lodged in the wall just above the teacher 's head . 1890s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001890 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1890 Brazil , Indiana ! Brazil , Indiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 While the pupils of the Meridian Street School were at play , Ben Corbery drew a revolver and seriously wounded 10 - year - old Cora Brubach , in the face . The girl had told the teacher of Ben 's misconduct . 000000001890 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1890 Staunton , Virginia ! Staunton , Virginia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 At the Kable 's Military Academy a 15 - year - old student , A.H. Hathaway of Dennison , Texas , was accidentally killed by his 17 - year - old classmate James Whitworth of Sulphur Springs , Texas , while they were playing with an old pistol . 000000001891 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1891 Liberty , Mississippi ! Liberty , Mississippi 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 14 During a school exhibition and concert given at the Parson Hill schoolhouse , where the large audience was composed of blacks and whites : teachers , pupils , and spectators , an unknown gunman fired a double barreled shotgun into the assemblage . Fourteen people were wounded , some seriously . 000000001891 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1891 Newburgh , New York ! Newburgh , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 ? 70 - year - old James Foster , fired a shotgun at a group of students in the playground of St. Mary 's Parochial School , causing minor injuries to several of the students . 000000001892 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1892 Van Wert , Ohio ! Van Wert , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Convoy teacher , B.L. Richie , was killed by 14 - year - old student , Shirley Longsworth , son of Dr. Longsworth . 000000001892 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1892 Lawrence , Kansas ! Lawrence , Kansas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 At the University of Kansas , two students , E. Higgins and Jack Craycroft , were injured as they were walking back to their dorm rooms after football practice . Law student Fred Bassett fired a double barreled shotgun as they passed his home , he said he had warned them not to trespass on his farm , which students frequently did . 000000001893 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1893 Plain Dealing , Louisiana ! Plain Dealing , Louisiana 0,000,001 4 0,000,001 1 During an evening school dance at Plain Dealing High School , a fight broke out . When the smoke cleared , two students were killed , two more were fatally wounded , and the high school 's Professor Johnson was wounded in the arm . 000000001894 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1894 Parkersburg , West Virginia ! Parkersburg , West Virginia 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 When school was let out , 15 - year - old Willis Gardner , was killed and his 8 - year - old brother fatally stabbed in a quarrel among a group of boys . 000000001898 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1898 Charleston , West Virginia ! Charleston , West Virginia 6 1 + During the school exhibition , a group of young men tried to break up a student performance . When the teacher Fisher tried to throw them out , they turned on him . Audience members joined the fray . The fight resulted in deaths : Harry Flasher was shot in the heart and instantly killed , Henry Carney was fatally shot in the back , Ralph Jones and two others were also fatally shot , and George Gibson was shot in the hand ; Haz Harding had his skull crushed and several others received minor wounds . 20th Century 1900s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001903 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1903 Inman , South Carolina ! Inman , South Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Edward Foster , a 17 - year - old student at Inman High School , was fatally wounded by his teacher Reuben Pitts after jerking a rod from Pitts ' hands to avoid punishment . According to the teacher , Foster struck the pistol Pitts had drawn , and caused it to fire . Pitts was acquitted of murder on grounds of self - defense . 000000001903 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1903 Jackson , Kentucky ! Jackson , Kentucky 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 At the Cave Run School , James Barrett and Mack Howard argued over a card game and fought a duel with pistols , they killed each other . 12 - year - old student , James Vires , was shot in the abdomen while sitting at his desk during the gunfight . 000000001904 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1904 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Two students had been fighting for most of a year over a girl . In their last fight , Henry Schaze threw 16 - year - old Paul Jelick to the ground , drew a revolver , and killed his rival . 000000001904 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1904 Riverside , California ! Riverside , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 At the Indian School , a gun fight broke out between pupils . Charles Colby was shot in the head with a pistol , then returned fire , killing Tom Bucanoros instantly , and fatally wounding Fred Smith . 000000001904 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1904 Magee , Mississippi ! Magee , Mississippi 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 Parent , E.E. Mangum , was shot through the head and killed by the principal of the high school , Professor J.E. Woodward . Mangum had argued with Woodward , who had given Mangum 's 15 - year - old son a severe whipping . Mangum lost his temper , shooting Woodward through the wrist . 000000001905 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1905 Colusa , California ! Colusa , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At the request of his childhood friend , Pearl Cruse , 17 - year - old Elmer Hildreth , who did not attend her school , went to a meeting between Miss Cruse and her teacher . It ended in `` a hand to hand '' encounter between teacher and pupil . When Ingrim went after Hildreth with an axe , Hildreth shot him in the stomach . Hildreth was arrested and bail was posted by five prominent men in the community . Hildreth was found to have acted in self - defense and no charges were filed . Ingrim survived . 000000001905 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1905 Hickman , Kentucky ! Hickman , Kentucky 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 While returning from church , Professor Emmet W. Roach , was ambushed by an assassin . 000000001907 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1907 Carmi , Illinois ! Carmi , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Parent George Nicholson killed John Kurd at a schoolhouse during a school rehearsal . Kurd had made a disparaging remark about Nicholson 's daughter during her recital . 000000001907 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1907 Chico , California ! Chico , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 9 - year - old Arthur Roberts , was shot in the head and killed outside his school during a military drill by school children of the Dayton school district . Armed with old guns believed to be empty , the children had pulled their triggers . The Roberts boy threw his hands to his head and cried , `` I 'm shot . '' 000000001908 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1908 Council Bluffs , Iowa ! Council Bluffs , Iowa 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 At around 6 a.m. , as George O Mortensen , 35 - year - old janitor of the Washington street school building , was unlocking the outer door of the school , someone discharged a shotgun from only a few feet . The shot riddled the door within a foot of his head . 000000001908 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1908 Boston , Massachusetts ! Boston , Massachusetts 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Suffering from melancholia , due to overwork , thirty - nine year - old Miss Sarah Chamberlain Weed , killed thirty - four year - old Elizabeth Bailey Hardee , then shot herself , at the Laurens School , a fashionable boarding school . 000000001909 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1909 Mount Vernon , Illinois ! Mount Vernon , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 During a school performance of `` The Grand Central '' , John Moake , portraying the villain , was shot in the forehead and dangerously wounded by the hero , Roy Slater . The cartridge was thought to have been blank . 000000001909 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1909 Trinidad , Colorado ! Trinidad , Colorado 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Walter Harris , 11 - year - old student , accidentally shot his teacher , B.C. Briggs in the head while on a school field trip , killing him . 000000001909 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1909 Bakersfield , California ! Bakersfield , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 After hunting doves , a group of six young men deliberately shot out the glass at the Fruitvale School . They also shot at the nearby residence of A.J. Hunter , narrowly missing several children in the rear yard . 000000001909 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1909 Gravette , Arkansas ! Gravette , Arkansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 John Butram , a student at the Bear Hollow School , told his fellow students that school was cancelled . The teacher A.T. Kelly insisted that the day 's lesson was not over . When Butram drew a knife on his teacher , Kelly drew his gun and shot him . 1910s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001910 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1910 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 `` A black bearded maniac drew an automatic pistol '' and fired five shots into a crowd of boys at the Harlem School , who were taunting him . 6 - year - old Robert Lomas , was hit and died instantly , 6 - year - old Arthur Shively , was critically wounded . 000000001910 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1910 Ione , California ! Ione , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 At the reform school , known as Preston School of Industry , students Albert Brown and Eugene Griffin tried to escape , stealing a revolver from the school 's bakery shop . They shot at Captain William H. White when he pursued them . No one was hurt , but the boys were transferred to the penitentiary , which held adults . 000000001910 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1910 Lexington , Kentucky ! Lexington , Kentucky 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 ? A general fight broke out during school board elections . Lewis Napier was killed , and several other persons were hurt . Several were arrested . 000000001911 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1911 Manhattan , Kansas ! Manhattan , Kansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 During a school play rehearsal , a boy accidentally loaded his revolver . An 18 - year - old girl who was to use it in the play said she was afraid to handle it . The teacher said there was no need for her fear and pointed it at the girl , Pearl Reedy , squeezing the trigger . She was fatally wounded . 000000001912 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1912 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 During a stone throwing confrontation near the Oriental School on Clay Street , a group of white boys found themselves trapped between two groups of Chinese boys . In an attempt to escape , Jose Aguilar , fired a BB shot air rifle twice hoping to frighten the Chinese . However , 10 - year - old Wong She , had a gun and fired back . One bullet passed through Aguilar 's coat sleeve as he ran and fatally struck 14 - year - old James Kane in the school 's rear yard . 000000001912 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1912 Lagrange , New York ! Lagrange , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old May McQuade , was killed by classmate Raymond B. Carroll . Carroll alleged the shooting was accidental and he did not think the gun was loaded . 000000001914 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1914 Sayre , Pennsylvania ! Sayre , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 While walking to school , 14 - year - old Charles Listman , killed 15 - year - old Andrew Milton , over the affections of classmate , 13 - year - old Minnie London . 000000001915 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1915 Vancouver , Washington ! Vancouver , Washington 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 During a parent - teachers ' meeting , 15 - year - old student , Murlan Decker , was accidentally shot by his younger brother , Luther . 000000001915 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1915 Jasper , Florida ! Jasper , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 20 - year - old Will Yates , teacher of Clear Pond school in Hamilton county , Fla. , was killed in a fight with Claude Holtzendorff and his two sons . A whipping administered in school to one of the Holtzendorff boys started the trouble . After punishing the boy Yates armed himself , and when accosted by the Holtzendorffs , shot the father through the mouth . He was in turn shot through the body , dying an hour later . 000000001916 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1916 Bemidji , Minnesota ! Bemidji , Minnesota 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Olga Dahl , the 19 - year - old teacher at the Round Lake District School , was found tied to a tree near the school , assaulted and shot twice in the face . She had been working late after school , and a man with a revolver entered the school house and ordered her to obey him . He raped and shot her ; she was expected to live . All available men in Itasca County joined in hunting the assailant . 000000001916 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1916 Danville , Kentucky ! Danville , Kentucky 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 ? During the Christmas tree celebration at the Harris Creek School , with a packed room of children and visitors , a fight broke out . William Benedict , Sr. was instantly killed , William Benedict , Jr. was shot in the ankle , Bourdon Galloway was shot in the right arm , and Mike Gaddis was shot in the leg . Many others were injured . The disturbance was said to be started by Thomas Thornton , who had been drinking and was told to calm down by Benedict . Thornton 's brother George left the room and returned with a revolver . 000000001917 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1917 Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ! Harrisburg , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 16 - year - old freshman , Earl Wolf , was accidentally shot in the leg with a revolver around noon time , in the company of his classmates at the Central High School . 000000001917 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1917 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Overnight two brothers , 16 - year - old William and 15 - year - old Ralph Carter , broke into the May public school , robbing the phone boxes and teachers ' desks . Discovered by janitor Howard Parks and policeman Thomas Conway , a gunfight broke out . William was critically wounded and not expected to live ; Ralph Carter was taken to jail . 000000001917 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1917 Manes , Missouri ! Manes , Missouri 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At the Perkins school 's Thanksgiving night pie supper , 21 - year - old teacher Joe Todd , was mysteriously shot . He was expected to recover . 000000001918 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1918 Jefferson City , Missouri ! Jefferson City , Missouri 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 At the Lincoln Institute , State Negro Normal School , 31 - year - old Professor Romeo West , was killed in the dormitory by superintendent of school Theodore Martin . They were arguing over which dishes to use at a social . Martin said he shot in self - defense , fatally hitting West with three of five shots . 000000001918 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1918 Reeder , North Dakota ! Reeder , North Dakota 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 During the afternoon recess , a boy was looking over a 22 - caliber rifle ; it discharged , striking the head of the Coyne boy in the seat to the front , killing him instantly . 000000001919 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1919 Monroe City , Missouri ! Monroe City , Missouri 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 While school was in session , Hugh Claggett shot through the school house 's front door while on his way home from work . No one was hurt , and he was fined $20 . 000000001919 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1919 Ogden City , Utah ! Ogden City , Utah 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 During a high school assembly , six boys shot off their guns . Permission had been given in the belief the guns were loaded with blanks but they had live shot . Teacher Verna Davidson was shot in the foot . 000000001919 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1919 Berkeley , California ! Berkeley , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Roger Sprague , an assistant in the department of chemistry at the University of California , despondent and desperate over his inability to obtain a position , slightly wounded 59 - year - old Professor Edmond O'Neill , head of department , and 37 - year - old Dr. Joel Henry Hildebrand , professor of chemistry , in the administration offices of Gilman Hall . He then went to California Hall and attempted to shoot 57 - year - old May L. Cheney , appointment secretary , but struck only one of her hair combs before he was subdued . 1920s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001920 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1920 Durant , Oklahoma ! Durant , Oklahoma 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At the Durant Normal School , teacher Albert McFarland , was seriously wounded by one of his pupils . 000000001920 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1920 Cincinnati , Ohio ! Cincinnati , Ohio 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 14 - year - old student , Lawrence Angel , shot his teacher , Beatrice Conner , through the arm for sending him to the principal 's office . 000000001920 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1920 Summerville , Georgia ! Summerville , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 At the High School , 15 - year - old student Alexander Potter , fired six shots at his teacher , Prof. Ransom , but missed . Potter was upset over having received a severe thrashing and expulsion . Potter was sentenced to six years at a reform school . 000000001920 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1920 Bowling Green , Ohio ! Bowling Green , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 While attending her son 's school track meet , Mrs. F. Mahl was killed accidentally by shot from the starter 's pistol . 000000001920 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1920 Ogden , Utah ! Ogden , Utah 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Mike Smults , the night watchman at the Utah school for the Deaf and Blind , shot a 10 - year - old boy , Dennis McDonald , as he and his brother Clinton cut through the campus . The watchman said he fired into the air as a warning . 000000001920 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Mrs. Carmila Rindoni went to the school and twice shot Rosalind I. Reynolds , her son 's teacher , for spanking her son the day before . Mrs. Rindoni was arrested , and Miss Reynolds was expected to recover . 000000001920 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1920 Middlesboro , Kentucky ! Middlesboro , Kentucky 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Prof. Barnes of Middlesboro High School was fatally shot by Adolphus Oaks , for whipping his sister the week before . Barnes had already submitted his resignation to the school board , as his students had boycotted his class in protest over the whipping . He intended to leave the city that weekend . Oaks went to jail . 000000001922 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1922 Valdosta , Georgia ! Valdosta , Georgia 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 John Glover broke into the school house , where he killed a girl and fatally wounded a boy . A mob tracked and killed Glover 7 miles ( 11 km ) away in Indianola , now Naylor , Georgia . 000000001922 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1922 Ardmore , Oklahoma ! Ardmore , Oklahoma 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Bryant Hignight and four other students were hanging out at the outhouse of the Mount Zion school . Hignight fired two shots . One entered Raymond Guin 's head , killing the boy instantly . Three of the boys were questioned , but all said it was an accident . 000000001926 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1926 Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ! Gettysburg , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 12 - year - old Frederick Heilman was shot through the right instep when Gettysburg College janitor , Joseph Carver , fired in the direction of a group of boys attempting to force their way into the college gymnasium . Carver had shot into the ground , attempting to scare the boys , and was not aware that a bullet had ricocheted . Mr Heilman chose not to prefer criminal charges . 1930s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001930 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1930 Ringe , Minnesota ! Ringe , Minnesota 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 24 - year - old Douglas Petersen , killed 20 - year - old teacher , Margaret Wegman , who was standing in the doorway of a rural schoolhouse . 000000001931 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1931 Duluth , Minnesota ! Duluth , Minnesota 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Katherine McMillen , 24 - year - old teacher at the Howard Gensen rural school near Duluth , was accidentally killed by a pupil who brought a revolver to school . 000000001934 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1934 Gill , Massachusetts ! Gill , Massachusetts 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Headmaster Elliott Speer was murdered by a shotgun blast through the window at Northfield Mount Hermon School . The crime was never solved . 000000001935 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1935 Irvington , New York ! Irvington , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Dr. Paul Kyle , head of the Kyle School for Boys , was found killed in the school , just before classes were to begin that day . 000000001936 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1936 Williamstown , Massachusetts ! Williamstown , Massachusetts 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 Lewis Jack Somes , Jr. shot and killed classmate Robert Henneberry and wounded William Hartz , Jr. before killing himself in Lehman Hall at Williams College . 000000001936 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1936 Bethlehem , Pennsylvania ! Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Wesley Clow killed his Lehigh University English instructor , C. Wesley Phy . Clow went to Phy 's office and demanded that Phy change his grade to a passing mark . Clow committed suicide after shooting Phy . 000000001937 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1937 Isabel , Kansas ! Isabel , Kansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 16 - year - old Robert Douthitt , was accidentally killed backstage during high school play practice . The revolver was to have been loaded with blanks , but it held live ammunition . 000000001937 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1937 Toledo , Ohio ! Toledo , Ohio 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 12 - year - old Robert Snyder wounded his principal , June Mapes , in her office at Arlington Public School when she declined his request to call a classmate . He fled the grounds , and wounded himself . 000000001938 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1938 Blencoe , Iowa ! Blencoe , Iowa 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 17 - year - old Edward Marley was accidentally killed by a fellow actor while rehearsing for a play at Blencoe High School . 1940s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001940 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1940 Pasadena , California ! Pasadena , California 0,000,001 5 0,000,001 2 South Pasadena Junior High School murders : Outraged by his dismissal , following conflicts with other staff , thirty - eight - year - old Verlin H. Spencer shot and killed 62 - year - old superintendent of the South Pasadena city schools George C. Bush , 50 - year - old principal of South Pasadena High School John E. Alman , and 52 - year - old School District business manager Will R. Speer . He then attempted to kill Bush 's secretary , 32 - year - old Dorothea Talbert ; she was struck near the shoulder . He later shot and killed 45 - year - old art teacher Ruth Sturgeon , with whom he 'd been in conflict , fatally wounding her in the chest and , following an intense struggle , 35 - year - old mechanical arts teacher Verner V. Vanderlip , another with whom he had a grievance . Spencer was cornered by police as he attempted to escape through the school cafeteria ; as one officer aimed , Spencer pressed the . 22 caliber automatic pistol against his right side and fired twice , critically wounding himself . Police later found a suicide note from Spencer to his wife , Polly . He survived his wounds and was tried for murder . Pleading guilty to all charges , he received 5 consecutive life terms . He was discharged from California 's Department of Correction in 1977 , aged 75 . Verlin Spencer died January 11 , 1991 . 000000001940 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1940 Valhalla , New York ! Valhalla , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Angered by the refusal of his daughter , 15 - year - old Melba , to leave a boarding school and return home , 47 - year - old Joseph Moshell , went to the school , where he killed his daughter . 000000001942 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1942 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Irwin Goodman , 36 - year - old mathematics teacher at William J. Gaynor Junior High School , was killed in the school corridor by a youth . 000000001946 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1946 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 15 - year - old student , who refused to give his pocket money to a gang of seven youths , was shot in the chest in the Public School 147 annex of Brooklyn Automotive Trades High School . 000000001947 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1947 Madill , Oklahoma ! Madill , Oklahoma 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 62 - year - old Ellis Laird killed his estranged wife , 40 - year - old teacher , Jessie Laird , inside her first grade classroom . He then took his own life . All of this took place in the presence of several pupils . 000000001948 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 1948 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 14 - year - old student was fatally wounded in the head by a shot from fellow student , 17 - year - old Robert Ross . The youth was accidentally shot when he chanced into range where Ross was target shooting near a lake at the school . 000000001949 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1949 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old student at Stuyvesant High School was accidentally shot in the arm by a fellow student who was ' showing off ' with a pistol in a classroom . 000000001949 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1949 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Ohio State University freshman James Heer grabbed a . 45 caliber handgun from the room of a Delta Tau Delta fraternity brother , and killed 21 - year - old Jack McKeown , a senior and also a fraternity brother . 1950s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001950 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1950 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old boy was shot in the wrist and abdomen at the Public School 141 dance during an argument with a former classmate . 000000001951 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1951 Alton , Illinois ! Alton , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 61 - year - old Henry Suhre , quartermaster at Western Military Academy , was killed in the cadet store on campus . 000000001951 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1951 Union Mills , North Carolina ! Union Mills , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Professor W.E. Sweatt , superintendent and teacher at the Alexander School , was killed by students , 16 - year - old Billy Ray Powell , and 19 - year - old Hugh Justice , whom he had reprimanded . 000000001951 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1951 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Carl Arch , a 50 - year - old intruder to a girls ' gym class , was killed by a police officer at Manhattan 's Central Commercial High School . 000000001951 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1951 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old student , David Brooks , was fatally shot as fellow pupils looked on . Two former students were sought by police . 000000001952 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1952 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 15 - year - old boarding school student shot a dean rather than give up his pin - up pictures of girls in bathing suits . 000000001952 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1952 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Bayard Peakes walked into the offices of the American Physical Society ( APS ) at Columbia University , where he killed secretary Eileen Fahey . Peakes was reportedly upset that the APS had rejected a paper of his . 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Bernice Turner , killed 14 - year - old Pasquale Coletta inside the science classroom at Kelly High School . The shooting was later ruled to be accidental . 000000001954 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1954 Newton , Massachusetts ! Newton , Massachusetts 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old John Frankenberger , was accidentally killed in a classroom at Day Junior High School when a pistol being held by a classmate discharged . 000000001954 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1954 Chapel Hill , North Carolina ! Chapel Hill , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 Putnam Davis Jr. was killed during a fraternity house carnival at the Phi Delta Theta house at the University of North Carolina . William Joyner and Allen Long were wounded during the exchange of gunfire in their room . The incident followed an all - night beer party . Long told police that , while the three were drinking beer at 7 a.m. , Davis pulled out a gun and started shooting . 000000001955 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1955 Swarthmore , Pennsylvania ! Swarthmore , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 After some of his dormmates urinated on his mattress during hazing , Robert B. Bechtel , a 22 - year - old student proctor at Swarthmore College , returned to his third floor Wharton Hall dorm with a shotgun and killed fellow student , 19 - year - old Francis Holmes Strozier . Betchtel was acquitted of murder by reason of insanity and spent five years in a psychiatric hospital . 000000001956 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1956 Seat Pleasant , Maryland ! Seat Pleasant , Maryland 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 15 - year - old student , Billy Ray Prevatte , fatally shot 32 - year - old teacher , Frazer Cameron , and injured 25 - year - old athletic coach , Francis Daniel Wagner , and 31 - year - old teacher , Robert Hicks , at Maryland Park Junior High School . He just left , after growing tired of waiting outside the principal 's office awaiting a reprimand for failing to turn in a written physical education assignment , and returned with a rifle . 000000001956 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1956 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A Booker T. Washington Junior High School student was wounded in the forearm by another student armed with a home - made weapon . 000000001957 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1957 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the leg by a 15 - year - old classmate at a city high school . 000000001958 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1958 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 17 - year - old student shot a boy in the Manual Training High School . 000000001958 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1958 Massapequa , New York ! Massapequa , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 15 - year - old Massapequa High School freshman was killed by a classmate in a washroom . 000000001959 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1959 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Twenty - seven men and boys and an arsenal were seized in the Bronx as the police headed off a gang war resulting from the fatal shooting of a teenager at Morris High School . 1960s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001960 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1960 Hartford City , Indiana ! Hartford City , Indiana 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 44 - year - old school principal Leonard Redden killed teachers Harriett Robson and Minnie McFerren inside their classrooms at William Reed School . Redden then fled to a wooded area where he killed himself . 000000001960 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1960 Alice , Texas ! Alice , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Donna Dvorak , brought a target pistol to Dubose Junior High School , and fatally shot 15 - year - old Bobby Whitford , in their 9th - grade science class . Dvorak believed Whitford posed a threat to one of her girlfriends . 000000001960 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1960 Blaine , Minnesota ! Blaine , Minnesota 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 41 - year - old mail - carrier , Lester Betts , confronted 33 - year - old principal , Carson Hammond , in his Blaine Elementary School office , and shot him dead with a 12 - gauge shotgun . 000000001961 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1961 Delmont , South Dakota ! Delmont , South Dakota 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Donald Kurtz , 17 - year - old senior at Delmont High School , was fatally wounded by a . 22 caliber bullet from a rifle . The shot , intended as a sound effect for a school play , hit him in the chest during a rehearsal just minutes before the play was to take place . 000000001961 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1961 Denver , Colorado ! Denver , Colorado 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Tennyson Beard , got into an argument with 15 - year - old William Hachmeister , at Morey Junior High School , and wounded him . Another shot fatally struck 14 - year - old Deborah Faith Humphrey . 000000001966 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1966 Bay Shore , New York ! Bay Shore , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 48 - year - old teacher , John S. Lane , was fatally wounded when he tried to stop 16 - year - old student James Arthur Frampton . The youth was walking through the halls of Bay Shore Senior High School with a shotgun , searching for boys whom he had argued with earlier that day . Lane died about six weeks later of his wounds . 000000001966 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1966 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 0,000,001 17 0,000,001 31 University of Texas massacre : 25 - year - old engineering student , Charles Whitman , got onto the observation deck at the University of Texas - Austin , from where he killed seventeen people and wounded thirty - one during a 96 - minute shooting rampage . He had earlier murdered his wife and mother at their homes . It was the deadliest shooting on a U.S. college campus until the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 . 000000001966 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1966 Grand Rapids , Minnesota ! Grand Rapids , Minnesota 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 Grand Rapids High School student , 15 - year - old David Black , killed school administrator Forrest Willey and seriously wounded fellow student , 14 - year - old Kevin Roth . 000000001966 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1966 Mesa , Arizona ! Mesa , Arizona 0,000,001 5 0,000,001 2 18 - year - old Bob Smith , took seven people hostage at Rose - Mar College of Beauty and ordered them to lie down in a circle . He shot each in the head . Four women and a 3 - year - old girl died , a woman and a baby were injured but survived . Police arrested Smith , who reportedly admired Richard Speck and Charles Whitman . 000000001967 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1967 Northlake , Illinois ! Northlake , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 18 - year - old dropout , Michael Pisarski killed his former girlfriend , 17 - year - old Christine Mitchell inside West Leyden High School . The school 's athletic director was wounded . 000000001968 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1968 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 16 - year - old Blanche Ward killed fellow student , 16 - year - old Linda Lipscomb , at Miami Jackson High School . According to Ward , she was threatened with a razor by Lipscomb during an argument over a fountain pen , and in the ensuing struggle the gun went off . 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Orangeburg , South Carolina ! Orangeburg , South Carolina 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 27 In the days leading up to February 8 , 1968 , about two hundred mostly student civil rights protesters gathered on the campus of South Carolina State University to protest the continued racial segregation of the All Star Bowling Lane after passage in 1964 of federal legislation prohibiting such action . That night , students started a bonfire . As police attempted to put out the fire , an officer was struck and injured by an object . Police later said they believed they were under attack by small weapons fire . The officers fired into the crowd , killing 18 - year - old Samuel Hammond Jr. , 17 - year - old Delano Herman Middleton , and 19 - year - old Henry Ezekial Smith , and wounding twenty - seven others . 000000001968 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1968 High Point , North Carolina ! High Point , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old David Lee Walker , was killed just outside Central High School , by 15 - year - old Gerald Locklear . 000000001968 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1968 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Ernest Lee Grissom , a 15 - year - old student at Drew Junior High School , seriously wounded a teacher and a 13 - year - old student after he had been reprimanded for behavior . 000000001969 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1969 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Alprentice Carter and John Huggins , two student members of the Black Panther Party , were fatally shot during a student meeting inside Campbell Hall at the University of California , Los Angeles . Reportedly there was disagreement over who would control the school 's African American Studies Center . The shooter , Claude Hubert , was never found ; three other men were later arrested in connection with the shooting . 000000001969 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1969 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 45 - year - old Cardozo Senior High School assistant principal , Herman Clifford , was killed in the school 's hallway , by 18 - year - old Ronald Joyner , while trying to stop him and two other youths who had robbed the school 's bank . 000000001969 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1969 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old Ernest Napoleon Carter Jr. was accidentally killed , by a 13 - year - old classmate at Hanes Junior High School who was armed with a pistol . The shooter was charged with involuntary manslaughter . Carter 's mother filed a lawsuit against the Winston - Salem / Forsyth County Board of Education for $50,000 in damages . 000000001969 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1969 Tomah , Wisconsin ! Tomah , Wisconsin 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 46 - year - old Martin Mogensen , principal of Tomah Junior High School , was killed in his office by a 14 - year - old boy . 1970s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001970 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1970 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 15 - year - old Tyrone Perry , was killed at Hine Junior High School . 000000001970 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1970 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 University of Pennsylvania professors , 40 - year - old Walter Koppelman , and 45 - year - old Oscar Goldman , were shot by 33 - year - old disgruntled graduate student , Robert Cantor , during a seminar . Cantor then took his own life . Koppelman died March 5 from his injuries , but Goldman recovered . 000000001970 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1970 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0,000,001 4 0,000,001 9 Kent State shootings : During protests of the Vietnam War at Kent State University , armed National Guard Soldiers opened fire on unarmed students , killing four people . 000000001970 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1970 Jackson , Mississippi ! Jackson , Mississippi 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 12 Jackson State killings : Two students were killed and twelve others injured when police opened fire on students gathered to protest the US military presence in Cambodia . 000000001970 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1970 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Two students were shot while standing in a second floor hallway of Harlan High School . 15 - year - old Kenneth House , was shot in the lower left abdomen , his condition was described as serious . 14 - year - old Portia Walls , suffered a superficial wound on her lower back . The incident was thought to have involved gang recruiting in the school . 000000001971 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1971 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 56 - year - old teacher , Samson L. Freedman , was killed as he left Morris E. Leeds School , by 14 - year - old student , Kevin Simmons . Freedman had suspended Simmons earlier in the day for cursing in the hallway . 000000001971 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1971 Spokane , Washington ! Spokane , Washington 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 4 21 - year - old former MIT student , Larry J. Harmon , armed with a rifle , killed 68 - year - old caretaker , Hilary Kunzon , who came upon him wrecking St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church , then fled onto the campus of Gonzaga University , where he wounded four more people before police officers killed him . Harmon was described by his father as a religious fanatic claiming to have visions . 000000001973 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1973 Richmond , Virginia ! Richmond , Virginia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 17 - year - old Wayne Phillips , was killed when he was caught between two youths who were fighting in the hallway of Armstrong High School . 000000001973 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1973 Oakland , California ! Oakland , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 School superintendent Marcus Foster , was killed and his assistant Robert Blackburn , was wounded when members of the Symbionese Liberation Army opened fire on them as they exited a school board meeting . Two members of the SLA were later arrested and convicted of the crime . Both were sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole . The SLA had reportedly believed that Foster supported a measure to install police on school grounds and make students carry identification cards . In reality , Foster opposed both measures . 000000001974 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1974 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 52 - year - old elementary school principal , Rudolph Jezek Jr. , was killed in his office by 14 - year - old Steven Guy , a former student said to be angry about being transferred to a social adjustment center . 000000001974 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1974 Brownstown , Indiana ! Brownstown , Indiana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 48 - year - old Jessie Blevins , athletic director at Brownstown Central High School , was fatally shot in the school parking lot by a 17 - year - old student waiting for him . He gave the police no motive . 000000001974 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1974 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 19 - year - old McKeesport student , Ray D. Gilmore , was wounded in a scuffle with two men in his third floor campus dormitory room . 26 - year - old Benjamin F. Goodman and 22 - year - old Carl Bell , who were not students , had their . 32 caliber pistols taken and were wrestled to the floor by other students . 000000001974 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1974 Olean , New York ! Olean , New York 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 11 During a two - and - a-half - hour siege , 18 - year - old honor student , Anthony Barbaro , the best on his rifle team , killed three adults in and around his high school and wounded eleven other persons . He shot from the windows out at the street and neighborhood . The school was closed for the Christmas holiday . 000000001975 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1975 Penns Grove , New Jersey ! Penns Grove , New Jersey 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 24 - year - old David Gary killed the 33 - year - old Reverend Thomas Quinlan , inside a classroom at St. James School . Quinlan was the school 's principal . A teacher was also wounded . 000000001975 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1975 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 16 - year - old Stephen Goods , a bystander , was killed during a fight between other teens . Three youths were convicted for the homicide . 000000001975 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1975 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ! Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 5 Student James Briggs killed fellow student Randy Truitt at Grant High School , wounding several others . 000000001976 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1976 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 5 Intruders entered Murray - Wright High School , shooting and wounding five students after an apparent dispute over a girlfriend of one of the intruders . 000000001976 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1976 Fullerton , California ! Fullerton , California 0,000,001 7 0,000,001 2 The gunman , 37 - year - old Edward Charles Allaway , was a custodian at the California State University , Fullerton library . Allaway killed seven people and wounded two others in the library 's first - floor lobby and at the building 's Instructional Media Center ( IMC ) , located in the basement . 000000001976 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1976 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 46 - year - old Al Lewis , killed his estranged wife , 46 - year - old Betty McCaster , as she was teaching thirty - six 6 - and - 7 - year - old students at Burt Elementary School . 000000001977 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1977 Whitharral , Texas ! Whitharral , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 High School principal , M.O. Tripp , was killed on the front steps of the school by 17 - year - old student , Ricardo Lopez , for unknown reasons . 000000001978 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1978 Hopkinsville , Kentucky ! Hopkinsville , Kentucky 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At 8 : 10 a.m. , 13 - year - old student , Andre Davis , was wounded while watching a fight between two students in the front lobby of Christian County Middle School , one of whom had a gun . A 16 - year - old was charged with the assault . 000000001978 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1978 St. Albans , West Virginia ! St. Albans , West Virginia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Hayes Junior High School student , Stuart Wayne Perrock , killed 14 - year - old schoolmate , Arthur Clinton Smith . 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1978 Lansing , Michigan ! Lansing , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 After being taunted for his beliefs , 15 - year - old Roger Needham , self - proclaimed Nazi , killed one student and wounded a second with a pistol at Everett High School . 000000001978 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1978 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 38 - year - old Woodrow Porter , a janitor at Paul Dunbar Elementary School , was killed by the 56 - year - old grandmother of an 8 - year - old who was allegedly spanked by Porter earlier . 000000001978 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1978 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old John Daniel Christian , son of Lyndon B. Johnson 's former press secretary George Christian , killed his English teacher , 29 - year - old Wilbur Grayson , with his father 's rifle in front of approximately thirty classmates at Murchison Junior High School . Christian was arrested and charged but not prosecuted ; he was committed to a mental hospital where he was treated for a period and released . 000000001978 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1978 University City , Missouri ! University City , Missouri 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 4 18 - year - old Larry Ward and two companions were escorted from the halls of University City High School following a fight with 18 - year - old student , Carl Triplett . Ward ran back into the building with a gun and fired shots into a group , critically injuring Triplett in the chest and hip , and wounding 17 - year - old Angela Darden and 16 - year - old Jennifer Pride . Ward sustained a head injury as he was tackled by assistant principal , Franklin McCallie . His companions grabbed the gun and fled . 000000001978 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1978 Lanett , Alabama ! Lanett , Alabama 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old Robin Robinson , was paddled by Lanett Junior High School principal , Lewis Hoggs , after having a disagreement with another student . Robinson left the school , and returned with a . 22 - caliber handgun and shot Hoggs , grazing the top of his head . Robinson was arrested two hours later about two blocks from the school , and later charged in juvenile court . 000000001979 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1979 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 9 Cleveland Elementary School shooting : 16 - year - old Brenda Spencer opened fire on Grover Cleveland Elementary School from her home across the street , killing two adults and wounding nine people . 000000001979 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1979 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 17 - year - old Timothy Stahle was critically wounded in the leg and upper thigh , with shot gun pellets , as he threw rocks at the windows of Wisconsin Lutheran High School . 28 - year - old school janitor , Kenneth B. Stein , was arrested . 000000001979 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1979 Charlestown , Massachusetts ! Charlestown , Massachusetts 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 15 - year - old sophomore , Darryl Williams , was shot in the neck by a sniper during the half - time interval , while standing with teammates and coach in the end zone of the Charlestown High School football field . The player for the predominantly black Jamaica Plain High School team was left paralysed . A racial motivation was determined by Mayor Kevin White . 17 - year - old white youths , Joseph Nardone and Stephen McGonagle , were charged with the shooting and received ten year sentences . 1980s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001980 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1980 Stamps , Arkansas ! Stamps , Arkansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 16 - year - old Evan Hampton , high school freshman student at Stamps High School , waited in a classroom for 19 - year - old student Mike Sanders , whom he immediately killed . Hampton went to the principal 's office , turning in the gun and waiting for his arrest by police . 000000001980 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1980 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 49 - year - old fifth grade teacher , Rosie Pearson , was killed in J. Leslie Patton School by an unknown assailant . 000000001980 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1980 Big Rapids , Michigan ! Big Rapids , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Business professor Robert Brauer was killed in class by his 20 - year - old student , Thomas Kakonis , at Ferris State College ; Kakonis had failed an exam in his class . Kakonis is the son of an associate dean at the college . 000000001980 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1980 Hueytown , Alabama ! Hueytown , Alabama 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 17 - year - old Rudy Farmer , pulled out a . 22 caliber pistol and wounded a fellow student in the art room of Hueytown High School , he then turned his gun on himself . 000000001981 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1981 Fayetteville , Arkansas ! Fayetteville , Arkansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 19 - year - old former freshman , James Howard Taylor , brought a 12 - gauge single - shot shotgun into the Delta Delta Delta sorority house on the University of Arkansas campus . He entered the house at 5 : 45 p.m. and terrorized an initiation dinner . After attempting to negotiate a surrender , he was shot by police when he aimed his shot gun into the dining room . 000000001981 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1981 Ann Arbor , Michigan ! Ann Arbor , Michigan 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 As students fled their rooms , after a homemade firebomb set a minor blaze on the sixth floor hallway of Bursley Hall dormitory , 22 - year - old psychology student , Leo E. Kelly Jr. , fired a sawn - off 12 - gauge shotgun at his University of Michigan schoolmates at point - blank range . 19 - year - old pre-medical student , Edward Siwik , and 21 - year - old resident advisor , Douglas C. McGreaham , died at hospitals a few hours later . Kelly had been dismissed from UM once and was on the verge of another dismissal because of falling grades . In 1982 , he was convicted on two counts of first - degree murder and sentenced to life . 000000001981 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1981 Portland , Oregon ! Portland , Oregon 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Shortly before noon in Engineering Hall on the school 's campus in north Portland , 34 - year - old University of Portland night janitor , John C. Holbrook , killed 37 - year - old engineering teacher , Brian D. Massey , before taking his own life . 000000001982 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1982 Las Vegas , Nevada ! Las Vegas , Nevada 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 17 - year - old Valley High School student , Patrick Lizotte , killed his teacher Clarence Pigott and wounded two students . 000000001982 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1982 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old Deer Creek Junior High School student , Scott Darwin Michael , was killed by 14 - year - old classmate , Jason Price Rocha . Rocha was tried as an adult and sentenced to twelve years , plus one year of parole . 000000001982 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1982 Jackson , Mississippi ! Jackson , Mississippi 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old school dropout , James Hartzog , killed his girlfriend , 17 - year - old Faye Williams in her algebra class at Wingfield High School . Hartzog then took his own life . 000000001983 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1983 St. Louis County , Missouri ! St. Louis County , Missouri 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 Eighth grade Parkway South Middle School student David F. Lawler entered a study hall classroom and opened fire , killing 15 - year - old Randall Koger , and injuring 15 - year - old Greg Saffo . Lawler then took his own life . 000000001984 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1984 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 12 Tyrone Mitchell killed two people and wounded twelve others when shooting at students leaving 49th Street Elementary School . 000000001984 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1984 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old Kelly Crittendon , was accidentally killed by two classmates in a classroom at the Precious Blood School . 000000001984 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1984 Pleasant Hill , Iowa ! Pleasant Hill , Iowa 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 17 - year - old student , Todd Dunahoo , killed 16 - year - old Valerie Rockafellow in the hallway at Southeast Polk High School , then turned the gun on himself . 000000001984 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1984 Celina , Ohio ! Celina , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 45 - year - old Shirley Shindeldecker , killed school bus driver 54 - year - old Gene Green , as he stopped to pick up the son of Shindeldecker 's estranged husband . After serving nineteen months of her sentence , Shindeldecker was found innocent by reason of insanity , and released . 000000001985 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1985 Goddard , Kansas ! Goddard , Kansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 Armed with a rifle and a handgun , 14 - year - old James Alan Kearbey , killed principal , James McGee , and wounded two teachers and a student at Goddard Junior High School . 000000001985 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1985 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 6 Murray - Wright High School shooting : During half - time of the homecoming football game between Northwestern and Murray - Wright high schools , a youth opened fire with a shotgun , injuring six students with whom he had fought earlier in the day . 000000001985 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1985 Spanaway , Washington ! Spanaway , Washington 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Heather Smith , killed 15 - year - old Gordon Pickett , who was her ex-boyfriend , and 14 - year - old Christopher Ricco , in the gymnasium at Spanaway Junior High School . She later took her own life . 000000001985 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1985 Concord , New Hampshire ! Concord , New Hampshire 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 At Concord High School , Louis Cartier , a 16 - year - old dropout , entered the school with a shotgun and took students hostage , 18 - year - old Patrick Lena Lena and 16 - year - old Scott Hayes . Responding police officers fatally shot him after he aimed at football coach , Don LeBrun . 000000001985 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1985 Portland , Connecticut ! Portland , Connecticut 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 After being suspended for refusing to take off his hat while at school , 13 - year - old student Floyd Warmsley pulled out a firearm at Portland Junior High School , shooting and wounding the 53 - year - old school secretary Lynn Haddad , and killing 36 - year - old janitor David Bangston . 000000001986 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1986 Dolton , Illinois ! Dolton , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At about 9 : 40 a.m. , as 52 - year - old math teacher Norma Cooper ` s third - period algebra class was beginning in a second - floor classroom in the C Building at Thornridge High School , she was shot in the shoulder by a freshman student , with a large - caliber handgun , registered to the youth ` s father , a security guard . He is charged with attempted murder , unlawful use of a weapon and aggravated battery . The freshman , a resident of Harvey , was enrolled in the class and apparently had recently received poor grades . 000000001986 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1986 Senath , Missouri ! Senath , Missouri 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A new student , 16 - year - old Ritchie Overman , killed studious 15 - year - old Leslie Lynn Wyatt , using a 20 - gauge shotgun , in front of twenty - six `` totally horrified '' science class students and teacher Sheila Adams , at Senath - Hornersville High School . 000000001986 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1986 Fayetteville , North Carolina ! Fayetteville , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 A 17 - year - old student shot three classmates at Pine Forest High School with a . 25 - caliber handgun wounding them . One student was critically injured and treated for a neck wound . 000000001986 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1986 Cokeville , Wyoming ! Cokeville , Wyoming 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 74 Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis : 43 - year - old former town marshal David Young , and his 47 - year - old wife , Doris Young , took 136 children and eighteen adults hostage at Cokeville Elementary School . 000000001986 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1986 Lewistown , Montana ! Lewistown , Montana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 14 - year - old Kristofer Hans intended to shoot his French teacher at Fergus High School , for a failing grade . Instead , Henrietta Smith , who was substituting for LaVonne Simonfy , was shot in the face and died . Hans fired several other shots as he fled , wounding vice principal John Moffatt , and two students . He then ran about a mile to his home , where he was arrested after the police surrounded his house . A classmate said Hans had repeatedly threatened to kill Ms. Simonfy , saying , `` I 'm going to blow Simonfy 's head off . '' He was charged as an adult , convicted and sentenced to 206 years in prison . 000000001987 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1987 Northridge , California ! Northridge , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 35 - year - old associate professor of Computer Science Djamshid ( Amir ) Asgari was confronted in the Engineering Building of California State University , Northridge by 25 - year - old graduate student Fawwaz Abdin . Abdin was angry about a low grade Asgari had given him a year earlier , which caused him to be put on academic probation . After Asgari refused to change his grade , Abdin shot him twice , then himself . Asgari later died at the Northridge Hospital . 000000001987 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1987 De Kalb , Missouri ! De Kalb , Missouri 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 After constant teasing about his weight , 12 - year - old honors student Nathan Ferris killed a 13 - year - old classmate , Timothy Perrin , after he bullied him , then turned the gun on himself . 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 Murray - Wright High School second shooting : A ninth - grade student at Murray - Wright High School killed 17 - year - old Chester Jackson , a student athlete , and wounded 17 - year - old Damon Matthews , and 18 - year - old Tomeka Turner . 000000001987 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1987 Lansing , Illinois ! Lansing , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 After being kicked off the soccer team for smoking on school grounds , 16 - year - old student Blake Docter , of Illiana Christian High School wounded 44 - year - old John Hoogewerf in the chest , the teacher who had reported him for smoking . 000000001987 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1987 Katy , Texas ! Katy , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 After being refused a date from his classmate , 15 year - old Ramesh Guzman Tumalad shot and killed himself with a . 357 Magnum revolver before 23 of his fellow freshman Algebra students at Mayde Creek High School . The evening prior to the shooting , the boy discussed committing suicide to the girl after she informed school administration of his obsession with her . 000000001988 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1988 Largo , Florida ! Largo , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 Pinellas Park_High shooting : 15 - year - old students , Jason Harless and Jason McCoy , took stolen . 38 - caliber revolvers to Pinellas Park High School . Harless shot two assistant principals and a student - teacher inside the school 's cafeteria . 53 - year - old Richard Allen died from his injuries , Nancy Blackwelder and intern Joseph Bloznalis were wounded . 000000001988 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1988 Winnetka , Illinois ! Winnetka , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 5 30 - year - old Laurie Dann , killed 8 - year - old Nick Corwin , inside Hubbard Woods School . Five additional students were wounded . Dann later committed suicide after taking hostages in a nearby home . 000000001988 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1988 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 25 - year - old Robin Jenkins , was shot in the elbow after a basketball game turned violent about 7 : 45 p.m. at Siefert Elementary School . A 28 - year - old man was taken into custody the following day . 000000001988 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1988 Greenwood , South Carolina ! Greenwood , South Carolina 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 9 Oakland Elementary School shooting : 19 - year - old James William Wilson entered Oakland Elementary School and started firing shots in the cafeteria . Two students were wounded and a first - grade teacher . After reloading his gun in a girls ' restroom , he was confronted by physical education teacher , Kat Finkbeiner , who tried to stop him ; she was wounded twice . He then entered a third - grade classroom and shot toward the students , killing 8 - year - olds Shequila Tawoon Bradley and Tequila Maria Thomas , and wounding five others . 000000001988 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1988 Abilene , Texas ! Abilene , Texas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 16 - year - old student Mason Staggs shot Cooper High School teacher , Rick Maloney in the face with a pistol , severely injuring the teacher . Staggs left the school and went fishing . 000000001988 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1988 Virginia Beach , Virginia ! Virginia Beach , Virginia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 At Atlantic Shores Christian School , 16 - year - old student Nicholas Elliott shot two teachers with a Mac - 10 9 - millimeter machine pistol , killing 41 - year - old Karen Farley , and critically wounding 37 - year - old Sam Marino , then began firing on a classroom full of students before the gun jammed and any students were hit . 000000001989 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1989 Stockton , California ! Stockton , California 0,000,001 6 0,000,001 32 Stockton schoolyard shooting : 24 - year - old Patrick Edward Purdy fatally shot five children and wounded 32 others at the Cleveland Elementary School , before taking his own life . The victims were children of refugees from Southeast Asia . Purdy had a history of violence , alcoholism and drug addiction , and criminality . 000000001989 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1989 Kearns , Utah ! Kearns , Utah 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 At Thomas Jefferson Junior High School , a 12 - year - old boy fired a handgun at a vice principal , William Crumbaugh . No one was injured . 000000001989 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1989 McKeesport , Pennsylvania ! McKeesport , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 While riding the school bus , 16 - year - old Serra Catholic High School student , Robert Butler , shot 16 - year - old schoolmate , Adam Ference , in the back of the head before fatally shooting himself . Ference was in critical condition but survived . 1990s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001990 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 1990 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A black youth was taunted with racial slurs by three white youths in the stairwell of a public school in the Bensonhurst area of Brooklyn . The 14 - year - old was then shot and slightly wounded , because he had acted as peacemaker when the same boys had clashed with another black teen the month before . 000000001990 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1990 San Antonio , Texas ! San Antonio , Texas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 3 students were wounded when gunfire broke out at Sam Houston High School . The incident took place at 11 : 55 a.m. and was gang related . 17 - year - old John Campbell was wounded in the right foot , 18 - year - old Larry Johnson was wounded in the right thigh and calf , and a 16 - year - old received a chest wound . 18 - year - old Kenneth Wolford , and two other male students were arrested and charged . 000000001991 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1991 Donna , Texas ! Donna , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old Raul Calvo shot himself dead while playing Russian roulette inside a biology classroom at Donna High School . 000000001991 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1991 Compton , California ! Compton , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A teenager aimed and fired a handgun at a security guard who had chased him and three friends off the grounds of Ralph J. Bunche Middle School . He instead killed 11 - year - old Alejandro Vargas , a bystander and student at the school . 000000001991 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1991 Crosby , Texas ! Crosby , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 17 - year - old Arthur Jermel Jack , was killed by 15 - year - old LaKeeta Cadoree , in the cafeteria at Crosby High School . 000000001991 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1991 Iowa City , Iowa ! Iowa City , Iowa 0,000,001 6 0,000,001 1 University of Iowa shooting : 28 - year - old former graduate student , Gang Lu , killed four members of University of Iowa 's faculty and a research student , and seriously wounded another student . 47 - year - old professor of physics and astronomy , Christoph K. Goertz , 45 - year - old associate professor of physics and astronomy , Robert Alan Smith , 44 - year - old chairman of the physics and astronomy department , Dwight R. Nicholson , 56 - year - old associate vice president for academic affairs , Dr. Theresa Anne Cleary , shot in the head and died the following day , and 27 - year - old research investigator in physics and astronomy , Dr. Shan Linhua. 23 - year - old Miya Rodolfo - Sioson , Dr. Cleary 's temporary student receptionist in the grievance office , survived but was left paralyzed from the neck down . Lu then shot himself in the head , he died shortly after police arrived . 000000001991 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1991 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Thomas Jefferson High School shooting : During an argument between two teens , a stray bullet killed a third , uninvolved 16 - year - old student . In 1992 , 14 - year - old shooter Jason Bentley , was sentenced to three to nine years in prison . 000000001991 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1991 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 51 - year - old custodian , John Frazier , was killed outside a campus auditorium of Kent State University . 000000001992 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1992 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 26 - year - old graduate student , Sarah Smith , was wounded in the chest as she was waiting for her husband to pick her up at Kent State University . 000000001992 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1992 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Thomas Jefferson High School second shooting : 15 - year - old Kahlil Sumpter , killed fellow students , 16 - year - old Tyrone Sinkler and 17 - year - old Ian Moore , on the school 's second - floor hallway . In 1993 , he was sentenced to between 62⁄3 and twenty years in prison . He was released on parole in 1998 . 000000001992 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1992 Olivehurst , California ! Olivehurst , California 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 10 Lindhurst High School shooting : Former student , 20 - year - old Eric Houston , killed three students and one teacher , and wounded nine other students and teacher before surrendering to police . 000000001992 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1992 The Bronx , New York ! The Bronx , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 Two 14 - year - old girls and a 16 - year - old boy were shot at outside a Bronx high school . 000000001992 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1992 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 11 11 students were hit by gunfire during a four - hour period in three separate school incidents , five were hospitalized . Six students at Finney High School were grazed by buckshot after three ski - masked gunmen opened fire in a crowded hallway . A 14 - year - old was in custody for shooting three Foch Middle School students as they passed by the Marcus Garvey Academy . In the third incident , 16 - year - old DeWayne Boyd was hit in the chest , when shots were fired at two Mumford High School students . January 6 , 1993 Brentwood , New York 0 Brentwood High School . Former student , Matthew Hunter , was shot by two gunmen during a basketball game between Brentwood High School and Sachem High School . The assault was over a dispute about the theft of a gold chain . 000000001993 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1993 Grayson , Kentucky ! Grayson , Kentucky 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 East Carter High School shooting : 17 - year - old Scott Pennington , a student at East Carter High School , fatally shot his 48 - year - old English teacher , Deanna McDavid , and 52 - year - old head custodian , Marvin Hicks . 000000001993 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1993 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old Robert Heard , fatally shot 17 - year - old Michael Shean Ensley in the corridor of the Reseda High School 's science building . 000000001993 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1993 Acushnet , Massachusetts ! Acushnet , Massachusetts 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 44 - year - old David Taber entered Ford Middle School and took three hostages . He killed school nurse Carol Day . He was found not guilty of the murder by reason of insanity . 000000001993 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1993 Irving , Texas ! Irving , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 17 - year - old Max Alexander Martinez , killed 17 - year - old Jose Balderas , with a . 38 caliber revolver in a hallway in Nimitz High School during a dispute over girls . 000000001993 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1993 Pennsburg , Pennsylvania ! Pennsburg , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old student Jason Smith killed another student who had bullied him at Upper Perkiomen High School . He was charged as an adult and sentenced to between twelve and twenty - five years in prison . 000000001993 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1993 Sheridan , Wyoming ! Sheridan , Wyoming 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 4 29 - year - old Kevin Newman , wounded four students before killing himself at Central Junior High School . 000000001993 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1993 New Britain , Connecticut ! New Britain , Connecticut 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old Miguel DeJesus , was gunned down on the steps of New Britain High School . Rival gang members , 24 - year - old Maurice Flanagan and 23 - year - old Thomas Mejia , were charged . 000000001993 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1993 Wauwatosa , Wisconsin ! Wauwatosa , Wisconsin 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Wauwatosa West High School shooting : 21 - year - old former student , Leonard D. McDowell , shot 46 - year - old associate principal , Dale Breitlow , three times with a revolver in a second - floor hallway of Wauwatosa West High School . McDowell was found guilty of the murder and sane at the time of the shooting , he was sentenced to life in prison . His sentence was upheld by the state Court of Appeals in April 1997 . 000000001994 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1994 Columbia , South Carolina ! Columbia , South Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old Floyd Eugene Brown , shot fellow Eau Claire High School student , 17 - year - old Earnest Dunlap , following an argument the week before . Brown was arrested shortly after at his home . A 16 - year - old boy was also arrested for kicking Dunlap after the shooting . 000000001994 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1994 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 24 - year - old Darrell Cloud , a former student at Whitman Middle School in North Seattle , killed 45 - year - old Neal Summers , who had sexually abused Cloud since he was thirteen . Cloud served nine years in prison . He later received a $250,000 settlement in a civil suit against Seattle Schools , charging that Summers had not been adequately supervised . 000000001994 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1994 Spartanburg , South Carolina ! Spartanburg , South Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At around 10 p.m. , 24 - year - old Roosevelt Johnson was shot in the leg , after a basketball game at Spartanburg High School . 000000001994 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1994 Boonville , Missouri ! Boonville , Missouri 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 33 - year - old Dante D. Hayes , a hunter and ex-convict , killed 58 - year - old Richard Vancena , a cafeteria manager , and 33 - year - old Robin Michelle Coleman , a cook , in the mess hall of Kemper Military School and College . He was drunk and looking for his wife Anna Hayes with whom he had a fight the night before . No students were harmed . 000000001994 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1994 Butte , Montana ! Butte , Montana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 10 - year - old Jason Osmanson , teased because his parents have AIDS , killed an 11 - year - old student on the playground of Margaret Leary Elementary School . Osmanson was sent to a private residential treatment center . 000000001994 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1994 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Jeremy Bryant , killed 13 - year - old Terrence Murray , in music class at J.T. Moore Middle School . 000000001994 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1994 Greensboro , North Carolina ! Greensboro , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 After being suspended for smoking , 16 - year - old Nicholas Atkinson , returned to Grimsley High School with a 9 mm pistol . After wounding assistant principal , Bill Whites , Atkinson took his own life . 000000001994 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1994 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old female student was shot in the thigh outside Hubbard High School when a teenage boy rode past on a bicycle and fired into a crowd . It is believed the shooting was meant for rival gang members , but the girl was hit instead . The boy lived in the neighborhood . 000000001994 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1994 Wickliffe , Ohio ! Wickliffe , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 4 Wickliffe Middle School shooting : 37 - year - old former student , Keith A. Ledeger , killed 41 - year - old custodian , Pete Christopher , at Wickliffe Middle School , and wounded 47 - year - old assistant principal , Jim Anderson , 47 - year - old police officer , Thomas Schmidt , and 50 - year - old teacher , Lowell Grimm , before being injured and taken into custody . December 14 , 1994 Albany , New York 0 Ralph J. Tortorici , 26 , a military veteran and psychology major at the State University of New York at Albany held hostage a large lecture hall from 9 : 10 a.m. until 11 : 30 a.m. Tortorici , armed with a . 270 - caliber rifle with more than two dozen rounds of ammunition and a hunting knife , walked into the ancient history class of Hans Pohlsander , saying , `` Do n't worry . Nobody move . You guys are getting held hostage . '' The standoff ended when Tortorici had his gun taken away by Jason McEnaney , a 19 - year - old student . McEnaney was shot in the leg , groin , and abdomen in the exchange . Tortorici suffered from a well - document history of mental illness , argued during the hostage crisis that the government had implanted a control chip in his head during a procedure at Albany Medical Center , and ultimately committed suicide in 1999 in prison while serving a 15 1 / 2 year sentence . 000000001995 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1995 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 A 15 - year - old student at Garfield High School left school during the day and returned with his grandfather 's handgun . He wounded two students . 000000001995 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1995 Tavares , Florida ! Tavares , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old student Keith E. Johnson , killed 13 - year - old Joey Summerall , at Tavares Middle School with a handgun that he had stolen from his neighbor 's home . He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole . 000000001995 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1995 Blackville , South Carolina ! Blackville , South Carolina 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 Blackville - Hilda High School shooting : Suspended student , 16 - year - old Toby R. Sincino , killed 56 - year - old math teacher , Phyllis Senn , and wounded 38 - year - old math teacher , Johhnny Thompson , before committing suicide at Blackville - Hilda High School . 000000001995 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1995 Lynnville , Tennessee ! Lynnville , Tennessee 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 Richland High School shooting : 17 - year - old James Rouse , killed a student and teacher at Richland High School and seriously wounded another teacher with a rifle . 000000001996 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1996 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Two masked gunmen killed 14 - year - old Damion Blocker in a stairwell at Winston Education Center . 16 - year - old shooter , Darrick Evans , was sentenced to 41 years to life in prison . 000000001996 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1996 Moses Lake , Washington ! Moses Lake , Washington 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 1 Frontier Middle School shooting : 14 - year - old Barry Loukaitis , killed a teacher and two students and wounded another student when he opened fire on his algebra class . Loukaitis was sentenced to life in prison . 000000001996 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 1996 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 30 - year - old Mark Boyd , hired 23 - year - old Malik Nettles , to kill 15 - year - old Kyunia Taylor , as she rode on a school bus bound for Beaumont High School . Taylor was pregnant with a child fathered by Boyd , a baby girl was delivered by emergency caesarean section , but died 23 days later . The bus driver was also shot , he survived . 000000001996 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1996 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 San Diego State University shooting : At San Diego State University , 36 - year - old graduate student , Frederick Martin Davidson , killed three professors , 32 - year - old Chen Liang , 44 - year - old D. Preston Lowrey III , and 36 - year - old Costas Lyrintzis , that he believed were involved in a conspiracy against him . Davidson was sentenced to serve three life terms . 000000001996 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1996 State College , Pennsylvania ! State College , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 19 - year - old Jillian Robbins , killed one student and injured two outside Pennsylvania State University 's HUB -- Robeson Center . 000000001996 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1996 Decatur , Georgia ! Decatur , Georgia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 16 - year - old David Dubose Jr. , killed English teacher , Horace Morgan , on the steps of Dekalb Alternative School . Dubose was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was committed indefinitely to a state mental hospital . 000000001996 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1996 Sherwood , Arkansas ! Sherwood , Arkansas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Willis Ward Johnson , killed 20 - year - old James Earl Routt , as they rode a school bus . 000000001997 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1997 West Palm Beach , Florida ! West Palm Beach , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Conniston Middle School student , Tronneal Mangum , fatally shot 14 - year - old classmate , John Pierre Kamel , just minutes before school started , over a $40 debt . 000000001997 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1997 Bethel , Alaska ! Bethel , Alaska 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 2 Bethel Regional High School shooting : 16 - year - old student , Evan Ramsey , killed Bethel Regional High School principal , Ron Edwards , and 15 - year - old student , Joshua Palacios , and wounded two other students . 000000001997 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1997 Pearl , Mississippi ! Pearl , Mississippi 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 7 Pearl High School shooting : 16 - year - old Luke Woodham , murdered his 50 - year - old mother , Mary , at home before killing his ex-girlfriend , 16 - year - old student , Christina Menefee , and 17 - year - old student , Lydia Kaye Dew , then wounding seven others at Pearl High School . 000000001997 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1997 Palmetto , Florida ! Palmetto , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 After an argument between them the day before , 13 - year - old Brandon Hartsoe took a . 38 revolver from his mother 's dresser drawer and shot 13 - year - old Lincoln Middle School classmate , Trent Murray , in the back causing serious injury , then continued to fire three more shots in the general area of other students . Hartsoe was sentenced in 1998 to serve until his 18th birthday . His probation was set to end in October 2009 . 000000001997 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1997 West Paducah , Kentucky ! West Paducah , Kentucky 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 5 Heath High School shooting : Three students were killed and five wounded by 14 - year - old Michael Carneal , as they participated in a prayer circle . Carneal was sentenced to life in prison . 000000001997 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1997 Stamps , Arkansas ! Stamps , Arkansas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Concealed in a wooded area on school grounds , 14 - year - old Joseph `` Colt '' Todd , wounded two students as they were entering Stamps High School . 000000001998 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1998 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 At around 4 : 15 p.m. , gunfire broke out as a crowd streamed from the Palestra after a high school championship basketball game near the University of Pennsylvania . A 22 - year - old man was shot in the back and killed , and a student working at the fine arts building was shot in the leg . 000000001998 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1998 Craighead County , Arkansas ! Craighead County , Arkansas 0,000,001 5 0,000,001 10 Westside Middle School shootings : 13 - year - old Mitchell Johnson , and 11 - year - old Andrew Golden , killed a teacher and four students , and wounded ten others , as Westside Middle School emptied during a fire alarm intentionally set off by Golden . 000000001998 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1998 Edinboro , Pennsylvania ! Edinboro , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 Parker Middle School dance shooting : 14 - year - old student , Andrew Wurst , fatally shot 48 - year - old teacher , John Gillette , and wounded two students and another teacher at an 8th grade graduation dance . He is serving a thirty to sixty - year sentence in a prison for young offenders . 000000001998 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1998 Fayetteville , Tennessee ! Fayetteville , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old Jacob Lee Davis , shot 18 - year - old Robert Creson , at Lincoln County High School in a dispute over a girl . Davis received a life sentence on July 29 , 1999 . 000000001998 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1998 Springfield , Oregon ! Springfield , Oregon 0,000,001 4 0,000,001 23 Thurston High School shooting : After killing his parents at home , 15 - year - old Kip Kinkel , drove to Thurston High School , where he killed two students and wounded 23 others . After pleading guilty , he was sentenced to 111 years of prison . 000000001998 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1998 Richmond , Virginia ! Richmond , Virginia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 14 - year - old student , Quinshawn Brooker , wounded 45 - year - old basketball coach and history teacher , Gregory Carter , and 74 - year - old Head Start volunteer , Eloise Wilson , in the hallway of Armstrong High School . 000000001998 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1998 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 52 - year - old Professor Andrzej Olbrot , was killed by 48 - year - old graduate doctoral student , Wlodzimierz Dedecjusat , at Wayne State University . 000000001999 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1999 Carrollton , Georgia ! Carrollton , Georgia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 15 - year - old Andrea Garrett was found dead , and 17 - year - old Jeff Miller seriously wounded in the girls ' restroom at Central Carrollton County High School , after a suicide pact because Garrett 's mother had previously forbidden her to see Miller . 000000001999 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1999 Notus , Idaho ! Notus , Idaho 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old Shawn Cooper , fired two shots from a shotgun near the front desk at Notus Jr . Sr. High School . There were no serious injuries , but some students were close enough to the blast to be grazed by shrapnel from the tile floor . Cooper had been undergoing treatment for bipolar disorder . 000000001999 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1999 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0,000,001 15 0,000,001 21 Columbine High School massacre : 18 - year - old Eric Harris and 17 - year - old Dylan Klebold , students at Columbine High School , killed twelve students and one teacher . They injured 21 additional people , and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school . The pair committed suicide at the end of the massacre . 000000001999 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1999 Conyers , Georgia ! Conyers , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 6 15 - year - old student Thomas `` T.J. '' Solomon Jr. , wounded six students at Heritage High School . A 15 - year - old girl was hospitalized in critical condition , and the other victims suffered from non-life - threatening injuries . Solomon initially faced up to 351 years of prison if convicted of aggravated assault and other charges . In 2000 he was found guilty but mentally ill and was sentenced to forty years in prison and sixty - five years of probation . 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 Deming , New Mexico ! Deming , New Mexico 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old Victor Cordova Jr. , fatally shot 13 - year - old Deming Middle School schoolmate , Araceli Tena . Cordova said he had intended to commit suicide but was jostled by others and his gun moved . 000000001999 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1999 Fort Gibson , Oklahoma ! Fort Gibson , Oklahoma 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 6 Before his middle school opened , 13 - year - old Seth Trickey opened fire in the courtyard . While there were no fatalities , several students felt sparks from the bullets hitting the building walls . Five were injured , including a girl who was shot in the face . Trickey brought the gun from home . 21st Century A 2015 investigation by CNN identified `` more than 40 people ... charged with Columbine - style plots '' since the 1999 Columbine High School massacre and found that almost all were white male teenagers and almost all had studied the Columbine attack or cited the Columbine perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold as inspiration . 2000s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000002000 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2000 Flint , Michigan ! Flint , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Shooting of Kayla Rolland : At Buell Elementary School , 6 - year - old Dedrick Owens fatally shot 6 - year - old classmate Kayla Rolland . Owens has since been the youngest documented school shooter . 000000002000 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2000 Lake Worth , Florida ! Lake Worth , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old honor student , Nathaniel Brazill , was sent home for throwing water balloons , but returned to his Lake Worth Middle School with a family pistol . He fatally shot teacher Barry Grunow , a popular teacher , he was Brazill 's favorite . 000000002000 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2000 Fayetteville , Arkansas ! Fayetteville , Arkansas 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 36 - year - old James Easton Kelly , a PhD candidate in Comparative Literature at University of Arkansas , killed 67 - year - old Dr. John R. Locke , the English professor overseeing his coursework . Kelly had been dismissed from this PhD program for lack of progress toward his degree . Kelly shot Dr. Locke three times before committing suicide in the director 's office , which had been isolated by campus police . 000000002000 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2000 New Orleans , Louisiana ! New Orleans , Louisiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 13 year - olds Darrel Johnson , and Alfred Anderson were initially charged with attempted first - degree murder in the shooting of 15 year - old William Pennington . Pennington , after being shot , managed to gain control of the gun and shoot Johnson in the back . Charges were later reduced to Aggravated Battery . 000000002000 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2000 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 15 - year - old Junipero Serra High School student who showed off a handgun on campus and threatened to shoot a classmate , ended up accidentally shooting himself , causing minor injuries . 000000002001 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2001 Santee , California ! Santee , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 13 Santana High School shooting : 15 - year - old student , Charles Andrew Williams , killed two students , 14 - year - old Bryan Zuckor , and 15 - year - old Randy Gordon , at Santana High School and wounded thirteen others . He was arrested and convicted of murder and attempted murder . He was sentenced to life with the chance of parole after serving fifty years . 000000002001 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2001 Williamsport , Pennsylvania ! Williamsport , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 14 - year - old student , Elizabeth Catherine Bush , wounded fellow student Kimberly Marchese in the cafeteria of Bishop Neumann High School . 000000002001 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2001 Parkland , Washington ! Parkland , Washington 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 40 - year - old music instructor and organist James D. Holloway was shot multiple times with a . 22 - caliber handgun at Pacific Lutheran University by a 55 - year - old man from Tacoma . The shooter was not a student or employee of the university and also killed himself . The victim was apparently chosen at random as the shooter had a personal dispute with a different staff member who was not on campus that day . 000000002001 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2001 El Cajon , California ! El Cajon , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 5 18 - year - old former student , Jason Hoffman , opened fire at Granite Hills High School , injuring five people . He was convicted of assault and sentenced to prison , where he committed suicide in 2002 . 000000002001 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2001 Gary , Indiana ! Gary , Indiana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 17 - year - old Donald Ray Burt Jr. , fatally shot Neal Boyd , IV with one bullet to the head in a parking lot outside Lew Wallace High School . 000000002002 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2002 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 17 - year - old Vincent Rodriguez , wounded two students at Martin Luther King , Jr . High School in Manhattan , with a semi-automatic pistol . He was retaliating for the victims having harassed his girlfriend . In February 2003 , Rodriguez was sentenced to ten years in prison on charges of assault and attempted assault . 000000002002 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2002 Grundy , Virginia ! Grundy , Virginia 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 3 Appalachian School of Law shooting : Recently dismissed graduate student , 42 - year - old Peter Odighizuwa , killed three at the Appalachian School of Law . 42 - year - old dean Anthony Sutin , and 41 - year - old professor Thomas Blackwell were killed along with 33 - year - old student , Angela Dales . Three other students were also wounded . Odighizuwa received three life sentences and an additional 28 years without the possibility of parole until 2005 . 000000002002 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2002 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 16 - year - old Washington High School student , Joseph Johnson Jr. , was killed by Phillip D. Jackson Jr. , when violence erupts between rival fans in the parking lot , after a basketball game between Vincent High School . 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 Conception , Missouri ! Conception , Missouri 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 2 71 - year - old Lloyd Robert Jeffress opened fire at random in the halls of Conception Abbey , a monastery in northwest Missouri . He killed two monks and seriously wounded another two before fatally shooting himself . Two weapons , a Chinese - made replica of the AK - 47 and a sawed - off . 22 - caliber rifle , were found near the body . 000000002002 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2002 Bowie , Maryland ! Bowie , Maryland 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 In the Beltway sniper attacks , one victim of several was 13 - year - old Iran Brown , who was wounded as he arrived at Benjamin Tasker Middle School in Bowie , Maryland . His aunt , a nurse who had just dropped him off , rushed him to a hospital emergency room . Despite serious injuries , Brown survived the attack . 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 Tucson , Arizona ! Tucson , Arizona 0,000,001 4 0,000,001 0 Failing nursing college student and Gulf War veteran , 40 - year - old Robert Stewart Flores Jr. , killed three assistant professors of nursing at the University of Arizona , 50 - year - old Robin Rogers , 44 - year - old Cheryl McGaffic , and 45 - year - old Barbara Monroe , before turning the gun on himself . 000000002002 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2002 Jersey City , New Jersey ! Jersey City , New Jersey 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 15 - year - old student was shot in the abdomen and wounded inside a basement of Lincoln High School , during an argument with another student . Another 15 - year - old student was arrested and charged with attempted murder . 000000002003 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2003 New Orleans , Louisiana ! New Orleans , Louisiana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 John McDonogh High School shooting . 18 - year - old Steven Williams , and 17 - year - old James Tate opened fire with an AK - 47 and a handgun in the gymnasium of John McDonogh High School , killing a 15 - year - old student and wounding three female students . Williams was sentenced to life imprisonment , and Tate was sentenced to fifteen years . 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2003 Red Lion , Pennsylvania ! Red Lion , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old student James Sheets , entered Red Lion Area Junior High School armed with his stepfather 's pistols . He killed the school 's principal , Eugene Segro , before killing himself . 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 Cleveland , Ohio ! Cleveland , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 On May 9 , 2003 , Biswanath Halder , a 62 - year - old business school alumnus of Case Western Reserve University , killed a graduate student and wounded a professor and another student using a semi-automatic rifle . He held the building and its nearly 100 occupants hostage for seven hours before being apprehended by a SWAT team . He was sentenced to life in prison . 000000002003 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2003 Cold Spring , Minnesota ! Cold Spring , Minnesota 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Rocori High School shooting : 15 - year - old John Jason McLaughlin , shot 15 - year - old freshman Seth Bartell and 17 - year - old senior Aaron Rollins at Rocori High School . Rollins was killed immediately , and Bartell died from his wounds sixteen days later . McLaughlin was sentenced to life in prison with the chance of parole in 2038 . 000000002004 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2004 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Thomas J. Boykin was acquitted of the murder of 17 - year - old James Richardson , a football player at Ballou High School in Southeast Washington . 000000002004 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2004 East Greenbush , New York ! East Greenbush , New York 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Jon W. Romano in East Greenbush , New York fired two rounds from a shotgun , wounding one teacher . He was tackled by the assistant principal and charged with one count of attempted murder . 000000002004 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2004 Randallstown , Maryland ! Randallstown , Maryland 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 4 Two students were charged with a school shooting that arose from a dispute after a basketball game at Randallstown High School . Four persons were injured , two seriously . One student was paralyzed from the waist down . 000000002005 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2005 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 An 18 - year - old student at Bowen High School was shot in the leg as she left the school around 2 : 30 p.m. 000000002005 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2005 Dover , Tennessee ! Dover , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old Jason Clinard , killed his bus driver , 47 - year - old Joyce Gregory , as she stopped to pick him up . Gregory had earlier reported Clinard for using snuff on the school bus . Clinard was given a life sentence . 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 Red Lake , Minnesota ! Red Lake , Minnesota 0,000,001 10 0,000,001 7 Red Lake shootings : 16 - year - old student Jeffrey Weise , killed his grandfather and grandfather 's companion at their home , where he had been living , at the Red Lake Indian Reservation . He drove to Red Lake Senior High School . Armed with his grandfather 's police weapons , Weise killed five students , one teacher , and one security guard , wounding seven others , before committing suicide . 000000002005 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2005 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At Harlan Community Academy High School , a fight broke out between two 15 - year - old boys in the gymnasium . Christopher Huff took out a pistol , shooting the other youth in the leg . A police officer on duty at the school arrested the gunman . The suspected shooter was charged as an adult with aggravated battery with a firearm . 000000002005 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2005 Jacksboro , Tennessee ! Jacksboro , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 Campbell County High School shooting : Inside the Campbell County High School office , 15 - year - old Kenneth Bartley , shot the school principal , Gary Seale . He shot assistant principals Ken Bruce and Jim Pierce . Bruce later died from his wound . Bartley was sentenced to forty - five years in prison with chance of parole after twenty - nine years . 000000002006 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2006 Longwood , Florida ! Longwood , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 15 - year - old Christopher Penley , took a pellet gun to class at Milwee Middle School . After refusing to drop the weapon , he was shot when he pointed it at a police officer . 000000002006 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2006 Roseburg , Oregon ! Roseburg , Oregon 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 14 - year - old freshman Vincent Wayne Leodoro , shot student 16 - year - old Joseph Monti , four times in the back with a semi-automatic handgun at Roseburg High School . Leodoro walked away from the school campus , and was confronted near a restaurant by six police officers . He threatened suicide but was persuaded to surrender . He was found guilty of attempted murder and assault in July 2006 , and will be held in prison until he turns twenty five years old . 000000002006 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2006 Reno , Nevada ! Reno , Nevada 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Pine Middle School shooting : In the hallway of Pine Middle School , 14 - year - old James Scott Newman , injured two 14 - year - old classmates , Alexander Rueda and Kenzie McKeon , with a revolver belonging to his parents . Two students received minor wounds . Newman was subdued by a physical education teacher . The youth was arrested and charged as an adult for attempted murder , use of a deadly weapon and use of a firearm by a minor . He later pleaded guilty to charges of two counts of battery with a deadly weapon , and was sentenced as a juvenile . Newman was sentenced to house arrest until he completed two - hundred hours of community service . August 24 , 2006 Essex Junction , Vermont 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 3 Christopher Williams , 26 , shot his girlfriend 's mother , Linda Lambesis , 57 at her home and from there he went to Essex Elementary School where Andrea , his girlfriend , worked . After he arrived at the elementary school , which was not in session at the time , he shot and killed Mary Alicia Shanks , 56 , and shot Mary Snedeker , 52 , nonfatally . He left the school and allegedly shot Chad Johansen , 26 nonfatally . He then turned the gun on himself , but did not die as a result . 000000002006 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2006 Hillsborough , North Carolina ! Hillsborough , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 After shooting and killing his father , teenager Alvaro Castillo went to his high school , where he wounded two students . He was reportedly obsessed with the Columbine shootings and had written an email to the current Columbine high school principal before committing his own crime . 000000002006 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2006 Shepherdstown , West Virginia ! Shepherdstown , West Virginia 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 49 - year - old Douglas W. Pennington , killed himself and his two sons , 26 - year - old Logan P. Pennington , 24 - year - old Benjamin M. Pennington , during a visit to the campus of Shepherd University . 000000002006 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2006 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ! Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 5 Five Duquesne basketball players were shot early Sunday morning during an apparent act of random violence on campus , leaving three hospitalized -- two of them in critical condition . 000000002006 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2006 Bailey , Colorado ! Bailey , Colorado 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Platte Canyon High School hostage crisis : 53 - year - old drifter , Duane Roger Morrison , walked into Platte Canyon High School and took six girls hostage . He sexually assaulted them . As a SWAT team stormed the classroom , he killed 16 - year - old Emily Keyes , then took his own life . 000000002006 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2006 Cazenovia , Wisconsin ! Cazenovia , Wisconsin 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Weston High School shooting : At around 8 a.m. , 15 - year - old freshman , Eric Hainstock , entered Weston High School . He aimed a 20 - gauge shotgun at social studies teacher , Chuck Keller , before it was wrestled from him by school custodian , Dave Thompson . Hainstock then shot 49 - year - old high school principal , John Alfred Klang , with a . 22 caliber revolver . Klang died later that afternoon . Hainstock was charged and convicted of murder , and is serving a life sentence . He will be eligible for parole in 2037 . 000000002006 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2006 Nickel Mines , Pennsylvania ! Nickel Mines , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 6 0,000,001 3 West Nickel Mines School shooting : 32 - year - old milk truck driver , Charles Carl Roberts IV , killed five Amish girls and wounded five others before killing himself in an Amish school in the hamlet of Nickel Mines , in Bart Township , Lancaster County . 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 Joplin , Missouri ! Joplin , Missouri 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 13 - year - old student Thomas White fired one shot from a Mac - 90 rifle at a hallway ceiling at Memorial Middle School . The gunshot struck a water pipe , and nobody was injured . He also tried repeatedly to shoot principal Stephen Gilbreth at near - point - blank range as Gilbreth ushered him out of the school . Joplin police say the attempt was foiled by an improperly seated ammunition clip in the rifle . The principal was not injured . White was tried as an adult on charges of assault and firearms possession , and in 2009 he was sentenced to ten years of prison . 000000002007 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2007 Tacoma , Washington ! Tacoma , Washington 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old student Douglas S. Chanthabouly , killed 17 - year - old Samnang Kok , in the hallways of Henry Foss High School following a personal disagreement . In 2009 , Chanthabouly was sentenced to 23 years in prison on a charge of second - degree murder . 000000002007 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2007 Compton , California ! Compton , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 During an argument with several non-students and students , a student was shot in the elbow and wounded in the eating area at Centennial High School . The shooting occurred an hour after classes were dismissed , and students in after - school activities were sent home . 000000002007 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2007 Blacksburg , Virginia ! Blacksburg , Virginia 0,000,001 33 0,000,001 23 Virginia Tech shooting : 23 - year - old student , Seung - Hui Cho , killed thirty - two students and faculty members at Virginia Tech , and wounded another seventeen students and faculty members in two separate attacks before committing suicide . The incident is the third - deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in modern U.S. history . 000000002007 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2007 Cleveland , Ohio ! Cleveland , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 4 SuccessTech Academy shooting : Asa H. Coon , a 14 - year - old suspended student , returned to SuccessTech Academy , where he fired shots at people inside the school building , wounding two teachers and two students . He shot himself in the head , committing suicide . 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 Miami Gardens , Florida ! Miami Gardens , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 43 - year - old 11th grade algebra teacher , Sergio Miranda , was shot by 19 - year - old Patrick Lively , outside Miami Carol City Senior High School during a robbery but was expected to survive . In 2011 , Lively received a life sentence . 000000002008 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2008 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 At Hamilton High School , a student shot a 16 - year - old student in the leg during a classroom argument over rap music . The victim 's injury was not life - threatening . 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 Baton Rouge , Louisiana ! Baton Rouge , Louisiana 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 Latina Williams , a 23 - year - old nursing student at Louisiana Technical College killed two classmates and herself in a second floor classroom . 000000002008 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2008 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Following a feud that started off campus earlier in the week , a 19 - year - old senior was shot by a 17 - year - old sophomore during a gym class held in the cafeteria with about 75 other students at Mitchell High School , before handing the gun to a coach making no attempt to flee . The victim suffered at least two gunshot wounds and was in critical condition , the suspected shooter was in custody . `` He walked up to him , shot him , and made a statement to the coach that ' It 's over now , ' `` , said principal , Daniel Ware . 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 Oxnard , California ! Oxnard , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Murder of Larry King : 14 - year - old Brandon McInerney , shot 15 - year - old Lawrence `` Larry '' King , twice in the head in the computer laboratory of E.O. Green Junior High School . McInerney was apprehended in a nearby neighborhood . King , who was openly homosexual , died two days later . McInerney was initially charged with a hate crime , but that charge was dropped . McInerney pleaded guilty to second - degree murder and was sentenced to 21 years in prison . 000000002008 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2008 DeKalb , Illinois ! DeKalb , Illinois 0,000,001 6 0,000,001 21 Northern Illinois University shooting : 27 - year - old Steven Kazmierczak , shot multiple people with a shotgun in a classroom of Northern Illinois University , killing five and injuring 21 , before taking his own life . Kazmierczak was not enrolled at the university , but had attended in the years prior to the attack . 000000002008 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2008 Federal Way , Washington ! Federal Way , Washington 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 26 - year - old Omero Mendez was waiting at the Lakota Middle School campus to pick up his girlfriend 's son . He was confronted by 16 - year - old Luis F. Cosgaya - Alvarez and two of his friends , driving in an SUV . Cosgaya - Alvarez flashed gang signs at Mendez , and shot him once in the head . Mendez later died of his injuries . Cosgaya - Alvarez was arrested a few days later in Seattle and was charged with murder . Cosgaya - Alvarez pleaded guilty to murder and weapon enhancements , and was sentenced to eighteen years in prison . 000000002008 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2008 Knoxville , Tennessee ! Knoxville , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 At Central High School , 15 - year - old Jamar Siler killed 15 - year - old Ryan McDonald . In 2011 , Siler was sentenced to thirty years in prison after pleading guilty to murder in a plea agreement . September 2 , 2008 Willoughby , Ohio 0 0 A 15 - year - old student brought a handgun into South High School , and shot two rounds , one into the ceiling and one shattering a trophy case . The student then put the gun to his head . Then Assistant Principal Jeff Lyons talked the student out of doing any harm . 000000002008 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2008 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 16 - year - old Christopher Walker , was killed , and three other teenagers were seriously wounded during a drive - by shooting near Henry Ford High School , soon after classes let out . Three teenagers were arrested and charged in connection with the shooting . The shooter , 15 - year - old William Morton , was sentenced to life without parole , and Devon Bell was sentenced to forty - two years of prison . 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2008 Conway , Arkansas ! Conway , Arkansas 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 University of Central Arkansas shootings : Four young men fatally shot two students , 18 - year - old Ryan Henderson , and 19 - year - old Chavares Block , and wounded a 19 - year - old campus visitor in the leg , outside the Arkansas Hall dormitory of University of Central Arkansas . 000000002008 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2008 Fort Lauderdale , Florida ! Fort Lauderdale , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old Amanda Collette , was killed in the hallway at Dillard High School . The shooter , 15 - year - old Teah Wimberly , was sentenced to twenty - five years to life on a first - degree murder charge . 000000002009 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2009 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 5 After attendees were leaving a basketball game at Dunbar High School , a truck pulled over and someone inside fired shots at the crowd , wounding five people , three critically. 18 - year - old Georgio Dukes , was arrested and charged a week later with five counts of felony aggravated battery with a firearm . Police believe that the attack was gang - related . 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2009 Hampton , Virginia ! Hampton , Virginia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 18 - year - old Odane Greg Maye , a former student of Hampton University , followed a 43 - year - old pizza delivery man into his former dormitory . Armed with three guns , Maye wounded the delivery man , then the dorm monitor . Lastly , Maye shot himself in a suicide attempt . He survived and was convicted of two charges of malicious wounding , two counts of using a gun in a felony ; burglary ; and shooting in an occupied building . He was sentenced to fourteen years of prison in November 2009 , and was ordered by a judge to pay more than $62,000 in restitution to his victims for lost wages . 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Cambridge , Massachusetts ! Cambridge , Massachusetts 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 20 - year - old Jabrai Copney , 23 - year - old Jason Aquino , and 19 - year - old Blayn Jiggetts , of New York City , invited 21 - year - old Justin Cosby , of Cambridge , into a Harvard College dormitory . After trying to rob him of a pound of marijuana , they shot him . Copney turned himself in four days later . Copney was convicted of murder . His partners pleaded guilty to armed robbery and manslaughter . His girlfriend , 21 - year - old Brittany Smith , pleaded guilty to accessory after the fact , firearm possession , and misleading a grand jury . 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Larose , Louisiana ! Larose , Louisiana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old Larose - Cut Off Middle School student , Justin Doucet , carried his backpack to a restroom , where he put on camouflage clothes and took out a semi-automatic handgun before storming into a nearby classroom . He attempted to shoot a teacher , Jessica Plaisance , but the gun did not fire . He returned to the restroom and shot himself in the head , dying a week later of his wounds . 000000002009 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2009 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 After students were being let out of International Studies Academy on the first day of summer school classes , a man left a car and opened fire , wounding three people , including a 17 - year - old female student . An 18 - year - old man was arrested for being an accessory in the crime . 000000002009 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2009 San Bruno , California ! San Bruno , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 20 - year - old student was wounded in the parking lot of Skyline College after an argument between him and other men . The college campus was placed on lockdown . Three San Francisco residents , 18 - year - old Germaine B. Benjamin , 20 - year - old Dimaryea J. McGhee , and 18 - year - old Jacori W. Bender , were each arrested and charged with felony firearm offenses . 000000002009 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2009 Conway , South Carolina ! Conway , South Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 16 - year - old student , Trevor Varinecz was killed by a school resource officer after allegedly stabbing the officer . 2010s Date Location Deaths Injuries Description February 5 , 2010 Madison , Alabama ! Madison , Alabama 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 14 - year - old student , Hammad Memon , killed 14 - year - old Todd Brown at Discovery Middle School as classes were changing . The shooting was possibly related to gang activitiy . In May 2013 , Memon pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to thirty years of prison . After Memon is released from prison , he is likely to be deported to his native Pakistan . February 12 , 2010 Huntsville , Alabama ! Huntsville , Alabama 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 3 2010 University of Alabama in Huntsville shooting : 44 - year - old biology professor , Amy Bishop , killed the chairman of the biology department , 52 - year - old Gopi K. Podila , and biology professors , 50 - year - old , Maria Ragland Davis and 52 - year - old Adriel D. Johnson . She also wounded biology professors , Luis Rogelio Cruz - Vera and Joseph G. Leahy , and staff assistant , Stephanie Monticciolo . February 19 , 2010 DeKalb , Illinois ! DeKalb , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Less than a week after Northern Illinois University solemnly marked the second anniversary of a mass shooting on campus that claimed the lives of five students , the DeKalb school was the scene of further gun violence . 24 - year - old NIU student , Brian Mulder , refused entry to 22 - year - old Zachary R. Isaacman , when he had tried to follow a female resident into the Stevenson Residence Hall North , where they were living , because he was not a resident . Moments later , while outside the dorm smoking with a friend , Mulder was shot by Isaacman , with a handgun in the leg above the knee . Isaacman tried to flee , but was caught by police within minutes . February 23 , 2010 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 At Deer Creek Middle School , 32 - year - old Bruco Strong Eagle Eastwood opened fire from a rifle in a parking lot , and wounded two eighth - graders Reagan Webber and Matt Thieu , before being restrained by 57 - year - old Math teacher , David Benke , and held until his arrest . The boy 's wounds were critical for the four days following the shooting . In October 2011 , Eastwood was found not guilty by reason of insanity . March 9 , 2010 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 51 - year - old Ohio State University custodian , Nathaniel Brown , killed a co-worker and wounded another . September 8 , 2010 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Two students were wounded in front of Mumford High School by 17 - year - old Steven Jamal Hare . He was tried as an adult and charged with assault with intent to kill . In 2012 , Hare was sentenced to 27 years in prison . September 28 , 2010 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 0,000,001 1 A 19 - year - old sophomore student Colton Tooley , wielding an AK - 47 and wearing a ski mask , opened fire and then killed himself in a University of Texas library October 1 , 2010 Salinas , California ! Salinas , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old student Jose Daniel Cisneros was killed after being shot several times on an athletic field at Alisal High School while walking to school . Police said that the shooting was gang - related . October 8 , 2010 Carlsbad , California ! Carlsbad , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 41 - year - old Brendan O'Rourke climbed over a fence and opened fire with a handgun in a playground of Kelly Elementary School , which had 230 students ; two second - grade female students were grazed in the arms before O'Rourke was subdued by a construction worker . He was found guilty of seven counts of attempted murder and was sentenced to 189 years to life in prison . November 29 , 2010 Marinette , Wisconsin ! Marinette , Wisconsin 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 15 - year - old Samuel Hengel , took 23 students and a teacher hostage inside a classroom of Marinette High School for five hours . He had stormed into the class , firing with a handgun at a movie projector . Police persuaded Hengel to release the hostages . After officers entered the building , Hengel shot himself in the head . He died the next day . December 6 , 2010 Aurora , Colorado ! Aurora , Colorado 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 In a gang - related attack outside Aurora Central High School , a 17 - year - old girl was paralysed . She was one of a group of students outside the school . 20 - year - old Luis Enrique Guzman - Rincon , had fired shots from a car trying to hit gang rivals . Guzman - Ricon was sentenced to thirty - five years in prison . January 5 , 2011 Omaha , Nebraska ! Omaha , Nebraska 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 2 At Millard South High School , 18 - year - old student , Robert Butler Jr. , killed assistant principal Dr. Vicki Kaspar and wounded principal Curtis Case before opening fire at police in the front office area , causing the school nurse to be wounded by gunshot debris . Butler then drove to a parking lot and shot himself as police cornered him . March 25 , 2011 Martinsville , Indiana ! Martinsville , Indiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Michael Phelps , a 15 - year - old suspended student , returned to Martinsville West Middle School with a handgun . In the entrance of the school , Phelps shot 15 - year - old Chance Jackson twice in the abdomen , critically wounding him . Phelps fled the school and dropped the handgun ; he was arrested shortly after . Jackson had to undergo surgery three times to save his life ; he suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder . Phelps was convicted of attempted murder in August 2011 , and was sentenced to thirty years in prison and five years of probation . March 31 , 2011 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 5 Multiple gunmen opened fire during a powder puff football game at Worthing High School . One man , an 18 - year - old former student named Tremaine De Ante ' Paul , died . Five other people were injured . May 23 , 2011 Pearl City , Hawaii ! Pearl City , Hawaii 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 14 - year - old male student is accused of firing a handgun on the campus of Highlands Intermediate School , wounding one student . The gunman was arrested on suspicion of attempted murder . Two other suspects were arrested in connection with the shooting . October 24 , 2011 Fayetteville , North Carolina ! Fayetteville , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Cape Fear High School shooting : 15 - year - old Catilyn Abercrombie , was shot in the neck with a rifle by fellow student , 15 - year - old Charles Underwood , at Cape Fear High School . She was hospitalized for two months in a serious condition . Underwood was arrested and charged with attempted murder . He was convicted of attempted first - degree murder and sentenced to fifteen years in prison . December 8 , 2011 Blacksburg , Virginia ! Blacksburg , Virginia 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 22 - year - old , Ross Truett Ashley , part - time business student at Radford University , killed a police officer engaged in an unrelated traffic stop on the campus of Virginia Tech , he then committed suicide in a nearby parking lot . December 9 , 2011 Edinburg , Texas ! Edinburg , Texas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Two students were shot after school at Harwell Middle School in Edinburg , Texas while trying out for their school 's basketball team . The shooting allegedly was done by an adult off campus , who was shooting at a target range . January 10 , 2012 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A student opened fire with a handgun at North Forest High School , wounding another student . The shooter said that he had been confronted by three students who had been bullying him and he shot in self - defense . He hit a 16 - year - old bystander in the leg . The 18 - year - old suspect was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon . February 27 , 2012 Chardon , Ohio ! Chardon , Ohio 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 3 Chardon High School shooting : 17 - year - old Thomas `` T.J. '' Lane , took a semi-automatic handgun and a knife to Chardon High School , where he fired ten shots at a group of students sitting in the cafeteria . He killed three boys and wounded three other students . One 16 - year - old died immediately , two others died the following day . Lane was arrested early the next morning while standing near his car . He was charged as an adult with murder , attempted murder , and firearms offenses . In March 2013 , he was convicted and sentenced to three life sentences without the possibility of parole . March 6 , 2012 Jacksonville , Florida ! Jacksonville , Florida 0 A murder - suicide resulted in two deaths on the campus of the Episcopal School of Jacksonville . Shane Schumerth , a Spanish teacher who had been fired that morning returned to the campus in the early afternoon via a pedestrian entrance , armed with an AK - 47 which he concealed in a guitar case . He entered the office of the Head of School , Dale Regan , and fired multiple shots , fatally wounding her . Schumerth then killed himself , in the office . April 2 , 2012 Oakland , California ! Oakland , California 0,000,001 7 0,000,001 3 Oikos University shooting : 43 - year - old One L. Goh , was accused of shooting dead seven students with a handgun and wounding three others at Oikos University , a Christian college . He fled the scene , stealing a victim 's car , and was apprehended hours later nearby . Goh was charged with seven counts of murder . In January 2013 , Goh was determined to be mentally unfit for trial and committed for treatment . August 16 , 2012 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Two Hamilton High School students were wounded in the parking lot of the school . The attack was believed to be gang - related . August 27 , 2012 Perry Hall , Maryland ! Perry Hall , Maryland 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 15 - year - old Robert Gladden , fired two shots with a shotgun inside the cafeteria at Perry Hall School . He hit a 17 - year - old senior in the lower back , causing critical wounds . The youth has Down syndrome . Gladden was subdued by two school faculty members , and arrested . In February 2013 , he was sentenced to thirty - five years in prison on attempted murder charges . September 7 , 2012 Normal , Illinois ! Normal , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 A 14 - year - old student fired multiple gunshots in a classroom ceiling at Normal Community High School , and was tackled by a teacher . Nobody was injured . The student was arrested and charged with sixteen felony counts . October 6 , 2012 Mobile , Alabama ! Mobile , Alabama 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A University of South Alabama student , Gil Collar , was fatally shot by a campus police officer while having a medical emergency . Collar , 18 , had ingested a legal lab chemical . It is unknown if he had done so voluntarily . Acting erratically , he approached the police station while naked and battered . Officer Trevis Austin , equipped with pepper spray and a baton , felt his life was threatened by the unarmed 140 lb teen . Video shows that the officer shot Collar before the student approached within five feet of him . Austin was cleared of any wrongdoing by the university . October 19 , 2012 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old Banner Academy South student , Terrance Wright , was killed during an attempted robbery . Wright was approached by five would - be robbers as he left the school about 3 : 40 p.m. . He was shot in the chest as he fought back when one assailant was going through his pockets . Wright had been picked on at his previous high school because he was gay , which led him to transfer to Banner . October 31 , 2012 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 4 At a Halloween party on the University of Southern California campus , an argument escalated and 20 - year - old Brandon Spencer , used a handgun to shoot rival gang member , Geno Hall , seven times , critically wounding him . Spencer wounded three other people , none were students at USC , they were hospitalized with less serious injuries . Spencer was arrested just minutes after the shooting , which took place outside USC 's Grand Ballroom at around 11 : 30 p.m. In April 2014 , he was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to forty years to life in prison . December 14 , 2012 Newtown , Connecticut ! Newtown , Connecticut 0,000,001 28 0,000,001 2 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting : 20 - year - old Adam Lanza , killed twenty - six people and himself . He first killed his mother at their shared home before taking her guns and driving to the school . Lanza brought four guns with him . He killed twenty first - grade children aged six and seven during the attack at school , along with six adults , including four teachers , the principal , and the school psychologist . Two other persons were injured . Lanza then killed himself as police arrived at the school . January 7 , 2013 Fort Myers , Florida ! Fort Myers , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 Shots were fired at Apostolic Revival Center Christian School , leaving 27 - year - old Kristopher Smith dead in what was believed to be a retaliation killing , possibly for his talking with police about a previous incident . January 10 , 2013 Taft , California ! Taft , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 16 - year - old student , Bryan Oliver , entered a science classroom of Taft Union High School with a shotgun and opened fire , critically wounding 16 - year - old student Bowe Cleveland . He shot at but missed another student . The classroom teacher Ryan Heber convinced Oliver , to drop his weapon . He was later arrested . On January 14 , he was charged with two counts of attempted murder and assault with a firearm . He was convicted and accepted a plea deal with a sentence of 27 years and 4 months . According to the attorney for the Cleveland family , they were not satisfied with the sentence . January 12 , 2013 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old Osborn High School student is wounded after a basketball game . January 15 , 2013 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 A 34 - year - old gunman wounded an administrator in his office on the fourth floor of Stevens Institute of Business and Arts . The suspected gunman , Sean Johnson , a part - time student , wounded himself in a stairwell . Both the administrator and Johnson were hospitalized in stable conditions . Johnson was charged with three felony charges , including assault . January 15 , 2013 Hazard , Kentucky ! Hazard , Kentucky 0,000,001 3 0,000,001 0 Two people were killed and a third person was wounded at the parking lot of Hazard Community and Technical College . The third victim , 12 - year - old Taylor Cornett , died from her wounds the next day . 21 - year - old Dalton Lee Stidham , was arrested and charged with three counts of murder . January 16 , 2013 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 17 - year - old boy , Tyrone Lawson , was killed in a parking lot of Chicago State University . The shooting happened after high school basketball games held on the campus , where Lawson had been a spectator . Police arrested two brothers , Michael McNabb , 33 , and Brian Hewlett ( under the alias Stephen Gilbert ) , 30 after the shooting and recovered a weapon . January 22 , 2013 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 Lone Star College -- North Harris shooting : Outside Lone Star College -- North Harris , two men got into an argument . One wounded the other . He also wounded a maintenance man , and accidentally shot himself in the leg . The shooter fled into the woods and was arrested hours later . The charges against the initial suspect were dropped and another man was arrested . January 31 , 2013 Phoenix , Arizona ! Phoenix , Arizona 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 An argument between two rival gangs escalated to what police described as a `` gun battle '' at Cesar Chavez High School . Approximately fifteen shots were fired in the vicinity of people waiting to get into a scheduled boys ' basketball game . No one was injured . January 31 , 2013 Atlanta , Georgia ! Atlanta , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 A 14 - year - old male student was wounded at Price Middle School . The gunman , a 15 - year - old student , was believed to be arguing with the other student before using a handgun to shoot him . A teacher was also wounded . Afterward , the gunman was disarmed by a school resource officer and arrested ; police charged him with aggravated assault . March 18 , 2013 Orlando , Florida ! Orlando , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 At the University of Central Florida , 30 - year - old student James Oliver Seevakumaran pulled a fire alarm at the Tower One dormitory , to attract a crowd . He pointed a handgun at his roommate and threatened to shoot him in their room ; he released the roommate , who ran out and called 9 - 1 - 1 . Seevakumaran then fatally shot himself in the head . Authorities found an assault weapon , a couple hundred rounds of ammunition and four homemade bombs inside his backpack . April 12 , 2013 Dublin , Virginia ! Dublin , Virginia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 New River Community College shooting incident : Two women were wounded during a shooting at the campus of New River Community College . 18 - year - old Neil Allen MacInnis , was taken into custody . In June 2014 , he was sentenced to 38 years in prison . April 16 , 2013 Grambling , Louisiana ! Grambling , Louisiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 Three students were injured on the campus of Grambling State University . April 18 , 2013 Cambridge , Massachusetts ! Cambridge , Massachusetts 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , near Building 32 , the Ray and Maria Stata Center , a campus police officer was shot multiple times and killed . The shooting was believed to be perpetrated by the suspects of the Boston Marathon bombings three days prior to this shooting . The two suspects were brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev . About three hours after the MIT shooting , Tamerlan died in a gunfight with police in Watertown , Massachusetts . Another officer was seriously wounded . Dzhokhar was arrested 18 hours afterward in Watertown , and was hospitalized in critical condition from a gunshot wound to the neck . May 14 , 2013 Birmingham , Alabama ! Birmingham , Alabama 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 Allegedly responding to a student fight , a mother of a student fired a weapon on the campus of Ossie Ware Mitchell Middle School . No one was injured . June 7 , 2013 Santa Monica , California ! Santa Monica , California 0,000,001 6 0,000,001 4 2013 Santa Monica shooting : 23 - year - old John Zawahri , began a killing spree at his home . After killing his 55 - year - old father , Samir `` Sam '' Zawahri , and 25 - year - old brother , Chris Zawahri , he set the house ablaze . Dressed all in black with body armor and wielding an AR - 15 - type semi-automatic rifle , Zawahri carjacked 41 - year - old Laura Siska , shooting 50 - year - old Debra Fine , as she attempted to intervene , before forcing Siska to drive to Santa Monica College . Upon arriving on the college campus , Zawahri began shooting at passing vehicles , including a police car and a city bus , leaving three people with minor injuries . Zawahri next targeted a Ford Explorer , killing the driver , 68 - year - old campus groundskeeper , Carlos Navarro Franco , and fatally wounding the passenger , his 26 - year - old daughter Marcela Diaz - Franco , a student at the college , who died two days later . 68 - year - old Margarita Gomez , who was collecting cans outside the library , died after being shot in the abdomen and chest . Zawahri opened fire on students who were trying to run away . It ended at the college library where he opened fire on students studying for finals , before being fatally wounded in an exchange of gunfire with responding police officers . August 20 , 2013 Decatur , Georgia ! Decatur , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 Armed with an automatic rifle , 21 - year - old Michael Brandon Hill fired six shots inside the front office of Ronald E. McNair Discovery Learning Academy . He barricaded himself in the office , where police returned fire . Nobody was injured . Children were evacuated . After talking with school bookkeeper , Antoinette Tuff in the front office , he was persuaded to surrender before anyone was hurt . Hill was arrested and charged . August 23 , 2013 Sardis , Mississippi ! Sardis , Mississippi 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 15 - year - old student , Roderick Bobo , was killed during a football game at North Panola High School in what was termed a gang - related shooting . Two others were injured in the shooting . Three men were charged as being responsible for the crime . August 30 , 2013 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 15 - year - old male student was shot at Carver High School , at 2 : 30 p.m. . He was hospitalized with minor injuries . An 18 - year - old male student was apprehended without further incident . The suspected gunman is charged with assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury , carrying a concealed gun , possessing and discharging a firearm , and carrying a firearm onto educational property . The shooting was believed related to a dispute between the suspect and the victim . October 4 , 2013 Pine Hills , Florida ! Pine Hills , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the hip outside Agape Christian Academy after a fight broke out at 2 p.m. . An innocent bystander was hit by a stray bullet or shrapnel . The two victims were treated for minor injuries . The suspected shooter reportedly fled in a car with several other males , and was not caught . October 21 , 2013 Sparks , Nevada ! Sparks , Nevada 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 2 12 - year - old seventh - grade student Jose Reyes opened fire with a handgun at the basketball courts of Sparks Middle School , injuring one student in the shoulder . Michael Landsberry , a teacher and veteran , tried to intervene and was killed by Reyes . Reyes also wounded a student trying to help the teacher . Reyes then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head . The shooting happened before classes , and the school was evacuated and was closed for the week . November 2 , 2013 Greensboro , North Carolina ! Greensboro , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 21 - year - old student was wounded at North Carolina A&T State University . The victim was hospitalized for serious but non-life - threatening injuries . The university was temporarily locked down that night . No suspects are in custody . November 3 , 2013 Lithonia , Georgia ! Lithonia , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 A Stephenson High School student and a janitor were shot in an apparent confrontation between football team members and a group of teens who were not attending the school . Both were innocent bystanders . November 13 , 2013 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ! Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 After classes ended , at least one gunman came out of the woods and opened fire on three students as they were walking to their cars at Brashear High School . One student was grazed in the head , another was struck in the neck and shoulder , and a third was hit in the leg and foot . Six people were taken into custody . The shooting is believed to be drug - related . December 4 , 2013 Winter Garden , Florida ! Winter Garden , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 15 - year - old student was wounded by a 17 - year - old student near a soccer field on the campus of West Orange High School . The shooting occurred after a fight broke out between the two students . The 17 - year - old suspected shooter was taken into custody several miles away from the school , and is charged with attempted murder , aggravated battery with a firearm , possession of a firearm by a minor and possession of a firearm on school grounds . In October 2014 , the shooter was sentenced to twenty - five years in prison . December 13 , 2013 Centennial , Colorado ! Centennial , Colorado 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 18 - year - old Karl Pierson , shot 17 - year - old student Claire Davis in the head , fatally injuring her , in a hallway in Arapahoe High School . Pierson then took his own life . Pierson was armed with a shotgun , three Molotov cocktails , and a machete . His intention was to shoot the librarian who had disciplined him . Claire Davis died from her injuries on December 21 , 2013 . December 19 , 2013 Fresno , California ! Fresno , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Four teens ( 16 , 16 , 16 and 17 years old ) entered Edison High School in what was believed as a gang - initiation process . After accosting a 62 - year - old woman about a mile away from school grounds , they found an athletic trainer who taught at Edison High and shot him several times in the leg and stomach . January 9 , 2014 Jackson , Tennessee ! Jackson , Tennessee 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old student was charged with bringing a gun to school at Liberty Technology Magnet High School and shooting a classmate in the thigh . The incident occurred outside the front of the school . January 13 , 2014 New Haven , Connecticut ! New Haven , Connecticut 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 14 - year - old boy was shot outside of a basketball game at the Hillhouse High School athletic facility , suffering wounds in his hand and leg. ( cite ) January 14 , 2014 Roswell , New Mexico ! Roswell , New Mexico 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 Two people were wounded inside the gymnasium of Berrendo Middle School , at about 8 : 10 a.m. . An 11 - year - old boy and a 13 - year - old girl were airlifted to a hospital in Lubbock , Texas in critical condition . The 12 - year - old suspected shooter , Mason Campbell , a seventh grade student , was apprehended at the scene after he was talked down by a staff member and dropped the shotgun . A staff member received minor injuries . Campbell was charged with three counts of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon . He was sentenced to a maximum sentence of confinement in a juvenile detention facility until he is twenty one years old . January 17 , 2014 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 A student allegedly shot two other students in the gymnasium at Delaware Valley Charter School . Both victims , a male and a female , were shot in the arm . They were taken to a nearby hospital and are in stable condition , police say . Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey said at a news conference that the shooter ran out of the school after the shooting but was taken into custody near his home . 17 - year - old Raisheem Rochwell was arrested and charged as an adult for aggravated assault , recklessly endangering another person and firearms offenses . Rochwell was sentenced to two years of juvenile detention . January 20 , 2014 Chester , Pennsylvania ! Chester , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 One person was critically injured at Widener University . The incident occurred around 10 p.m. outside the university sport 's complex and led to an 8 - hour university lock - down . The suspect was not immediately found . January 21 , 2014 West Lafayette , Indiana ! West Lafayette , Indiana 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 21 - year - old student , Andrew Boldt , was killed in a classroom building on the campus of Purdue University . 24 - year - old student Cody Cousins was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to sixty - five years of prison . In October 2014 , Cousins committed suicide in his cell . January 24 , 2014 Orangeburg , South Carolina ! Orangeburg , South Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 20 - year - old student was killed at South Carolina State University . A 19 - year - old was arrested and charged with murder . January 25 , 2014 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A man was killed at Los Angeles Valley College . Two suspects were arrested in the fatal shooting . January 27 , 2014 Carbondale , Illinois ! Carbondale , Illinois 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A group of students at Rebound High School got in an argument in the school 's parking lot . One student pulled out a gun and shot another student in the ensuing altercation . An 18 - year - old suspect is facing charges of attempted murder . January 28 , 2014 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 One student was shot in the leg in an apparent altercation over a gambling debt at Tennessee State University . January 30 , 2014 Palm Bay , Florida ! Palm Bay , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Three students were fighting in a parking lot of Eastern Florida State College and one pulled out a gun and shot another of the students . All three students claimed self - defense . January 31 , 2014 Des Moines , Iowa ! Des Moines , Iowa 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 After a basketball game at North High School , there was gunfire in a parking lot of the school . Six males in a black jeep had come moments before the shooting and returned at the time it happened . A 15 - year - old girl was injured by a ricocheting bullet . While officers were gaining control of the area , teachers on the scene led students into the school building for safety . February 10 , 2014 Salisbury , North Carolina ! Salisbury , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the stomach on the campus of Salisbury High School during a dispute in the school gym . 17 - year - old suspect was charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury , possession of a firearm on school property and discharging a weapon on school property . February 10 , 2014 Lyndhurst , Ohio ! Lyndhurst , Ohio 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 Five shots were fired in the parking lot of Charles F. Brush High School , including one which hit an unoccupied police car . No one was reported to be injured , though a school basketball game was going on at the time . February 12 , 2014 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A male victim was shot in the back in a possible gang - related drive - by shooting near the University of Southern California . The suspect fled into the University Campus . The victim was last reported in stable condition before being transported to a local hospital . February 22 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A shooting involving a campus police officer occurred at a Georgia Regents University dormitory complex . A male suspect entered a vehicle and nearly struck an officer , who opened fire . The suspect was taken to Georgia Regents Medical Center with injuries that were not believed to be critical . March 12 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 An elementary school teacher was killed outside The Academy of Knowledge Preschool by her husband . March 25 , 2014 College Park , Georgia ! College Park , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 An argument between students led to shots being fired in a Benjamin Banneker High School parking lot during the afternoon . Investigators believe multiple people were present when shots were fired , but it was not known how many could face charges for the incident . No one was injured in the shooting . April 9 , 2014 Greenville , North Carolina ! Greenville , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 Just after the lunch hour , at D.H. Conley High School , a car drove past the school and witnesses said an occupant reached out of a car window and fired shots in the direction of the school . This incident occurred on Worthington and Tull Roads , directly in front of the school . No one was injured . April 11 , 2014 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 After a Friday evening student awards ceremony called `` Grammy Night '' , four men who were affiliated with a gang fired into a crowd in the parking lot of East English Village Preparatory Academy . One 19 - year - old , Darryl Smith , was fatally shot in the head . Smith was not a student at the academy . May 4 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Two men fired shots inside a dormitory at Paine College on Sunday , injuring one student in the head . Neither of the suspects were students at the college . May 5 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 An active shooter situation was reported at Paine College on Monday with one person reported to be shot . The suspect was apparently apprehended and in custody . It was the second shooting incident to occur at the college campus in two days . May 8 , 2014 Lawrenceville , Georgia ! Lawrenceville , Georgia 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A person was shot on a student parking lot roof at Georgia Gwinnett College , receiving an injury . The specific cause has not been identified . May 14 , 2014 Richmond , California ! Richmond , California 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 14 - year - old student was injured during a drive - by shooting in front of John F. Kennedy High School at 8 : 30 a.m. . He was shot as he was running towards the school campus after a fight took place . The student suffered a serious but stable injury to his leg . Police are searching for a suspect . June 5 , 2014 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 19 - year - old students , Paul Lee and Sarah Williams , and 24 - year - old student , Thomas Fowler , were shot inside a hallway of Otto Miller Hall at Seattle Pacific University . Freshman Lee was rushed to Harborview Medical Center but later died . The shooter was subdued with pepper spray and tackled to the ground by student building monitor , Jon Meis , as he paused to reload his shotgun. 26 - year - old Aaron Rey Ybarra was arrested at the scene and has been charged with premeditated and attempted murder . June 10 , 2014 Troutdale , Oregon ! Troutdale , Oregon 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 1 At around 8 : 30 a.m. shots were fired at Reynolds High School . 14 - year - old freshman Emilio Hoffman was killed , a physical education teacher was injured , and the gunman , 15 - year - old Jared Padgett , exchanged gunfire with police officers and then committed suicide in a restroom stall . September 9 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Towards the end of the school day , one alternative school student in Miami was shot as a small group of students tussled . The injury was minor , requiring hospitalization , and five young adults were later questioned . September 11 , 2014 Taylorsville , Utah ! Taylorsville , Utah 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 An elementary school teacher with a concealed weapon permit had her gun fire accidentally in a faculty bathroom . The bullet shattered a toilet , and fragments of both the bullet and the porcelain injured her leg . September 27 , 2014 Terre Haute , Indiana ! Terre Haute , Indiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 20 - year - old Indiana State University student was shot by another student on Saturday inside a residence hall . The injuries were not fatal , and a full recovery was expected . The shooter was arrested on the following day . September 30 , 2014 Albemarle , North Carolina ! Albemarle , North Carolina 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Two students got in an argument at Albemarle High School around 7 : 30 a.m. on Tuesday , and one of the students shot the other twice including once in the leg . The student who committed the shooting was allegedly involved in a stabbing of a football player last year at West Montgomery High School , which is only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away in Mount Gilead , North Carolina . The school had held an active shooter training over the summer , which prepared the school for this incident . September 30 , 2014 Louisville , Kentucky ! Louisville , Kentucky 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 One student was injured at Fern Creek Traditional High School . The incident occurred around 1 p.m. , reportedly after student became enraged in a hallway and pulled out a gun . The student was arrested later that day . October 3 , 2014 Fairburn , Georgia ! Fairburn , Georgia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 After a homecoming football game , a fatal shooting of 17 - year - old Kristofer Hunter , occurred in the Langston Hughes High School parking lot . The assailant , 18 - year - old Eric Dana Johnson Jr. , turned himself in a week later . October 24 , 2014 Marysville , Washington ! Marysville , Washington 0,000,001 5 0,000,001 1 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting . 15 - year - old freshman , Jaylen Fryberg , shot five students in the school cafeteria of Marysville Pilchuck High School , fatally wounding four , before committing suicide . November 20 , 2014 Tallahassee , Florida ! Tallahassee , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 At around 12 : 40 a.m. EST , a gunman opened fired in or near the Strozier Library at Florida State University . Three people suffered gunshot injuries and were taken to a local area hospital . One was in critical condition , another was in good condition , and the third was shortly released after treatment . The gunman , later identified as Myron May , an alumnus from the school , started firing towards responding police officers and was fatally shot by them on the steps of the library . November 20 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 Two teens were shot during a fight at Miami Carol City High School . One of the boys died . December 5 , 2014 Claremore , Oklahoma ! Claremore , Oklahoma 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 38 - year - old Thomas Floyd Fees , a former Tulsa police officer , fired two gunshots the campus of Rogers State University before committing suicide . He had previously been arrested the day before for entering a female student 's dormitory room with observable intent to commit a sexual assault . December 12 , 2014 Portland , Oregon ! Portland , Oregon 0,000,001 0 Rosemary Anderson High School shooting : A gunman shot three students and a man outside Rosemary Anderson High School in north Portland . A 16 - year - old girl was in critical condition , while the others suffered minor injuries . Two men , aged eighteen and twenty - two , were arrested in connection with the shooting . January 15 , 2015 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 A 15 - year - old boy , a student 's father , and a teacher were each injured in the school parking lot at Wisconsin Lutheran High School . The student had unspecified injuries that were treated . The father was shot in the knee and the teacher was grazed in the toe . A 36 - year - old man was charged in the shooting . January 16 , 2015 Ocala , Florida ! Ocala , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Two were injured in gunfire that occurred after a Friday night basketball game . One was injured directly by a bullet , the other by ricocheting glass . February 4 , 2015 Frederick , Maryland ! Frederick , Maryland 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Two students were shot near the gymnasium of Frederick High School during a junior varsity ( JV ) boys ' basketball game . Approximately two hundred students , staff , and faculty were placed on lockdown for several hours after the shooting while police searched for the suspects . No suspects have been apprehended , although witnesses report seeing four black males dressed all in black who are considered by police to be suspects in this shooting . February 14 , 2015 Merced , California ! Merced , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A teenager was found killed in the parking lot of Tenaya Middle School . The shooting was reported to have occurred after school hours . February 23 , 2015 Daytona Beach , Florida ! Daytona Beach , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 3 Two students argued outside the music building at Bethune - Cookman University when one pulled out a gun . Both had guns and it is not disclosed who did the shooting , injuring three students . A reward was offered to help solve this case . March 30 , 2015 University City , Missouri ! University City , Missouri 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 Police said one person has been arrested for a shooting at Pershing Elementary School . The shooting occurred in the parking lot , with a 34 - year - old - man being shot in the buttocks . April 13 , 2015 Goldsboro , North Carolina ! Goldsboro , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A faculty member was killed with a rifle in the school library of Wayne Community College . The suspected 20 - year - old gunman , Kenneth Stancil , was arrested in Florida the next day . As of January 2017 , Stancil , an admitted Neo-Nazi is being investigated for a hate crime . April 16 , 2015 Paradis , Louisiana ! Paradis , Louisiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A police officer was shot outside a school in a school zone while he was directing school buses into J.B. Martin Middle School , and the suspect was apprehended at the scene . April 27 , 2015 Lacey , Washington ! Lacey , Washington 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 A 15 - year - old student at North Thurston High School walked into the commons area and fired two shots into the ceiling from a . 357 magnum pistol . Brady Olson , a teacher at the school , was able to tackle the student before they could turn the gun on other students . No one was injured or killed . The student is facing charges of firing and possessing a gun on school property . May 12 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida ! Jacksonville , Florida 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 2 Police report that a 16 - year - old shot five bullets into a school bus and injured two students . Apparently , there was an argument that touched on previous events . May 24 , 2015 Flint , Michigan ! Flint , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 7 In the early morning hours of Memorial Day weekend , a group of people were at Southwestern Classical Academy in the parking lot . Shots rang out and seven were injured , with two men being apprehended and charged . August 27 , 2015 Savannah , Georgia ! Savannah , Georgia 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 22 - year - old student Christopher Starks was fatally shot in a student union building at Savannah State University . The shooter has not been identified . September 3 , 2015 Sacramento , California ! Sacramento , California 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 A man was arguing with at least one other person escalated into a physical fight on the parking lot of Sacramento City College . A man opened fire , killing a 25 - year - old student and wounding two others . The shooting suspect has not been arrested . September 14 , 2015 Cleveland , Mississippi ! Cleveland , Mississippi 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 A geography professor at Delta State University fatally shot a fellow history professor . The geography professor was chased by police and eventually died of a self - inflicted gunshot wound . September 30 , 2015 Harrisburg , South Dakota ! Harrisburg , South Dakota 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A principal was shot in the arm and wounded at Harrisburg High School after an argument with a student . The suspect , a 16 - year - old student at the school , was taken into custody and is charged with first - degree attempted murder . October 1 , 2015 Roseburg , Oregon ! Roseburg , Oregon 0,000,001 10 0,000,001 9 Umpqua Community College shooting : At around 10 : 40 a.m. PDT , a gunman , identified as 26 - year - old student Christopher Harper - Mercer , opened fire in a hall on the Umpqua Community College campus , killing eight students and one teacher , and injuring nine others . Mercer then committed suicide after engaging responding police officers in a brief gunfight . October 9 , 2015 Flagstaff , Arizona ! Flagstaff , Arizona 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 One student died and three others were wounded in a shooting at Northern Arizona University . It is unclear what sparked the shooting , which took place near Mountain View Hall , a dormitory that houses most of the campus ' students involved in Greek organizations . An 18 - year - old student was arrested and charged with murder and aggravated assault . October 9 , 2015 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 One person died and another person was injured after someone opened fire outside a Texas Southern University dorm . October 22 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 3 One person was killed and three others were wounded in a shooting at an outdoor courtyard at Tennessee State University . The shooting may have stemmed from an argument over a dice game . A suspect has not been identified or arrested . November 1 , 2015 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 1 One person died and another person was injured after someone opened fire on the campus of Winston - Salem State University . A 21 - year - old non-student suspect is sought . November 20 , 2015 North Las Vegas , Nevada ! North Las Vegas , Nevada 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 0 A 16 - year - old student was fatally shot during a fight after school hours that involved multiple people on the campus of Mojave High School . January 22 , 2016 Indianapolis , Indiana ! Indianapolis , Indiana 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 1 A 15 - year - old male was shot in the leg and injured during a night - time basketball game at Lawrence Central High School . January 29 , 2016 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 0 A gunshot was fired during a fight in a stairwell at Franklin High School , and no injuries were reported . Three people were detained . February 9 , 2016 Muskegon Heights , Michigan ! Muskegon Heights , Michigan 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 4 Four people , including two students , were injured during a basketball game event in the parking lot of Muskegon Heights High School . February 12 , 2016 Glendale , Arizona ! Glendale , Arizona 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 Two 15 - year - old girls died in an apparent Murder - Suicide at Independence High School . February 29 , 2016 Middletown , Ohio ! Middletown , Ohio 0,000,001 0 0,000,001 4 15 - year - old Cameron Smith , and 14 - year - old Cooper Caffrey , were shot when 14 - year - old James Austin Hancock , opened fire in the Madison High School cafeteria with a . 380 caliber handgun. 15 - year - old Brant Murray , and 14 - year - old Katherine Douchette , also suffered shrapnel injuries . Hancock was apprehended in a nearby wooded field . April 23 , 2016 Antigo , Wisconsin ! Antigo , Wisconsin 0,000,001 1 0,000,001 2 Two students at a prom at Antigo High School were shot and injured by 18 - year - old former student Jakob Wagner . Wagner later exchanged fire with a school resource officer in the school 's parking lot , and was captured after being shot and wounded by police . He died hours later in a hospital . June 1 , 2016 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0,000,001 2 0,000,001 0 2016 UCLA shooting . Mainak Sarkar , age 38 , a Ph. D. student , killed his former professor , William S. Klug , age 39 , a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering , in an engineering building at UCLA . Sarkar then killed himself . Sarkar , who lived in Minnesota , also killed his former wife , Ashley Hasti , age 31 , in her Brooklyn Park , Minnesota home . June 8 , 2016 Dorchester , Massachusetts One student was killed and three other individuals were injured when gunfire erupted outside of the Jeremiah Burke High School following a fire - alarm causing an evacuation of the school . Two suspects have been arrested . September 9 , 2016 Alpine , Texas ! Alpine , Texas A 14 - year - old female student shot a 16 - year - old girl in an Alpine High School restroom before committing suicide . A police officer accidentally shot another officer during the incident . September 28 , 2016 Townville , South Carolina ! Townville , South Carolina Townville Elementary School shooting : Two students and one teacher were wounded after a teen opened fire at Townville Elementary School . The suspect 's father was found dead at his home soon after the shooting . One of the victims , six - year - old Jacob Hall , died 3 days after the shooting . October 11 , 2016 Mobile , Alabama ! Mobile , Alabama 0 A student was shot in the abdomen and wounded at Vigor High School . The suspect , a 16 - year - old boy , turned himself in and was charged with assault . October 13 , 2016 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0 Two students were shot and wounded on the front lawn of Linden McKinley STEM Academy . One was shot in the shoulder , and the other shot in the chest , and were hospitalized in stable condition . October 18 , 2016 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 Four students were shot outside June Jordan High School for Equity , a San Francisco public high school . One female victim was in critical condition , while three male victims suffered minor injuries ... Two people were arrested in the shooting . October 25 , 2016 Sandy , Utah 0 Police say the two teens ages 14 and 16 were involved in a confrontation on the far north end of Union Middle School . The boys got into an argument . The argument lead to a shooting . The 14 year old shot the 16 year old twice . He was sent to the hospital in critical but stable condition . December 1 , 2016 Bountiful , Utah 0 0 At Mueller Park Junior High School , a 15 - year - old student fired one shot into the ceiling and then pointed the weapon at his own neck . The student was confronted verbally by a teacher and another student and later arrested in possession of a shotgun , a handgun , and ammunition for each . January 20 , 2017 West Liberty , Ohio 0 A 17 - year - old student was charged with attempted murder and other crimes after bringing a gun to West Liberty - Salem High School and firing two shots at 17 - year - old student in a bathroom with a shotgun . The victim was injured . The student was `` also is accused of discharging the weapon in the school 's hallway before returning to the bathroom , where he was eventually taken into custody . '' January 20 , 2017 Seattle , Washington 0 A 34 - year - old man was shot in Red Square at University of Washington while protesting the visit of controversial journalist Milo Yiannopoulos . The shooter turned himself in to the university police and later questioned and released without being charged with a crime . March 21 , 2017 King City , California 0 An 18 - year - old King City High School student was shot outside the school 's auditorium . The gunman ran across the school 's campus and baseball field , and fled the area . The school was then placed on lockdown . The victim was hospitalized with life - threatening injuries . A suspect was arrested in August 2017 . April 10 , 2017 San Bernardino , California North Park Elementary School shooting : Cedric Anderson , age 53 , of Riverside , California , died of a self - inflicted gunshot wound after shooting and killing his estranged wife , Karen Elaine Smith , age 53 , in a classroom . An eight - year - old student was also fatally shot , and a seven - year - old student was injured . May 4 , 2017 Irving , Texas 0 North Lake College : Adrian Victor Torres killed a 20 - year - old student , Janeera Nickol Gonzalez , whom he was stalking . He fatally shot her three times and the college went into lockdown before discovering that the suspect has died from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . September 13 , 2017 Rockford , Washington Freeman High School : Three students injured and one killed after a shooter opened fire . The suspect , a 15 - year - old student , was taken into police custody . September 20 , 2017 Mattoon , Illinois 0 Mattoon High School : A 14 - year - old male student was subdued by a female teacher when he attempted to open fire in the school cafeteria at 11 : 33 a.m. Multiple shots were fired in the process , and one student was struck in the chest and was driven to a nearby hospital suffering non-life - threatening wounds . The student was taken into custody without further incident . November 14 , 2017 Rancho Tehama Reserve , California 6 18 Rancho Tehama Reserve shootings : Neighbor on a rampage injured one student at Rancho Tehama Elementary School and fatally shot five adults at several locations . The secretary heard the gunfire near the school and ordered the school to go on lockdown . After a custodian and the teachers put it into action , 43 year - old Kevin Neal rammed a truck into the gate of the school and fired at the classrooms hitting one student when a bullet pierced the wall . Neal fatally shot himself after sheriff 's deputies rammed his vehicle during a pursuit . December 7 , 2017 Aztec , New Mexico 0 Aztec High School shooting : William Atchison , 21 - year - old former male student snuck into Aztec High School disguised as a student and hid in an unlocked washroom with a Glock 9mm hidden in his bag . He retreated from the washroom after being spotted by a school custodian who chased him shouting `` active shooter '' and `` lockdown '' . Atchinson was able to shoot and kill two students who were caught in the hallway before he killed himself . He had been investigated in 2016 by the FBI when he asked `` where to find cheap assault rifles for a mass shooting '' on an online forum . January 9 , 2018 Forest City , Iowa 0 0 A man shot a pellet gun at a school bus full of children , shattering a window . No one was injured . January 20 , 2018 Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 A student was fatally shot at a party at 1 a.m. on the campus of Wake Forest University . January 22 , 2018 Italy , Texas 0 A 16 - year - old male student fired at a 15 - year - old female classmate that he had breifly dated in the cafeteria of Italy High School . The gunman left the school immediately after opening fire and was arrested . January 22 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana 0 Shots were fired from a truck in the parking lot of NET Charter High School , targeting a crowd of students during lunch time . One student was slightly injured , apparently from injuries unrelated to gunfire . One person was arrested in connection with the shooting . January 23 , 2018 Marshall County , Kentucky 18 Marshall County High School shooting : A 15 - year - old male student shot 16 people in the lobby at Marshall County High School and caused non-gunshot injuries to 4 others . Two 15 - year - old students died : one killed at the scene , another died of wounds at Vanderbilt Medical Center . February 1 , 2018 Los Angeles , California 0 5 Two 15 - year - old students , a boy and a girl , were shot and injured inside a classroom at Sal Castro Middle School , which shares a campus with Belmont High School . Three other people suffered injuries unrelated to gunfire . A 12 - year - old girl was arrested and charged with negligent discharge of a firearm . 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2018 Oxon Hill , Maryland 0 A student was taken to hospital after exiting Oxon Hill High School and going to speak to individuals in a vehicle who then attempted to rob , and subsequently shot and wounded him in the school 's parking lot . Two other students were arrested and charged with attempted murder and robbery . 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2018 Parkland , Florida 0,000,001 17 14 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting : A 19 - year - old former student who had been expelled began shooting students and staff members with a semi-automatic rifle at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School after pulling a fire alarm . 17 people were killed , and fourteen others were injured . The suspect , Nikolas Cruz , blended in with the crowd of fleeing students and was arrested in a residential area of neighboring Coral Springs after walking away from the school . He is facing charges of murder and attempted murder . See also List of school - related attacks Mass shootings in the United States References Jump up ^ Middleton 2007 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Dixon 2005 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` John Anthony Gardner Davis -- Biographical Information '' . University of Virginia School of Law -- Arthur J. Morris Law Library . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Painful Occurrence '' . Richmond Enquirer , Volume 37 , Number 58 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . November 17 , 1840 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Serious Case of Shooting -- Navigation '' . The New York Times . November 3 , 1853 . Jump up ^ `` School Master Murdered '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 10 , Number 41 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . August 16 , 1856 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Of July North '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 14 , Number 5 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . July 7 , 1858 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One School Boy Shoots Another Dead '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 17 , Number 22 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . January 26 , 1860 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murder In Ashland County '' . Cleveland Tri-weekly Leader , Volume 18 , Number 31 ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . February 6 , 1864 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrible Shooting Affray at Knight 's Ferry '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 19 , Number 7084 ( San Francisco , California ) . February 17 , 1867 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brevities '' . Memphis Daily Appeal , Volume 17 , Number 219 ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . April 9 , 1867 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Boy Shot By His Schoolfellow - A Curious Affair '' . The New York Times . June 9 , 1867 . Jump up ^ `` Tragic Shooting Affair Near Chattanooga '' . The New York Times . December 26 , 1868 . Jump up ^ ( no page number > 1700 - 1800 ) Accessed February 24 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Sad Accident '' . Knoxville Daily Chronicle , Volume 1 , Number 230 ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) . January 28 , 1871 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A School Principal Shot by a Boy '' . The Sun , Volume 39 , Number 129 ( New York City ) . February 2 , 1872 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wisconsin father '' . The Daily Phoenix , Volume 8 , Number 277 ( Columbia , North Carolina ) . February 11 , 1873 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One day last week '' . Nebraska Advertiser , Volume 18 , Number 35 ( Brownville , Nebraska ) 1856 -- 1882 . February 26 , 1874 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accidents and Crimes '' . Mower County Transcript , Volume 12 , Number 2 ( Lansing , Minnesota ) . April 16 , 1874 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lebanton Tragedy '' . Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 47 , Number 7191 ( Sacramento , California ) . April 22 , 1874 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The shooting of one school boy by another '' . Daily Globe , Volume 1 , Number 132 ( St. Paul , Minnesota ) . May 26 , 1878 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot by a Telegraph Operator '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1879 . Jump up ^ `` Local Brevities '' . Los Angeles Daily Herald , Volume 16 , Number 88 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 2 , 1881 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` By Telegraph '' . Daily Evening Bulletin , Volume 1 , Number 27 ( Maysville , Kentucky ) . December 22 , 1881 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Savonburg Siftings '' . The Iola Register , Volume 16 , Number 8 ( Iola , Kansas ) . February 10 , 1882 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Condensed Telegrams '' . The Milan Exchange , Volume 9 , Number 7 ( Milan , Tennessee ) . April 15 , 1882 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criminally Careless '' . Omaha Daily Bee , Volume 12 , Number 264 ( Omaha , Nebraska ) . February 16 , 1883 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Ruffianism '' . Barbour County Index , Volume 4 , Number 25 ( Medicine Lodge , Kansas ) . November 23 , 1883 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School - Butter ! '' . Mississippi Library Commission . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wamack at Danville Va '' . The Austin Weekly Statesman , Volume 13 , Number 26 ( Austin , Texas ) . February 28 , 1884 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another `` Jesse James '' Gang `` . The New York Times . March 7 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` The Work of Drunken Ruffians '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` A Teacher Shot Dead '' . The New York Times . June 12 , 1887 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Into A Schoolhouse '' . The New York Times . June 14 , 1889 . Jump up ^ `` Shot by Schoolboy '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 82 , Number 115 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 25 , 1890 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Accident at a Military School '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 83 , Number 181 ( San Francisco , California ) . December 28 , 1890 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteen Persons Wounded '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 84 , Number 90 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 31 , 1891 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fired Into A Group Of Children '' . The New York Times . April 10 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Fun '' . Daily Public Ledger ( Maysville , Kentucky ) . June 29 , 1892 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Students Shot '' . The Morning Call , Volume 72 , Number 133 ( San Francisco , California ) . October 11 , 1892 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot to Death at a Dance '' . The Morning Call , Volume 73 , Number 117 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 27 , 1893 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Boys Quarrel '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Daily Republican , Volume 38 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . October 17 , 1894 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Hoodlums '' . The Herald , Volume 26 , Number 74 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 13 , 1898 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot by Teacher is Dead '' . The New York Times . February 28 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Duelists Fatally Shot '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 30 , Number 288 ( Los Angeles , California ) . July 22 , 1903 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy Ends Rivalry For Schoolgirl 's Love '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 95 , Number 129 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 7 , 1904 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Lad Kills Schoolmate '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 96 , Number 170 ( San Francisco , California ) . November 17 , 1904 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` High School Principal Shoots Irate Parent '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 97 , Number 17 ( San Francisco , California ) . December 17 , 1904 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pupil Shoots Trustee '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 32 , Number 132 ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 10 , 1905 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin Shoots Teacher '' . The Richmond Climax , Volume 32 , Number 21 ( Richmond , Kentucky ) . October 11 , 1905 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy in Schoolroom '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 7 , Number 30 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . March 23 , 1907 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schoolboy Shot Dead by Pupils at Drill '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 35 , Number 80 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 21 , 1907 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Shot At As He Unlocks Door Of School '' . The Carroll Herald , Volume 40 , Number 14 ( Carroll , Iowa ) . January 15 , 1908 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Two Teachers Found Dead '' . The Kingston Daily Freeman , Volume 37 , Number 117 ( Kingston , New York ) . March 11 , 1908 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Villain in Amateur Show Shot by Hero '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 105 , Number 110 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 20 , 1909 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday School Boy Kills Superintendent '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 106 , Number 11 ( San Francisco , California ) . June 11 , 1909 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff Hunts for Vandals '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 36 , Number 321 ( Los Angeles , California ) . August 18 , 1909 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Slays Pupil Who Would Run School '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 36 , Number 346 ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 12 , 1909 . p. 11 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maniac Shoots Into Crowd of School Boys '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 37 , Number 104 ( Los Angeles , California ) . January 13 , 1910 . p. 16 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot at Major '' . Amador Ledger ( Jackson , California ) . March 11 , 1910 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky School Election Kills One '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 108 , Number 78 ( San Francisco , California ) . August 17 , 1910 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl is Shot Down in Rehearsal of Play '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 109 , Number 149 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 28 , 1911 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Killed In Fight '' . Los Angeles Evening Herald , Volume 38 , Number 110 ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 1 , 1912 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Is Slain By Chinese Gunman '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 111 , Number 64 ( San Francisco , California ) . February 2 , 1912 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - year - old Poughkeepsie Boy Accidentally Shoots Playmate '' . The New York Times . February 17 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Ever Hear of Such Things ? '' . The Washington Herald , Number 2964 ( Washington , D.C. ) . November 20 , 1914 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shoots Brother '' . The Tacoma Times , Volume 12 , Number 21 ( Tacoma , Washington ) . January 13 , 1915 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whipping Of Pupil Causes Fatal Fight '' . The Spartanburg Herald ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . February 5 , 1915 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Posse After Teacher 's Assailant '' . The Bemidji Daily Pioneer , Volume 14 , Number 229 ( Bemidji , Minnesota ) . September 22 , 1916 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Driven Into Woods at Point of Gun '' . Oklahoma City Times , Volume 28 , Number 150 ( Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ) . September 23 , 1916 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Fight in Casey County '' . The Adair County News , Volume 20 , Number 11 ( Columbia , Kentucky ) . January 10 , 1917 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Accidentally Shot '' . Harrisburg Telegraph , Volume 86 , Number 135 ( Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ) . June 6 , 1917 . p. 11 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burglars Careers Ended '' . The Daily Gate City And Constitution - Democrat , Volume 125 , Number 101 ( Keokuk , Iowa ) . October 29 , 1917 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Manes '' . Mansfield Mirror , Volume 9 , Number 42 ( Mansfield , Missouri ) . December 6 , 1917 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murder At Lincoln Institute '' . The Kansas City Sun , Volume 10 , Number 32 ( Kansas City , Missouri ) . April 6 , 1918 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brief State News '' . The Ward County Independent , Volume 16 , Number 52 ( Minot , North Dakota ) . April 11 , 1918 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot at a School '' . Monroe City Democrat , Volume 31 , Number 40 ( Monroe City , Missouri ) . January 10 , 1919 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Imitate Bill Hart And Do Strange Things Which Bring Them Into Court '' . The Ogden Standard , Volume 49 , Number 95 ( Ogden , Utah ) . April 21 , 1919 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Refused Position , Man Attempts Life Of Two Professors '' . The Sacramento Union , Volume 209 , Number 36 ( Sacramento , California ) . August 5 , 1919 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Teacher Shot By Pupils Is In Very Dangerous Condition '' . Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 27 , Number 109 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . February 15 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angered By Teacher , Boy Shoots Girl '' . The Bismarck Tribune , Volume 39 ( Bismarck , North Dakota ) . March 4 , 1920 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot At Teacher '' . The Watchman and Southron , Volume 50 , Number 24 ( Sumter , South Carolina ) . May 5 , 1920 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starters Shot Kills Woman Viewing Race '' . Sausalito News , Volume 36 , Number 20 ( Sausalito , California ) . May 15 , 1920 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Police Probe Lad 's Shooting '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner , Volume 50 , Number 197 ( Ogden , Utah ) . August 1 , 1920 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanks Boy , Teacher Shot '' . The Morning Tulsa Daily World , Volume 15 , Number 25 ( Tulsa , Oklahoma ) . October 23 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Principal Shot For Whipping Student '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner , Volume 50 , Number 268 ( Ogden , Utah ) . November 5 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flashes '' . The Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 29 , Number 42 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . February 17 , 1922 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To Probe Guin Shooting '' . The Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 29 , Number 151 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . August 1 , 1922 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Unaware He Shot Youth At College Gym '' . The Star and Sentinel , Volume 126 , Number 48 ( Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ) . January 1 , 1927 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` No , Mr. Huckabee , It 's Not Because God Has Been Removed From Schools '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . May 28 , 1931 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duluth Teacher Killed by an `` Unloaded '' Gun '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 31 , Number 80 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . May 28 , 1931 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Speer , Moody School Head , Slain by Shot Fired Through Window of Home '' . The New York Times . September 15 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Kyle Ends Life as He Faces Trial '' . The New York Times . May 9 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` Kills Chicago Boy at College '' . The Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` Lehigh Man Kills Teacher and Self '' . The New York Times . June 5 , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` School Boy Killed in Play Rehearsal '' . Reading Eagle , Volume 70 , Number 128 ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) . June 4 , 1937 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot by Boy to File No Charges '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot in School Play Rehearsal Dead '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 37 , Number 288 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . January 26 , 1938 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rasmussen ( July 20 , 1997 ) . `` A Principal 's Bloody Rampage '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rasmussen ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmie Fidler in Hollywood , May 7 , 1940 '' . Los Angeles Times The Daily Mirror ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : 1940 South Pasadena Shooting '' . KPCC 's databases ( Pasadena , California ) . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nash 1992 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ `` Father Slays Girl In Boarding School '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Two Boys Kill Teacher In School After `` Showing Off '' By Smoking `` . The New York Times . October 3 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` Boy In School Shot , Robbed by 7 Thugs '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1946 . Jump up ^ `` Husband Kills Teacher , Self '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 46 , Number 298 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . February 6 , 1947 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rifle Shot Kills Boy '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Showoff Shoots Classmate In School '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1949 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Student Held in Slaying '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 49 , Number 228 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . November 12 , 1949 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot at Dance '' . The New York Times . July 22 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Employee Killed On Campus '' . Meriden Record , Volume 91 , Number 21 ( Meriden , Connecticut ) . January 25 , 1961 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Youths Held in Slaying of Teacher , Chum '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 51 , Number 21 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . March 13 , 1951 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crazed Man Killed in Girls ' School '' . The New York Times . June 5 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Pupil Killed '' . The New York Times . November 27 , 1951 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Shot Over Pin Ups '' . The New York Times . April 9 , 1952 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killed At Her Desk '' . The New York Times . July 15 , 1952 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slaying of Boy in High School Held Accident '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . October 6 , 1953 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forgive Boy Fatal Shooting Of Their Son '' . Lewiston Evening Journal , Volume 93 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . March 31 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dies , 2 Shot In College Party '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1954 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Enraged Proctor Opens Fire , Slays Student In Dormitory '' . The New London Day , Volume 73 , Number 161 ( New London , Connecticut ) ( Evening ed . ) . January 11 , 1955 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man who shot classmate wants to attend 50th reunion '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . p . A7 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Kills Teacher , Wounds 2 Others '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . May 5 , 1956 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Shot In School '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 1956 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot In East Side School '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 1957 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $70,000 Bail Is Set For 8 In Shooting '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1958 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Massapequa Boy Slain In School '' . The New York Times . May 1 , 1958 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Seized in Bronx With Gang Arsenal '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 1959 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Teachers Shot To Death By Principal '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 106 , Number 28 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . February 2 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Fatally Shot In Crowded Class '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 114 , Number 328 ( Victoria , Texas ) . March 31 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Principal Shot at School Desk '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 74 , Number 225 ( Spokane , Washington ) . June 8 , 1960 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Ex State Woman 's Mate Kills Friend '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . June 8 , 1960 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Student Killed By Shot Fired For Sound Effect '' . Winona Daily News ( Winona , Minnesota ) . January 5 , 1961 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` School Fight Mushrooms Into Murder '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 79 , Number 157 ( Spokane , Washington ) . October 18 , 1961 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` L.I. teacher shot by boy in school '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 1966 . Jump up ^ `` Sniper In Texas U. Tower Kills 12 , Hits 33 '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 524 - 527 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , Teacher Shot by Youth at Grand Rapids '' . Winona Daily News ( Winona , Minnesota ) . October 5 , 1966 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crews 2016 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Youth , 18 , Slays 4 Women and Child in Beauty School '' . The New York Times . November 13 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tells of Shooting Girl in School '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . May 4 , 1967 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offer Made To Frisk Students '' . The St. Petersburg Times ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . February 1 , 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew Imposed by Governor in Orangeburg , S.C. '' The New York Times . February 10 , 1968 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Held In Slaying '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 85 , Number 317 ( Spokane , Washington ) . October 1 , 2006 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Students With Guns Expelled '' . Evening Independent ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . May 24 , 1968 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Black Panther Members Are Arrested at the Home of Slain Youth in Los Angeles '' . The New York Times . January 18 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Principal 's Aide in Capital is Killed Chasing Thieves '' . The New York Times . January 25 , 1969 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Hinton ( May 13 , 1969 ) . `` 13 - year - old boy at Hanes Junior High School accidentally shot and killed in 1969 '' . Winston - Salem Journal ( Winston - Salem , North Carolina ) . Jump up ^ `` Principal Slain by Tomah Boy '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . November 20 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Hurt , Killed In Shootings '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 87 , Number 237 ( Spokane , Washington ) . January 6 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Upset Over Doctoral Thesis -- Penn Student Wounds Two Professors , Takes Own Life in Seminar Shooting '' . Observer -- Reporter , Volume 161 , Number 70036 ( Washington , Pennsylvania ) . February 12 , 1970 . p. C - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Guard at Kent State After 4 Students Are Killed '' . The Free Lance -- Star , Volume 86 , Number 106 ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . May 5 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 247 - 252 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson State -- May 1970 '' . Jackson State University ( Jackson , Mississippi ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` Student injured in Harlan shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . November 21 , 1970 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Art Teacher Slain , Philadelphia Police Arrest Youth , 14 '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 1971 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Spoerhase ( November 12 , 1971 ) . `` Fatal Rampage Details Studied '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 86 , Number 45 ( Spokane , Washington ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Killed In Gun Battle '' . The Phoenix ( Boston , Massachusetts ) . February 27 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Before Hearst SLA killed educator '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . November 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expelled Boy Kills Chicago Principal '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 90 , Number 203 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . January 18 , 1974 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Pupil Shoots , Kills Athletic Director '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . March 23 , 1974 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` McKeesport Student Shot At Kent State '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 91 , Number 103 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . October 5 , 1974 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Killed and 9 Wounded by an Upstate Sniper , 18 '' . The New York Times . December 31 , 1974 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priest Killed In Classroom '' . The Blade , Volume 140 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . February 25 , 1975 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Charge Filed in Shooting '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle ( Spokane , Washington ) . September 24 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Intruders Wound 5 Students In Shooting At Detroit School '' . The Blade , Volume 141 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . February 13 , 1976 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit teacher shot to death in front of first grade class '' . The Morning Record , Volume 109 , Number 266 ( Meriden , Connecticut ) . November 11 , 1976 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Police Do n't Know Reason Student Killed His Principal '' . The Bryan Times , Volume 29 , Number 83 ( Bryan , Ohio ) . April 7 , 1977 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot In Incident Inside School '' . Kentucky New Era , Volume 90 , Number 46 ( Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) . January 11 , 1978 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Floyd Abrams ( 2006 ) . Speaking Freely : Trials of the First Amendment . New York : Penguin Group . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Needham Must Answer '' . Evening Independent ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . June 5 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Shot at Dallas School '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 92 , Number 188 ( Spokane , Washington ) . April 27 , 1978 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Students Hit By Gunfire '' . The Blade , Volume 143 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . October 18 , 1978 . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2013 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Student Angered By Paddling Shoots Junior High Principal '' . Florence Times Tri-Cities Daily , Volume 109 , Number 291 ( Florence , Alabama ) . October 18 , 1978 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Chalmers 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chalmers 2009 , pp. 120 - 121 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 453 - 458 . Jump up ^ `` School Sniper Suspect Bragged Of ' Something Big To Get On TV ' '' . Evening Independent , Volume 72 , Number 75 ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . January 30 , 1979 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Sniping Suspect Had a Grim Goal '' . Los Angeles Times , reprinted in The Milwaukee Journal , Volume 97 ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 30 , 1979 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda - Spencer '' . San Diego Police Museum ( San Diego , California ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Spencer '' . The Fliegen . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot ; School Janitor Held '' . The Milwaukee Journal , Volume 97 ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . April 17 , 1979 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Football player shot at scrimmage '' . The Day , Volume 99 , Number 76 ( New London , Connecticut ) . September 29 , 1979 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Youths Sentenced for Darryl Williams Shooting '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 88 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . March 27 , 1980 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Death of student makes no sense '' . The Bryan Times , Volume 32 , Number 7 ( Bryan , Ohio ) . January 9 , 1980 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Fatally Shot In School '' . The Ledger , Volume 74 , Number 150 ( Lakeland , Florida ) . March 21 , 1980 . p. 7C . Jump up ^ Compiled FROM College newspapers ( April 5 , 1980 ) . `` Student Kills Professor in Class '' . The Harvard Crimson ( Cambridge , Massachusetts ) . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Student killed in school shooting '' . Wilmington Morning Star , Volume 114 , Number 16 ( Wilmington , North Carolina ) . November 1 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Student killed in sorority '' . The Milwaukee Journal ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 28 , 1981 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Iver Peterson ( April 18 , 1981 ) . `` Student Held In Blazes And 2 Shotgun Deaths At Dorm '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 students die in dorm shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . April 18 , 1981 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nash 1992 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Portland collgeg janitor shoots instructor , self '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 96 , Number 75 ( Spokane , Washington ) . April 21 , 1984 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Sentenced : Murder '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 90 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shotgun Murder , Suicide In High School Classroom '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 137 , Number 190 ( Victoria , Texas ) . November 13 , 1982 . p. 9A . Jump up ^ `` Mich . Girl Shot Dead , 2 Teens Face Charges '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . April 21 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Roger Munns ( May 19 , 1984 ) . `` Mother devastated in school shooting '' . The Daily Reporter , Volume 87 , Number 237 ( Spencer , Iowa ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` Bus Driver Killed ; Woman Arrested '' . The Blade , Volume 149 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . October 25 , 1984 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Youth quizzed after shooting at junior high '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 99 , Number 105 ( Spokane , Washington ) . January 22 , 1985 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Three Teen - Agers Remain in Hospital After Shooting at Prep Football Game '' . The Argus - Press , Volume 131 , Number 247 ( Owosso , Michigan ) . October 19 , 1985 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 3 dead in junior high romance '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 103 , Number 206 ( Spokane , Washington ) . November 28 , 1985 . p . C5 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot after taking hostages '' . The Nashua Telegraph , Volume 117 , Number 205 ( Nashua , New Hampshire ) . December 5 , 1985 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Shot After Taking Two Hostages At School '' . The Blade , Volume 150 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . December 4 , 1985 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` 13 - year - old held in school shooting spree '' . Altus Times , Volume 63 , Number 294 ( Altus , Oklahoma ) . December 11 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Madden ( December 12 , 1985 ) . `` At Junior High , Attempt To Deal With Shootings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot In Shoulder By Her Student '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . March 7 , 1986 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot to death in Mo '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 94 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . April 30 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Youth , 15 , Shot To Death In Front Of Class '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . May 1 , 1986 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Wounded in High School Shooting '' . AP New Archive . Associate Press . 9 May 1986 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Couple Take Over School But Die After Bomb Blast '' . The New York Times . May 17 , 1986 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radical Right Link Suggested in Hostage Case '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . May 18 , 1986 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Jamie Rogers ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` A history of violence -- Can Missoula public schools truly be prepared for a school shooting ? '' . Missoula Independent ( Missoula , Montana ) . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . After Moffatt recovered from the gunshot wound and four subsequent surgeries , he became the principal at Garfield Elementary in Lewistown , a position he held until retiring in 2010 . Today , he and his wife , Maggie , live in Missoula , and Moffatt occasionally substitutes for MCPS . He applauds the district 's efforts to address difficult issues , and he says he 's `` for anything that schools do to make the environment safer for kids . '' But , in his mind , any district can only achieve so much as long as gun laws remain the same . He points out that homicide is now the second leading cause of death for school - age Americans , and while school shootings are `` horrific tragedies , '' homicides on school grounds account for less than 2 percent of the lives lost . `` Some people think it always happens somewhere else , others think it 's going to happen anytime , '' he says of school shootings , `` but we need to look at the big picture . There are relatively few communities in the United States that have dealt with a school shooting ... But there are very few communities that have not lost a child to gun violence . '' Jump up ^ `` School shooting kills one '' . The Gadsden Times , Volume 120 , Number 156 ( Gadsden , Alabama ) . December 5 , 1986 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Montana boy gets 206 year prison term '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 3 , Number 69 ( Spokane , Washington ) . June 4 , 1988 . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Killed Teacher , Self : More Light Shed on CSUN Gunman Who Took 2 Lives '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 10 , 1987 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donna Bryson ( March 3 , 1987 ) . `` School shooting linked to classmates ' teasing '' . Lawrence Journal - World ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . Jump up ^ James Risen ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Athlete Killed in Detroit School Violence '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Karwath ( September 30 , 1987 ) . `` Youth Freed On Bond In Shooting Of Teacher '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About 200 Attend Funeral for Student who Committed Suicide '' . Associated Press . December 20 , 1987 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two mothers say deputy 's guns were too easy for sons to steal '' . Boca Raton News , Volume 33 , Number 65 ( Boca Raton , Florida ) . February 24 , 1988 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ `` Winnetka police chief recounts day of horror '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . December 5 , 1988 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball game ends in shooting '' . The Milwaukee Journal ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . July 11 , 1988 . p. 4B . Jump up ^ `` Man Shoots 11 in S.C. elementary school '' . Daily Kent Stater , Volume 63 , Number 18 ( Kent , Ohio ) . September 28 , 1988 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mason Staggs denied double jeopardy claim '' . Abilene Reporter - News ( Abilene , Texas ) . February 14 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Student With Pistol Kills One Teacher And Injures Another '' . The New York Times . December 17 , 1988 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jay Mathews ; Matt Lait ( January 18 , 1989 ) . `` Rifleman Slays Five At School ; 29 Pupils , Teacher Shot in California ; Assailant Kills Self '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . p . A1 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Fidel ( February 11 , 1989 ) . `` Officers Seeking Answers After Junior High Shooting '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine Vorce ( December 5 , 1989 ) . `` Teen shoots schoolmate , kills self on bus '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 106 , Number 163 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Victim goes home '' . Allegheny Times -- An edition of the Beaver County Times ( Beaver , Pennsylvania ) . December 17 , 1989 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Black youth shot by whites in school '' . The Free Lance -- Star , Volume 106 , Number 74 ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . March 28 , 1990 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 3 San Antonio teens wounded '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 145 , Number 128 ( Victoria , Texas ) . September 12 , 1990 . p. 3C . Jump up ^ `` Student fatally shoots himself '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 145 , Number 274 ( Victoria , Texas ) . February 7 , 1991 . p. 4C . Jump up ^ Ron Russell ; Michele Fuetsch ( April 24 , 1991 ) . `` Shot Fired at Guard Kills Boy at School '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High school football star shot in cafeteria '' . The Gainesville Sun , Volume 116 , Number 76 ( Gainesville , Florida ) . September 19 , 1991 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ Phil Hersh ; Blair Kamin ; Steve Johnson ; Teresa Wiltz ; Monica Copeland ; Matt Murray ; Allan Johnson ; Helaine Olen ; Jerry Crimmins ; Eric Detwiler ( November 2 , 1991 ) . `` Student Goes On Killing Spree At Iowa Campus '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Marriott ( November 4 , 1991 ) . `` Iowa Gunman Was Torn by Academic Challenge '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Mann ( June 7 , 1992 ) . `` The Physics of Revenge : When Dr. Lu Gang 's American Dream Died , Six People Died With It '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruthanne Shpiner ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Miya Rodolfo - Sioson , 1968 -- 2008 '' . Berkeley Daily Planet ( Berkeley , California ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Policeman kills suspect in Kent State shootings '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 106 , Number 102 ( Spokane , Washington ) . February 11 , 1992 . p . A4 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot , wounded on Kent State campus '' . The Blade , Volume 157 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . January 30 , 1992 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Stephen O'Connor ( 1997 ) . Will My Name Be Shouted Out . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83210 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Three students shot at school '' . The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 174 , Number 294 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . October 20 , 1992 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Security tightens after 11 Detroit students are shot '' . Ludington Daily News ( Ludington , Michigan ) . November 6 , 1992 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mcquiston , John T. ( January 7 , 1993 ) . `` School Upset By Shooting Of Teen - Ager During Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lebrun 2008 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot , Dies at Reseda High '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 23 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student , 17 , killed in Texas school shooting '' . Daily News ( Galveston , Texas ) . May 16 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Diane Struzzi ( October 15 , 1993 ) . `` Prison Term For Murder At School '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman Kills Himself After Firing on Schoolchildren '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 18 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot At a School ; Gang War Is Suspected '' . The New York Times . November 5 , 1993 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects held in murder of gang member '' . The Hour , Volume 124 , Number 220 ( Norwalk , Connecticut ) . September 20 , 1993 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Breitlow called ` gentle giant ' '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . December 2 , 1993 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` School shooting kills teen '' . Times - New , Volume 117 , Number 26 ( Hendersonville , North Carolina ) . January 26 , 1994 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ Linda Shaw ( January 27 , 2005 ) . `` Abuse victim who killed teacher settles with district '' . The Seattle Times ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man wounded in shooting after school basketball game '' . Herald - Journal ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . February 19 , 1994 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman Kills 2 at Missouri Military School '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . March 2 , 1994 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy shot to death in Tenn. classroom '' . Boca Raton News ( Boca Raton , Florida ) . April 22 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Afternoon shooting shocks students '' . The Dispatch , Volume 112 , Number 137 ( Lexington , North Carolina ) . October 13 , 1994 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot Outside High School '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . October 18 , 1994 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot Outside High School '' . The New York Times . November 8 , 1994 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dao , James ( December 15 , 1994 ) . `` Gunman Terrorizes Students in Campus Siege '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Ralph Tortorici took class hostage at UAlbany '' . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Case Of Insanity -- The Story Of Ralph Tortorici FRONTLINE PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision '' . www.doccs.ny.gov . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eli Sanders ( March 5 , 2003 ) . `` The Shooter '' . The Stranger ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Of Joey '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Orlando , Florida ) . September 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2013 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Teen kills teacher , then himself '' . The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 177 , Number 286 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . October 13 , 1995 . p. 5A . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Second suspect indicted in shooting death of pregnant teen on school bus '' . Herald - Journal ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . June 2 , 1996 . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Man pleads innocent in slaying of 3 professors Calif. prosecutors to seek death penalty for student '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . August 20 , 1996 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tony Perry ( May 28 , 1997 ) . `` Ex-San Diego State Student Pleads Guilty to Murdering 3 Professors '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Man Gets 3 Life Terms For Killing 3 Professors '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Penn State '' . The Behrend College Collegian , Volume 155 , Number 3 ( Erie , Pennsylvania ) . September 19 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Van Brunt 2012 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot dead on school bus '' . The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . October 10 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot to death by classmate at school '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune , Volume 72 , Number 117 ( Sarasota , Florida ) . January 28 , 1997 . p. 5B . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 151 - 152 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 56 - 59 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 187 - 192 . Jump up ^ `` Teen guilty in Mississippi school - shooting rampage '' . CNN . June 12 , 1998 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kellie McMaster ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` School Shooting '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune , Volume 73 , Number 13 ( Sarasota , Florida ) ( Morning ed . ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Scarcella ( October 18 , 2006 ) . `` Teenager in school shooting arrested '' . Herald - Tribune ( Sarasota , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Worldwide School and Mass Shootings '' . InfoPlease ( London ) . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One dead , three hurt after shooting at Penn '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . March 2 , 1998 . p . B4 . Jump up ^ `` From wild talk and friendship , to five deaths in schoolyard '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Kristen Hays ( September 10 , 1999 ) . `` Edinboro teen killer sentenced '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Sharp ( May 20 , 1998 ) . `` Teenage passion turns deadly at Tennessee school '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 144 , Number 140 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . p. 10 - A . Jump up ^ `` Davis gets life in prison '' . Kentucky New Era ( Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) . May 30 , 1999 . p. 9A . Jump up ^ Tony Clark ( May 21 , 1998 ) . `` Teen jailed after Oregon high school shooting spree '' . CNN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student in custody after teacher , school aide shot '' . CNN . January 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University professor slain during class ; suspect held '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . December 11 , 1998 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Teen students killed , wounded in suicide pact '' . Lawrence Journal - World , Volume 141 , Number 9 ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . January 9 , 1999 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ Dan Gallagher ( April 17 , 1999 ) . `` Did teen in school shooting have hit list ? '' . Deseret News ( Spokane , Washington ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 152 - 153 . Jump up ^ `` 6 hurt in Georgia high school shooting '' . CNN . May 20 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michelle Koidin ( November 21 , 1999 ) . `` Girl dies from shooting at school in N.M. '' The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 181 , Number 325 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` School shooter may end up in Lawrence '' . Lawrence Journal - World ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . September 26 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drash , Wayne ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` The massacre that did n't happen '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . The suspects are almost always white male teenagers who have studied the Colorado high school massacre or cite the killers as inspiration . In the 16 years since the attack in Littleton , Colorado , more than 40 people have been charged with Columbine - style plots , according to searches of news accounts . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2008 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Crews 2016 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` U. Arkansas Deaths Murder - Suicide '' . CBS News . August 29 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wounded student shoots teen attacker with same gun '' . Associated Press ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . September 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego teen allegedly planned to shoot student '' . Berkeley Daily Planet ( Berkeley , California ) . December 6 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Often Ridiculed , the Suspect Said , ' I 'll Show You One Day ' '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . March 6 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` School prayer follows school shooting '' . CBS News . March 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ staff ( 16 May 2001 ) . `` Music Teacher Killed in Random Shooting at PLU '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Hills gunman 's kin file claim vs. county , sheriff '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . May 10 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student fatally shot outside Indiana high school '' . KOTV - DT ( Tulsa , Oklahoma ) . March 31 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Wakin ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Gunfire Wounds 2 Students Inside a Manhattan High School '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Francilines ( January 17 , 2002 ) . `` 3 Slain at Law School ; Student Is Held '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man admits law school slayings to avoid death penalty '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 150 , Number 58 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . February 27 , 2004 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Teen killed after basketball game '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . February 21 , 2002 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man , 71 , Kills 2 at Missouri Monastery and Then Himself '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Dao ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` Boy tells sniper jury about getting shot outside of school '' . The Dispatch ( Lexington , North Carolina ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ John Douglas ; Ann W. Burgess ; Allen G. Burgess ; Robert K. Ressler ( 2006 ) . Crime Classification Manual : A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes . San Francisco , California : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 455 -- 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8642 - 1 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Dead In Univ . Of Arizona Shooting '' . CBS News . October 29 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Students Hurt in Shooting Near Jersey City School '' . The New York Times . November 2 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two More Arrested In Fatal School Shooting In New Orleans '' . WAFB ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two who did time in McDonogh gym killing on trial in new murder case '' . The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 684 - 685 . Jump up ^ `` York County 14 - year - old shoots principal , turns gun on himself '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . April 25 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 683 . Jump up ^ `` Other Campus Shootings '' . CBS News . May 9 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 680 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Acquitted Of Murder in Ballou Shooting '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . December 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Student Opens Fire at a High School Near Albany , Hitting a Teacher '' . The New York Times . February 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reginald Fields ; Jonathan Rockoff ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` ' It was just chaos ' '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student is shot at Bowen High '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . February 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute To A Special Driver '' . School Bus Information Council . March 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` School gunman stole police pistol , vest '' . CNN International . March 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student injured in Harlan shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . September 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Brobeck ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` One administrator killed , two injured in Campbell Co. school shooting '' . WATE - TV ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cara DiPasquale ; Alberto Trevino ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Student kills 1 , injures 2 in high school shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennis Blank ( January 14 , 2006 ) . `` Gun - brandishing teen at school shot by deputy '' . The New York Times reprinted in The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - Year - Old Charged in Oregon School Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen found guilty in Roseburg High shooting '' . KATU ( Portland , Oregon ) . June 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Hurt in Reno Middle School Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accused Reno school shooter ordered held '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune ( San Diego , California ) . March 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Essex Shooting Rampage '' . www.wcax.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Shooting Suspect Obsessed with Columbine '' . USA Today . August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy Clark ( September 2 , 2006 ) . `` Father Shoots 2 Sons , Self in W.Va '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Laris ; Robert Samuels ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Man Kills 2 Sons , Himself At University in W.Va '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Alfano ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` 5 Duquesne Basketball Players Shot '' . CBS AP . p. 7A . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . ( CBS station KDKA - TV in Pittsburgh reports . September 17 , 2006 , 12 : 45 PM ) Jump up ^ Catherine Tsai ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Killer sexually assaulted schoolgirls '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune ( Sarasota , Florida ) . p. 7A . Jump up ^ Lebrun 2008 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` Neighbor : Teen held in shooting bragged about getting into trouble '' . Southeast Missourian ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . October 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Six killed in Pennsylvania school attack '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune ( San Diego , California ) . October 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mo. teen who fired shot in school sentenced to 10 years '' . Southeast Missourian ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Lynn ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Young man convicted in Foss High School shooting sentenced to prison '' . The News Tribune ( Tacoma , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student wounded in shooting '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . March 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Malley ; Gabriel Baird ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Four shot at school , gunman kills himself '' . The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Teacher Shot During Smoke Break '' . CBS News . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot At South Florida High School '' . WIBW - TV ( Topeka , Kansas ) . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Hamacher ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Family Emotional As Teacher Shooter Sentenced to Life Behind Bars '' . WTVJ ( Miami , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kontji Anthony ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` Police investigate shooting inside classroom at Hamilton High '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Dead in LTC Shooting '' . WAFB ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` High school student shot in class after argument '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calif. teen Brandon McInerney sentenced to 21 years for point - blank murder of gay classmate '' . CBS News . December 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 18 shot , six dead including gunman , at Northern Illinois University '' . CNN International . February 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen sought in school shooting captured , charged '' . KOMO - TV ( Seattle , Washington ) . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Killed in Shooting Near Detroit High School '' . Fox News Channel . October 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four Men Charged in Fatal University of Central Arkansas Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . October 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathy Bushouse ; Tonya Alanez ; Mike Clary ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Student may have told Dillard High officials about gun '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . Jump up ^ `` 18 - Year - Old Charged In Dunbar High Shootings '' . WMAQ - TV ( Chicago , Illinois ) . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Dujardin ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Former Student Gets 14 Years In Shootings '' . Daily Press ( Newport News , Virginia ) . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Harris ; Jillian Fennimore ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` DA : Songwriter killed Cambridge man at Harvard over drugs '' . The Patriot Ledger ( Quincy , Massachusetts ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . The case is being investigated by Harvard University Police , Cambridge Police , and the Massachusetts State Police assigned to the Middlesex District Attorney 's Office . Jump up ^ Valerie Faciane ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Larose middle school gets increased security after Monday 's shooting '' . The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Stamey ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Student shoots himself in head after attempting to shoot teacher '' . The Houma Courier ( Houma , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amanada Martinez ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Update : Shooting at International Studies Academy '' . Mission Local ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshua Melvin ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Man involved in Skyline shooting pleads no contest to gun charge '' . San Mateo County Times ( San Mateo County , California ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ `` Hammad Memon pleads guilty to murder , sentenced to 30 years for 2010 shooting death of 14 - year - old classmate at Discovery Middle '' . The Birmingham News ( Birmingham , Alabama ) . May 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Angie Leventis Lourgos ; Cynthia Dizikes ; Andrew L. Wang ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` 1 hurt in NIU shooting -- Attack came two years after massacre at university '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Benke And Matt Thieu On TODAY Show ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post Denver . May 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Fender ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Deer Creek Middle School shooter found not guilty by reason of insanity '' . The Denver Post ( Denver , Colorado ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People of the State of Michigan vs. Steven Jamal Hare '' ( PDF ) . State of Michigan . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooter at University of Texas was a student '' . University of Texas . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead in Salinas gang shootings '' . The Monterey County Herald ( Monterey , California ) . October 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad School Shooter Given 189 - Year Prison Sentence '' . KGTV ( San Diego , California ) . April 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Students safe '' . Eagle Herald ( Marinette , Wisconsin ) . November 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gang member gets 35 years for 2010 shooting at Aurora high school '' . The Denver Post ( Denver , Colorada ) . November 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Slain assistant principal sent student home because of trespass charge '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Keating ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` 15 - year - old student shoots classmate at school '' . Indiana Daily Student ( Bloomington , Indiana ) . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike and Peggy O'Hare ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` 1 dead , several injured in shooting at Worthing High '' . Houston Chronicle ( Houston , Texas ) . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Third Hawaii Teen Arrested In School Shooting '' . Honolulu Civil Beat ( Honolulu , Hawaii ) . June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot on school grounds in North Carolina '' . CNN International . October 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bob Lewis ; Zinie Chen Sampson ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Ross Truett Ashley , Virginia Tech Shooter , Was 22 - Year - Old Radford University Student '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Students Shot , Wounded at Texas Middle School '' . WTVY ( TV ) ( Dothan , Alabama ) . December 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen who allegedly shot at bullies at North Forest High appears in court '' . KTRK - TV ( Houston , Texas ) . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Kim Palmer ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Competency hearing set for Ohio school shooting suspect '' . Reuters ( London ) . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episcopal school head Dale Regan killed by fired teacher , who then kills himself '' . jacksonville.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Accused gunman in Oakland shooting unfit for trial : judge '' . Reuters ( London ) . January 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Carroll ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Students involved in gang - related shooting outside Hamilton High School '' . The Commercial Appeal ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Jump up ^ Jennifer Abbey ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Alleged Baltimore School Shooter 's Victim Has Down 's Syndrome '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student in custody following NCHS shooting '' . WHOI ( TV ) ( Peoria , Illinois ) . September 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman in custody after shots fired in Normal , Ill . school '' . Quad - City Times ( Davenport , Iowa ) . September 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of South Alabama officer shoots and kills student '' . The Birmingham News ( Birmingham , Alabama ) . October 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gil Collar Grand Jury Clears University Of South Alabama Cop Of Wrongdoing In Student 's Death '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . March 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Gorner ; Jennifer Delgado ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chicago high school student fatally shot in robbery attempt '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evan Schwartz ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` Suspect Arrested In USC Halloween Shooting '' . ViBe . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olga Grigoryants ; Daina Beth Solomon ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Brandon Spencer Is Paying a 40 - Year Price for Four Shots That Killed No One '' . LA Weekly ( Culver City , California ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Hook shooting : What happened ? '' . CNN International . December 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man shot to death in front of Fort Myers church '' . WBBH - TV ( Fort Myers , Florida ) . January 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Unsolved Homicides Kristopher Smith '' . Fort Myers Police Department ( Fort Myers , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Oliver sentenced to 27 years 4 months in prison , pay over $857 k for Taft High School shooting '' . February 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Rodriguez Rodriguez & Associates Bakersfield , California '' . Rodriguez and Associates . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman shoots man , himself at St. Louis school '' . WEAU ( Eau Claire , Wisconsin ) . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect in St. Louis school shooting had warrant '' . January 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beth Campbell ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hazard Shooting : 2 Killed At Community College Shooting In Kentucky '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 - year - old girl becomes third to die from shooting at Hazard college '' . Lexington Herald - Leader ( Lexington , Kentucky ) . January 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evelyn Holmes ; Jason Knowles ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Teen fatally shot after CPS basketball game at CSU '' . KTRK - TV ( Houston , Texas ) . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meredith Rodriguez ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Family of teen killed after basketball game sues Chicago State , CPS '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colleen Curry ; Gina Sunseri ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Lone Star College Shooting Leaves 3 Injured , ' Persons of Interest ' in Custody '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix police make 4 arrests in Chavez High School shooting '' . The Arizona Republic ( Phoenix , Arizona ) . April 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jeff Black ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` 14 - year - old boy shot at Atlanta middle school , officials say '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta police gang unit investigating Price Middle School shooting '' . CBS46 Atlanta , Georgia . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Couwels ; Dana Ford ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Former university student found dead in dorm planned larger attack '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Student shot 2 women at Virginia community college before being subdued '' . CNN International . April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurt Boyd ; Ty Russell ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Update : Police arrest 2nd suspect in Grambling shooting '' . KNOE - TV ( Monroe , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Brumfield ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Officer killed on MIT campus near Boston '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham mom arrested for firing gun at a middle school '' . Fox News Channel . May 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Person Dies As A Result Of Santa Monica Rampage '' . KCBS - TV / KCAL - TV ( Los Angeles , California ) . June 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Michael King ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Shooting suspect in custody at Georgia school '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauren Squires ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` North Panola teen killed in shooting after football game '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Silfer ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` N.C. School Shooting : 1 injured after shots fired at a Winston - Salem high school ; student in custody , report says '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Desiree Stennett ; Amy Pavuk ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Two teens shot outside Pine Hills Christian school '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Orlando , Florida ) . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Zennie ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Pictured : Hero teacher and former soldier shot dead for trying to talk down ' bullied ' 13 - year - old who opened fire on two classmates before killing himself with his parents ' semi-automatic handgun '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Police continue to search for suspects in A&T shooting '' . News & Record ( Greensboro , North Carolina ) . November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexis Stevens ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Stephenson High football player shot on campus '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pittsburgh teens shot after school lets out '' . CNN International . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot in face at West Orange High School '' . WKMG - TV ( Orlando , Florida ) . December 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Watkins ; Ralph Ellis ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado high school shooting victim dies at hospital '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mariana Jacob ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Multiple arrests made in Edison High School teacher shooting '' . KFSN - TV ( Fresno , California ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student charged with shooting on Jackson high school campus '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . January 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , 12 , faces battery charge in New Mexico school shooting '' . Reuters ( London ) . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17 - year - old suspect charged as an adult in Philadelphia school shooting '' . Fox News Channel . January 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campus lockdown lifted , search continues after one person shot on Widener University campus in Chester , Pa '' . Daily News ( New York City ) . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead , 1 arrested after Purdue University shooting '' . CNN International . January 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tony Santaella ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 1 injured in South Carolina State University shooting '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valley College Murder Leads to 2 Arrests '' . LA Weekly ( Culver City , California ) . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 injured in shooting near Carbondale school '' . KFVS - TV ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jade Walker ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tennessee State University Shooting : Gunman Opens Fire On Campus , Injuring 1 '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three people involved in shooting at Palm Bay college claim self - defense '' . WFTV ( Orlando , Florida ) . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Witness to North High shooting : ' It takes you a second to realize if it 's real or not ' '' . The Des Moines Register ( Des Moines , Iowa ) . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shavonne Potts ; Emily Ford ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Police ID suspect in Salisbury High shooting '' . Salisbury Post ( Salisbury , North Carolina ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet struck empty police cruiser outside Brush High School near the end of boys ' basketball game '' . The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - by shooting reported near University of Southern California '' . Daily News ( New York City ) . New York . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Georgia Regents University '' . WGCL - TV ( Atlanta , Georgia ) . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth person arrested after shots fired outside Banneker High School '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . March 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More Security At D.H. Conley High School '' . WITN - TV ( Washington , North Carolina ) . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit teen shot after school event dies '' . WDIV - TV ( Detroit , Michigan ) . April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police are still searching for two men who fired shots at a Paine College men 's residence hall Sunday , injuring a 20 - year - old student '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect in Paine College shooting from DeKalb '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Authorities respond to person shot at Georgia Gwinnett College '' . WGCL - TV ( Atlanta , Georgia ) . May 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry K. Lee ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Student shot outside Richmond high school '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynsi Burton ; Jake Ellison ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Pacific University shooting : ' It 's unimaginable ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Cruz ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ybarra chose SPU for shootings because he was unfamiliar with it , journal says '' . The Seattle Times ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1 student killed , gunman dead in Oregon high school shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . June 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 in custody after shooting outside NW Miami - Dade School '' . Standard - Examiner ( Ogden , Utah ) . September 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SLC teacher hurt when gun accidentally shatters toilet '' . WPLG ( Miami , Florida ) . September 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana State University student arrested in campus shooting '' . Reuters ( London ) . September 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected school shooter connected to stabbing at West Montgomery High School '' . WGHP ( High Point , North Carolina ) . October 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LMPD : Student shot at Fern Creek Traditional High School '' . WAVE ( TV ) ( Louisville , Kentucky ) . September 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Strong leads in shooting at Fulton football game '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead , four hurt in shooting at Marysville - Pilchuck HS '' . KING - TV . October 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journal indicates FSU shooter suspected government '' . Florida Today ( Melbourne , Florida ) . November 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen dies , 1 charged in Miami Carol City High School shooting '' . WPLG ( Miami , Florida ) . November 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RSU shooter identified as former Tulsa police officer '' . WXXA - TV ( Albany , New York ) . December 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police arrest after 4 shot near school '' . CNN International . December 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee man charged in Wisconsin Lutheran High School shooting '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl , 14 , shot in high school parking lot , Ocala police say '' . WKMG - TV ( Orlando , Florida ) . January 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paige Jones ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Two students wounded in Frederick High School shooting '' . Frederick News - Post ( Frederick , Maryland ) . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager found shot dead in Merced school parking lot '' . KFSN - TV ( Fresno , California ) . February 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reward in Bethune - Cookman shooting increased to $10,000 '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal ( Daytona Beach , Florida ) . February 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man shot at elementary school in University City ; one suspect arrested '' . KMOV ( St. Louis , Missouri ) . March 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Manager : One person killed in Wayne Community College shooting '' . WITN - TV ( Washington , North Carolina ) . April 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy shot while directing school traffic in apparent ambush '' . Policeone.com. April 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman tackled by teacher after firing shots at N. Thurston H.S. '' KOMO - TV ( Seattle , Washington ) . April 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search continues for 16 - year - old suspect in school bus shooting '' . WJAX - TV ( Jacksonville , Florida ) . May 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two men charged in shooting at Southwestern Academy in Flint '' . MLive.com ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah State University student dies in campus shooting '' . CNN International . August 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Arrested , Gunman Sought After Deadly Shooting At Sacramento City College '' . KABC - TV ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Payne ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Delta State shooting '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirk Lammers ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` S. Dakota high school principal shot , wounded ; students safe '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Blankstein ; Tom Winter ; Jacquellena Carrero ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Killed in Shooting at Oregon 's Umpqua Community College '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Shooting Reported on University Campus in Arizona '' . ABC News . October 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One dead , one injured in shooting at Texas Southern University ; possible suspect detained '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . October 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead in shooting at Tennessee State University in Nashville '' . CNN International . October 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 killed in shooting at Winston - Salem State University in North Carolina '' . CNN International . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One dead after shooting at suburban Las Vegas high school '' . Fox News Channel . November 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot in leg following basketball game at Lawrence Central High School '' . WXIN ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) . January 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , 16 , arrested after shooting incident at Ben Franklin High School '' . WPVI - TV ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . January 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4 hurt in shootings outside Muskegon Heights High School , including 2 students '' . WXMI ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) . February 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacques Billeaud ; Paul Davenport ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Police : Shooting at Phoenix - area school was a murder - suicide '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick McCrabb ; Lauren Pack ; Ed Richter ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Latest on Madison H.S. shooting '' . WHIO ( AM ) ( Dayton , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauren Clark ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Parents of Madison H.S. shooting suspect speak ; victim returns '' . WHIO ( AM ) ( Dayton , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UCLA shooting updates : Woman who was married to UCLA shooter lived at Minnesota crime scene Archived June 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Los Angeles Times ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ What we know about Ashley Hasti , Minnesota victim of UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar Archived June 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Star Tribune ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2 suspects arrested in slaying outside Jeremiah Burke High School -- The Boston Globe '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 - year - old shot at Townville Elementary still in critical condition '' . WYFF ( Greenville , South Carolina ) . September 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Hall , Townville Elementary School Shooting Victim , Has Died : Coroner '' . NBC News . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old boy arrested in Vigor High School shooting '' . Alabama.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two students injured in shooting outside Linden - McKinley High School '' . NBC4i.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Students Shot Outside San Francisco High School '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Update : SFPD Arrests 2 in June Jordan School Shooting '' . KQED . October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old shot outside Sandy middle school '' . KSL5 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashton Edwards , Mark Green and Lauren Steinbrecher ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Police say student , teacher jumped into action after shot fired at Bountiful school '' . KSTU . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker Perry , No ruling on West Liberty - Salem school shooting suspect 's competency Archived May 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , WHIO ( May 5 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Woodward , Benjamin ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` How the shooting at the UW protest of Milo Yiannopoulos unfolded '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Amy ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Photo released of suspect after King City High student shot '' . KSBW . Jump up ^ Kentz , Rachel ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Suspect arrested in March shooting near King City High '' . The Californian . Jump up ^ Sonya Hamasaki & Darran Simon ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Student one of 3 dead in San Bernardino school shooting '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Steele ; Julieta Chiquillo ; Eline de Bruijn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Lake College gunman was stalking the woman he killed , her family says '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead , 3 hurt in shooting at Spokane - area high school '' . Oregon Live . Associated Press . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mattoon Community Unit School District 2 -- MHS students , staff secure following shooting '' . www.mattoon.k12.il.us . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Suspect in Custody After Injuring One in Shooting at Illinois High School '' . Time . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 dead at multiple shooting locations in N. California county , including a school ; gunman is killed '' . www.msn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branson - Potts , Hailey ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mother driving her boys to school when Rancho Tehama gunman struck shielded her son despite her wounds '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico school shooter left note plotting attack , suicide '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman disguised himself , randomly killed at New Mexico school '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster - Kiwi Farms user shoots up school and then kills himself '' . Kiwi Farms . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/08/us/aztec-high-school-shooting-william-atchison/index.html/ ^ Jump up to : `` A Look at all 11 school shooting that took place in the first 23 days of 2018 '' . MPRNews . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lam , Katherine ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Texas high school shooting leaves 1 student wounded ; suspect in custody , police say '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old boy charged in Texas shooting , wounded student remains hospitalized '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , John . `` Paramedic : Girl wounded in area school shooting bravest ' I 've ever seen ' '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky school shooting : 2 dead , 15 more shot at Marshall County High School -- live updates '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead , suspect in custody after shooting at Kentucky high school '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Holly Yan , AnneClaire Stapleton and Paul P. Murphy , . `` Kentucky school shooting : 2 students killed , 18 injured '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sonya Hamasaki , Stella Chan and Jason Hanna ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` 2 students shot at Los Angeles school ; 12 - year - old girl in custody '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-15/there-have-been-17-shootings-in-america-so-far-this-year/9449748 Accessed February Jump up ^ `` Florida school shooting suspect hid among students after massacre '' . CBS News . CBS / AP . 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Audra D. S. Burch ; Patricia Mazzei ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Florida School Shooting : ' No Words ' as 17 Die in a Barrage of Bullets '' . New York Times . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Bibliography Breaux , By Kia Shant'e. `` 3 die in Missouri abbey shooting CJOnline.com '' . cjonline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Chalmers , Phil ( 2009 ) . Inside the Mind of a Teen Killer ( illustrated ed . ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 152 - 8 . Crews , Gordon A. ( 2016 ) . Critical Examinations of School Violence and Disturbance in K - 12 Education . Hershey , Pennsylvania : Information Science Reference . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4666 - 9935 - 9 . Davies , Kim ( 2008 ) . The Murder Book : Examining Homicide ( illustrated ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 172401 - 3 . Dixon , David ( 2005 ) . Never Come to Peace Again : Pontiac 's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America . University of Oklahoma Press ( illustrated ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3656 - 1 . Finley , Laura ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of School Crime and Violence ( 1st ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36239 - 2 . Finley , Laura ( 2014 ) . School Violence : A Reference Handbook , 2nd Edition ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 624 - 1 . Klein , Jessie ( 2013 ) . The Bully Society : School Shootings and the Crisis of Bullying in America 's Schools ( reprint ed . ) . New York , New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 6371 - 1 . Lebrun , Marcel ( 2008 ) . Books , Blackboards , and Bullets : School Shootings and Violence in America ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57886 - 904 - 6 . Middleton , Richard ( 2007 ) . Pontiac 's War : Its Causes , Course and Consequences . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97914 - 6 . Nash , Jay Robert ( 1992 ) . World Encyclopedia of 20th Century Murder ( 1st ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59077 - 532 - 5 . Perline , Irvin H. ; Goldschmidt , Jona ( 2004 ) . The Psychology and Law of Workplace Violence : A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Employers ( illustrated ed . ) . Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas Publisher . ISBN 978 - 0 - 398 - 07432 - 6 . Van Brunt , Brian ( 2012 ) . Ending Campus Violence : New Approaches to Prevention . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 51494 - 4 . External links School Safety Interim Study Committee -- Indiana Legislative Services Agency ( September 24 , 2013 ) Federal Report Looks at Crime and Safety in Schools -- Council for American Private Education ( CAPE ) ( January 2015 ) Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- National Center for Education Statistics ( July 9 , 2015 ) Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- Council of State Governments Justice Center ( July 15 , 2015 ) Selected Findings from the Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- Center for Evidence - Based Crime Policy ( CEBCP ) Symposium ( August 17 , 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States&oldid=828292503 '' Categories : Lists of disasters in the United States School shootings in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Incomplete lists from June 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2017 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 18 : 31 . 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2,308
where is the most lightning strikes in the world
The map on the right shows that lightning is not distributed evenly around the planet . About 70 % of lightning occurs on land in the Tropics , where the majority of thunderstorms occur . The North and South Poles and the areas over the oceans have the fewest lightning strikes . The place where lightning occurs most often ( according to the data from 2004 to 2005 ) is near the small village of Kifuka in the mountains of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , where the elevation is around 975 metres ( 3,200 ft ) . This region received 158 lightning strikes per square kilometer ( 409 per sq mi ) a year .
near the small village of Kifuka in the mountains of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Distribution of lightning
distribution of lightning
The distribution of lightning , or the incidence of individual strikes , in any particular place is highly variable , but lightning does have an underlying spatial distribution . High quality lightning data has only recently become available , but the data indicates that lightning occurs on average 44 ( ± 5 ) times every second over the entire Earth , making a total of about 1.4 billion flashes per year .
Contents 1 Ratios of lightning types 2 Distribution 3 Lightning data sources 4 References 5 External links Ratios of lightning types ( edit ) The lightning flash rate averaged over the Earth for intra-cloud ( IC ) + cloud - to - cloud ( CC ) to cloud - to - ground ( CG ) is in the ratio : ( IC + CC ) : CG = 3 : 1 . The base of the negative region in a cloud is normally at roughly the elevation where freezing occurs . The closer this region is to the ground , the more likely cloud - to - ground strikes are . In the tropics , where the freeze zone is higher , the ( IC + CC ) : CG ratio is about 9 : 1 . In Norway , at latitude 60 ° N , where the freezing elevation is lower , the ( IC + CC ) : CG ratio is about 1 : 1 . Distribution ( edit ) Global map of lightning frequency -- strikes / km / yr . The high lightning areas are on land located in the tropics . Areas with almost no lightning are the Arctic and Antarctic , closely followed by the oceans which have only 0.1 to 1 strikes / km / yr . The map on the right shows that lightning is not distributed evenly around the planet . About 70 % of lightning occurs on land in the Tropics , where the majority of thunderstorms occur . The North and South Poles and the areas over the oceans have the fewest lightning strikes . The place where lightning occurs most often ( according to the data from 2004 to 2005 ) is near the small village of Kifuka in the mountains of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo , where the elevation is around 975 metres ( 3,200 ft ) . This region received 158 lightning strikes per square kilometer ( 409 per sq mi ) a year . Above the Catatumbo river , which feeds Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela , Catatumbo lightning flashes several times per minute and this place has the highest number of lightning strikes per square kilometer in the world . Singapore has one of the highest rates of lightning activity in the world . The city of Teresina in northern Brazil has the third - highest rate of occurrences of lightning strikes in the world . The surrounding region is referred to as the Chapada do Corisco ( `` Flash Lightning Flatlands '' ) . In the United States , the west coast has the fewest lightning strikes , and Central Florida sees more lightning than any other area . Florida has the largest number of recorded strikes during summer . Much of Florida is a peninsula , bordered by the ocean on three sides with a subtropical climate . The result is the nearly daily development of clouds that produce thunderstorms . For example , in what is called `` Lightning Alley '' , an area from Tampa to Orlando , there are as many as 50 strikes per square mile ( about 20 per km ) per year . The Empire State Building in New York City is struck by lightning on average 23 times each year , and was once struck 8 times in 24 minutes . Lightning data sources ( edit ) World map showing frequency of lightning strikes , in flashes per square kilometer ( km2 ) per year ( equal - area projection ) . Lightning strikes most frequently in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Combined 1995 -- 2003 data from the Optical Transient Detector and 1998 -- 2003 data from the Lightning Imaging Sensor . Before technology was developed to accurately detect and record lightning flashes , climatologies were based upon the number of audible detection of thunder . The keraunic ( or ceraunic ) level was the average number of days per year when thunder was heard in a given area . A map of isokeraunic contours was used to give a rough estimate of relative lightning frequencies . However , variations in population , the distance sound travels due to terrain made such maps quite spurious , and human hearing made such maps imprecise . It also could not hope to differentiate between different types of lightning . Electronic lightning sensors advanced during the 20th century using radio wave disruptions . Originally the expense of such instruments caused only sporadic development . However a small set of sensors in the U.S. employed during a 1979 project by NOAA 's National Severe Storms Laboratory grew by bits and pieces into the National Lightning Detection Network ( NLDN ) , achieving nationwide coverage in 1989 . Vaisala is now the operator and primary distributor of data from the NLDN , and developed the Canadian Lightning Detection Network ( CLDN ) as of 1998 . The EUCLID network is the European shared network , covering most of the continent apart from some far eastern nations . Collaborative amateur development spurred the formation of the Blitzortung community , which offers real - time lightning strike data from most of the world ( as well as historical data dating back to 2008 ) under the Creative Commons license . Satellite lightning measurements began in 1997 when NASA and National Space Development Agency ( NASDA ) of Japan launched the Lightning Imaging Sensor ( LIS ) aboard the aboard the TRMM satellite , providing periodic scan swaths over tropical and sub-tropical portions of the globe until the satellite 's was lost in 2015 . In 2017 NOAA started deployment of Geostationary Lightning Mappers aboard their GOES - R class satellites , offering continual coverage of much of the land within the western Hemisphere . Maps of the U.S. lightning strike / km yr averaged from 1997 - 2010 are available from Vaisala 's webpage for a fee . More detailed U.S. regional lightning maps based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) and the National Weather Service ( NWS ) data centered on different cities are put out by the Cooperative Institute for Applied Meteorological Studies at Texas A&M University . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World Climatology . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Lightning Flash Rate '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where LightningStrikes '' . NASA Science . Science News . 2001 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Uman , Martin A . ' `` All About Lightning '' ; Ch. 8 ; p. 68 , Dover Publications N.Y. ; 1986 ; ISBN 9780486252377 Jump up ^ P.R. Field ; W.H. Hand ; G. Cappelluti ; et al. ( November 2010 ) . `` Hail Threat Standardisation '' ( PDF ) . European Aviation Safety Agency . RP EASA. 2008 / 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kifuka -- place where lightning strikes most often '' . Wondermondo . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Environmental Agency ( 2002 ) . `` Lightning Activity in Singapore '' . National Environmental Agency . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paesi Online . `` Teresina : Vacations and Tourism '' . Paesi Online . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2007 ) . `` Staying Safe in Lightning Alley '' . NASA . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kevin Pierce ( 2000 ) . `` Summer Lightning Ahead '' . Florida Environment.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Uman , Martin A . ' `` All About Lightning '' ; Ch. 6 , p. 47 , Dover Publications N.Y. ; 1986 ; ISBN 9780486252377 Jump up ^ Orville , Richard ( February 2008 ) . `` Development of the National Lightning Detection Network '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 89 ( 2 ) : 180 -- 190 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.vaisala.com/sites/default/files/documents/CLDN%20Brochure%20B210413EN-a.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.euclid.org Jump up ^ http://en.blitzortung.org/contact.php Jump up ^ VAISALA US lightning strike density map ( 1 ) Accessed 13 Jul 2017 Jump up ^ U.S. regional lightning strike maps ( 2 ) Accessed 30 Jul 2012 External links ( edit ) Blitzortung.org A worldwide , real time , community collaborative lightning location network . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_of_lightning&oldid=852811213 '' Categories : Lightning Meteorology and climate education Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 14 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,309
who is the original author of the bible
Authorship of the Bible
authorship of the bible
Outline of Bible - related topics
Bible book Bible portal Few biblical books are regarded by scholars as the product of a single individual , and all have been edited to produce the works known today . The following article outlines the conclusions of the majority of contemporary scholars , along with the traditional views , both Jewish and Christian . Contents ( hide ) 1 Divine authorship 2 Hebrew Bible 2.1 Torah 2.1. 1 Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers 2.1. 2 Deuteronomy 2.2 Prophets 2.2. 1 Former prophets 2.2. 2 Latter prophets 2.2. 2.1 Isaiah 2.2. 2.2 Jeremiah 2.2. 2.3 Ezekiel 2.2. 2.4 Minor Prophets or Book of the Twelve 2.3 Writings 2.3. 1 Psalms 2.3. 2 Job 2.3. 3 Proverbs 2.3. 4 Ruth 2.3. 5 Song of Songs ( Song of Solomon ) 2.3. 6 Qoheleth / Ecclesiastes 2.3. 7 Lamentations 2.3. 8 Esther 2.3. 9 Daniel 2.3. 10 Ezra - Nehemiah 2.3. 11 Chronicles 3 Deuterocanonicals / Biblical Apocrypha 3.1 Additions to Daniel 3.2 1 & 2 Esdras 3.3 Book of Baruch 3.4 1 , 2 , 3 & 4 Maccabees 3.5 Letter of Jeremiah 3.6 Prayer of Manasseh 3.7 Wisdom of Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon 3.8 Additions to Esther 3.9 Tobit 3.10 Judith 3.11 Additional Psalms 4 New Testament 4.1 Gospels and Acts 4.1. 1 Mark 4.1. 2 Matthew 4.1. 3 Luke and Acts 4.1. 4 John 4.2 Epistles 4.2. 1 Pauline epistles 4.2. 2 Letter to the Hebrews 4.2. 3 General epistles 4.3 Revelation 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Bibliography 6.2. 1 Pentateuch 6.2. 2 Deuteronomistic history 6.2. 3 Prophets and writings 6.2. 4 New Testament 7 Further reading Divine authorship ( edit ) See also : Biblical inspiration and Prophet The rabbis of the Babylonian Talmud held that God wrote the Torah in heaven in letters of black fire on parchment of white fire before the world was created , and that Moses received it by divine dictation . The early Church Fathers agreed that the scriptures were inspired or dictated by God , but not on just which writings were scriptural : as a result , the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches treat some books ( the Apocrypha ) as inspired , but the Protestant tradition does not . In the 20th century the vast majority of theologians , both Catholic and Protestant , moved away from the divine dictation model and emphasised the role of the human authors . As a result , even many conservative scholars now accept , for example , that the Book of Isaiah has multiple authors and that 2 Corinthians is two letters joined together . Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The Hebrew Bible , or Tanakh , is the collection of scriptures making up the Bible used by Judaism ; the same books , in a slightly different order , also make up the Protestant version of the Old Testament . The order used here follows the divisions used in Jewish Bibles . Torah ( edit ) Main articles : Torah § Composition , and Documentary hypothesis A Sefer Torah The first division of the Jewish Bible is the Torah , meaning `` Instruction '' or `` Law '' ; in scholarly literature it is frequently called by its Greek name , the Pentateuch ( `` five scrolls '' ) . It is the group of five books made up of Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy and stands first in all versions of the Christian Old Testament . According to Rabbinic tradition the five books of the Torah were written by Moses , with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy which describe his death . Most Jews and Christians believed Mosaic authorship until the 17th century . Today , the majority of scholars agree that the Pentateuch does not have a single author , and that its composition took place over centuries . Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers ( edit ) From the late 19th century there was a consensus among scholars around the documentary hypothesis , which suggests that the first four books ( Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers ) were created by combining four originally independent documents , known as the Jahwist , the Elohist , the Deuteronomist , and the Priestly sources . This approach has since seen various revisions , yet while the identification of distinctive Deuteronomistic and Priestly theologies and vocabularies remains widespread , they are used to form new approaches suggesting that the books were combined gradually over time by the slow accumulation of `` fragments '' of text , or that a basic text was `` supplemented '' by later authors / editors . At the same time there has been a tendency to bring the origins of the Pentateuch further forward in time , and the most recent proposals place it in 5th century BCE Judah under the Persian empire . Deuteronomy ( edit ) See also : Deuteronomist § Deuteronomistic history Deuteronomy is treated separately from Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers . Its place in the documentary hypothesis is anomalous , as it , unlike the other four , consists of a single `` source '' . The process of its formation probably took several hundred years , from the 8th century to the 6th , and its authors have been variously identified as prophetic circles ( because the concerns of Deuteronomy mirror those of the prophets , especially Hosea ) , Levitical priestly circles ( because it stresses the role of the Levites ) , and wisdom and scribal circles ( because it esteems wisdom , and because the treaty - form in which it is written would be best known to scribes ) . Deuteronomy was later used as the introduction to the comprehensive history of Israel written in the early part of the 6th century , and later still it was detached from the history and used to round off the Pentateuch . Prophets ( edit ) Main article : Nevi'im Former Prophets ( edit ) See also : Book of Joshua § Composition , Book of Judges § Composition , Books of Samuel § Composition , and Books of Kings § Composition The Former Prophets ( נביאים ראשונים , Nevi'im Rishonim ) , make up the first part of the second division of the Hebrew Bible , the Nevi'im , which translates as `` Prophets '' . In Christian Bibles the Book of Ruth , which belongs in the final section of the Hebrew Bible , is inserted between Judges and Samuel . According to Jewish tradition dating from at least the 2nd century CE , the Book of Joshua was by Joshua , the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel were by the prophet Samuel ( with some passages by the prophets Gad and Nathan ) , while the two Books of Kings were by Jeremiah . Since 1943 most scholars have accepted Martin Noth 's argument that Deuteronomy , Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings make up a single work , the so - called `` Deuteronomistic history . '' Noth believed that the history was the work of a single author writing in the time of the Babylonian exile ( 586 -- 539 BCE ) . This author / editor took as his starting point an early version of the book of Deuteronomy , which had already been composed during the reign of Josiah ( last quarter of the 7th century ) , selecting , editing and composing it to produce a coherent work . Frank Moore Cross later proposed that an earlier version of the history was composed in Jerusalem in Josiah 's time ; this first version , Dtr1 , was then revised and expanded to create Noth 's second edition , or Dtr2 . Still later scholars have discovered further layers and further author - editors . In the 1990s some scholars began to question the existence of a Deuteronomistic history and the question of the origin of these books continues to be debated . Latter Prophets ( edit ) A fragment of the Book of Isaiah found among the Dead Sea Scrolls . Isaiah ( edit ) Main article : Book of Isaiah § Composition Modern scholars divide the Book of Isaiah into three parts , each with a different origin : `` First Isaiah '' , chapters 1 -- 39 , containing the words of the historical 8th century BCE prophet Isaiah and later expansions by his disciples ; `` Deutero - Isaiah '' ( chapters 40 -- 55 ) , by an anonymous Jewish author in Babylon near the end of the Babylonian captivity ; and `` Trito - Isaiah '' ( chapters 56 -- 66 ) , by anonymous disciples of Deutero - Isaiah in Jerusalem immediately after the return from Babylon ( although some scholars suggest that chapters 55 -- 66 were written by Deutero - Isaiah after the fall of Babylon . ) This orderly sequence of pre-exilic , exilic and post-exilic material is somewhat misleading , as significant editing has clearly taken place in all three parts . Jeremiah ( edit ) Main article : Book of Jeremiah § Composition Jeremiah lived in the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE . The Book of Jeremiah presents Baruch ben Neriah as the prophet 's companion who writes his words on several occasions , and there has accordingly been much speculation that Baruch could have composed an early edition of the book . In the early 20th century Sigmund Mowinckel identified three types of material in the book , Jeremiah 1 -- 25 ( Type A ) being the words of Jeremiah himself , the biographic prose material ( Type B) by an admirer writing c. 580 -- 480 BCE , and the remainder ( Type C ) from later periods . There has been considerable debate over Mowinckel 's ideas , notably the extent of the Jeremiah material and the role of Baruch , who may have been the author of the Type B material . It is generally agreed that the book has strong connections with the Deuteronomistic layers from the Former Prophets , recapitulating in modern terms the traditional idea that Jeremiah wrote both his own book and the Books of Kings . Ezekiel ( edit ) Main article : Book of Ezekiel § Composition The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of Ezekiel ben - Buzi , a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon between 593 and 571 BCE . The various manuscripts , however , differ markedly from each other , and it is clear that the book has been subjected to extensive editing . While Ezekiel himself may have been responsible for some of this revision , there is general agreement that the book as we have it today is the product of a highly educated priestly circle that owed allegiance to the historical Ezekiel and was closely associated with the Temple . Minor Prophets or Book of the Twelve ( edit ) See also : Book of Hosea , Book of Joel , Book of Amos , Book of Obadiah , Book of Jonah , Book of Micah , Book of Nahum , Book of Habakkuk , Book of Zephaniah , Book of Haggai , Book of Zechariah , and Book of Malachi The Minor Prophets are one book in the Hebrew Bible , and many ( though not all ) modern scholars agree that the Book of the Twelve underwent a process of editing which resulted in a coherent collection . This process is believed to have reached its final form in the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BCE ) , although there is disagreement over whether this was early or late . For the individual books , scholars usually assume that there exists an original core of prophetic tradition which can be attributed to the figure after whom the book is named . The noteworthy exception is the Book of Jonah , an anonymous work containing no prophetic oracles , probably composed in the Hellenistic period ( 332 -- 167 BCE ) . Writings ( edit ) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake , 1795 See also : Ketuvim Psalms ( edit ) Main article : Psalms § Authorship and ascriptions While a number of the Psalms bear headings which seem to identify their authors , these are probably the result of the need to find a significant identification in tradition . The individual psalms come from widely different periods : `` some ... presuppose a reigning king and an established cult in the Temple ; others clearly presuppose and mention the events of the Exile . '' Job ( edit ) Main article : Book of Job § Composition The unknown author of the Book of Job is unlikely to have written earlier than the 6th century BCE , and the cumulative evidence suggests a post-Exilic date . It contains some 1,000 lines , of which about 750 form the original core . Proverbs ( edit ) Main article : Book of Proverbs § Authorship The Book of Proverbs consists of several collections taken from various sources . Verses 10 : 1 -- 22 : 16 are probably the oldest section , with chapters 1 -- 9 being composed as a prologue -- there is some question whether this happened before or after the Exile ( 587 BCE ) . The remaining collections are probably later , with the book reaching its final form around the 3rd century BCE . Ruth ( edit ) Main article : Book of Ruth § Authorship and date The Talmud refers to Samuel as the author of Ruth , but this conflicts with several details inside the book . It has been proposed that the anonymous author was a woman , or if a man then one who took women 's issues seriously . The book is largely a unity , although the genealogy of David appears to be a later addition . Song of songs ( Song of Solomon ) ( edit ) Main article : Song of Songs § Authorship The Song of Songs was traditionally attributed to Solomon , but modern scholars date it around the 3rd century BCE . Scholars still debate whether it is a single unified work ( and therefore from a single author ) , or more in the nature of an anthology . Qoheleth / Ecclesiastes ( edit ) Main article : Book of Ecclesiastes § Authorship and historical context The Book of Ecclesiastes is usually dated to the mid-3rd century BCE . A provenance in Jerusalem is considered likely . The book 's claim of Solomon as author is a literary fiction ; the author also identifies himself as `` Qoheleth '' , a word of obscure meaning which critics have understood variously as a personal name , a nom de plume , an acronym , and a function ; a final self - identification is as `` shepherd '' , a title usually implying royalty . Lamentations ( edit ) Main article : Book of Lamentations § Authorship Lamentations is assigned by tradition to the Prophet Jeremiah ; linguistic and theological evidence point to its origin as a distinct book in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE , with the contents having their origin in special mourning observances in Exilic and post-Exilic Jewish communities . Esther ( edit ) Main article : Book of Esther § Authorship and date The Book of Esther was composed in the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE among the Jews of the eastern diaspora . The genre of the book is the novella or short story , and it draws on the themes of wisdom literature ; its sources are still unresolved . Daniel ( edit ) Main article : Book of Daniel § Dating and content The Book of Daniel presents itself as the work of a prophet named Daniel who lived during the 6th century BCE ; the overwhelming majority of modern scholars date it to the 2nd century BCE . The author , writing in the time of the Maccabees to assure his fellow - Jews that their persecution by the Syrians would come to an end and see them victorious , seems to have constructed his book around the legendary Daniel mentioned in Ezekiel , a figure ranked with Noah and Job for his wisdom and righteousness . Ezra - Nehemiah ( edit ) Main articles : Book of Ezra § Structure , composition and date ; and Book of Nehemiah § Composition and date The Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah were originally one work , Ezra - Nehemiah . H.G.M Williamson ( 1987 ) proposed three basic stages leading to the final work : ( 1 ) composition of the various lists and Persian documents , which he accepts as authentic and therefore the earliest parts of the book ; ( 2 ) composition of the `` Ezra memoir '' and `` Nehemiah memoir '' , about 400 BCE ; and ( 3 ) composition of Ezra 1 -- 6 as the final editor 's introduction to the combined earlier texts , about 300 BCE . Lester Grabbe ( 2003 ) puts the combination of the two texts Ezra and Nehemiah , with some final editing , somewhat later , in the Ptolemaic period , c. 300 -- 200 BCE . Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : Book of Chronicles § Authorship and composition Chronicles is an anonymous work from Levitical circles in Jerusalem , probably composed in the late 4th century BCE . Although the book is divided into two parts ( 1st and 2nd Chronicles ) , the majority of studies propose a single underlying text with lengthy later additions and amendments to underline certain interests such as the cult or the priesthood . Deuterocanonicals / biblical Apocrypha ( edit ) Tobias , Raphael and the fish ( Pieter Lastman : illustration to the Book of Tobias See also : Development of the Old Testament canon , Deuterocanonical books , and Biblical Apocrypha The Catholic and Orthodox Christian churches include some or all of the following books in their Bibles . Additions to Daniel ( edit ) Main article : Prayer of Azariah § Texts and Origin The Greek text of the Book of Daniel contains additions not found in the Hebrew / Aramaic version . All are anonymous . The Prayer of Azariah ( one of Daniel 's companions ) was probably composed around 169 / 8 -- 165 / 4 , when Antiochus IV was oppressing the Jews . The Song of the Three Holy Children ( i.e. , the three thrown into the furnace ) may have been composed by priestly circles in Jerusalem . Susanna may have been composed around 170 -- 130 BCE in the context of the Hellenisation struggle . Bel and the Dragon is difficult to date , but the late 6th century is possible . 1 & 2 Esdras ( edit ) Main articles : 1 Esdras § Author and criticism , and 2 Esdras § Author and criticism Jerome 's translation of the Bible into Latin ( the Vulgate ) contained four books of Esdras ( i.e. Ezra ) ; Jerome 's 1 and 2 Esdras were eventually renamed Ezra and Nehemiah ; the remaining books each moved up two places in most versions , but the numbering system remains highly confused . The present 1 Esdras takes material from the Book of Chronicles and the Book of Ezra , but ignores Nehemiah entirely ; it was probably composed in the period 200 -- 100 BCE. 2 Esdras has no connection with the other Esdras books beyond taking Ezra as its central character . It was probably written soon after the destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE . Book of Baruch ( edit ) The author of the Book of Baruch is traditionally held to be Baruch the companion of Jeremiah , but this is considered unlikely . Some scholars propose that it was written during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees . 1 , 2 , 3 & 4 Maccabees ( edit ) Main articles : 1 Maccabees § Transmission. 2C language and author , 2 Maccabees § Author , 3 Maccabees § Authorship and historicity , and 4 Maccabees § Authorship and criticism The anonymous author of 1 Maccabees was an educated Jew and a serious historian ; a date around 100 BCE is most likely . 2 Maccabees is a revised and condensed version of a work by an otherwise unknown author called Jason of Cyrene , plus passages by the anonymous editor who made the condensation ( called `` the Epitomist '' ) . Jason most probably wrote in the mid to late 2nd century BCE , and the Epitomist before 63 BCE. 3 Maccabees concerns itself with the Jewish community in Egypt a half - century before the revolt , suggesting that the author was an Egyptian Jew , and probably a native of Alexandria . A date of c. 100 -- 75 BCE is `` very probable '' . 4 Maccabees was probably composed in the middle half of the 1st century CE , by a Jew living in Syria or Asia Minor . Letter of Jeremiah ( edit ) Main article : Letter of Jeremiah § Author The Letter of Jeremiah is not by Jeremiah ; the author apparently appropriated the name of the prophet to lend authority to his composition . Nor is it by Jeremiah 's secretary Baruch , although it appears as the last chapter of Baruch in the Catholic Bible and the KJV . Internal evidence points to a date around 317 BCE , with the author possibly a Jew in Palestine addressing Jews of the diaspora . Prayer of Manasseh ( edit ) The Prayer of Manasseh presents itself as a prayer from the wicked , but now penitent , king Manasseh ( or Manassas ) from his exile in Babylon . The actual author is unknown , and the date of composition is probably the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE . Wisdom of Sirach and wisdom of Solomon ( edit ) Main articles : Wisdom of Sirach § Author , and Wisdom of Solomon § Date and authorship Sirach names its author as Jesus ben Sirach . He was probably a scribe , offering instruction to the youth of Jerusalem . His grandson 's preface to the Greek translation helps date the work to the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE , probably between 196 BCE and the beginning of the oppression of the Jews by Antiochus IV , who reigned 175 -- 164 BCE . The Wisdom of Solomon is unlikely to be earlier than the 2nd century BCE , and probably dates from 100 -- 50 BCE . Its self - attribution to Solomon was questioned even in the medieval period , and it shows affinities with the Egyptian Jewish community and with Pharisee teachings . Additions to Esther ( edit ) Main article : Book of Esther § Additions to Esther The Book of Esther itself was composed probably around 400 BCE by Jews living in the eastern provinces of the Persian empire and reached its final form by the 2nd century BCE ; concerns over the legitimacy of certain passages in the Hebrew text led to the identification of the additions to Esther in the Greek translation of Esther of the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE . Tobit ( edit ) Main article : Book of Tobit § Date of composition Tobit is set in the 8th century BCE and is named after its central character , a pious Jew in exile . The generally recognised date of composition is the early 2nd century BCE . Judith ( edit ) The Book of Judith is set in Israel in the time of Nebuchadrezzar , king of Assyria . It has strong Persian elements , which suggests a 4th - century BCE date ; it also has strong parallels with the Hasmonean period , which suggests a 2nd - century date . It is typically labeled Pharisaic , but an origin in Sadducee circles has also been suggested . Additional Psalms ( edit ) Main article : Psalms § Other psalms The canonical Psalms contains 150 entries . Psalm 151 is found in most Greek translations , and the Hebrew version was found among the Dead Sea Scrolls . Psalms 152 -- 155 are part of the Syriac Peshitta Bible , some of which were found at Qumran . New Testament ( edit ) De evangelist Matteüs en de engel by Rembrandt See also : Development of the New Testament canon Gospels and Acts ( edit ) The gospels ( and Acts ) are anonymous , in that none of them provide the name of the author within their text . While the Gospel of John might be considered somewhat of an exception , because the author refers to himself as `` the disciple Jesus loved '' and claims to be a member of Jesus ' inner circle , most scholars today consider this passage to be an interpolation ( see below ) . There is general agreement among scholars that the Synoptic Gospels ( Matthew , Mark and Luke ) show a high level of cross-reference . The usual explanation , the Two - source hypothesis , is that Mark was written first and that the authors of Matthew and Luke relied on Mark and the hypothetical Q document . Scholars agree that the Gospel of John was written last , using a different tradition and body of testimony . In addition , most scholars agree that the author of Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles , making Luke - Acts two halves of a single work . Mark ( edit ) According to tradition and early church fathers , first attested by Papias of Hierapolis , the author is Mark the Evangelist , the companion of the apostle Peter . The gospel , however , appears to rely on several underlying sources , varying in form and in theology , which tells against the tradition that the gospel was based on Peter 's preaching . Various elements within the gospel , including the importance of the authority of Peter and the broadness of the basic theology , suggest that the author wrote in Syria or Palestine for a non-Jewish Christian community which had earlier absorbed the influence of pre-Pauline beliefs and then developed them further independent of Paul . Matthew ( edit ) Early Christian tradition , first attested by Papias of Hierapolis , held that the Gospel of Matthew was written in `` Hebrew '' ( Aramaic , the language of Judea ) by the apostle Matthew , the tax - collector and disciple of Jesus , but according to the majority of modern scholars it is unlikely that this Gospel was written by an eyewitness . Modern scholars interpret the tradition to mean that Papias , writing about 125 -- 150 CE , believed that Matthew had made a collection of the sayings of Jesus . Papias 's description does not correspond well with what is known of the gospel : it was most probably written in Greek , not Aramaic or Hebrew , it depends on the Greek Gospel of Mark and on the hypothetical Q document , and it is not a collection of sayings . Although the identity of the author is unknown , the internal evidence of the Gospel suggests that he was an ethnic Jewish male scribe from a Hellenised city , possibly Antioch in Syria , and that he wrote between 70 and 100 CE using a variety of oral traditions and written sources about Jesus . Luke and Acts ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of Luke - Acts There is general acceptance that the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles originated as a two - volume work by a single author addressed to an otherwise unknown individual named Theophilus . This author was an `` amateur Hellenistic historian '' versed in Greek rhetoric , that being the standard training for historians in the ancient world . According to tradition , first attested by Irenaeus , the author was Luke the Evangelist , the companion of the Apostle Paul , but many modern scholars have expressed doubt and opinion on the subject is evenly divided . Instead , they believe Luke - Acts was written by an anonymous Christian author who may not have been an eyewitness to any of the events recorded within the text . Some of the evidence cited comes from the text of Luke - Acts itself . In the preface to Luke , the author refers to having eyewitness testimony `` handed down to us '' and to having undertaken a `` careful investigation '' , but the author does not mention his own name or explicitly claim to be an eyewitness to any of the events , except for the we passages . And in the we passages , the narrative is written in the first person plural -- the author never refers to himself as `` I '' or `` me '' . To those who are skeptical of an eyewitness author , the we passages are usually regarded as fragments of a second document , part of some earlier account , which was later incorporated into Acts by the later author of Luke - Acts , or simply a Greek rhetorical device used for sea voyages . John ( edit ) John 21 : 24 identifies the author of the Gospel of John as `` the beloved disciple , '' and from the late 2nd century tradition , first attested by Irenaeus , this figure , unnamed in the Gospel itself , was identified with John the son of Zebedee . Today , however , most scholars agree that John 21 is an appendix to the Gospel , which originally ended at John 20 : 30 -- 31 . The majority of scholars date the Gospel of John to c. 80 -- 95 , and propose that the author made use of two major sources , a `` Signs '' source ( a collection of seven miracle stories ) and a `` Discourse '' source . Epistles ( edit ) Pauline Epistles ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Pauline epistles Saint Paul Writing His Epistles , 16th - century painting . Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary , for example Romans 16 : 22 cites a scribe named Tertius . The Epistle to the Romans , First Corinthians and Second Corinthians , Galatians , Philippians , 1 Thessalonians and the Epistle to Philemon are almost universally accepted as the work of Paul -- the superscripts to all except Romans and Galatians identify these as coming from Paul and at least one other person , a practice which was not usual in letters of the period , and it is not clear what role these other persons had in their composition . There is some support for Paul 's authorship of the three `` Deutero - Pauline Epistles , '' Ephesians , Colossians , and 2 Thessalonians . The three Pastoral epistles -- First and Second Timothy and Titus , are probably from the same author , but most historical - critical scholars regard them as the work of someone other than Paul . Letter to the Hebrews ( edit ) The Church included the Letter to the Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul until the Reformation . Pauline authorship is now generally rejected , and the real author is unknown . General Epistles ( edit ) See also : General epistles , Epistle of James , First Epistle of Peter , Second Epistle of Peter , First Epistle of John , Second Epistle of John , Third Epistle of John , and Epistle of Jude The traditional authors are : Peter the apostle ( First and Second Peter ) ; the author of the Gospel of John ( First , Second and Third John ) , writing in advanced age ; `` Jude , a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James '' ( Epistle of Jude ) ; and James the Just , `` a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' ( James ) . In fact 1 John is anonymous , and 2 and 3 John identify their author only as `` the Elder . '' Though 2 Peter states its author as `` Simon Peter , a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ '' , most scholars today regard this as pseudonymous , and many hold the same opinion of James , 1 Peter and Jude . Revelation ( edit ) Main article : Book of Revelation § Authorship The author of the Book of Revelation was traditionally believed to be the same person as both John , the apostle of Jesus and John the Evangelist , the traditional author of the Fourth Gospel -- the tradition can be traced to Justin Martyr , writing in the early 2nd century . Most biblical scholars now believe that these were separate individuals . The name `` John '' suggests that the author was a Christian of Jewish descent , and although he never explicitly identifies himself as a prophet it is likely that he belonged to a group of Christian prophets and was known as such to members of the churches in Asia Minor . Since the 2nd century the author has been identified with one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus . This is commonly linked with an assumption that the same author wrote the Gospel of John . Others , however , have argued that the author could have been John the Elder of Ephesus , a view which depends on whether a tradition cited by Eusebius was referring to someone other than the apostle . The precise identity of `` John '' therefore remains unknown . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Authorship of the Johannine works Authorship of the Petrine epistles Books of the Bible Dating the Bible References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rabin 2006 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Heschel 2005 , p. 539 - 540,546 . Jump up ^ Olson 2016 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Olson 2016 , pp. 92 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Olson 2016 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Jacobs 1995 , p. 375 Jump up ^ McDermott , John J. , `` Reading the Pentateuch : a historical introduction '' ( Pauline Press , 2002 ) . Google Books . October 2002 . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4082 - 4 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wenham , `` Pentateuchal Studies Today , '' in Themelios 22.1 ( October 1996 ) : 3 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 1997 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 2004 ) , pp. 74 -- 79 Jump up ^ Ska , Jean - Louis , `` Introduction to reading the Pentateuch '' ( Eisenbrauns , 2006 ) pp. 217 ff . Jump up ^ Miller , Patrick D. , Deuteronomy ( John Knox Press , 1990 ) pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Miller , Patrick D. , `` Deuteronomy '' ( John Knox Press , 1990 ) pp. 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Van Seters , John ( 23 August 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : A Social - science Commentary . T&T Clark . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08088 - 2 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham , M.P , and McKenzie , Steven L. , `` The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 ) p. 57 Jump up ^ Knoppers , Gary , and McConville , J. Gordon , ( eds ) , `` Reconsidering Israel and Judah : recent studies on the Deuteronomistic history '' ( Eisenbrauns , 2000 ) Jump up ^ Garry Knoppers , Is There a Future for the Deuteronomistic History ? , in Romer , Thomas , `` The Future of the Deuteronomistic History '' ( Leuven University Press , 2000 ) , p. 119 Jump up ^ Eynikel , Erik , `` The reform of King Josiah and the composition of the Deuteronomistic history '' ( Brill , 1996 ) pp. 14ff Jump up ^ Eynikel , Erik , `` The reform of King Josiah and the composition of the Deuteronomistic history '' ( Brill , 1996 ) pp. 14ff Jump up ^ Romer , Thomas , `` The Future of the Deuteronomistic History '' ( Leuven University Press , 2000 ) pp. 120ff ^ Jump up to : Boadt , Lawrence ( 1984 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2631 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Book of Isaiah '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Retrieved 29 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kugel , p. 561 Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp , Joseph , `` A history of prophecy in Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox , 1996 ) p. 183 Jump up ^ Graham , M.P , and McKenzie , Steven L. , `` The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 ) p. 83 ^ Jump up to : Mangano , Mark , ( ed ) `` Old Testament Introduction '' ( College Press , 2005 ) p. 471 Jump up ^ Graham , M.P , and McKenzie , Steven L. , `` The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Joseph Blenkinsopp , `` A History of Prophecy in Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) p. 167 Jump up ^ Joseph Blenkinsopp , `` A History of Prophecy in Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) p. 166 Jump up ^ Joseph Blenkinsopp , `` A History of Prophecy in Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) pp. 167 -- 68 Jump up ^ Redditt , Paul L. , and Schart , Aaron ( eds ) `` Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve '' ( Walter de Gruyter , 2003 ) pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Redditt , Paul L. , and Schart , Aaron ( eds ) `` Thematic threads in the Book of the Twelve '' ( Walter de Gruyter , 2003 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Floyd , Michael H. , `` Minor prophets , Part 2 '' ( Eerdmans ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Dell , Katharine M. , Reinventing the Wheel : The Shaping of the Book of Jonah , in John Barton , David James Reimer , `` After the exile : essays in honour of Rex Mason '' ( Mercer University Press ) pp. 86 -- 89 Jump up ^ Mays , James Luther , `` Psalms '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1995 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Henry Wansbrough , `` The Prayers of the Psalter '' ( `` written for the seventh annual course for monks and nuns during the Easter Vacation at St Benet 's Hall , Oxford , at the instigation of the Union of Monastic Superiors and in particular of Sister Zoe , the Prioress of Turvey '' ) Jump up ^ Habel , Norman C. , `` The Book of Job : A Commentary '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1985 ) pp. 40 -- 43 Jump up ^ Whybray , Norman , `` Wisdom : the collected articles of Norman Whybray '' ( Ashgate Publishing , 2005 ) p. 181 Jump up ^ Crenshaw , James L. , `` Old Testament wisdom : an introduction '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 2010 ) p. 66 Jump up ^ Snell , Daniel C. , `` Twice - told Proverbs and the composition of the book of Proverbs '' ( Eisenbrauns , 1993 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Hubbard , Robert L. `` Book of Ruth '' ( Eerdmans , 1989 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Brenner , Athalya & Fontaine , Carole R. ( 1999 ) . The Feminist Companion to the Bible . Sheffield Academic Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 978 - 2 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Korpel , Marjo , `` The structure of the book of Ruth '' ( Uitgeverij Van Gorcum , 2001 ) p. 224 Jump up ^ Bloch , Ariel , and Bloch , Chana , `` The Song of songs : a new translation with an introduction and commentary '' pp. 21 -- 27 Jump up ^ J. Cheryl Exum , Song of songs : a commentary ( Westminster John Knox Press , 2005 ) pp. 33 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw , James L. , `` Old Testament wisdom : an introduction '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 2010 ) pp. 144 -- 45 Jump up ^ Gerstenberger , Erhard , `` Psalms , Part 2 , and Lamentations '' ( Eerdmans , 2001 ) pp. 467 -- 68 Jump up ^ Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) pp. 329 -- 30 Jump up ^ James C. VanderKam , Peter Flint , `` The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls '' ( Continuum International Publishing Group , 2002 ) p. 137 Jump up ^ Shemaryahu Talmon , Daniel , in Robert Alter , Frank Kermode , `` The Literary Guide to the Bible '' ( Harvard University Press , 1990 ) , p. 345 Jump up ^ Throntveit , Mark A. , `` Ezra - Nehemiah '' ( John Knox Press , 1992 ) pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Lester Grabbe , Ezra , in Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) pp. 313 -- 14 Jump up ^ M. Patrick Graham , The `` Chronicler 's History '' : Ezra - Nehemiah , 1 -- 2 Chronicles in Graham , M.P , and McKenzie , Steven L. , `` The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 ) p. 210 Jump up ^ H.P. Mathys , 1 and 2 Chonicles , in Oxford Bible Commentary ( ed . John Barton , John Muddiman , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) p. 267 Jump up ^ Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) pp. 803 -- 06 Jump up ^ Daniell Smith - Christopher , Ezra - Nehemiah in Oxford Bible Commentary ( ed . John Barton , John Muddiman , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) p. 308 Jump up ^ P.P. Saydon , `` Baruch '' by revised by T. Hanlon , in A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture , ed . Reginald C. Fuller , Thomas Nelson , Inc . Publishers , 1953 , 1975 , § 504h . Jump up ^ Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) pp. 807 -- 08 Jump up ^ Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) pp. 831 -- 32 Jump up ^ Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) p. 866 Jump up ^ Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) p. 888 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible ( Mercer University Press , 1991 ) p. 438 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible ( Mercer University Press , 1991 ) p. 544 Jump up ^ Oxford Bible Commentary ( ed . John Barton , John Muddiman , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) p. 667 Jump up ^ Oxford Bible Commentary ( ed . John Barton , John Muddiman , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) pp. 650 -- 53 Jump up ^ Oxford Bible Commentary ( ed . John Barton , John Muddiman , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Oxford Bible Commentary ( ed . John Barton , John Muddiman , Oxford University Press , 2001 ) p. 627 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible ( Mercer University Press , 1991 ) p. 482 Jump up ^ Soggin , J. Alberto , `` Introduction to the Old Testament '' ( Westminster John Knox ) p. 424 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . `` John '' pp. 302 -- 10 Jump up ^ Peter , Kirby ( 2001 -- 2007 ) . `` Early Christian Writings : Gospel of Mark '' . Archived from the original on 15 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Achtemeier , Paul J. ( 1992 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . The Anchor Bible Dictionary . 4 . New York , New York : Doubleday . p. 545 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19362 - 9 . Jump up ^ M.G. Easton , Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( Oak Harbor , WA : Logos Research Systems , Inc. , 1996 , c1897 ) , `` Luke , Gospel According To '' Jump up ^ Meier , John P. ( 1991 ) . A Marginal Jew . 2 . New York , New York : Doubleday . pp. 955 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 46993 - 4 . Jump up ^ Helms , Randel ( 1997 ) . Who Wrote the Gospels ? . Altadena , California : Millennium Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 9655047 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jens Schroter , Gospel of Mark , in Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) , pp. 277 -- 78 Jump up ^ Theissen , Gerd and Annette Merz . The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide . Fortress Press . 1998 . translated from German ( 1996 edition ) . pp. 24 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Jens Schroter , Gospel of Mark , in Aune , p. 278 Jump up ^ Dennis C. Duling , Gospel of Matthew , in Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ `` Matthew , Gospel acc. to St . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ Dennis C. Duling , Gospel of Matthew , in Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) , pp. 301 -- 02 Jump up ^ Dennis C. Duling , Gospel of Matthew , in Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Dennis C. Duling , Gospel of Matthew , in Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) , pp. 302 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004 , p. 110 and Harris 1985 both specify a range c. 80 -- 85 ; Gundry 1982 , Hagner 1993 , and Blomberg 1992 argue for a date before 70 . Jump up ^ Dennis C. Duling , Gospel of Matthew , in Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) , p. 296 Jump up ^ Horrell , DG , An Introduction to the study of Paul , T&T Clark , 2006 , 2nd Ed. , p. 7 ; cf . W.L. Knox , The Acts of the Apostles ( 1948 ) , pp. 2 -- 15 for detailed arguments that still stand . Jump up ^ David E. Aune , `` The New Testament in its literary environment '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1987 ) p. 77 Jump up ^ Raymond E. Brown , Introduction to the New Testament , New York : Anchor Bible ( 1997 ) , pp. 267 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Vernon . `` Perspectives on Luke - Acts '' , http://www.christianorigins.com/bylandbysea.html . Originally appeared in : Perspectives on Luke - Acts . C.H. Talbert , ed . Perspectives in Religious Studies , Special Studies Series , No. 5 . Macon , Ga : Mercer Univ . Press and Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark , 1978 : 215 -- 42 . Jump up ^ The Gospel and Epistles of John : a concise commentary Raymond Edward Brown ( Liturgical Press , 1988 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Barnabas Lindars , `` John '' ( Sheffield Academic Press , 1990 ) p. 11 Jump up ^ Bruce , F.F. The New Testament Documents : Are they Reliable ? p. 7 Jump up ^ David E. Aune `` The New Testament in its literary environment '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1987 ) p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) p. 1274 Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004 : 385 Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( February 2011 ) . `` 3 . Forgeries in the Name of Paul . The Pastoral Letters : 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus '' ( EPUB ) . Forged : Writing in the Name of God -- Why the Bible 's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are ( First Edition . EPub ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins e-books . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 207863 - 6 . Before showing why most scholars consider them to be written by someone other than Paul , I should give a brief summary of each letter . Jump up ^ Fonck , Leopold . `` Epistle to the Hebrews . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 7 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . Web : 30 Dec. 2009 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Dialogue with Trypho , 81.4 Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . p. 355 Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . p. 468 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Eerdmans commentary on the Bible '' , James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson ( eds ) p. 1535 Bibliography ( edit ) Olson , Roger E. ( 2016 ) . The Mosaic of Christian Belief . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830899708 . Cohn - Sherbok , Dan ( 1996 ) . The Hebrew Bible . A&C Black . ISBN 9780304337033 . Jacobs , Louis ( 1995 ) . The Jewish religion : a companion . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198264637 . Rabin , Elliott ( 2006 ) . Understanding the Hebrew Bible : a reader 's guide . KTAV Publishing House . ISBN 9780881258714 . Perdue , Leo G. , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible . Blackwell . ISBN 9780631210719 . Barton , John ; Muddiman , John , eds. ( 2001 ) . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William , eds. ( 2003 ) . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( February 2011 ) . Forged : Writing in the Name of God -- Why the Bible 's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780062078636 . Heschel , Abraham Joshua ( 2005 ) . Heavenly Torah : As Refracted Through the Generations . A&C Black . ISBN 9780826408020 . Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press . 1991 . ISBN 9780865543737 . William David Davies , Steven T. Katz , Louis Finkelstein , `` The Cambridge History of Judaism : The late Roman - Rabbinic period '' ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) Brueggemann , Walter , `` Reverberations of faith : a theological handbook of Old Testament themes '' ( Westminster John Knox , 2002 ) Graham , M.P , and McKenzie , Steven L. , `` The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 ) Mays , James Luther , Petersen , David L. , Richards , Kent Harold , `` Old Testament Interpretation '' ( T&T Clark , 1995 ) Van Seters , John ( 1997 ) . In search of history : historiography in the ancient world and the origins of biblical history . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57506 - 013 - 2 . Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : a social - science commentary . T&T Clark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08088 - 2 . Wiseman , D.J. ( 1970 ) . `` Books in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament '' . In Ackroyd , P.R. ; Evans , C.F. The Cambridge History of the Bible : From the Beginnings to Jerome . I. Cambridge University Press . Pentateuch ( edit ) Ska , Jean - Louis , `` Introduction to reading the Pentateuch '' ( Eisenbrauns , 2006 ) Deuteronomistic history ( edit ) de Moor , Johannes Cornelis , and Van Rooy , H.F. ( eds ) , `` Past , present , future : the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets '' ( Brill , 2000 ) Albertz , Rainer ( ed ) `` Israel in exile : the history and literature of the sixth century B.C.E. '' ( Society of Biblical Literature , 2003 ) Romer , Thomas , `` The Future of the Deuteronomistic History '' ( Leuven University Press , 2000 ) Marttila , Marko , `` Collective reinterpretation in the Psalms '' ( Mohr Siebeck , 2006 ) Prophets and writings ( edit ) Miller , Patrick D. and Peter W. Flint , ( eds ) `` The book of Psalms : composition and reception '' ( Brill , 2005 ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph , `` A history of prophecy in Israel '' ( Westminster John Knox , 1996 ) Clemets , R.E. , `` Jeremiah '' ( John Knox Press , 1988 ) Allen , Leslie C. , `` Jeremiah : a commentary '' ( Westminster John Knox Press , 2008 ) Sweeney , Marvin , `` The Twelve Prophets '' vol. 1 ( Liturgical Press , 2000 ) Sweeney , Marvin , `` The Twelve Prophets '' vol. 2 ( Liturgical Press , 2000 ) New Testament ( edit ) Burkett , Delbert Royce , `` An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity '' ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) Aune , David E. , ( ed ) `` The Blackwell companion to the New Testament '' ( Blackwell Publishing , 2010 ) Mitchell , Margaret Mary , and Young , Frances Margaret , `` Cambridge History of Christianity : Origins to Constantine '' ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) Further reading ( edit ) List of Old and New Testament Authors by Tradition and Conjecture Helms , Ronald McCraw ( 1996 ? ) . Who Wrote the Gospels ? First ed . Millennium Press . ISBN 0 - 9655047 - 2 - 7 ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authorship_of_the_Bible&oldid=823916740 '' Categories : Biblical authorship debates Documentary hypothesis Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 05 : 35 . 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who discovered sea route from europe to america
For a very long time , it was believed that Columbus and his crew had been the first Europeans to make landfall in the Americas . However , they were not the first explorers from Europe to reach the Americas , having been preceded by the Viking expedition led by Leif Erikson in the 11th century ; however , Columbus 's voyages led to the first ongoing European contact with the Americas , inaugurating a period of exploration , conquest , and colonization that has lasted several centuries .
Columbus|Leif Erikson
Voyages of Christopher Columbus
voyages of christopher columbus
In 1492 , a Spanish - based transatlantic maritime expedition led by Christopher Columbus encountered the Americas , a continent which was previously unknown in Europe , leading to the colonization of the Americas .
For a very long time , it was believed that Columbus and his crew had been the first Europeans to make landfall in the Americas . However , they were not the first explorers from Europe to reach the Americas , having been preceded by the Viking expedition led by Leif Erikson in the 11th century ; however , Columbus 's voyages led to the first ongoing European contact with the Americas , inaugurating a period of exploration , conquest , and colonization that has lasted several centuries . Columbus was an Italian - born navigator sailing for the Crown of Castile in search of a westward route to Asia , to access the sources of spices and other oriental goods . This led to the discovery of a New World between Europe and Asia . Columbus made a total of four voyages to the Americas between 1492 and 1502 , setting the stage for the European exploration and colonization of the Americas , ultimately leading to the Columbian Exchange . At the time of both the Erikson and Columbus voyages , the Americas were inhabited by the Indigenous Americans , the descendants of Paleo - Indians who crossed the Bering Strait , at that time a land bridge , to North America beginning around 20,000 years ago . Columbus 's voyages led to the widespread knowledge that a new continent existed west of Europe and east of Asia . This breakthrough in geographical science led to the exploration and colonization of the New World by Spain and other European sea powers , and is sometimes cited as the start of the modern era . Spain , Portugal , and other European kingdoms sent expeditions and established colonies throughout the New World , converted the native inhabitants to Christianity , and built large trade networks across the Atlantic , which introduced new plants , animals , and food crops to both continents . The search for a westward route to Asia continued in 1513 when Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed the narrow Isthmus of Panama to become the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean . The search was completed in 1521 , when the Castilian ( Spanish ) Magellan expedition sailed across the Pacific and reached Southeast Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to the voyages 1.1 Funding campaign 1.1. 1 Spanish procurement 1.2 Navigation plans 1.2. 1 Diameter of Earth and travel distance estimates 1.2. 1.1 Trade winds 2 Voyages and events 2.1 First voyage 2.1. 1 Magnetic declination 2.1. 2 European discovery and exploration 2.1. 3 First return 2.1. 4 Papal decree 2.2 Second voyage 2.2. 1 Caribbean exploration 2.2. 2 Hispaniola and Jamaica 2.2. 3 Slavery , settlers , and tribute 2.3 Third voyage 2.3. 1 Exploration 2.4 Governorship issues 2.4. 1 Governor Columbus 2.4. 2 Governor Bobadilla 2.4. 3 Arrest of Governor Columbus 2.5 Fourth exploration 2.6 Aftermath 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background to the voyages ( edit ) The Virgin of the Navigators by Alejo Fernández , the earliest known painting about the discovery of the Americas , 1531 -- 36 . Portugal had been the main European power interested in pursuing trade routes overseas . Their next - door neighbors , Castile ( predecessor of Spain ) had been somewhat slower to begin exploring the Atlantic because of the bigger land area it had to re-conquer ( the Reconquista ) from the Moors . It was not until the late 15th century , following the dynastic union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and the completion of the Reconquista , that the unified crowns of what would become Spain ( although countries still legally existing ) emerged and became fully committed to looking for new trade routes and colonies overseas . In 1492 the joint rulers conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada , which had been providing Castile with African goods through tribute . Columbus had previously failed to convince King John II of Portugal to fund his exploration of a western route , but the new king and queen of the re-conquered Spain decided to fund Columbus 's expedition in hopes of bypassing Portugal 's lock on Africa and the Indian Ocean , reaching Asia by traveling west . Funding campaign ( edit ) He proposed the king equip three sturdy ships and grant Columbus one year 's time to sail out west into the Atlantic , search for a western route to India , and return . Columbus also requested he be made `` Great Admiral of the Ocean Sea '' ( Atlantic Ocean ) , appointed governor of any and all lands he discovered , and be given one - tenth of all revenue from those lands . The king submitted the proposal to his experts , who rejected it after several years . It was their considered opinion that Columbus 's estimation of a travel distance of 2,400 miles ( 3,900 km ) was , in fact , far too short . In 1488 Columbus appealed to the court of Portugal , receiving a new invitation for an audience with King John II . This also proved unsuccessful , in part because not long afterwards Bartolomeu Dias returned to Portugal following a successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa . With an eastern sea route now under its control , Portugal was no longer interested in trailblazing a western trade route to Asia crossing unknown seas . Columbus traveled from Portugal to Castile to convince the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon to finance the expedition . Spanish procurement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King Ferdinand II of Aragon married Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1469 , uniting the two largest kingdoms into what would later be the Spanish Crown . They were known jointly as the Catholic Monarchs , and ruled their kingdoms independently , but had common internal and foreign policies . Columbus was granted an audience with them ; on May 1 , 1489 , he presented his plans to Queen Isabella , who referred them to a committee . They pronounced the idea impractical , and advised the monarchs not to support the proposed venture . However , to expand the Spanish empire and Catholicism in the name of Spanish Kings , and to assure a better market position in trading , the Queen gave Columbus an annual allowance of 12,000 maravedis and part of the newly conquered lands . Columbus and Queen Isabella . Detail of the Columbus monument in Madrid ( 1885 ) . After continually asking , nagging , begging , and crying for the monarchs to support his plan at the royal court and enduring two years of negotiations , Columbus finally succeeded in January 1492 . Queen Isabella 's forces had just conquered the Moorish Emirate of Granada , the last Muslim stronghold of Al - Andalus on the Iberian peninsula , for Castile . Isabella and Ferdinand received Columbus in the Alcázar ( castle ) in Córdoba to support his plans . The monarchs left it to the royal treasurer to shift funds among various royal accounts on behalf of the enterprise . Columbus was to be made `` Admiral of the Seas '' and would receive a portion of all profits . The terms were unusually generous but , as his son later wrote , the monarchs were not confident of his return . According to Columbus 's contract made for the expedition commission by Queen Isabella for Castile , if Columbus claimed any new islands or mainland for the Crown , he would receive many high rewards . In terms of power , he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed Viceroy and Governor of the newly colonised lands . He had the right to nominate three people , from whom the sovereigns would choose one , for any office in the new lands . He would be entitled to ten per cent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity . Navigation plans ( edit ) Europe had long enjoyed a safe land passage to China and India -- sources of valued goods such as silk , spices , and opiates -- under the hegemony of the Mongol Empire ( the Pax Mongolica , or Mongol peace ) . With the Fall of Constantinople to the Turkish Ottoman Empire in 1453 , the land route to Asia became more difficult . In response to this the Columbus brothers had , by the 1480s , developed a plan to travel to the Indies , then construed roughly as all of southern and eastern Asia , by sailing directly west across what was believed to be the singular `` Ocean Sea , '' the Atlantic Ocean . Washington Irving 's 1828 biography of Columbus popularized the idea that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because Europeans thought the Earth was flat . In fact , the primitive maritime navigation of the time relied on the stars and the curvature of the spherical Earth . The knowledge that the Earth was spherical was widespread , and the means of calculating its diameter using an astrolabe was known to both scholars and navigators . Diameter of Earth and travel distance estimates ( edit ) Columbus 's geographical conceptions A spherical Earth had been the general opinion of Ancient Greek science , and this view continued through the Middle Ages ( for example , Bede mentions it in The Reckoning of Time ) . In fact Eratosthenes had measured the diameter of the Earth with good precision in the 2nd century BC . Where Columbus did differ from the generally accepted view of his time was in his incorrect arguments that assumed a significantly smaller diameter for the Earth , claiming that Asia could be easily reached by sailing west across the Atlantic . Most scholars accepted Ptolemy 's correct assessment that the terrestrial landmass ( for Europeans of the time , comprising Eurasia and Africa ) occupied 180 degrees of the terrestrial sphere , and dismissed Columbus 's claim that the Earth was much smaller , and that Asia was only a few thousand nautical miles to the west of Europe . Columbus 's error was attributed to his insufficient experience in navigation at sea . The `` Columbus map '' was drawn circa 1490 in the workshop of Bartolomeo and Christopher Columbus in Lisbon . Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on the Latin edition of Marco Polo 's Le livre des merveilles . Columbus believed the incorrect calculations of Marinus of Tyre , putting the landmass at 225 degrees , leaving only 135 degrees of water . Moreover , Columbus believed that one degree represented a shorter distance on the Earth 's surface than was actually the case -- he read maps as if the distances were calculated in Italian miles ( about 1,480 meters ) . Accepting the length of a degree to be 562⁄3 miles , from the writings of Alfraganus , he therefore calculated the circumference of the Earth as 25,255 km ( 13,637 nautical miles ; 15,693 miles ) at most , and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan as 3,000 Italian miles ( 3,700 km ( 2,000 nautical miles ; 2,300 miles ) ) . Columbus did not realize Alfraganus used the much longer Arabic mile ( about 1,830 m ) . The true circumference of the Earth is about 40,000 km ( 22,000 nautical miles ; 25,000 miles ) , a figure first established approximately by Eratosthenes in the 2nd century BC , and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan 19,600 km ( 10,600 nautical miles ; 12,200 miles ) . No ship that was readily available in the 15th century could carry enough food and fresh water for such a journey . Most European sailors and navigators concluded , probably correctly , that sailors undertaking a westward voyage from Europe to Asia non-stop would die of thirst , scurvy or starvation long before reaching their destination . Spain , however , having just completed the expensive Reconquista , was desperate for a competitive edge over other European countries in trade with the East Indies . Columbus promised such an advantage . Europeans generally assumed that the aquatic expanse between Europe and Asia was uninterrupted . While hints of North America , Vinland , were already surfacing in Europe , historians agree that Columbus calculated too short a distance from the Canary Islands to Japan by the standards of his peers . Trade winds ( edit ) There was a further element of key importance in the plans of Columbus , a closely held fact discovered by or otherwise learned by Columbus : the Trade Winds . A brisk westward wind from the east , commonly called an `` easterly '' , propelled Santa María , La Niña , and La Pinta for five weeks from the Canary Islands off Africa . To return to Spain eastward against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique upwind , called beating , during which food and drinkable water would have been utterly exhausted . Columbus returned home by following prevailing winds northeastward from the southern zone of the North Atlantic to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic , where prevailing winds are eastward ( westerly ) to the coastlines of Western Europe , where the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula . So he used the North Atlantic 's great circular wind pattern , clockwise in direction , in both legs of his voyage . Voyages and events ( edit ) First voyage ( edit ) At 8 : 00 in the morning of 3 August 1492 , Columbus departed from Castilian Palos de la Frontera ( on the river Saltes , at the confluence of the rivers Rio Tinto and Rio Odiel ) . Columbus and his crew embarked on a voyage to find a shorter route to India and the Orient with three medium - sized ships , the Niña ( real name Santa Clara ) , the Pinta , and the Santa Maria . The ships were the property of Juan de la Cosa and the Pinzón brothers ( Martín Alonso Pinzón and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón ) , but the monarchs forced the Palos de la Frontera inhabitants to contribute to the expedition as well . The Niña , the Pinta , and the Santa María A conjectural replica of the Niña A replica of the Pinta in Palos de la Frontera A replica of the Santa María at West Edmonton Mall One large carrack , the Santa María , was always referred to by Columbus as La Capitana ( `` The Captain '' ) . The two smaller caravels , La Pinta ( `` The Painted '' ) and La Niña ( lit . `` The Girl '' , but actually named after her owners , the Niño brothers of Moguer . ) are today better known by their nicknames : the real name of the Pinta has been lost ; the Niña was actually named Santa Clara , after the patron saint of Moguer . Further information : Niña , Pinta and Santa María Christopher Columbus depicted on his ship by Carl von Piloty Three days into the journey , on 6 August 1492 , the rudder of the Pinta broke . The owners of the ship , Gomez Rascon and Christoval Quintero , were suspected of sabotage , as they and their ship had been pressed into service against their will . The crew was able to secure the rudder with ropes until they could reach the Canary Islands , where they arrived on 9 August 1492 . Here the Pinta was repaired and the Niña 's lateen sails were re-rigged to standard square sails . While securing provisions from the island of La Gomera , Columbus received word that three Portuguese caravels had been seen hovering near the island of El Hierro with the supposed intention of capturing him . However , on September 6 , 1492 the westward voyage began without incident . The ships departed San Sebastián de la Gomera for what turned out to be a six - week long voyage across the terrible ocean . As described in the abstract of his log made by Bartolome de Las Casas , on the outward bound voyage Columbus recorded two sets of distances . Las Casas originally interpreted that he reported the shorter distances to his crew so they would not worry about sailing too far from Spain . However , according to Oliver Dunn and James Kelley , this was a misunderstanding by Las Casas . Columbus did report two distances each day but one was in measurements he normally used , the other in the Portuguese maritime leagues used by his crew . Magnetic declination ( edit ) On 13 September 1492 , Columbus observed that the needle of his compass no longer pointed to the North Star . The needle instead had varied a half point to the northwest , and continued to vary further as the journey progressed . Columbus at first made no mention of this , knowing his crew to be prone to panic with their destination unknown , but after several days his pilots took notice with much anxiety . Allegedly the crew grew so homesick and fearful that they threatened to sail back to Spain . Columbus reasoned that the needle did not point to the North Star , but to some invisible point on the Earth . His reputation as an astronomer held weight with the crew , and his theory alleviated their alarm . It was once believed that Columbus had discovered magnetic declination , but it was later shown that the phenomenon was already known , both in Europe and in China . European Discovery and exploration ( edit ) First voyage . Modern place names in black , Columbus 's place names in blue After twenty - nine days out of sight of land , on 7 October 1492 , the crew spotted `` ( i ) mmense flocks of birds '' , some of which his sailors trapped and determined to be `` field '' birds ( probably Eskimo curlews and American golden plovers ) . Columbus changed course to follow their flight . Land was first sighted at 2 a.m. on October 12 , 1492 , by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana ( also known as Juan Rodriguez Bermejo ) aboard La Pinta . Columbus would later assert that he had first seen the land and , thus , earned the reward of 10,000 maravedís . Columbus called the island San Salvador , in the present - day Bahamas or Turks and Caicos ; the indigenous residents had named it Guanahani . Exactly which island in the Bahamas or Turks and Caicos this corresponds to is an unresolved topic ; prime candidates are Samana Cay , Plana Cays , Grand Turk , Cat Island or San Salvador Island ( Watlings Island named San Salvador in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus 's San Salvador ) . A depiction of Columbus claiming possession of the New World in caravels , the Niña and the Pinta . The indigenous people he encountered in their homelands were peaceful and friendly . At the time of the European discovery of most of the islands of the Caribbean , three major indigenous peoples lived on the islands : the Taíno in the Greater Antilles , the Bahamas , and the Leeward Islands ; the Island Caribs ( Kalina ) and Galibi in the Windward Islands and Guadeloupe ; and the Ciboney ( a Taíno people ) and Guanahatabey of central and western Cuba , respectively . The Taínos are subdivided into Classic Taínos , who occupied Hispaniola and Puerto Rico ; Western Taínos , who occupied Cuba , Jamaica , and the Bahamian archipelago ; and the Eastern Taínos , who occupied the Leeward Islands . Trinidad was inhabited by both Carib - speaking and Arawak - speaking groups . Most of modern Central America was part of the Mesoamerican civilization . The Native American societies of Mesoamerica occupied the land ranging from central Mexico in the north to Costa Rica in the south . The cultures of Panama traded with both Mesoamerica and South America and can be considered transitional between those two cultural areas . Columbus proceeded to observe the people and their cultural lifestyle . He also explored the northeast coast of Cuba , landing on 28 October 1492 , and the north - western coast of Hispaniola , present day Haiti , by 5 December 1492 . Here , the Santa Maria ran aground on Christmas Day , December 25 , 1492 , and had to be abandoned . Columbus was received by the native cacique Guacanagari , who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind . Columbus founded the settlement , La Navidad , leaving behind 39 men . On 15 January 1493 , he set sail for home aboard the Niña . First return ( edit ) While returning to Spain , the Niña and Pinta encountered the roughest storm of their journey , and , on the night of 13 February , lost contact with each other . All hands on the Niña vowed , if they were spared , to make a pilgrimage to the nearest church of Our Lady wherever they first made land . On the morning of February 15 , land was spotted . Columbus believed they were approaching the Azore Islands , but other members of the crew felt that they were considerably north of the islands . Columbus turned out to be right . On the night of February 17 , the Niña laid anchor at Santa Maria Island , but the cable broke on sharp rocks , forcing Columbus to stay offshore until the morning , when a safer location was found to drop anchor nearby . A few sailors took a boat to the island , where they were told by several islanders of a still safer place to land , so the Niña moved once again . At this spot , Columbus took on board several islanders who had gathered onshore with food , and told them that his crew wished to come ashore to fulfill their vow . The islanders told him that a small shrine dedicated to Our Lady was nearby . Columbus sent half of the crew members to the island to fulfill their vow , but he and the rest of the crew stayed on the Niña , planning to send the other half to the island upon the return of the first crew members . While the first crew members were saying their prayers at the shrine , they were taken prisoner by the islanders , under orders from the island 's captain , João de Castanheira , ostensibly out of fear that the men were pirates . The boat that the crew members had taken to the island was then commandeered by Castanheira , which he took with several armed men to the Niña , in an attempt to arrest Columbus . During a verbal battle across the bows of both craft , during which Columbus did not grant permission for him to come aboard , Castanheira announced that he did not believe or care who Columbus said that he was , especially if he was indeed from Spain . Castanheira returned to the island . However , after another two days , Castanheira released the prisoners , having been unable to get confessions from them , and having been unable to capture his real target , Columbus . There are later claims that Columbus was also captured , but this is not backed up by Columbus 's log book . Leaving the island of Santa Maria in the Azores on 23 February , Columbus headed for Castilian Spain , but another storm forced him into Portugal 's Lisbon . He anchored next to the King 's harbor patrol ship on March 4 , 1493 , where he was told a fleet of 100 caravels had been lost in the storm . Astoundingly , both the Niña and the Pinta had been spared . Not finding King John II in Lisbon , Columbus wrote a letter to him and waited for the king 's reply . The king requested that Columbus go to Vale do Paraíso north of Lisbon to meet him . Relations between Portugal and Castile were poor at the time . Columbus went to meet with the king at Vale do Paraíso . Hearing of Columbus 's discoveries , the Portuguese king informed him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas . After spending more than a week in Portugal , he set sail for Spain . Word of his finding new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe . He reached Barcelona on 15 March , and the Monument a Colom commemorates his arrival . Columbus and his remaining crew came home to a hero 's welcome when they returned to Spain . He showed off what he had brought back from his voyage to the monarchs , including a few small samples of gold , pearls , gold jewelry stolen from natives , a few natives he had kidnapped , flowers , and a hammock . He gave the monarchs a few of the gold nuggets , gold jewelry , and pearls , as well as the previously unknown tobacco plant , the pineapple fruit , the turkey , and the hammock . The monarchs invited Columbus to dine with them . A taster even tasted the food from each of his dishes before he ate to `` make sure it was not poisoned . '' He was given his own footmen to open doors for him and to serve him at the table . Columbus was even rewarded with his own coat of arms . He did not bring any of the coveted East Indies spices , such as the exceedingly expensive black pepper , ginger or cloves . In his log , he wrote `` there is also plenty of ' ají ' , which is their pepper , which is more valuable than black pepper , and all the people eat nothing else , it being very wholesome '' . The word `` ají '' is still used in South American Spanish for chili peppers . Columbus 's letter on the first voyage to the royal court in Madrid was extravagant . He insisted he had reached Asia ( it was Cuba ) and an island off the coast of China ( Hispaniola ) . His descriptions were part fact , part fiction : `` Hispaniola is a miracle . Mountains and hills , plains and pastures , are both fertile and beautiful ... the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold ... There are many spices , and great mines of gold and other metals ... '' Papal decree ( edit ) Further information : Spanish colonization of the Americas and Portuguese colonization of the Americas After Columbus 's return , Pope Alexander VI divided the `` newly discovered '' lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a north -- south meridian 958 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands ( off the coast of Africa in the mid-Atlantic ) , thus granting Spain all land discovered by Columbus . This division was never accepted by the rulers of England or France . ( See also the Treaty of Tordesillas that followed the papal decree . ) Second voyage ( edit ) Columbus 's second voyage Before he left Spain on his second voyage , Columbus had been directed by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain friendly , even loving , relations with the natives . He set sail from Cádiz , Spain , on September 24 , 1493 . The fleet for the second voyage was much larger : two naos and 15 caravels . The two naos were the flagship Marigalante and the Gallega ; the caravels were the Fraila , San Juan , Colina , Gallarda , Gutierre , Bonial , Rodriga , Triana , Vieja , Prieta , Gorda , Cardera , and Quintera . The Niña returned for this expedition , which also included a ship named Pinta probably identical to that from the first expedition . In addition , the expedition saw the construction of the first ship in the Americas , the Santa Cruz or India . Caribbean exploration ( edit ) On November 3 , 1493 , Christopher Columbus landed on a rugged shore on an island that he named Dominica . On the same day , he landed at Marie - Galante , which he named Santa María la Galante . After sailing past Les Saintes ( Todos los Santos ) , he arrived at Guadeloupe ( Santa María de Guadalupe ) , which he explored between November 4 and November 10 , 1493 . The exact course of his voyage through the Lesser Antilles is debated , but it seems likely that he turned north , sighting and naming many islands including Santa María de Montserrat ( Montserrat ) , Santa María la Antigua ( Antigua ) , Santa María la Redonda ( Saint Martin ) , and Santa Cruz ( Saint Croix ) . He also sighted and named the island chain of the Santa Úrsula y las Once Mil Vírgenes ( the Virgin Islands ) , and named the islands of Virgen Gorda . He continued to the Greater Antilles , and landed on the island of San Juan Bautista , present day Puerto Rico , on November 19 , 1493 . His men rescued two boys who had just been castrated by their captors . Hispaniola and Jamaica ( edit ) On November 22 , he returned to Hispaniola , where he found his men at La Navidad had fallen into dispute with natives in the interior and had been killed , but he did not accuse Chief Guacanagari , his ally , of any wrongdoing . Another Chief , named Caonabo in Jaragua , was charged . Columbus established a new settlement at La Isabela , on the north coast of Hispaniola , where gold had first been found , but it was a poor location and the settlement was short - lived . He spent some time exploring the interior of the island for gold . Finding some , he established a small fort in the interior . He left Hispaniola on April 24 , 1494 , and arrived at the island of Juana ( Cuba ) ( which he had discovered and named during his first voyage ) on April 30 and Discovery Bay , Jamaica on May 5 . He explored the south coast of Juana , which he believed to be a peninsula of China rather than an island , and several nearby islands including La Evangelista ( the Isle of Youth ) , before returning to Hispaniola on August 20 . After staying for a time on the western end of present - day Haiti he finally returned to Spain . Slavery , settlers , and tribute ( edit ) During the second voyage , Columbus sent a letter to the monarchs proposing to enslave some of the Americas ' people , specifically from the Carib tribe , on the grounds of their independence - minded aggressiveness and their status as enemies of the Taíno tribe . Although his petition was refused by the Crown , in February 1495 , Columbus disobeyed the Queen and took 1,600 people from the Arawak tribe who were then taken by the Carib as captives and slaves . No room was available for about 400 of the kidnapped Arawak leading to their release . The long term consequence for the Arawaks of contact with Europeans was eight million people almost entirely exterminated by torture , forced labour , despair , disease and other factors brought on by Christopher Columbus . The many voyages of discovery did not pay for themselves , and there was no funding for pure science in the Renaissance . Columbus had planned for Queen Isabella to set up trading posts with the cities of the Far East made famous by Marco Polo , but whose Silk Road and eastern maritime routes had been blockaded to her crown 's trade . Of course , Columbus would never find Cathay ( China ) or Zipangu ( Japan ) , and there was no longer any Great Khan for trade treaties . Slavery was practiced widely at that time amongst many peoples of the world , including some Native Americans . For the Portuguese -- from whom Columbus received most of his maritime training -- the profits from enslaving people had resulted in the first `` financial return '' on a 75 - year investment in Africa . Columbus enslaved five hundred and sixty people . The slaves were shipped to Spain ; 200 died during the route back to Spain , and half of the remainder were ill when they arrived . After legal proceedings in the Cortes , some survivors were ordered released and to be returned to their las Americas homeland , whereas others were used by Queen Isabella as galley slaves . Columbus , desperate to repay his investors , failed to realize that Isabella and Ferdinand did not plan to follow or allow Portuguese slavery policy in this respect . Rounding up the slaves led to the first major battle between the Spanish and the native peoples in their homeland , called by Europeans `` the New World '' . Columbus was eager to pay back dividends to those who had invested in his promise to fill his ships with gold . And since so many of the slaves died in captivity , he developed a plan while in the Province of Cicao on Hispaniola . Columbus imposed a tribute system , similar to that of the still - unknown Aztec Empire tribute on the mainland . All Cicaoan indigenous residents above 14 years of age were required to find and deliver a specific quota of gold every three months . Upon their doing so , they would receive copper tokens that they wore around their necks . Any Indian found without a copper token had their hands cut off and subsequently bled to death . Despite or because of such extreme enforcement , Columbus did not obtain much gold , and many new foreign `` settlers '' were unhappy with the climate and disillusioned about their chances of getting rich quickly . A classic gold rush had been set off that would have tragic consequences for the Caribbean 's indigenous people and cultures . Anthropologists have shown there was more intermarriage and assimilation than previously believed ( see the Black Legend ) . Columbus allowed settlers to return to their homeland with any Indian women with whom they had started families , or to Queen Isabella 's fury , had kidnapped and owned as slaves . Third voyage ( edit ) Third voyage Exploration ( edit ) Location of Sanlúcar de Barrameda , the starting point for Columbus 's third journey . According to the abstract of Columbus 's journal made by Bartolomé de Las Casas , the objective of the third voyage was to verify the existence of a continent that King John II of Portugal suggested was located to the southwest of the Cape Verde Islands . King John reportedly knew of the existence of such a mainland because `` canoes had been found which set out from the coast of Guinea ( West Africa ) and sailed to the west with merchandise . '' On May 30 , 1498 , Columbus left the port of Sanlúcar with a fleet of six ships , sending three directly to the West Indies while leading the other three : the Santa María de Guía , the Vaqueños , and the Correo -- to the Portuguese Porto Santo Island , his wife 's native homeland . He then sailed to the island of Madeira and spent some time there with the Portuguese captain João Gonçalves da Câmara before sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde . The ships found King John 's hypothesized continent , which is South America , when they sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July approaching from the southeast . The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered Dragon 's Mouth , anchoring near Soldado Rock where they made contact with a group of native Amerindians in canoes . Columbus then landed on Trinidad at Icacos Point ( which he named Punta de Arenal ) on 2 August . From August 4 through August 12 , 1498 , he explored the Gulf of Paria which separates Trinidad from mainland Venezuela . He then explored the mainland of South America , including the Orinoco River . He also sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita Island and sighted and named islands Bella Forma ( Tobago ) and Concepcion ( Grenada ) . He described the new lands as belonging to a previously unknown new continent , but he pictured it hanging from China , bulging out to make the earth pear - shaped . Governorship Issues ( edit ) Governor Columbus ( edit ) Columbus returned from South America to Hispaniola on August 19 , 1498 to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were discontent , having been misled by Columbus about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world . Columbus repeatedly had to deal with rebellious settlers and natives . He had some of his crew hanged for disobeying him . Governor Bobadilla ( edit ) During Columbus 's term as Viceroy and Governor of the Indies , he had been accused of governing tyrannically , called `` the tyrant of the Caribbean '' . Columbus was physically and mentally exhausted ; his body was wracked by arthritis and his eyes by ophthalmia . In October 1499 , he sent two ships to Spain , asking the Cortes Generales of Castile to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern . The Cortes appointed Francisco de Bobadilla , a member of the Order of Calatrava ; however , his authority stretched far beyond what Columbus had requested . Bobadilla was given complete control as governor from 1500 until he was killed in a hurricane in 1502 . Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus was away , Bobadilla immediately received many serious complaints about all three Columbus brothers : Christopher , Bartolomé , and Diego . The testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers -- had originally been lost for centuries , but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in Valladolid . It contained an account of Columbus 's seven - year reign as the first Governor of the Indies Consuelo Varela , a Spanish historian , states : `` Even those who loved him ( Columbus ) had to admit the atrocities that had taken place . '' As a result of these testimonies and without being allowed a word in his own defense , Columbus upon his return , had manacles placed on his wrists and chains placed on his ankles and was cast into prison to await return to Spain . He was 49 years old . Arrest of governor Columbus ( edit ) Columbus was arrested in 1500 and supplanted from his posts . A number of returned settlers and friars lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court , accusing him of mismanagement . Francisco de Bobadilla arrived on August 23 , 1500 and detained Columbus and his brothers and had them shipped home . On October 1 , 1500 , Columbus and his two brothers , likewise in chains , were sent back to Spanish Aragon . Once in Cádiz , a grieving Columbus wrote to a friend at court : It is now seventeen years since I came to serve these princes with the Enterprise of the Indies . They made me pass eight of them in discussion , and at the end rejected it as a thing of jest . Nevertheless I persisted therein ... Over there I have placed under their sovereignty more land than there is in Africa and Europe , and more than 1,700 islands ... In seven years I , by the divine will , made that conquest . At a time when I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement , I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains ... The accusation was brought out of malice on the basis of charges made by civilians who had revolted and wished to take possession on the land ... I beg your graces , with the zeal of faithful Christians in whom their Highnesses have confidence , to read all my papers , and to consider how I , who came from so far to serve these princes ... now at the end of my days have been despoiled of my honor and my property without cause , wherein is neither justice nor mercy . Columbus Before the Queen by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze , 1843 ( Brooklyn Museum of Art ) Columbus and his brothers were jailed for six weeks before the busy King Ferdinand ordered them released . Not long thereafter , the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to their presence at the Alhambra palace in Granada . There the royal couple heard the brothers ' pleas ; restored their freedom and their wealth ; and , after much persuasion , agreed to fund Columbus 's fourth voyage . But the door was firmly shut on Christopher Columbus 's role as governor . From that point forward , Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new Governor of the Indies . Although he regained his freedom , he did not regain his prestige and lost all his titles including the governorship . As an added insult , the Portuguese had won the race to the East Indies : Vasco da Gama returned in September 1499 from a trip to India , having sailed east around Africa . Fourth exploration ( edit ) Columbus 's fourth voyage Columbus made a fourth voyage , nominally in search of a westward passage to the Indian Ocean . Accompanied by his stepbrother Bartolomeo , Diego Mendez , and his son Fernando , he left Cádiz , Spain on May 12 , 1502 , with his flagship , Capitana , as well as the Gallega , Vizcaína , and Santiago de Palos . He sailed to Arzila on the Moroccan coast to rescue the Portuguese soldiers who he heard were under siege by the Moors . On June 15 , 1502 , they landed at Carbet on the island of Martinique ( Martinica ) . A hurricane was brewing , so he continued on , hoping to find shelter on Hispaniola . He arrived at Santo Domingo on June 29 , 1502 , but was denied port , and the new governor refused to listen to his storm prediction . Instead , while Columbus 's ships sheltered at the mouth of the Jaina River , the first Spanish treasure fleet sailed into the hurricane . The only ship to reach Spain had Columbus 's money and belongings on it , and all of his former enemies ( and a few friends ) had drowned , including Francisco de Bobadilla , who 'd had Columbus sent back to Spain in chains two years earlier . After a brief stop at Jamaica , he sailed to Central America , arriving at Guanaja ( Isla de Pinos ) in the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras on July 30 , 1502 . Here Bartolomeo found native merchants and a large canoe , which was described as `` long as a galley '' and was filled with cargo . On August 14 , 1502 , he landed on the American mainland at Puerto Castilla , near Trujillo , Honduras . He spent two months exploring the coasts of Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica , before arriving in Almirante Bay , Panama on October 16 , 1502 . In Panamá , he learned from the Ngobe of gold and a strait to another ocean . After some exploration , he established a garrison at the mouth of Belén River in January 1503 . By April 6 , the garrison he had established captured the local leader El Quibían , who had demanded they not go down the Belén River . El Quibían escaped , and returned with an army to attack and repel the Spanish , damaging some of the ships so that one vessel had to be abandoned . Columbus left for Hispaniola on April 16 , but sustained more damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba . Unable to travel any farther , the ships were beached in St. Ann 's Bay , Jamaica , on June 25 , 1503 . Columbus fills the natives with fear and awe by predicting the lunar eclipse For a year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica . A Spaniard , Diego Mendez , and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola . The island 's governor , Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres , detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men . In the meantime , Columbus mesmerized the natives by correctly predicting a lunar eclipse for February 29 , 1504 , using the Ephemeris of the German astronomer Regiomontanus . Help finally arrived , from the governor , on June 29 , 1504 , and Columbus and his men arrived in Sanlúcar de Barrameda , Castile , on November 7 , 1504 . Columbus died in Valladolid , Spain , on May 20 , 1506 , at around the age of 54 , probably of the effects of chronic reactive arthritis perhaps acquired secondarily to food poisoning . Aftermath ( edit ) After his death , Columbus 's sons , Diego and Fernando , took legal action to enforce their father 's contract . Many of the allegations against Columbus and his tyrannical governorship were initiated by the Crown during these lengthy court cases , known as the Pleitos Colombinos . The family had some success in their first litigation , as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego 's position as Viceroy , but reduced his powers . Diego resumed litigation in 1512 lasting until 1536 , and further disputes continued until 1790 . Legacy ( edit ) The success of Columbus 's first voyage touched off a series of westward explorations by European seafaring states . These states sought to exploit the New World 's riches ; build trade networks and colonies ; and built the Indian reductions ( settlements ) to relocate , use the labor of , and attempt Christian conversions of the native people . With the Age of Discovery starting in the 15th century , Europeans explored the world by ocean , searching for particular trade goods , humans to enslave , and trading locations and ports . The most desired trading goods were gold , silver and spices . Columbus did not reach Asia but rather found what was to the Europeans a New World , the Americas . For the Catholic monarchies of Spain and Portugal , a division of influence became necessary to avoid conflict . This was resolved by Papal intervention in 1494 when the Treaty of Tordesillas purported to divide the world between the two powers . The Portuguese were to receive everything outside of Europe east of a line that ran 270 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands , thought to include the continents of Africa and Asia , but none of the New World . The Spanish received everything west of this line , territory that was still almost completely unknown , and proved to be primarily the vast majority of the American continents and the Islands of the Pacific Ocean . This arrangement was somewhat subverted in 1500 , when the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived at a point on the eastern coast of South America , and realized that it was on the Portuguese side of the dividing line between the two empires . This would lead to the Portuguese colonization of what is now Brazil . Columbus and other Iberian explorers were initially disappointed with their discoveries -- unlike Africa or Asia , the Caribbean islanders had little to trade with the Castillo ships . The islands thus became the focus of colonization efforts . It was not until the continent itself was explored that Spain found the wealth it had sought in the form of abundant gold . In the Americas the Spanish found a number of empires that were as large and populous as those in Europe . However , small bodies of Spanish conquistadors , with large armies of indigenous Americans groups , managed to conquer these states . The most notable amongst the conquered states were the Aztec empire in Mexico ( conquered in 1521 ) and the Inca empire in modern Peru ( conquered in 1532 ) . During this time , pandemics of European disease such as smallpox devastated the indigenous populations . Once Spanish sovereignty was established , the Spanish focused on the extraction and export of gold and silver . See also ( edit ) Columbus Day Columbus 's vow Juan de la Cosa The Grand Exchange Guanahani ( a discussion of candidates for site of first landing ) Lugares colombinos Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli The Pinzón Brothers Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact Spanish colonization of the Americas Amerigo Vespucci Martin Waldseemüller References ( edit ) General information Clements R. Markham , ed. , The Journal of Christopher Columbus ( during His First Voyage , 1492 -- 93 ) , London : The Hakluyt Society , 1893 . Joseph , Edward Lanzar ( 1838 ) . History of Trinidad . A.K. Newman & Co . Washington Irving , A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus , G. & C. Carvill , 1828 . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` History -- Leif Erikson ( 11th century ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day ? '' . National Geographic . 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Dillehay , Tom D. ; Ocampo , Carlos ; Saavedra , José ; Sawakuchi , Andre Oliveira ; Vega , Rodrigo M. ; Pino , Mario ; Collins , Michael B. ; Cummings , Linda Scott ; Arregui , Iván ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) . `` New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde , Chile '' . PLOS ONE . 10 ( 11 ) : e0141923 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 4651426 . PMID 26580202 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0141923 . Jump up ^ Mills , Keneth and Taylor , William B. , ( 1 ) , p. 36 , SR Books , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2573 - 1 Jump up ^ John Noble , Susan Forsyth , Vesna Maric , Paula Hardy . Andalucía . Lonely Planet , p. 100 Jump up ^ Jensen , De Ladickmar ( 1992 ) , Renaissance Europe 2nd ed. pg. 341 ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot , Admiral of the Ocean Sea : The Life of Christopher Columbus Boston , 1942 Jump up ^ Durant , Will `` The Story of Civilization '' Vol . VI , `` The Reformation '' . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1957 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 61050 - 3 . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Isabella of Castile : the first Renaissance queen , 2004 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Boller , Paul F ( 1995 ) . Not So ! : Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509186 - 1 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jeffrey Burton 1991 . Inventing the Flat Earth . Columbus and modern historians , Praeger , New York , Westport , London 1991 ; Zinn , Howard 1980 . A People 's History of the United States , HarperCollins 2001 . p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Sagan , Carl . Cosmos ; the mean circumference of the Earth is 40,041.47 km . Jump up ^ `` Marco Polo et le Livre des Merveilles '' , ISBN 978 - 2 - 35404 - 007 - 9 p. 37 ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Columbus ( Italian explorer ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed . ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The First Voyage Log '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Empire '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Tharoor , Shashi ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` Trying to discover India '' . Outlook India . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The original Niña '' . The Columbus Foundation . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Markham , p. 19 Jump up ^ Irving , p. 121 Jump up ^ Markham , p. 20 Jump up ^ Markham , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Markham , p. 22 Jump up ^ Review by Carla Rahn Phillips , Renaissance Quarterly , Vol. 44 , No. 3 . ( Autumn , 1991 ) , pp. 572 -- 74. The Diario of Christopher Columbus 's First Voyage to America 1492 -- 93 , Abstracted by Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas . by Oliver Dunn ; James E. Kelley , Jr . Jump up ^ The Navigational Mysteries and Fraudulent Longitudes of Christopher Columbus A Lecture given to the Society for the History of Discoveries and the Haklyut Society , August 1997 by Keith A. Pickering Jump up ^ Shen Kuo discovered 400 years earlier , in Asia , the concept of true north in terms of magnetic declination towards the north pole , with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and `` the improved meridian determined by Shen 's ( astronomical ) measurement of the distance between the polestar and true north '' . For more see Sivin , Nathan ( 1984 ) . `` Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China -- Or Did n't It ? '' in Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences : Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen , 531 -- 555 , ed . Everett Mendelsohn . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52485 - 7 . Vol . III , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Smith & Joseph Needham , `` Magnetic Declination in Mediaeval China '' , Nature 214 , 1213 -- 1214 ( 17 June 1967 ) ; doi : 10.1038 / 2141213b0 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Steve ( 2009 ) . Paradise Found : Nature in America at the Time of Discovery . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 58340 - 6 . Jump up ^ Markham , pp. 35 Jump up ^ Markham , pp 36 Jump up ^ Clements R. Markham , ed. , A People 's History Of The United States 1492 - Present , HarperCollins , 2001 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Rouse , Irving ( 1992 ) . The Taínos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ CATZ , REBECCA ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Columbus in the Azores '' . Portuguese Studies . 6 : 17 -- 23 . JSTOR 41104900 . Jump up ^ Turner , 2004 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Zinn , Howard ( 2009 ) . A People 's History of the United States : 1492 to Present . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 3 . ISBN 9780061989834 . Jump up ^ http://www.christopher-columbus.eu/voyage-2.htm Jump up ^ lit . `` Gallant Mary '' , officially known as the Santa María after the ship lost on the first voyage and also known as Capitana ( `` Flagship '' ) for its role in the expedition . It was owned by Antonio Torres , brother of the nurse to Don Juan . Jump up ^ lit . `` The Nun '' . Jump up ^ lit . `` The Hill '' , but named for its owner Bartolomé Colin and also called la carabela de Bartolomé Colin . Jump up ^ lit . `` The Gallant '' , but named for its owner Juan Gallardo and also called la carabela de Juan Gallardo . Jump up ^ Named for its owner Alfonso Gutiérrez and also called la carabela de Alfonso Gutiérrez . Jump up ^ Or the Bonuela . Named for its owner Antón Boniel and also called la carabela de Antón Boniel . Jump up ^ Named for its owner Rodrigo Muñoz or Rodrigo Martínez . Jump up ^ Named for its owner Juan de Triana and also called la carabela de Juan de Triana . Jump up ^ lit . `` The Old '' Jump up ^ lit. `` The Brown '' , but named for its owner Juan Fernández Prieto and also called la carabela de Juan Fernández Prieto . Jump up ^ lit . `` The Fat '' . Jump up ^ Sometimes given as Caldera ( `` The Cauldron '' ) , but named for its captain Juan Rodriguez Cardero . Jump up ^ M. a Montserrat León Guerrero . `` Pasajeros del Segundo Viaje de Cristóbal Colón '' ( `` Passengers of the Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus '' ) . ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Pickering , Keith A. `` Columbus 's Ships '' . 1997 . Accessed 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Philips and Philips , The Worlds of Christopher Columbus Jump up ^ Montague , Peter . `` Celebrating Columbus Day '' . Ecologist . Dec. 1999 : 468 -- 470 . SIRS Issues Researcher . Web . 22 Feb. 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-i-ancient-1600-textbook/early-modern-europe-12/the-age-of-discovery-57/spanish-exploration-and-the-voyages-of-christopher-columbus-217-13333/ Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1963 ) . Journals & Other Documents on the Life & Voyages of Christopher Columbus . New York : The Heritage Press . p. 262 . Jump up ^ Thacher , John Boyd ( 1903 ) . Christopher Columbus : his life , his work , his remains , as revealed by original printed and manuscript records , together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé De Las Casas , the first Historians of America . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 379 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus 's Third Voyage '' ( in Spanish ) . El Rincón del Vago . Jump up ^ Joseph 1838 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Joseph 1838 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Joseph 1838 , p. 126 Jump up ^ Giles Tremlett ( 2006 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Lost document reveals Columbus as tyrant of the Caribbean '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bobadilla 's 48 - page report -- derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers -- had originally been lost for centuries , but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in Valladolid . It contained an account of Columbus 's seven - year reign as the first Governor of the Indies . Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , Admiral of the Ocean Sea : A Life of Christopher Columbus , p. 576 . Jump up ^ The Brooklyn Museum catalogue notes that the most likely source for Leutze 's trio of Columbus paintings is Washington Irving 's best - selling Life and Voyages of Columbus ( 1828 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , Admiral of the Ocean Sea : A Life of Christopher Columbus , 1942 , pp. 653 -- 54 . Samuel Eliot Morison , Christopher Columbus , Mariner , 1955 , pp. 184 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Mark McDonald ( 2005 ) . Ferdinand Columbus , Renaissance Collector ( 1488 -- 1539 ) . British Museum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 2644 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Landstrom , Bjorn , 1966 . Columbus : The story of Don Cristobal Colon Admiral of the Ocean . Macmillan . Young , Filson , and Windham Thomas Wyndham - Quin Dunraven . Christopher Columbus and the New World of His Discovery . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott , 1906 . ( ed. , Different version available ) Young , Alexander Bell Filson , Christopher Columbus and the New World of His Discovery ; a Narrative , with a Note on the Navigation of Columbus 's First Voyage by the Earl of Dunraven , v. 2 . J.B. Lippincott company , 1906 ( ed. , another version ) Pastor , Ludwig , Frederick Ignatius Antrobus , Ralph Francis Kerr , Ernest Graf , and E.F. Peeler . The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages . Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources . St. Louis : Herder , 1899 . Kayserling , Meyer , and Charles Gross . Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries . New York : Longmans , Green , 1894 . Winsor , Justin . Christopher Columbus and How He Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin , 1892 . Tarducci , Francesco , and Henry F. Brownson . The Life of Christopher Columbus . Detroit : H.F. Brownson , 1890 . Lester , C. Edwards , and Andrew Foster . The Life and Voyage of Americus Vespucius , with Illustrations Concerning the Navigator and the Discovery of the New World . New Haven : H. Mansfield , 1856 . Lester , C. Edwards , Andrew Foster , and Amerigo Vespucci . The Life and Voyages of Americus Vespucius : With Illustrations Concerning the Navigator , and the Discovery of the New World . New York : Baker & Scribner , 1846 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Voyages of Columbus . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of voyages by Christopher Columbus . European Voyages of Exploration : Christopher Columbus Teaching about the Voyages of Columbus Columbus 's Last Voyage on the History Channel ( hide ) Exploration and explorers by nation or region Explorers by country Chinese French Italian Portuguese Spanish Romanian Russian Explorers by type Circumnavigators Climbers Desert explorers Polar explorers Seafarers Space travelers Undersea explorers Exploration by region Asia Central Asia Africa Australia North America South America Oceania Space exploration Exploration timelines Chinese exploration European exploration Europeans in Asia Space exploration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus&oldid=801137532 '' Categories : Christopher Columbus 1490s in North America 1490s in Spain 1490s in the Caribbean 1490s in the Spanish West Indies 1500s in North America 1500s in Spain 1500s in the Caribbean 1500s in the Spanish West Indies Age of Discovery Colonial Puerto Rico Colony of Santo Domingo Expeditions from Spain Exploration of North America History of South America History of the Caribbean Maritime history Spain in the Age of Discovery Spanish colonial period of Cuba Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with disputed statements from August 2012 Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Deutsch فارسی Gaeilge Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 00 . 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when did call of duty ww2 come out
Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision . It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty : World at War in 2008 . The game is set in the European theatre , and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division , following their battles on the Western Front , and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord ; the multiplayer expands to different fronts not seen in the campaign .
November 3 , 2017
Call of Duty : WWII
call of duty : wwii
Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter video game developed by Sledgehammer Games and published by Activision . It is the fourteenth main installment in the Call of Duty series and was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the first title in the series to be set primarily during World War II since Call of Duty : World at War in 2008 . The game is set in the European theatre , and is centered around a squad in the 1st Infantry Division , following their battles on the Western Front , and set mainly in the historical events of Operation Overlord ; the multiplayer expands to different fronts not seen in the campaign .
Upon release , the game received generally positive reviews from critics , with many appreciating the return to the franchise 's World War II roots . Praise was given towards its story , visuals , the combat support of squad members and return of the health bar in single - player , Zombies mode , and multiplayer . However , it was criticized for the single - player 's lack of innovation and similarity to past games set in the same era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Campaign 1.2 Multiplayer 1.3 Nazi Zombies 2 Plot 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Nazi Zombies 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Similar to its predecessors , Call of Duty : WWII is a first - person shooter game but it removes the advanced system of movement present in the two previous Call of Duty titles , which included double jumping and wall running . Instead , it features a return of traditional movement to the series , taking it back to a `` boots on the ground '' gameplay style . The game does not feature an unlimited sprint mechanic , seen in the previous two titles . Instead of a `` slide '' movement mechanic , which allowed players to slide quickly on the ground , WWII features a `` hit - the - deck '' mechanic that allows the player to leap forward and throw themselves on the ground in order to get to cover quickly , similarly to a previous mechanic known as `` dolphin dive '' in Treyarch 's Call of Duty : Black Ops and Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Campaign ( edit ) WWII is the first title since the original game and Call of Duty 2 : Big Red One not to feature health regeneration in the campaign . Instead , players must find health packs scattered throughout levels , or rely on their medic squadmate to provide health packs . Other members of the player 's squad can provide ammunition , grenades , call in mortar strikes , or spot enemies and reveal their position in form of silhouettes . In certain sections of the game , enemy soldiers in the campaign can be captured , and wounded allies can be dragged to cover . In some parts of the campaign , players are able to control vehicles . Multiplayer ( edit ) The multiplayer mode for Call of Duty : WWII was revealed on E3 2017 , which took place from June 13 -- 15 . Sledgehammer Games announced features such as the new headquarters social space , divisions , war mode and the return to `` boots - on - the - ground '' gameplay . Players who pre-order the game were invited to a closed beta , which was released initially for the PlayStation 4 , but later was released on other platforms . In online multiplayer matches , players are randomly assigned either to Allies or Axis side . On Allies side , players can play as soldiers in American , British , Soviet , French Resistance armies . On the Axis side , players play as the Wehrmacht , rather than Waffen - SS in an effort to avoid ' glorifying ' Nazi extremists . When explaining this decision , Glen Schofield , co-founder and co-studio head at Sledgehammer , said `` The big distinction that Germans still make today is that between the German military and the Nazis . We made sure we made that distinction in the game , that the Germans were doing their duty '' . Instead of the usual create - a-class system , WWII features Divisions . Players can choose one out of five divisions , each with their own different basic combat training , division training and weapon skills . This also eliminates perks , as players need to progress through ranks in divisions in order to use additional skills . Five divisions featured in the game are : Infantry : The most versatile division in the game , it is equipped for mid to long range combat . The special skill of this division is the bayonet charge , which can lead to brutal melee combat . Airborne : This division makes players move fast while remaining quiet . Players in this division can attach suppressors to sub-machine guns at any time during combat which allows for more stealth based gameplay style . Armored : This division has the heaviest firepower , being able to mount machine guns . Mountain : This division focuses on long range combat , making sniper rifles more precise with aim assist and improving the aim through scope by blocking out surroundings from player 's view . Expeditionary : Shotguns used by players in this division have incendiary rounds that burn enemies to death . WWII also features Headquarters mode , which acts as a social space in the game . The hub is set on the Omaha Beach in Normandy , three days after the invasion when Allies retake the beach and turn it into a base . 48 players can be in the Headquarters at a time , and take part in various activities . For example , players can watch other players open loot boxes while in the Headquarters . There is a firing range in the hub , where all players can practise their shooting skills with all weapons , as well as a field where they can test scorestreaks . There are also areas where players can engage in `` 1v1 '' fights , as other players watch the duels . The end - game `` killcam '' highlight shown at the end of multiplayer matches has been changed to `` Bronze Star '' , which show kills `` deemed most impressive '' ( counted by most points gained in a row ) , similar to Overwatch . The exception to this is the Search & Destroy game mode , which does not use Bronze Star killcam . Search & Destroy uses a final killcam , showing the last kill in the round . A new game mode , War , is introduced as a `` narrative - driven '' multiplayer game mode , developed in partnership with Raven Software . In War , two teams of 6 players perform objectives as either the Allied or Axis faction , inspired by some of the iconic World War II battles , such as storming Normandy on D - Day as the Allied , or defending the Normandy bunker as the Axis in the map Operation Neptune . In addition to War , popular game modes such as Team Deathmatch , Domination and Hardpoint return , as well as Gridiron , a `` boots on the ground '' variation of Uplink , which was originally introduced by Sledgehammer Games in Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare . Nazi Zombies ( edit ) WWII includes a zombies cooperative game mode , similar to previous entries by Treyarch and Infinity Ward , with its own original storyline set in alternate history and separate from the campaign . The game mode , dubbed Nazi Zombies in reference to its first iteration in Treyarch 's Call of Duty : World at War , is also set in the events of World War II , as the Third Reich makes a desperate attempt to turn the tide of the war by creating an undead army in the final stages of the war . While the mode is based on science - fiction and is a fictional take on the war , Sledgehammer Games co-founder Michael Condrey said that the story of the mode is based on some `` real events '' . He also revealed that the experience is similar to Dead Space , a third person shooter horror video game directed by both Condrey and Schofield during their work time at EA Redwood Shores . In regards to gameplay , Nazi Zombies retains the wave - based survival formula that have been used in all previous Zombies entries , with brand new additions . A class system is introduced , where players can opt for one of four combat roles : Offense , Control , Medic and Support , which provide different in - game abilities . Class loadouts are also included , with equippable Raven Mods , which are perks similar to the multiplayer mode . Sledgehammer Games also attempted to rationalize some of the popular mechanics , such as weapon wallbuys and currencies , with realistic explanation that fit within the lore of the game mode . Nazi Zombies includes a hint system , where portions of the main story quest are given directional hints for players to find and progress . In regards to the story quest , Sledgehammer 's creative director Cameron Dayton reveals that there is a `` casual path '' for new and casual players where they can progress with the story , while a `` hardcore '' path , which is considered the official canon , exists with hidden objectives , and expands more on the story beyond what the casual path contains . Plot ( edit ) Campaign ( edit ) On June 6 , 1944 , U.S. Army Private First Class Ronald `` Red '' Daniels ( Brett Zimmermann ) of the 1st Infantry Division takes part in the Normandy landings with his platoon , consisting of Private First Class Robert Zussman ( Jonathan Tucker ) , Private Drew Stiles ( Kevin Coubal ) , Technician Fifth Grade Frank Aiello ( Jeff Schine ) , Technical Sergeant William Pierson ( Josh Duhamel ) and First Lieutenant Joseph Turner ( Jeffrey Pierce ) . Zussman is stabbed by a German soldier , resulting in his hospitalization for several weeks . Zussman returns to duty in time for Operation Cobra , where American forces successfully push to reclaim the town of Marigny . The platoon is ordered by Colonel Davis ( Matt Riedy ) to conduct an operation with British Special Operations Executive officers Major Arthur Crowley ( David Alpay ) and Vivian ( Helen Sadler ) to intercept a German armored train carrying V2 - rockets . Daniels and Zussman successfully derail the train before being escorted back to their squad by French Resistance leader Rousseau ( Bella Dayne ) . A week later , Rousseau and Crowley infiltrate a German garrison in Paris to retrieve explosives in preparation for the platoon 's assault upon it . Midway through , Rousseau kills SS - und Polizeiführer Heinrich ( J. Paul Boehmer ) in retaliation for his murder of her family . The platoon then liberates Paris . Two months later , the platoon enters Aachen , and is saved from a German attack by support from tank commander Staff Sergeant Augustine Pérez ( Christian Lanz ) . They are then ordered to take over a German - occupied hotel . They discover civilians inside the hotel , and Turner orders their evacuation , to Pierson 's dismay . A young girl named Anna ( Lilith Max ) goes missing , and Daniels rescues her . German soldiers open fire on a truck carrying the civilians , killing Anna 's older sister . Pierson sends the truck away without protection , creating a rift with Turner . At the Battle of Hürtgen Forest , the platoon is ordered to take Hill 493 . Turner splits the platoon into two groups ; Pierson and Zussman are tasked with advancing towards the hill , while Turner and Daniels cover them until they can meet at the bottom . Turner 's squad soon receives a transmission revealing that Pierson ordered an attack on the hill against Turner 's orders , forcing Turner to join in . The platoon destroys artillery positions , but the Germans counterattack with a Tiger II tank . Daniels is knocked out trying to disable the tank , which is destroyed by Pérez . Turner is fatally wounded rescuing Daniels , and orders Daniels to abandon him while he covers the platoon 's escape . Pierson becomes head of the platoon and makes Daniels his second - in - command , promoting him to Corporal . At the height of the Battle of the Bulge , the platoon is surrounded by Germans . Daniels meets an African - American technician , Howard ( Russell Richardson ) , who helps the platoon contact air support . The platoon captures several German soldiers , and discovers that the Germans plan to destroy a bridge at Remagen , the last bridge over the Rhine . After destroying the explosives in transit , Pierson orders the platoon to attack a nearby air base to destroy the remaining explosives . The attack fails , resulting in Daniels and Zussman being surrounded by enemy troops . Daniels is saved by Howard , while Zussman is captured and taken to a German prisoner of war camp , Stalag IX - B. Daniels disobeys Pierson and attempts to pursue the German truck carrying Zussman , but ends up injuring himself in the process and letting the truck escape . He is then hospitalized , with Pierson denying him from the platoon . In Stalag IX - B , Zussman is interrogated on his Jewish heritage by SS officer Metz ( George Regout ) , then is beaten and sent to a concentration camp . After recovering for eight weeks , Daniels learns from Davis about the events that changed Pierson in the Battle of Kasserine Pass : instead of recklessly leading his men to their deaths , like everyone thought , he risked his and his men 's lives in vain to save part of his platoon that was trapped . Daniels later confronts Pierson in his tent and tears up his honorable discharge papers in order to rejoin the platoon . They successfully capture the last bridge over the Rhine . The platoon heads into Germany , liberating concentration camps in search of Zussman , eventually reaching the Berga concentration camp , which they find abandoned ; the camp 's survivors were sent on a death march . Daniels finds and saves Zussman by killing Metz before he can execute him . At the end of the war , Daniels parts ways with his platoon and returns to Texas , reuniting with his wife and newborn son . He visits the grave of his older brother , Paul ( Chris Browning ) , who died while fighting a wolf when Red failed to shoot it in time . He places his Bronze Star medal on the grave , saying that his brother deserves it for teaching him how to fight for himself and for his brothers . Nazi Zombies ( edit ) Austrian engineer Marie Fischer ( Katheryn Winnick ) is sent on a mission to her hometown village of Mittelburg , Bavaria by her commanding officer , Major Rideau ( Darin De Paul ) , to retrieve lost artifacts stolen by the Nazis for experimentation , as well as rescue her brother , Klaus , who provided the information . Klaus has been unwillingly working with their lead scientist Peter Straub ( Udo Kier ) and weapons expert Colonel Heinz Richter ( Tomm Voss ) on a project to exploit a new energy dubbed `` Geistkraft '' ( literally translates as : ' Spiritforce ' ) to assist the Nazi party 's war efforts . Marie is accompanied by Scottish ex-art thief Drostan Hynd ( David Tennant ) , French Resistance fighter Olivia Durant ( Élodie Yung ) and American captain Jefferson Potts ( Ving Rhames ) , all of whom have significant knowledge on the stolen arts and relics . However , on their train ride to Mittelburg , the group is attacked by an unidentified colossal being . Marie is stranded from the others , and finds herself taking temporary refuge at a small house nearby , where she holds out against hordes of dead German soldiers reanimated by Geistkraft , until she is able to make her way to the village . After reuniting with the other three , Marie and the group proceed further down into the village 's hidden bunker , where Straub has set up his laboratory . There , they fend off against Straub 's undead horde , as well as Richter , whose obsession on weaponization of Geistkraft puts him at odds with Straub . Eventually , the group recovers the artifact , the hilt of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa 's sword . They then encounter the creature from earlier , a humanoid - shaped amalgam of numerous body parts sewn and stitched together , dubbed the Panzermörder , with Klaus fused into the creature 's chest . Using special magnetized batteries , the group manages to stun the Panzermörder and attach the batteries onto it , causing it to be attracted to Richter 's zeppelin flying above the village . The zeppelin explodes , killing the Panzermörder and freeing Klaus from its body . The hilt 's power somehow revives Klaus , causing him to be possessed by an unknown force . Klaus staggers into the village , telling Marie and the group to continue fighting , and that the Emperor must not return , before activating a fire trap , seemingly killing himself . Development ( edit ) Call of Duty : World War II is the second game in the Call of Duty franchise developed by Sledgehammer Games , and the third to benefit under publisher Activision 's three - year development cycle ( the first being Sledgehammer 's Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare ) in order for a longer development time for each game . A modern Call of Duty title set in World War II was alluded to in a 2014 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare launch interview with Michael Condrey , co-founder of Sledgehammer Games . In the interview by Metro , the interviewer asked him what the possibilities of where the next Call of Duty could go in terms of setting . Condrey responded , `` Well , no . It 's curious . I can only answer from my own personal tastes , this is my own personal opinion . But some of my favorite pieces of entertainment are set in World War II . Band of Brothers , I 'm a massive fan of Band of Brothers . '' Condrey then dived further into the subject , `` And that 's a great hero 's war , kind of the last that was recognised as a noble cause in a war . So yeah , I think a next generation game with the latest production values and robustness in a World War II setting like Band of Brothers would be amazing . Now , how would it play and how would the multiplayer work after the new movement set in Advanced Warfare ? That 's a tougher question than I 've had to tackle yet ... '' . Sledgehammer Games was hesitant to reveal all the authentic settings from World War II that developers have put into the game 's storyline . Activision initially refused to deny claims that Nazi extermination camps would be featured in the game . Adam Rosenberg of Mashable wrote that video games set during World War II tended to be `` Holocaust deniers '' in the sense that they avoided broaching the subject for business reasons , but that this could be the very first Call of Duty World War II based game where the Holocaust would be depicted . Senior creative director Bret Robbins said in an interview `` Some very , very dark things happened during this conflict and it felt wrong for us to ignore that . '' He further stated `` We absolutely show atrocities . It 's an unfortunate part of the history , but you ca n't tell an authentic , truthful story without going there . So we went there . '' Robbins argued that audiences can now handle games with more maturity and nuance , `` People are ready for it . They want it , '' he said . When asked directly over Twitter as to whether or not the story campaign would allow gamers the opportunity to play as soldiers from the Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , Sledgehammer Games confirmed that the campaign gameplay would be limited to allied forces . More specifically , Sledgehammer co-founder Michael Condrey confirmed that the game will focus exclusively on the Allied powers . The Windows version of the game was developed in partnership with Raven Software . In regards to it , Raven 's CTO Dwight Luetscher stated that they were trying to focus on the Windows platform , as well as the community , by responding to their needs for it to excel . The Windows version features several notable changes , including removal of controller aim assist and addition of sensitivity slider for aim - down - sights mechanic . All pre-orders excluding the PC version included access to the private beta , which was made available first on the PlayStation 4 from August 25 to 28 , followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1 to 4 . The PC beta was announced as an open beta , and ran from September 29 to October 2 on Steam . Players who participated in the beta received the Beta Combat Pack for the full game , which contains a special in - game helmet , emblem and calling card . The game is available in three editions : Base Edition , Digital Deluxe Edition and the Pro Edition . The Pro Edition was sold exclusively at GameStop , with pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on November 3 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Upon the game 's release , online servers were down for most of the day , inhibiting players from playing online multiplayer , as well as some not being able to access the campaign and Nazi Zombies . Activision acknowledged the problem and announced they were working to resolve it . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 79 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 75 / 100 ( PC ) Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 8.5 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 70 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 Call of Duty : WWII received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Miguel Concepcion of GameSpot awarded the game a 9 / 10 , writing that the campaign was `` moving '' and `` salutes the brotherhood that grows and strengthens on the battlefield '' , while praising the game 's `` excellent visuals and sound design '' . Daniel Tack from Game Informer gave the game a 8.75 / 10 , stating that he felt the campaign was the only drawback overall ; despite capturing a `` signature explosive feel through various adrenaline - fueled moments '' , he thought progression felt tedious as a result of `` standard gunplay and endless killing fields . '' He praised the multiplayer as the `` shining star of the three modes '' , especially enjoying the game 's new War mode in terms of its variety , and highlighted the return to the traditional gameplay and range of customization options . In his 8.5 / 10 review for Electronic Gaming Monthly , Nick Plasses wrote that the campaign 's protagonists were `` well characterized and ( ... ) the cause for the game 's most impactful conflicts '' . He praised the lack of regenerating health which gave the game `` new levels of strategy and exploration , ultimately adding more entertainment than frustration '' , and that the reliance on fellow soldiers `` necessitates more strategic positioning and resource management '' . IGN 's Miranda Sanchez awarded the game 8 / 10 , saying the campaign was a `` more human perspective than we 've seen in recent years '' , with interesting and diverse characters . However , she criticized its conflicting tone , as well as several repetitive and frustrating missions . She wrote that the Zombies was the standout mode in the game , which helped strike `` a rewarding balance for the diehard zombies fans ( ... ) and those that just want to jump in and have a good time '' , although criticized that the experience suffered when playing with other people . Destructoid 's Chris Moyse praised the game as a `` satisfying experience '' and the campaign as `` one of the series ' best in some time '' , but felt that `` it also makes little effort to overhaul the brand as a whole , playing it incredibly safe when the opportunity for reinvention was right there for the taking . '' Polygon 's Russ Frushtick generally praised the multiplayer , calling it `` strong and enjoyable '' , but criticized the campaign , writing that `` just about every mission feels like déjà vu , as if I 'd played it before in another game '' and that `` Changing the time period so dramatically only helps to highlight how little has changed since the franchise 's total re-imagining with Call of Duty 4 . '' Jeff Gerstmann of Giant Bomb was more critical of the game as a whole , stating that `` despite all of Activision 's big talk about `` boots on the ground '' action and how this was going to be some big deal , the setting change did n't bring any new and exciting inspiration with it . This feels like the most wheel - spinning , by - the - numbers Call of Duty they 've made thus far . '' Sales ( edit ) The game earned over $500 million within its first three days of release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McMillan , Emily . `` Wilbert Roget II composes for Call of Duty : World War II '' . Video Game Music Online . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII confirmed , full reveal next week '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unlimited sprint wo n't be featured in Call of Duty : WWII '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condrey , Michael ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` You can `` hit - the - deck '' and scramble for cover , officially `` . @ MichaelCondrey . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WW2 Ditching Health Regen , Has Some Form Of Dedicated Classes '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ acast ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Call Of Duty : WW2 Interview Gamertag Radio on acast '' . acast . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Call of Duty : WWII '' . Activision . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know About The ' Call Of Duty : World War II ' Reveal '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , James ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 : Bosses reveal the one gameplay feature they WON 'T include '' . Daily Star . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WW2 Gives You Prizes For Watching Others Open Loot Boxes '' . Kotaku UK . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII -- how an indie classic inspired the latest instalment '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WWII Ditches Endgame Killcam for Something Better '' . twinfinite.net . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Condrey , Michael . `` I 'm way overdue on this , sorry . Yes , S&D will be final killcam , not Bronze Star camera '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII Zombies has a ' back story that 's based on real events , ' similar experience to Dead Space '' . Charlie INTEL . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : WWII - Zombies Interview '' . YouTube . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , David Jenkins for ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` COD : Advanced Warfare Michael Condrey interview '' . Metro . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : WWII ' wo n't ignore the Holocaust anymore '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pink , Aiden ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Call Of Duty ' Video Game Will Depict The Holocaust '' . The Forward . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenlon , Wes ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII devs want to ' win the hearts and minds of the PC community ' '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plagge , Kallie ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WW2 - Everything We Know So Far '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII is launching November 3rd '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Servers down : Activision provide server update following launch '' . The Express . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Error Code 103294 and 102780 Fix : CoD WW2 Stuck on Loading Screen and Ca n't Play Online '' . GameRevolution . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : WWII for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moyse , Chris ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Call of Duty : WWII '' . Destructoid . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plessas , Nick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tack , Daniel ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rallying The Shooter On Multiple Fronts - Call of Duty : WWII - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 Review -- War Has Changed Back '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call Of Duty : WWII Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WW2 review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gerstmann , Jeff ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Miranda ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WW2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty WWII review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Frushtick , Russ ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII review '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dring , Christopher ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : WWII doubles Infinite Warfare sales worldwide '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal History portal Video games portal World War II portal ( hide ) Call of Duty Games World War II setting Call of Duty United Offensive Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts WWII Modern Warfare story arc 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops story arc World at War Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Other games Ghosts Advanced Warfare Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_WWII&oldid=816068990 '' Categories : 2017 video games Call of Duty First - person shooters Multiplayer online games PlayStation 4 games Video games set in France Windows games World War II first - person shooters Xbox One games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 42 . 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when does sailor venus join the sailor scouts
No . DIC Entertainment title ( s ) Original Japanese and Viz Media titles Episode director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Art director ( s ) Animation director ( s ) Original airdate English airdate ( US ) Orig . DIC `` A Moon Star Is Born '' `` The Crybaby : Usagi 's Beautiful Transformation '' `` Nakimushi Usagi no karei naru henshin '' ( 泣き虫 うさぎ の 華麗 なる 変身 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Hiromi Matsushita March 7 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 As the series begins as a slapstick comedy , a 14 - year - old underachieving sailor - suited schoolgirl Usagi Tsukino saves a cat from being attacked by a group of little boys while on her way to school . After school , she and her friend Naru Osaka visit a local jewelry store owned by her mother . On her way home , Usagi encounters Mamoru Chiba and meets up with Motoki Furuhata . Upon returning to her home , Naru 's mother reveals herself to be the youma Morga and captures her . The cat Usagi encountered earlier reveals herself as Luna and tells Usagi to search for the princess and destroy evil . Usagi transforms into Sailor Moon and , after hearing Naru in distress , confronts Morga , who intends to steal human energy by using the cursed jewelry on the girls . The youma tricks the brainwashed girls into attacking Usagi but a stranger wearing a tuxedo intervenes . Usagi weakens Morga with her screams , allowing her to use the Moon Tiara Action technique on Morga , killing her and restoring the girls to normal . Before departing , the stranger reveals himself to be Tuxedo Mask . -- September 5 , 2014 `` Punishment Awaits : the House of Fortune Is the Monster Mansion '' `` Oshioki yo ! Uranai house wa yōma no yakata '' ( おしおき よ ! 占い ハウス は 妖魔 の 館 ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsuji Matsumoto March 14 , 1992 -- Having failed his previous mission , Jadeite informs Queen Beryl , the leader of the Dark Kingdom , that he is using another plan , this time involving fortune telling . Meanwhile , Usagi 's classmate Umino Gurio is smitten with her . After confessing that he wants to go on a date , Naru has him consult a fortune teller but he decides to go to the House of Fortune . Luna tells Usagi to go to a fortune teller , in an attempt to check that Motoki is an admirer of her but decides to go to the House of Fortune . However , Umino and some of the other students are hypnotized by the tarot cards and cause trouble at school the next day . Realizing that the students were being hypnotized from the House of Fortune , Luna and Usagi infiltrate the house and encounter Balm , a youma disguised as the fortune teller . Balm orders her hypnotized subjects to attack Usagi , but Tuxedo Mask distracts her and , with his encouragement , Usagi kills Balm , returning the customers to normal . `` Talk Radio '' `` The Mysterious Sleeping Sickness : Protect the Girls in Love '' `` Nazo no nemuribyō , mamore otome no koisuru kokoro '' ( 謎 の ねむり 病 , 守れ 乙女 の 恋する 心 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kunihiko Natsume March 21 , 1992 August 29 , 1995 Homeroom teacher Haruna Sakurada and Naru submit love - letters to a late - night radio show . When they fall into a coma - like sleep , Usagi must investigate the radio station undercover . `` Slim City '' `` Learn How to Be Skinny from Usagi '' `` Usagi ga oshiemasu ! Surimu ni naruhō '' ( うさぎ が 教え ます ! スリム に なる 法 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto March 28 , 1992 August 30 , 1995 Usagi gains a couple of pounds and starts to obsess about her weight . Jadeite starts a health club to drain energy out of people . Usagi and her friends sign up after seeing how much weight Ms. Haruna has lost . Usagi discovers tanks in the basement which are sucking the life energy out of her friends . 5 -- `` Scent of a Monster : Chanela Will Steal Your Love '' `` Yōma no kaori ! Shanēra wa ai wo nusume '' ( 妖魔 の 香り ! シャネーラ は 愛 を 盗む ) Yūji Endō Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō April 11 , 1992 -- Usagi wants her family to accept Luna as a `` pet '' , but Shingo is afraid of cats . At a pet shop , he discovers a hypnotic creature called a Chanela and loses all interest in anything else . 6 -- `` Protect the Melody of Love : Usagi Plays Cupid '' `` Mamore koi no merodi ! Usagi wa Kyūpiddo '' ( 守れ 恋 の 曲 ! うさぎ は キューピッド ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano April 18 , 1992 -- Jadeite creates a cassette tape that can drain life energy , but the youma he gives it to promptly loses it . It ends up in the possession of a jazz pianist , and Usagi must disguise herself as an adult to protect him . 7 `` So You Want to Be a Superstar '' `` Usagi Learns Her Lesson : Becoming a Star Is Hard Work '' `` Usagi hansei ! Sutā no michi wa kibishii '' ( うさぎ 反省 ! スター の 道 は きびしい ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Katsuji Matsumoto April 25 , 1992 August 31 , 1995 By making a youma possess a human celebrity , Jadeite draws a huge crowd of would - be superstars . Usagi tries to juggle her duties as Sailor Moon with her desire to be popular and famous . 8 5 `` Computer School Blues '' `` The Girl Genius Is a Monster : The Brainwashing Cram School of Horror '' `` Tensai shōjo wa yōma na no ? Kyōfu no sennōjuku '' ( 天才 少女 は 妖魔 なの ? 恐怖 の 洗脳 塾 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Kunihiko Natsume May 2 , 1992 September 1 , 1995 Luna senses a strange aura around Usagi 's genius classmate , Ami Mizuno , and thinks she might be a Dark Kingdom spy . Usagi befriends the girl and is not so sure . But she understands later that Ami Mizuno is a Guardian as Sailor Moon and their duties are the same . 9 6 `` Time Bomb '' `` Usagi 's Disaster : Beware of the Clock of Confusion '' `` Usagi no sainan ! Awate tokei ni goyōjin '' ( うさぎ の 災難 ! あわて 時計 に ご 用心 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura May 9 , 1992 September 6 , 1995 Jadeite 's new plan is to make humans work harder to increase their energy output . Usagi 's mom buys a new clock for her that drains her energy ; Ami , now awakened as Sailor Mercury , helps Luna investigate . 10 7 `` An Uncharmed Life '' `` The Cursed Bus : Enter Mars , the Guardian of Fire '' `` Norowareta basu ! Honō no senshi Māzu tōjō '' ( 呪 われ た バス ! 炎 の 戦士 マーズ 登場 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto May 16 , 1992 September 7 , 1995 Loaded buses are disappearing near Hikawa Shrine , and most of Usagi 's peers suspect that Rei Hino , a mysterious shrine miko with strange psychic abilities , has something to do with it . Luna wonders if she might be the moon princess . 11 8 `` Nightmare in Dreamland '' `` Usagi vs. Rei : Nightmare in Dream Land '' `` Usagi to Rei taiketsu ? Yume rando no akumu '' ( うさぎ と レイ 対決 ? 夢 ランド の 悪夢 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando May 23 , 1992 September 8 , 1995 Queen Beryl is increasingly furious with Jadeite for his repeated failures ; he starts up a theme park , but the general public notices the large number of disappearances . Usagi and Rei , who is now Sailor Mars , begin their combative friendship . 12 9 `` Cruise Blues '' `` I Want a Boyfriend : The Luxury Cruise Ship Is a Trap '' `` Watashi datte kare ga hoshii ! Gōkasen no wana '' ( 私 だって 彼 が 欲しい ! 豪華 船 の ワナ ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Kazuko Tadano May 30 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 One of Queen Beryl 's youma offers to help Jadeite with his wicked plans . Rei wins tickets on a luxury cruise ship and , since she has no boyfriend , asks Ami to accompany her . A jealous Usagi sneaks aboard after them . 13 10 `` The Fight to the Finish '' `` Girls Unite : The End of Jadeite '' `` Onna no ko wa danketsu yo ! Jedaito no saigo '' ( 女の子 は 団結 よ ! ジェダイト の 最期 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura June 6 , 1992 September 12 , 1995 Usagi continues to be romantically infatuated with both Motoki Furuhata and Tuxedo Mask . Threatened with death should he fail again , Jadeite confronts the Sailor Guardians at an airport . 14 11 `` Match Point for Sailor Moon '' `` A New Enemy Appears : Nephrite 's Evil Crest '' `` Arata naru kyōteki , Nefuraito ma no monshō '' ( 新た なる 強敵 , ネフライト 魔 の 紋章 ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Hisashi Kagawa June 13 , 1992 September 13 , 1995 Nephrite takes over as Beryl 's main energy gatherer . He plans to gather more strength and power from individual humans at their strongest , rather than from groups , and starts by targeting Naru 's childhood friend , a tennis player . 15 12 `` An Unnatural Phenomena '' `` Usagi 's Panic : Rei 's First Date '' `` Usagi aseru ! Rei - chan hatsu dēto '' ( うさぎ アセ る ! レイ ちゃん 初 デート ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto June 20 , 1992 September 14 , 1995 Usagi finally learns Mamoru 's name , and , to her aggravation ( and supposed jealousy ) , Rei decides to date him . Meanwhile , Nephrite targets the caretaker of a park , and Rei suggests a similarity between Mamoru and Tuxedo Mask . 16 13 `` Wedding Day Blues '' `` A Girl 's Dream : Usagi Becomes a Bride '' `` Junpaku doresu no yume ! Usagi hanayome ni naru '' ( 純白 ドレス の 夢 ! うさぎ 花嫁 に なる ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando June 27 , 1992 September 15 , 1995 Usagi 's home economics teacher is getting married , and she and Rei become obsessed with a contest for handmade wedding dresses . Nephrite implants a youma in some fabric purchased by the bride - to - be . 17 14 `` Shutter Bugged '' `` Usagi 's a Model : The Flash of the Monster Camera '' `` Moderu wa Usagi ? Yōma kamera no nessha '' ( モデル は うさぎ ? 妖魔 カメラ の 熱 写 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano July 4 , 1992 September 18 , 1995 A student from Rei 's school is an expert photographer . She and others try to become models to attract fame and fortune , but the boy and his camera are under the influence of the Dark Kingdom . 18 15 `` Dangerous Dollies '' `` Shingo 's Love : The Grieving Doll '' `` Shingo no junjō ! Kanashimi no Furansu ningyō '' ( 進悟 の 純情 ! 哀しみ の フランス 人形 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō July 11 , 1992 September 19 , 1995 Zoisite suggests that Nephrite needs his help , but the later refuses , angering Queen Beryl . Shingo 's friend is targeted for her ability to make beautiful dolls . Sailor Moon becomes an increasingly popular super-heroine . 19 16 `` Who Is That Masked Man ? '' `` Usagi 's Joy : A Love Letter from Tuxedo Mask '' `` Usagi kangeki ! Takishīdo Kamen no rabu retā '' ( うさぎ 感激 ! タキシード 仮面 の 恋文 ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Akira Nakamura July 25 , 1992 September 20 , 1995 Nephrite takes advantage of Sailor Moon 's romantic attraction to Tuxedo Mask by sending love letters to Usagi and her classmates . Naru falls in love with him in his civilian disguise , allowing him to drain a large amount of her life - force energy . 20 -- `` The Summer , the Beach , Youth and Ghosts '' `` Natsu yo Umi yo Seishun yo ! Omake ni yūrei mo yo ! '' ( 夏 よ 海 よ 青春 よ ! おまけ に 幽霊 も よ ! ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa August 1 , 1992 -- Usagi and her friends go to the beach , where they stay in a hotel run by people who look like film monsters . There , they encounter a ghostly presence and a little girl with psychic powers . 21 17 `` An Animated Mess '' `` Protect the Children 's Dreams : Friendship Through Anime '' `` Kodomotachi no yume mamore ! Anime ni musubu yūjō '' ( 子供 達 の 夢 守れ ! アニメ に 結ぶ 友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hiromi Matsushita Kazuko Tadano August 8 , 1992 September 21 , 1995 Nephrite targets one of the animators of an upcoming Sailor V film , who is driven by jealousy of her best friend . The Guardians investigate , but Usagi and Rei are distracted by the excitement of the anime studio . 22 18 `` Worth a Princess 's Ransom '' `` Romance Under the Moon : Usagi 's First Kiss '' `` Gekka no romansu ! Usagi no hatsu kissu '' ( 月 下 の ロマンス ! うさぎ の 初 キッス ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto August 15 , 1992 September 22 , 1995 Luna and Beryl wonder if a visiting princess could be the one the Guardians have been looking for . Mamoru dreams he is Tuxedo Mask and a girl is asking him for the Silver Crystal . At the ball , Usagi accidentally drinks wine and experiences her first kiss by Tuxedo Mask . 23 19 `` Molly 's Folly '' `` Wish Upon a Star : Naru 's First Love '' `` Nagareboshi ni negai wo ! Naru - chan no jun'ai '' ( 流れ星 に 願い を ! なる ちゃん の 純愛 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando August 22 , 1992 September 25 , 1995 Nephrite creates a crystal that will guide him to the Silver Crystal . Usagi tries to tell Naru the man she loves is Nephrite in disguise , but does n't believe her , saying Usagi 's jealous . He convinces her to steal a crystal from her mother and bring it to him . 24 20 `` A Friend in Wolf 's Clothing '' `` Naru 's Tears : Nephrite Dies for Love '' `` Naru - chan gōkyū ! Nefuraito ai no shi '' ( なる ちゃん 号泣 ! ネフライト 愛 の 死 ) Junichi Sato Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Ikuko Itō August 29 , 1992 September 26 , 1995 Nephrite continues to investigate Naru , not understanding that his crystal is sensing her love for him . Zoisite , thinking he must be in love with the girl , kidnaps her in order to trap him . 25 21 `` Jupiter Comes Thundering In '' `` Jupiter , the Powerful Girl in Love '' `` Koisuru kairiki shōjo , Jupitā - chan '' ( 恋する 怪力 少女 , ジュピター ちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa September 5 , 1992 September 27 , 1995 Queen Beryl partially awakens the evil entity Queen Metalia and sends Zoisite and Kunzite to find the Seven Great Youma and their Rainbow Crystals . Meanwhile , the tomboyish Makoto Kino transfers into Usagi 's school and quickly falls for a crane - game whiz at the arcade . 26 22 `` The Power of Friendship '' `` Restore Naru 's Smile : Usagi 's Friendship '' `` Naru - chan ni egao wo ! Usagi no yūjō '' ( なる ちゃん に 笑顔 を ! うさぎ の 友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura September 12 , 1992 September 28 , 1995 Naru is still very depressed about Nephrite , so Usagi and Umino take her to Yokohama to have fun . There , a kindly priest is attacked by Zoisite . Mamoru realizes that he is Tuxedo Mask , and drops a locket on the ground , where Usagi finds it . 27 23 `` Mercury 's Mental Match '' `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future '' `` Ami - chan e no koi ! ? Mirai yochi no shōnen '' ( 亜美 ちゃん へ の 恋 ! ? 未来 予知 の 少年 ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando October 10 , 1992 September 29 , 1995 Ami is bested in a school test by Urawa , who can foresee the future and who has a crush on her . He also already knows that he is one of the Rainbow Crystal holders . 28 24 `` An Artful Attack '' `` The Painting of Love : Usagi and Mamoru Get Closer '' `` Koi no irasuto , Usagi to Mamoru ga sekkin ? '' ( 恋 の イラスト , うさぎ と 衛 が 接近 ? ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Kazuko Tadano October 17 , 1992 October 2 , 1995 An artist asks a reluctant Usagi and Mamoru to model for one of her romantic love paintings . They encourage her to be less of a recluse . In battle , Sailor Moon learns that the locket she found belonged to Tuxedo Mask . 29 25 `` Too Many Girlfriends '' `` Total Chaos : The Messy Love Rectangle '' `` Daikonsen ! Guchagucha koi no shikaku kankei '' ( 大 混線 ! グチャグチャ 恋 の 四角 関係 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Kiyoshi Matsumoto October 24 , 1992 October 3 , 1995 Makoto , like Usagi , develops a huge romantic crush on Motoki . The two decide to pursue him simultaneously , even after finding out that he has a girlfriend , who , meanwhile , is targeted by Zoisite and Kunzite . 30 26 `` Grandpa 's Follies '' `` Grandpa Loses Control : Rei in Danger '' `` Ojī - chan ranshin , Rei - chan no kiki '' ( お 爺 ちゃん 乱心 , レイ ちゃん の 危機 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura October 31 , 1992 October 4 , 1995 Zoisite aggravates the Rainbow Crystal inside Rei 's grandfather , who becomes hyperactive and unstable . A young man , Yūichirō Kumada , wanders into the shrine , falls in love with Rei , and asks to work there . 31 27 `` Kitty Chaos '' `` Love and Chased : Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' `` Koisarete owarete ! Runa no saiaku no hi '' ( 恋 され て 追 われ て ! ルナ の 最悪 の 日 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō November 7 , 1992 October 5 , 1995 Luna becomes the object of a very fat ordinary cat 's attentions . Both Zoisite and the Sailor Guardians detect traces of the last Rainbow Crystal around the home of this cat 's owner and go to investigate . 32 28 `` Tuxedo Melvin '' `` Umino 's Resolve : I 'll Protect Naru '' `` Umino no kesshin ! Naru - chan wa boku ga mamoru '' ( 海野 の 決心 ! なる ちゃん は 僕 が 守る ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa November 14 , 1992 October 6 , 1995 Luna reveals that she is from the moon , and so is the princess the guardians are looking for . Umino , having been told that Tuxedo Mask is attractive , adopts a similar persona in order to protect , and thereby woo , Naru . 33 29 `` Sailor V Makes the Scene '' `` Enter Venus , the Last Sailor Guardian '' `` Saigo no Sērā Senshi , Vīnasu tōjō '' ( 最後 の セーラー 戦士 , ヴィーナス 登場 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando November 21 , 1992 October 9 , 1995 Zoisite disguises himself as Sailor Moon in order to lure Tuxedo Mask and the guardians out into the open , where they are attacked by Kunzite . The Dark Kingdom injures Tuxedo Mask 's identity , but they are foiled by the appearance of Sailor Venus . 34 30 `` A Crystal Clear Destiny '' `` The Shining Silver Crystal : The Moon Princess Appears '' `` Hikari kagayaku ginzuishō ! Tsuki no purinsesu tōjō '' ( 光 輝く 銀 水晶 ! 月 の プリンセス 登場 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano November 28 , 1992 October 10 , 1995 The new guardian , Sailor Venus , is also schoolgirl Minako Aino . Forbidden by Queen Beryl to kill Tuxedo Mask , Zoisite challenges him to duel for the Rainbow Crystals . Usagi follows him , and they are forced to reveal their identities to each other . 35 31 `` A Reluctant Princess '' `` Returning Memories : Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' `` Yomigaeru kioku ! Usagi to Mamoru no kako '' ( よみがえる 記憶 ! うさぎ と 衛 の 過去 ) Takuya Igarashi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Akira Nakamura December 5 , 1992 October 11 , 1995 Usagi and Mamoru remember their former lives as Princess Serenity and Prince Endymion . The Dark Kingdom kidnaps the injured Mamoru , but Beryl executes Zoisite for his attempt to kill him . Luna and Artemis tell the Guardians about their tragic past . 36 32 `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Usagi 's Confusion : Is Tuxedo Mask Evil ? '' `` Usagi konran ! Takishīdo Kamen wa aku ? '' ( うさぎ 混乱 ! タキシード 仮面 は 悪 ? ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto December 12 , 1992 October 12 , 1995 Minako takes a depressed Usagi to the hairdresser to cheer her up . There they are attacked by a youma who is convinced that Minako is Sailor Moon . Tuxedo Mask appears , alive and whole , but addresses himself as Endymion , seems to be fighting for the other side . 37 33 `` Little Miss Manners '' `` Let 's Become a Princess : Usagi 's Bizarre Training '' `` Mezase purinsesu ? Usagi no chintokkun '' ( めざせ プリンセス ? うさぎ の 珍 特訓 ) Hiromichi Matano Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō December 19 , 1992 October 13 , 1995 Usagi daydreams of her past and enrolls in a special seminar to become more like a princess . Kunzite and the evil Endymion argue about which is more important : obtaining the Silver Crystal or killing Sailor Moon . 38 34 `` Ski Bunny Blues '' `` The Snow , the Mountains , Friendship and Monsters '' `` Yuki yo Yama yo Yūjō yo ! Yappari yōma mo yo ! '' ( 雪 よ 山 よ 友情 よ ! やっぱり 妖魔 も よ ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hisashi Kagawa December 26 , 1992 October 16 , 1995 Yūichirō takes the girls to a ski resort , where they enter a `` Moon Princess '' contest . Rei and Usagi , targeted by a youma , take the opportunity to reaffirm their friendship . Tuxedo Mask continues to fight against them . 39 35 `` Ice Princess '' `` Paired with a Monster : Mako , the Ice Skating Queen '' `` Yōma to pea ! ? Hyōjō no joō Mako - chan '' ( 妖魔 と ペア ! ? 氷上 の 女王 まこ ちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano January 9 , 1993 October 17 , 1995 Discovering that the Moon Princess was once known for her graceful ice skating , Kunzite tries to use this information to trap Sailor Moon . The best skater among the girls , however , turns out to be Makoto . Tuxedo Mask appears to help them , but only works against Kunzite because he does n't want to involve bystanders . 40 36 `` Last Resort '' `` The Legendary Lake Yokai : The Bond of Usagi 's Family '' `` Mizuumi no densetsu yōkai ! Usagi kazoku no kizuna '' ( 湖 の 伝説 妖怪 ! うさぎ 家族 の きずな ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando January 16 , 1993 October 18 , 1995 Usagi and her family go on vacation at a hot springs , where legend holds that a terrible monster was once defeated . Endymion revives the monster , but regrets his action upon discovering that it is not a youma . 41 37 `` Tuxedo Unmasked '' `` I Wo n't Run Away from Love Anymore : Ami vs. Mamoru '' `` Mō koi kara nigenai ! Ami to Mamoru taiketsu '' ( もう 恋 から 逃げ ない ! 亜美 と 衛 対決 ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Akira Nakamura January 23 , 1993 October 19 , 1995 Queen Beryl orders the seven people gathered who had carried Rainbow Crystals , intending to combine them into one huge youma . Ami is determined to protect Urawa . Sailor Moon tries to heal Endymion . 42 -- `` Sailor Venus ' Past : Minako 's Tragic Love '' `` Sērā Vīnasu no kako , Minako no higeki '' ( S ヴィーナス の 過去 , 美奈子 の 悲劇 ) Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kiyoshi Matsumoto January 30 , 1993 -- The Guardians look for an entrance to the Dark Kingdom , where Metalia will soon be awakened . Kunzite decides to try to get at Sailor V and attacks a woman Minako had been good friends with in England . 43 38 `` Fractious Friends '' `` Usagi Abandoned : The Falling - Out of the Sailor Guardians '' `` Usagi ga koritsu ? Sērā Senshi - tachi no ōgenka '' ( うさぎ が 孤立 ? S 戦士 達 の 大 ゲンカ ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsumi Tamegai February 6 , 1993 October 20 , 1995 The Sailor Guardians stage a breakup , trying to make it look as though Sailor Moon has defected so that she can infiltrate the Dark Kingdom and save Endymion . She and Sailor Mars find it a little too easy to fight . 44 39 `` The Past Returns '' `` Usagi 's Awakening : A Message from the Distant Past '' `` Usagi no kakusei ! Chōkako no messēji '' ( うさぎ の 覚醒 ! 超 過去 の メッセージ ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa February 13 , 1993 October 23 , 1995 A blast of energy sends the Guardians to the ruined Moon Kingdom , where they meet a hologram of Queen Serenity and learn about their past . Luna and Artemis find the entrance to the Dark Kingdom . Kunzite attacks , but is finally defeated by Sailor Moon . 45 -- `` Death of the Sailor Guardians : The Tragic Final Battle '' `` Sērā Senshi shisu ! Hisō naru saishūsen '' ( セーラー 戦士 死す ! 悲壮 なる 最終 戦 ) Kōnosuke Uda Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō February 20 , 1993 -- The Sailor Guardians travel to D Point to fight Queen Beryl , where they face her toughest youma yet , the DD Girls and the Inner Guardians are killed protecting Sailor Moon . 46 -- `` Usagi 's Eternal Wish : A Brand New Life '' `` Usagi no omoi wa towa ni ! Atarashiki tensei '' ( うさぎ の 想い は 永遠 に ! 新しき 転生 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano February 27 , 1993 -- With her friends dead , Sailor Moon is transported inside the Dark Kingdom to face Queen Beryl and the brainwashed Prince Endymion . -- 40 `` Day of Destiny '' -- -- -- -- -- October 24 , 1995 Combines parts of the original episodes 45 and 46 .
List of Sailor Moon Episodes ( season 1 )
list of sailor moon episodes ( season 1 )
Sailor Moon , known in Japan as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon ( Japanese : 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン , Hepburn : Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn ) , is the first season of a 1992 anime television series produced by Toei Animation and directed by Junichi Sato based on the manga of the same title by Naoko Takeuchi . It was broadcast from March 7 , 1992 to February 27 , 1993 on TV Asahi . This season adapts the first arc of the series , the `` Dark Kingdom '' arc . A second season , Sailor Moon R , began airing on March 6 , 1993 .
It follows the adventures of Usagi Tsukino and her friends . After the magical cat Luna reveals Usagi 's true identity as the titular character , Usagi fights to protect the Earth from the Dark Kingdom , who previously destroyed the ancient Moon Kingdom . In the 1993 favorite episode listings for Animage , `` Loved and Chased ! Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' came in first place , with `` Naru 's Cry ! Nephrite Dies for Love '' coming in third place , `` The Sparkling Silver Crystal ! The Moon Princess Appears '' coming in sixth place , `` Memories Return ! Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' coming in ninth place and `` Love for Ami ? ! A Boy Who Can Predict the Future '' coming in eleventh place . The following year , the two - part series finale `` The Sailor Warriors Die ! The Tragic Final Battle '' and `` Usagi 's Everlasting Wish ! A New Reincarnation '' took first and second place respectively . Eight DVD compilations were released in Japan between May 21 and July 21 , 2002 , and the series was later released in a remastered edition in two box - sets from December 11 , 2009 to January 21 , 2010 . In the English language adaptation of the series by former licensee DIC Entertainment , the season was cut down to 40 episodes and also added an ending segment , `` Sailor Says , '' to teach a moral based on the story that had just been shown . The episodes were first broadcast on YTV in Canada from August 28 to October 24 , 1995 , and later had its first - run syndication in the United States from September 11 to November 3 , 1995 . The first season was later released by ADV Films in a subtitle - only DVD box set in 2003 . Eventually , on May 16 , 2014 , the season was re-licensed for an updated English - language release by Viz Media and they released the season in two uncut DVD and Blu - ray compilations on November 11 , 2014 and February 10 , 2015 for parts one and two respectively . Hulu began streaming the series in the United States on May 19 , 2014 , with Tubi TV following suit in Canada on July 15 , 2016 . The score was composed by Takanori Arisawa . Three pieces of theme music are used for the episodes ; one opening theme and two closing themes . The opening theme for the whole season is `` Moonlight Densetsu '' ( ムーン ライト 伝説 , Mūnraito Densetsu , lit . `` Moonlight Legend '' ) performed by the idol group DALI . `` Heart Moving '' , performed by Misae Takamatsu of Sakura Sakura , is used as the ending theme for the first 26 episodes , and `` Princess Moon '' , performed by Ushio Hashimoto , is used for the remainder of the season . DIC Entertainment made an English - language version of the Japanese opening theme for its adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 2 Releases 2.1 Japanese 2.1. 1 VHS 2.1. 2 DVD 2.2 Blu - ray 2.3 English 2.3. 1 VHS 2.3. 1.1 United States 2.3. 1.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 2 DVD 2.3. 2.1 United States 2.3. 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 3 Blu - ray + DVD combo 2.3. 3.1 North America 3 References Episode list ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) No . DIC Entertainment title ( s ) Original Japanese and Viz Media titles Episode director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Art director ( s ) Animation director ( s ) Original airdate English airdate ( US ) Orig . DIC `` A Moon Star Is Born '' `` The Crybaby : Usagi 's Beautiful Transformation '' `` Nakimushi Usagi no karei naru henshin '' ( 泣き虫 うさぎ の 華麗 なる 変身 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Hiromi Matsushita March 7 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 As the series begins as a slapstick comedy , a 14 - year - old underachieving sailor - suited schoolgirl Usagi Tsukino saves a cat from being attacked by a group of little boys while on her way to school . After school , she and her friend Naru Osaka visit a local jewelry store owned by her mother . On her way home , Usagi encounters Mamoru Chiba and meets up with Motoki Furuhata . Upon returning to her home , Naru 's mother reveals herself to be the youma Morga and captures her . The cat Usagi encountered earlier reveals herself as Luna and tells Usagi to search for the princess and destroy evil . Usagi transforms into Sailor Moon and , after hearing Naru in distress , confronts Morga , who intends to steal human energy by using the cursed jewelry on the girls . The youma tricks the brainwashed girls into attacking Usagi but a stranger wearing a tuxedo intervenes . Usagi weakens Morga with her screams , allowing her to use the Moon Tiara Action technique on Morga , killing her and restoring the girls to normal . Before departing , the stranger reveals himself to be Tuxedo Mask . -- September 5 , 2014 `` Punishment Awaits : the House of Fortune Is the Monster Mansion '' `` Oshioki yo ! Uranai house wa yōma no yakata '' ( おしおき よ ! 占い ハウス は 妖魔 の 館 ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsuji Matsumoto March 14 , 1992 -- Having failed his previous mission , Jadeite informs Queen Beryl , the leader of the Dark Kingdom , that he is using another plan , this time involving fortune telling . Meanwhile , Usagi 's classmate Umino Gurio is smitten with her . After confessing that he wants to go on a date , Naru has him consult a fortune teller but he decides to go to the House of Fortune . Luna tells Usagi to go to a fortune teller , in an attempt to check that Motoki is an admirer of her but decides to go to the House of Fortune . However , Umino and some of the other students are hypnotized by the tarot cards and cause trouble at school the next day . Realizing that the students were being hypnotized from the House of Fortune , Luna and Usagi infiltrate the house and encounter Balm , a youma disguised as the fortune teller . Balm orders her hypnotized subjects to attack Usagi , but Tuxedo Mask distracts her and , with his encouragement , Usagi kills Balm , returning the customers to normal . `` Talk Radio '' `` The Mysterious Sleeping Sickness : Protect the Girls in Love '' `` Nazo no nemuribyō , mamore otome no koisuru kokoro '' ( 謎 の ねむり 病 , 守れ 乙女 の 恋する 心 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kunihiko Natsume March 21 , 1992 August 29 , 1995 Homeroom teacher Haruna Sakurada and Naru submit love - letters to a late - night radio show . When they fall into a coma - like sleep , Usagi must investigate the radio station undercover . `` Slim City '' `` Learn How to Be Skinny from Usagi '' `` Usagi ga oshiemasu ! Surimu ni naruhō '' ( うさぎ が 教え ます ! スリム に なる 法 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto March 28 , 1992 August 30 , 1995 Usagi gains a couple of pounds and starts to obsess about her weight . Jadeite starts a health club to drain energy out of people . Usagi and her friends sign up after seeing how much weight Ms. Haruna has lost . Usagi discovers tanks in the basement which are sucking the life energy out of her friends . 5 -- `` Scent of a Monster : Chanela Will Steal Your Love '' `` Yōma no kaori ! Shanēra wa ai wo nusume '' ( 妖魔 の 香り ! シャネーラ は 愛 を 盗む ) Yūji Endō Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō April 11 , 1992 -- Usagi wants her family to accept Luna as a `` pet '' , but Shingo is afraid of cats . At a pet shop , he discovers a hypnotic creature called a Chanela and loses all interest in anything else . 6 -- `` Protect the Melody of Love : Usagi Plays Cupid '' `` Mamore koi no merodi ! Usagi wa Kyūpiddo '' ( 守れ 恋 の 曲 ! うさぎ は キューピッド ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano April 18 , 1992 -- Jadeite creates a cassette tape that can drain life energy , but the youma he gives it to promptly loses it . It ends up in the possession of a jazz pianist , and Usagi must disguise herself as an adult to protect him . 7 `` So You Want to Be a Superstar '' `` Usagi Learns Her Lesson : Becoming a Star Is Hard Work '' `` Usagi hansei ! Sutā no michi wa kibishii '' ( うさぎ 反省 ! スター の 道 は きびしい ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Katsuji Matsumoto April 25 , 1992 August 31 , 1995 By making a youma possess a human celebrity , Jadeite draws a huge crowd of would - be superstars . Usagi tries to juggle her duties as Sailor Moon with her desire to be popular and famous . 8 5 `` Computer School Blues '' `` The Girl Genius Is a Monster : The Brainwashing Cram School of Horror '' `` Tensai shōjo wa yōma na no ? Kyōfu no sennōjuku '' ( 天才 少女 は 妖魔 なの ? 恐怖 の 洗脳 塾 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Kunihiko Natsume May 2 , 1992 September 1 , 1995 Luna senses a strange aura around Usagi 's genius classmate , Ami Mizuno , and thinks she might be a Dark Kingdom spy . Usagi befriends the girl and is not so sure . But she understands later that Ami Mizuno is a Guardian as Sailor Moon and their duties are the same . 9 6 `` Time Bomb '' `` Usagi 's Disaster : Beware of the Clock of Confusion '' `` Usagi no sainan ! Awate tokei ni goyōjin '' ( うさぎ の 災難 ! あわて 時計 に ご 用心 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura May 9 , 1992 September 6 , 1995 Jadeite 's new plan is to make humans work harder to increase their energy output . Usagi 's mom buys a new clock for her that drains her energy ; Ami , now awakened as Sailor Mercury , helps Luna investigate . 10 7 `` An Uncharmed Life '' `` The Cursed Bus : Enter Mars , the Guardian of Fire '' `` Norowareta basu ! Honō no senshi Māzu tōjō '' ( 呪 われ た バス ! 炎 の 戦士 マーズ 登場 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto May 16 , 1992 September 7 , 1995 Loaded buses are disappearing near Hikawa Shrine , and most of Usagi 's peers suspect that Rei Hino , a mysterious shrine miko with strange psychic abilities , has something to do with it . Luna wonders if she might be the moon princess . 11 8 `` Nightmare in Dreamland '' `` Usagi vs. Rei : Nightmare in Dream Land '' `` Usagi to Rei taiketsu ? Yume rando no akumu '' ( うさぎ と レイ 対決 ? 夢 ランド の 悪夢 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando May 23 , 1992 September 8 , 1995 Queen Beryl is increasingly furious with Jadeite for his repeated failures ; he starts up a theme park , but the general public notices the large number of disappearances . Usagi and Rei , who is now Sailor Mars , begin their combative friendship . 12 9 `` Cruise Blues '' `` I Want a Boyfriend : The Luxury Cruise Ship Is a Trap '' `` Watashi datte kare ga hoshii ! Gōkasen no wana '' ( 私 だって 彼 が 欲しい ! 豪華 船 の ワナ ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Kazuko Tadano May 30 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 One of Queen Beryl 's youma offers to help Jadeite with his wicked plans . Rei wins tickets on a luxury cruise ship and , since she has no boyfriend , asks Ami to accompany her . A jealous Usagi sneaks aboard after them . 13 10 `` The Fight to the Finish '' `` Girls Unite : The End of Jadeite '' `` Onna no ko wa danketsu yo ! Jedaito no saigo '' ( 女の子 は 団結 よ ! ジェダイト の 最期 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura June 6 , 1992 September 12 , 1995 Usagi continues to be romantically infatuated with both Motoki Furuhata and Tuxedo Mask . Threatened with death should he fail again , Jadeite confronts the Sailor Guardians at an airport . 14 11 `` Match Point for Sailor Moon '' `` A New Enemy Appears : Nephrite 's Evil Crest '' `` Arata naru kyōteki , Nefuraito ma no monshō '' ( 新た なる 強敵 , ネフライト 魔 の 紋章 ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Hisashi Kagawa June 13 , 1992 September 13 , 1995 Nephrite takes over as Beryl 's main energy gatherer . He plans to gather more strength and power from individual humans at their strongest , rather than from groups , and starts by targeting Naru 's childhood friend , a tennis player . 15 12 `` An Unnatural Phenomena '' `` Usagi 's Panic : Rei 's First Date '' `` Usagi aseru ! Rei - chan hatsu dēto '' ( うさぎ アセ る ! レイ ちゃん 初 デート ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto June 20 , 1992 September 14 , 1995 Usagi finally learns Mamoru 's name , and , to her aggravation ( and supposed jealousy ) , Rei decides to date him . Meanwhile , Nephrite targets the caretaker of a park , and Rei suggests a similarity between Mamoru and Tuxedo Mask . 16 13 `` Wedding Day Blues '' `` A Girl 's Dream : Usagi Becomes a Bride '' `` Junpaku doresu no yume ! Usagi hanayome ni naru '' ( 純白 ドレス の 夢 ! うさぎ 花嫁 に なる ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando June 27 , 1992 September 15 , 1995 Usagi 's home economics teacher is getting married , and she and Rei become obsessed with a contest for handmade wedding dresses . Nephrite implants a youma in some fabric purchased by the bride - to - be . 17 14 `` Shutter Bugged '' `` Usagi 's a Model : The Flash of the Monster Camera '' `` Moderu wa Usagi ? Yōma kamera no nessha '' ( モデル は うさぎ ? 妖魔 カメラ の 熱 写 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano July 4 , 1992 September 18 , 1995 A student from Rei 's school is an expert photographer . She and others try to become models to attract fame and fortune , but the boy and his camera are under the influence of the Dark Kingdom . 18 15 `` Dangerous Dollies '' `` Shingo 's Love : The Grieving Doll '' `` Shingo no junjō ! Kanashimi no Furansu ningyō '' ( 進悟 の 純情 ! 哀しみ の フランス 人形 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō July 11 , 1992 September 19 , 1995 Zoisite suggests that Nephrite needs his help , but the later refuses , angering Queen Beryl . Shingo 's friend is targeted for her ability to make beautiful dolls . Sailor Moon becomes an increasingly popular super-heroine . 19 16 `` Who Is That Masked Man ? '' `` Usagi 's Joy : A Love Letter from Tuxedo Mask '' `` Usagi kangeki ! Takishīdo Kamen no rabu retā '' ( うさぎ 感激 ! タキシード 仮面 の 恋文 ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Akira Nakamura July 25 , 1992 September 20 , 1995 Nephrite takes advantage of Sailor Moon 's romantic attraction to Tuxedo Mask by sending love letters to Usagi and her classmates . Naru falls in love with him in his civilian disguise , allowing him to drain a large amount of her life - force energy . 20 -- `` The Summer , the Beach , Youth and Ghosts '' `` Natsu yo Umi yo Seishun yo ! Omake ni yūrei mo yo ! '' ( 夏 よ 海 よ 青春 よ ! おまけ に 幽霊 も よ ! ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa August 1 , 1992 -- Usagi and her friends go to the beach , where they stay in a hotel run by people who look like film monsters . There , they encounter a ghostly presence and a little girl with psychic powers . 21 17 `` An Animated Mess '' `` Protect the Children 's Dreams : Friendship Through Anime '' `` Kodomotachi no yume mamore ! Anime ni musubu yūjō '' ( 子供 達 の 夢 守れ ! アニメ に 結ぶ 友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hiromi Matsushita Kazuko Tadano August 8 , 1992 September 21 , 1995 Nephrite targets one of the animators of an upcoming Sailor V film , who is driven by jealousy of her best friend . The Guardians investigate , but Usagi and Rei are distracted by the excitement of the anime studio . 22 18 `` Worth a Princess 's Ransom '' `` Romance Under the Moon : Usagi 's First Kiss '' `` Gekka no romansu ! Usagi no hatsu kissu '' ( 月 下 の ロマンス ! うさぎ の 初 キッス ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto August 15 , 1992 September 22 , 1995 Luna and Beryl wonder if a visiting princess could be the one the Guardians have been looking for . Mamoru dreams he is Tuxedo Mask and a girl is asking him for the Silver Crystal . At the ball , Usagi accidentally drinks wine and experiences her first kiss by Tuxedo Mask . 23 19 `` Molly 's Folly '' `` Wish Upon a Star : Naru 's First Love '' `` Nagareboshi ni negai wo ! Naru - chan no jun'ai '' ( 流れ星 に 願い を ! なる ちゃん の 純愛 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando August 22 , 1992 September 25 , 1995 Nephrite creates a crystal that will guide him to the Silver Crystal . Usagi tries to tell Naru the man she loves is Nephrite in disguise , but does n't believe her , saying Usagi 's jealous . He convinces her to steal a crystal from her mother and bring it to him . 24 20 `` A Friend in Wolf 's Clothing '' `` Naru 's Tears : Nephrite Dies for Love '' `` Naru - chan gōkyū ! Nefuraito ai no shi '' ( なる ちゃん 号泣 ! ネフライト 愛 の 死 ) Junichi Sato Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Ikuko Itō August 29 , 1992 September 26 , 1995 Nephrite continues to investigate Naru , not understanding that his crystal is sensing her love for him . Zoisite , thinking he must be in love with the girl , kidnaps her in order to trap him . 25 21 `` Jupiter Comes Thundering In '' `` Jupiter , the Powerful Girl in Love '' `` Koisuru kairiki shōjo , Jupitā - chan '' ( 恋する 怪力 少女 , ジュピター ちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa September 5 , 1992 September 27 , 1995 Queen Beryl partially awakens the evil entity Queen Metalia and sends Zoisite and Kunzite to find the Seven Great Youma and their Rainbow Crystals . Meanwhile , the tomboyish Makoto Kino transfers into Usagi 's school and quickly falls for a crane - game whiz at the arcade . 26 22 `` The Power of Friendship '' `` Restore Naru 's Smile : Usagi 's Friendship '' `` Naru - chan ni egao wo ! Usagi no yūjō '' ( なる ちゃん に 笑顔 を ! うさぎ の 友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura September 12 , 1992 September 28 , 1995 Naru is still very depressed about Nephrite , so Usagi and Umino take her to Yokohama to have fun . There , a kindly priest is attacked by Zoisite . Mamoru realizes that he is Tuxedo Mask , and drops a locket on the ground , where Usagi finds it . 27 23 `` Mercury 's Mental Match '' `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future '' `` Ami - chan e no koi ! ? Mirai yochi no shōnen '' ( 亜美 ちゃん へ の 恋 ! ? 未来 予知 の 少年 ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando October 10 , 1992 September 29 , 1995 Ami is bested in a school test by Urawa , who can foresee the future and who has a crush on her . He also already knows that he is one of the Rainbow Crystal holders . 28 24 `` An Artful Attack '' `` The Painting of Love : Usagi and Mamoru Get Closer '' `` Koi no irasuto , Usagi to Mamoru ga sekkin ? '' ( 恋 の イラスト , うさぎ と 衛 が 接近 ? ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Kazuko Tadano October 17 , 1992 October 2 , 1995 An artist asks a reluctant Usagi and Mamoru to model for one of her romantic love paintings . They encourage her to be less of a recluse . In battle , Sailor Moon learns that the locket she found belonged to Tuxedo Mask . 29 25 `` Too Many Girlfriends '' `` Total Chaos : The Messy Love Rectangle '' `` Daikonsen ! Guchagucha koi no shikaku kankei '' ( 大 混線 ! グチャグチャ 恋 の 四角 関係 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Kiyoshi Matsumoto October 24 , 1992 October 3 , 1995 Makoto , like Usagi , develops a huge romantic crush on Motoki . The two decide to pursue him simultaneously , even after finding out that he has a girlfriend , who , meanwhile , is targeted by Zoisite and Kunzite . 30 26 `` Grandpa 's Follies '' `` Grandpa Loses Control : Rei in Danger '' `` Ojī - chan ranshin , Rei - chan no kiki '' ( お 爺 ちゃん 乱心 , レイ ちゃん の 危機 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura October 31 , 1992 October 4 , 1995 Zoisite aggravates the Rainbow Crystal inside Rei 's grandfather , who becomes hyperactive and unstable . A young man , Yūichirō Kumada , wanders into the shrine , falls in love with Rei , and asks to work there . 31 27 `` Kitty Chaos '' `` Love and Chased : Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' `` Koisarete owarete ! Runa no saiaku no hi '' ( 恋 され て 追 われ て ! ルナ の 最悪 の 日 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō November 7 , 1992 October 5 , 1995 Luna becomes the object of a very fat ordinary cat 's attentions . Both Zoisite and the Sailor Guardians detect traces of the last Rainbow Crystal around the home of this cat 's owner and go to investigate . 32 28 `` Tuxedo Melvin '' `` Umino 's Resolve : I 'll Protect Naru '' `` Umino no kesshin ! Naru - chan wa boku ga mamoru '' ( 海野 の 決心 ! なる ちゃん は 僕 が 守る ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa November 14 , 1992 October 6 , 1995 Luna reveals that she is from the moon , and so is the princess the guardians are looking for . Umino , having been told that Tuxedo Mask is attractive , adopts a similar persona in order to protect , and thereby woo , Naru . 33 29 `` Sailor V Makes the Scene '' `` Enter Venus , the Last Sailor Guardian '' `` Saigo no Sērā Senshi , Vīnasu tōjō '' ( 最後 の セーラー 戦士 , ヴィーナス 登場 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando November 21 , 1992 October 9 , 1995 Zoisite disguises himself as Sailor Moon in order to lure Tuxedo Mask and the guardians out into the open , where they are attacked by Kunzite . The Dark Kingdom injures Tuxedo Mask 's identity , but they are foiled by the appearance of Sailor Venus . 34 30 `` A Crystal Clear Destiny '' `` The Shining Silver Crystal : The Moon Princess Appears '' `` Hikari kagayaku ginzuishō ! Tsuki no purinsesu tōjō '' ( 光 輝く 銀 水晶 ! 月 の プリンセス 登場 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano November 28 , 1992 October 10 , 1995 The new guardian , Sailor Venus , is also schoolgirl Minako Aino . Forbidden by Queen Beryl to kill Tuxedo Mask , Zoisite challenges him to duel for the Rainbow Crystals . Usagi follows him , and they are forced to reveal their identities to each other . 35 31 `` A Reluctant Princess '' `` Returning Memories : Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' `` Yomigaeru kioku ! Usagi to Mamoru no kako '' ( よみがえる 記憶 ! うさぎ と 衛 の 過去 ) Takuya Igarashi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Akira Nakamura December 5 , 1992 October 11 , 1995 Usagi and Mamoru remember their former lives as Princess Serenity and Prince Endymion . The Dark Kingdom kidnaps the injured Mamoru , but Beryl executes Zoisite for his attempt to kill him . Luna and Artemis tell the Guardians about their tragic past . 36 32 `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Usagi 's Confusion : Is Tuxedo Mask Evil ? '' `` Usagi konran ! Takishīdo Kamen wa aku ? '' ( うさぎ 混乱 ! タキシード 仮面 は 悪 ? ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto December 12 , 1992 October 12 , 1995 Minako takes a depressed Usagi to the hairdresser to cheer her up . There they are attacked by a youma who is convinced that Minako is Sailor Moon . Tuxedo Mask appears , alive and whole , but addresses himself as Endymion , seems to be fighting for the other side . 37 33 `` Little Miss Manners '' `` Let 's Become a Princess : Usagi 's Bizarre Training '' `` Mezase purinsesu ? Usagi no chintokkun '' ( めざせ プリンセス ? うさぎ の 珍 特訓 ) Hiromichi Matano Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō December 19 , 1992 October 13 , 1995 Usagi daydreams of her past and enrolls in a special seminar to become more like a princess . Kunzite and the evil Endymion argue about which is more important : obtaining the Silver Crystal or killing Sailor Moon . 38 34 `` Ski Bunny Blues '' `` The Snow , the Mountains , Friendship and Monsters '' `` Yuki yo Yama yo Yūjō yo ! Yappari yōma mo yo ! '' ( 雪 よ 山 よ 友情 よ ! やっぱり 妖魔 も よ ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hisashi Kagawa December 26 , 1992 October 16 , 1995 Yūichirō takes the girls to a ski resort , where they enter a `` Moon Princess '' contest . Rei and Usagi , targeted by a youma , take the opportunity to reaffirm their friendship . Tuxedo Mask continues to fight against them . 39 35 `` Ice Princess '' `` Paired with a Monster : Mako , the Ice Skating Queen '' `` Yōma to pea ! ? Hyōjō no joō Mako - chan '' ( 妖魔 と ペア ! ? 氷上 の 女王 まこ ちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano January 9 , 1993 October 17 , 1995 Discovering that the Moon Princess was once known for her graceful ice skating , Kunzite tries to use this information to trap Sailor Moon . The best skater among the girls , however , turns out to be Makoto . Tuxedo Mask appears to help them , but only works against Kunzite because he does n't want to involve bystanders . 40 36 `` Last Resort '' `` The Legendary Lake Yokai : The Bond of Usagi 's Family '' `` Mizuumi no densetsu yōkai ! Usagi kazoku no kizuna '' ( 湖 の 伝説 妖怪 ! うさぎ 家族 の きずな ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando January 16 , 1993 October 18 , 1995 Usagi and her family go on vacation at a hot springs , where legend holds that a terrible monster was once defeated . Endymion revives the monster , but regrets his action upon discovering that it is not a youma . 41 37 `` Tuxedo Unmasked '' `` I Wo n't Run Away from Love Anymore : Ami vs. Mamoru '' `` Mō koi kara nigenai ! Ami to Mamoru taiketsu '' ( もう 恋 から 逃げ ない ! 亜美 と 衛 対決 ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Akira Nakamura January 23 , 1993 October 19 , 1995 Queen Beryl orders the seven people gathered who had carried Rainbow Crystals , intending to combine them into one huge youma . Ami is determined to protect Urawa . Sailor Moon tries to heal Endymion . 42 -- `` Sailor Venus ' Past : Minako 's Tragic Love '' `` Sērā Vīnasu no kako , Minako no higeki '' ( S ヴィーナス の 過去 , 美奈子 の 悲劇 ) Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kiyoshi Matsumoto January 30 , 1993 -- The Guardians look for an entrance to the Dark Kingdom , where Metalia will soon be awakened . Kunzite decides to try to get at Sailor V and attacks a woman Minako had been good friends with in England . 43 38 `` Fractious Friends '' `` Usagi Abandoned : The Falling - Out of the Sailor Guardians '' `` Usagi ga koritsu ? Sērā Senshi - tachi no ōgenka '' ( うさぎ が 孤立 ? S 戦士 達 の 大 ゲンカ ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsumi Tamegai February 6 , 1993 October 20 , 1995 The Sailor Guardians stage a breakup , trying to make it look as though Sailor Moon has defected so that she can infiltrate the Dark Kingdom and save Endymion . She and Sailor Mars find it a little too easy to fight . 44 39 `` The Past Returns '' `` Usagi 's Awakening : A Message from the Distant Past '' `` Usagi no kakusei ! Chōkako no messēji '' ( うさぎ の 覚醒 ! 超 過去 の メッセージ ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa February 13 , 1993 October 23 , 1995 A blast of energy sends the Guardians to the ruined Moon Kingdom , where they meet a hologram of Queen Serenity and learn about their past . Luna and Artemis find the entrance to the Dark Kingdom . Kunzite attacks , but is finally defeated by Sailor Moon . 45 -- `` Death of the Sailor Guardians : The Tragic Final Battle '' `` Sērā Senshi shisu ! Hisō naru saishūsen '' ( セーラー 戦士 死す ! 悲壮 なる 最終 戦 ) Kōnosuke Uda Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō February 20 , 1993 -- The Sailor Guardians travel to D Point to fight Queen Beryl , where they face her toughest youma yet , the DD Girls and the Inner Guardians are killed protecting Sailor Moon . 46 -- `` Usagi 's Eternal Wish : A Brand New Life '' `` Usagi no omoi wa towa ni ! Atarashiki tensei '' ( うさぎ の 想い は 永遠 に ! 新しき 転生 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano February 27 , 1993 -- With her friends dead , Sailor Moon is transported inside the Dark Kingdom to face Queen Beryl and the brainwashed Prince Endymion . -- 40 `` Day of Destiny '' -- -- -- -- -- October 24 , 1995 Combines parts of the original episodes 45 and 46 . Releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , VHS ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 1 -- 4 December 18 , 1992 5 -- 8 March 25 , 1993 9 -- 12 July 25 , 1993 13 -- 16 August 25 , 1993 5 17 -- 20 November 25 , 1993 6 21 -- 24 December 17 , 1993 7 25 -- 28 January 25 , 1994 8 29 -- 32 February 25 , 1994 9 33 -- 36 March 21 , 1994 10 37 -- 40 April 21 , 1994 11 41 -- 44 May 21 , 1994 12 45 -- 46 June 21 , 1994 DVD ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , Region 2 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 1 -- 6 May 21 , 2002 7 -- 12 May 21 , 2002 13 -- 18 May 21 , 2002 19 -- 24 June 21 , 2002 5 25 -- 30 June 21 , 2002 6 30 -- 36 June 21 , 2002 7 37 -- 41 July 21 , 2002 8 42 -- 46 July 21 , 2002 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD COLLECTION 1 -- 24 December 11 , 2009 25 -- 46 January 21 , 2010 Blu - ray ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 1 1 -- 23 June 4 , 2017 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 2 24 -- 46 August 9 , 2017 English ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Buena Vista Home Video Volume Episodes Release date Stock Number Ref . Sailor Moon : A Moon Star Is Born 1 , 3 ( 1 -- 2 edited ) March 11 , 1997 6145 Sailor Moon : Scouts Unite ! 8 , 10 ( 5 , 7 edited ) March 11 , 1997 6146 Sailor Moon : Evil Eyes 12 , 17 ( 9 , 14 edited ) March 18 , 1997 6148 Sailor Moon : Jupiter and Venus Arrive ! 25 , 33 ( 21 , 29 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10422 Sailor Moon : Secret Identities 34 -- 35 ( 30 -- 31 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10423 Sailor Moon : Good Queen , Bad Queen 44 -- 46 ( 39 -- 40 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10424 ADV Films Volume Episodes Release date Stock Number Ref . Volume 1 : The Legend Begins 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 ( 1 -- 4 edited ) November 21 , 2000 707303 Volume 2 : The Power of Friendship 8 -- 11 ( 5 -- 8 edited ) November 21 , 2000 707743 Volume 3 : Sailor Mars Joins the Battle 12 -- 15 ( 9 -- 12 edited ) January 9 , 2001 707313 Volume 4 : Mysterious Tuxedo Mask 16 -- 19 ( 13 -- 16 edited ) January 9 , 2001 707753 Volume 5 : Red Hearts & Silver Crystals 21 -- 24 ( 17 -- 20 edited ) February 13 , 2001 707343 Volume 6 : Introducing Sailor Jupiter 25 -- 28 ( 21 -- 24 edited ) February 13 , 2001 707783 Volume 7 : Green Eyed Monsters 29 -- 32 ( 25 -- 28 edited ) May 1 , 2001 707353 Volume 8 : And in This Corner ... Sailor Venus ! 33 -- 36 ( 29 -- 32 edited ) May 1 , 2001 707793 Volume 9 : Field Trips 37 -- 40 ( 33 -- 36 edited ) July 3 , 2001 707363 Volume 10 : Trials And Troubles ! 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 40 edited ) July 3 , 2001 707803 United Kingdom ( edit ) MVM Films Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Episodes 1 And 2 1 , 3 ( 1 -- 2 edited ) November 12 , 2001 Episodes 3 And 4 4 , 7 ( 3 -- 4 edited ) November 12 , 2001 Episodes 5 And 6 8 -- 9 ( 5 -- 6 edited ) December 27 , 2001 Episodes 7 And 8 10 -- 11 ( 7 -- 8 edited ) April 22 , 2002 Episodes 9 And 10 12 -- 13 ( 9 -- 10 edited ) April 22 , 2002 Episodes 11 And 12 14 -- 15 ( 11 -- 12 edited ) March 10 , 2003 Episodes 13 -- 18 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) April 21 , 2003 Episodes 19 -- 24 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) June 2 , 2003 DVD ( edit ) United States ( edit ) ADV Films ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . A Heroine Is Chosen 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 ( 1 -- 6 edited ) April 16 , 2002 Sailor Scouts to the Rescue ! 10 -- 15 ( 7 -- 12 edited ) April 16 , 2002 The Man in the Tuxedo Mask 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) June 11 , 2002 The Secret of the Sailor Scouts 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) June 11 , 2002 Introducing Sailor Venus ! 29 -- 34 ( 25 -- 30 edited ) July 23 , 2002 Adventure Girls ! 35 -- 40 ( 31 -- 36 edited ) July 23 , 2002 Fight to the Finish ! 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 42 edited ) September 3 , 2002 Season One , Complete and Uncut 1 -- 46 July 15 , 2003 Viz Media ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 1 Part 1 1 -- 23 November 11 , 2014 Season 1 Part 2 24 -- 46 February 10 , 2015 United Kingdom ( edit ) MVM Films ( Region 2 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Episodes 1 -- 6 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 ( 1 -- 6 edited ) February 24 , 2003 Episodes 7 -- 12 10 -- 15 ( 7 -- 12 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 13 -- 18 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) November 8 , 2004 Episodes 19 -- 24 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 25 -- 30 29 -- 34 ( 25 -- 30 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 31 -- 36 35 -- 40 ( 31 -- 36 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 37 -- 42 41 , 43 -- 48 ( 37 -- 42 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Series 1 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 19 , 21 -- 41 , 43 -- 48 ( 1 -- 42 edited ) October 11 , 2004 Blu - ray + DVD combo ( edit ) North America ( edit ) Viz Media ( Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 1 Part 1 1 -- 23 November 11 , 2014 Season 1 Part 2 24 -- 46 February 10 , 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sailormoon Channel ( in Japanese ) Name of story arc given on the official website . Jump up ^ 第 15 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1993 年 5 月 号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ 第 16 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1994 年 5 月 号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 8 ( 完 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gemma . `` Shôjo Classic - Sailor Moon '' . Neo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jeff ( August 9 , 1999 ) . `` The First Three '' . The X Bridge . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon ( TV Spotlight ) '' . ChristianAnswers.net . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 泣き虫 うさぎ の 華麗 なる 変身 '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 1 ( in Japanese ) . March 7 , 1992 . TV Asahi . Jump up ^ `` 亜美 ちゃん へ の 恋 ! ? 未来 予知 の 少年 '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 27 ( in Japanese ) . October 10 , 1992 . TV Asahi . Jump up ^ `` A Moon Star is Born '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 1 . August 28 , 1995 . YTV . Jump up ^ YTV at https://web.archive.org . `` YTV - Shows - Sailor Moon '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official list of Sailor Moon episodes '' . Sailor Moon Memorial Song Box ( CD booklet ) . Nippon Columbia CO. , LTD. 1997 . pp. 100 -- 108 . COCC - 14459 - 64 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon page at Hulu . `` Watch Sailor Moon online - at Hulu '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 1 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 2 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 3 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 4 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 5 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 6 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 7 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 8 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 9 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 10 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 11 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 12 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sailor Moon Dub : Merchandise > VHS > Buena Vista Home Video '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Legend Begins ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Power of Friendship ( Vol. 2 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Sailor Mars Joins the Battle ( Vol. 3 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Mysterious Tuxedo Mask ( Vol. 4 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Red Hearts & Silver Crystals ( Vol. 5 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Introducing Sailor Jupiter ( Vol. 6 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Green Eyed Monsters ( Vol. 7 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - In This Corner Sailor Venus ( Vol. 8 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Field Trips ( Vol. 9 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Trials and Troubles ( Vol. 10 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 1 And 2 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 3 And 4 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 5 And 6 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 7 And 8 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 9 And 10 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 11 And 12 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 13 - 18 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 19 - 24 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Heroine Is Chosen ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Sailor Scouts to the Rescue ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Man in the Tuxedo Mask ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Secret of the Sailor Scouts ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Introducing Sailor Venus ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Fight to the Finish ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon , Season One , Complete and Uncut ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 1 ( DVD ONLY ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 1 - 6 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 7 - 12 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 13 - 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 19 - 24 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 25 - 30 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 31 - 36 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 37 - 42 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Series 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 1 ( LE Blu - ray / DVD COMBO ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 2 ( BD Combo ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ( hide ) Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi Media Chapters Codename : Sailor V Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 SuperS Sailor Stars films Super S Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Live - action series Musicals Video games Collectible card game Music Soundtracks `` Moonlight Densetsu '' `` Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto ... '' `` Moon Pride '' Characters Protagonists Sailor Moon Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sailor_Moon_episodes_(season_1)&oldid=817709411 '' Categories : 1992 Japanese television seasons 1993 Japanese television seasons Sailor Moon episode lists Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Italiano Magyar Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 03 : 07 . 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1,445
how much does a golf cart weigh with batteries
Golf carts come in a wide range of formats and are more generally used to convey small numbers of passengers short distances at speeds less than 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) per ANSI Standard z130. 1 as originally manufactured . They are generally around 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) wide × 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) long × 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high and weigh 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) to 1,000 pounds ( 450 kg ) . Most are powered by 4 - stroke engines .
900 pounds ( 410 kg ) to 1,000 pounds ( 450 kg )
Golf cart
golf cart
A golf cart ( called golf car in ANSI standard Z130. 1 , since `` carts '' are not self - propelled ) is a small vehicle designed originally to carry two golfers and their golf clubs around a golf course or on desert trails with less effort than walking .
Golf carts come in a wide range of formats and are more generally used to convey small numbers of passengers short distances at speeds less than 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) per ANSI Standard z130. 1 as originally manufactured . They are generally around 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) wide × 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) long × 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) high and weigh 900 pounds ( 410 kg ) to 1,000 pounds ( 450 kg ) . Most are powered by 4 - stroke engines . The price of a golf cart can range anywhere from under US $1,000 to well over US $20,000 per cart , depending on several factors . These factors may include whether or not a fleet of carts is being purchased for a golf course or a country club , for example , and whether the carts are new or used . Other factors may include options such as equipment requirements , and how many people the cart is meant to transport . With the rise in popularity of golf carts , many golf clubs or country clubs offer storage and energy options to golf cart owners . This has led to the modification of golf carts to suit use at the particular golf course . Typical modification includes windshields , ball cleaners , cooler trays , upgraded motor or speed controller ( to increase speed and / or torque ) , and lift kits . Originally golf carts were only electrically powered , but in time gasoline - powered variants started to occur . The electric variety is now used in many communities where their lack of pollutants , lack of noise , and safety for pedestrians and other carts ( due to slow speeds ) are beneficial . When purpose - built for general transportation these are called Neighborhood Electric Vehicles ( NEVs ) , but with various operating limitations such as top speed and heavy regulation on which type of streets these types of carts are permitted to be used . These may resemble the golf carts shown above , although some are now being made with all - weather car - like bodies . The minimum age to drive a golf cart is 13 in Georgia , Alabama , California , Kansas , Kentucky , Rhode Island , Vermont , and South Carolina . Other US states , such as Florida , have a minimum age of 14 -- 15 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Other types of golf carts 1.1. 1 Adaptive golf carts 1.1. 2 Extreme golf carts 1.1. 3 Solar golf carts 2 Golf cart communities 3 Accidents and injuries 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Reportedly , the first use of a motorized cart on a golf course was by JK Wadley of Texarkana , Texas / Arkansas , who saw a three - wheeled electric cart being used in Los Angeles to transport senior citizens to the grocery store . Later , he purchased a cart and found that it worked poorly on a golf course . The first electric golf cart was custom - made in 1932 , but did not gain widespread acceptance . In the 1930s until the 1950s the most widespread use of golf carts were for those with disabilities who could not walk far . By the mid 1950s the golf cart had gained wide acceptance with golfers , with several manufactures ( e.g. including Victor Adding Machines and Sears and Roebuck ) producing various models . Most were electric . Italian State Police golf carts at Venice Railway Station . Merle Williams of Long Beach , California was an early innovator of the electric golf cart . He started with knowledge gained from production of electric cars due to World War II gasoline rationing . In 1951 his Marketeer Company began production of an electric golf cart in Redlands , California . E-Z - Go began producing golf cars in 1954 , Cushman in 1955 , Club Car in 1958 , Taylor - Dunn in 1961 , Harley - Davidson in 1963 , Yamaha Golf Car in 1979 and CT&T in 2002 . Max Walker created the first gasoline - powered golf cart `` The Walker Executive '' in 1957 . This three - wheeled vehicle was shaped with a Vespa - style front end and , like any golf cart , carried two passengers and bags . In 1963 the Harley Davidson Motor Company began producing golf cars . Over the years they manufactured and distributed thousands of three - and four - wheeled fuel - powered and electric vehicles that are still highly sought after . The iconic three - wheeled cart , with either a steering wheel or a tiller - based steering control , boasted a reversible two - stroke engine similar to one used today in some high - end snowmobiles . ( The engine runs clockwise in forward mode . ) In 1982 Harley Davidson sold the production of golf cars to the Columbia Car Company . Many of these gems survive today and are the prized possessions of proud owners , restorers , and collectors worldwide . Today the prominent brands of golf cars are Club Car , E-Z - Go , Yamaha , EMC and Gem . Other types of golf carts ( edit ) Adaptive golf carts ( edit ) New technology such as the SoloRider , an adaptive golf cart designed for a single user , is allowing disabled persons access to the golf course and the game itself . The cart 's seat swivels around , extends to an upright position , and allows the golfer to stand upright , be supported , and swing using both hands . Extreme off - road golf cart Extreme golf carts ( edit ) Golf carts are now taking on an extreme nature , being highly modified from their original configuration to perform similar to the growing popularity of the Side by Side ( UTV ) . Modifications as minor as suspension upgrades are commonplace whereas entire redesigns may comprise axles and an engine from a full size automobiles . Solar powered Golf carts are an alternative to gas or regular charged electric golf cart . While this technology is still new and not as efficient as gas or electric , it is becoming more and more popular . In 2014 , citEcar built and tested a solar powered street legal golf cart that will travel 105 miles on a single charge . One of the most recent developments in golf cart technology is the GolfBoard , a golf cart that is inspired by the skateboard . The GolfBoard is driven by front and back gear boxes providing power to all four wheels . The golfer controls the cart in a standing upright position as if riding skateboard , leaning left or right to make turns . The GolfBoard has been well received by the golfing community as it speeds up play and according to the manufacturers has up to 75 % less impact on turf than traditional golf carts . In 2014 the GolfBoard was voted the Best New Product at the PGA Show . Solar golf carts ( edit ) Main article : Solar golf cart Recently a new type of golf carts functions using solar power , these are known as solar golf carts . Golf cart communities ( edit ) Peachtree City , Georgia has many miles of golf cart paths that link the city together . Golf cart travel is used by a great majority of the community , especially among high school students . McIntosh High School even has a student golf cart parking lot on campus . On islands ( such as Santa Catalina Island , California , Bald Head Island , North Captiva Island , North Carolina , and Hamilton Island ) , motor vehicles are sometimes restricted and residents use golf carts instead . The Villages , Florida , a retirement community of over 70,000 people , has an extensive golf cart trail system ( estimated at around 100 miles ( 160 km ) ) and also allows golf carts on many streets . It is the most popular form of transportation in this community . On the tropical islands of Belize golf carts are a major form of road transport and can be rented by tourists . The residential community of Discovery Bay , Hong Kong does not allow the use of private vehicles apart from a fleet of 520 golf carts ( excluding the ones operating exclusively in the Golf or the Marina Clubs ) . The remainder of the 20,000 residents rely on a mixture of shuttle buses and hire cars to travel around the township . The Palm Springs Area in California contains multiple golf cart communities including PGA West , The Madison Club , The Hideaway , and many other golf course / golf cart communities . The PGA Tour is held at PGA West every January . Accidents and injuries ( edit ) Along with the rising popularity of golf carts , the number of golf cart - related injuries has increased significantly over the last decade . A study conducted by researchers in the Center for Injury Research and Policy of The Research Institute at the Nationwide Children 's Hospital found that the number of golf cart - related injuries rose 132 % during the 17 - year study period . According to the study , published in the July 2008 issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine , there were an estimated 148,000 golf cart - related injuries between 1990 and 2006 , ranging from an estimated 5,770 cases in 1990 to approximately 13,411 cases in 2006 . More than 30 % of golf cart - related injuries involved children under the age of 16 . The most common type of injury was soft tissue damage , usually just bruises , followed by fractures , constituting 22.3 % of the cases , and lacerations , accounting for 15.5 % of injuries . Other types of injuries include concussions , internal injuries , subdural hematoma , spinal cord injury , or acute respiratory compromise . While rare , a few cases had severe outcomes : 4 fatalities , 2 paraplegic , and 1 quadriplegic injuries have been documented . Some of the main causes of injury related to golf cart accidents included cart overturn , falling / jumping from a moving golf cart , collision with another vehicle or stationary object , struck / run over by a cart , getting into or out of a cart . Out of all these , `` falling or jumping from a golf cart '' was the most common cause of injury for both adults and children . One contributing reason is that current golf cart safety features are insufficient to prevent passenger falls or ejection . Golf carts moving at speeds as low as 11 miles per hour ( 18 km / h ) could readily eject a passenger during a turn . Furthermore , rear - facing golf cart seats are associated with high rates of passenger ejection , and most golf carts do not have brakes on all four wheels ( typically brakes are only on the rear axle wheels , thus extremely limiting their braking power ) . Golf cart injuries are also commonly found in desert areas ( i.e. Johnson Valley ) . Driving golf carts on dirt trails , along drop off cliffs , down rocky trails that should only be traversed using 4 - wheel - drive vehicles , can all lead to injuries . See also ( edit ) Electric car Electric vehicle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ANSI z130. 1 Jump up ^ `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine '' . www.leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Golfer Follows Ball In Car Run By Electricity `` , May 1932 , Popular Mechanics article bottom of page 801 Jump up ^ `` Electric Auto as Caddy Serves Crippled Player '' Popular Mechanics , August 1930 , bottom of pg. 199 Jump up ^ `` Golfers Mobilize '' Popular Mechanics , April 1956 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Golf Cart Manufacturers Jump up ^ http://www.solorider.com/ Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine : Golf Access '' ( 2011 ) `` . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ citEcar Jump up ^ Strege , John . `` GolfBoard : Where skateboard meets golf cart '' . Golf Digest . Golf Digest . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Newswise : First National Study to Examine Golf Cart - Related Injuries Retrieved on June 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Daniel S. et al. Golf Cart - Related Injuries in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , issue 35 ( 2008 ) : pp. 55 -- 9 Jump up ^ Kelly , Edward , G. Major Injuries Occurring During Use of a Golf Cart . South Hills Orthopaedic Surgery Associates , Pittsburgh ( 1996 ) . pp. 519 -- 21 Jump up ^ Seluga , Kristopher J. , et al. Low Speed Passenger Ejection Restraint Effectiveness . Accident and Analysis Prevention , Stamford ( 2005 ) . pp. 801 -- 6 Jump up ^ Seluga , Kristopher J. , et al. Braking Hazards of Golf Cars and Low Speed Vehicles . Accident Analysis and Prevention , Stamford ( 2006 ) . pp. 1151 -- 1156 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golf carts . ( hide ) Golf equipment Necessary Golf clubs Golf ball Tee Optional Ball marker Golf shoes Golf glove Golf tees Golf bag Pitchmark and divot repair tools Not Necessary Electric golf trolley Golf cart Clubhead covers Towel Umbrella Related Driving range Golf course Golf instruction Pro shop Category Commons WikiProject Portal Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Category Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golf_cart&oldid=831984379 '' Categories : Electric vehicles Golf equipment Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2014 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 03 : 49 . 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2,312
when does the new season of love and hip hop new york start
On October 2 , 2017 , VH1 announced the show 's return for an eighth season , which premiered on October 30 , 2017 .
October 30 , 2017
Love & Hip Hop : New York
love & hip hop : new york
Love & Hip Hop : New York ( originally known as simply Love & Hip Hop ) is the original installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise on VH1 . The series premiered on March 6 , 2011 , and chronicles the lives of several people in New York City ( and nearby areas , including New Jersey , and Yonkers ) , involved with hip hop music . Its success has produced the spin - offs Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , Chrissy & Mr. Jones , Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , K. Michelle : My Life , Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood , Leave It To Stevie and Love & Hip Hop : Miami .
On October 2 , 2017 , VH1 announced the show 's return for an eighth season , which premiered on October 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Series synopsis 2.1 Overview and casting 2.2 Timeline of main cast members 2.3 Storylines 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Scripting allegations 3.3 Ratings 3.4 Cultural impact 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast history 5.1 Spin - offs 5.2 Specials 5.3 Game 6 Distribution 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) In 2006 , rapper Jim Jones approached VH1 executives to make a reality show about him . Jim Ackerman , senior vice president of development and production at the time , was intrigued by the idea and paired him with producers Stefan Springman and Toby Barraud of Eastern TV . Jones was unwilling to fully commit to the gruelling filming schedule and was dealing with the murder of a friend at the time , leading him to lash out violently at the producers and filming crew . The production issues were worked into the show 's concept , which now focused on the culture clash between the gangsta rapper and the `` honky '' television producers . The 11 - minute presentation tape , Keeping Up with the Joneses , also featured Jones ' longtime girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin and his mother Nancy . According to Springman , VH1 loved the footage but were unsure if audiences would be invested in the concept full time . Jones ' manager , Yandy Smith , approached Mona Scott - Young , her former employer at Violator , to retool the show . The concept was tweaked to include Jim 's girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin and her circle of friends , influenced by the female ensemble - driven reality shows of the time . The original cast consisted of Lampkin , Olivia Longott , Swizz Beatz 's ex-wife Mashonda Tifrere and Misa Hylton - Brim , the mother of Puffy Daddy 's eldest son , pitched as a `` black version of Sex and the City '' . Hylton was eventually replaced with stylist Emily Bustamante , the mother of Fabolous 's son . Mashonda was downgraded to a supporting role per her request . Aspiring rapper Somaya Reece was brought on late into production to replace her . Reece 's ex Joe Budden was approached to appear in the first season , but declined . The series was first announced in VH1 's programming development report in April 2010 , under the title Diary of a Hip Hop Girlfriend . On January 4 , 2011 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop would debut on March 6 , 2011 . Series synopsis ( edit ) Overview and casting ( edit ) See also : List of Love & Hip Hop : New York cast members The cast of the eighth season , from left to right : Juju , Mariahlynn , Yandy , Bianca , Remy , Lil ' Mo , Anaís and Snoop . The first season starred Jim Jones ' girlfriend Chrissy Lampkin , Fabolous 's girlfriend Emily Bustamante , Olivia Longott and aspiring rapper Somaya Reece , with Jim Jones , his mother Nancy Jones , Somaya 's manager Maurice Aguilar and Olivia 's manager Rich Dollaz in supporting roles . Swiss Beatz 's ex-wife Mashonda would appear in a minor supporting role . All main cast members from the previous season returned for a second season , along with new cast members Kimbella Vanderhee , the girlfriend of Juelz Santana , and Yandy Smith , Jim Jones ' manager . Teairra Marí and Erica Mena appeared as supporting cast members . The show underwent major cast changes in season three after last season 's reunion special , in which all four original cast members accused their producers of manipulating storylines for drama . On September 7 , 2012 , VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave the show to star in their own spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones , along with Emily Bustamante and Jim 's mother Nancy Jones . Somaya Reece quit the show all together , while Olivia Longott 's role would be diminished significantly , appearing only as a supporting cast member . Rich Dollaz and Yandy Smith were the only major cast members from the first two seasons to remain on the show , with Yandy taking over for Chrissy as the lead . Erica Mena was promoted to the main cast , along with author and former hip hop groupie Winter Ramos , who had a brief guest appearance last season . They were joined by video vixen Tahiry Jose , radio personalities Raqi Thunda and Jen the Pen and celebrity stiletto expert Rashidah Ali . Joe Budden , Yandy 's boyfriend Mendeecees Harris , Consequence and aspiring rapper Lore'l appeared as supporting cast members , with Joe 's girlfriend Kaylin Garcia appearing in a minor supporting role . Former main cast member Kimbella Vanderhee returned as a guest star for two episodes . The cast was once again retooled in season four , with only Yandy Smith , Erica Mena and Tahiry Jose returning from last season 's main cast . They were joined by Peter Gunz ' girlfriend Tara Wallace , Amina Buddafly , Saigon 's baby mama Erica Jean and former Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta cast member K. Michelle . Peter Gunz joined the supporting cast , along with stripper Nya Lee , Saigon and Erica 's girlfriend Cyn Santana . Former main cast member Rashidah Ali appeared as a guest star in several episodes . With the exception of Tahiry Jose , Erica Jean and K. Michelle , all of who left or were fired from the show , the rest of the main cast members returned in season five , along with Cyn Santana , who was promoted to the main cast , and Chink Santana 's girlfriend Chrissy Monroe . Producer Cisco Rosado joined the supporting cast , along with Darryl Strawberry 's daughter Diamond Strawberry , Chink Santana and aspiring performers Precious Paris and Jhonni Blaze . The cast underwent a major cast change for the third time in the show 's history for season six , with only Yandy Smith , Tara Wallace and Amina Buddafly returning from last season 's main cast . They were joined by Remy Ma , social media personality Cardi B and aspiring rappers Miss Moe Money , Sexy Lexxy and Mariahlynn . Radio personality DJ Self joined the supporting cast , along with Papoose , Bianca Bonnie , and Self 's girlfriend Yorma Hernandez . Rose , a stylist , appeared in a minor supporting role . In season seven , Kimbella Vanderhee returned as a series regular after being absent from the show since the second season . Bianca Bonnie was promoted to the main cast , along with The Wire star Felicia `` Snoop '' Pearson . Juelz Santana joined the supporting cast , along with Cam'ron 's girlfriend Juju C. , Snoop 's girlfriend J. Adrienne , radio personality DJ Drewski , his girlfriend Sky Landish , Mendeecees ' baby mamas Samantha Wallace and Erika DeShazo , Mendeecees ' mother Judy Harris , Samantha 's mother Kim Wallace , Cardi 's sister Hennessy Carolina and producer Swift Star . Aspiring singers Sofi Green and Major Galore , Rich 's daughter Ashley Trowers , Rich 's girlfriend Jade Wifey and Swift 's girlfriend Asia Cole appeared in minor supporting roles . Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood star Moniece Slaughter made a special crossover appearance in two episodes . With the exception of Kimbella Vanderhee and Cardi B who left the show , all main cast members from the previous season have returned for season eight . Cam'ron 's fianceé Juju C. was promoted to the main cast , alongside newcomers Anaís and Lil ' Mo . Karl Dargan , Safaree Samuels , Navarro Gray , his girlfriend Ashley Diaz , rapper Jaquáe , his girlfriend Sophia Body , Bad Girls Club star DreamDoll , rapper Brittney Taylor , singer James R. , K. Michelle : My Life cast member Jonathan Fernandez and his boyfriend Trent Crews would join the supporting cast . Grafh and Ayisha Diaz would also appear in supporting roles . Timeline of main cast members ( edit ) See also : List of Love & Hip Hop : New York cast members Name Seasons 5 6 7 8 Chrissy Lampkin Main Emily Bustamante Main Olivia Longott Main Supporting Somaya Reece Main Guest Kimbella Vanderhee Main Guest Guest Main Guest Yandy Smith - Harris Guest Main Erica Mena Supporting Main Guest Jen the Pen Main Raqi Thunda Main Winter Ramos Guest Main Rashidah Ali Main Guest Supporting Tahiry Jose Main Guest Tara Wallace Main Supporting Erica Jean Main Amina Buddafly Main Supporting K. Michelle Main Guest Cyn Santana Supporting Main Chrissy Monroe Main Cardi B Main Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy Main Mariahlynn Main Remy Ma Main Bianca Bonnie Supporting Main Felicia `` Snoop '' Pearson Main Juju C . Guest Supporting Main Anaís Main Lil ' Mo Main Note : ^ Appears in the Dirty Little Secrets special only . ^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live : The Wedding special only . ^ Appears in an uncredited cameo only . Storylines ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop : New York explores the role of women in the male - dominated industry of hip hop . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The show 's first season , which focused on the female cast 's struggles within the male - dominated industry of hip hop , initially received a positive critical response . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times praised the show 's deconstruction of the public image of rappers , as well as the quality of the production values with `` slick , beautiful shots of the women driving spectacular cars with no men in sight '' . However , he was critical of the `` needless filler drama '' between Lampkin and Reese , a criticism that was shared by other critics who felt the `` endless catty arguments and trashy behavior '' detracted from the show 's message and was too derivative of The Real Housewives franchise . Subsequent seasons , particularly the spin - off Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , have largely been overshadowed by criticism and controversy , with the franchise referred to as `` ratchet TV '' for its seemingly negative and stereotypical portrayal of black women and its focus on dysfunctional relationships , materialism , hyper - sexuality and violence . Series creator Mona Scott - Young has been singled out in particular for allegedly `` exploiting ( black women ) in her quest for the almighty dollar '' . Scott - Young has continuously defended the show against these accusations , saying it was not created to represent all African - Americans : `` It 's set in a specific world and I do n't think that there 's anybody who 's navigated that world who would deny that these things happen . '' Despite the criticism , the franchise has dominated the ratings since its inception , and has been described as `` riveting '' , `` addictive '' `` bawdy and hilarious '' and a `` guilty pleasure '' . Scripting allegations ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop is often criticized for appearing to fabricate much of its storyline . Scott - Young has denied those claims : `` I ca n't stress enough that the stuff they deal with on ( Love & Hip Hop ) is real . We may frame it within a production construct that allows us to shoot on a schedule , but we 're not making up the stuff that they 're going through . '' In October 2013 , Peter Gunz admitted in an interview with Sway in the Morning to exploiting his romantic situation for a check , stating `` I was gon na get busted ( for cheating ) anyway . Let me get paid to get busted . Fuck it . '' In December 2016 , the show received criticism from fans after it was revealed that Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris were never legally married , despite taking part in a marriage ceremony live on VH1 as part of the special Love & Hip Hip Live : The Wedding . In an interview with The Breakfast Club in November 2017 , Cam'ron outed Kimberly Osorio as a storyline writer for the show . Ratings ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop is one of the highest rated franchises in cable television history . In an overview of the television cultural divide , The New York Times reported that Love & Hip Hop was most popular show in the black belt . After a modest start , the show 's audience grew substantially in its second season , averaging 2.8 million total viewers per episode , making it VH1 's highest rated series in over three and a half years . Overall , the series was the # 8 highest rating series on cable in 2011 . However , following a cast retooling after nearly all of the original cast left the show , the show was met with mixed reception from audiences , with the third season garnering some of the lowest ratings in the franchise 's history . Following another cast retooling and a much publicised love triangle storyline involving Peter Gunz , Tara and Amina ( reminiscent of the more popular Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ) , the show 's ratings improved significantly , up 54 % over the previous season 's average and attracting an average of 3 million total viewers per episode . The show maintained a steady viewership of about two million viewers per episode for the next few seasons , until the poorly received eighth season , where ratings dipped below 2 million viewers for the first time in four years . Cultural impact ( edit ) During a speech at a campaign rally in North Carolina on November 4 , 2016 , President Barack Obama referenced the show , comparing the 2016 presidential race to reality television , saying `` I mean , its like some Love & Hip Hop stuff . '' On a 2013 episode of the BET television series The Game , Wendy Raquel Robinson 's character Tasha makes reference to the franchise , saying `` Back in the day we were n't carrying ourselves like them damn crazies you see on Love & Hip Hop , we conducted ourselves as upstanding women who were looked up to in the community '' . In the 2016 film Barbershop : The Next Cut , when Eve and Common 's characters get into an argument over their relationship , Cedric the Entertainer 's character makes a reference to the franchise , saying `` This ai n't no Love & Hip Hop reunion . '' In the 2017 pilot of the Netflix television adaptation Dear White People , a character attempts to break up an argument between two female characters by saying `` Yo , fam , can we cut the Love & Hip Hop auditions and get to it ? '' Nicki Minaj references the show on her remix of Ciara 's `` I 'm Out '' . Remy Ma ends her diss track `` Shether '' with the line : `` you just got bodied by a Love & Hip Hop bitch '' . Cardi B references her time on the show in her hit single `` Bodak Yellow '' : `` I just run and check the mail , another check from Mona Scott '' . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love & Hip Hop : New York episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Extra episodes First aired Last aired Reunion Specials 9 March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) May 16 , 2011 N / A 11 November 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 14 ) January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) February 6 , 2012 N / A 14 January 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) April 8 , 2013 April 15 , 2013 N / A 14 October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) February 3 , 2014 February 10 , 2014 October 24 , 2013 5 17 December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) April 6 , 2015 April 13 , 2015 May 25 , 2015 6 14 December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) March 21 , 2016 March 28 , 2016 N / A 7 16 November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) February 20 , 2017 February 27 , 2017 N / A 8 14 October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) January 2018 N / A October 18 , 2017 Broadcast history ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop 's first season commenced airing on March 6 , 2011 . Initially intended to be an eight - episode series , the first season was expanded to nine episodes in order to include the first season reunion , which aired on May 16 , 2011 . On May 25 , 2011 , the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on November 14 , 2011 . It concluded with the special The third season of Love & Hip Hop , now titled Love & Hip Hop : New York in promotional material , premiered on January 7 , 2013 , with nearly a whole new cast . On October 10 , 2013 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a fourth season on October 28 , 2013 . The season premiered back - to - back with the second season of Chrissy & Mr. Jones . On December 2 , 2014 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a fifth season on December 15 , 2014 . On November 2 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a sixth season on December 14 , 2015 . On November 14 , 2016 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would be returning for a seventh season on November 21 , 2016 . On October 2 , 2017 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : New York would return for an eighth season on October 30 , 2017 . Spin - offs ( edit ) On May 15 , 2012 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , the Atlanta - based spin - off of Love & Hip Hop , would make its series premiere on June 18 , 2012 . On September 7 , 2012 , VH1 announced that Chrissy Lampkin and Jim Jones would leave Love & Hip Hop , to star in their own spin - off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones . Jim 's mother Nancy received her own web series , Mama Jones ' World . On August 18 , 2014 , VH1 announced Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , the Los Angeles - based spin - off of Love & Hip Hop , would make its series premiere on September 15 , 2014 . K. Michelle join the cast in season four , with her purpose on the show mainly served to set up her own spin - off series , as such , she appeared in infrequently and barely interacted with the rest of the cast . Her future co-stars on the show , Paris Phillips and Tracie Renee , appeared as guest stars . On October 15 , 2014 , VH1 announced the spin - off K. Michelle : My Life , starring cast member K. Michelle , would make its series premiere on November 3 , 2014 . On December 2 , 2015 , VH1 announced the spin - off Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood , starring Stevie J and Joseline Hernandez , would make its series premiere on January 25 , 2016 , back - to - back with the second season of K. Michelle : My Life . On December 1 , 2016 , VH1 announced the spin - off Leave It To Stevie , starring Stevie J , would make its series premiere on December 19 , 2016 , back - to - back with the third season of K. Michelle : My Life . Specials ( edit ) The fourth season was preceded by 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments , a 2 hour clip show hosted by Mona Scott - Young . The special aired on October 24 , 2013 , and showcased the franchise 's most `` shocking , scandalous and dramatic Love & Hip Hop moments '' , featuring clips from the show 's first three seasons , as well as the first two seasons of its spin - off Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta . On April 14 , 2015 , VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop : The Wedding , a two - hour special featuring the marriage between cast members Yandy Smith and Mendeecees Harris , would air live on May 25 , 2015 . The special was preceded by six exclusive webisodes that were made available on VH1 's website from May 12th , 2015 . The special aired to over 2 million viewers and featured appearances from other VH1 reality stars , including cast mates from Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta , Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood , Black Ink Crew , Mob Wives , as well as from Bravo 's The Real Housewives of Atlanta . On October 18 , 2017 , nearly two weeks before the season eight premiere , VH1 aired Dirty Little Secrets , a special featuring unseen footage and deleted scenes from the show 's first seven seasons , along with interviews with the show 's cast and producers . On November 16 , 2017 , VH1 announced that Remy & Papoose : A Merry Mackie Holiday , a holiday special starring Remy Ma and Papoose , would air on December 18 , 2017 . Game ( edit ) On August 8 , 2016 , VH1 and 345 Games announced the release of Love & Hip Hop : The Game , a mobile game for iOS and Android . It was released worldwide on September 22 , 2016 . Distribution ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop episodes air regularly on VH1 in the United States . Episodes in the first season run from around 21 -- 24 minutes , episodes in subsequent seasons run from around 41 -- 44 minutes . The first two seasons were broadcast in standard definition , while subsequent seasons are broadcast in high definition . The series ' episodes are also available on demand through the official VH1 website , as well as for digital download at the iTunes Store and Amazon . VH1 have released the first four seasons , as well as the sixth season , on DVD . The fifth , seventh and eighth seasons are currently only available on digital platforms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/329197/love-hip-hop-new-york-season-eight/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2017/10/03/vh1s-hit-series-love-and-hip-hop-new-york-returns-monday-october-30-at-8pm-et-pt-712014/20171003vh101/ ^ Jump up to : `` Mona Scott - Young Has Created a TV Empire by Keeping Things Real , and She 's Not About to Start Faking It Now '' . Complex AU . 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Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/10/18/relive-the-most-shocking-scandalous-dramatic-love-and-hip-hop-scenes-of-all-time-on-vh1s-40-greatest-love-and-hip-hop-moments-premiering-thursday-october-24-at-8-pm-515111/20131018vh101/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2015/04/14/love-and-hip-hop-live-the-wedding-airs-on-vh1-memorial-day-monday-may-25-at-800-pm-et-pt-890201/20150414vh101/ Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/news/330901/no-joke-this-sexy-love-hip-hop-security-guard-has-more-dms-than-every-member-of-the-creep-squad-combined/ Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - VH1 Celebrates the Season with `` Remy & Papoose : A Merry Mackie Holiday '' - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Pre-register now for Love & Hip Hop : The Game '' . VH1 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/love-and-hip-hop/ Jump up ^ http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop/tv-schedule External links ( edit ) Love & Hip Hop : New York on IMDb Love & Hip Hop franchise Series Love & Hip Hop : New York Cast Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta Cast Episodes Seasons 5 6 Love & Hip Hop : Hollywood Cast Episodes Seasons Love & Hip Hop : Miami Cast Season 1 Spin - offs Chrissy & Mr. Jones K. Michelle : My Life Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood Leave It to Stevie VH1 original programming Former 2000s debuts America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Breaking Bonaduce ( 2005 -- 06 ) Brooke Knows Best ( 2008 -- 09 ) But Can They Sing ? 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( since 2016 ) Upcoming Teyana & Iman ( 2018 ) Wild Safaree ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_New_York&oldid=819329803 '' Categories : Love & Hip Hop Hip hop television 2010s American television series 2011 American television series debuts African - American reality television series American LGBT - related television shows American reality television series Television shows set in New York City English - language television programs VH1 television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,313
hampton and the hamsters the hampster dance song
The Hampsterdance song
the hampsterdance song
`` The Hampsterdance Song '' is a song by Hampton the Hampster . It was released in July 2000 as a single . It was produced by The Boomtang Boys , who used a sped - up hook from the Roger Miller song `` Whistle Stop '' , notably featured in Disney 's 1973 film Robin Hood . In 2005 , CNET named the Hampster Dance the number - one Web fad .
It is also one of the earliest examples of an Internet meme . In its original incarnation , the meme first surfaced as a web page in 1998 . Created by Canadian art student Deidre LaCarte as a GeoCities page , the dance features rows of animated GIFs of hamsters and other rodents dancing in various ways to a sped - up sample from the song `` Whistle Stop '' by Roger Miller . Contents 1 Background 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Screen capture of original Hampster Dance . Canadian art student Deidre LaCarte ( of Nanaimo , British Columbia ) was in a competition with her best friend and sister to generate the most Web traffic when she created the Hampster Dance page in August 1998 . She named the site Hampton 's Hamster House in homage to her pet hamster , `` Hampton Hamster '' , who on the page declared his intent to become a `` Web star . '' The Hampster Dance site originally consisted of a single page with just four hamster ( and other rodent ) animated GIFs , repeated in rows by the dozens , and with an infectious background tune that looped endlessly . At the time the page was created , embedding background music in HTML pages was a fairly novel browser feature . The clip , a 9 - second looped WAV file , was a sped - up sample of Roger Miller 's `` Whistle Stop '' , a song written for the opening credits of the 1973 Disney animated feature film Robin Hood . From its creation in August 1998 to March 1999 , the Hampster Dance site only recorded about 800 total visits ( roughly four per day ) but , suddenly and without warning , the site gathered approximately 60,000 views in four days . Word of the website spread by e-mail , early blogs , and bumper stickers ; it was even featured in a television commercial for Internet service provider EarthLink . A common office prank at that time was to set a co-worker's browser homepage to the Hampster Dance Web site , which led to televised news reports that furthered its notoriety to an international level . The site later expanded , revealing the names of all four characters ( Hampton , Dixie , Hado , and Fuzzy ) and offering themed versions for birthdays , graduation , holidays , etc . Fans of the site created variations on the original theme , using politicians such as Dan Quayle and Cynthia McKinney , as well as household objects such as Pez dispensers . The popularity of the website led to the creation of an entire song called `` The Hampsterdance Song '' based around Roger Miller 's `` Whistle Stop '' sample which was produced by The Boomtang Boys and released in July 2000 . A cartoon video was produced for the single which introduced a digital `` band '' of hamsters , which was first dubbed solely as `` Hampton the Hampster '' but later as `` Hampton and the Hampsters '' . The song reached number - one on the Canadian Singles Chart while peaking at number 32 on the RPM charts . In Australia , `` The Hampster Dance Song '' was released in 2001 , and reached number 5 on the ARIA singles chart . The song proved to be very successful on Radio Disney , where it became the station 's all - time most played song , and was later included on the compilation album Radio Disney Ultimate Jams . Prior to the release of `` The Hampsterdance Song '' , a similar song featuring an unofficial sound - alike rendition of `` Whistle Stop '' was released as `` Cognoscenti vs. Intelligentsia '' and performed by The Cuban Boys . This version peaked at number 4 on the Christmas 1999 UK singles chart . Following the relative success of `` The Hampsterdance Song '' single , entire albums featuring the fictional band were released , including Hampsterdance : The Album ( 2000 ) , Happy Times Ten ( 2002 ) , The Hampster Dance Party ( 2002 ) , Hampsterdance Hits ( 2004 ) , and A Very Hampsterdance Christmas ( 2008 ) . Some follow - up singles were moderately successful in Australia , such as `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' ( a cover of the John Denver song , reaching number 12 ) and `` Hampster Party '' ( reaching number 44 ) . `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' also reached number 70 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs charts . A flash animated series was planned by Canadian animation studio Nelvana , but never made it past the planning process . Continued popularity led LaCarte to get a professional redesign of the site and add an online store offering T - shirts and CDs of the fictional group 's music . For some time the hamsterdance.com and hampsterdance.com domains were owned by humor business Nutty Sites , and LaCarte thus used the domains hamsterdance2.com and hampsterdance2.com . LaCarte originally owned the hampsterdance.com domain , but in early 2000 it was transferred to Nutty Sites for undisclosed reasons . In late 2001 , she acquired both domains . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 32 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 60 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi Singles Sales Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hampsterdance liner notes - `` Includes elements of ' Whistle Stop ' by Roger Miller '' Koch Records . ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Roger Miller - Biography '' . www.rogermiller.com . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Web fads - from CNET Jump up ^ Hamsters , You 've Got Mail ! Sun Sentinel ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 180 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Burkeman , Oliver ( 9 December 1999 ) . `` Hamming it up '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ BBC : Festive Fifty 1999 Jump up ^ `` Hampton the Hampster on Amazon Music '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Very Hampsterdance Christmas by Hampton and the Hampsters '' . 20 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ australian-charts.com - Hampton The Hamster - The Hampsterdance Song Jump up ^ `` Hampster dancing into other venues '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to HampsterDance2 '' . 14 September 2000 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Hampton the Hampster -- The Hampsterdance Song '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Artist Search for `` hampton the hampster '' `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . Jump up ^ RPM peak Archived 2015 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Hampton the Hampster -- The Hampsterdance Song '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ Billboard AllMusic.com ( Retrieved April 29 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Original GeoCities version at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 28 , 1999 ) Hampster dancing into other venues Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hampsterdance_Song&oldid=862678145 '' Categories : Viral videos 1990s fads and trends 2000 songs Music memes Novelty songs Songs about animals Fictional hamsters Songs written by Roger Miller Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany2 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 23 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,314
who do australia play next in the rugby world cup
2017 Rugby League World Cup
2017 rugby league world cup
The 2017 Rugby League World Cup is the fifteenth staging of the Rugby League World Cup . Held in Australia , New Zealand and Papua New Guinea between 27 October and 2 December 2017 .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 3 Teams 4 Match officials 5 Pre-tournament matches 6 Venues 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 6.3 Papua New Guinea 7 Group stage 7.1 Group A 7.2 Group B 7.3 Group C 7.4 Group D 7.5 Inter-group matches 8 Knockout stage 8.1 Quarter - finals 8.2 Semi-finals 8.3 Final 9 Try scorers 10 Attendances 11 Criticism and controversy 12 Broadcasting 13 References 14 External links Host selection ( edit ) See also : Rugby League World Cup hosts At the 2010 Rugby League International Federation executive meeting , the New Zealand Rugby League made an early submission to co-host the 2017 tournament with Australia . The Rugby League World Cup was last held in Australia in 2008 . Two formal bids were subsequently received by the RLIF before a November 2012 deadline ; the co-host bid from Australia and New Zealand and a bid from South Africa . On 19 February 2014 , it was announced that the joint bid from Australia and New Zealand had won hosting rights . Michael Brown , the CEO of several big name Australian sporting franchises and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup , was originally appointed CEO of the World Cup in 2015 , but resigned less than a year later due to ' workload ' and ' homesickness ' . He was replaced by Andrew Hill . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifying It was announced on 3 August 2014 that 7 of the 8 quarter - finalists from the last World Cup would qualify automatically for the 2017 tournament ; hosts Australia and New Zealand , plus England , Fiji , France , Samoa and Scotland . The USA , who were also 2013 quarter - finalists , were denied automatic qualification after a long - running internal governance dispute saw their RLIF membership temporarily suspended in 2014 ; later , once the matter was resolved , they were accepted into the qualification process . Papua New Guinea were initially set to be involved in the qualifying competition but were later granted automatic qualification , due to becoming co-hosts of the tournament . In addition to the eight automatic qualifiers , the remaining six spots will come from four different qualification zones ; three from Europe , one from Asia / Pacific , one from Americas and one from Middle East / Africa . Tonga were the first team to qualify from the qualification stage after winning the Asian - Pacific play - off . Lebanon were the second team to qualify from the qualification stage , after winning the Middle East - African play - off . The USA were the third team to qualify , winning the Americas qualification group . Teams ( edit ) See also : 2017 Rugby League World Cup squads Team Captain Coach RLIF rank Previous appearances Best World Cup Result Qualification Australia Cameron Smith Mal Meninga 14 ( list ) Winners ( 10 times ) Co-hosts England Sean O'Loughlin Wayne Bennett 05 ! 5 ( 1975 , 1995 , 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Runners - up ( 1975 , 1995 ) 2013 semi-finalists Fiji Kevin Naiqama Mick Potter 7 04 ! 4 ( 1995 , 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Semi-finals ( 2008 , 2013 ) 2013 semi-finalists France Théo Fages Aurélien Cologni 6 14 ( list ) Runners - up ( 1954 , 1968 ) 2013 quarter - finalists Ireland Liam Finn Mark Aston 8 03 ! 3 ( 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Quarter - finals ( 2000 , 2008 ) European qualifying group 2 winner Italy Mark Minichiello Cameron Ciraldo 12 01 ! 1 ( 2013 ) Group stage ( 2013 ) European qualifying play - off winner Lebanon Robbie Farah Brad Fittler 18 01 ! 1 ( 2000 ) Group stage ( 2000 ) Middle East - Africa play - off winner New Zealand Adam Blair David Kidwell 14 ( list ) Winners ( 2008 ) Co-hosts Papua New Guinea David Mead Michael Marum 16 06 ! 6 ( list ) Quarter - finals ( 2000 ) Co-hosts Samoa Frank Pritchard Matt Parish 5 04 ! 4 ( 1995 , 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Quarter - finals ( 2000 , 2013 ) 2013 quarter - finalists Scotland Danny Brough Steve McCormack 03 ! 3 ( 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Quarter - finals ( 2013 ) 2013 quarter - finalists Tonga Sika Manu Kristian Woolf 11 04 ! 4 ( 1995 , 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Group stage ( 1995 , 2000 , 2008 , 2013 ) Asia - Pacific play - off winner United States Mark Offerdahl Brian McDermott 10 01 ! 1 ( 2013 ) Quarter - finals ( 2013 ) Americas qualifying group winner Wales Craig Kopczak John Kear 9 04 ! 4 ( 1975 , 1995 , 2000 , 2013 ) Semi-finals ( 1995 , 2000 ) European qualifying group 1 winner Match officials ( edit ) See also : Category : Rugby League World Cup referees The match officials will be headed by Tony Archer and three coaches : Steve Ganson , Russell Smith and Luke Watts . Australia : Grant Atkins , Chris Butler , Matt Cecchin , Steve Chiddy , Ben Cummins , Adam Gee , Ashley Klein , Jared Maxwell , David Munro , Ziggy Przeklasa - Adamski , Belinda Sleeman , Jon Stone , Bernard Sutton , Chris Sutton , Gerard Sutton , Michael Wise England : Phil Bentham , James Child , Mark Craven , Robert Hicks , Chris Kendall , Scott Mikalauskas , Liam Moore , Tim Roby , Ben Thaler New Zealand : Chris McMillan , Henry Perenara Pre-tournament matches ( edit ) Before the World Cup it was announced that France would face Jamaica in Perpignan , England would take on the Combined Affiliated States in Perth , Lebanon would take on Niue in Leichhardt , and Australia , Fiji , and Papua New Guinea would compete in a tri-series in Suva , with each game lasting 40 minutes . The Australian Combined Affiliated States team will comprise of players from the Northern Territory , South Australian , Victorian and Western Australian state rugby league competitions . Malta will face Italy at Marconi Stadium in Bossley Park , a suburb of Sydney . 23 September 2017 Papua New Guinea PMXIII 8 -- 48 Australia PMXIII National Football Stadium , Port Moresby 8 October 2017 Malta 24 -- 24 Italy Marconi Stadium , Sydney 13 October 2017 Country U23s 26 -- 40 Samoa McDonald 's Park , Wagga Wagga 13 October 2017 France 34 -- 12 Jamaica Stade Gilbert Brutus , Perpignan 14 October 2017 Fiji 0 -- 10 Papua New Guinea ANZ National Stadium , Suva 14 October 2017 Australia 20 -- 4 Papua New Guinea ANZ National Stadium , Suva 14 October 2017 Fiji 0 -- 18 Australia ANZ National Stadium , Suva 14 October 2017 Lebanon 32 -- 16 Niue Leichhardt Oval , Sydney 20 October 2017 Country U23s 50 -- 14 Scotland Kingsford Smith Park , Ballina 20 October 2017 Italy 6 -- 16 Tonga Callendar Park , Cairns 20 October 2017 Combined Affiliated States 12 -- 74 England Perth Oval , Perth Venues ( edit ) Main article : Rugby League World Cup venues It was announced in October 2014 that negotiations were being held for Papua New Guinea to host matches . The Papua New Guinea Rugby Football League presented to the RLIF in September 2015 , requesting to host three matches . In October 2015 it was confirmed that Papua New Guinea would host three matches in the group stage . Melbourne Rectangular Stadium in Melbourne will host the opening game between Australia and England while Brisbane Stadium in Brisbane will host the World Cup Final . Australia ( edit ) Brisbane Sydney Melbourne Townsville Brisbane Stadium Sydney Football Stadium Melbourne Rectangular Stadium Townsville Stadium Capacity : 52,500 Capacity : 45,500 Capacity : 30,050 Capacity : 26,500 Canberra Perth Cairns Darwin Canberra Stadium Perth Rectangular Stadium Barlow Park Darwin Stadium Capacity : 25,011 Capacity : 20,500 Capacity : 18,000 Capacity : 12,000 Townsville Brisbane Cairns Darwin Sydney Canberra Melbourne Perth New Zealand ( edit ) Wellington Auckland Hamilton Christchurch Wellington Regional Stadium Mount Smart Stadium Waikato Stadium Christchurch Stadium Capacity : 34,500 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 25,800 Capacity : 18,000 Wellington Auckland Christchurch Hamilton Papua New Guinea ( edit ) Port Moresby National Football Stadium Capacity : 14,800 Port Moresby Group stage ( edit ) The draw was undertaken at the launch of the event in Auckland on 19 July 2016 and involved the same four group format as the 2013 tournament . The first two groups are made up of four teams whilst the other two groups feature three teams each . The top three teams in the first two groups and the winners of the two smaller groups will qualify for the quarter - finals . Group play will involve a round robin in the larger groups , and a round robin in the smaller groups with an additional inter-group game for each team so all teams will play three group games . Key to colours in group tables Advances to knockout stage and qualifies for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup Group A ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Rugby League World Cup Group A Team Pld PF PA + / − Pts Australia ( Q ) 0 0 104 10 + 94 6 England ( Q ) 0 69 34 + 35 Lebanon ( Q ) 0 39 81 -- 42 France ( E ) 0 0 30 117 -- 87 0 27 October 2017 Australia 18 -- 4 England Melbourne Rectangular Stadium , Melbourne 29 October 2017 France 18 -- 29 Lebanon Canberra Stadium , Canberra 3 November 2017 Australia 52 -- 6 France Canberra Stadium , Canberra 4 November 2017 England 29 -- 10 Lebanon Sydney Football Stadium , Sydney 11 November 2017 Australia 34 -- 0 Lebanon Sydney Football Stadium , Sydney 12 November 2017 England 36 -- 6 France Perth Rectangular Stadium , Perth Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Rugby League World Cup Group B Team Pld PF PA + / − Pts Tonga ( Q ) 0 0 110 44 + 66 6 New Zealand ( Q ) 0 134 42 + 92 Samoa ( Q ) 0 40 84 -- 44 Scotland ( E ) 0 24 138 -- 114 28 October 2017 New Zealand 38 -- 8 Samoa Mount Smart Stadium , Auckland 29 October 2017 Scotland 4 -- 50 Tonga Barlow Park , Cairns 4 November 2017 New Zealand 74 -- 6 Scotland Christchurch Stadium , Christchurch 4 November 2017 Samoa 18 -- 32 Tonga Waikato Stadium , Hamilton 11 November 2017 New Zealand 22 -- 28 Tonga Waikato Stadium , Hamilton 11 November 2017 Samoa 14 -- 14 Scotland Barlow Park , Cairns Group C ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Rugby League World Cup Group C Team Pld PF PA + / − Pts Papua New Guinea ( Q ) 0 0 128 12 + 116 6 Ireland ( E ) 0 76 32 + 44 Wales ( E ) 0 0 18 156 -- 138 0 28 October 2017 Papua New Guinea 50 -- 6 Wales National Football Stadium , Port Moresby , 5 November 2017 Papua New Guinea 14 -- 6 Ireland National Football Stadium , Port Moresby 12 November 2017 Wales 6 -- 34 Ireland Perth Rectangular Stadium , Perth Group D ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Rugby League World Cup Group D Team Pld PF PA + / − Pts Fiji ( Q ) 0 0 168 28 + 140 6 Italy ( E ) 0 68 74 -- 6 United States ( E ) 0 0 12 168 -- 156 0 28 October 2017 Fiji 58 -- 12 United States Townsville Stadium , Townsville 5 November 2017 Italy 46 -- 0 United States Townsville Stadium , Townsville 10 November 2017 Fiji 38 -- 10 Italy Canberra Stadium , Canberra Inter-group matches ( edit ) 29 October 2017 Ireland 36 -- 12 Italy Barlow Park , Cairns 5 November 2017 Fiji 72 -- 6 Wales Townsville Stadium , Townsville 12 November 2017 Papua New Guinea 64 -- 0 United States National Football Stadium , Port Moresby Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Rugby League World Cup knockout stage Three teams from each of Groups A and B and one team from each of Groups C and D advance to the quarter - finals . All quarter - finalists automatically qualify for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup . Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals A1 Australia B3 Samoa B2 New Zealand D1 Fiji B1 Tonga A3 Lebanon A2 England C1 Papua New Guinea Quarter - finals ( edit ) 17 November 2017 Australia Samoa Darwin Stadium , Darwin 18 November 2017 Tonga Lebanon Christchurch Stadium , Christchurch 18 November 2017 New Zealand Fiji Wellington Regional Stadium , Wellington 19 November 2017 England Papua New Guinea Melbourne Rectangular Stadium , Melbourne Semi-finals ( edit ) 24 November 2017 QF1 Winner QF3 Winner Brisbane Stadium , Brisbane 25 November 2017 QF2 Winner QF4 Winner Mount Smart Stadium , Auckland Final ( edit ) 2 December 2017 SF1 Winner SF2 Winner Brisbane Stadium , Brisbane ^ a - The Rugby League International Federation ( RLIF ) has approved that if Australia qualifies for a Quarter - final , it will be played in Darwin . If New Zealand qualifies for a Quarter - final , it will play in Wellington . As Australia finished higher in the pool stage , it will get the home advantage in the Semi-final , should both sides progress . The full Quarter - final fixture will be finalised at the conclusion of the pool stages , taking in to consideration hosting requirements . The organisers have confirmed that Australia will play in Darwin on 17 November . Try scorers ( edit ) 8 Suliasi Vunivalu 5 Michael Jennings Wade Graham Taane Milne Cameron Munster David Mead Justin Olam Henry Raiwalui Kevin Naiqama Nene Macdonald Viliame Kikau Peta Hiku Te Maire Martin David Fusitua Josh Dugan Billy Slater Watson Boas Lachlan Lam Rhyse Martin Jermaine McGillvary Jarryd Hayne Marcelo Montoya Bastien Ader Liam Kay James Tedesco Joseph Tramontana Travis Robinson Shaun Johnson Jason Nightingale Peni Terepo Daniel Tupou Tyson Frizell Matt Gillett Valentine Holmes Tom Burgess Ben Currie Ryan Hall Kallum Watkins Kane Evans Salesi Junior Fainga'a Joe Lovodua Ben Nakubuwai Brayden Wiliame Akuila Uate Eloni Vunakece Damien Cardace Mark Kheirallah Kyle Amor George King Louie McCarthy - Scarsbrook Michael McIlorum Michael Morgan Justin Castellaro Mason Cerruto Ryan Ghietti Josh Mantellato Nathan Milone Paul Vaughan Anthony Layoun Adam Doueihi Nick Kassis Mitchell Moses Jason Wehbe Nelson Asofa - Solomona Kenny Bromwich Issac Liu Kodi Nikorima Russell Packer Jordan Rapana Brad Takairangi Joseph Tapine Elijah Taylor Roger Tuivasa - Sheck Dean Whare Paul Aiton Wellington Albert Garry Lo James Segeyaro Rod Griffin Stargroth Amean Kato Ottio Tim Lafai Ken Maumalo Joseph Paulo Ben Roberts Jazz Tevaga Danny Addy Oscar Thomas Ata Hingano Will Hopoate Tuimoala Lolohea Manu Ma'u Sika Manu Ben Murdoch - Masila Jason Taumalolo Matt Shipway Junior Vaivai Regan Grace Morgan Knowles Attendances ( edit ) Date Match Venue Location Attendance 27 October 2017 Australia vs England Melbourne Rectangular Stadium Melbourne 22,724 28 October 2017 Papua New Guinea vs Wales National Football Stadium Port Moresby 14,800 28 October 2017 New Zealand vs Samoa Mount Smart Stadium Auckland 17,857 28 October 2017 Fiji vs United States Townsville Stadium Townsville 5,103 29 October 2017 Ireland vs Italy Barlow Park Cairns 9,216 Scotland vs Tonga 29 October 2017 France vs Lebanon Canberra Stadium Canberra 5,492 3 November 2017 Australia vs France Canberra Stadium Canberra 12,293 4 November 2017 New Zealand vs Scotland Christchurch Stadium Christchurch 12,130 4 November 2017 Samoa vs Tonga Waikato Stadium Hamilton 18,156 4 November 2017 England vs Lebanon Sydney Football Stadium Sydney 10,237 5 November 2017 Papua New Guinea vs Ireland National Football Stadium Port Moresby 14,800 5 November 2017 Italy vs United States Townsville Stadium Townsville 7,732 Fiji vs Wales 10 November 2017 Fiji vs Italy Canberra Stadium Canberra 6,733 11 November 2017 New Zealand vs Tonga Waikato Stadium Hamilton 24,041 11 November 2017 Samoa vs Scotland Barlow Park Cairns 4,309 11 November 2017 Australia vs Lebanon Sydney Football Stadium Sydney 21,127 12 November 2017 Papua New Guinea vs United States National Football Stadium Port Moresby 14,800 12 November 2017 Wales vs Ireland Perth Rectangular Stadium Perth 14,744 England vs France 17 November 2017 Australia vs Samoa Darwin Stadium Darwin 18 November 2017 Tonga vs Lebanon Christchurch Stadium Christchurch 18 November 2017 New Zealand vs Fiji Wellington Regional Stadium Wellington 19 November 2017 England vs Papua New Guinea Melbourne Rectangular Stadium Melbourne 24 November 2017 QF1 Winner vs QF3 Winner Brisbane Stadium Brisbane 25 November 2017 QF2 Winner vs QF4 Winner Mount Smart Stadium Auckland 2 December 2017 SF1 Winner vs SF2 Winner Brisbane Stadium Brisbane Criticism and controversy ( edit ) The lack of games in New South Wales , the heartland of rugby league in Australia , drew some criticism . Only one of the 13 confirmed tournament venues was in New South Wales ( Sydney Football Stadium ) and it is only hosting two group - stage fixtures , both featuring Lebanon . This was due to the refusal of the New South Wales government to bid for hosting rights . Despite the so - called ' Sydney Cup snub ' , the RLWC organisers backed their decision and the venues they were using . In the build up to the Samoa vs. Tonga game in Hamilton , controversy occurred after fans from both countries were caught having brawls in South Auckland . At least 6 people were arrested from the brawls resulting in a massive security increase for the game . Both teams , celebrities , and police urged fans to calm down . Following the results of the controversial incident , a Tongan Advisory Council member lashed out at organisers , saying that this tournament is poorly organised compared to the 2011 Rugby World Cup , mentioning that Rugby World Cup organisers engaged with community groups 18 months beforehand , whereas this tournament was `` scrambled around '' . After Scotland 's 68 point thrashing to New Zealand in Christchurch , captain Danny Brough , Sam Brooks , and Jonathan Walker were sent home for violating code of conduct after being all deemed too ' intoxicated ' for their team 's flight to Darwin for Scotland 's next game against Samoa . Italian players James Tedesco and Shannon Wakeman are under investigation by the World Cup integrity unit for a brawl at a Cairns nightclub . Broadcasting ( edit ) Country Broadcaster Matches Australia Seven Network All 28 matches live ( via Channel 7 , 7mate , or streamed from the 7Live app ) Austria Germany Switzerland ProSieben MAXX 6 matches live Fiji Fiji One All 28 matches live France beIN Sports All 28 matches live Hong Kong PCCW All 28 matches live Ireland eir Sports All 28 matches live Japan DAZN All 28 matches live Malaysia Astro All 28 matches live Lebanon and rest of Middle East OSN Sports All 28 matches live New Zealand Sky Sport All 28 matches live Papua New Guinea EM TV All 28 matches live United Kingdom BBC Sport All England matches live , Ireland , Wales and Scotland matches delayed and highlights from all 28 matches Premier Sports 27 Matches Live ( Delayed coverage of NZ v Tonga due to soccer match ) United States Fox Sports All USA matches and knockout matches live ; other Group Stage matches not broadcasted References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rugby League World Cup Overview '' . RUGBY LEAGUE PLANET . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilgallon , Steve ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` NZ prepares bid to co-host 2017 World Cup '' . The Sunday Star - Times . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australia , NZ to host 2017 World Cup '' . nrl.com . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa to face joint bid from Australia and New Zealand to host 2017 Rugby League World Cup '' . insidethegames.biz. 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia - NZ Rugby League World Cup bid progresses 3News , 21 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's shock bid to host World Cup '' . dailytelegraph.com.au. 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia and New Zealand unite to stage RLWC2017 '' . rlif.com. 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Brown resignation '' . NRL. 22 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Hill appointed CEO Rugby League World Cup 2017 '' . NRL. 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification details for 2017 '' . The RFL. 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RLWC2017 Match Officials Announced '' . RLWC2017.com. 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France to play Jamaica in Perpignan '' . rlif.com. 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England to play NRL Affiliated States in World Cup warm up '' . asiapacificrl.com. 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon to face Niue in World Cup warm up '' . asiapacificrl.com. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kangaroos to face Fiji and PNG in Suva '' . asiapacificrl.com. 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malta announce two Sydney internationals this October '' . asiapacificrl.com. 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea may host 2017 rugby league world cup matches '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ PNG Prime Minister Peter O'Neill keen to host Rugby League World Cup matches smh.com.au , 27 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea to co-host Rugby League World Cup in 2017 '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Australian Associated Press . 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rugby League World Cup 2017 draw : Every game , every venue '' . The Courier Mail . 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton to make history by hosting first ever rugby league tests in 2017 World Cup '' . stuff . stuff . 19 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venues for 2017 Rugby League World Cup to be announced at official launch on July 19 '' . inside the games . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://rlif.com/article/8247/statement-from-the-rlif-board-meeting---march-th - Jump up ^ http://www.rlwc2017.com/news/rlwc2017-announces-quarter-finals-draw Jump up ^ `` Sydney Snubbed At Rugby League World Cup '' . TRIPLE M. 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tonga vs Samoa : Security beefed up at rugby league match after street brawls '' . nzherald.co.nz. 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : ' Poorly organised ' -- Tongan Advisory Council member slams lack of foresight at Rugby League World Cup '' . tvnz.co.nz. 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RLWC 2017 : Three Scotland players including captain Danny Brough sent home from World Cup '' . foxsports.com.au. 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Eoin Connolly ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Channel Seven wins Rugby League World Cup TV rights '' . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fiji TV secures RLWC rights '' . rlwc2017.com. 14 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COUPE DU MONDE DE RUGBY XIII '' . beinsports.com . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BROADCAST '' . rlwc2017.com . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SKY SPORT OFFICIAL BROADCASTER -- NZ '' . rlwc2017.com. 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EM TV secures broadcasting rights '' . rlwc2017.com. 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby League World Cup 2017 : BBC TV , radio & online coverage '' . bbc.com. 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby League World Cup 2017 : results , fixtures , odds and how to watch on TV '' . theweek.co.uk. 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rugby league portal 2017 Rugby League World Cup General Men Festival of World Cups Qualifying Europe Europe play - off Asia - Pacific Americas Middle East - Africa Squads Women Women 's World Cup Squads Stages Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final Rugby League World Cup Tournaments 1954 1957 1960 1968 1970 1972 1977 1985 -- 88 1989 -- 92 1995 2000 2008 2013 2017 2021 2025 Finals 1954 1957 1960 1968 1970 1972 1977 1985 -- 88 1989 -- 92 1995 2000 2008 2013 2017 Qualifying 1954 1957 1960 1968 1970 1972 1977 1985 -- 88 1989 -- 92 1995 2000 2008 2013 2017 Squads 1954 1957 1960 1968 1970 1972 1977 1985 -- 88 1989 -- 92 1995 2000 2008 2013 2017 Related articles Festival of World Cups 2008 2013 2017 Tertiary Student World Cup Women 's World Cup Emerging Nations Tournament 1995 2000 2018 History Records Finals Trophy Hosts Venues Hat - tricks Try scorers Send offs Team appearances 2017 in rugby league `` 2016 2018 '' International Rugby League Competitions International rugby league in 2017 World Club Series Anzac Test Pacific Tests World Cup Festival Women 's Related articles RLIF Awards Rugby League World Golden Boot Award Rugby Football League Competitions Super League Results Super 8s Grand Final RFL Championship Results The Summer Bash League 1 Results Challenge Cup League 1 Cup Teams Castleford Tigers Catalans Dragons Huddersfield Giants Hull FC Leeds Rhinos Leigh Centurions Salford Red Devils St Helens Wakefield Wildcats Warrington Wolves Widnes Vikings Wigan Warriors Other Bradford Bulls London Broncos Toronto Wolfpack Related articles Man of Steel Awards Australian Rugby League Commission Competitions State of Origin Auckland Nines NRL season Results Finals Series Grand Final National Youth Competition Results State Championship Queensland Cup Intrust Super Premiership NSW Finals Ron Massey Cup By club Brisbane Broncos Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Canberra Raiders Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Gold Coast Titans Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights New Zealand Warriors North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers South Sydney Rabbitohs Sydney Roosters St. George Illawarra Dragons Wests Tigers Related articles All Stars match Dally M Awards Townsville Blackhawks Other Domestic competitions New Zealand France Papua New Guinea United States World championships in 2017 Summer sports American football ( women ) Archery Aquatics diving high diving open water swimming swimming synchronized swimming water polo Athletics cross country para Badminton Baseball ( men ) Basketball ( 3x3 ) Beach soccer Beach volleyball Bowls Boxing ( men ) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cricket ( women ) Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo - cross BMX Fencing Floorball ( women ) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Inline hockey Judo open Modern pentathlon Orienteering Rowing Rugby league men women Rugby union ( women ) Shotgun shooting Softball ( men ) Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy ( men ) Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles senior Figure skating Freestyle skiing / Snowboarding Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic skiing Speed skating allround sprint single distance short track Cue & mind sports Chess women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men women rapid / blitz Snooker six - red seniors Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross Motorcycle Grand Prix Rally Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup&oldid=810313588 '' Categories : 2017 Rugby League World Cup 2017 in Australian rugby league 2017 in New Zealand rugby league 2017 in Papua New Guinea rugby league 2017 in rugby league International rugby league competitions hosted by Papua New Guinea Rugby League World Cup Rugby League World Cups hosted by Australia Rugby League World Cups hosted by New Zealand October 2017 sports events in Oceania November 2017 sports events in Oceania December 2017 sports events in Oceania Current sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 14 : 23 . 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when do we celebrate the modern olympic games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques ) are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions . The Olympic Games are considered the world 's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating . The Olympic Games are held every four years , with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart .
every four years
Olympic Games
olympic games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques ) are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions . The Olympic Games are considered the world 's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating . The Olympic Games are held every four years , with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart .
Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority . The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games . Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for ice and winter sports , the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability , and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes . The Deaflympics and Special Olympics are also endorsed by the IOC . The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic , political , and technological advancements . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialisation of the Games . World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916 , 1940 , and 1944 Games . Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games . The latter , however , attracted 140 National Olympic Committees , which was a record at the time . The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations ( IFs ) , National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) , and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games . As the decision - making body , the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games , and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter . The IOC also determines the Olympic programme , consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games . There are several Olympic rituals and symbols , such as the Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies . Over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events . The first , second , and third - place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals : gold , silver , and bronze , respectively . The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented . This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies , including boycotts , doping , bribery , and a terrorist attack in 1972 . Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame . The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Olympics 2 Modern Games 2.1 Forerunners 2.2 Revival 2.3 1896 Games 2.4 Changes and adaptations 2.4. 1 Winter Games 2.4. 2 Paralympics 2.4. 3 Youth Games 2.5 21st - century games 2.6 Cost of the Games 2.7 Economic and social impact on host cities and countries 3 International Olympic Committee 3.1 Criticism 4 Commercialisation 4.1 Under national organising committees 4.2 Under IOC control 4.3 Budget 4.4 Effect of television 5 Symbols 6 Ceremonies 6.1 Opening 6.2 Closing 6.3 Medal presentation 7 Sports 7.1 Amateurism and professionalism 7.1. 1 Team Canada 8 Controversies 8.1 Boycotts 8.2 Politics 8.3 Use of performance - enhancing drugs 8.3. 1 Russian doping scandal 8.4 Sex discrimination 8.5 Terrorism and violence 8.6 Colonialism 9 Citizenship 9.1 IOC rules for citizenship 9.2 Reasons for changing citizenship 9.3 Citizenship changes and disputes 10 Champions and medallists 11 Nations 11.1 Nations at the Summer Olympics 11.2 Nations at the Winter Olympics 11.3 Host nations and cities 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Ancient Olympics Main article : Ancient Olympic Games Stadium in Olympia , Greece The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia , Greece . Competition was among representatives of several city - states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece . These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration , horse and chariot racing events . It has been widely written that during the Games , all conflicts among the participating city - states were postponed until the Games were finished . This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce . This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars . The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus . The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend ; one of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games . According to legend , it was Heracles who first called the Games `` Olympic '' and established the custom of holding them every four years . The myth continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labours , he built the Olympic Stadium as an honour to Zeus . Following its completion , he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a `` stadion '' ( Greek : στάδιον , Latin : stadium , `` stage '' ) , which later became a unit of distance . The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC ; this is based on inscriptions , found at Olympia , listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC . The Ancient Games featured running events , a pentathlon ( consisting of a jumping event , discus and javelin throws , a foot race , and wrestling ) , boxing , wrestling , pankration , and equestrian events . Tradition has it that Coroebus , a cook from the city of Elis , was the first Olympic champion . The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance , featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honouring both Zeus ( whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia ) and Pelops , divine hero and mythical king of Olympia . Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis . The winners of the events were admired and immortalised in poems and statues . The Games were held every four years , and this period , known as an Olympiad , was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement . The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games , which included the Pythian Games , the Nemean Games , and the Isthmian Games . The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC , but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece . While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended , the most commonly held date is 393 AD , when the emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated . Another date commonly cited is 426 AD , when his successor , Theodosius II , ordered the destruction of all Greek temples . Modern Games See also : List of Olympic Games host cities Forerunners Baron Pierre de Coubertin Various uses of the term `` Olympic '' to describe athletic events in the modern era have been documented since the 17th century . The first such event was the Cotswold Games or `` Cotswold Olimpick Games '' , an annual meeting near Chipping Campden , England , involving various sports . It was first organised by the lawyer Robert Dover between 1612 and 1642 , with several later celebrations leading up to the present day . The British Olympic Association , in its bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in London , mentioned these games as `` the first stirrings of Britain 's Olympic beginnings '' . L'Olympiade de la République , a national Olympic festival held annually from 1796 to 1798 in Revolutionary France also attempted to emulate the ancient Olympic Games . The competition included several disciplines from the ancient Greek Olympics . The 1796 Games also marked the introduction of the metric system into sport . In 1850 an Olympian Class was started by William Penny Brookes at Much Wenlock , in Shropshire , England . In 1859 , Brookes changed the name to the Wenlock Olympian Games . This annual sports festival continues to this day . The Wenlock Olympian Society was founded by Brookes on 15 November 1860 . Between 1862 and 1867 , Liverpool held an annual Grand Olympic Festival . Devised by John Hulley and Charles Melly , these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook , although only ' gentlemen amateurs ' could compete . The programme of the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics . In 1865 Hulley , Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool , a forerunner of the British Olympic Association . Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the International Olympic Charter . In 1866 , a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organised at London 's Crystal Palace . Revival Postage stamp from the first Greek Olympic stamp set Greek interest in reviving the Olympic Games began with the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821 . It was first proposed by poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem `` Dialogue of the Dead '' , published in 1833 . Evangelos Zappas , a wealthy Greek - Romanian philanthropist , first wrote to King Otto of Greece , in 1856 , offering to fund a permanent revival of the Olympic Games . Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859 , which was held in an Athens city square . Athletes participated from Greece and the Ottoman Empire . Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient Panathenaic Stadium so that it could host all future Olympic Games . The stadium hosted Olympics in 1870 and 1875 . Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1870 , though no official attendance records are available for the 1875 Games . In 1890 , after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock Olympian Society , Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired to found the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four years . He presented these ideas during the first Olympic Congress of the newly created International Olympic Committee . This meeting was held from 16 to 23 June 1894 , at the University of Paris . On the last day of the Congress , it was decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC would take place in Athens in 1896 . The IOC elected the Greek writer Demetrius Vikelas as its first president . 1896 Games Main article : 1896 Summer Olympics Opening ceremony in the Panathinaiko Stadium The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens in 1896 . The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events . Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games . This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games . George Averoff contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games . The Greek government also provided funding , which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set . Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games . This feeling was shared by many of the athletes , who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city . The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world . The second Olympics was held in Paris . Changes and adaptations Main article : Summer Olympic Games After the success of the 1896 Games , the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival . The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904 were side shows . The Games in Paris did not have a stadium , but were notable for being the first time women took part in the Games . When the St. Louis Games were celebrated roughly 650 athletes participated , but 580 were from the United States . The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement . The Games rebounded when the 1906 Intercalated Games ( so - called because they were the second Games held within the third Olympiad ) were held in Athens . These Games were , but are not now , officially recognised by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since . The Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated great public interest . This marked the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and the size of the Olympics . Winter Games Main article : Winter Olympic Games Ice hockey game during the 1928 Winter Olympics at St. Moritz The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games . Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics . The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities . At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne , it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games . A winter sports week ( it was actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France , in connection with the Paris Games held three months later ; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games . Although it was intended that the same country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year , this idea was quickly abandoned . The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart . This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France ; after that , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held every four years , two years after each Summer Olympics . Paralympics Main article : Paralympic Games 1964 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo In 1948 , Sir Ludwig Guttmann , determined to promote the rehabitation of soldiers after World War II , organised a multi-sport event between several hospitals to coincide with the 1948 London Olympics . Guttmann 's event , known then as the Stoke Mandeville Games , became an annual sports festival . Over the next twelve years , Guttmann and others continued their efforts to use sports as an avenue to healing . For the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome , Guttmann brought 400 athletes to compete in the `` Parallel Olympics '' , which became known as the first Paralympics . Since then , the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year . Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics . In 2001 the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) signed an agreement guaranteeing that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games . The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing , and the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver . Chairman of the London organising committee , Lord Coe , said about the 2012 Summer Paralympics and Olympics in London that , We want to change public attitudes towards disability , celebrate the excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the two Games are an integrated whole . Youth Games Main article : Youth Olympic Games In 2010 , the Olympic Games were complemented by the Youth Games , which give athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to compete . The Youth Olympic Games were conceived by IOC president Jacques Rogge in 2001 and approved during the 119th Congress of the IOC . The first Summer Youth Games were held in Singapore from 14 -- 26 August 2010 , while the inaugural Winter Games were hosted in Innsbruck , Austria , two years later . These Games will be shorter than the senior Games ; the summer version will last twelve days , while the winter version will last nine days . The IOC allows 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the Summer Youth Games , and 970 athletes and 580 officials at the Winter Youth Games . The sports to be contested will coincide with those scheduled for the senior Games , however there will be variations on the sports including mixed NOC and mixed gender teams as well as a reduced number of disciplines and events . 21st - century Games From 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896 , the Games have grown to about 10,500 competitors from 204 nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller . For example , Sochi hosted 2,873 athletes from 88 nations competing in 98 events during the 2014 Winter Olympics . During the Games most athletes and officials are housed in the Olympic Village . This village is intended to be a self - contained home for all the Olympic participants , and is furnished with cafeterias , health clinics , and locations for religious expression . The IOC allowed the formation of National Olympic Committees representing nations that did not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organisations demand . As a result , colonies and dependencies are permitted to compete at Olympic Games . Examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico , Bermuda , and Hong Kong , all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country . The current version of the Charter allows for the establishment of new National Olympic Committees to represent nations which qualify as `` an independent State recognised by the international community '' . Therefore , it did not allow the formation of National Olympic Committees for Sint Maarten and Curaçao when they gained the same constitutional status as Aruba in 2010 , although the IOC had recognised the Aruban Olympic Committee in 1986 . After 2012 , Netherlands Antilles athletes can choose to represent either the Netherlands or Aruba . Cost of the Games The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 found that sports - related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion . This does not include wider infrastructure costs like roads , urban rail , and airports , which often cost as much or more than the sports - related costs . The most expensive Summer Games are Beijing at USD 40 - 44 billion and the most expensive Winter Games are Sochi 2014 at USD 51 billion . Costs per athlete is on average USD 0.6 million for the Summer Games and USD 1.3 million for the Winter Games . For London 2012 , cost per athlete was USD 1.4 million ; for Sochi 2014 , USD 7.9 million . Where ambitious construction for the 1976 games in Montreal and 1980 games in Moscow had saddled organisers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues , Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses by using existing facilities except a swim stadium and a velodrome that were paid for by corporate sponsors . The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote youth sports in Southern California , educate coaches and maintain a sports library . The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics . Budget overruns are common for the Games . Average overrun for Games since 1960 is 156 % in real terms , which means that actual costs turned out to be on average 2.56 times higher than the budget that was estimated at the time of winning the bid to host the Games . Montreal 1976 had the highest cost overrun for Summer Games , and for any Games , at 720 % ; Lake Placid 1980 had the highest cost overrun for Winter Games , at 324 % . London 2012 had a cost overrun of 76 % , Sochi 2014 of 289 % . Economic and Social Impact on host cities and countries Many economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games , emphasising that such `` mega-events '' often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run . Conversely hosting ( or even bidding for ) the Olympics appears to increase the host country 's exports , as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games . Moreover , research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city , which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector . This positive effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards , although not permanently . This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society . The Games have also had significant negative effects on host communities ; for example , the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades , often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic Games in history , costing in excess of US $50 billion . According to a report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development that was released at the time of the games , this cost will not boost Russia 's national economy , but may attract business to Sochi and the southern Krasnodar region of Russia in the future as a result of improved services . But by December 2014 , The Guardian stated that Sochi `` now feels like a ghost town '' , citing the spread - out nature of the stadiums and arenas , the still - unfinished construction , and the overall effects Russia 's political and economic turmoil . Furthermore , at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics , citing the high costs or the lack of local support , resulting in only a two - city race between Almaty , Kazakhstan and Beijing , China . Thus in July 2016 , The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them . International Olympic Committee Main article : International Olympic Committee I.O.C. headquarters at Lausanne The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations , recognised media partners , as well as athletes , officials , judges , and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter . As the umbrella organisation of the Olympic Movement , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is responsible for selecting the host city , overseeing the planning of the Olympic Games , updating and approving the sports program , and negotiating sponsorship and broadcasting rights . The Olympic Movement is made of three major elements : International Federations ( IFs ) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level . For example , the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) is the IF for association football , and the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball is the international governing body for volleyball . There are currently 35 IFs in the Olympic Movement , representing each of the Olympic sports . National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) represent and regulate the Olympic Movement within each country . For example , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the NOC of the United States . There are currently 205 NOCs recognised by the IOC . Organising Committees for the Olympic Games ( OCOGs ) are temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each Olympic Games . OCOGs are dissolved after each Games once the final report is delivered to the IOC . French and English are the official languages of the Olympic Movement . The other language used at each Olympic Games is the language of the host country ( or languages , if a country has more than one official language apart from French or English ) . Every proclamation ( such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony ) is spoken in these three ( or more ) languages , or the main two depending on whether the host country is an English or French speaking country . Criticism The IOC has often been criticised for being an intractable organisation , with several members on the committee for life . The presidential terms of Avery Brundage and Juan Antonio Samaranch were especially controversial . Brundage was president for over 20 years , and during his tenure he protected the Olympics from political involvement and the influence of advertising . He was accused of both racism , for resisting exclusion of apartheid South Africa , and antisemitism . Under the Samaranch presidency , the office was accused of both nepotism and corruption . Samaranch 's ties with the Franco regime in Spain were also a source of criticism . In 1998 , it was reported that several IOC members had taken bribes from members of the Salt Lake City bid committee for the hosting of the 2002 Winter Olympics . The IOC pursued an investigation which led to the resignation of four members and expulsion of six others . The scandal set off further reforms that changed the way host cities were selected , to avoid similar cases in the future . The 1999 , it was reported that the Nagano Olympic bid committee had spent approximately $14 million to entertain the 62 IOC members and many of their companions . The precise figures are unknown since Nagano , after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public , destroyed the financial records . A BBC documentary entitled Panorama : Buying the Games , aired in August 2004 , investigated the taking of bribes in the bidding process for the 2012 Summer Olympics . The documentary claimed it was possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city . After being narrowly defeated in their bid for the 2012 Summer Games , Parisian mayor Bertrand Delanoë specifically accused the British prime minister Tony Blair and the London Bid Committee ( headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe ) of breaking the bid rules . He cited French president Jacques Chirac as a witness ; Chirac gave guarded interviews regarding his involvement . The allegation was never fully explored . The Turin bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics was also shrouded in controversy . A prominent IOC member , Marc Hodler , strongly connected with the rival bid of Sion , Switzerland , alleged bribery of IOC officials by members of the Turin Organising Committee . These accusations led to a wide - ranging investigation . The allegations also served to sour many IOC members against Sion 's bid and potentially helped Turin to capture the host city nomination . In July 2012 , the Anti-Defamation League called the continued refusal by the International Olympic Committee to hold a moment of silence at the opening ceremony for the eleven Israeli athletes killed by Palestinian terrorists at the 1972 Munich Olympics , `` a continuing stubborn insensitivity and callousness to the memory of the murdered Israeli athletes . '' Commercialisation See also : Cost of the Olympic Games Under national organising Committees The Olympics have been commercialised to various degrees since the initial 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , when a number of companies paid for advertising , including Kodak . In 1908 , Oxo , Odol mouthwash and Indian Foot Powder became official sponsors of the London Olympic Games . Coca - Cola sponsored the 1928 Summer Olympics , and has subsequently remained a sponsor to the current time . Before the IOC took control of sponsorship , national organising committees were responsible for negotiating their own contracts for sponsorship and the use of the Olympic symbols . Under IOC control The IOC originally resisted funding by corporate sponsors . It was not until the retirement of IOC president Avery Brundage , in 1972 , that the IOC began to explore the potential of the television medium and the lucrative advertising markets available to them . Under the leadership of Juan Antonio Samaranch the Games began to shift toward international sponsors who sought to link their products to the Olympic brand . Budget During the first half of the 20th century the IOC ran on a small budget . As president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , Avery Brundage rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interest . Brundage believed the lobby of corporate interests would unduly impact the IOC 's decision - making . Brundage 's resistance to this revenue stream meant the IOC left organising committees to negotiate their own sponsorship contracts and use the Olympic symbols . When Brundage retired the IOC had US $2 million in assets ; eight years later the IOC coffers had swelled to US $45 million . This was primarily due to a shift in ideology toward expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights . When Juan Antonio Samaranch was elected IOC president in 1980 his desire was to make the IOC financially independent . The 1984 Summer Olympics became a watershed moment in Olympic history . The Los Angeles - based organising committee , led by Peter Ueberroth , was able to generate a surplus of US $225 million , which was an unprecedented amount at that time . The organising committee had been able to create such a surplus in part by selling exclusive sponsorship rights to select companies . The IOC sought to gain control of these sponsorship rights . Samaranch helped to establish The Olympic Programme ( TOP ) in 1985 , in order to create an Olympic brand . Membership in TOP was , and is , very exclusive and expensive . Fees cost US $50 million for a four - year membership . Members of TOP received exclusive global advertising rights for their product category , and use of the Olympic symbol , the interlocking rings , in their publications and advertisements . Effect of television A cartoon from the 1936 Olympics imagines the year 2000 when spectators will have been replaced by television and radio , their cheers coming from loudspeakers . The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin were the first Games to be broadcast on television , though only to local audiences . The 1956 Winter Olympics were the first internationally televised Olympic Games , and the following Winter Games had their broadcasting rights sold for the first time to specialised television broadcasting networks -- CBS paid US $394,000 for the American rights , and the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) allocated US $660,000 . In the following decades the Olympics became one of the ideological fronts of the Cold War . Superpowers jockeyed for political supremacy , and the IOC wanted to take advantage of this heightened interest via the broadcast medium . The sale of broadcast rights enabled the IOC to increase the exposure of the Olympic Games , thereby generating more interest , which in turn created more appeal to advertisers time on television . This cycle allowed the IOC to charge ever - increasing fees for those rights . For example , CBS paid US $375 million for the American broadcast rights of the 1998 Nagano Games , while NBC spent US $3.5 billion for the American rights of all the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2012 . Viewership increased exponentially from the 1960s until the end of the century . This was due to the use of satellites to broadcast live television worldwide in 1964 , and the introduction of colour television in 1968 . Global audience estimates for the 1968 Mexico City Games was 600 million , whereas at the Los Angeles Games of 1984 , the audience numbers had increased to 900 million ; that number swelled to 3.5 billion by the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . However , at the 2000 Summer Games in Sydney , NBC drew the lowest U.S. ratings for any Summer or Winter Olympics since 1968 . This was attributed to two factors : one was the increased competition from cable channels , the second was the internet , which was able to display results and video in real time . Television companies were still relying on tape - delayed content , which was becoming outdated in the information era . A drop in ratings meant that television studios had to give away free advertising time . With such high costs charged to broadcast the Games , the added pressure of the internet , and increased competition from cable , the television lobby demanded concessions from the IOC to boost ratings . The IOC responded by making a number of changes to the Olympic program . At the Summer Games , the gymnastics competition was expanded from seven to nine nights , and a Champions Gala was added to draw greater interest . The IOC also expanded the swimming and diving programs , both popular sports with a broad base of television viewers . Finally , the American television lobby , namely NBC , was able to dictate when certain events were held so that they could be broadcast live during prime time in the United States . The results of these efforts were mixed : ratings for the 2006 Winter Games were significantly lower than those for the 2002 Games , while there was a sharp increase in viewership for the 2008 Summer Olympics , and the 2012 Summer Games became the most watched event in US television history . The sale of the Olympic brand has been controversial . The argument is that the Games have become indistinguishable from any other commercialised sporting spectacle . Specific criticism was levelled at the IOC for market saturation during the 1996 Atlanta and 2000 Sydney Games . The cities were awash in corporations and merchants attempting to sell Olympic - related wares . The IOC indicated that they would address this to prevent spectacles of over-marketing at future Games . Another criticism is that the Games are funded by host cities and national governments ; the IOC incurs none of the cost , yet controls all the rights and profits from the Olympic symbols . The IOC also takes a percentage of all sponsorship and broadcast income . Host cities continue to compete ardently for the right to host the Games , even though there is no certainty that they will earn back their investments . Research has shown that trade is around 30 percent higher for countries that have hosted the Olympics . Symbols Main article : Olympic symbols The Olympic flag The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter . The Olympic symbol , better known as the Olympic rings , consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents ( Africa , America , Asia , Australia and Europe ) . The coloured version of the rings -- blue , yellow , black , green , and red -- over a white field forms the Olympic flag . These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag . The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , Belgium . It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games . The Olympic motto , Citius , Altius , Fortius , a Latin expression meaning `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924 . The motto was coined by Coubertin 's friend , the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP , for a Paris youth gathering of 1891 . Coubertin 's Olympic ideals are expressed in the Olympic creed : The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part , just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle . The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well . Months before each Games , the Olympic Flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals . A female performer , acting as a priestess , ignites a torch by placing it inside a parabolic mirror which focuses the sun 's rays ; she then lights the torch of the first relay bearer , thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city 's Olympic stadium , where it plays an important role in the opening ceremony . Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928 , the torch relay was only introduced at the 1936 Summer Games to promote the Third Reich . The Olympic mascot , an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country , was introduced in 1968 . It has played an important part of the Games ' identity promotion since the 1980 Summer Olympics , when the Russian bear cub Misha reached international stardom . The mascot of the Summer Olympics in London was named Wenlock after the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire . Much Wenlock still hosts the Wenlock Olympian Games , which were an inspiration to Pierre de Coubertin for the Olympic Games . Ceremonies Main article : Olympic Games ceremony Opening Opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London As mandated by the Olympic Charter , various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games . This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred . Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp . The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country 's flag and a performance of its national anthem . The host nation then presents artistic displays of music , singing , dance , and theatre representative of its culture . The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor 's in terms of memorability . The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million , with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment . After the artistic portion of the ceremony , the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation . Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honour the origins of the Olympics . Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country 's chosen language , with the host country 's athletes being the last to enter . During the 2004 Summer Olympics , which was hosted in Athens , Greece , the Greek flag entered the stadium first , while the Greek delegation entered last . Speeches are given , formally opening the Games . Finally , the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier , often a successful Olympic athlete from the host nation , who lights the Olympic flame in the stadium 's cauldron . Closing Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded . Flag - bearers from each participating country enter the stadium , followed by the athletes who enter together , without any national distinction . Three national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played : the flag of the current host country ; the flag of Greece , to honour the birthplace of the Olympic Games ; and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games . The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches , the Games are officially closed , and the Olympic flame is extinguished . In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC , who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games . The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture . As is customary , the men 's marathon medals ( at the Summer Olympics ) or the men 's 50 km cross-country skiing freestyle mass start medals ( at the Winter Olympics ) are presented as part of the Closing Ceremony , which take place later that day , in the Olympic Stadium , and are thus the last medal presentation of the Games . Medal presentation Medal ceremony with the Danish flag , the Union Jack of the United Kingdom , and the New Zealand flag from left to right during the 2008 Summer Olympics A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event is concluded . The winner , second and third - place competitors or teams stand on top of a three - tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals . After the medals are given out by an IOC member , the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medallist 's country plays . Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies , as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag - bearers . Sports Main article : Olympic sports The Olympic Games programme consists of 35 sports , 30 disciplines and 408 events . For example , wrestling is a Summer Olympic sport , comprising two disciplines : Greco - Roman and Freestyle . It is further broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women , each representing a different weight class . The Summer Olympics programme includes 26 sports , while the Winter Olympics programme features 15 sports . Athletics , swimming , fencing , and artistic gymnastics are the only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic programme . Cross-country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , ski jumping , and speed skating have been featured at every Winter Olympics programme since its inception in 1924 . Current Olympic sports , like badminton , basketball , and volleyball , first appeared on the programme as demonstration sports , and were later promoted to full Olympic sports . Some sports that were featured in earlier Games were later dropped from the programme . Olympic sports are governed by international sports federations ( IFs ) recognised by the IOC as the global supervisors of those sports . There are 35 federations represented at the IOC . There are sports recognised by the IOC that are not included on the Olympic program . These sports are not considered Olympic sports , but they can be promoted to this status during a programme revision that occurs in the first IOC session following a celebration of the Olympic Games . During such revisions , sports can be excluded or included in the programme on the basis of a two - thirds majority vote of the members of the IOC . There are recognised sports that have never been on an Olympic programme in any capacity , including chess and surfing . In October and November 2004 , the IOC established an Olympic Programme Commission , which was tasked with reviewing the sports on the Olympic programme and all non-Olympic recognised sports . The goal was to apply a systematic approach to establishing the Olympic programme for each celebration of the Games . The commission formulated seven criteria to judge whether a sport should be included on the Olympic programme . These criteria are history and tradition of the sport , universality , popularity of the sport , image , athletes ' health , development of the International Federation that governs the sport , and costs of holding the sport . From this study five recognised sports emerged as candidates for inclusion at the 2012 Summer Olympics : golf , karate , rugby union , roller sports and squash . These sports were reviewed by the IOC Executive Board and then referred to the General Session in Singapore in July 2005 . Of the five sports recommended for inclusion only two were selected as finalists : karate and squash . Neither sport attained the required two - thirds vote and consequently they were not promoted to the Olympic programme . In October 2009 the IOC voted to instate golf and rugby union as Olympic sports for the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympic Games . The 114th IOC Session , in 2002 , limited the Summer Games programme to a maximum of 28 sports , 301 events , and 10,500 athletes . Three years later , at the 117th IOC Session , the first major programme revision was performed , which resulted in the exclusion of baseball and softball from the official programme of the 2012 London Games . Since there was no agreement in the promotion of two other sports , the 2012 programme featured just 26 sports . The 2016 and 2020 Games will return to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition of rugby and golf . Amateurism and professionalism Further information : Amateur sports Professional NHL players were allowed to participate in ice hockey starting in 1998 ( 1998 Gold medal game between Russia and the Czech Republic pictured ) . The ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public school greatly influenced Pierre de Coubertin . The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education , an attitude summed up in the saying mens sana in corpore sano , a sound mind in a sound body . In this ethos , a gentleman was one who became an all - rounder , not the best at one specific thing . There was also a prevailing concept of fairness , in which practising or training was considered tantamount to cheating . Those who practised a sport professionally were considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby . The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . Swiss and Austrian skiers boycotted the 1936 Winter Olympics in support of their skiing teachers , who were not allowed to compete because they earned money with their sport and were thus considered professionals . As class structure evolved through the 20th century , the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . Beginning in the 1970s , amateurism requirements were gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter . After the 1988 Games , the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics , subject to the approval of the IFs . Team Canada Near the end of the 1960s , the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team 's full - time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams . They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC . Avery Brundage , president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together . At the IIHF Congress in 1969 , the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey 's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made . In response , Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until `` open competition '' was instituted . Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA . In 1976 , the IIHF agreed to allow `` open competition '' between all players in the World Championships . However , NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics until 1988 , because of the IOC 's amateur - only policy . Controversies Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies Boycotts Main article : List of Olympic Games boycotts Countries boycotting the 1956 Games are shaded blue 1964 Summer Olympics boycotting countries are shaded red Countries boycotting the 1976 Games are shaded blue Countries boycotting the 1980 Games are shaded blue Countries boycotting the 1984 Games are shaded blue Countries boycotting the 1988 Games are shaded blue Greece , Australia , France , and United Kingdom are the only countries to be represented at every Olympic Games since their inception in 1896 . While countries sometimes miss an Olympics due to a lack of qualified athletes , some choose to boycott a celebration of the Games for various reasons . The Olympic Council of Ireland boycotted the 1936 Berlin Games , because the IOC insisted its team needed to be restricted to the Irish Free State rather than representing the entire island of Ireland . There were three boycotts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics : the Netherlands , Spain , and Switzerland refused to attend because of the repression of the Hungarian uprising by the Soviet Union , but did send an equestrian delegation to Stockholm ; Cambodia , Egypt , Iraq , and Lebanon boycotted the Games because of the Suez Crisis ; and China ( the `` People 's Republic of China '' ) boycotted the Games because Taiwan was allowed to compete in the Games as the `` Republic of China '' . In 1972 and 1976 a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a boycott to force them to ban South Africa and Rhodesia , because of their segregationist regimes . New Zealand was also one of the African boycott targets , because its national rugby union team had toured apartheid - ruled South Africa . The IOC conceded in the first two cases , but refused to ban New Zealand on the grounds that rugby was not an Olympic sport . Fulfilling their threat , twenty African countries were joined by Guyana and Iraq in a withdrawal from the Montreal Games , after a few of their athletes had already competed . Taiwan also decided to boycott these Games because the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) exerted pressure on the Montreal organising committee to keep the delegation from the Republic of China ( ROC ) from competing under that name . The ROC refused a proposed compromise that would have still allowed them to use the ROC flag and anthem as long as the name was changed . Taiwan did not participate again until 1984 , when it returned under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem . In 1980 and 1984 , the Cold War opponents boycotted each other 's Games . The United States and sixty - five other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . This boycott reduced the number of nations participating to 80 , the lowest number since 1956 . The Soviet Union and 15 other nations countered by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984 , contending that they could not guarantee the safety of their athletes . Although a boycott led by the Soviet Union depleted the field in certain sports , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The fact that Romania , a Warsaw Pact country , opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States . When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies , they received a standing ovation from the spectators , which comprised mostly U.S. citizens . The boycotting nations of the Eastern Bloc staged their own alternate event , the Friendship Games , in July and August . There had been growing calls for boycotts of Chinese goods and the 2008 Olympics in Beijing in protest of China 's human rights record , and in response to Tibetan disturbances . Ultimately , no nation supported a boycott . In August 2008 , the government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics , set to be held in Sochi , Russia , in response to Russia 's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia war . Politics Jesse Owens on the podium after winning the long jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception . Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace - loving when they hosted the 1936 Games , though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority . Germany was the most successful nation at the Games , which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy , but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens , who won four gold medals , and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák , blunted the message . The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Instead , starting in 1928 , the Soviets organised an international sports event called Spartakiads . During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s , communist and socialist organisations in several countries , including the United States , attempted to counter what they called the `` bourgeois '' Olympics with the Workers Olympics . It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and , in doing so , took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics . Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda . At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , two American track and field athletes , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , who finished first and third in the 200 metres , performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand . The second - place finisher , Peter Norman of Australia , wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge in support of Smith and Carlos . In response to the protest , IOC president Avery Brundage told the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) to either send the two athletes home or withdraw the track and field team . The USOC opted for the former . During the same Olympics , Czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská announced her protest to the Soviet - led invasion of her home country after controversially receiving Silver on the Beam and a shared Gold on the Floor . During the Soviet anthem , Čáslavská turned her head down and to the right of the Soviet flag in order to make a statement over the invasion and the Soviet influence of the sport of Gymnastics . Returning home , Čáslavská was made an outcast by the Soviet government and was banned from competition and travelling . Currently , the government of Iran has taken steps to avoid any competition between its athletes and those from Israel . An Iranian judoka , Arash Miresmaeili , did not compete in a match against an Israeli during the 2004 Summer Olympics . Although he was officially disqualified for being overweight , Miresmaeli was awarded US $125,000 in prize money by the Iranian government , an amount paid to all Iranian gold medal winners . He was officially cleared of intentionally avoiding the bout , but his receipt of the prize money raised suspicion . Use of performance - enhancing drugs Main article : Use of performance - enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games Thomas Hicks running the marathon at the 1904 Summer Olympics In the early 20th century , many Olympic athletes began using drugs to improve their athletic abilities . For example , in 1904 , Thomas Hicks , a gold medallist in the marathon , was given strychnine by his coach . The only Olympic death linked to performance enhancing occurred at the 1960 Rome games . A Danish cyclist , Knud Enemark Jensen , fell from his bicycle and later died . A coroner 's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamines . By the mid-1960s , sports federations started to ban the use of performance - enhancing drugs ; in 1967 the IOC followed suit . According to British journalist Andrew Jennings , a KGB colonel stated that the agency 's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were `` rescued with ( these ) tremendous efforts '' . On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics , a 1989 Australian study said `` There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games , certainly not a gold medal winner , who is not on one sort of drug or another : usually several kinds . The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists ' Games . '' Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union 's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . Dated prior to the country 's decision to boycott the Games , the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program , along with suggestions for further enhancements . The communication , directed to the Soviet Union 's head of track and field , was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture . Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics . The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance - enhancing drugs was Hans - Gunnar Liljenwall , a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics , who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use . One of the most publicised doping - related disqualifications occurred after the 1988 Summer Olympics where Canadian sprinter , Ben Johnson ( who won the 100 - metre dash ) tested positive for stanozolol . His gold medal was later stripped and awarded to the American runner - up Carl Lewis , who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics . In 1999 the IOC formed the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in an effort to systematise the research and detection of performance - enhancing drugs . There was a sharp increase in positive drug tests at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics . Several medallists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified because of doping offences . During the 2006 Winter Olympics , only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked . The IOC - established drug testing regimen ( now known as the Olympic Standard ) has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate . During the Beijing games , 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency . Both urine and blood tests were used to detect banned substances . Several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games ; only three athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing . In London over 6,000 Olympic and Paralympic athletes were tested . Prior to the Games 107 athletes tested positive for banned substances and were not allowed to compete . During and after the Games eight athletes tested positive for a banned substance and were suspended , including shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk , who was stripped of her gold medal . Russian doping scandal Further information : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics § Russian doping scandal , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and Oswald Commission Russia has been partially banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics and completely banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics due to the state - sponsored doping program . Sex discrimination Main article : Women at the Olympics Charlotte Cooper of the United Kingdom , first woman Olympic champion , in the 1900 Games Women were first allowed to compete at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , but at the 1992 Summer Olympics 35 countries were still fielding all - male delegations . This number dropped rapidly over the following years . In 2000 , Bahrain sent two women competitors for the first time : Fatema Hameed Gerashi and Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli . In 2004 , Robina Muqimyar and Fariba Rezayee became the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics . In 2008 , the United Arab Emirates sent female athletes ( Maitha Al Maktoum competed in taekwondo , and Latifa Al Maktoum in equestrian ) to the Olympic Games for the first time . Both athletes were from Dubai 's ruling family . By 2010 , only three countries had never sent female athletes to the Games : Brunei , Saudi Arabia , and Qatar . Brunei had taken part in only three celebrations of the Games , sending a single athlete on each occasion , but Saudi Arabia and Qatar had been competing regularly with all - male teams . In 2010 , the International Olympic Committee announced it would `` press '' these countries to enable and facilitate the participation of women for the 2012 Summer Olympics . Anita DeFrantz , chair of the IOC 's Women and Sports Commission , suggested that countries be barred if they prevented women from competing . Shortly thereafter , the Qatar Olympic Committee announced that it `` hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing '' to the 2012 Summer Games in London . In 2008 , Ali Al - Ahmed , director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs , likewise called for Saudi Arabia to be barred from the Games , describing its ban on women athletes as a violation of the International Olympic Committee charter . He noted : `` For the last 15 years , many international nongovernmental organisations worldwide have been trying to lobby the IOC for better enforcement of its own laws banning gender discrimination ... While their efforts did result in increasing numbers of women Olympians , the IOC has been reluctant to take a strong position and threaten the discriminating countries with suspension or expulsion . '' In July 2010 , The Independent reported : `` Pressure is growing on the International Olympic Committee to kick out Saudi Arabia , who are likely to be the only major nation not to include women in their Olympic team for 2012 ... Should Saudi Arabia ... send a male - only team to London , we understand they will face protests from equal rights and women 's groups which threaten to disrupt the Games '' . At the 2012 Olympic Games in London , Great Britain , for the first time in Olympic history , every country competing included female athletes . Saudi Arabia included two female athletes in its delegation ; Qatar , four ; and Brunei , one ( Maziah Mahusin , in the 400m hurdles ) . Qatar made one of its first female Olympians , Bahiya al - Hamad ( shooting ) , its flagbearer at the 2012 Games , and runner Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain became the first Gulf female athlete to win a medal when she won a bronze for her showing in the 1500 m race . The only sport on the Olympic programme that features men and women competing together is the equestrian disciplines . There is no `` Women 's Eventing '' , or ' Men 's Dressage ' . As of 2008 , there were still more medal events for men than women . With the addition of women 's boxing to the programme in the 2012 Summer Olympics , however , female athletes were able to compete in all the same sports as men . In the winter Olympics , women are still unable to compete in the Nordic Combined . There are currently two Olympic events in which male athletes may not compete : synchronised swimming and rhythmic gymnastics . Terrorism and violence Three Olympiads had to pass without a celebration of the Games because of war : the 1916 Games were cancelled because of World War I , and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II . The Russo - Georgian War between Georgia and Russia erupted on the opening day of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Both President Bush and Prime Minister Putin were attending the Olympics at that time and spoke together about the conflict at a luncheon hosted by Chinese president Hu Jintao . When Nino Salukvadze of Georgia won the bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol competition , she stood on the medal podium with Natalia Paderina , a Russian shooter who had won the silver . In what became a much - publicised event from the Beijing Games , Salukvadze and Paderina embraced on the podium after the ceremony had ended . Terrorism most directly affected the Olympic Games in 1972 . When the Summer Games were held in Munich , Germany , eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September in what is now known as the Munich massacre . The terrorists killed two of the athletes soon after they had taken them hostage and killed the other nine during a failed liberation attempt . A German police officer and five terrorists also perished . Terrorism affected the last two Olympic Games held in the United States . During the Summer Olympics in 1996 in Atlanta , Georgia , a bomb was detonated at the Centennial Olympic Park , which killed two and injured 111 others . The bomb was set by Eric Rudolph , an American domestic terrorist , who is currently serving a life sentence for the bombing . The 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , took place just five months after the September 11 attacks , which meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for an Olympic Games . The opening ceremonies of the Games featured symbols of the day 's events . They included the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . The events of that day have made security at the Olympic Games an increasing concern for Olympic planners . Colonialism Main article : Colonialism and the Olympic Games The Olympic Games have been criticised as upholding ( and in some cases increasing ) the colonial policies and practices of some host nations and cities either in the name of the Olympics by associated parties or directly by official Olympic bodies , such as the International Olympic Committee , host organising committees and official sponsors . Critics have argued that the Olympics have engaged in or caused erroneous anthropological and colonial knowledge production , erasure , commodification and appropriation of indigenous ceremonies and symbolism , theft and inappropriate display of indigenous objects , further encroachment on and support of the theft of indigenous lands , and neglect and / or intensification of poor social conditions for indigenous peoples . Such practices have been observed at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis , Missouri ; the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec ; the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta ; and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia . Citizenship IOC rules for citizenship The Olympic Charter requires that an athlete be a national of the country for which they compete . Dual nationals may compete for either country , as long as three years have passed since the competitor competed for the former country . However , if the NOCs and IF involved agree , then the IOC Executive Board may reduce or cancel this period . This waiting period exists only for athletes who previously competed for one nation and want to compete for another . If an athlete gains a new or second nationality , then they do not need to wait any designated amount of time before participating for the new or second nation . The IOC is only concerned with issues of citizenship and nationality after individual nations have granted citizenship to athletes . Reasons for changing citizenship Athletes will sometimes become citizens of a different nation so they are able to compete in the Olympics . This is often because they are drawn to sponsorships or training facilities in such places as the United States . It could also be because an athlete is unable to qualify from within their original country . The athlete may not qualify because there are already qualified athletes in the athlete 's home country . Between 1992 and 2008 , about fifty athletes emigrated to the United States to compete on the US Olympic team after having previously competed for another nation . Citizenship changes and disputes One of the most famous cases of changing nationality for the Olympics was Zola Budd , a South African runner who emigrated to the United Kingdom because there was an apartheid - era ban on the Olympics in South Africa . Budd was eligible for British citizenship because her grandfather was born in Britain , but British citizens accused the government of expediting the citizenship process for her . Other notable examples include Kenyan runner Bernard Lagat , who became a United States citizen in May 2004 . The Kenyan constitution requires that one renounce their Kenyan citizenship when they become a citizen of another nation . Lagat competed for Kenya in the 2004 Athens Olympics even though he had already become a United States citizen . According to Kenya , he was no longer a Kenyan citizen , jeopardising his silver medal . Lagat said he started the citizenship process in late 2003 and did not expect to become an American citizen until after the Athens games . Basketball player Becky Hammon was not being considered for the United States Olympic team but wanted to play in an Olympic Games , so she emigrated to Russia , where she already played in a domestic league during the WNBA offseason . Hammon received criticism from some Americans , including the US national team coach , even being called unpatriotic . Champions and medallists Further information : Lists of Olympic medallists and List of multiple Olympic gold medalists The athletes or teams who place first , second , or third in each event receive medals . The winners receive gold medals , which were solid gold until 1912 , then made of gilded silver and now gold - plated silver . Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold . The runners - up receive silver medals and the third - place athletes are awarded bronze medals . In events contested by a single - elimination tournament ( most notably boxing ) , third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals . At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal ; silver for first and bronze for second . The current three - medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics . From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth , fifth , and sixth have received certificates , which became officially known as victory diplomas ; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh - and eighth - place finishers were added . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , the gold , silver , and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths . The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won , but National Olympic Committees and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success . Nations Nations at the Summer Olympics Main article : List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games As of the 2012 Games in London , all of the current 204 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Summer Olympics , and athletes from Australia , France , Great Britain , Greece , and Switzerland have competed in all twenty - seven Summer Olympic Games . The United States has only missed the 1980 games due to a boycott led by American president Jimmy Carter . Nations at the Winter Olympics Main article : List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games 119 NOCs ( 110 of the current 204 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs ) have participated in at least one Winter Games , and twelve nations ( Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United States ) have participated in all twenty - two Winter Games to date . Including continuity from Czechoslovakia , the Czech Republic and Slovakia have also been represented in every edition . Host nations and cities Map of Summer Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . Main article : List of Olympic Games host cities See also : List of Olympic medals by host nation The host city for an Olympic Games is usually chosen seven to eight years ahead of their celebration . The process of selection is carried out in two phases that span a two - year period . The prospective host city applies to its country 's National Olympic Committee ; if more than one city from the same country submits a proposal to its NOC , the national committee typically holds an internal selection , since only one city per NOC can be presented to the International Olympic Committee for consideration . Once the deadline for submission of proposals by the NOCs is reached , the first phase ( Application ) begins with the applicant cities asked to complete a questionnaire regarding several key criteria related to the organisation of the Olympic Games . In this form , the applicants must give assurances that they will comply with the Olympic Charter and with any other regulations established by the IOC Executive Committee . The evaluation of the filled questionnaires by a specialised group provides the IOC with an overview of each applicant 's project and their potential to host the Games . On the basis of this technical evaluation , the IOC Executive Board selects the applicants that will proceed to the candidature stage . Once the candidate cities are selected , they must submit to the IOC a bigger and more detailed presentation of their project as part of a candidature file . Each city is thoroughly analysed by an evaluation commission . This commission will also visit the candidate cities , interviewing local officials and inspecting prospective venue sites , and submit a report on its findings one month prior to the IOC 's final decision . During the interview process the candidate city must also guarantee that it will be able to fund the Games . After the work of the evaluation commission , a list of candidates is presented to the General Session of the IOC , which must assemble in a country that does not have a candidate city in the running . The IOC members gathered in the Session have the final vote on the host city . Once elected , the host city bid committee ( together with the NOC of the respective country ) signs a Host City Contract with the IOC , officially becoming an Olympic host nation and host city . By 2016 , the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 44 cities in 23 countries , but by cities outside Europe and North America on only eight occasions . Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times , a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history . The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro were the first Olympics for a South American country . No bids from countries in Africa have succeeded . The United States has hosted eight Olympic Games , four Summer and four Winter , more than any other nation . The British capital London holds the distinction of hosting three Olympic Games , all Summer , more than any other city . The other nations hosting the Summer Games twice are Germany , Australia , France and Greece . The other cities hosting the Summer Games twice are Los Angeles , Paris and Athens . With the 2020 Summer Olympic Games , Japan and Tokyo , respectively , will hold these statuses . In addition to the United States , nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three , while Switzerland , Austria , Norway , Japan , Canada and Italy have hosted twice . Among host cities , Lake Placid , Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once , each holding that honour twice . The most recent Winter Games were held in Sochi in 2014 , Russia 's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall . See also Olympics portal All - time Olympic Games medal table Art competitions at the Summer Olympics List of multi-sport events Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympic Cup and Olympic Order Olympic Day Run Pierre de Coubertin medal Special Olympics and Deaflympics SportAccord World Games Footnotes Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation for France in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . Three athletes representing Ireland in 1904 are retrospectively accredited to Great Britain because Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . No athletes from Great Britain took part . 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Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. 24 ( part 1 ) . Moscow . 1976 . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Roche 2000 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` The USSR and Olympism '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . International Olympic Committee ( 84 ) : 530 -- 557 . October 1974 . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 : Black athletes make silent protest '' . BBC . 17 October 1968 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Judoka rewarded after snubbing Israeli '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 8 September 2004 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hicks '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of Anti-Doping '' . World Anti-Doping Agency . Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sharon ( 7 January 2008 ) . `` The Drug Charade '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Thomas M. ( 2011 ) . Drug Games : The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping . University of Texas Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0292739575 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca R. ( 13 August 2016 ) . `` The Soviet Doping Plan : Document Reveals Illicit Approach to ' 84 Olympics '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Porterfield 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Magnay , Jacquelin ( 18 April 2003 ) . `` Carl Lewis 's positive test covered up '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Coile , Zachary ( 27 April 2005 ) . `` Bill Seeks to Toughen Drug Testing in Pro Sports '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Doping : 3667 athletes tested , IOC seeks action against Halkia 's coach '' . Express India Newspapers. 19 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Play True '' ( PDF ) . World Anti-Doping Agency . 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Doping Results Announced '' . The New York Times . 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Orders Belarus to Return Gold '' . ESPN . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bar countries that ban women athletes '' , Ali Al - Ahmed , The New York Times , 19 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` Arab women make breakthrough at Games '' , CNN , 23 September 2000 Jump up ^ `` Afghan women 's Olympic dream '' , BBC , 22 June 2004 Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` Should Saudi Arabia be Banned from the Olympics ? '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Inside Lines : Protests at 2012 if Saudis say ' no girls allowed ' '' , The Independent , 4 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` Saudis to send 2 women to London , make history '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Olympics : Saudi Arabian women to compete '' , BBC , 12 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Female Gulf athletes make their mark in London Olympics '' . Agence France - Presse. 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's boxing gains Olympic spot '' , BBC , 13 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Bush turns attention from politics to Olympics '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Shooters Hug as their Countries do Battle '' . CNN . 10 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic archive '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Park Bombing '' . CNN . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IOC on bin Laden killing : no bearing on Olympic security '' . Gazettenet.com . Associated Press . 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Definition : `` ... the process of transforming an object , idea , activity , or service into a commodity by capitalist economies . '' Beaster - Jones 2013 , par . 1 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . Lausanne , Switzerland : International Olympic Committee . July 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Shachar 2011 , pp. 2114 -- 2116 . Jump up ^ Larmer , Brook ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` The Year of the Mercenary Athlete '' . Time . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rory Carroll ( 24 February 2003 ) . `` What Zola Budd did next '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lagat a runner without a country '' . Cool Running . Archived from the original on 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics opportunity too much for Hammon to pass up -- Olympics '' . ESPN . 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medals of Beijing Olympic Games Unveiled '' . The International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Modern Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Museum . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Munro , James ( 25 August 2008 ) . `` Britain may aim for third in 2012 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . pp. 72 -- 75 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choice of the host city '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Charles J.P. Lucas ( 1905 ) . The Olympic Games -- 1904 ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . St. Louis , MO : Woodard & Tiernan . p. 47 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ MacCarthy , Kevin ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` St Louis -- Ireland 's Olympic Awakening '' . Gold , Silver and Green : The Irish Olympic Journey 1896 - 1924 . Cork University Press . pp. 117 -- 146 . ISBN 9781859184585 . 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Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 7 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Coubertin , Pierre de ; Philemon , Timoleon J. ; Politis , N.G. ; Anninos , Charalambos ( 1897 ) . The Olympic Games : BC 776 -- AD 1896 ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games in 1896 -- Second Part . Athens : Charles Beck . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Crowther , Nigel B. ( 2007 ) . `` The Ancient Olympic Games '' . Sport in Ancient Times . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98739 - 8 . Darling , Janina K. ( 2004 ) . `` Panathenaic Stadium , Athens '' . Architecture of Greece . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32152 - 8 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Eassom , Simon ( 1994 ) . Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology . Ontario : The Centre for Olympic Studies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7714 - 1697 - 2 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . 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Lee , Jeff ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Hyper - Hush Surrounds 2010 Games Mascots ' Til Tuesday '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Maraniss , David ( 2008 ) . Rome 1960 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 3407 - 5 . Matthews , George R. ( 2005 ) . America 's first Olympics : the St. Louis games of 1904 . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1588 - 8 . `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Olympic Museum ( 2007 ) . `` The Olympic Games in Antiquity '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Pausanias ( 1 January 1926 ) . `` Elis 1 '' . Description of Greece . Loeb Classical Library . Vol. 2 . translated by W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerud . London : W. Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 99207 - 8 . OCLC 10818363 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Pindar ( 1997 ) . `` Olympian 10 '' . Olympian Odes . Loeb Classical Library . translated by William H. Race . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 99564 - 2 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Porterfield , Jason ( 2008 ) . Doping : Athletes and Drugs . New York : Rosen Publishing Group . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 1917 - 5 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Richardson , N.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets '' . In Lewis , D.M. ; Boardman , John ; Davies , J.K. The Fifth Century BC . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23347 - 7 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Roche , Maurice ( 2000 ) . Mega-Events and Modernity . New York : Routledge , Taylor & Francis Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15711 - 7 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2819 - 9 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Schantz , Otto J. ( 2008 ) . `` Pierre de Coubertin 's Concepts of Race , Nation , and Civilization '' . In Susan Brownell . The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games : Sport , Race , and American Imperialism . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1098 - 1 . Shachar , Ayelet ( 2011 ) . `` Picking Winners : Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent '' . Yale Law Journal . 120 ( 8 ) : 2088 -- 2139 . Slack , Trevor ( 2004 ) . The Commercialisation of sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8078 - 1 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Spivey , Nigel Jonathan ( 2004 ) . `` Olympia : the Origins '' . The Fifth Century BC . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280433 - 4 . Swaddling , Judith ( 1999 ) . The Ancient Olympic Games . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77751 - 4 . Swaddling , Judith ( 2000 ) . The Ancient Olympic Games ( 2 ed . ) . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70373 - 5 . OCLC 10759486 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Tomlinson , Alan ( 2005 ) . Sport and leisure cultures . Minneapolis MN : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3382 - 1 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games ( 27 November 2007 ) . `` Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World '' . Canadian NewsWire . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Weiler , Ingomar ( 2004 ) . `` The predecessors of the Olympic movement , and Pierre de Coubertin '' . European Review . Cambridge University Press . 12 ( 3 ) . Woods , Ron ( 2007 ) . Social Issues in Sport . Champaign IL : Human Kinetics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 5872 - 8 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . `` The Beginnings '' . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 0 . Young , David C. ( 1996 ) . The Modern Olympics : A Struggle for Revival . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7207 - 5 . Further reading Boykoff , Jules ( 2016 ) . Power Games : A Political History of the Olympics . New York and London : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 784 - 78072 - 2 . Buchanan , Ian ( 2001 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement . Lanham : Scarecrow Presz . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4054 - 6 . Kamper , Erich ; Mallon , Bill ( 1992 ) . The Golden Book of the Olympic Games . Milan : Vallardi & Associati . ISBN 978 - 88 - 85202 - 35 - 1 . Preuss , Holger ; Marcia Semitiel García ( 2005 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 893 - 7 . Simson , Vyv ; Jennings , Andrew ( 1992 ) . Dishonored Games : Corruption , Money , and Greed at the Olympics . New York : S.P.I. Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56171 - 199 - 4 . Wallechinsky , David ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics , Athens 2004 Edition . SportClassic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894963 - 32 - 9 . Wallechinsky , David ( 2005 ) . The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics , Turin 2006 Edition . SportClassic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894963 - 45 - 9 . External links Find more aboutOlympic Gamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website `` Olympic Games '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 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Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : none 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : none 1944 : none 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - 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It became an established event of the Winter Olympics in 1924 ( see below ) . 1908 1920 Football ( Soccer ) Otherwise known as Association football , this event made its debut at the Olympics of 1900 and has appeared in every Olympic games since then except for 1932 which saw the introduction of the FIFA World Cup 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Golf 1900 1904 2016 2020 Gymnastics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Handball 1936 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Ice hockey Ice hockey appeared only once in the Summer Olympics . 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why does snake eyes not show his face
During one of his first missions for G.I. Joe , Snake Eyes ' face was severely disfigured in a helicopter explosion . Since then , Snake Eyes has had extensive plastic surgery to repair the damage , but his vocal cords can not be repaired . He usually wears a black bodysuit , along with a balaclava and visor to cover his face . When out of his uniform , Snake Eyes is shown to be Caucasian with an athletic build , blonde hair , and blue eyes .
Snake Eyes ' face was severely disfigured in a helicopter explosion
Snake Eyes ( G.I. Joe )
snake eyes ( g. i. joe )
Snake Eyes ( also released as Snake - Eyes ) is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero toyline , comic books , and cartoon series . He is one of the original and most popular members of the G.I. Joe Team , and is most known for his relationships with Scarlett and Storm Shadow . Snake Eyes is one of the most prominent characters in the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero franchise , having appeared in every series of the franchise since its inception . He is portrayed by Ray Park in the 2009 live - action film G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra , and the 2013 sequel G.I. Joe : Retaliation .
Contents 1 Profile 2 Toyline 2.1 International variants 2.2 25th Anniversary 2.3 The Rise of Cobra 2.4 The Pursuit of Cobra 2.5 30th Anniversary 3 Comics 3.1 Marvel Comics 3.2 Devil 's Due Publishing 3.2. 1 America 's Elite 3.2. 2 Alternate continuities 3.3 IDW Publishing 4 Cartoons 4.1 Sunbow 4.2 DiC 4.3 Direct to video 4.4 Resolute 4.5 Renegades 5 Sigma 6 5.1 Sigma 6 toys 5.2 Sigma 6 cartoon 5.3 Sigma 6 comics 6 Live - action movies 7 Video games 8 Reception 9 References 10 External links Profile ( edit ) Snake Eyes is the code name of a member of the G.I. Joe Team . He is the team 's original commando , and much of his history and information , including his real name , place of birth and service number , have remained `` CLASSIFIED '' throughout all depictions of his origin . All that is known for certain is his rank / grade ( originally U.S. Army Sergeant / E-5 , eventually reaching Sergeant First Class / E-7 before it too was made `` CLASSIFIED '' ) , his primary military specialty is infantry , and his secondary military specialty is hand - to - hand combat instructor . Snake Eyes was trained at the MACV Recondo School ( Nha Trang ) , and served in LRRPs in Southeast Asia with Stalker and Storm Shadow , eventually leaving the service to study martial arts with Storm Shadow 's Arashikage ninja clan . He has undergone drill sergeant training , and is a former U.S. Army Special Forces and Delta Force operator . Very little else about his past has been revealed . Snake Eyes was living a life of strict self - denial and seclusion in the High Sierras with a pet wolf named Timber , when he was recruited for the G.I. Joe Team . He is an expert in all NATO and Warsaw Pact small arms , and a black belt in 12 different fighting systems . He is also highly skilled in the use of edged weapons , especially his Japanese sword and spike - knuckled trench knives , but is equally qualified with and willing to use firearms and explosives . Snake Eyes is quiet in his movements , and rarely relies on one set of weapons to the exclusion of others . During one of his first missions for G.I. Joe , Snake Eyes ' face was severely disfigured in a helicopter explosion . Since then , Snake Eyes has had extensive plastic surgery to repair the damage , but his vocal cords can not be repaired . He usually wears a black bodysuit , along with a balaclava and visor to cover his face . When out of his uniform , Snake Eyes is shown to be Caucasian with an athletic build , blonde hair , and blue eyes . Snake Eyes has been shown in most continuities to be romantically involved with fellow team member Scarlett . He has also had several apprentices , including Kamakura , Tiger Claw , and Jinx . His personal quote is `` Move with the wind , and you will never be heard . '' Toyline ( edit ) Reproduction of the art of Snake Eyes ' `` Version 1 '' uniform from the original packaging as shown on the B Cover of G.I. Joe Declassified Mini Series © Devil 's Due Publishing Snake Eyes was one of the original figures in the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero toyline in 1982 . He shared many parts with other figures of that series , except for his unique head sculpt . He was designed to save Hasbro money in the paint application process , as his first figure was made of black plastic with no paint applied for details , and his head did not require any detail because of the mask . All of the original sixteen figures from 1982 were released with `` straight arms '' . The same figure was re-released in 1983 with `` swivel - arm battle grip '' , which made it easier for figures to hold their rifles and accessories . A second version of Snake Eyes was released in 1985 , packaged with his wolf Timber . A third version of Snake Eyes was released in 1989 , and a fourth version in 1991 . Snake Eyes has also been released as a member of several sub-lines of G.I. Joe figures , such as Ninja Force ( 1993 ) and Shadow Ninjas ( 1994 ) . He has also been released in several Hasbro multi-packs such as the Heavy Assault Squad , Winter Operations , and the Desert Patrol Squad Toys `` R '' Us exclusive . A common element in almost all Snake Eyes figures , is that his face is covered ( except for the 2005 `` Classified '' series action figure , depicting him before he was disfigured ) . The 1991 version was also released as a 12 '' G.I. Joe Hall of Fame action figure in 1992 . This Snake Eyes figure introduced a new variation on the trademark G.I. Joe scar by putting the scar over the figure 's left eye , instead of on his right cheek as had traditionally been the case during the vintage era ( 1964 -- 1978 ) of G.I. Joe . A version of Snake Eyes with no accessories came with the Built to Rule Headquarters Attack in 2004 . The figure featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint , and the forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached . International variants ( edit ) The 1982 mold of Snake Eyes was used in several countries in various forms . In most countries , because he was different from all of the other G.I. Joe figures available at that time , he was treated as a member of Cobra . In Brazil , his head was recolored and used to create Cobra De Aço , and the entire mold was used with a silver Cobra logo to create Cobra Invasor . The figure was also available without the Cobra logo as O Invasor . In Argentina , Snake Eyes was recolored in red and silver , and released as Cobra Mortal and as a different version of Cobra Invasor . 25th Anniversary ( edit ) Snake Eyes was featured in the G.I. Joe Team 5 pack for the 25th Anniversary in 2007 as a Commando , using a new mold heavily based on his first design . His ninja design ( V2 ) also was sold in the first line of individual figures packaged with Timber in 2007 . In 2008 , he received an updated version of his `` Version 3 '' mold from 1989 , which featured removable butterfly swords for the first time . For the finale of the 25th anniversary in April 2009 , Hasbro launched a poll on their website , for fans to pick their favorite figures for the Hall of Heroes line . Two versions of Snake Eyes were selected for this series , which featured the figures packaged on a blister card , but also in a special collectors box . The Rise of Cobra ( edit ) In 2009 , to coincide with the film G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra , Hasbro released four figures based on the Snake Eyes movie character . The Ninja Commando figure is a classic rendition of his `` V2 '' uniform from the original series . The Paris Pursuit figure features a uniform similar to his `` V2 '' uniform , but with an overcoat , and includes either a black or grey wolf . The `` Arctic Assault '' figure is dressed in a white winter parka , with a traditional black mask . The `` City Strike '' figure features the head of Snake Eyes from G.I. Joe : Resolute , on the body of a previous version . Snake Eyes was also released as part of the Target - exclusive `` G.I. Joe Rescue Mission '' 4 - pack , with the `` Paris Pursuit '' head on a new body . A version of Snake Eyes was released in 2010 with the `` Jet Storm Cycle '' . Snake Eyes was released for the G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra line as a 12 - inch `` ninja figure '' , with a sound chip and speaker in the torso , and push button `` sword fighting action '' . His arms and hands featured molded - on clothing and gear . He was also released in a Wal - Mart exclusive wave of 12 inch figures , packaged with the Arashikage Cycle . The Pursuit of Cobra ( edit ) Two versions of Snake Eyes were released in 2010 as part of `` The Pursuit of Cobra '' line , one with his wolf Timber , and one with a special `` tornado kick '' feature . Both `` Arctic Threat '' and `` Desert Battle '' versions of Snake Eyes were also released in 2011 . 30th Anniversary ( edit ) In 2011 , two versions of Snake Eyes were released as part of the 30th Anniversary line , including one based on the cartoon series G.I. Joe : Renegades . As with the first movie , Hasbro released four figures based on the Snake Eyes character from G.I. Joe : Retaliation in 2012 : a single carded figure , one included with the `` Ninja Speed Cycle '' , one ( with very limited articulation ) included with the `` Ninja Commando 4x4 '' , and one with the `` G.I. Joe Ninja Showdown Set '' . Three more versions of Snake Eyes were released in 2013 . Comics ( edit ) Marvel Comics ( edit ) Snake Eyes first appears in G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero # 1 ( June 1982 ) . In the Marvel Comics ' continuity , Snake Eyes , Stalker , and Storm Shadow served together during the Vietnam War in a LRRP unit . On a particular mission , a heavy firefight with the North Vietnamese NVA resulted in the apparent death of his teammates ( among them Wade Collins , who actually survives and later joins Cobra , becoming Fred II of the Fred series Crimson Guardsmen ) . When a helicopter arrived to pick up the surviving team members , the pursuing NVA opened fire , severely injuring Snake Eyes . Despite a direct order from Stalker to leave him , Storm Shadow went back for Snake Eyes , and was able to get Snake Eyes safely aboard the helicopter . Upon returning home from the war , Snake Eyes met with Colonel Hawk , who informed him that his family had been killed in a car accident ( which involved the brother of the man who would eventually become Cobra Commander ) . Devastated , Snake Eyes accepts an offer to study the ninja arts with Storm Shadow 's family , the Arashikage Clan . Over time , Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow became sword brothers , and unintentional rivals for the attention and favor of Storm Shadow 's uncle , the Hard Master . During one of Snake Eyes ' training sessions , the Hard Master expressed his desire for Snake Eyes to take over leadership of the Arashikage clan instead of Storm Shadow . Snake Eyes refused , but then Zartan -- hired by Cobra Commander to avenge the death of his brother -- mistakenly killed the Hard Master instead of Snake - Eyes , using an arrow he stole from Storm Shadow . With Storm Shadow believed responsible for the death of the Hard Master , the Arashikage ninja clan dissolved . Snake Eyes returned to America , where he took up residence in the High Sierra mountains , and was eventually recruited for the G.I. Joe Team by Hawk and Stalker . During one of the team 's first missions in the Middle East , Snake Eyes , Scarlett , Rock ' n Roll , and Grunt are sent to save George Strawhacker from Cobra . On the way , their helicopter collides with another in mid air , forcing the Joes to bail out . When Scarlett is trapped in the burning helicopter , Snake Eyes stays behind to save her , but a window explodes in his face , scarring him and damaging his vocal cords . Despite his injuries , Snake Eyes convinces Hawk to let him continue on with the mission . Strawhacker , who was once engaged to Snake Eyes ' sister , never learns the identity of the `` scarred , masked soldier '' who saved his life . Later , when Scarlett is captured by Storm Shadow , Snake Eyes travels to Trans - Carpathia to rescue Scarlett , and battles Storm Shadow for the first time since he had left the Arashikage clan . Snake Eyes eventually learns that Storm Shadow joined Cobra to find out who was truly behind the murder of the Hard Master . After discovering it was Zartan who killed his uncle , Storm Shadow leaves Cobra and becomes Snake Eyes ' ally , ultimately becoming a member of the G.I. Joe Team . Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow would team up for some of G.I. Joe 's toughest missions , and the bond between them would be both strengthened and tested . In a story arc titled the `` Snake Eyes Trilogy '' , the Baroness seeks revenge upon Snake Eyes , under the mistaken belief that he had killed her brother in Southeast Asia . She captures Snake Eyes while he is recovering from plastic surgery to repair his face , and shoots Scarlett in the process . Storm Shadow , Stalker , and Wade Collins lead a rescue at the Cobra Consulate building where Snake Eyes was imprisoned . After a second rescue mission for George Strawhacker and a run - in with the Night Creepers , Snake Eyes is finally reunited with Scarlett . For the first time in many years , Snake Eyes speaks Scarlett 's name , and she wakes from her coma , eventually returning to active duty . As Marvel 's G.I. Joe series is drawing to a close , Snake Eyes and Cobra Commander finally battle each other in issue # 150 . Snake Eyes eventually wins against an armored Cobra Commander , but the Commander would have the last laugh , as he captures Storm Shadow and successfully brainwashes him back to the allegiance of Cobra . Snake Eyes and Scarlett would continue to serve G.I. Joe until its disbandment . Devil 's Due Publishing ( edit ) Devil 's Due Publishing and Image Comics introduced new elements into Snake Eyes ' past during their Snake Eyes Declassified miniseries , which show more of Cobra Commander 's motivation to kill Snake Eyes while training to become a ninja . Snake Eyes had an encounter with Cobra Commander prior to the formation of Cobra , where Cobra Commander befriended Snake Eyes and tried to recruit him into murdering a judge . The judge had convicted Cobra Commander 's older brother of arson and insurance fraud , resulting in the ruin of his brother 's life , causing his spiral downward into alcoholism , and ultimately the car accident that claimed both his life and the lives of Snake Eyes ' family . Snake Eyes agreed to accompany Cobra Commander , but at the last minute refused to go along with the plan . Cobra Commander then killed the judge , and swore revenge against Snake Eyes , resulting in him hiring Firefly ( who in turn subcontracted Zartan ) to kill Snake Eyes while he was training with the Arashikage Clan . The first four issues of G.I. Joe : Frontline featured Larry Hama 's story `` The Mission That Never Was '' . After the official disbandment , the original G.I. Joe team had to transport a particle beam weapon from Florida to General Colton 's location in New York City . Since Billy , Storm Shadow , and the Baroness were left under the influence of Cobra 's Brain Wave Scanner at the end of the original series , Snake Eyes is on this mission to save Storm Shadow . At the end of this story , Storm Shadow returns to his ways as a ninja , and says he will deal with Snake Eyes when he is ready . Snake Eyes and Scarlett move back to his home in the High Sierras , where Timber has died but sired a litter of pups before passing , and Snake Eyes adopts one . After the G.I. Joe Team disbanded , Snake Eyes and Scarlett leave the military and become engaged , but for unknown reasons on the day of the wedding , Snake Eyes disappears and retreats again to his cabin in the High Sierras . The following Master & Apprentice miniseries reveals that Snake Eyes , along with Nunchuk , and T'Jbang , were training a new apprentice , Ophelia , to be the last of the Arashikage ninja clan , shortly after he and Scarlett became engaged . As Ophelia 's final test , she and Snake Eyes confront Firefly for his role in the murder of the Hard Master . However , Firefly kills Ophelia and escapes , leaving Snake Eyes devastated . As a result , on his wedding day , Snake Eyes breaks off his engagement to Scarlett in front of Stalker , then again disappears to his compound in the Sierras . There , he is approached by Sean Collins , the son of his Vietnam War buddy Wade Collins . Sean asks Snake Eyes to train him as a new apprentice , after watching his crew also get slaughtered by Firefly on the night Ophelia was killed . Some time later , Jinx and Budo call Snake Eyes to investigate new intel on the location of Firefly , who is working for the `` Nowhere Man '' . Snake Eyes confronts Firefly , who is meeting with another masked ninja , revealed to be Storm Shadow . Sean is eventually given the name Kamakura , and would later join the G.I. Joe team . In the pages of G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero , Snake Eyes and Scarlett would be reunited upon G.I. Joe 's reinstatement , and the two again became engaged . Snake Eyes is involved in many skirmishes with Cobra , including altercations with Storm Shadow , the return of Serpentor ( in which Snake Eyes was injured by a grenade blast but quickly recovered ) , Snake Eyes ' triumph over the Red Ninja leader Sei Tin ( which gave Snake Eyes control of the Red Ninja clan ) , and a close - call defeat at the hands of the heavily armored Wraith . The team is then reduced to a smaller unit , and when Snake Eyes , Scarlett , and Duke get into trouble , a shadowy cabal of generals known as `` The Jugglers '' has Snake Eyes and Duke arrested . However , Scarlett meets with Storm Shadow ( who had broken free of his mind control ) , and they rescue Snake Eyes and Duke from a convoy . They escape to Iceland and hide out with Scanner , however they are tailed by former Coil agent Overlord , who fatally injures Scanner and locks the Joes in a bomb shelter . In his last moments , Scanner activates the Icelandic station 's self - destruct mechanism , killing Overlord in the blast and saving the Joes . The team then assists Flint , Lady Jaye , and General Philip Rey in dealing with a new menace , the Red Shadows . When the Red Shadows attempted to assassinate Hawk at a mountain camp , Snake Eyes sends his apprentice Kamakura to get Hawk to safety . Snake Eyes would later help in defeating the Shadows before their plot could be set into motion , even fighting leader Wilder Vaughn , who escapes . Snake Eyes and Kamakura also travel to Asia , to assist Storm Shadow in finding his apprentice , who had been kidnapped by the Red Ninjas . Snake Eyes helps Storm Shadow defeat Red Ninja leader Sei Tin , but the mission is a failure . Snake Eyes relinquishes control of the Red Ninjas to Storm Shadow , who in turn leaves his clan in T'Jbang's care . America 's elite ( edit ) G.I. Joe : America 's Elite issue # 16 Snake Eyes as a `` Commando '' once more ( homage to version 1 uniform ) Snake Eyes is reactivated as a member of the team in G.I. Joe : America 's Elite , along with Stalker , Scarlett , Flint , Duke , Shipwreck , Roadblock , and Storm Shadow . With their new covert status and reduced roster , they continued to track down Cobra cells and eliminate them , from their new headquarters in Yellowstone National Park code named `` The Rock '' . When Vance Wingfield seemingly returns from the grave , and drops deadly satellites onto major metropolitan areas using equipment supplied by Destro , Duke , Scarlett and Snake Eyes all leave to conduct solo investigations . Snake Eyes tracks Firefly to Chicago , and interrupts his attempt to assassinate a gang lord . Upon returning , Snake Eyes finds that Scarlett has been captured while investigating Cesspool . He reveals that both he and Scarlett had implanted tracking devices in one another , and that only they know the frequencies . He finds her on Destro 's submarine in the Pacific Ocean , and succeeds in rescuing her , but Destro escapes , and Snake Eyes dies during the operation . Snake Eyes ' body is stolen by the Red Ninjas , in order to resurrect him . The Joes track the Red Ninjas to China , where Sei - Tin takes control of Snake Eyes , and uses him to exact his revenge against Storm Shadow and Kamakura . They eventually defeat Sei - Tin and return Snake Eyes to normal . Shortly after , Scarlett observes Snake Eyes seemingly abandoning all of his ninja training , and focusing solely on his military training instead . Following the session , Scarlett unmasks Snake Eyes and is shocked at the sight . Later , Snake Eyes reveals to Scarlett and Stalker that the Baroness is still alive , and being held captive within the Rock , which leads them to confront General Colton . When ordered on a mandatory break , Snake Eyes and Kamakura go on a retreat to the High Sierras , where Kamakura tries to rationalize that Snake Eyes could not have died , but must have put himself into a trance . He then argues that Snake Eyes should not have given up his ninja skills , and that he wishes to work with him to restore his faith . Snake Eyes returns to active duty , and investigates a medical facility with Stalker and Scarlett , where they find a fatally injured Scalpel . He informs them that the Baroness is free and looking for revenge on both G.I. Joe and Cobra . In the one - shot comic Special Missions : Antarctica , Snake Eyes is part of the team that is called to investigate an Extensive Enterprises venture in Antarctica . The G.I. Joe team eventually split up to find Tomax and Xamot , and Snake Eyes goes with Snow Job to infiltrate their base , where they fight and chase Tomax off . Snake Eyes is involved in various battles during the final arc `` World War III '' . When the Joes start hunting down every member of Cobra that they can find , Snake Eyes and Scarlett apprehend Vypra , and capture Firefly in Japan . As part of Cobra Commander 's sinister plot , he sends the elite squadron known as The Plague to attack G.I. Joe headquarters . As the evenly matched Plague and G.I. Joe teams clash , Cobra sleeper cells attack government buildings in nations across the globe . Meanwhile , Storm Shadow tries to stop Cobra from liberating prisoners from the G.I. Joe prison facility `` The Coffin '' . He is partially successful , but Tomax manages to free Firefly and several others , while killing those Cobra Commander considered `` loose ends '' . Storm Shadow then joins Snake Eyes and the rest of the main team in defeating several Cobra cells , and disarming nuclear weapons that Cobra Commander has placed in the Amazon and Antarctica . Cobra Commander and The Plague retreat to a secret base in the Appalachian Mountains , where the final battle takes place , and Snake Eyes again defeats Firefly in a sword duel . In the end , Snake Eyes is shown among the members of the fully restored G.I. Joe team . Hasbro later announced that all stories published by Devil 's Due Publishing are no longer considered canonical , and are now considered an alternate continuity . Alternate continuities ( edit ) In the separate continuity of G.I. Joe : Reloaded , which featured a more modern and realistic take on the G.I. Joe / Cobra war , it is hinted that Snake Eyes is a former Cobra agent , who quit and decided to assist G.I. Joe instead . Although he did not serve on the team , it was shown that Snake Eyes was interested in Scarlett , but the series ended before anything further was explored . Snake Eyes appears in G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers , the Devil 's Due crossover series with Transformers set in an alternate continuity . As G.I. Joe is organized , Snake Eyes is assigned to a group of soldiers protecting a peace conference in Washington . He is called `` Chatterbox '' but does not actually speak , because he had been dared by the other soldiers to actually keep quiet for a time . Snake Eyes is terribly scarred , and loses his voice , when a Cobra Commander - controlled Starscream shoots Cover Girl 's missile tank out from under him . His family is also killed during the attack . During the assault on Cobra Island , Snake Eyes slices open one of Starscream 's optics and shoves a grenade into the socket . During the final part of the first miniseries , Snake Eyes is given a Cybertronian - based Mech that allows him to fight the much larger Decepticons , as well as Cobra agents in Decepticon suits . The second miniseries focuses on several Transformers being sent back in time to various time periods , which forces G.I. Joe and Cobra to team - up to retrieve them . The first group to be sent back in time includes Snake Eyes , Lady Jaye , Zartan , and Storm Shadow , sent back to 1970s California . After recovering all of the Transformers , they arrive back on Cybertron . During the third miniseries , it is shown that Snake Eyes has developed a love interest with Scarlett , who returns those feelings after he rescues her from a Decepticon prison , and removes his mask to show his scarred face . Later , they appear to be in a relationship . During the fourth miniseries , Snake Eyes is only shown in one scene as still being an active member of the Joe team , along with Flint , Lady Jaye , and Duke . He also appears briefly fighting several of the Cobra - La Royal Guards . Transformers / G.I. Joe was originally planned for publication during the same time as G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers by Dreamwave Productions , until they announced bankruptcy , leaving only the first miniseries completed . The story features the Transformers meeting the G.I. Joe team in 1939 , where Snake Eyes is prominent in defeating the Decepticons by opening the Matrix . In the second miniseries set in the 1980s , Snake Eyes is somehow still in fighting shape , despite having been a member of the team in 1939 . IDW Publishing ( edit ) In 2009 , IDW Publishing took over the license for G.I. Joe comics , and started a new series that continues where the Marvel Comics series ended . The series began with a free Comic Book Day issue # 155 1⁄2 , and replaces all of the Devil 's Due Publishing continuity that had previously been established . This continuation of the Marvel series is again written by Larry Hama . IDW Publishing also started a G.I. Joe comic series that does not connect to any of the past continuity . Snake Eyes is once again a member of the team , and throughout the first storyline , he is a renegade agent of G.I. Joe , with whom Scarlett is in communication unapproved by Hawk . Snake Eyes first appears in the Crimean Rivera chasing Nico . It is later mentioned by Duke that Snake Eyes has gone AWOL . Scarlett sends him a message signed `` Love Red '' , which is a code telling him to run . He heads to Seattle where he finds Mainframe , and gives him the hard drive that Scarlett requested , containing information about Springfield . Once there , they retrieve evidence from a secret lab that Cobra exists , before the town is leveled by a MOAB . With the evidence in hand , the two are accepted back into the G.I. Joe team . Snake Eyes eventually heads to Manhattan , NYC , to meet his old mentor , who helps him heal his mind after his defeat . In G.I. Joe : Origins , Snake Eyes receives an update to the origin of his wounds . In the first storyline , Duke and Scarlett travel to the North Las Vegas community hospital , and find Snake Eyes in the burn unit intensive care near bed K ( BUICK ) , the only survivor of an explosion at a plastic surgery clinic . Snake Eyes ' face and hands are completely bandaged , and he is now mute because of the explosion . Duke and Scarlett escape with Snake Eyes , before the hospital room is destroyed by the Billionaire / Chimera . Snake Eyes continues to appear with his face wrapped in bandages throughout the first storyline . He later appears in his black uniform with a visor and sword , a variation of his original figure 's uniform , as part of the second storyline on a mission in London . A solo title G.I. Joe : Snake Eyes started in May 2011 , being part of the G.I. Joe : Cobra Civil War saga . After Cobra Civil War ended , G.I. Joe : Snake Eyes continued into the new story arc G.I. Joe : Cobra Command , finally showing why and how he deserted the Joes and what part Storm Shadow had played . In January 2015 , IDW published G.I. Joe : Snake Eyes - Agent of Cobra . Written by Mike Costa , this series looks into Snake Eyes joining Cobra , whether Storm Shadow and Scarlet will join him , and how Destro plays into his transition . Cartoons ( edit ) Sunbow ( edit ) Unlike his comic book counterpart , Snake Eyes did not play a major role in the Sunbow 's G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero TV series , with the exception of the first miniseries `` The M.A.S.S. Device '' , where some of his origins were explored . He was always portrayed as a trusted and loyal teammate , and even proved to have a sense of humor , as seen when he broke into a break - dancing routine on - stage , and later in a disguise resembling Boy George in the `` Pyramid of Darkness '' miniseries . In the first miniseries , Snake Eyes appeared in his `` V1 '' uniform , but for all of his later appearances he wore a bluish - grey version of his `` V2 '' uniform . Additionally , he does not have a rivalry with Storm Shadow in the cartoon , who instead fights with such characters as Spirit and Quick Kick . Although Snake Eyes does not speak , the vocal effects of Snake Eyes ' wolf Timber were provided by Frank Welker . Snake Eyes is shown in a few scenes of G.I. Joe : The Movie , including the opening title sequence , but like many of the characters of the Sunbow cartoon , he has a very minor role in the final battle . DiC ( edit ) Snake Eyes was shown during the DiC 's G.I. Joe series in his 1991 `` V4 '' uniform . He did have a few key episodes , and was shown to be working with his blood brother Storm Shadow , who now was a member of the G.I. Joe Ninja Force . Snake Eyes was shown more in this series as a ninja , but none of his origins or his relationships were explored before this series ended . Direct to video ( edit ) Snake Eyes is a member of G.I. Joe in all of the direct to video CG - animated movies . The continuity of these movies does not tie into the previous history , and more directly leads into the events of G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 . Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow are once again on opposite sides fighting each other . Snake Eyes is shown throughout G.I. Joe : Spy Troops , which marked his first appearance as a major animated character . He is a part of the team that goes to rescue Scarlett after she is taken hostage by Zartan , but their relationship is not fully explored . Snake Eyes also spares Storm Shadow 's life , even though he asked to have Snake Eyes end it . Snake Eyes is seen in G.I. Joe : Valor vs. Venom as the master to both of his apprentices Jinx and Kamakura . Snake Eyes gives Kamakura a sword named `` Tatsuwashi '' , and battles Storm Shadow as well as several of the new Cobra Ninjas . In the animated short G.I. Joe : Ninja Battles , a new apprentice code named Tiger Claw is joining the G.I. Joe team , and learns of Snake Eyes ' and Storm Shadow 's past in the Arashikage Clan . Most of the movie is narration over original artwork and some scenes from the previous two movies , as well as some new footage at the end . This movie is not in the same continuity as the comics , and events here do not seem to progress into Sigma Six . Resolute ( edit ) Snake Eyes first appears in G.I. Joe : Resolute during a briefing on the attack of the USS Flagg . During an autopsy on Bazooka , a scroll with the Arashikage symbol on it is found . The instructions on the scroll tell Snake Eyes to go where everything began , where he takes out a team of Cobra Neo-Vipers while Storm Shadow watches and waits . After this battle , a brief history of Storm Shadow and Snake Eyes is shown . In this series , their rivalry comes from Storm Shadow wanting his uncle to teach him the Seventh Step to the Sun technique , a move that allows one to kill an opponent in seven blows . When his uncle refuses , Storm Shadow signals Zartan to assassinate his uncle . Snake Eyes is shot in the throat by Zartan , to prevent him from warning their master , resulting in his becoming mute . Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow face off in a one on one battle . Storm Shadow initially dominates the fight , as he had been taught the Sixth Step to the Sun compared to Snake Eyes ' fifth . Snake Eyes however shows that he in fact was taught the Seventh Step to the Sun technique , and kills Storm Shadow with seven blows , the last perforating his skull . He later rejoins the rest of the team in their final assault on Cobra Commander 's headquarters . The love triangle of Snake Eyes , Scarlett and Duke is also explored slightly in this series . Early on in the episode , Duke makes Scarlett choose between Snake Eyes and himself , and she ultimately decides to be with Duke . Renegades ( edit ) In G.I. Joe : Renegades , Snake Eyes is a member of G.I. Joe . He was given the name `` Hebi no me '' ( `` Snake Eyes '' ) by his Arashikage clan sensei , Hard Master , because he possesses the `` steely gaze of a serpent '' . He can not speak after having his throat punctured , and just shows up for special missions when called by Scarlett , who can `` translate '' what he is thinking . He is not used to teamwork , but now that he has joined G.I. Joe , his sense of honor and morality would not let him walk away . In the episode `` Dreadnoks Rising '' , Zartan takes off his visor but puts it back on and says , `` You need it more than I do '' . Snake Eyes ' wolf Timber made an appearance in the episode `` White Out '' , where he was rescued by Snake Eyes from a bear trap , before they were assaulted by Storm Shadow and Shadow - Vipers ; at the end , Snake Eyes asks Snow Job to watch Timber until he returns . In the episode `` Revelations , Part 1 '' , Scarlett learns that Snake Eyes briefly met her father , and promised him to look after his daughter , and he shows signs of having feelings for her . During the time when Snake Eyes still spoke , before his throat injury in the episodes `` Return of the Arashikage , Parts 1 - 2 '' , Snake Eyes was voiced by Danny Cooksey . Sigma 6 ( edit ) Sigma 6 Toys ( edit ) Snake Eyes again appears as part of the G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 toy series . Although similar in concept to the earlier G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero toyline , the Sigma 6 action figures do not tie into the continuity of the original G.I. Joe universe , and were 8 '' in height rather than the smaller 3 3⁄4 '' scale figures of the A Real American Hero line . The first wave in 2005 contained a Snake Eyes figure . A `` Ninja Showdown '' battle pack also contained alternate versions of Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow . In 2006 , all of the 2005 figures were re-released with new molds and accessories , including four different versions of Snake Eyes . A new version of Snake Eyes was also released in 2007 . To complement the 8 - inch ( 200 mm ) line of G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 action figures and vehicles , Hasbro also introduced a `` mission scale '' line of 2 1⁄2 inch scale Mission Sets action figures . Each set of action figures is packaged as a `` mission in a box '' , and includes a Mission Manual . Sigma 6 cartoon ( edit ) In the Sigma 6 animated series , Snake Eyes ' history has been substantially changed from the A Real American Hero series , but he still shares a connection with Storm Shadow , who refers to him as `` brother '' . Although Storm Shadow is a brainwashed Cobra agent , he blames Snake Eyes for the ruin of the Arashikage ninja clan . In Sigma 6 , both Jinx and Kamakura serve as Snake Eyes ' apprentices and G.I. Joe reserve members . As is in the original series , Snake Eyes is mute , but the reason for this is not explored . While the A Real American Hero cartoon series never showed Snake Eyes ' true face , the Sigma 6 continuity takes some visual cues from the A Real American Hero comics . In one episode , when Snake Eyes is fighting Storm Shadow , his visor breaks and it appears that he has blonde hair , blue eyes , and a scar near his eye as a result of a training accident . In the sixth episode of season 2 , Snake Eyes faces off against a pack of wolves ; after saving one , the unnamed wolf helps him throughout the episode , and is later seen howling atop a hill near Sigma Six headquarters . This was confirmed as a Sigma 6 version of Timber , when an Arctic Sigma Six figure of Snake Eyes was released with Timber , with the figure 's bio card describing the plot from this episode . Sigma 6 Comics ( edit ) Snake Eyes appeared in the Sigma 6 comic book , released by Devil 's Due Publishing with direct connection to animated series . Snake Eyes is spotlighted in issue # 6 , which centers on Storm Shadow , as Snake Eyes is sent in to retrieve a stolen electronic device from him . Storm Shadow refers to Snake Eyes as `` brother '' , and breaks Snake Eyes ' headgear , partially exposing his face , which again is shown to be of a blonde American with a scar . Live - action movies ( edit ) Snake Eyes G.I. Joe character Ray Park as Snake Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Printed on his arm is the Ba gua trigram symbols for water and fire : the hexagram symbol for completion . The symbol is also used for the Arashikage Ninja Clan , of which Snake Eyes is a member . First appearance 2009 Portrayed by Ray Park ( adult ) Leo Howard ( child ) Affiliation G.I. Joe Specialty Martial arts specialist File name Classified Birth place Classified SN Classified Rank Classified Series G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra G.I. Joe : Retaliation Child actor and martial artist Leo Howard , and martial artist / stuntman Ray Park , play young Snake Eyes and adult Snake Eyes respectively , in the film adaptation G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . In an early draft by Stuart Beattie , Snake Eyes would have spoken as a gag , but Larry Hama convinced him to drop the joke . In the movie , Snake Eyes ' origin is rebooted , with him being an abandoned 10 - year - old child who found his way to the home of Arashikage Clan . He battles the young Thomas Arashikage ( Storm Shadow ) , who attacks him for stealing food . However , the orphan 's natural ability to fight impresses Thomas 's uncle , the Hard Master , who gives Snake Eyes his name , while bringing him under his wing . While Snake Eyes would initially lose to Thomas , Snake Eyes eventually surpasses Thomas and gains the favor of the Hard Master , becoming recognized as Hard Master 's top student . Angered at Hard Master choosing Snake Eyes over him , Thomas appears to kill the Hard Master off - screen , and is then seen running off in midst of the chaos . Since then , Snake Eyes has chosen to take a vow of silence . Learning that Thomas , now known as Storm Shadow , is a member of Cobra , Snake Eyes fights him , before stabbing him and allowing him to fall into icy water at Cobra 's Arctic base , leaving him for dead . Snake Eyes returns to The Pit with the surviving members of G.I. Joe . Park returns as Snake Eyes in the sequel , G.I. Joe : Retaliation . In the film , Snake Eyes is framed by Zartan for assassinating the President of Pakistan under orders of G.I. Joe . Storm Shadow disguises himself as Snake Eyes to break Cobra Commander out of prison , as the real Snake Eyes watches from the shadows . With the help of Jinx , Snake Eyes captures Storm Shadow and takes him to the Blind Master to pay for his assassination of the Hard Master . However , Snake Eyes learns that Zartan was the one who murdered the Hard Master and framed Storm Shadow for it , and that Storm Shadow only joined Cobra in order to avenge the Hard Master 's death . With this revelation , Storm Shadow teams up with Snake Eyes and the Joes to stop Cobra Commander 's plan to destroy several countries and take over the world . During the final battle , Snake Eyes allows Storm Shadow to deal with Zartan , by giving him the sword that was used to kill the Hard Master . Snake Eyes and the Joes stop Cobra Commander 's plan and are declared heroes , absolved of their accusations , while Storm Shadow avenges the Hard Master 's death by killing Zartan before disappearing . In May 2018 , it was announced that Paramount will develop a movie spin - off featuring Snake Eyes . Video games ( edit ) Snake Eyes is one of the featured characters in the 1985 computer game G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero . Snake Eyes appears , in his `` V3 '' uniform , as a playable character in the 1991 G.I. Joe video game for the NES . His special abilities include jumping faster and higher than the other characters , and he can use his sword as a projectile weapon that does not use up any ammo . He can be selected for any of the missions from the start , and is actually the team leader for the game 's third mission set in New York . Snake Eyes appears , in his `` V4 '' uniform , as a playable character in the 1992 G.I. Joe : The Atlantis Factor video game for the NES . He can be selected for missions after he is found , which is not until late in the game after completing Area E . Snake Eyes is featured as a playable character in the 1992 arcade game G.I. Joe . Snake Eyes is featured as a playable character in the 2009 video game G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Reception ( edit ) Snake Eyes is one of the most popular and recognizable G.I. Joe characters . In 1986 , G.I. Joe creator Larry Hama called him to be the most successful character he ever created , believing this is because his mysterious appearance and persona means `` he becomes a universal blank slate for projection of fantasy for anybody . '' In 2008 , TechCrunch used the question `` Could he / she beat Snake Eyes ? '' while evaluating the top video game ninja characters . In 2010 , Topless Robot ranked Snake Eyes as the first on the list of The 10 Coolest G.I. Joe Ninjas , calling him `` the most popular member of the team '' . UGO.com included him on the lists of TV 's Worst Speakers ( in 2010 ) , and the Best Silent Killers of Movies and TV ( in 2011 ) . The character was parodied in the Robot Chicken 2007 episode `` More Blood , More Chocolate '' , in which Snake Eyes was shown communicating with Duke by using an Etch A Sketch . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Snake Eyes ' v1 File Card '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Eyes ' v3 File Card '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hama , Larry ( 1987 ) . Howard Mackie , ed . G.I. Joe Order Of Battle . Marvel Entertainment Group . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 87135 - 288 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2009 ) . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra : The Essential Guide 1982 - 2008 . Random House . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51642 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wherle , Scott ( 2002 ) . G.I. Joe : Battle Files # 1 . Devil 's Due Publishing . p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2009 ) . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra : The Essential Guide 1982 - 2008 . Random House . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51642 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` File Card Packaged with figure 1993 © Hasbro '' . Yojoe.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bellomo , Mark ( 2005 ) . The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982 - 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 922 - 3 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wheeler ( April 2006 ) . `` REVIEW : G.I. JOE - THE HISTORY OF Snake Eyes '' ( PDF ) . G.I. Joe Collector 's Club . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bellomo , Mark ( 2005 ) . The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982 - 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 922 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bellomo , Mark ( 2005 ) . The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982 - 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 922 - 3 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bellomo , Mark ( 2005 ) . The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982 - 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 922 - 3 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bellomo , Mark ( 2005 ) . The Ultimate Guide to G.I. Joe 1982 - 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 922 - 3 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 -- 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Santelmo , Vincent ( 1994 ) . The Official 30th Anniversary Salute To G.I. Joe 1964 - 1994 . Krause Publications . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 301 - 6 . Jump up ^ Headquarters Attack w / Snake Eyes and A.V.A.C. at YOJOE.com Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 Jump up ^ `` YOJOE.COM Snake Eyes '' . YoJoe ! . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` GI Joe News - Hall of Heroes Revealed '' . Hasbro . 2008 - 06 - 28 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` News : Movie Figure Previews ! '' . YoJoe ! . 2009 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Eyes V44 '' . Yo Joe . 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MOC Rise of Cobra Arctic Assault Snake Eyes '' . The Terror Drome. 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RoC City Strike Duke , Snake Eyes , Jungle Ripcord , & More '' . The Terror Drome. 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU Exclusive Attack on Pit & Target Rescue Mission Packs '' . The Terror Drome. 12 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Eyes ( v50 ) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive '' . yojoe.com . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNAKE EYES ( v7 ) '' . yojoe.com . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNAKE EYES ( v8 ) '' . yojoe.com . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Eyes ( v52 ) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive '' . yojoe.com . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snake Eyes ( v53 ) G.I. Joe Action Figure - YoJoe Archive '' . yojoe.com . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero # 1 ( June 1982 ) Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Hama , Larry ( p ) , Leialoha , Steve ( i ) . `` Snake Eyes : The Origin '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 26 ( August 1984 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2009 ) . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra : The Essential Guide 1982 - 2008 . Random House . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51642 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Springer , Frank ( p ) , Mushynsky , Andy ( i ) . `` Snake Eyes : The Origin Part II '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 27 ( September 1984 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Rosado , William ( p ) , Wallace , Chip ( i ) . `` Snake Eyes : The Tale Untold '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 144 ( January 1994 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Hama , Larry , Leialoha , Steve ( p ) , Roussos , George ( i ) . `` Silent Interlude '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 21 ( March 1984 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2009 ) . G.I. Joe vs. Cobra : The Essential Guide 1982 - 2008 . Random House . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51642 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Whigham , Rod ( p ) , Mushynsky , Andy ( i ) . `` In Search of Candy '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 45 ( March 1986 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Bright , Mark ( p ) , Emberlin , Randy ( i ) . `` Snake Eyes Trilogy '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 94 - 96 ( December 1989 - January 1990 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Bright , Mark ( p ) , Emberlin , Randy ( i ) . `` What did He say ? '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 102 ( July 1990 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Gosier , Phil ( p ) , Wallace , Crusher ( i ) . `` Slam - Dance in the Cyber-Castle '' G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero 150 ( July 1994 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero # 155 Jump up ^ Jerwa , Brandon ( w ) , Various ( p ) , Various ( i ) . Snake Eyes Declassified 1 -- 6 ( August 2005 - January 2006 ) , Devils Due Publishing Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Jurgens , Dan ( p ) , Layton , Bob ( i ) . `` The Mission That Never Was '' G.I. Joe : Frontline 1 -- 4 ( October 2002 - February 2003 ) , Image Comics and Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Jerwa , Brandon ( w ) , Caselli , Stefano ( a ) . G.I. Joe : Master & Apprentice 1 -- 4 ( May 2004 - September 2004 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 20 - 21 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 22 - 25 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 27 ( February 2004 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 28 - 32 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 36 - 38 ( 2004 - 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 40 - 41 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero vol. 2 # 42 - 43 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : Master & Apprentice 2 # 1 - 4 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 0 ( June 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 2 ( August 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 6 ( December 2005 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 7 ( January 2006 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 11 ( May 2006 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 12 ( June 2006 ) Jump up ^ Casey , Joe ( w ) , Medors , Josh ( p ) , Zajac , Richard ( i ) . `` Back in Black '' G.I. Joe : America 's Elite 13 ( July 2006 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Casey , Joe ( w ) , Medors , Josh ( p ) , Zajac , Richard ( i ) . `` What Lies Beneath '' G.I. Joe : America 's Elite 15 ( September 2006 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Mike ( w ) , Seeley , Tim , Siclia , Javier ( p ) , Atkins , Robert Q. ( i ) . `` Emperor 's New Clothes Part 1 of 2 '' G.I. Joe : America 's Elite 19 ( January 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Powers , Mark ( w ) , Bear , Mike ( p ) , Brown , Clayton ( i ) . `` Sins of the Mother Part 1 of 4 '' G.I. Joe : America 's Elite 21 ( February 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Dabb , Andrew ( w ) , Seeley , Tim ( p ) , Atkins , Robert Q. ( i ) . G.I. Joe : Special Missions : Antarctica One - shot ( December 2006 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 25 ( July 2007 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 26 ( August 2007 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 27 - 29 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : America 's Elite # 30 - 35 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Mark Powers ( w ) , Mike Bear , Pat Quinn , Mike Shoykey ( p ) . `` World War III Part 12 of 12 : Hell '' G.I. Joe : America 's Elite 36 ( June 2008 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing ^ Jump up to : Antarctica ( 12 May 2010 ) . `` Comic Continuity Clarity in the Comic Section - YoJoecom Forums '' . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Blaylock , Josh ( w ) , Miller , Mike S. ( p ) , Durruthy , Armando ( i ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers 1 ( July 2003 ) , Image Comics Jump up ^ Blaylock , Josh ( w ) , Miller , Mike S. ( p ) , Hamscher , Cory ( i ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers 5 ( December 2003 ) , Image Comics Jump up ^ Jolley , Dan ( w ) , Su , E.J. , Seeley , Tim ( p ) , Pepoy , Andrew ( i ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers II v2 , 1 ( September 2004 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Seeley , Tim ( w ) , Ng , Joe , Raiz , James ( p ) , Ross , Rob , Meth ( i ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers III : The Art of War v3 , 3 ( May 2006 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Seeley , Tim ( w ) , Milne , Alex , Ng , Joe and Raiz , James ( p ) , Ross , Rob , Meth ( i ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers III : The Art of War v3 , 5 ( August 2006 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Seeley , Tim ( w ) , Wildman , Andrew ( a ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers : Black Horizon v4 , 1 ( January 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Seeley , Tim ( w ) , Wildman , Andrew ( a ) . G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers : Black Horizon v4 , 2 ( February 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Dixon , Chuck ( w ) , Atkins , Robert ( a ) . G.I. Joe 1 ( January 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Dixon , Chuck ( w ) , Atkins , Robert ( a ) . G.I. Joe 7 ( July 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Dixon , Chuck ( w ) , Atkins , Robert ( a ) . G.I. Joe 9 - 11 ( September -- December 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Hawthorne , Mike , Feister , Tom ( a ) . G.I. Joe : Origins 1 ( February 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( w ) , Mutti , Andrea ( a ) . G.I. Joe : Origins 9 ( November 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ G.I. Joe : The Movie ( Motion picture ) . De Laurentiis Entertainment Group . April 20 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe : Resolute '' . G.I. Joe : Resolute . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 2009 - 04 - 18 . Cartoon Network / Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Dabb , Andrew ( w ) , Lie , Chris ( p ) , Kamarga , Ramanda ( i ) . G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 6 ( May 2006 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ `` 2009 File Card Packaged with action figure © Hasbro '' . Yojoe.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Ray Park Cast as Snake Eyes in G.I. Joe Movie '' . / Film . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Jacks ( 2008 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Snake Eyes To Stay Silent For ' G.I. Joe ' Movie , Promises Film 's Producer '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Film News Roundup : G.I. Joe Spinoff ' Snake Eyes ' in the Works at Paramount '' . Variety . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures Gives ' G.I. Joe ' Character Snake Eyes a Spinoff Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Matt . `` G.I. Joe for Personal Computers '' . YoJoe.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ G.I. Joe game review Archived 2012 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Mania.com Jump up ^ Cedric Cooks / Oda ( 2002 ) . `` G.I. Joe : FAQ / Walkthrough '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Matt . `` G.I. Joe : The Atlantis Factor for the NES '' . YoJoe.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cedric Cooks / Oda ( 2002 ) . `` G.I. Joe : The Atlantis Factor FAQ / Walkthrough '' . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comics Interview # 36 - 7 interview with Larry Hama '' . web archive. 2007 - 10 - 07 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ CrunchArcade : Top Ten Video Game Ninjas , ChrunchArcade , March 31st , 2008 Jump up ^ Ethan Kaye Daily Lists ( Toys ) , The 10 Coolest G.I. Joe Ninjas , Topless Robot , September 14 , 2010 Jump up ^ Verbally - Challenged TV Characters ( That Drove Everyone Insane ) Archived 2011 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , UGO.com , December 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ Quiet as the Grave : The Silent Killers of Film and TV Archived 2011 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , UGO.com , January 31 , 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snake Eyes ( G.I. Joe ) . Snake Eyes at JMM 's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page Snake Eyes at YOJOE.com G.I. Joe Characters G.I. 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a technique used to show the projection of an object into space
Multiview projection
multiview projection
In technical drawing and computer graphics , a multiview projection is a technique of illustration by which a standardized series of orthographic two - dimensional pictures is constructed to represent the form of a three - dimensional object . Up to six pictures of an object are produced ( called primary views ) , with each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the object . The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two schemes : first - angle or third - angle projection . In each , the appearances of views may be thought of as being projected onto planes that form a six - sided box around the object . Although six different sides can be drawn , usually three views of a drawing give enough information to make a three - dimensional object . These views are known as front view , top view and end view . Other names for these views include plan , elevation and section .
The terms orthographic projection and orthogonal projection are sometimes reserved specifically for multiviews . However , orthographic and orthogonal more correctly refer to the right angle formed between the projection rays and the projection plane , versus the angle formed between the subject of the drawing and the projection plane . Thus , orthographic projections include axonometric or auxiliary views in addition to multiviews . Contents 1 Overview 2 Primary views 2.1 Plan 2.2 Elevation 2.2. 1 Developed elevation 2.3 Section 3 Auxiliary views 4 Multiviews 4.1 Quadrants in descriptive geometry 4.2 First - angle projection 4.3 Third - angle projection 4.4 Additional information 5 Multiviews without rotation 6 Territorial use 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Comparison of several types of graphical projection , including elevation and plan views To render each such picture , a ray of sight ( also called a projection line , projection ray or line of sight ) towards the object is chosen , which determines on the object various points of interest ( for instance , the points that are visible when looking at the object along the ray of sight ) ; those points of interest are mapped by an orthographic projection to points on some geometric plane ( called a projection plane or image plane ) that is perpendicular to the ray of sight , thereby creating a 2D representation of the 3D object . Customarily , two rays of sight are chosen for each of the three axes of the object 's coordinate system ; that is , parallel to each axis , the object may be viewed in one of 2 opposite directions , making for a total of 6 orthographic projections ( or `` views '' ) of the object : Along the x-axis : The left and right views , which are known as elevations ( because they often show the features along the `` vertical '' length of an object such as a building ) . Along the y - axis : The top and bottom views , which are known as plans ( because they often show the features within a cross section of the object , such as a floor in a building ) . Along the z - axis : The front and back views , which are also known as elevations , following the same reasoning . These six planes of projection intersect each other , forming a box around the object , the most uniform construction of which is a cube ; traditionally , these six views are presented together by first projecting the 3D object onto the 2D faces of a cube , and then `` unfolding '' the faces of the cube such that all of them are contained within the same plane ( namely , the plane of the medium on which all of the images will be presented together , such as a piece of paper , or a computer monitor , etc . ) . However , even if the faces of the box are unfolded in one standardized way , there is ambiguity as to which projection is being displayed by a particular face ; the cube has two faces that are perpendicular to a ray of sight , and the points of interest may be projected onto either one of them , a choice which has resulted in two predominant standards of projection : First - angle projection : The points of interest are projected in the same direction as the ray of sight ; the points are projected onto the plane that lies behind the object , as determined by the ray of sight ; the plane of projection acts like the top of a table over which the points of interest are dropped into place . Third - angle projection : The points of interest are projected in the opposite direction of the ray of sight ; the points are projected onto the plane that lies in front of the object , as determined by the ray of sight ; the plane of projection acts like a glass table from under which the observer sees the points of interest after they have been dropped into place on the top of the table . Primary views ( edit ) Multiview projections show the primary views of an object , each viewed in a direction parallel to one of the main coordinate axes . These primary views are called plans and elevations . Sometimes they are shown as if the object has been cut across or sectioned to expose the interior : these views are called sections . Plan ( edit ) See also : Plan ( drawing ) and Floor plan A plan view of Millbank Prison , 1828 A plan is a view of a 3 - dimensional object seen from vertically above ( or sometimes below ) . It may be drawn in the position of a horizontal plane passing through , above , or below the object . The outline of a shape in this view is sometimes called its planform , for example with aircraft wings . The plan view from above a building is called its roof plan . A section seen in a horizontal plane through the walls and showing the floor beneath is called a floor plan . Elevation ( edit ) Principal façade of the Panthéon , Paris , by Jacques - Germain Soufflot . An elevation is a view of a 3 - dimensional object from the position of a vertical plane beside an object . In other words , an elevation is a side - view as viewed from the front , back , left or right ( and referred to as a front elevation , ( left / right ) side elevation , and a rear elevation ) . An elevation is a common method of depicting the external configuration and detailing of a 3 - dimensional object in two dimensions . Building façades are shown as elevations in architectural drawings and technical drawings . Elevations are the most common orthographic projection for conveying the appearance of a building from the exterior . Perspectives are also commonly used for this purpose . A building elevation is typically labeled in relation to the compass direction it faces ; the direction from which a person views it . E.g. the North Elevation of a building is the side that most closely faces true north on the compass . Interior elevations are used to show detailing such as millwork and trim configurations . In the building industry elevations are a non-perspective view of the structure . These are drawn to scale so that measurements can be taken for any aspect necessary . Drawing sets include front , rear and both side elevations . The elevations specify the composition of the different facades of the building , including ridge heights , the positioning of the final fall of the land , exterior finishes , roof pitches and other architectural details . Developed elevation ( edit ) A developed elevation is a variant of a regular elevation view in which several adjacent non-parallel sides may be shown together , as if they have been unfolded . For example , the north and west views may be shown side - by - side , sharing an edge , even though this does not represent a proper orthographic projection . Section ( edit ) See also : Cross section ( geometry ) A section , or cross-section , is a view of a 3 - dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object . A section is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a 3 - dimensional object in two dimensions . It is often used in technical drawing and is traditionally crosshatched . The style of crosshatching often indicates the type of material the section passes through . With computed axial tomography , computers construct cross-sections from x-ray data . A 3 - D view of a beverage - can stove with a cross-section in yellow . A 2 - D cross-sectional view of a compression seal . Cutaway of a Porsche 996 Cross-section of a jet engine Auxiliary views ( edit ) An auxiliary view or pictorial , is an orthographic view that is projected into any plane other than one of the six primary views . These views are typically used when an object has a surface in an oblique plane . By projecting into a plane parallel with the oblique surface , the true size and shape of the surface is shown . Auxiliary views tend to make use of axonometric projection . Multiviews ( edit ) This article needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . Please help improve it if you can . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Quadrants in descriptive geometry ( edit ) Gaspard Monge 's four quadrants and two planes . Modern orthographic projection is derived from Gaspard Monge 's descriptive geometry . Monge defined a reference system of two viewing planes , horizontal H ( `` ground '' ) and vertical V ( `` backdrop '' ) . These two planes intersect to partition 3D space into 4 quadrants , which he labeled : I : above H , in front of V II : above H , behind V III : below H , behind V IV : below H , in front of V These quadrant labels are the same as used in 2D planar geometry , as seen from infinitely far to the `` left '' , taking H and V to be the X-axis and Y - axis , respectively . The 3D object of interest is then placed into either quadrant I or III ( equivalently , the position of the intersection line between the two planes is shifted ) , obtaining first - and third - angle projections , respectively . Quadrants II and IV are also mathematically valid , but their use would result in one view `` true '' and the other view `` flipped '' by 180 ° through its vertical centerline , which is too confusing for technical drawings . ( In cases where such a view is useful , e.g. a ceiling viewed from above , a reflected view is used , which is a mirror image of the true orthographic view . ) Monge 's original formulation uses two planes only , and obtains the top and front views only . The addition of a third plane to show a side view ( either left or right ) is a modern extension . The terminology of quadrant is a mild anachronism , as a modern orthographic projection with three views corresponds more precisely to an octant of 3D space . First - angle projection ( edit ) In first - angle projection , the object is conceptually located in quadrant I , i.e. it floats above and before the viewing planes , the planes are opaque , and each view is pushed through the object onto the plane furthest from it . ( Mnemonic : an `` actor on a stage '' . ) Extending to the 6 - sided box , each view of the object is projected in the direction ( sense ) of sight of the object , onto the ( opaque ) interior walls of the box ; that is , each view of the object is drawn on the opposite side of the box . A two - dimensional representation of the object is then created by `` unfolding '' the box , to view all of the interior walls . This produces two plans and four elevations . A simpler way to visualize this is to place the object on top of an upside - down bowl . Sliding the object down the right edge of the bowl reveals the right side view . An image of an object in a box . The same image , with views of object projected in the direction of sight onto walls using first - angle projection . Similar image showing the box unfolding from around the object . Image showing orthographic views located relative to each other in accordance with first - angle projection . Third - angle projection ( edit ) An example of a multiview orthographic drawing from a US Patent ( 1913 ) , showing two views of the same object . Third angle projection is used . In third - angle projection , the object is conceptually located in quadrant III , i.e. it is positioned below and behind the viewing planes , the planes are transparent , and each view is pulled onto the plane closest to it . ( Mnemonic : a `` shark in a tank '' , esp. that is sunken into the floor . ) Using the 6 - sided viewing box , each view of the object is projected opposite to the direction ( sense ) of sight , onto the ( transparent ) exterior walls of the box ; that is , each view of the object is drawn on the same side of the box . The box is then unfolded to view all of its exterior walls . A simpler way to visualize this is to place the object in the bottom of a bowl . Sliding the object up the right edge of the bowl reveals the right side view . Here is the construction of third angle projections of the same object as above . Note that the individual views are the same , just arranged differently . Additional information ( edit ) First - angle projection is as if the object were sitting on the paper and , from the `` face '' ( front ) view , it is rolled to the right to show the left side or rolled up to show its bottom . It is standard throughout Europe and Asia ( excluding Japan ) . First - angle projection was widely used in the UK , but during World War II , British drawings sent to be manufactured in the USA , such as of the Rolls - Royce Merlin , had to be drawn in third - angle projection before they could be produced , e.g. , as the Packard V - 1650 Merlin . This historical position of the UK means that some British companies completely adopted third angle projection . BS 308 ( Part 1 ) Engineering Drawing Practice , gave the option of using both projections , but generally every illustration ( other than the ones explaining the difference between first and third - angle ) was done in first - angle . After the withdrawal of BS 308 in 1999 , BS 8888 offered the same choice since it referred directly to ISO 5456 - 2 , Technical drawings -- Projection methods -- Part 2 : Orthographic representations . Third - angle is as if the object were a box to be unfolded . If we unfold the box so that the front view is in the center of the two arms , then the top view is above it , the bottom view is below it , the left view is to the left , and the right view is to the right . It is standard in the USA ( ASME Y14. 3 - 2003 specifies it as the default projection system ) , Japan ( JIS B 0001 : 2010 specifies it as the default projection system ) , Canada , and Australia . Both first - angle and third - angle projections result in the same 6 views ; the difference between them is the arrangement of these views around the box . A great deal of confusion has ensued in drafting rooms and engineering departments when drawings are transferred from one convention to another . On engineering drawings , the projection angle is denoted by an international symbol consisting of a truncated cone , respectively for first - angle and third - angle : http://www3.ul.ie/~rynnet/orthographic_projection_fyp/images/projection_symbols.png Symbols used to define whether a projection is either First Angle ( left ) or Third Angle ( right ) The 3D interpretation of the symbol can be deduced by envisioning a solid truncated cone , standing upright with its large end on the floor and the small end upward . The top view is therefore two concentric circles ( `` donut '' ) . In particular , the fact that the inner circle is drawn with a solid line instead of dashed identifies this view as the top view , not the bottom view . In first - angle projection , the `` top '' view is pushed down to the floor , and the `` front '' view is pushed back to the rear wall ; the intersection line between these two planes is therefore closest to the large end of the cone , hence the first - angle symbol shows the cone with its large end open toward the donut . In third - angle projection , the `` top '' view is pulled up to the ceiling , and the `` front '' view is pulled forward to the front wall ; the intersection line between the two planes is thus closest to the small end of the cone , hence the third - angle symbol shows the cone with its large end away from the donut . Multiviews without rotation ( edit ) Orthographic multiview projection is derived from the principles of descriptive geometry and may produce an image of a specified , imaginary object as viewed from any direction of space . Orthographic projection is distinguished by parallel projectors emanating from all points of the imaged object and which intersect of projection at right angles . Above , a technique is described that obtains varying views by projecting images after the object is rotated to a desired position . Descriptive geometry customarily relies on obtaining various views by imagining an object to be stationary , and changing the direction of projection ( viewing ) in order to obtain the desired view . See Figure 1 . Using the rotation technique above , note that no orthographic view is available looking perpendicularly at any of the inclined surfaces . Suppose a technician desired such a view to , say , look through a hole to be drilled perpendicularly to the surface . Such a view might be desired for calculating clearances or for dimensioning purposes . To obtain this view without multiple rotations requires the principles of Descriptive Geometry . The steps below describe the use of these principles in third angle projection . Figures one through nine . Fig. 1 : Pictorial of imaginary object that the technician wishes to image . Fig. 2 : The object is imagined behind a vertical plane of projection . The angled corner of the plane of projection is addressed later . Fig. 3 : Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object , perpendicular to the plane of projection . Fig. 4 : An image is created thereby . Fig. 5 : A second , horizontal plane of projection is added , perpendicular to the first . Fig. 6 : Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object perpendicular to the second plane of projection . Fig. 7 : An image is created thereby . Fig. 8 : A third plane of projection is added , perpendicular to the previous two . Fig. 9 : Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object perpendicular to the third plane of projection . Figures ten through seventeen . Fig. 10 : An image is created thereby . Fig. 11 : A fourth plane of projection is added parallel to the chosen inclined surface , and per force , perpendicular to the first ( Frontal ) plane of projection . Fig. 12 : Projectors emanate parallel from all points of the object perpendicularly from the inclined surface , and per force , perpendicular to the fourth ( Auxiliary ) plane of projection . Fig. 13 : An image is created thereby . Fig. 14 - 16 : The various planes of projection are unfolded to be planar with the Frontal plane of projection . Fig. 17 : The final appearance of an orthographic multiview projection and which includes an `` Auxiliary view '' showing the true shape of an inclined surface . Territorial use ( edit ) First - angle is used in most of the world . Third - angle projection is most commonly used in America , Japan ( in JIS B 0001 : 2010 ) ; and is preferred in Australia , as laid down in AS 1100. 101 -- 1992 6.3. 3 . In the UK , BS8888 9.7. 2.1 allows for three different conventions for arranging views : Labelled Views , Third Angle Projection , and First Angle Projection . See also ( edit ) Architectural drawing Cross section ( geometry ) Engineering drawing Graphical projection Plans ( drawings ) References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Ingrid Carlbom , Joseph Paciorek ( 1978 ) , `` Planar Geometric Projections and Viewing Transformations '' , ACM Computing Surveys , 10 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 502 , doi : 10.1145 / 356744.356750 Jump up ^ Ching , Frank ( 1985 ) , Architectural Graphics - Second Edition , New York : Van Norstrand Reinhold , ISBN 0 - 442 - 21862 - 1 Jump up ^ Bertoline , Gary R. Introduction to Graphics Communications for Engineers ( 4th Ed . ) . New York , NY . 2009 Jump up ^ http://www3.ul.ie/~rynnet/orthographic_projection_fyp/webpages/third_angle.html Jump up ^ Madsen , David A. ; Madsen , David P. ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Engineering Drawing and Design '' . Cengage Learning -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Third Angle Projection '' . Musashino Art University . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` AS 1100.101 1992 Technical Dwgs '' `` . archive.org . BS 308 ( Part 1 ) Engineering Drawing Practice BS 8888 Technical product documentation and specification ISO 5456 - 2 Technical drawings -- Projection methods -- Part 2 : Orthographic Representations ( includes the truncated cone symbol ) External links ( edit ) Educational website describing the principles of first and third angle projection -- University of Limerick Educational website describing the principles of first and third angle projection Images tagged `` Elevation '' on Flickr.com Basic Projection Method first angle vs third angle Visualization of technical information Fields Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing User interface design Visual culture Volume visualization Image types Chart Diagram Engineering drawing Graph of a function Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Skeletal formula Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration User interface People Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly George Furnas Pat Hanrahan Nigel Holmes Christopher R. Johnson August Kekulé Manuel Lima Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Miriah Meyer Charles Joseph Minard Rudolf Modley Gaspard Monge Tamara Munzner Otto Neurath Florence Nightingale Hanspeter Pfister Clifford A. Pickover William Playfair Karl Wilhelm Pohlke Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Ben Shneiderman Fraser Stoddart Edward Tufte Fernanda Viégas Ade Olufeko Howard Wainer Martin Wattenberg Bang Wong Related topics Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics in computer science Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Misleading graph Neuroimaging Patent drawing Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception Volume cartography Volume rendering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiview_projection&oldid=850491853 '' Categories : Graphical projections Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2014 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Galego Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 06 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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how many households in australia have solar power
Solar power in Australia
solar power in australia
White Cliffs Solar Power Station , New South Wales Broken Hill Solar Plant , New South Wales Solar power in Australia is a growing industry . As of September 2018 , Australia had over 10,131 MW of installed photovoltaic ( PV ) solar power , of which 3,366 MW were installed in the preceding 12 months . In 2017 , 23 solar PV projects with a combined installed capacity of 2,034 MW were either under construction , constructed or due to start construction having reached financial closure . PV accounted for 3.8 % of Australia 's electrical energy production in 2017 . Feed - in tariffs and renewable energy targets designed to assist renewable energy commercialisation in Australia have largely been responsible for the rapid increase . In South Australia , a solar feed - in tariff was introduced for households and an educational program that involved installing PVs on the roofs of major public buildings such as the Adelaide Airport , State Parliament , Museum , Art Gallery and several hundred public schools . In 2018 , the Queensland government introduced the Affordable Energy Plan offering interest free loans for solar panels and solar storage in an effort to increase the uptake of solar energy in the state . In 2008 Premier Mike Rann announced funding for $8 million worth of solar panels on the roof of the new Goyder Pavilion at the Royal Adelaide Showgrounds , the largest rooftop solar installation in Australia , qualifying it for official `` power station '' status . South Australia has the highest per capita take up of household solar power in Australia . The installed PV capacity in Australia has increased 10-fold between 2009 and 2011 , and quadrupled between 2011 and 2016 . The first commercial - scale PV power plant , the 1 MW Uterne Solar Power Station , was opened in 2011 . Greenough River Solar Farm opened in 2012 with a capacity of 10 MW . The price of photovoltaics has been decreasing , and in January 2013 , was less than half the cost of using grid electricity in Australia . Australia has been internationally criticised for producing very little of its energy from solar power , despite its vast resources , extensive sunshine and overall high potential . Contents 1 Potential 2 Incentives 2.1 Rebates 2.2 Feed - in tariffs 2.3 Renewable energy targets 2.4 Subsidy funding 3 Projects 3.1 List of largest projects 3.2 Australian Capital Territory 3.3 Northern Territory 3.4 Queensland 3.5 South Australia 3.6 Victoria 3.7 Western Australia 3.8 Solar cities program 3.9 Renewable Energy Master Plan 2030 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Potential ( edit ) Solar potential in Australia The combination of Australia 's dry climate and latitude give it high benefits and potential for solar energy production . Most of the Australian continent receives in excess of 4 kilowatt - hours ( 14 MJ ) per square metre per day of insolation during winter months , with a region in the north exceeding 6 kilowatt - hours ( 22 MJ ) per square metre per day . Australia 's insolation greatly exceeds the average values in Europe , Russia , and most of North America . Comparable levels are found in desert areas of northern and southern Africa , south western United States and adjacent area of Mexico , and regions on the Pacific coast of South America . However , the areas of highest insolation are distant to Australia 's population centres . With an installed photovoltaic capacity of 5,900 MW at the end of 2016 , Australia ranks among the world 's top ten solar countries . The installed capacity in 2015 was 5,070 MW . Incentives ( edit ) 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 2005 2015 Cumulative capacity -- End of year cumulative installed PV capacity in megawatts since 2001 Rebates ( edit ) The Solar Homes and Communities Plan was a rebate provided by the Australian Government of up to A $8,000 for installing solar panels on homes and community use buildings ( other than schools ) . This rebate was phased out on 8 June 2009 , to be replaced by the Solar Credits Program , where an installation of a solar system would receive 5 times as many Renewable Energy Certificates for the first 1.5 kilowatts of capacity under the Renewable Energy Target ( see below ) . Schools were eligible to apply for grants of up to A $50,000 to install 2 kW solar panels and other measures through the National Solar Schools Program beginning on 1 July 2008 , which replaced the Green Vouchers for Schools program . Applications for the program ended 21 November 2012 . A total of 2,870 schools have installed solar panels . The output of each array can be viewed , and compared with that of up to four other schools . Feed - in tariffs ( edit ) Main article : Feed - in tariffs in Australia A number of states have set up schemes to encourage the uptake of solar PV power generation involving households installing solar panels and selling excess electricity to electricity retailers to put into the electricity grid , widely called `` feed - in '' . Each scheme involves the setting of feed in tariffs , which can be classified by a number of factors including the price paid , whether it is on a net or gross export basis , the length of time payments are guaranteed , the maximum size of installation allowed and the type of customer allowed to participate . Many Australian state feed - in tariffs were net export tariffs , whereas conservation groups argued for gross feed - in tariffs . In March 2009 , the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) started a solar gross feed - in tariff . For systems up to 10 kW the payment was 50.05 cents per kWh . For systems from 10 kW to 30 kW the payment was 40.04 cents per kWh . The payment was revised downward once before an overall capacity cap was reached and the scheme closed . Payments are made quarterly based on energy generated and the payment rate is guaranteed for 20 years . In Germany , a guaranteed PV tariff means that ( as of 2006 ) Germany now has the highest PV capacity per capita -- at 10 W for every person in Germany compared to Australia at 2.6 W per capita . Renewable Energy targets ( edit ) Main article : Energy policy of Australia § Renewable energy targets In 2001 , the Australian government introduced a mandatory renewable energy target ( MRET ) designed to ensure renewable energy achieves a 20 % share of electricity supply in Australia by 2020 . The MRET was to increase new generation from 9,500 gigawatt - hours to 45,000 gigawatt - hours by 2020 . The MRET requires wholesale purchasers of electricity ( such as electricity retailers or industrial operations ) to purchase renewable energy certificates ( RECs ) , created through the generation of electricity from renewable sources , including wind , hydro , landfill gas and geothermal , as well as solar PV and solar thermal . The objective is to provide a stimulus and additional revenue for these technologies . The scheme was proposed to continue until 2030 . Subsidy funding ( edit ) The Solar Flagships program sets aside $1.6 billion for solar power over six years . The government funding is for 4 new solar plants that produce coal plant scale power ( in total up to 1000 MW - coal plants typically produce 500 to 2,000 MW ) . This subsidy would need additional funding from the plant builders and / or operators . As a comparison Abengoa Solar , a company currently constructing solar thermal plants , put the cost of a 300 MW plant at € 1.2 billion in 2007 . In 2009 , the Arizona state government announced a 200 MW plant for US $1 billion . Projects ( edit ) Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX List of largest projects ( edit ) Projects with a power rating less than 50 MW are not listed . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . State Project / ​ Location Capacity ( MW ) Commissioning LGA Company Notes SA Bungala Solar Power Project 32 ° 25 ′ S 137 ° 49 ′ E  /  32.41 ° S 137.82 ° E  / - 32.41 ; 137.82  ( Bungala ) 220 2018 May ( initial connection ) Port Augusta Reach Energy Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . QLD Daydream Solar Farm 20 ° 30 ′ 46 '' S 147 ° 41 ′ 31 '' E  /  20.512804 ° S 147.691968 ° E  / - 20.512804 ; 147.691968 168 2018 October Whitsunday Regional Council Edify Energy Photovoltaic. 168 MWac , 180 MWdc . NSW Coleambally Solar Farm 34 ° 45 ′ 34 '' S 145 ° 55 ′ 47 '' E  /  34.759494 ° S 145.929840 ° E  / - 34.759494 ; 145.929840  ( Coleambally ) 150 2018 September Murrumbidgee Neoen Photovoltaic , fixed tilt . QLD Ross River Solar Farm 19 ° 25 ′ 31 '' S 146 ° 42 ′ 56 '' E  /  19.425305 ° S 146.715686 ° E  / - 19.425305 ; 146.715686  ( Ross River ) 148 2018 September Townsville ESCO Pacific , Palisade Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . QLD Sun Metals Solar Farm 19 ° 26 ′ 14 '' S 146 ° 41 ′ 46 '' E  /  19.437318 ° S 146.696015 ° E  / - 19.437318 ; 146.696015  ( Sun Metals ) 124 2018 May Townsville Sun Metals Thin - film , single axis tracking . QLD Darling Downs Solar Farm 27 ° 06 ′ 43 '' S 150 ° 52 ′ 55 '' E  /  27.1120 ° S 150.8819 ° E  / - 27.1120 ; 150.8819  ( Darling Downs ) 110 May -- September 2018 Western Downs Regional Council APA Group Output sold to Origin Energy who also owns the adjacent Darling Downs Power Station NSW Nyngan Solar Plant 31 ° 33 ′ 23 '' S 147 ° 04 ′ 53 '' E  /  31.5563 ° S 147.08152 ° E  / - 31.5563 ; 147.08152  ( Nyngan ) 102 2015 June Bogan Shire AGL Energy CdTe thin - film technology . At the time of its construction , it was the largest solar PV plant in the Southern Hemisphere . Capacity : 102 MW . QLD Clare Solar Farm 19 ° 50 ′ 23 '' S 147 ° 12 ′ 38 '' E  /  19.839770 ° S 147.210550 ° E  / - 19.839770 ; 147.210550  ( Clare ) 100 2018 May Burdekin Shire Fotowatio Renewable Ventures ( FRV ) Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . 100 MWac. 125 MWdc VIC Karadoc Solar Farm 34 ° 13 ′ 40 '' S 142 ° 16 ′ 49 '' E  /  34.227904 ° S 142.280330 ° E  / - 34.227904 ; 142.280330 90 2018 October Mildura BayWa Photovoltaic. 90 MWac , 112 MWdc . VIC Bannerton Solar Park 34 ° 40 ′ 21 '' S 142 ° 45 ′ 01 '' E  /  34.672630 ° S 142.750362 ° E  / - 34.672630 ; 142.750362  ( Bannerton ) 88 2018 July Swan Hill CIMIC Group , Foresight Group 88 MWac. 110 MWdc . QLD Emerald Solar Park 23 ° 30 ′ 32 '' S 148 ° 07 ′ 41 '' E  /  23.508790 ° S 148.128017 ° E  / - 23.508790 ; 148.128017  ( Emerald ) 68 2018 October Central Highlands RES Group Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . QLD Hamilton Solar Farm 20 ° 28 ′ 07 '' S 147 ° 47 ′ 58 '' E  /  20.468593 ° S 147.799484 ° E  / - 20.468593 ; 147.799484  ( Hamilton ) 57.5 2018 July Bowen Wirsol and Edify Energy Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . 57.5 MWac , 69 MWdc . QLD Whitsunday Solar Farm 20 ° 32 ′ 14 '' S 147 ° 48 ′ 17 '' E  /  20.537259 ° S 147.804750 ° E  / - 20.537259 ; 147.804750  ( Whitsunday ) 57.5 2018 July Bowen Wirsol and Edify Energy Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . 57.5 MWac , 69 MWdc NSW Moree Solar Farm 29 ° 33 ′ 58 '' S 149 ° 50 ′ 55 '' E  /  29.56621 ° S 149.84853 ° E  / - 29.56621 ; 149.84853  ( Moree ) 56 2016 March Moree Plains Shire Fotowatio Renewable Ventures ( FRV ) Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . NSW Parkes Solar Farm 33 ° 06 ′ 47 '' S 148 ° 04 ′ 35 '' E  /  33.113056 ° S 148.076372 ° E  / - 33.113056 ; 148.076372  ( Parkes ) 55 2018 April Parkes Neoen Photovoltaic , ground mounted . 55 MWac. 66 MWdc NSW Broken Hill Solar Plant 31 ° 59 ′ 19 '' S 141 ° 23 ′ 05 '' E  /  31.98871 ° S 141.3846 ° E  / - 31.98871 ; 141.3846  ( Nyngan ) 53 2014 July Broken Hill AGL Energy CdTe thin - film technology . Capacity given in AC ( 53 MW ) . QLD Kidston Solar Project 18 ° 52 ′ 48 '' S 144 ° 09 ′ 04 '' E  /  18.88009 ° S 144.1510 ° E  / - 18.88009 ; 144.1510  ( Kidston ) 50 2017 November Etheridge Genex CdTe thin - film technology Single axis tracker . VIC Gannawarra Solar Farm 35 ° 43 ′ 48 '' S 143 ° 46 ′ 16 '' E  /  35.7300 ° S 143.7711 ° E  / - 35.7300 ; 143.7711  ( Gannawarra ) 50 2018 March Gannawarra Wirsol and Edify Energy Photovoltaic , single axis tracking . Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) A 20 MWp solar power plant has been built on 50 hectares of land in Royalla , a rural part of the Australian Capital Territory south of Canberra . It is powered by 83,000 solar panels , and can power 4,400 homes . It was officially opened on 3 September 2014 . It is the first solar plant facility in the Australian capital , and at the time of building the largest such plant in Australia . The facility was built by a Spanish company , Fotowatio Renewable Ventures ( FRV ) . Northern Territory ( edit ) There are 30 solar concentrator dishes at three locations in the Northern Territory : Hermannsburg , Yuendumu and Lajamanu . Solar Systems and the Federal government were involved in the projects . The solar concentrator dish power stations together generate 720 kW and 1,555,000 kWh per year , representing a saving of 420,000 litres of diesel and 1,550 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions . The solar power stations at these three remote indigenous communities in Australia 's Northern Territory are constructed using Solar Systems ' CS500 concentrator dish systems . The project cost A $7 M , offset by a grant from the Australian and Northern Territory Governments under their Renewable Remote Power Generation Program . The project won a prestigious Engineering Excellence award in 2005 . The Federal Government has funded over 120 innovative small - scale standalone solar systems in remote indigenous communities , designed by Bushlight , incorporating sophisticated demand side management systems with user - friendly interfaces . Queensland ( edit ) Over 2GW of solar farms were completed or under construction in Queensland as of 2018 . The 100MW Clare Solar Farm , located 35 km southwest of Ayr , in north Queensland begun exporting to the grid in May 2018 . The 50 MW AC Kidston Solar Project has been built on the site of the Kidston Gold Mine . This is phase 1 of a planned solar energy and pumped storage combination . Kidston is owned by Genex and was constructed by UGL The Lilyvale Solar Farm , with a capacity of 130 MWac , is under construction by Spanish companies GRS and Acciona , after an EPC contract was signed with Fotowatio Renewable Ventures ( FRV ) . It will be located in Lilyvale , which is around 50 km northeast of Emerald , and commercial operations are expected to start in late 2018 . The Hamilton Solar Farm is a 69.0 MW DC single - axis tracking project located a few kilometres north of Collinsville in North Queensland . Its owners are Edify Energy and Wirsol . The solar farm came online in July 2018 . The Whitsunday Solar Farm is a 69.0 MW DC single - axis tracking project located a few kilometres north of Collinsville in North Queensland . Its owners are Edify Energy and Wirsol . The solar farm came online in July 2018 . There are 2 more solar projects under construction by Edify Energy in Collinsville due to come on line in late 2018 . The Hayman Solar Farm which is a 60.0 MW DC single - axis tracking project and the Daydream Solar Farm which is a 180.0 MW DC single - axis tracking project . South Australia ( edit ) Bungala Solar Power Project north of Port Augusta is the first grid - scale facility in South Australia . Stage 1 is rated at 110MW . It has a contract to provide electricity to Origin Energy . Sundrop Farms concentrated solar power plant has a generating capacity of 40 MW , and is the first of its kind to be commissioned in the state . It was completed in 2016 . A floating array of solar PV panels is in place at Jamestown wastewater treatment plant , with a generating capacity of 3.5 MW . The largest rooftop solar PV array in South Australia was installed in 2017 at Yalumba Wine Company across three Barossa locations . Total generating capacity is 1.39 MW generating approximately 2,000 MWh per annum . Previous significant installations include Adelaide airport , with a generating capacity of 1.17 MW , and the Adelaide Showgrounds , with a generating capacity of 1MW . The showgrounds array was the first PV station in Australia to reach a generating capacity of 1MW and was expected to generate approximately 1,400 Megawatt - hours of electricity annually . On 29 November 2017 the state government announced a new round of finance for renewable energy projects which included a Planet Arc Power - Schneider Electric development of a $13.9 m solar PV and battery project at a major distribution centre in Adelaide 's North . The project includes a micro-grid management system optimising 5.7 MW of solar PV coupled with 2.9 MWh of battery storage . The University of South Australia will develop 1.8 MW of ground and roof mounted solar PV at its Mawson Lakes campus . At the Heathgate Resources Beverley mine there are plans for a relocatable 1MW of solar PV paired with a 1MW / 0.5 MWh battery which will be integrated with an existing on - site gas power plant . The Aurora Solar Thermal Power Project is proposed for near Port Augusta , on the north side of the town . Auroroa has a contract to supply electricity to state government offices when it is completed in 2020 . It is proposed to be a solar thermal facility providing thermal storage to be able to generate while the sun is not shining . Riverland Solar Storage has development approval to establish a photovoltaic solar power farm near Morgan . The developer expected it to begin operations in late 2018 , but construction is now expected to begin in 2019 . Victoria ( edit ) The 100 MW PV Mildura Solar Concentrator Power Station , formerly expected to be completed in 2017 , is now cancelled . It was expected to be the biggest and most efficient solar photovoltaic power station in the world . The power station was expected to concentrate the sun by 500 times onto the solar cells for ultra high power output . The Victorian power station would have generated electricity directly from the sun to meet the annual needs of over 45,000 homes with on - going zero greenhouse gas emissions . The Gannawarra Solar Farm is a 60.0 MW DC single - axis tracking project located west of Kerang in north - west Victoria . It is the first large - scale solar farm to be constructed in Victoria . Western Australia ( edit ) Western Australia 's first major large scale solar farm , the Greenough River Solar farm , is at Walkaway , 70 km SE of Geraldton . It was opened in October 2012 . The 10MW field has 150,000 solar panels . The 20 MW Emu Downs solar farm became the largest solar farm in WA when opened in March 2018 . Emu Downs solar farm is co-located with the Emu Downs Wind Farm . The proposed Asian Renewable Energy Hub would include 3,500 MW of solar power along with 7500MW of wind power . Solar Cities program ( edit ) Main article : Solar Cities in Australia Solar Cities is a demonstration program designed to promote solar power , smart meters , and energy conservation in urban locations throughout Australia . One such location is Townsville , Queensland . Renewable Energy Master Plan 2030 ( edit ) The Council of Sydney is attempting to make the city run 100 % on renewable energy by 2030 . This plan was announced earlier in 2014 with the blueprints made public on their website . This ambitious plan was recently awarded the 2014 Eurosolar prize in the category of `` Towns / municipalities , council districts and public utilities '' . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Renewable energy portal Sustainable development portal Australia portal Environment portal Renewable energy in Australia Wind power in Australia Geothermal power in Australia Biofuel in Australia Andrew Blakers Building - integrated photovoltaics Centre for Appropriate Technology ( Australia ) List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources Martin Green Photovoltaic and renewable energy engineering in Australia Renewable energy by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australian PV market since April 2001 '' . apvi.org.au . Jump up ^ `` '' 2017 : Biggest year for Australia 's Renewable Energy Industry `` '' . Jump up ^ https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/dam/cec/policy-and-advocacy/reports/2018/cea-report-2018.pdf Jump up ^ Centre for National Policy , What States Can Do : Climate Change Policy , April 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ 3 new Queensland Government Interest - free loans for solar and storage in 2018 , June 29 , 2018 Jump up ^ http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ June 2 , 2008 . `` Adelaide Showgrounds to have nations biggest solar power project '' Jump up ^ `` Uterne Solar Power Station '' . alicesolarcity.com.au . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Australia 's Greenough River Solar Farm Opens Amid Renewable Target Debate , Reuters , Rebekah Kebede , 9 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Solar Electricity Now Under Half The Cost Of Grid Power For Australian Households '' . CleanTechnica . Jump up ^ Sunniest places in the world , Current Results.com Jump up ^ `` Is Australia falling out of love with solar power ? '' . BBC News . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Australia , businesses are getting hit with a $500 fee designed to kill solar power '' . ThinkProgress. 15 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US solar giant quits Australia '' . Renew Economy . Retrieved 17 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , L. ; Brown , C. ; Foster , J. ; Wagner , L. ( December 2013 ) . `` Australian renewable energy policy : Barriers and challenges '' . Renewable Energy . 60 : 711 -- 721 . doi : 10.1016 / j. renene. 2013.06. 024 . Jump up ^ `` Australian PV market since April 2001 '' . Australian PV Institute . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Solar Homes and Communities Plan Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The National Solar Schools Program is on the way '' . Jump up ^ `` National Solar Schools Program '' . climatechange.gov.au . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` solarschools.net : : Data Monitoring '' . solarschools.net . Jump up ^ `` ACT Govt . Feed In Tariff factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Matthew Bulat . `` Solar Power Calculator '' . matthewb.id.au . Jump up ^ Supply side options for WA stationary energy : An assessment of alternative technologies and development support mechanisms in the Final report to WA Greenhouse and Energy Taskforce by Next Energy on 26 September 2006 Jump up ^ Australian Government : Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator Archived 26 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Budget 2009 10 : Climate change and energy '' . Parliament of Australia . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GreenMode Sustainability Developments : Big Solar for Oz '' . greenmodesustainabilitydevelopments.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` 404 '' . azcommerce.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overview -- Coleambally Solar Farm '' . coleamballysolarfarm.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Project Ross River Solar Farm '' . Ross River Solar Farm . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland 's biggest solar farm starts generating to grid '' . RenewEconomy. 2018 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Metals Townsville Solar Farm '' . POWER PLANTS . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Metals Solar Farm '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` newsletter # 3 '' ( PDF ) . darling downs solar farm . March 2018 . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AGL - Nyngan Solar Plant '' . agl.com.au . Jump up ^ `` AGL 's solar plant at Nyngan in western NSW will have over 1.3 million panels '' . ABC Rural . Jump up ^ Peter Hannam . `` False dawn for solar giant ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` The Southern Hemisphere 's Largest Solar Plant - AGL solar '' . AGL - Energy in Action . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ magazine , pv . `` Renewables flow for Queensland '' . pv magazine Australia . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRV announces second large - scale solar plant power purchase agreement in Australia with Origin : FRV '' . frv.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Energy , Origin ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) . `` New Queensland solar farm complete and ramping up generation '' . www.originenergy.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Clare : FRV '' . frv.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Large - scale Renewable Energy Target supply data '' . www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sunraysia Bannerton Solar Park demonstrates solar benefits for Victoria - Clean Energy Finance Corporation ( CEFC ) '' . www.cefc.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Solar Farm WIRSOL '' . WIRSOL. 2018 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Whitsunday Solar Farm WIRSOL '' . WIRSOL. 2018 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` FRV - Moree Solar Farm '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Parkes Solar Farm '' . parkessolarfarm.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` NSW 's solar bonanza about to become reality - Australian Renewable Energy Agency '' . Australian Renewable Energy Agency . 2017 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Breen ( 4 Sep 2014 ) . `` Broken Hill Solar Farm pushes through initial site works , community funding on table '' . Australian Broadcasting Commission ( ABC ) . Retrieved 6 Feb 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50MW Kidston Solar Project '' . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gannawarra Solar Farm WIRSOL '' . WIRSOL. 2018 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ ' Australia 's largest ' solar farm opens at Royalla south of Canberra , Jonathon Gul and Kathleen Dyett , ABC News Online , 3 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Big Solar Power a Big Deal in the ACT and Beyond - The Green Power Company '' . The Green Power Company - Solar Power Systems . Jump up ^ `` Solar Systems - Solar Systems '' . www.solarsystems.com.au . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Systems - Solar Systems '' ( PDF ) . www.solarsystems.com.au . Jump up ^ Queensland solar farms actively hiring backpackers , insider claims , ABC , Josh Bavas , 25 Sep 2018 Jump up ^ `` Queensland 's biggest solar farm connects to the grid '' . RenewEconomy. 2018 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://grs.energy/gransolar-grs-lilyvale-large-solar-photovoltaic-plant-australia/ Jump up ^ http://lilyvalesolarfarm.com.au/about-us/ Jump up ^ Beattie , Andrea ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Floating Solar Panel System Changes The Energy Game For Communities Affected By Drought '' -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` Yalumba Solar Installation -- Barossa '' . Barossa . Jump up ^ `` AGL and Yalumba : Australia 's largest winery solar installation in five facts - AGL Solar '' . 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.adelaideairport.com.au/corporate/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Solar-PV-information-sheet.pdf Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Showground Solar Power Generator South Australia INFORMATION FACT SHEET '' . Adelaide Showgrounds. 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Next wave of energy storage projects announced - Jay Weatherill , Premier of South Australia '' . www.premier.sa.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` Lyon Group 's Riverland Solar Storage receives development approval '' ( Press release ) . Lyon Group . 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Tom Arup : `` Sunraysia 's huge solar farm up and running '' , in The Age , 17 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` Solar Systems - Solar Systems '' . www.solarsystems.com.au . Jump up ^ Macquarie Group plugs into $22 b Asian Renewable Energy Hub in Pilbara , Peter Williams , The West Australian , 7 October 2018 Jump up ^ `` Solar Cities '' . climatechange.gov.au . Jump up ^ `` TOWNSVILLE SET TO BECOME A SOLAR CITY '' . statements.qld.gov.au . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONTRACT SIGNING A KEY MILESTONE IN SOLAR CITY PROJECT '' . statements.qld.gov.au . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Decentralised Energy Master Plan -- Renewable Energy '' ( PDF ) . City of Sydney . December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of Eurosolar Prize 2014 '' . EUROSOLAR . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power in Australia . Live Solar PV map of Australia A daily solar map of Australia from Bureau of Meteorology The Desert Knowledge Australia Solar Centre Brumby planning to plug Victoria into the sun . The Age . 17 June 2008 . 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who played the vulcan on star trek enterprise
Jolene Blalock ( born March 5 , 1975 ) is an American actress and model , best known for playing the Vulcan first officer T'Pol on the UPN science - fiction series Star Trek : Enterprise . She has also guest - starred on television series and films and has appeared in several feature films .
Jolene Blalock
Jolene Blalock
jolene blalock
Jolene Blalock ( born March 5 , 1975 ) is an American actress and model , best known for playing the Vulcan first officer T'Pol on the UPN science - fiction series Star Trek : Enterprise . She has also guest - starred on television series and films and has appeared in several feature films .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 Star Trek : Enterprise ( 2001 -- 2005 ) 2.3 2003 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Acting roles 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Jolene Blalock was born and raised in San Diego , California , with three siblings . She spent her childhood developing surfing and artistic skills . She said of her childhood : `` I was such an awkward - looking child , I 've no idea what happened . I did n't have a good childhood because I never could get along with other kids . I was the child that sat in the corner eating lunch by herself . I worked in the library at lunchtime because I had no real friends . I read a lot and educated myself a different way because me and school did n't get along . Even boys were never interested in me . I remember playing kiss - chase in the first and second grade . I would run but no one would ever chase me . '' Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Blalock left home at 17 to model in Europe and Asia . She has appeared on the cover of many men 's lifestyle magazines , was twice featured in Maxim 's `` Girls of Maxim '' gallery , and was named the 10th sexiest woman in the world in 2003 by FHM . She posed for a clothed fashion layout in Playboy in April 2002 . She was later interviewed by the magazine for its `` 20Q '' section in February 2005 . Blalock spent years dieting as a model and was relieved to move into acting , saying : `` I 'm jaded by my experiences in the modelling industry . You 're never skinny or perfect enough and it was difficult mentally making the transition to acting . '' She made her television debut on the sitcom Veronica 's Closet , before guest appearances on Love Boat : The Next Wave , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , JAG and starring as Medea in a television movie adaptation of Jason and the Argonauts ( 2000 ) . She also appeared in the movie On the Edge ( 2001 ) and the miniseries The Diamond Hunters ( 2001 ) before being cast on Star Trek : Enterprise . Star Trek : Enterprise ( 2001 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Landing a role on Enterprise was Blalock 's biggest break and she described it as a dream come true . She admitted she was excited at being a newcomer to the series : `` We 're really fortunate . More than 100 people are working together on this every day and we have n't had one argument . It 's incredible . I 've had bad days in my personal life , but it 's always a joy to go to work . There 's also a sense of immortality that the show gives you , that you 're working on something that will never die , that your contribution will last forever . That 's a very special feeling . '' She has not participated in conventions or given interviews regarding her role on Star Trek : Enterprise except for FedCon XIV in May 2005 , but did agree to join the cast reunion for an interview during the Blu - ray conversion and production . She also appeared as a parody version of herself attending a Star Trek convention in a 2009 episode of the sitcom 10 Items or Less titled `` Star Trok '' . 2003 -- present ( edit ) Blalock appeared in the film Slow Burn with LL Cool J and Ray Liotta which was shot in 2003 between seasons two and three of Enterprise , unveiled at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2005 , and finally saw limited theatrical release in 2007 . She guest - starred in two episodes of Stargate SG - 1 as Ishta , leader of a group of female Jaffa . She was scheduled to appear on an episode of Lost during the 2005 -- 2006 season as a former love interest of Sawyer ( Josh Holloway ) . Though she filmed some scenes , the flashback scenes in that episode were changed from Sawyer to Michael ( Harold Perrineau ) and her scenes were never used in an episode nor featured as `` deleted scenes '' in the DVD set 's bonus material . Set photos from the shooting of a scene surfaced in 2008 . She played Captain Lola Beck in Starship Troopers 3 : Marauder , which was released directly to DVD in the United States on August 5 , 2008 . She made an appearance on the House episode titled `` Teamwork '' as Lexa , the wife of the porn star featured as the patient in this episode ( airdate : November 16 , 2009 ) . She played Sister Nicci , a Sister of the Dark , in the second season of Legend of the Seeker , appearing in episode nine , `` Dark '' , broadcast on January 23 , 2010 , and episode 10 , `` Perdition '' , broadcast on January 30 , 2010 . Blalock had a supporting role as Stacy in the William Kaufman action thriller Sinners and Saints , set in post-Katrina New Orleans , which premiered in Los Angeles on June 30 , 2010 . Personal life ( edit ) She is married to Michael Rapino , CEO of Live Nation . The two met when he booked her for a beer commercial in Los Angeles . He lived in England and while working on Star Trek : Enterprise , she found conducting a long - distance relationship difficult , running up an `` astronomical '' phone bill . She proposed to him and the two married in Negril , Jamaica , on April 22 , 2003 . They have three children . Blalock is a passionate dog lover and appeared on the cover of the popular British dog publication K9 Magazine . Acting roles ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Veronica 's Closet Woman # 3 Episode : `` Veronica 's Breast Efforts '' 1999 Love Boat : The Next Wave Woman Episode : `` Prom Queen '' 2000 Queen for a Day Hot Babe in Yellow 2000 G vs E Libby Episode : `` Cougar Pines '' 2000 D.C. Kristi Episode : `` Truth '' Episode : `` Justice '' 2000 Jason and the Argonauts Medea TV movie 2000 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Laura Garris Episode : `` Crate ' n Burial '' 2001 The Diamond Hunters Ruby Grange TV series 2001 JAG Corporal Lisa Antoon Episode : `` Touch and Go '' 2001 On the Edge Charlie 's Wife TV movie 2001 -- 2005 Star Trek : Enterprise Sub-Commander / Commander T'Pol 98 episodes 2003 -- 2004 Stargate SG - 1 Ishta 2 episodes 2005 Slow Burn Nora Timmer 2006 I Dream of Murder Joanna TV movie 2007 Shadow Puppets Kate 2008 Starship Troopers 3 : Marauder Captain Lola Beck 2008 CSI : Miami Feratelli Porter Episode : `` Bombshell '' 2009 House Lexa Episode : `` Teamwork '' 2009 10 Items or Less Herself Episode : `` Star Trok '' Legend of the Seeker Sister Nicci Episode : `` Dark '' Episode : `` Perdition '' 2011 One Kine Day 2012 Sinners and Saints Stacy 2012 Killing Frisco Jolene 2014 Sex Tape Catalina References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nick Fiaca , `` Starship trouper ; Sci - fi ; Television '' , The Sun ( 30 March 2002 ) , The TV Mag 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Profile : Jolene Blalock '' , Evening Times ( Glasgow , 4 September 2002 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Vulcan gorgeous ! ! '' , Daily Star ( 26 October 2002 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Marshall Julius , `` Why I 'm boldly going ... in a skintight catsuit '' , The Express on Sunday ( 6 January 2002 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.startrek.com/article/reuniting-the-nx-01-crew Jump up ^ Il ya 4 mois . `` The sawyer 's centric you 'll never see , Lyly Ford Blog '' . Lylyford.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 9 May 2003 ) . `` Starr Report '' . New York Post . p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Blalock Sets Up Surprise Wedding '' , AP Online ( 10 May 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Katherine Dillinger , `` Newsmakers '' , Austin American - Statesman ( 11 May 2003 ) , p . A2 . Jump up ^ Abel , Olivia ( May 26 , 2003 ) . `` Passages '' . People . Vol. 59 No. 20 . Jump up ^ Dinah Eng , `` Even a Vulcan has to question arranged marriage '' , Gannett News Service ( 14 October 2004 ) . Jump up ^ K9 Magazine , Issue 17 ( Summer 2006 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jolene Blalock . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jolene Blalock Jolene Blalock on IMDb Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television Justina Vail ( 1999 ) Jeri Ryan ( 2000 ) Jolene Blalock ( 2001 ) Alyson Hannigan ( 2002 ) Amy Acker ( 2003 ) Amanda Tapping ( 2004 ) Katee Sackhoff ( 2005 ) Hayden Panettiere ( 2006 ) Summer Glau / Elizabeth Mitchell ( 2007 ) Jennifer Carpenter ( 2008 ) Julie Benz ( 2009 ) Lucy Lawless ( 2010 ) Michelle Forbes ( 2011 ) Laurie Holden ( 2012 ) Melissa McBride ( 2013 ) Melissa McBride ( 2014 ) Danai Gurira ( 2015 ) Candice Patton ( 2016 ) BIBSYS : 11025165 BNF : cb150871296 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1706 6530 LCCN : no2011015285 SUDOC : 16214976X VIAF : 161606453 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolene_Blalock&oldid=817387637 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people Actresses from San Diego American film actresses Female models from California American television actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar मैथिली Nederlands नेपाली Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 02 : 11 . 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2,320
when does doctor strange get the infinity stone
The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) . The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time , as it contains the Time Stone , which is one of the Infinity Stones . The Eye reappears in Strange 's possession during Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father . The Eye once again appears in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , in which it is targeted by Thanos , who is collecting the Infinity Stones . After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan , Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye , revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it . Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark 's life .
Doctor Strange ( 2016 )
Eye of Agamotto
eye of agamotto
The Eye of Agamotto ( / ˈæɡəmɒtoʊ / ) is a fictional mystical item appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and in their Marvel Cinematic Universe films , with its first appearance in Doctor Strange . The item appears in publications in particular those featuring Doctor Strange . The Eye of Agamotto is the name commonly given to the amulet Strange wears on his chest , though the Eye actually resides within the amulet and is released from time to time . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , it first appeared in `` The Origin of Dr. Strange '' , an eight - page story in Strange Tales # 115 ( December 1963 ) . In designing the Eye , Ditko drew inspiration from the real world charm The All Seeing Eye of the Buddha , known among Buddhists as The Amulet of Snail Martyrs , a Nepali symbol meant to protect its wearer against evil . In film , the Eye contains the Time Stone , one of the fictional universe 's Infinity stones , diverging from the comics ' continuity where the Time Gem is owned by an ancient being named Ord Zyonz .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional history 2 Other versions 3 Powers 4 In other media 4.1 Marvel Cinematic Universe 4.2 Animation 5 References 6 External links Fictional history ( edit ) Agamotto , a powerful mystic being and one of Doctor Strange 's three Vishanti , is said to have used the Eye during his time as Sorcerer Supreme of the Earth dimension . The Eye 's origins are currently unknown , but there are theories of how it came into existence . Some believe that it was discovered by Agamotto among the seas and stars , where it had drifted for ages . Others claim that it was created by Agamotto himself , which makes sense when the Eye 's powers are compared to those of `` the All - Seeing . '' It is said that the Eye of Agamotto draws on Agamotto 's own mystical ability to span distances and dispel disguises and illusions . Agamotto is also presumably aware of every time the Eye is used and may even record those events for later viewing . Rintrah , a disciple of Doctor Strange , is able to call on many of the effects of the eye by using the ' Amulet Of Agamotto ' . In the New Avengers Annual # 2 ( 2008 ) , though Strange has at first retained both the Eye and the Cloak , the Hood , on Dormammu 's commands , has targeted Strange to eliminate him and seize the Eye of Agamotto . Strange , having evoked Zom 's power tells him that he is not ready to use it because of his tainted soul and demonic connection . Strange shows it to the New Avengers , describing the Eye as `` one of the most powerful mystic conduits on this physical plane . '' Strange and the New Avengers now battle against the forces of the Dark Dimension as Strange searches the planet for new potential candidates . The Eye is presented to the new Sorcerer Supreme , Brother Voodoo , in New Avengers # 53 , who bears it as he fights against Dormammu . Strange had lost the eye because of his own corrupted connection to Zom . Later , Doctor Doom arrives to challenge Brother Voodoo 's ' claim ' to the Eye . Doom claims the object must belong to him , for the protection of others , but abandons the Eye after using it to see his future , informing Brother Voodoo that he will gain nothing from it . When Doctor Strange and Daimon Hellstrom are possessed by an unspecified demonic entity , they attempt to claim the Eye from Doctor Voodoo , causing it to teleport to Avengers Mansion . Luke Cage touches the object and mutates in a monstrous version of himself , the entity that has possessed him subsequently ' jumping ' into Iron Fist , who then teleports away with the Eye , triggering a rift in the sky that Strange states means the end of everything . As the Avengers battle the demons back on Earth , Iron Fist finds himself in a white void where he encounters the Ancient One , who claims that he is responsible for the current invasion due to his anger at Strange 's recent ' failures ' . When Iron Fist returns to Earth -- now dressed in a new costume -- - , he claims that the Ancient One has told him that Strange stole the Eye from the Ancient One rather than being given it by his master , challenging Strange to admit the truth . Noting that such a claim contradicts everything the Ancient One taught him about the Eye , Strange realises that the entity they are facing is not his master , with a casual comment by Spider - Man prompting the sorcerers to realise that the enemy they face is Agamotto himself , trying to reclaim his Eye after the apparent ' death ' of the Vishanti . Although the group attempt to defeat Agamotto by empowering Wolverine to serve as their ' avatar ' , Doctor Voodoo is finally forced to sacrifice himself to contain their foe , apparently destroying himself and the Eye at the same time . Other versions ( edit ) The Eye and Strange 's Cloak of Levitation are seen in the 1992 Hulk graphic novel Future Imperfect . Set a hundred years in the future , after a nuclear war , the cloak , tattered , and the Eye are among the many artifacts in the memorial room in the home of the Hulk associate Rick Jones . The same cloak and Eye are then stolen as part of a plot by Thanatos , a version of Rick Jones , who wished to become the ultimate version of himself . Thanks to other versions , including the elderly , Thanatos is stopped . The Eye is used by the 2099 version of the Sorcerer Supreme , a young woman who hangs it on her jacket . It is used to keep her demonic half in check . She teams up with the 2099 version of Spider - Man . Powers ( edit ) The Eye is a weapon of wisdom that can radiate a powerful mystical light that allows Strange to see through all disguises and illusions , see past events , and track both ethereal and corporeal beings by their psychic or magical emissions . The light given off by the Eye also weakens a variety of evil mystical beings , such as demons , devils , undead beings , dark extradimensional entities , and even sufficiently corrupt human practitioners of the Dark Arts . Strange can use it to probe the minds of others , project a powerful mystical shield , and create portals to other dimensions . It has also been used to place beings into suspended animation , and it serves as the clasp for his Cloak of Levitation ; during the early years of the Defenders Strange used the light of the Eye to levitate objects as heavy as the Hulk and Professor Xavier plus his wheelchair together , or the Thing , with minimal effort while simultaneously magically controlling the cloak to fly himself , carrying a total of at least seven Megagrams ( fifteen thousand pounds ) . The Eye of Agamotto can be used to transport a group of dozens of beings of all kinds and power levels into another point within a universe , as Strange did to combat the threat of Thanos . In other media ( edit ) Marvel Cinematic universe ( edit ) Main article : Marvel Cinematic Universe The Eye of Agamotto appears multiple times in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and is wielded by Stephen Strange ( Benedict Cumberbatch ) . The Eye of Agamotto appeared in Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) . The Eye has the ability to manipulate probabilities and time , as it contains the Time Stone , which is one of the Infinity Stones . The Eye reappears in Strange 's possession during Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) when Thor seeks the whereabouts of his father . The Eye once again appears in Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , in which it is targeted by Thanos , who is collecting the Infinity Stones . After arriving and fighting against Thanos on Titan , Thanos manages to snatch and crush the eye , revealing it as a fake as the Time Stone is not present in it . Strange ultimately surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos in exchange for sparing Tony Stark 's life . Animation ( edit ) The Eye of Agamotto appears in the direct - to - video film , Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme . It is a legendary mystical artifact that belongs to the Sorcerer Supreme . It previously belonged to the Ancient One until it was passed down to Doctor Strange . Dormammu stole the Eye as he made his way to the Sanctum Sanctorum . Strange , remembering his training with Mordo , absorbs the pure magic that the demon is blasting him with . Since Dormammu himself is made of pure magic , he soon vanishes into nothing after pouring his power into Strange using the Eye of Agamotto . The Eye is displayed by Dr. Strange in the animated TV series The Super Hero Squad Show . In one episode , interaction with the show 's unique plot element called Infinity Fractals resulted in the corruption of the Eye . This causes Dr. Strange to act in an erratic , deranged manner . The Eye is used by Doctor Strange in the 1990s cartoon series Spider - Man in the season 3 opener `` Doctor Strange . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . `` The Origin of Dr. Strange '' . `` Strange Tales '' # 115 ( 1965 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Wizard # 156 ( August 2004 ) p 168 ^ Jump up to : Tim Bryant , `` Doctor Strange '' , in : M. Keith Booker , ed. , Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels , 2 vols. , Volume 1 : A -- L , Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood , 2010 , ISBN 9780313357480 , pp. 155 -- 56 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Brian ( June 22 , 2011 ) . Doctor Strange : The Oath # 2 . Marvel Entertainment US . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Dr. Strange Annual # 2 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ New Avengers Annual # 2 ( March 2008 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ New Avengers # 53 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Doctor Voodoo : Avenger of the Supernatural # 1 ( October 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 3 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 4 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ David , Peter ( w ) , Perez , George ( a ) . The Incredible Hulk : Future Imperfect # 1 - 2 ( Dec 1992 - Jan 1993 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ David , Peter ( w ) . Captain Marvel # 30 ( May 2002 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ David , Peter ( w ) . Spider - Man 2099 # 33 ( July 1995 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Anthony Lioi , `` The Radiant City : New York as Ecotopia in Promethea , Book V '' , in : Jörn Ahrens and Arno Meteling , eds. , Comics and the City : Urban Space in Print , Picture and Sequence , New York : Continuum , 2010 , ISBN 9781441130808 , pp. 150 -- 62 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ For example , dispelling the illusion that he has returned to his previous life as a surgeon when he is in fact in Hades : A. David Lewis , American Comics , Literary Theory , and Religion : The Superhero Afterlife , New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 , ISBN 9781137465603 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ The Official Handbook Of The Marvel Universe Mystic Arcana : The Book Of Marvel Magic # 1 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios boss Kevin Feige explains the powers of Benedict Cumberbatch 's Doctor Strange '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christina ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange : The Eye Of Agamotto Holds An Infinity Stone '' . ComicBook.com . External links ( edit ) The Eye of Agamotto at marvel.com The Eye of Agamotto at fjackets.com hide Doctor Strange Created by : Stan Lee Steve Ditko Supporting characters Avengers Ancient One Clea Defenders Hamir the Hermit Linda Carter Spider - Man Strangers Topaz Vishanti Wong Enemies Baron Mordo Chthon D'Spayre Death Dormammu Dracula Dweller - in - Darkness Juggernaut Kaluu Mephisto Mindless Ones Mister Rasputin Nightmare Satannish Shuma - Gorath Silver Dagger Sons of Satannish Tazza Tiboro Umar Undying Ones Yandroth Zom Equipment Book of the Vishanti Cloak of Levitation Eye of Agamotto Orb of Agamotto Publications Strange Tales Doctor Strange ( comic book ) Doctor Strange : The Oath Damnation Other media Dr. Strange Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Strange soundtrack Related articles Alternative versions of Doctor Strange Sanctum Sanctorum Doctor Mordrid hide Mystical Marvel entities Mystical entities Demiurge Gaea Living Tribunal Octessence Balthakk Cyttorak Farallah Ikonn Krakkan Raggadorr Valtorr Watoomb Sise - Neg Trinity of Ashes Vishanti Agamotto Hoggoth Oshtur Demons Adversary Asmodeus Baphomet Belasco Belathauzer Blackheart Chthon Daimon Hellstrom Dormammu Dreamqueen Dweller - in - Darkness Ghost Rider Gibborim Hoss Ikthalon Llan Illyana Rasputin Kazann Lilith Mephisto N'astirh Nightmare Olivier Satana Satannish Set Shuma - Gorath Six - Fingered Hand Surtur Thog Umar Zarathos Zom Mystical objects Bloodstone Gem / amulet Book of the Vishanti Casket of Ancient Winters Cloak of Levitation The Cornerstones of Creation Crimson Dawn Jarnbjorn Crimson Gem of Cyttorak Darkhold Destroyer Ebony Blade Evil Eye of Avalon Eye of Agamotto La Fleur du Mal Gungnir Mjolnir Norn Stones Orb of Agamotto Serpent Crown Siege Perilous Soulsword Staff of One Wand of Watoomb Related characters Agatha Harkness Ancient One Baron Mordo Brother Voodoo Captain Britain Clea Dakimh the Enchanter Daytripper Demogoblin Doctor Strange Doctor Doom Doctor Druid Exemplars Guillotine Jennifer Kale Juggernaut Kulan Gath Merlyn Mindless Ones Modred the Mystic Morgan le Fay Nico Minoru Pixie Roma Scarlet Witch Selene Shaman Straw Man Shiklah Margali Szardos Talisman Topaz Wiccan Wong Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_of_Agamotto&oldid=844731398 '' Categories : Marvel Comics magical objects Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from November 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues Comics infobox without image Prop pop TfD Artifact Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 19 : 31 . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye%20of%20Agamotto
2,321
what is the meaning of the movie under the skin
Under the Skin ( 2013 film )
under the skin ( 2013 film )
Under the Skin is a 2013 science fiction film directed and co-written by Jonathan Glazer loosely based on Michel Faber 's 2000 novel of the same name . The film stars Scarlett Johansson as an otherworldly woman who preys on men in Scotland .
Glazer and cowriter Walter Campbell developed Under the Skin for a decade , settling on a film that takes an alien perspective of the human world . Most of the characters were played by non-actors , including road racer Jeremy McWilliams ; many scenes were unscripted conversations filmed with hidden cameras on the street . It competed for the Golden Lion at the 70th Venice International Film Festival in 2013 , and was released in the United States on April 4 , 2014 . Though Under the Skin was a box office failure , it received positive reviews , particularly for Johansson 's performance , Glazer 's direction , and Mica Levi 's score . It received multiple awards and was named one of 2014 's best films by several publications . It ranks in BBC 's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 2.1 Casting 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 6 Themes and analysis 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Glasgow , a motorcyclist ( Jeremy McWilliams ) retrieves an inert young woman ( Lynsey Taylor Mackay ) from the roadside and places her in the back of a van , where a naked woman ( Scarlett Johansson ) dons her clothes . After buying clothes and make - up at a shopping centre , the woman drives the van around Scotland , picking up men . She lures a man ( Joe Szula ) into a dilapidated house . As he undresses , following the woman into a void , he is submerged in a liquid abyss . At a beach , the woman attempts to pick up a swimmer ( Kryštof Hádek ) , but is interrupted by the cries of a drowning couple . The swimmer rescues the husband , but the husband rushes back into the water to save his wife and both drown . As the swimmer lies exhausted on the beach , the woman strikes his head with a rock , drags him to the van , and drives away , ignoring the couple 's distraught baby . Later that night , the motorcyclist retrieves the swimmer 's belongings , ignoring the baby , who is still on the beach . The next day , the woman listens to a radio report about the missing family . The woman visits a nightclub and picks up another man ( Paul Brannigan ) . At the house , he follows her into the void and is submerged in the liquid . Suspended beneath the surface , he sees the swimmer floating naked beside him , alive but bloated and almost immobile . When he reaches to touch him , the swimmer 's body collapses and a red mass empties through a trough . The woman seduces a lonely man with facial disfigurement ( Adam Pearson ) but lets him leave after examining herself in a mirror . The motorcyclist intercepts the man and bundles him into a car , then sets out in pursuit of the woman with three other motorcyclists . In the Scottish Highlands , the woman abandons the van in the fog . She walks to a restaurant and attempts to eat cake , but retches and spits it out . At a bus stop , she meets a man ( Michael Moreland ) who offers to help her . At his house , he prepares a meal for her and they watch television . Alone in her room , she examines her body in a mirror . They visit a ruined castle , where the man carries her over a puddle and helps her down some steps . At his house , they kiss and begin to have sex , but the woman stops and examines her genitals . Wandering in a forest , the woman meets a commercial logger ( Dave Acton ) and shelters in a bothy . She awakes to find the logger molesting her . She runs into the wilderness but he catches and attempts to rape her ; he tears her skin , revealing a black , featureless body . As the woman extricates herself from her skin , the man douses her in fuel and burns her alive . Development ( edit ) Director Jonathan Glazer decided to adapt Michel Faber 's novel Under the Skin ( 2000 ) after finishing his debut film Sexy Beast ( 2000 ) , but work did not begin until he had finished his second film , Birth ( 2004 ) . Glazer 's producer Jim Wilson sent him a script that closely adapted the novel ; Glazer admired the script but had no interest in filming it , saying : `` I knew then that I absolutely did n't want to film the book . But I still wanted to make the book a film . '' Glazer and cowriter Milo Addica , later replaced by Walter Campbell , spent several years writing and rewriting the story . They initially conceived an elaborate high - budget film , and produced a script about two aliens disguised as husband - and - wife farmers . Brad Pitt was cast as the husband , but progress was slow . Glazer eventually decided to make a film that represented an alien perspective of the human world and focused only on the female character . He and Campbell deleted every scene in their script that did not involve her and removed the elaborate special effects sequences , a process Glazer likened to `` a big , extravagant rock band turning into PJ Harvey . '' Glazer shot commercials while the film was in preproduction , which he used to `` sketch '' ideas and test equipment . Casting ( edit ) Gemma Arterton , Eva Green , January Jones , Abbie Cornish and Olivia Wilde were considered for the lead . In 2015 , Arterton stated that she had been Glazer 's first choice but the film had needed a bigger star to get funding . The role went to Scarlett Johansson , who remained committed to the project for four years before it reached completion . For the role she learnt to drive a van and mimic an English accent . Johansson was well known for her roles in blockbuster films such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise . Glazer said : `` It made a great deal of sense to cast somebody very well known out of context . I remember seeing her walking along the street in a pink jumper on a long lens and she looks like an exotic insect on the wrong continent . '' Despite her fame , Johansson was rarely recognised , as members of the public did not believe it could be her . As Glazer wanted the film to feel realistic , most characters were played by non-actors ; many scenes where Johansson 's character picks up men were unscripted conversations with men on the street filmed with hidden cameras . Glazer said the men were `` talked through what extremes they would have to go to if they agreed to take part in the film once they understood what we were doing . '' Championship motorcycle road racer Jeremy McWilliams was cast as the motorcyclist , as the film required a `` world - class '' motorcyclist who could ride through the Scottish Highlands at high speeds in bad weather . The logger was played by the owner of a location researched for the film . For the man with disfigurement , Glazer did not want to use prosthetics . To cast the role , the production team contacted the charity Changing Faces , which supports people with facial disfigurements . The role went to Adam Pearson , who has neurofibromatosis and had worked in television production . Pearson 's suggestions about how Johansson 's character could lure his character were used in the script . Production ( edit ) Parts of Under the Skin were shot at Tantallon Castle in East Lothian , Scotland . Under the Skin was jointly financed by Film4 Productions , the British Film Institute , Scottish Screen , Silver Reel , and FilmNation Entertainment . Glazer secured final backing after cutting the elaborate special effects scenes from the script . The crew built their own cameras to shoot some scenes . To create the black room in which the character traps men , the crew built a bespoke set with a reflective floor , blackout , and custom lighting . The actors were filmed walking into a pool whose floor sank as they walked , submerging them . The scenes were finished with computer graphics . Soundtrack ( edit ) Mica Levi performing with Micachu and the Shapes in 2009 Under the Skin 's soundtrack was composed by Mica Levi and produced by Peter Raeburn . Raeburn suggested Levi to Glazer , who contacted her after hearing Chopped and Screwed , her collaboration with the London Sinfonietta . Glazer wanted the music to express the protagonist 's feelings as she experienced things like food and sex for the first time , and directed Levi with prompts such as `` What does it sound like to be on fire ? '' or `` Imagine when you tell somebody a joke and it 's not very good and their reaction 's a bit stilted . '' Later scenes use less music , to emphasise the sounds of the natural world that Johansson 's character experiences . Levi used mainly a viola to write and record over ten months , taking inspiration from Giacinto Scelsi , Iannis Xenakis , John Cage and music played in strip clubs . She looked for the natural and `` identifiably human '' sounds in the instrument , then altered the pitch or tempo of her recordings to `` make it feel uncomfortable . '' In an article for the Guardian , Levi wrote : `` Some parts are intended to be quite difficult . If your life force is being distilled by an alien , it 's not necessarily going to sound very nice . It 's supposed to be physical , alarming , hot . '' According to Pitchfork , `` the strings sometimes resemble nails going down a universe - sized chalkboard , screaming with a Ligeti - like sense of horror ; elsewhere , they endlessly drone in a gaping vortex , like Vangelis ' iconic Blade Runner score dipped in turpentine . '' The Guardian wrote that Levi 's `` score brings together strings , percussion , distortions in speed and clashing microphones to create sounds that are seductive , perverted and compassionate . '' Release ( edit ) Under the Skin premiered on 29 August 2013 at the Telluride Film Festival . It was screened at the 70th Venice International Film Festival and the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . It was released in the United Kingdom on 14 March 2014 and the United States on 4 April 2014 . Box office ( edit ) Under the Skin was a box office failure , grossing $2,614,251 in the United States and Canada and $4,615,682 in other countries for a worldwide total of $7,229,933 , against a production budget of $13.3 million . In the United States , it opened with $140,000 in four theatres ; despite earning the highest per - theatre average of all films playing that weekend , above Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( which also stars Johansson ) , it failed to make the list of top - grossing films in the United States speciality box office . In the United Kingdom , it opened with a gross of £ 239,000 . According to the Guardian , the film 's budget was in `` the danger zone : not in the ultra-low bracket that can make a sharply executed future vision ultra-profitable ... ( nor ) the $30 m - plus range where marketing begins to snag mass audiences . '' Critical reception ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by Under the Skin The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives Under the Skin an approval rating of 85 % based on reviews from 212 critics and an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Its message may prove elusive for some , but with absorbing imagery and a mesmerizing performance from Scarlett Johansson , Under the Skin is a haunting viewing experience . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , the film has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 42 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Metacritic also listed the film as the fourth best of 2014 based on its appearance in critics ' top - ten lists . Xan Brooks of the Guardian gave Under the Skin five out of five and called it `` far and away the best picture '' in the Venice Film Festival . Peter Bradshaw , also of the Guardian , said the film was `` visually stunning and deeply disturbing '' and also awarded it five out of five . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph wrote : `` If my legs had n't been so wobbly and my mouth so dry , I would have climbed up on my seat and cheered . '' Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film four out of four , describing it as `` hideously beautiful . Its life force is overwhelming . '' Richard Roeper gave the film an A+ and four out of four , stating : `` This is what we talk about when we talk about film as art . '' Christy Lemire gave it four out of four , calling it an `` undeniably haunting , singular experience '' and one of the best films of 2014 . Jon Espino of the Young Folks gave it nine out of ten and called it `` easily one of the most visually haunting films of 2014 . '' Andrew Lowry of Total Film , Dave Calhoun of Time Out , and Kate Muir of The Times and Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph each gave the film five out of five . However , Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said that `` the film provides too little for even relatively adventurous specialized audiences to latch onto . '' Kaleem Aftab of The Independent stated in his review that `` Glazer simply gave up on trying to find a cohesive story . '' Henry Fitzherbert of The Daily Express awarded it two out of five and wrote : `` it did n't get under my skin , just on my nerves . '' Under the Skin was named the best film of 2014 by 20 critics and publications . In 2015 , the Guardian named it one of the top 50 films of the decade so far . It received multiple accolades , including the London Film Critics Circle award for British Film of the Year and a European Film Award for best soundtrack . In 2016 , it was ranked number 61 in the BBC 's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century , an international poll of 177 critics . Themes and analysis ( edit ) Writing for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , Duane Dudek speculated that Johansson 's character assumes a human identity to collect information about humans as an alien intelligence might , inducing an identity crisis causing her to `` spin out of control like a broken machine '' . He wrote that the motorcyclist can be interpreted as a companion , enabler , or pursuer , and that the `` tar - dark world '' where the woman submerges her victims may be a nest , a web , another planet or dimension , or a visual representation of how sex feels to her or them . In the Guardian , Leo Robson wrote that Under the Skin deals with issues of race and immigration , interpreting Johansson 's character as a `` kind of immigrant '' , and that the film 's title `` seems like part of an anti-racial slogan , a reminder that despite our racial or ethnic differences we share some basic components '' . Though Glazer said he wanted to make a film `` more about a human experience than a gender experience '' , several critics identified feminist and gender themes . The Economist wrote that `` there is some aggressive sexuality in the film : women seem very vulnerable but then men 's desires are punished . '' In The Mary Sue , Kristy Puchko wrote that Under the Skin `` creates a reverse of contemporary rape culture where violence against women is so common that women are casually warned to be ever alert for those who might harm them ( ... ) By and large men do n't worry about their safety in the same way when walking home late at night . But in the world of Under the Skin , they absolutely should . '' Robson wrote that Johansson 's character is `` both a watcher and predator of men . In the society she enters , and to which she brings nothing besides a body , ( she ) is a sex object , in dress and demeanour a kind of sex toy ; she might have come to Earth to prove a point about male expectations of women ( ... ) If Under the Skin communicates any gender - politics message , it does so through the disparity in excitement between the male characters ' reaction to ( Johansson ) and that of the camera . '' Noah Gittell , discussing in The Atlantic the scene in which Johansson 's character undresses before a mirror , wrote : `` You would think the first nude scene by a Hollywood star whose body has been the subject of such intense scrutiny would be big news . But the way the film frames it -- with Johansson having removed almost all of her personality from the character -- it does n't play as even remotely sexual , and the scene , remarkably , barely attracted any hype . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNDER THE SKIN ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Under the Skin ( 2014 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Under The Skin : at any cost Features Screen '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Under the Skin ( 2014 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Danna ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin : why did this chilling masterpiece take a decade ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Why Jonathan Glazer 's ' Under the Skin ' Took a Decade to Make ( VIDEOS ) '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aftab , Kaleem ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Gemma Arterton on black comedy The Voices and why she 's turned her back on Hollywood '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jonathan Glazer : the joy of division '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jones , Emma ( 16 March 2014 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson on playing ' unscripted ' scavenging alien '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Under The Skin : Casting '' . Film 4 . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2015 ) Filmed here - 2012 , Under The Skin , Jonathan Glazer Film Edinburgh , Retrieved 20 February 2015 Jump up ^ Under the Skin ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) at AllMusic ( rating 4 / 5 ) . Jump up ^ Under the Skin at Discogs ( list of releases ) . ^ Jump up to : Levi , Mica ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` How Mica Levi got Under The Skin of her first film soundtrack '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Khomami , Nadia ( 27 December 2014 ) . `` Making music for Scarlett : how an indie composer hit the big time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Films of 2014 '' . Film Ireland . 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Jonathan Glazer and Mica Levi '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Punter , Jessie ( 23 July 2013 ) . `` Toronto Intl . Film Festival Unveils First Batch of Films '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin '' . Toronto International Film Festival . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett Johansson 's ' Under the Skin ' announces UK release date -- Movies News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Under the Skin '' Scarlett Johansson Alien Movie Release Date `` . Complex. 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hoad , Phil . `` Avengers assemble a potential record - breaker as the Age of Ultron hits '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 4 -- 6 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 30 Highest Grossing Indies of 2014 ( A Running List ) '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( 19 March 2014 ) . `` Need for Speed in pole position at UK box office but Under the Skin infectious Film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dietz , Jason ( 6 December 2014 ) . `` Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best Movies of 2014 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` Under the Skin -- Venice 2013 : first look review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin review -- ' Very erotic , very scary ' '' . The Guardian . London . 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Under the Skin , Venice Film Festival , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Under the Skin Review . RichardRoeper.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ ' Under the Skin ' : Brilliant mood piece about a fascinating femme fatale - Chicago Sun - Times . Suntimes.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Under the Skin . Christy Lemire . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Stephanie ( 2014 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Jon 's Movie Review : ' Under The Skin ' Penetrates Deeper Than Just The Skin '' . The Young Folks . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin '' . Total Film . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin '' . Time Out . 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Skin '' . The Times . 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd . `` Under The Skin ( 2014 ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Aftab , Kaleem ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Review : Under the Skin -- Even Scarlett Johansson ca n't save Jonathan Glazer 's laughably bad alien hitchhiker movie '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Under The Skin -- review and trailer '' . The Daily Express . 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Peter Bradshaw 's top 50 films of the demi - decade '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ White , White ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` Boyhood Takes Three At The London Critics ' Circle Film Awards '' . Empire . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ 2017 , 18 April . `` The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films '' . Jump up ^ Dudek , Duane ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` ' Under the Skin , ' with Scarlett Johansson , confounding , captivating '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robson , Leo . `` Scarlett Johansson in Under the Skin : ' prick her and she does n't bleed ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Under his skin '' . The Economist. 13 March 2014 . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Scarlett Johansson 's Under the Skin has a special message for men '' . TheMarySue.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What in the World Is Scarlett Johansson Up To ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official website Under the Skin on IMDb Under the Skin at Box Office Mojo Under the Skin at Rotten Tomatoes Under the Skin at Metacritic Under the Skin at AllMovie ( rating 4 / 5 ) Jones , Emma ( 16 March 2014 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson on playing ' unscripted ' scavenging alien '' . Entertainment & Art . BBC . ( hide ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Skin_(2013_film)&oldid=819338096 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2013 horror films 2010s science fiction films 2010s science fiction horror films British films British horror films British science fiction films American science fiction horror films American films American horror films American science fiction films Swiss films Swiss speculative fiction films Films directed by Jonathan Glazer Films set in Glasgow Films shot in Glasgow Films shot in Scotland Films shot in East Lothian Films based on British novels Film4 Productions films A24 films Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 20 : 40 . 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where does the song london bridges falling down come from
`` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' ( also known as `` My Fair Lady '' or `` London Bridge '' ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game , which is found in different versions all over the world . It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century . The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular , particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century .
It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century .
London Bridge is falling down
london bridge is falling down
`` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' ( also known as `` My Fair Lady '' or `` London Bridge '' ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game , which is found in different versions all over the world . It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century . The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular , particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century .
The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages , but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502 . Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Melody 3 The game 4 Origins 5 Meaning 5.1 Viking attack theory 5.2 Child sacrifice theory 5.3 Age and damage theory 5.4 `` Fair lady '' identity 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References Lyrics ( edit ) London Bridge Is Falling Down Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down Problems playing this file ? See media help . London Bridge ( 1616 ) by Claes Van Visscher A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710 . New London Bridge in the late nineteenth century . The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . The modern concrete London Bridge . There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme . The most frequently used first verse is : London Bridge is falling down , Falling down , falling down . London Bridge is falling down , My fair lady . In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the full lyrics were : London Bridge is broken down , Broken down , broken down . London Bridge is broken down , My fair lady . Build it up with wood and clay , Wood and clay , wood and clay , Build it up with wood and clay , My fair lady . Wood and clay will wash away , Wash away , wash away , Wood and clay will wash away , My fair lady . Build it up with bricks and mortar , Bricks and mortar , bricks and mortar , Build it up with bricks and mortar , My fair lady . Bricks and mortar will not stay , Will not stay , will not stay , Bricks and mortar will not stay , My fair lady . Build it up with iron and steel , Iron and steel , iron and steel , Build it up with iron and steel , My fair lady . Iron and steel will bend and bow , Bend and bow , bend and bow , Iron and steel will bend and bow , My fair lady . Build it up with silver and gold , Silver and gold , silver and gold , Build it up with silver and gold , My fair lady . Silver and gold will be stolen away , Stolen away , stolen away , Silver and gold will be stolen away , My fair lady . Set a man to watch all night , Watch all night , watch all night , Set a man to watch all night , My fair lady . Suppose the man should fall asleep , Fall asleep , fall asleep , Suppose the man should fall asleep ? My fair lady . Give him a pipe to smoke all night , Smoke all night , smoke all night , Give him a pipe to smoke all night , My fair lady . The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic , ( each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables , with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair ; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable ) , which is common in nursery rhymes . In its most common form it relies on a double repetition , rather than a rhyming scheme , which is a frequently employed device in children 's rhymes and stories . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 502 . Melody ( edit ) The melody now most associated with the rhyme . A melody is recorded for `` London Bridge '' in an edition of John Playford 's The Dancing Master published in 1718 , but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given . An issue of Blackwood 's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of `` Nancy Dawson '' , now better known as `` Nuts in May '' and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson 's Chronicles of London Bridge ( 1827 ) . Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold 's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 . E.F. Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1836 ) has the same first line , but then a different tune . The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A.H. Rosewig 's Illustrated National Songs and Games . The game ( edit ) Girls playing `` London Bridge '' in 1898 . The rhyme is often used in a children 's singing game , which exists in a wide variety of forms , with additional verses . Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme `` Oranges and Lemons '' . The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file . The `` arch '' is then lowered at the song 's end to `` catch '' a player . In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war . In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance , but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe . Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain . This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called `` Hark the Robbers '' , or `` Watch and Chain '' . This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of `` London Bridge '' or the remnant of a distinct game . In one version the first two verses have the lyrics : Who has stole my watch and chain , Watch and chain , watch and chain ; Who has stole my watch and chain , My fair lady ? Off to prison you must go , You must go , you must go ; Off to prison you must go , My fair lady . Origins ( edit ) Detail from Philippe Pigouchet 's Heures a lusaige de Paris ( 1497 ) , showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century . The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding , which contains Henry Carey 's satire `` Namby Pamby '' ( 1725 ) , one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme . Similar rhymes can be found across Europe , pre-dating the records in England . These include `` Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned '' from Denmark , `` Die Magdeburger Brück '' from Germany , `` pont chus '' from sixteenth - century France ; and `` Le porte '' , from fourteenth - century Italy . It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England . One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres , printed in 1657 , but probably written about 1636 , in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had `` danced the building of London - Bridge '' at the Whitsun Ales in her youth , although no words or actions are mentioned . Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby ( 1725 ) , as : Namby Pamby is no Clown , London Bridge is broken down : Now he courts the gay Ladee Dancing o'er The Lady - Lee . The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1823 , which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II ( r . 1660 -- 85 ) and had the lyrics : London Bridge is broken down , Dance over the Lady Lea ; London Bridge is broken down , With a gay lady ( la - dee ) . The subsequent verses followed this form , each repeating in the lines below in place of `` London bridge is broken down '' : Then we must build it up again . What shall we build it up withal ? Build it up with iron and steel , Iron and steel will bend and break . Build it up with wood and stone , Wood and stone will fall away . Then we must set a man to watch , Suppose the man should fall asleep ? Then we must put a pipe in his mouth , Suppose the pipe should fall and break ? Then we must set a dog to watch , Suppose the dog should run away ? Then we must chain him to a post . The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes , Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , printed by John Newbery in London ( c. 1744 ) , with the following text : The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book ( c. 1744 ) . James Ritson , whose Gammer Gurton 's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme ( Engraving by James Sayers , published in 1803 ) . London Bridge Is Broken down , Dance over my Lady Lee . London Bridge Is Broken down With a gay Lady . How shall we build It up again , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Build it up with Gravel , and Stone , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Gravel , and Stone , Will wash away , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Build it up with Iron , and Steel , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Iron , and Steel , Will bend , and Bow , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Build it up with Silver , and Gold , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Silver , and Gold Will be stolen away , Dance over my Lady Lee , &c . Then we'l set A man to Watch , Dance over my Lady Lee . Then we'l set A man to Watch , With a gay Lady . A version from James Ritson 's Gammer Gurton 's Garland ( 1784 ) is similar but replaces the last verse with : Build it up with stone so strong , Dance o'er my Lady lee , Huzza ! ' twill last for ages long , With a gay lady . Meaning ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's men on the London bridge , under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children 's book published in 1894 . The meaning of the rhyme is not certain . It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames , but a number of alternative theories have been put forward . Viking attack theory ( edit ) One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 ( or 1009 ) . The nineteenth - century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla , published by Samuel Laing in 1844 , included a verse by Óttarr svarti , that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme : London Bridge is broken down . -- Gold is won , and bright renown . Shields resounding , War - horns sounding , Hild is shouting in the din ! Arrows singing , Mail - coats ringing -- Odin makes our Olaf win ! However , modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation , and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme . Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place . However , the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area , leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate . While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme , this would make King Olaf 's victory the only historically recorded incidence of london bridge `` falling down . '' Child sacrifice theory ( edit ) Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter . The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left . The theory that the song refers to the burying , perhaps alive , of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme ( later Lady Gomme ) in The Traditional Games of England , Scotland and Ireland ( 1894 -- 1898 ) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie . This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice , who will then watch over the bridge . However , there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge . Age and damage theory ( edit ) Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London . It was damaged in a major fire in 1633 , but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames . With its 19 narrow arches , it impeded river traffic and flow . Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span . Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763 , but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs . In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction . New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972 . It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . `` Fair lady '' identity ( edit ) The seal of Matilda of Scotland , one of the candidates for the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . Several attempts have been made to identify the ' fair lady ' , ' lady gay ' , or lady ' lee / lea ' of the rhyme . They include : Matilda of Scotland ( c. 1080 -- 1118 ) Henry I 's consort , who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London - Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford . Eleanor of Provence ( c. 1223 -- 91 ) , consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281 . A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park , Warwickshire , who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building . The River Lea , which is a tributary of the Thames . Legacy ( edit ) Since the late nineteenth century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English - speaking world . It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture . It was used by T.S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land ( 1922 ) . The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe 's 1956 musical My Fair Lady . The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Dong , Dong , Dongdaemun , a similar Korean nursery rhyme . References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : London Bridge Is Falling Down Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Singing Game ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) , ISBN 0192840193 , pp. 61 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0198600887 , pp. 270 -- 6 . Jump up ^ A.L. Lazarus , A. MacLeish , and H.W. Smith , Modern English : a Glossary of Literature and Language ( London : Grosset & Dunlap , 1971 ) , ISBN 0448021315 , p. 194 Jump up ^ L. Turco , The Book of Forms : a Handbook of Poetics ( Lebanon , NH : University Press of New England , 3rd edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 022 - 2 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ R.B. Browne , Objects of Special Devotion : Fetishism in Popular Culture ( Madison , WI : Popular Press , 1982 ) , ISBN 087972191X , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Searchable database , English Folk Song and Dance Society , retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( London : Courier Dover , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ S. Roud , The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions ( New York City , NY : Random House , 2010 ) , ISBN 1905211511 , pp. 270 -- 1 . Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt , A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays ( London : Ayer Publishing , 1966 ) , ISBN 0833716298 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson , The Vikings ( London : Wayland , 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 85340 - 164 - 0 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : J. Clark , ' London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme ' , London Archaeologist , 9 ( 2002 ) , pp. 338 -- 40 ; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource Jump up ^ J.R. Hagland and B. Watson , ' Fact or folklore : the Viking attack on London Bridge ' , London Archaeologist , 12 ( 2005 ) , pp. 328 -- 33 . Jump up ^ E. Monsen ' Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings ' , Dover Publications , Inc ( 1 ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26366 - 3 ) Jump up ^ D.J. Brown , Bridges : Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature ( St. Paul , MN : MBI , 2001 ) , ISBN 0760312346 , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ C. Raine , T.S. Eliot ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 0195309936 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell , The National and Religious Song Reader : Patriotic , Traditional , and Sacred Songs from Around the World ( London : Routledge , 1996 ) , ISBN 0789000997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ G. Robson , No One Likes Us , We Do n't Care : The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom ( Berg , 2000 ) , ISBN 1859733727 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ D. Russell , Looking North : Northern England And The National Imagination ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0719051789 , p. 276 . ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down&oldid=797594566 '' Categories : English folklore Singing games Songs about London English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Works about bridges Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 03 : 02 . 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when does jim come back to life on ghost whisperer
Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 )
ghost whisperer ( season 4 )
The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , concluded May 15 , 2009 , and consisted of 23 episodes . The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts . While trying to live as normal a life as possible -- she is married and owns an antique store -- Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light , or the spirit world . Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability . In addition , the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit 's needs and help them .
Ghost Whisperer 's fourth season aired in the United States ( U.S. ) on Fridays at 8 : 00 pm ET on CBS , a terrestrial television network , where it received an average of 10.62 million viewers per episode , becoming the most watched season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References Plot ( edit ) In the fourth season , Melinda meets Eli James ( Jamie Kennedy ) after a fire at Rockland University who , after his own near - death experience , develops the ability to hear ghosts . Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne , who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university . In this season , Jim is shot and killed . He does not `` cross over '' because he does not want to leave Melinda , and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas , who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over . When Jim / Sam regains consciousness , he has no memory of being Jim . Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her , and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends . They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died . At the end of the season , Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes , a book written by the Watchers ( a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living ) . The book tells them of past and future prominent dates , such as Andrea and Jim 's deaths . One date is listed as September 25 , 2009 ; Melinda 's due date . Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift , but be far more powerful than her . Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night , on the street where they first met . Development ( edit ) Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' James Van Praagh , who is co-executive producer and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV . The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' Mary Ann Winkowski . Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere . The show was produced by Sander / Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios ( originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios ( originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons ) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three ) . The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles . One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview . For example , the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up . Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits . Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound . Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works . Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX . Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn , New York , which is not far from Grandview - On - Hudson , west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town , which is accurate to real life as Grandview - On - Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont . Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional `` Rockland University , '' and perhaps not coincidentally , the actual Grandview , New York is a village located in Rockland County , New York . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon ( 23 episodes ) David Conrad as Jim Clancy / Sam Lucas ( 23 episodes ) Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks ( 23 episodes ) Jay Mohr as Rick Payne ( 1 episode ) Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks ( 13 episodes ) Jamie Kennedy as Eli James ( 23 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer episodes No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Firestarter '' Eric Laneuville P.K. Simonds October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 9.44 Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there , and hurries over , fearful for Professor Rick Payne , but he is revealed to be alive and well . However , a therapist by the name Eli James dies , and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back . This ' near - death ' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts . The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli 's patients , who was possibly more than that , and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12 . Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives , she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers , who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves . Note : This was Jay Mohr 's last appearance as Professor Payne . First appearance of Jamie Kennedy Guest Star : Alona Tal as Fiona Raine 64 `` Big Chills '' Peter Werner Laurie McCarthy October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 9.69 A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her . She remembers Melinda 's abilities from high school ( not that she ever believed it before ) and calls on her for help . Mel quickly uncovers the story - Grace , her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead . The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police , the other two stopped him . Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on . 65 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 8.97 Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game , and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her , and he appears in her shop , making her realise she has pulled him out of the game . She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself , he died whilst playing the game . After realising that this Ghost / Avatar - ' Phoenix ' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game , Mel , Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator , and proceed to try and catch him . Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game , and eventually discovers that ' Phoenix ' is the girls dad , and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator , who they then have to work together to catch . 66 `` Save Our Souls '' Gloria Muzio Mark B. Perry October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 10.14 Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage . Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful . Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her . She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was - he happens to be the owner of the ship , and has to get him to help the ghost cross over . Guest Star : Solange Knowles as cruise singer . 67 5 `` Bloodline '' Ian Sander Melissa Blake & Joy Blake October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) 9.40 A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend , and her ghost starts haunting the girl . Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away . After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition , it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth . The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth . 68 6 `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' Eric Laneuville Vivian Lee November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 11.06 Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend , her daughter and her new fiancé , and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl 's imaginary friend is actually a ghost . The ghost seems obsessed with the girl 's mother , and wants to play a game with her , but the game ends up hurting the mother . It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost ( when he was alive and after ) , and he is trying to warn her about someone , using a clues game they used to play . Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues . Jim is shot . 69 7 `` Threshold '' John Gray John Gray November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 11.57 Jim meets his brother in the in - between state , but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel , since she 's not coping without him . She ca n't see him even though he 's there , because her grief is strengthening the veil , but there is another ghost who wants her help , and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim . Eventually he gets through to her , and she tries to convince him to cross over , but he refuses . The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim . At an accident , a man dies and goes into the light , and Jim steps into the body , despite Melinda 's warning . 70 8 `` Heart & Soul '' Ian Sander Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 11.28 Jim / Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam , and Melinda tries to help , wanting the love of her life back . He visits Sam 's family but eventually accepts Mel 's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so . Delia does n't believe Melinda about Jim 's spirit stepping into Sam 's body . 71 9 `` Pieces of You '' Jim Chressanthis Laurie McCarthy December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 9.71 Jim / Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda , thinking they were having an affair , and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband . She starts to tell him about the whole Jim / Sam thing , but his reaction stops her . Delia believes Mel about Jim / Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court , and convinces him to stay . Meanwhile , Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well . 72 10 `` Ball & Chain '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) 10.18 Whilst doing work at a house , Jim / Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot , which he finds weird , but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere . Whilst searching for clues about who he is , he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on / off girlfriend , bought a month before his accident . Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost 's death , since the ghost is convinced she did n't abandon her family . 73 11 `` Life on the Line '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 10.64 Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere . Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost , who resends an old 911 call made from the house . This leads Melinda to investigate , and she discovers that a 14 - year - old boy was killed by the lawnmower there . She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on . Also , Sam remembers medical procedures , indicating that more of Jim 's past is coming up . He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails . 74 12 `` This Joint 's Haunted '' Mark Rosman Mark B. Perry January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 10.58 Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place . Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory . Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way , all without revealing her abilities to Sam . The ghost in Delia 's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death . Sam 's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia . 75 13 `` Body of Water '' Jennifer Love Hewitt P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 11.18 A girl swims in a lake and is scared away . It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls ' father . Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on , and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home , who now has cancer and wo n't take his medication . Sam 's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam , which worries Delia , who urges Mel to fight for him . The Watchers return and warn Mel again , and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living . After his past life regression session with Eli , Sam remembers loving Mel , but he thinks he is remembering Nikki . Note : This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt 's directorial debut . 76 14 `` Slow Burn '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 11.41 Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned 's school dance , and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy . She quickly realises the ghost is the girls ' mother , and must figure out why she does n't want the two to be together , with very little help from the ghost herself . Delia and Eli help her . Sam asks her on a date and she accepts , but helping the ghost causes her to miss it , and leads Sam to think she 's not ready to date after losing her husband . Guest Star : Kendall Schmidt as Jeff 77 15 `` Greek Tragedy '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 10.30 A sorority at Rockland University ' hazes ' new members with a brutal ritual , and one girl never returns the next day , which is a first . Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business , but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head , immediately thinking it is the missing girl . Eli works with her to figure out how she died , but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all , she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader . Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse , and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in , but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission . He asks her about it and she lies , making him suspicious . 78 16 `` Ghost Busted '' John Behring Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 11.54 Melinda 's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift , and after seeing his sceptical reaction , she holds off on telling him , despite Delia 's urging otherwise . Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift , ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit , and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house 's previous owner . Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel , and Delia tells him to keep an open mind . Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on , finally tells Sam about her gift , and is crushed when he is sceptical . 79 17 `` Delusions of Grandview '' Jefery Levy Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 11.09 Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing , and follows her to a school where he 's been doing work . Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be . One ghost in particular needs her help , she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby . Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda , and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died , which involved electro - shock therapy . Delia and Eli work out that the ghost 's doctor was a ghost himself , and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him . Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim , and he refuses to believe it , instead thinking that Mel needs professional help . 80 18 `` Leap of Faith '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 10.58 Sam moved out at Melinda 's request , but he forgot something , so tries calling her to ask for it , but she wo n't answer his calls . Mel is scared by a break - in at her shop , especially when Dr Byrd 's ghost shows up again . Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step - in ( like what Jim did to Sam ) . Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step - in 's , and works out that he wants another body for himself . Mel realises the other step - in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him , but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water . Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he does n't trust , but follows him down anyway . Since Eli ca n't swim , Sam goes to rescue Mel , and after his bag gets trapped on something , Jim 's life flashes before his eyes . 81 19 `` Thrilled to Death '' Gloria Muzio Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) 10.08 A young woman in Eli 's apartment building is being haunted , but claims she does n't know anyone who has died . Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is , and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him , they wonder what else she 's been lying about , and quickly discover that she is ill herself . Meanwhile , Jim misses his job and friends but realises that ca n't be his life anymore , and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School . Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan 's story , and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to . Guest Star : Hilary Duff as Morgan . 82 20 `` Stage Fright '' Eric Laneuville Mark B. Perry April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 9.23 A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda 's store . Mel , Delia , Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event , and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor , and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience . They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned . Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show . They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over . After an accident shooting a walk - on part , Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news . Guest Star : Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis . 83 21 `` Cursed '' Kim Moses Laurie McCarthy May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 9.79 A little girl comes into the store , searching for a very specific doll , and when the older girl ( a cousin ) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died , and that the dolls ' talk ' to the little girl , Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma 's family are trapped in the dollhouse . She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths , leading her to think that the little girls mother ( and Emma 's Aunt ) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma . Mel tells Delia she 's pregnant , then discovers that she 's lost her wedding bands . Jim proposes again . 84 22 `` Endless Love '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 9.50 Melinda is at Delia 's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned 's study group is being haunted . After a sleepwalking incident , Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants . Eli 's friend Zoe ( who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode ) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths , leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost , and whether she was into Vampires . When she tries to ask her about it , Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real , and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost . The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him , and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out . Also , Mel and Jim plan their second wedding - with Jim as Sam . Guest Star : Alexa Vega as Serena 85 23 `` The Book of Changes '' John Gray John Gray May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 9.15 Melinda 's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want . Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe 's house , but is interrupted by Eli . The thief only stole one book - called ' The Book of Changes ' by the Watchers . It has important dates in it , such as previous deaths and Melinda 's due date , which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book . Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought , the Watchers are trying to protect it . Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel 's future is in ' her ' hands and that Mel ca n't save ' her ' . Mel is scared for her unborn baby , especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her ( with their gift ) . Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met , with only Delia and Eli in attendance , and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have . Mel is told she has lots of white light around her - spirits protecting her , but if the balance slips , that could change . Eli becomes ' The Book of Changes ' new caretaker . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090617073441/http://www.variety.com/profiles/TVSeries/Synopsis/173242/Ghost+Whisperer.html?dataSet=1 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 17 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Archived March 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Real - life ' Ghost Whisperer ' inspires CBS '' . Jump up ^ `` Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV '' . Jump up ^ Universal Studios Hollywood - What 's New Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Scifi.com '' . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer Television Show - Mix Checks in on Creating Audio Sounds for Ghost Whisperer TV Show Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Flash Film Works - Ghost Whisperer '' . www.flashfilmworks.com . Jump up ^ `` EDEN FX '' . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 29 - October 5 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 6 -- 12 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings CBS Primetime Shows , October 13 -- 19 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 20 -- 26 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . 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TVbytheNumbers.com . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Show , January 5 -- 11 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 12 -- 18 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 19 -- 25 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows February 23 to March 1 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 6 -- 12 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 20 -- 26 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 27 -- May 3 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 4 -- 10 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . General references `` Ghost Whisperer Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - the ghost whisperer on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` The Ghost Whisperer : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . ( hide ) Ghost Whisperer Episodes Season 1 `` Stranglehold '' `` Pater Familias '' 5 `` Birthday Presence '' `` Implosion '' `` The Children 's Parade '' Characters Melinda Gordon Related John Gray ( creator ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Whisperer_(season_4)&oldid=838676711 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Ghost Whisperer Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 15 : 44 . About Wikipedia
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2,324
what is sharia law and how does it work in malaysia
The dual system of law is provided in Article 121 ( 1A ) of the Constitution of Malaysia . Article 3 also provides that Islamic law is a state law matter with the exception for the Federal Territories of Malaysia . Islamic law refers to sharia law , and in Malaysia it is known and spelled as syariah . The court is known as the Syariah Court . Looking at the Malaysian legal system as a whole , sharia law plays a relatively small role in defining the laws on the country . It only applies to Muslims . With regards to civil law , the Syariah courts has jurisdiction in personal law matters , for example marriage , inheritance , and apostasy . In some states there are sharia criminal laws , for example there is the Kelantan Syariah Criminal Code Enactment 1993 . Their jurisdiction is however limited to imposing fines for an amount not more than RM 5000 , and imprisonment to not more than 3 years . In August 2007 , the then Chief Justice of Malaysia proposed to replace the current common law application in Malaysia with sharia law .
Law of Malaysia
law of malaysia
The law of Malaysia is mainly based on the common law legal system . This was a direct result of the colonisation of Malaya , Sarawak , and North Borneo by Britain between the early 19th century to 1960s . The supreme law of the land -- the Constitution of Malaysia -- sets out the legal framework and rights of Malaysian citizens .
Federal laws enacted by Parliament of Malaysia that apply throughout the country . There are also state laws enacted by the State Legislative Assemblies which applies in the particular state . The constitution of Malaysia also provides for a unique dual justice system -- the secular laws ( criminal and civil ) and sharia laws . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Dual justice system 2.1 Complications 3 Federal law and state law 3.1 Sabah and Sarawak 3.2 Kelantan attempts to impose strict Islamic laws 4 Common law 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Malaysian legal history Adat ( customary practices and tradition ) provided Malay law before colonization . Prior to the independence in 1957 , most of the laws of United Kingdom were imported and either made into local legislation or simply applied as case laws . Malaysian law is also based on other jurisdictions namely Australia and India . The criminal law in Malaysia -- the Criminal Procedure Code -- was based on the Indian criminal code . Similarly , the Contracts Act is based on the Indian model . Malaysian land law is based on the Australian Torrens system . The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land . It provides the legal framework for the laws , legislation , courts , and other administrative aspects of the law . It also defines the government and monarch , and their powers , as well as the rights of the citizens . Dual justice system ( edit ) The dual system of law is provided in Article 121 ( 1A ) of the Constitution of Malaysia . Article 3 also provides that Islamic law is a state law matter with the exception for the Federal Territories of Malaysia . Islamic law refers to sharia law , and in Malaysia it is known and spelled as syariah . The court is known as the Syariah Court . Looking at the Malaysian legal system as a whole , sharia law plays a relatively small role in defining the laws on the country . It only applies to Muslims . With regards to civil law , the Syariah courts has jurisdiction in personal law matters , for example marriage , inheritance , and apostasy . In some states there are sharia criminal laws , for example there is the Kelantan Syariah Criminal Code Enactment 1993 . Their jurisdiction is however limited to imposing fines for an amount not more than RM 5000 , and imprisonment to not more than 3 years . In August 2007 , the then Chief Justice of Malaysia proposed to replace the current common law application in Malaysia with sharia law . Complications ( edit ) See also : Status of religious freedom in Malaysia Complications have arisen with regard to the dual justice system , for example with regard to freedom of religion . Article 11 of the Constitution provides that `` Every person has the right to profess and practice his religion '' . However , in the case of Lina Joy -- a Malay who converted to Christianity -- the Federal Court of Malaysia refused to allow her to change her religion indicated in her identity card ( MyKad ) . The judges held that they had no jurisdiction on the matter -- that it was a matter of the Shariah Court , as indicated in Article 121 ( 1A ) of the Constitution . Federal law and state law ( edit ) The Malaysian Parliament Building . Federal laws are made by legislators ( members of Parliament and senators ) sitting in the Parliament of Malaysia and applies nationwide . Federal laws are known as Acts ( of Parliament ) . State laws are made by assemblymen sitting in the State Legislative Assembly ( Dewan Undangan Negeri ) and only applies in the particular state . State laws are often referred to as enactments or ordinances . Article 75 of the Constitution states that a federal law shall prevail over any inconsistent state laws , including sharia laws . Sabah and Sarawak ( edit ) After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 , the Federal Constitution was amended to include special provisions applicable to the states of Sabah and Sarawak . Some federal Acts of Parliament apply to these states differently on a number of matters , particularly on issues related to immigration , land and natural resource management . For example , in the Peninsular , the National Land Code governs most of the laws relating to land . In Sabah , the main legislation is the Sabah Land Ordinance ; and in Sarawak , the Sarawak Land Code . Kelantan attempts to impose strict Islamic laws ( edit ) In recent years , hudud has been attempted to be introduced by Malaysian Islamic Party ( PAS ) in Kelantan to Islamise the state . Common law ( edit ) The Sultan Abdul Samad Building used to house the apex courts of Malaysia . The laws of Malaysia can be divided into two types of laws -- written law and unwritten law . Written laws are laws which have been enacted in the constitution or in legislation . Unwritten laws are laws which are not contained in any statutes and can be found in case decisions . This is known as the common law or case law . In situations where there is no law governing a particular circumstance , Malaysian case law may apply . If there is no Malaysian case law , English case law can be applied . There are instances where Australian , Indian , and Singaporean cases are used as persuasive authorities . The application of English law or common law is specified in statutes . Section 5 of Criminal Procedure Code states that English law shall be applied in cases where no specific legislation has been enacted . Similarly , in context of civil law , Sections 3 and 5 of Civil Law Act allows for application of English common law , equity rules , and statutes in Malaysian civil cases where no specific laws have been made . In 2007 , Chief Justice of Malaysia , Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim questioned need to resort to English common law despite Malaysia having already been independent for 50 years and proposed to replace it with Islamic law jurisprudence or sharia law . However , Malaysian Bar Council responded by saying that common law is part of Malaysian legal system and that is no basis to replace it . Court appeals to Privy Council in England have already been abolished in 1985 . The principle of stare decisis also applies in Malaysian law . This means that any decisions by a court higher in the hierarchy will be binding upon the lower courts . See also ( edit ) Courts of Malaysia Law enforcement in Malaysia Full text of the Constitution of Malaysia from Wikisource References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Toward an Islamic State '' Archived 19 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Islamic World . Accessed 19 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minister : Study proposal on switch to Syariah law thoroughly '' Archived 25 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Star , 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions divided in Kelantan over hudud law debate '' . Reuters . The Malay Mail . 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Zan Azlee ( 31 May 2016 ) . `` Push for hudud law raises tensions in Malaysia '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Asean Legal Information Portal -- A Free Access to Law Initiative . Malaysia Law Portal Malaysian Laws on the Internet from WWLegal.com -- contains a list of Malaysian legal resources on the Internet ( published 3 February 2006 ) ASEAN Law Association , Malaysia front page Laws of Malaysia : compilation of reprinted statutes from the Attorney General 's website hide Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - government Crown Colony of Sarawak Self - government Crown Colony of North Borneo Self - government Malaysia Agreement 1962 Singapore referendum Cobbold Commission 18 - point agreement 20 - point agreement Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Sarawak Communist Insurgency Proclamation Malaysia Day PAP -- UMNO relations 1964 race riots Singapore in Malaysia Second Malayan Emergency 13 May Incident 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1997 Asian financial crisis Geography Cities , towns and villages Districts Divisions East Malaysia Environment Fauna Flora World Heritage Sites Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Peninsular Malaysia Rivers States Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Monarchies Parliament Political parties Prime Minister State legislative assemblies Head of state Economy Agriculture Banks Central bank Energy Federal budget Ringgit ( currency ) States by GDP Science and technology Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Crime Demographics Malaysians Education Post-secondary Universities Ethnic groups Health Income disparity Languages Poverty Religion Water supply and sanitation Women International rankings Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Folklore Mythology Literature Malay lordship Media Music Names Public holidays Sport Symbols Animal Anthem Emblem Flag Flower Pledge Outline Index Book Portal hide Law of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Malaysia&oldid=842805975 '' Categories : Malaysian law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from November 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Bahasa Melayu 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,325
liszt fantasia and fugue on ad nos ad salutarem undam
Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale `` Ad nos , Ad salutarem undam ''
fantasy and fugue on the chorale ` ` ad nos, ad salutarem undam''
The Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale `` Ad nos , ad salutarem undam '' , S. 259 , is a piece of organ music composed by Franz Liszt in the winter of 1850 when he was in Weimar . The chorale on which the Fantasy and Fugue is based was from Act I of Giacomo Meyerbeer 's opera Le prophète . The work is dedicated to Meyerbeer , and it was given its premiere on October 29 , 1852 . The revised version was premiered in the Merseburg Cathedral on September 26 , 1855 , with Alexander Winterberger performing . The whole work was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1852 , and the fugue was additionally published as the 4th piece of Liszt 's operatic fantasy `` Illustrations du Prophète '' ( S. 414 ) . A piano duet version by Liszt appeared during the same time ( S. 624 ) .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Form 2 Transcriptions 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Form ( edit ) The piece consists of three sections : Fantasy : opens with the `` Ad nos '' theme and then turns quiet and contemplative . The theme returns and eventually a climax is reached . A second climactic passage follows , after which this section ends . Adagio : serves as a development section , beginning quietly , the theme moving to major keys now from the minor keys of the preceding section . The piece brightens a bit in the latter half of this section . Fugue : serves as the finale , but also , within the sonata - form , as the recapitulation and coda . Elements from the previous sections appear again . The piece ends with a triumphant coda , on full organ . A typical performance lasts nearly half an hour . Transcriptions ( edit ) Cover of Busoni 's piano transcription Ferruccio Busoni prepared a piano arrangement which was published in 1897 by Breitkopf & Härtel . Alan Walker , Liszt 's biographer , said that it `` represents one of the pinnacles of twentieth - century virtuosity . '' Liszt at least once performed his own piano transcription , of which Walter Bache , his student , made an account in 1862 . Liszt never seems to have notated such a version . Hugo Kaun and Wilhelm Middelschulte created an arrangement for orchestra and organ . The premiere was on March 29 , 1901 , at Symphony Center , Chicago , conducted by Theodore Thomas , with Middelschulte as the organist . Marcel Dupré also created an organ - orchestra arrangement . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Franz Liszt : Letter of Franz Liszt , Volume 1 . No. 78 : to Breitkopf and Härtel . Jump up ^ Robert Cummings . `` Fantasy and Fugue on Ad nos , Ad nos salutarem undam ( Duet version ) Entry '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy and Fugue on Ad nos , Ad nos salutarem undam ( Busoni ) Entry '' . Worldcat.org . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Hamilton : The Cambridge Companion to Liszt , 2005 . Page 77 . Jump up ^ Alan Walker : Franz Liszt , 1987 . Volume 2 . Page 161 . Further reading ( edit ) Todd , R. Larry . 1981 . `` Liszt , Fantasy and Fugue for Organ on ' Ad nos , ad salutarem undam ' '' . 19th - Century Music 4 , no . 3 ( Spring ) : 250 -- 61 . External links ( edit ) Video Alexander Frey plays Liszt : Fantasy and Fugue on the Chorale `` Ad nos ad salutarem undam '' on YouTube . Alexander Frey performs Franz Liszt 's largest keyboard work , the epic Fantasy and Fugue on `` Ad nos ad salutarem undam '' for organ . In this live performance , Mr. Frey begins the work with the actual chorale ( the chorale of the Anabaptists , `` Ad nos , ad salutarem undam '' ) from Giacomo Meyerbeer 's opera , `` Le Prophète '' , on which Liszt based this piece . Bonnet - Schirmer edition score http://ks.petruccimusiclibrary.org/files/imglnks/usimg/3/32/IMSLP17977-Liszt_-_S259_Fantasie_und_Fuge_uber_Ad_nos_salutarem_undam__schirmer_.pdf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fantasy_and_Fugue_on_the_chorale_%22Ad_nos,_ad_salutarem_undam%22&oldid=800426444 '' Categories : Compositions by Franz Liszt Compositions for organ 1850 compositions Fugues Fantasias ( music ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,326
a song of ice and fire reading sequence
A Song of Ice and Fire
a song of ice and fire
A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 , and it was published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter .
A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to 31 characters by the fifth novel . Three main stories interweave : a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Lord Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II `` the Mad King '' , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's closest friend and chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey , but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Lord Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks . He eventually becomes Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the A Song of Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well - received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the A Song of Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the A Song of Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn A Song of Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the cliffhangers from A Dance with Dragons early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel had been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other A Song of Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams ' high fantasy epic Memory , Sorrow , and Thorn as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . Martin experienced some harsh winters when living in Dubuque a few years in the 70s , and suspects these winters had an influence on his writing ; `` I think a lot of the stuff in A Game of Thrones , the snow and ice and freezing , comes from my memories of Dubuque '' . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with A Song of Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2018 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . Martin does not consider A Song of Ice and Fire a `` series '' but a single story published in several volumes . A Song of Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the A Song of Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth 6 13 Theon Greyjoy 6 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly 5 5 10 Cersei Lannister 10 12 Brienne of Tarth 8 8 Aeron Greyjoy ≥ 1 Areo Hotah ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy Arys Oakheart Victarion Greyjoy ≥ 1 Arianne Martell ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell Jon Connington Melisandre Barristan Selmy ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the story of A Song of Ice and Fire begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each A Song of Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous A Song of Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to A Song of Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic A Song of Ice and Fire to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The story of A Song of Ice and Fire therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the characters of A Song of Ice and Fire are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , A Song of Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , A Song of Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the world of A Song of Ice and Fire , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three A Song of Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of A Song of Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million A Song of Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with A Song of Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main A Song of Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . The novella The Sons of the Dragon appeared in the 2017 anthology The Book of Swords , is the story of Aegon the Conqueror 's two sons Aenys I and Maegor I `` the cruel '' . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Season 7 premiered July 16th , 2017 with the next season set to premiere in 2019 . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by A Song of Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Writer George R.R. Martin Posts ' Winds of Winter ' Novel Excerpt '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' George RR Martin revolutionised how people think about fantasy ' Books The Guardian '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ grrm ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Another Precinct Heard From '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` A Fantasy Realm Too Vile For Hobbits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . 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Martin Has a Detailed Plan For Keeping the Game of Thrones TV Show From Catching Up To Him '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( March 12 , 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 1 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 4 : 00 min ( publishing history ) , 15 : 00 min ( names ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Transcript summary available by Ippolito , Toni - Marie ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin talks to fans about the making of Game of Thrones and what inspired his best - selling book series '' . thelifestylereport.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . 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Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Winds of Winter release date : Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US '' . Jump up ^ Baratheon , Jesús ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Alejo Cuervo ( Gigamesh ) : `` Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 ( también en español ) '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Relacja z konwentu Kapitularz 2015 - Pieśń lodu i ognia - Gra o tron '' . October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Winds of Winter might be coming sooner than we thought '' . October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R.R. Martin , George ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Last Year ( Winds of Winter ) '' . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER '' `` . Winter is Coming . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . Jump up ^ grrm ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Back From Bubonicon '' . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin says there will be ' Winds of Winter ' spoilers in ' Game of Thrones ' season six '' . ^ Jump up to : Bosman , Julie ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` A Fantasy Book Revives Store Sales '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' team on series future : ' There is a ticking clock ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . 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( Interview approved by GRRM Archived February 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ) Jump up ^ George R.R. Martin Has a Detailed Plan For Keeping the Game of Thrones TV Show From Catching Up To Him Jump up ^ Abercrombie , Joe ( February 16 , 2008 ) . `` Influences , Ideas , and A Game of Thrones '' . joeabercrombie.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Q&A With George R.R. Martin Archived June 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` GRRM Interview Part 2 : Fantasy and History '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adria 's News : George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Amber ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Brutal Fantasy With Mass Appeal '' . The Atlantic . 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Martin '' . sffworld.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zadravec , Goran ( December 2003 ) . `` An Interview With George R.R. Martin '' . mezmera.posluh.hr . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM Archived February 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ) Jump up ^ West , Ed ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones tells the story of Britain better than most histories '' . The Spectator . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adair , Jamie ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Cersei Lannister : the evil queen we love to hate '' . historygot.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` GRRM Interview Part 3 : The Twilight Zone and Lost '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` EasterCon -- Eat , Drink and talk SFF ! '' . harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10 , 2012 . 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Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) BIBSYS : 13030568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=831253484 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Dragons in popular culture Family in fiction Fantasy novel series Giants in fiction High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Magic in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Undead in popular culture Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 16 : 32 . 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who does anakin skywalker fall in love with
Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence of the third prequel , Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , killed by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; Anakin 's fall from grace would now be motivated by a desire to save his wife , Padmé Amidala , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 .
Padmé Amidala
Darth Vader
darth vader
Darth Vader , also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker , is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Vader appears in the original film trilogy as a pivotal antagonist whose actions drive the plot , while his past as Anakin Skywalker and the story of his corruption are central to the narrative of the prequel trilogy .
The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors . His appearances span the first six Star Wars films , as well as Rogue One , and his character is referenced in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series , video games , novels , literature and comic books . Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force , he falls to the dark side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master , Emperor Palpatine ( also known as Darth Sidious ) . He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa , secret husband of Padmé Amidala and grandfather of Kylo Ren . Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture , and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever . The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in cinema history on 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains , behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates . However , other critics consider him a tragic hero , citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 1.1 Concept and writing 1.2 Design 1.3 Portrayals 2 Appearances 2.1 Featured films 2.1. 1 Original trilogy 2.1. 2 Prequel trilogy 2.1. 2.1 The Clone Wars ( film ) 2.1. 3 Anthology films 2.1. 4 Virtual reality film 2.2 Television series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 2.2. 2 Rebels ( 2014 ) 2.2. 3 Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) 2.3 Comics 2.4 Star Wars canon literature 2.5 Legends 2.5. 1 Star Wars : Clone Wars microseries 2.5. 2 Literature 2.5. 3 Comics 2.6 Video games 2.7 Other 3 Characteristics 4 Cultural impact 5 Family tree 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Creation and development George Lucas , creator of Darth Vader Concept and writing In the first draft of The Star Wars , tall , grim general `` Darth Vader '' was already close in line with his final depiction , and the protagonist `` Anikin Starkiller '' had a role similar to Luke Skywalker 's as the 16 - year - old son of a respected warrior . After the success of the original Star Wars ( 1977 ) , series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas was disappointed with the script , but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her . With no writer available , Lucas had to write the next draft himself . In this draft , he made use of a new plot twist : Vader claiming to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the year - long struggles writing the first film . The new plot element of Luke 's parentage had drastic effects on the series . Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke 's father . After writing the second and third drafts in which the plot point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin had been Obi - Wan Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by Palpatine . Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded , but was then reborn as Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy . After deciding to create the prequel trilogy , Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakin 's fall to the dark side . He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` saga '' . Darth Vader designers Ralph McQuarrie Brian Muir For the first prequel , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , Lucas made Anakin nine years old to make the character 's separation from his mother more poignant . Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one - sheet poster showing him casting Vader 's shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the character 's eventual fate . The movie ultimately achieved a primary goal of introducing audiences to Anakin . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence of the third prequel , Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , killed by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; Anakin 's fall from grace would now be motivated by a desire to save his wife , Padmé Amidala , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . During production of the Clone Wars TV series , Ahsoka Tano was developed to illustrate how Anakin develops from the brash , undisciplined Padawan apprentice in Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) to the more reserved Jedi Knight in Revenge of the Sith . Clone Wars supervising director and Rebels co-creator Dave Filoni said that giving Anakin responsibility for a Padawan was meant to place the character in a role that forced him to become more cautious and responsible . It would also give him insight into his relationship with Obi - Wan and depict how their relationship matured . Ahsoka and Anakin 's relationship was seen as an essential story arc spanning both the animated film and Clone Wars television series . Filoni began thinking about the final confrontation between Ahsoka and Vader ever since he created Ahsoka ; different iterations had different endings , including one in which Vader kills Ahsoka just as she slashes open his helmet to reveal Anakin 's scarred face . Ahsoka 's presence in Star Wars Rebels was necessary to allow Darth Vader to encounter the show 's lead characters without the latter being `` destroyed '' ; Ahsoka can `` stand toe - to - toe '' with Vader . In Rebels Recon of the episode The Holocrons of Fate , Filoni reveals that he has always felt that one of the reasons for Anakin 's turn to the dark side was the lack of compassion of the Jedi ; in their dedication to selflessness , they `` almost forgot to care '' . Design Ralph McQuarrie incorporated Samurai armour into his conceptual designs for Vader 's costume in 1975 The original design of Darth Vader 's costume did not originally include a helmet . The idea that Vader should wear a breathing apparatus was first proposed by concept artist Ralph McQuarrie during preproduction discussions for Star Wars with George Lucas in 1975 . In an interview with Star Wars Insider Magazine , McQuarrie stated that Lucas 's artistic direction was to portray a malevolent figure in a cape with Samurai armour . `` For Darth Vader , George ( Lucas ) just said he would like to have a very tall , dark fluttering figure that had a spooky feeling like it came in on the wind . '' McQuarrie noted that the script indicated that Vader would travel between spaceships and needed to survive in the vacuum of space , and he proposed that Vader should wear some sort of space suit . Lucas agreed , and McQuarrie combined a full - face breathing mask with a Samurai helmet , thus creating one of the most iconic designs of space fantasy cinema . McQuarrie 's 1975 production painting of Darth Vader engaged in a lightsaber duel with Deak Starkiller ( a character prototype for Luke Skywalker ) depicts Vader wearing black armour , a flowing cape and an elongated , skull - like mask and helmet . Its similarity to the final design of Vader 's costume demonstrates that McQuarrie 's earliest conception of Vader was so successful that very little needed to be changed for production . Working from McQuarrie 's designs , the prop sculptor Brian Muir created the helmet and armour used in the film . The sound of the respirator function of Vader 's mask was created by Ben Burtt using modified recordings of scuba breathing apparatus used by divers . The sound effect is trademarked in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office under Trademark # 77419252 and is officially described in the documentation as `` The sound of rhythmic mechanical human breathing created by breathing through a scuba tank regulator . '' Commentators have often pointed to the influence of Akira Kurosawa 's films such as The Hidden Fortress ( 1958 ) on George Lucas , and Vader 's Samurai - inspired costume design is held up as a significant example of the Japanese influences on Star Wars . Portrayals David Prowse physically portrayed Darth Vader in the original film trilogy . James Earl Jones provided the voice of Darth Vader in the original trilogy and Rogue One . Darth Vader was portrayed by bodybuilder David Prowse in the original film trilogy , and by stunt performer Bob Anderson during the character 's intense lightsaber fight scenes . Lucas originally intended for Orson Welles to voice Vader ( after dismissing using Prowse 's own voice due to his English West Country accent , leading to the rest of the cast nicknaming him `` Darth Farmer '' ) . After deciding that Welles 's voice would be too recognizable , he cast the lesser - known James Earl Jones instead . Jones initially felt his contributions to the films were too small to warrant recognition and his role was uncredited at his request until the release of Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . When Jones was specifically asked if he had supplied Vader 's voice for Revenge of the Sith -- either newly or from a previous recording -- Jones answered , `` You 'd have to ask Lucas about that . I do n't know '' . The character has also been voiced by Scott Lawrence and Matt Sloan for several video games . Hayden Christensen and Gene Bryant alternately portray Vader in Revenge of the Sith . During the production of Revenge of the Sith , Christensen asked Lucas if a special Vader suit could be constructed to fit his own body , rather than have a different actor don one of the original sets of Vader armor worn by Prowse . Brock Peters provided the voice of Darth Vader in the NPR / USC radio series . Both Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous portrayed Vader in Rogue One ( 2016 ) , with Jones reprising his role as the character 's voice . During production of Return of the Jedi , the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role of Anakin Skywalker since his death was unquestionably the emotional climax of the film , and Sebastian Shaw was selected for the role . When Shaw arrived at the set for filming , he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid , the actor playing the Emperor . When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there , Shaw responded , `` I do n't know , dear boy , I think it 's something to do with science - fiction . '' His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew , and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone , even his family . The unmasking scene , directed by Richard Marquand , was filmed in one day and required only a few takes , with no alteration from the original dialogue . Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film , in which he is a Force Ghost of Anakin . Shaw 's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 DVD release . This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be possibly the most controversial change in the Star Wars re-releases . Shaw received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career . He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film . When The Phantom Menace was being produced , hundreds of actors were tested for the role of young Anakin before the producers settled on Jake Lloyd who Lucas considered met his requirements of `` a good actor , enthusiastic and very energetic '' . Producer Rick McCallum said that Lloyd was `` smart , mischievous and loves anything mechanical -- just like Anakin . '' During production of Attack of the Clones , casting director Robin Gurland reviewed about 1,500 other candidates for the role of the young adult Anakin before Lucas eventually selected Hayden Christensen for the role . When Revenge of the Sith was being produced , Christensen and Ewan McGregor began rehearsing their climactic lightsaber duel long before Lucas would shoot it . They trained extensively with stunt coordinator Nick Gillard to memorize and perform their duel together . As in the previous two prequel films , McGregor and Christensen performed their own lightsaber fighting scenes without the use of stunt doubles . Anakin has also been voiced by Mat Lucas for the 2003 micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars , and by Matt Lanter in the CGI animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , the television series of the same name and for Anakin 's cameos in Star Wars Rebels . For Vader 's appearances in the Star Wars Rebels animated series , James Earl Jones has reprised the voice role . Both Lanter and Jones contributed their voices for the second - season finale of Rebels , at times with identical dialogue spoken by both actors blended together in different ways . Appearances Darth Vader appears in seven of the nine live - action Star Wars films and The Clone Wars animated film and spinoff series . He has a recurring role in Star Wars expanded universe material . Featured films Original trilogy Darth Vader first appears in Star Wars as a ruthless cyborg and former Jedi serving the Galactic Empire . He is tasked , along with Imperial commander Grand Moff Tarkin , with recovering the secret technical plans for the Death Star , which were stolen by the Rebel Alliance . Vader captures and tortures Princess Leia Organa , who has hidden the plans inside the droid R2 - D2 and sent it to find Vader 's old Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi on the planet Tatooine . During Leia 's rescue , Vader kills Obi - Wan in a lightsaber duel . Having placed a tracking device aboard the Millennium Falcon , Vader is able to track down the Rebels ' base on the planet Yavin 4 . During the Rebels ' attack on the Death Star , Vader attempts to shoot down Luke Skywalker 's X-wing fighter , but Han Solo intervenes and sends Vader 's ship spiraling off course , allowing Luke to destroy the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back , Vader becomes obsessed with finding Luke and leads the Imperial attack on the Rebel base on Hoth , but the Rebels escape . While conversing with the Emperor , Vader convinces him that Luke would be valuable to the Empire if he could be turned to the dark side of the Force . Vader hires a group of bounty hunters to follow Luke and his friends , and negotiates with Bespin administrator Lando Calrissian to set a trap for them so that Luke will follow them . After Han , Leia , Chewbacca , and C - 3PO arrive , Vader tortures Han , freezes him in carbonite and gives him to bounty hunter Boba Fett . When Luke arrives , Vader defeats Luke in a lightsaber duel , severing his opponent 's hand . Vader then tells Luke that he is his father and asks Luke to help him overthrow the Emperor so they can rule the galaxy together . Horrified , Luke escapes through an air shaft . Vader telepathically tells Luke that it is his destiny to join the dark side . In Return of the Jedi , Vader and the Emperor are supervising the second Death Star 's construction . Unknown to Vader , the Emperor intends to replace him with Luke as his apprentice . Thinking that there is still good in his father , Luke surrenders to Vader in hopes that he can be redeemed . Vader brings Luke to the Emperor onboard the Death Star . While there , the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi 's fear for his friends , which leads to Vader dueling with Luke once again . Realizing that Leia is Luke 's twin sister , Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit . Furious , Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father 's robotic hand . The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place . Luke refuses , however , and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning . Moved by Luke 's pleas for help , Vader throws the Emperor down the Death Star 's reactor core to his death ; he is mortally wounded by the Emperor 's lightning in the process . After asking Luke to remove his mask , the redeemed Anakin Skywalker tells his son that there was good in him after all before he dies . Luke escapes the Death Star with his father 's remains , and ceremonially burns them in a pyre . Anakin 's spirit reunites with those of Obi - Wan and Yoda to watch over Luke and his friends as the Rebels celebrate the Death Star 's destruction and the fall of the Empire . Prequel trilogy Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker in Revenge of the Sith . Anakin first appears in the prequel trilogy in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , which takes place 32 years before the original Star Wars , as a young slave living on the planet Tatooine with his mother Shmi . Anakin was conceived without a father and he can foresee the future . Also a gifted pilot and mechanic , Anakin has built his own protocol droid , C - 3PO . Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn meets Anakin after making an emergency landing on Tatooine . Qui - Gon senses Anakin 's strong connection to the Force and becomes convinced that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force . After winning his freedom in a podrace , Anakin leaves for Coruscant to be trained as a Jedi , but is forced to leave Shmi behind . During the journey , Anakin forms a bond with Padmé Amidala , the young queen of Naboo . Qui - Gon asks the Jedi Council for permission to train Anakin , but they sense fear in the boy and refuse . Eventually , Anakin helps thwart the Trade Federation 's invasion of Naboo by destroying their command ship . After Qui - Gon is killed in a lightsaber duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul , Obi - Wan promises to train Anakin , with the Council 's reluctant approval . Palpatine , newly elected as the Republic 's Supreme Chancellor , befriends Anakin and promises to `` watch your career with great interest '' . Anakin is Obi - Wan 's Padawan apprentice in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , which takes place 10 years after The Phantom Menace . Having rescued Padmé , who is now a senator , from an assassination attempt , Anakin travels with her to Naboo , where they fall in love . Sensing that Shmi is in pain , Anakin travels to Tatooine to rescue her . While there , Anakin learns she was kidnapped by Tusken Raiders . Anakin locates Shmi at the Tusken campsite , where she dies in his arms . Anakin , enraged , massacres the Tuskens and returns to the Lars homestead to bury Shmi . Anakin travels with Padmé to Geonosis to rescue Obi - Wan from Sith Lord Count Dooku , Qui - Gon 's old master and leader of the Separatists , a conspiracy of star systems bent on seceding from the Galactic Republic . Dooku captures them , however , and sentences them to death . However , a cadre of Jedi arrives with the Kaminoan clone army to halt their executions . Obi - Wan and Anakin confront Dooku during the ensuing battle , but the Sith Lord beats them both in a lightsaber duel and severs Anakin 's arm . Yoda intervenes and rescues the Jedi . By the end of the film , Anakin is fitted with a robotic arm and marries Padmé in secret . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , set three years after Attack of the Clones , Anakin is now a Jedi Knight and a hero of the Clone Wars . He and Obi - Wan lead a mission to rescue Palpatine from Separatist commander General Grievous on board his starship . When the Jedi encounter Dooku , Anakin subdues the Sith Lord , and on Palpatine 's command , kills him in cold blood . They rescue Palpatine and return to Coruscant . Anakin reunites with Padmé , who tells him she is pregnant . Anakin has visions of Padmé dying in childbirth and becomes determined to prevent them from coming true . Palpatine tells Anakin that the dark side holds the power to cheat death , and eventually reveals that he is the Sith Lord Darth Sidious , the mastermind of the war . Although Anakin informs Jedi Master Mace Windu of Palpatine 's treachery , he follows Windu to make sure Palpatine is captured alive . When he realizes that Windu is going to kill Palpatine , Anakin intervenes on the Sith Lord 's behalf , allowing Palpatine to kill Windu . Desperate to save Padmé , Anakin pledges himself to the dark side and becomes Palpatine 's Sith apprentice , Darth Vader . On Palpatine 's command , Vader leads a legion of clones to kill everyone at the Jedi Temple and massacres the remaining Separatist leaders hiding on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Padmé confronts Vader and implores him to abandon the dark side , but Vader refuses . When Obi - Wan disembarks from Padmé 's ship , Vader accuses his wife of conspiring against him and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness . After a long and ferocious lightsaber duel , Obi - Wan defeats Vader , severing his legs and arm and leaving him at the bank of a lava river , where he is horribly burned . Palpatine finds Vader and takes him back to Coruscant , where his apprentice 's mutilated body is rebuilt with the black armored suit first depicted in the original trilogy . When Vader asks for Padmé , Palpatine says she died in the heat of his anger ; Vader screams in agony , his spirit broken . Vader is last seen supervising the construction of the first Death Star alongside Palpatine and Wilhuff Tarkin . The Clone Wars ( film ) In the 2008 film The Clone Wars , Yoda assigns Ahsoka Tano as Anakin 's Padawan apprentice to teach him a greater sense of responsibility , and Anakin is initially frustrated by this decision . Their early interactions are `` playfully contentious '' , with Anakin calling her `` Snips '' for her `` snippy '' attitude and Ahsoka calling him `` Skyguy '' as a pun on his surname . After earning Anakin 's respect during a dangerous mission , Ahsoka joins him on a quest to rescue Jabba the Hutt 's infant son . Her impetuousness both annoys and endears her to her master , and , by the end of the film , Anakin reveals a newfound affection for his apprentice . Anthology films Vader appears in the first anthology film Rogue One , played by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous . with James Earl Jones once again voicing the character . In this film , Vader meets with Imperial weapons engineer Orson Krennic , who asks him for an audience with the Emperor regarding the Death Star which Krennic lost command of to Tarkin . Vader refuses , however , and uses the Force to choke him as a way of putting him in his place and orders him to ensure the Death Star project has not been compromised . At the end of the film , Vader boards the disabled Rebel flagship Profundity with a cadre of Imperial stormtroopers and kills several Rebel soldiers as he attempts to recover the plans . However , the Alderaanian blockade runner Tantive IV ( which was docked with the Profundity ) escapes with the plans , setting the stage for the events of A New Hope . Prior to the hallway scene being filmed . During the finale for Rogue One Orson Krennic would survive the Death Star 's assault on Scariff and Vader then murdered him for failing to stop the theft of the Death Star plans . However this scene was cut from Rogue One due to the difficulty explaining Krennic surviving the explosion the Death Star caused . Virtual reality film In the 2015 Star Wars Celebration , it was announced David S. Goyer is helping to develop a virtual reality film based on Darth Vader . It is said that the audience as `` visitor '' will be able to walk , pick up , push and open things , and might even have some effect in the story . Television series The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Anakin is a lead character in all seasons of The Clone Wars . As a Jedi Knight , he goes on several missions with both Obi - Wan and Ahsoka throughout the war . While continuing to teach Ahsoka the ways of the Jedi , Anakin has developed a close bond with her and they take risks to protect or save one another . Some of Anakin 's actions taken out of concern for Ahsoka violate the Jedi code , such as torturing prisoners who may know her location when she goes missing . During the third season , Anakin experiences a vision of his future as Darth Vader . Rebels ( 2014 ) Darth Vader is a recurring character in the first season of Star Wars Rebels , which takes place 14 years after The Clone Wars concludes . Vader leads a squadron of Force - sensitive Imperial Inquisitors who are actively searching for and killing any remaining Jedi and Force - sensitive children . In the second season premiere , Vader discovers that Ahsoka has joined the Rebel Alliance , and the Emperor orders him to hunt her down . During their first confrontation in which Vader wipes out most of Phoenix Squadron 's troops , Ahsoka is overwhelmed to recognize Anakin under `` a layer of hate '' in Darth Vader . Later in the season , Ahsoka has a vision in which Anakin blames her for allowing him to fall to the dark side . Vader makes a brief cameo at the end of `` Shroud of Darkness '' in which he is brought to the Jedi temple on Lothal . In the season finale , Ahsoka duels with her former master inside a Sith Temple , allowing her friends to escape Vader and the temple 's destruction . As the episode concludes , Vader escapes from the temple 's ruins . Filoni said that it was `` an elected decision '' not to feature Vader for the third season . Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Anakin appears in the episode The Padawan Path . He is voiced again by Matt Lanter . In The Padawan Path , Anakin is waiting along with Yoda in the Jedi temple for Ahsoka , for her ceremony . Comics In 2015 , Marvel released a 25 - issue series called Darth Vader ( 2015 ) , which focused on the title character in the aftermath of the destruction of the Death Star , as well as his life after learning about the existence of his son , the series happens parallel to the comic series Star Wars ( 2015 ) and has a cross-over with it titled Vader Down . The Obi - Wan & Anakin 5 - issue mini-series written by Charles Soule , depicts the lives of both Jedi between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . At New York Comic Con 2015 , Dan Brooks of StarWars.com held an interview with Soule , who described the story as `` pretty unexplored territory . '' A second series named exactly as the previous series Darth Vader ( 2017 ) , is also written by Charles Soule . It begins moments after Vader wakes up for the first time in his black suit at the end of the film Episode III : Revenge of the Sith . The series will focus on exploring the title character 's reaction to Padme 's death , his adjustment to his mechanical suit , how he creates his red lightsaber , as well as how he hunts Jedi , and the beginning of the Inquisitor program shown in the animated series Star Wars Rebels . Star Wars canon literature Star Wars : Lords of the Sith was one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015 . In Lords of the Sith , Vader and Palpatine find themselves hunted by revolutionaries on the Twi'lek planet Ryloth . Legends In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Star Wars : Clone Wars microseries Anakin is a lead character in all three seasons of the Clone Wars microseries , which takes place four months after the conclusion of Attack of the Clones . Anakin becomes a Jedi Knight and is quickly promoted to a General of the Republic 's Clone Army , due in part to Palpatine 's influence . Among other missions , he fights a duel with Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress , helps Obi - Wan capture a Separatist - controlled fortress and rescues Jedi Master Saesee Tiin during a space battle . During the third season , Anakin frees the planet Nelvaan from Separatist control and sees a cryptic vision of his future as Darth Vader . In the season finale , Anakin and Obi - Wan go on a mission to rescue Palpatine from General Grievous , leading to the opening of Revenge of the Sith . Series creator and director Genndy Tartakovsky admitted that he was bothered that Lucasfilm declared Clone Wars non-canon , but said that he was proud of what he did and how much the microseries and the characters influenced later works . Literature Vader is featured prominently in novels set in the Star Wars universe . In the 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye by Alan Dean Foster , Vader meets Luke Skywalker for the first time and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends with Luke cutting off Vader 's arm and Vader falling into a deep pit . ( In 1999 's Vader 's Quest , however , Vader encounters Luke for the first time after hiring a bounty hunter to find the pilot who destroyed the Death Star . ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) reveals that Vader is conflicted about trying to turn his son to the dark side of the Force , and knows deep down that there is still some good in him . Anakin Skywalker 's redeemed spirit appears in The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) , set a few days after the end of Return of the Jedi . He appears to Leia , imploring her forgiveness . Leia condemns him for his crimes and exiles him from her life . He promises that he will be there for her when she needs him , and disappears . In Tatooine Ghost ( 2003 ) , Leia learns to forgive her father after learning about his childhood as a slave and his mother 's traumatic death . In The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) , Anakin tells his grandson Jacen Solo to `` stand firm '' in his battle with the Supreme Overlord of the Yuuzhan Vong . Upon the release of the prequel films , the Expanded Universe grew to include novels about Vader 's former life as Anakin Skywalker . Greg Bear 's 2000 novel Rogue Planet and Jude Watson 's Jedi Apprentice and Jedi Quest series chronicle Anakin 's early missions with Obi - Wan , while James Luceno 's 2005 novel Labyrinth of Evil , set during the Clone Wars , depicts Anakin battling Separatist commander General Grievous . In Luceno 's Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) , set a few months after the events of Revenge of the Sith , Vader disavows his identity as Anakin Skywalker as he systematically pursues and kills the surviving Jedi and cements his position in the Empire . The novel reveals that Vader plans to eventually overthrow Palpatine and that he betrayed the Jedi because he resented their supposed failure to recognize his power . In The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia uncover old recordings of their parents in R2 - D2 's memory drive ; for the first time , they see their own birth and their mother 's death , as well as their father 's corruption to the dark side . In Bloodlines ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia 's son Jacen - who has himself turned to the dark side - uses the Force to `` watch '' Darth Vader slaughter the children at the Jedi Temple . Vader also appears in a series of tongue - in - cheek children 's books by Jeffrey Brown . In Brown 's series , a somewhat hapless Vader sets out to be a father to a young Luke and Leia , with some scenes directly based on their darker film counterparts ( for example , one scene shows Vader , Luke and Leia at the carbonite freezing chamber on Bespin , with Vader pronouncing the freezer adequate for making ice cream ) . Comics Vader appears in several comic books such as Dark Horse Comics ' Star Wars Tales and Marvel Comics ' Star Wars ( 1977 -- 1986 ) series . Anakin Skywalker is a major character in Dark Horse 's Star Wars : Republic series ( 1998 - 2006 ) . Video games Darth Vader and Anakin Skywalker appear in a variety of video games such as the Lego Star Wars series and the Battlefront series . Vader plays a central role in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed ( 2008 ) . He is a playable character in the first level of the game , where he and his armies invade Kashyyyk to hunt down a Jedi who had survived the Order 's destruction . Vader kills the Jedi and kidnaps the man 's young Force - sensitive son , whom he raises as his secret apprentice , Starkiller . Vader sends Starkiller on various missions throughout the galaxy , with an ultimate goal to assassinate Palpatine so that Vader can rule the galaxy himself . Toward the end of the game , however , it is revealed that Vader is n't planning to overthrow Palpatine at all ; he is merely using his apprentice to expose the Empire 's enemies . At the game 's climax , the player chooses between attacking Palpatine to help his Rebel friends escape the Death Star or killing Vader to become the Emperor 's new apprentice . He also appears in the sequel Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II as the final boss . Other Darth Vader features in the 1981 radio drama adaptation of Star Wars , voiced by the actor Brock Peters . Vader makes his first appearance on the planet Ralltiir , where he treats Princess Leia Organa with suspicion . In later extended scenes , he is heard interrogating and torturing Leia on board his Star Destroyer and aboard the Death Star . Vader appears in Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue , where he is voiced by Jones . Vader is featured as a combatant in the popular series Death Battle , in which he is pitted against Marvel Comics villain Doctor Doom . He loses the fight due to Doom 's superior weaponry and abilities . Characteristics In Attack of the Clones , Anakin Skywalker feels `` smothered '' by Obi - Wan Kenobi and is incapable of controlling his own life . By Revenge of the Sith , however , his `` father - son '' friction with his master has matured into a more equal , brotherly relationship . Once he becomes Darth Vader , each evil act he commits shatters any hope or connection towards his previous life , which makes it harder for him to return to the light , but he ultimately escapes the dark side and redeems himself by sacrificing his life to save his son , Luke Skywalker , and kill the Emperor in Return of the Jedi . Eric Bui , a psychiatrist at University of Toulouse Hospital , argued at the 2007 American Psychiatric Association convention that Anakin Skywalker meets six of the nine diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) , one more than necessary for a diagnosis . He and a colleague , Rachel Rodgers , published their findings in a 2010 letter to the editor of the journal Psychiatry Research . Bui says he found Anakin Skywalker a useful example to explain BPD to medical students . In particular , Bui points to Anakin 's abandonment issues and uncertainty over his identity . Anakin 's mass murders of the Tusken Raiders in Attack of the Clones and the young Jedi in Revenge of the Sith count as two dissociative episodes , fulfilling another criterion . Bui hoped his paper would help raise awareness of the disorder , especially among teens . Cultural impact See also : Cultural impact of Star Wars Fan cosplay of Darth Vader is frequently seen at Star Wars events Darth Vader features in a wide range of merchandise , toys and spin - off products The Darth Vader Grotesque sculpted into the Washington National Cathedral Darth Vader 's iconic status has made the character a synonym for evil in popular culture ; psychiatrists have even considered him as a useful example to explain borderline personality disorder to medical students . Anakin 's origin story in The Phantom Menace has been compared to signifiers of African American racial identity , and his dissatisfaction with his life has been compared to Siddartha 's before he became Gautama Buddha . A Mexican church advised Christians against seeing The Phantom Menace because it portrays Anakin as a Christ figure . The slime - mold beetle Agathidium vaderi is named after Vader , and several buildings across the globe are regularly compared to him . A grotesque of Darth Vader looms over the east face of the Washington National Cathedral 's northwest tower . During the 2007 -- 08 NHL season , Ottawa Senators goaltender Martin Gerber performed so well in an all - black mask that fans endearingly termed him `` Darth Gerber '' . In 2015 , a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Odessa , Ukraine , was converted into one of Darth Vader due to a law on decommunization . Many commentators and comedians have also evoked his visage to satirize politicians and other public figures , and several American political figures have been unflatteringly compared to the character , including General George Custer , the subject of the acrylic painting Darth Custer by Native American artist Bunky Echohawk . In 2005 , Al Gore referred to Tele - Communications Inc. 's John C. Malone as the `` Darth Vader of cable '' , and political strategist Lee Atwater was known by his political enemies as `` the Darth Vader of the Republican Party '' . On June 22 , 2006 , US Vice President Dick Cheney referred to himself as the Darth Vader of the Bush administration . Discussing the administration 's philosophy on gathering intelligence , he said to CNN 's John King , `` It means we need to be able to go after and capture or kill those people who are trying to kill Americans . That 's not a pleasant business . It 's a very serious business . And I suppose , sometimes , people look at my demeanor and say , ' Well , he 's the Darth Vader of the administration . ' '' Jon Stewart put on a Darth Vader helmet to address Dick Cheney as a `` kindred spirit '' on The Daily Show on January 25 , 2007 . Cheney 's wife , Lynne , presented Stewart with a Darth Vader action figure on her appearance on the show on October 10 , 2007 . Both Stewart and Stephen Colbert have occasionally referred to Cheney as `` Darth Cheney '' . In the satirical cartoon show Lil ' Bush , Dick Cheney 's father is portrayed as being Darth Vader . At her presidential campaign event on September 19 , 2007 , Hillary Clinton also referred to Cheney as Darth Vader . At the 2008 Washington Radio and Television Correspondents ' Association Dinner , Cheney joked that his wife Lynne told him that the Vader comparison `` humanizes '' him . George Lucas told The New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd , however , that Cheney is more akin to Emperor Palpatine , and that a better stand - in for Vader would be George W. Bush . An issue of Newsweek referenced this quote , and compared Bush and Cheney to Vader and Palpatine , respectively , in a satirical article comparing politicians to various Star Wars and Star Trek characters . Many films and television series have paid homage to Darth Vader . Marty McFly in Back to the Future ( 1985 ) , dressed in a radiation suit , calls himself `` Darth Vader from the planet Vulcan '' to convince the past version of his father to ask his mother to a dance . Rick Moranis plays `` Dark Helmet '' in the Star Wars parody Spaceballs ( 1987 ) . In Chasing Amy ( 1997 ) , Hooper X speaks at a comic convention about Darth Vader being a metaphor for how poorly the science fiction genre treats black people ; he is especially offended that Vader , the `` blackest brother in the galaxy '' , reveals himself to be a `` feeble , crusty old white man '' at the end of Return of the Jedi . The character was also parodied in the Nickelodeon cartoon Rocko 's Modern Life in the episode `` Teed Off '' . On another Nickelodeon cartoon , Jimmy Neutron , Darth Vader 's infamous line , `` I am your father '' , was interpolated in the mini-episode `` New Dog , Old Tricks '' . The line was also alluded to in Toy Story , a film franchise also owned by Disney . The character has gained much positive reception as a classic film villain . Darth Vader ranked number two on Empire magazine 's 2008 list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . Premiere magazine also ranked Vader on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time . On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters , Fandomania.com ranked Vader at number 6 . Darth Vader was also the No. 1 supervillain on the Bravo series Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens and Villains . Darth Vader was also ranked as No. 1 in IGN 's list of top 100 Star Wars characters . Furthermore , Darth Vader 's quote in The Empire Strikes Back -- `` No , I am your father '' ( often misquoted as `` Luke , I am your father '' ) , -- is one of the most well known quotes in cinema history . The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , a list of the greatest American movie quotes . Vader received the Ultimate Villain recognition at the 2011 Scream Awards . In 2010 , IGN ranked Darth Vader 25th in the `` Top 100 Videogames Villains '' . In Ukraine , the Internet Party of Ukraine regularly lets people named Darth Vader take part in elections . Family tree Main article : Skywalker family This Star Wars - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Notes Jump up ^ Two men named Darth Vader were candidates at the 25 May 2014 Kiev mayoral election and the Odessa mayoral election of the same day . A man named Darth Vader earlier had submitted documents to be registered as a presidential candidate in the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election ; but his registration was refused because his real identity could not be verified . In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Darth Vader and Star Wars characters such as Chewbacca , Princess Amidala and Yoda ran for seats in the Ukrainian parliament . Candidates named Darth Vader reappeared in the 2015 Ukrainian local elections . References Notes ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Helinski , Keith . `` '' Revenge '' Is Just Too Sweet Archived January 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. `` , moviefreak.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Winzler , Jonathan W . `` The Making of Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith ( Star Wars ) '' , Powell 's Books , April 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Mark . `` What is the `` Dark Side '' and Why Do Some People Choose It ? `` , Ludwig von Mises Institute , May 13 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Vader - # 1 Top 100 Villains - IGN '' . IGN . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Darth Vader Is The Best Villain Ever '' . Comicbook.com . Comicbook.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . 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Newsweek. 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyiv Election Commission Registers Darth Vader As Candidate For Kyiv Mayor '' . Ukrainian News Agency . 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Ukrainian ) Darth Vader candidate for mayor of Odesa , Espreso TV ( 1 May 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tsushko to compete for post of Odesa mayor , Interfax - Ukraine ( 29 March 2014 ) Jump up ^ Ukraine 's Darth Vader presidency bid rejected Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Euronews ( 4 April 2014 ) Jump up ^ Momtaz , Rym ; Jovanovic , Dragana ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Pro-Western Parties , Not Darth Vader , Set to Win Ukrainian Elections '' . ABC News . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Geraldine ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Ukraine 's Darth Vader candidate denied vote after refusing to remove mask '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Darth Alekseyevich Vader , an official candidate in Ukraine 's parliamentary elections , is turned away from a Kiev polling station after refusing to remove his mask Jump up ^ Putin headed for victory in Odesa as Darth Vader clouds farcical election , Ukraine Today ( 23 October 2015 ) Bibliography Bortolin , Matthew ( 2005 ) . The Dharma of Star Wars . Wisdom Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 497 - 1 . Bowen , Jonathan L. ( 2005 ) . Anticipation : The Real Life Story of Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34732 - 2 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2008 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . Legacy Works Press . ISBN 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 7 . Further reading Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones Novelization , 2003 . R.A. Salvatore , ISBN 0 - 345 - 42882 - X Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Vader : The Ultimate Guide , 2005 . Star Wars : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1998 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 3481 - 4 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . Dr. David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2005 . James Luceno , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1128 - 8 `` Darth Vader in Games : A Visual History '' . IGN . October 28 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Darth Vader Wikimedia Commons has media related to Darth Vader . 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who sits behind the president during state of the union
Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber .
State of the Union
state of the union
The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities .
The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony ( edit ) The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . History ( edit ) George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended . For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation . Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . Delivery of the speech ( edit ) A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations ( edit ) Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called . The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics ( edit ) Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . Since 2003 , each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor . President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree . For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response ( edit ) Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance ( edit ) Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions ( edit ) Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor . For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Rating Networks 1 / 30 / 2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.9 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , ESTRELLA , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , PBS 2 / 28 / 2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , UNIVISION , PBS , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , NBC UNIVERSO 1 / 12 / 2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , NBC , NBC UNIVERSO , UNIVISION * * 1 / 20 / 2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUNDOFOX , NBC , UNIVISION * * 1 / 28 / 2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS , ABC , NBC , FOX , AZTECA , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , CNN , MSNBC , CNBC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , GALAVISION , MUN2 , UNIVISION * * 2 / 12 / 2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX , ABC , CBS , NBC , PBS , AZTECA , UNIVISION , MFX , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , CURRENT , CENTRIC , GALAVISION 1 / 24 / 2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , TF , UNIVISION , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUN2 1 / 25 / 2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , CENTRIC , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , BET , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 28 / 2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO * * , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , AZTECA AMERICA , TELFUTURA 2 / 02 / 2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 George W. Bush 39.793 28.201 27.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN Notes The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses , but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given . * * Tape delayed See also ( edit ) List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State of the Union Address US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The truth behind the ' designated survivor , ' the president of the post-apocalypse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joint session 2017 : The history of the `` designated survivor '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz , Erik ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency '' . State of the Union videos and transcripts at C - SPAN ( since 1945 ) State of the Union ( Visualizations , Statistical Analysis , and Searchable texts ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2002 ) ( in downloadable electronic file formats ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2006 ) ( HTML format ) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2009 ) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) from January 28 , 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube ( 1 : 01 : 02 ) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents ( hide ) State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=836214476 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,328
see saw margery daw jack shall have a new master
See saw Margery Daw
see saw margery daw
`` See Saw Margery Daw '' is a popular English language nursery rhyme , folksong and playground singing game . The rhyme first appeared in its modern form in Mother Goose 's Melody , published in London in around 1765 . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13028 .
Contents 1 Lyrics and melody 2 Meaning and origin 3 Cultural references 4 References 5 External links Lyrics and melody ( edit ) A common modern version is : See Saw Margery Daw , Jacky shall have a new master ; Jacky shall earn but a penny a day , Because he ca n't work any faster . The name Jacky is often replaced with Johnny or Jack . The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs ( 1870 ) . Meaning and origin ( edit ) The seesaw is one of the oldest ' rides ' for children , easily constructed from logs of different sizes . The words of `` See Saw Margery Daw '' reflect children playing on a see - saw and singing this rhyme to accompany their game . No person has been identified by the name Margery Daw and so it is assumed that this was purely used to rhyme with the words ' seesaw ' . The rhyme may have its origins as a work song for sawyers , helping to keep rhythm when using a two - person saw . In his 1640 play The Antipodes , Richard Brome indicated the connection between sawyers and the phrase `` see saw sacke a downe '' . The game of see - saw in which two children classically sit opposite each other holding hands and moving backwards and forwards first appears in print from about 1700 . The Opies note that `` daw '' means `` a lazy person '' , but in Scots it is `` an untidy woman , a slut , a slattern '' and give this variant of `` Margery Daw '' : See - saw , Margery Daw , Sold her bed and lay on the straw ; Sold her bed and lay upon hay And pisky came and carried her away . For was n't she a dirty slut To sell her bed and lie in the dirt ? `` Slut '' may have carried no sexual connotations in this rhyme as its original meaning was simply `` a slovenly woman '' . ( Compare `` Cinderslut '' , one of the older titles for `` Cinderella '' , who was dirty in that she was covered in ashes from raking the cinders . ) Cultural references ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 ) In the anime Shakugan no Shana , a character called Margery Daw is introduced as the `` Chanter of Elegies '' . Later , she is seen singing a verse from the song . At the end of the song `` Gallows Pole '' ( 1970 ) by Led Zeppelin , Robert Plant sings `` See Saw Margery Daw '' in reference to the swinging movement of a hanged body . Marjorie Daw is a short story by Thomas Bailey Aldrich ( published in book form in 1873 ) . In the book Ender 's Game , Ender is teased by Stilson and a group of bullies ; someone chants `` See Saw Margery Daw '' in addition to calling him a ' Third ' . In the British television comedy panel game Shooting Stars , starring Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer , the character played by Matt Lucas was called George Dawes . George 's mother , Marjorie Dawes , would occasionally appear in his place , and was also played by Lucas . Later , in the BBC comedy sketch show Little Britain , Lucas reprised this role for the character of an overbearing and merciless leader of the weight loss group ' Fatfighters ' . In the 1990s children 's TV programme The Riddlers , one of the characters was called Marjorie Dawe . The rhyme is used to refer to ' Margo Lane ' in the Feb 1948 radio drama Nursery Rhyme , one of the Shadow 's cases . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 297 - 8 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - Famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( Courier Dover Publications , 5th edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 502 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : See Saw , Margery Daw See Saw Margery Daw MP3 Traditional Children 's Songs at H2G2 George Orwell essay on nonsense rhymes including Margery Daw Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There Was a Man in Our Town `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_Saw_Margery_Daw&oldid=846482259 '' Categories : Singing games Children 's songs Roud Folk Song Index songs English nursery rhymes Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from March 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 01 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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2,329
cities in the us that start with z
List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants / cityname : z
list of towns and cities with 100, 000 or more inhabitants / cityname : z
This is a list of towns and cities in the world believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants , as of 2006 .
Contents ( hide ) 1 List of cities beginning with letter Z 2 See also 3 References Index By country name : A-B C D-E-F G-H-I-J-K L-M-N-O P-Q-R-S T-U-V-W X-Y-Z By city name : A B C - Ç D E F G H I - İ J K L M N O - Ö P Q R S - Ş T U-Ü V W X Y Z List of cities beginning with letter Z ( edit ) City ( hide ) Countries MA Niga Zaanstad Netherlands Zabol Iran Zabrze Poland Zacatecas Mexico Zagazig Egypt Zagreb Croatia Zahedan Iran Zama Japan Zamboanga City Philippines Zamora de Hidalgo Mexico Zanjan Iran Zanzibar City Tanzania Zaoyang China Zaozhuang China Zapopan Mexico Zaporizhia Ukraine Zaragoza Spain Zárate Argentina Zaria Nigeria Zarqa Jordan Zelenodolsk Russia Zelenograd Russia Zenica Bosnia and Herzegovina Zhalantun China Zhangjiagang China Zhangjiajie China Zhangjiakou China Zhangshu China Zhangye China Zhangzhou China Zhanjiang China Zhaodong China Zhaoqing China Zhaotong China Zheleznodorozhny Russia Zhengzhou China Zhenjiang China Zhongshan China Zhoukou China Zhoushan China Zhucheng China Zhuhai China Zhuji China Zhukovsky Russia Zhumadian China Zhuozhou China Zhuzhou China Zhytomyr Ukraine Zibo China Zielona Góra Poland Zigong China Ziguinchor Senegal Zinder Niger Zixing China Zlatoust Russia Zoetermeer Netherlands Zrenjanin Serbia Zunyi China Zuwarah Libya Zürich Switzerland Zwickau Germany Zwolle Netherlands Zakopane Poland See also ( edit ) World largest cities References ( edit ) Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants United Nations Statistics Division , accessed 24 August 2006 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/cityname:_Z&oldid=818362731 '' Categories : Geography - related lists Lists of cities by demography Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 03 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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index of a series of unfortunate events season 1
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . ''
A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series )
a series of unfortunate events ( tv series )
Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season .
The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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who played belle's father in the new beauty and the beast
Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice .
Kevin Kline
Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film )
beauty and the beast ( 2017 film )
Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles .
Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens ' performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway play , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the highest grossing film of 2017 and the 10th highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as a beggar arrives at a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , and erases the castle from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Years later , in the village of Villeneuve , Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . Lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who treat her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues her and is injured in the process . A friendship develops as Belle nurses his wounds . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask . Belle realises that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed as her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the beggar Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast . Maurice and Belle escape and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls and the servants become inanimate . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a beautiful and benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as The Prince / Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a hideous beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the Prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the Enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the Enchantress in her beggar woman form . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the Prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the Prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the Prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Baker , Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' Mother , an unnamed seamstress who is the mother of the Village Lasses . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . Watson was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones ' character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion - singer of the original 1991 Beauty and the Beast duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson - that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way ''. ( 18 ) She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today ''. ( 9 ) Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song Beauty and the Beast recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the Beauty and the Beast title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film release . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song `` Beauty and the Beast '' on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since attained over 100 million video views on the Vevo video hosting service . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place on February 23 , 2017 , at Spencer House in London , England ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million for marketing the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok and It . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $758.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $1.262 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the second-most expensive musical ever made ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the fifth biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 milion from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell - 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . 70 % of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . 70 % of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a + 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide release ; Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first ( and currently only ) film of 2017 , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by - 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It top the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was however never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and overall the eleventh biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most commercial successful film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past 1 year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for the faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , cast performances , visuals , Jacqueline Durran 's costume designs , Alan Menken 's musical score and songs , though the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 294 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he sensed that the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Beauty and the Beast Best Original Score Best Animation / Family TV Spot Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Choice Liplock Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Dan Stevens Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly - talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . There were also a number of boycotts against the film . A call to boycott on LifePetitions received over 129,000 signatures , while the American Family Association featured a petition to boycott with the film , asking the public to help crowdfund a CGI version of Pilgrim 's Progress instead . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible to fall in love with someone who is holding you prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.slashfilm.com/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene/ Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/06/01/beauty-and-the-beast-deleted-scene-reveals-monsieur-toilette/ Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 28 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday. 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt. 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . 15 March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN THE BOYCOTT : Tell Disney ' NO ' to LGBT agenda in Beauty and the Beast - # BoycottDisney '' . Jump up ^ Say NO to Disney , Say YES to Pilgrim 's Progress ! Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/02/16/beauty-and-the-beast-emma-watson-belle-beast-relationship/ Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert . '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it. `` . Vox . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Once Upon a Time Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Films directed by Bill Condon Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=802467991 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical films 2010s romance films 2010s romantic drama films American films American 3D films American fantasy films American LGBT - related films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Disney film remakes Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about bibliophilia Films about classical music and musicians Films about composers Films about curses Films about narcissism Films about pianos and pianists Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films based on multiple works Films based on musicals based on films Film scores by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 1770s Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films using computer - 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1,898
what is wti crude oil and brent crude oil
Brent crude
brent crude
Brent Crude is a major trading classification of sweet light crude oil that serves as a major benchmark price for purchases of oil worldwide . This grade is described as light because of its relatively low density , and sweet because of its low sulphur content . Brent Crude is extracted from the North Sea and comprises Brent Blend , Forties Blend , Oseberg and Ekofisk crudes ( also known as the BFOE Quotation ) . The Brent Crude oil marker is also known as Brent Blend , London Brent and Brent petroleum .
The other well - known classifications ( also called references or benchmarks ) are the OPEC Reference Basket , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , Urals oil and West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) . Brent is the leading global price benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils . It is used to price two thirds of the world 's internationally traded crude oil supplies . Contents 1 Background 2 Characteristics 3 Futures market trading 3.1 Pricing 3.2 Delivery dates 4 Brent Index 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Originally Brent Crude was produced from the Brent oilfield . The name `` Brent '' comes from the naming policy of Shell UK Exploration and Production , operating on behalf of ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell , which originally named all of its fields after birds ( in this case the brent goose ) . But it is also a backronym or mnemonic for the formation layers of the oil field : Broom , Rannoch , Etive , Ness and Tarbert . Petroleum production from Europe , Africa , and the Middle East flowing West tends to be priced relative to this oil , i.e. it forms a benchmark . Characteristics ( edit ) Brent blend is a light crude oil ( LCO ) , though not as light as West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) . It contains approximately 0.37 % of sulphur , classifying it as sweet crude , yet not as sweet as WTI . Brent is suitable for production of petrol and middle distillates . It is typically refined in Northwest Europe . Brent Crude has an API gravity of approximately 38.06 which is equivalent to a specific gravity of 0.835 . Futures market trading ( edit ) Brent crude oil prices ( in dollars and euros ) The ICE Futures Europe symbol for Brent crude futures is B. It was originally traded on the open outcry International Petroleum Exchange in London , but since 2005 has been traded on the electronic Intercontinental Exchange , known as ICE . One contract equals 1,000 barrels ( 159 m ) . Contracts are quoted in U.S. dollars . Each tick lost or gained equals $10 . Pricing ( edit ) Spot price of West Texas Intermediate in relation to the price of Brent Crude Historically price differences between Brent and other index crudes have been based on physical differences in crude oil specifications and short - term variations in supply and demand . Prior to September 2010 , there existed a typical price difference per barrel of between ± 3 USD / bbl compared to WTI and OPEC Basket ; however , since the autumn of 2010 Brent has been priced much higher than WTI , reaching a difference of more than $11 a barrel by the end of February 2011 ( WTI : 104 USD / bbl , LCO : 116 USD / bbl ) . In February 2011 the divergence reached $16 during a supply glut , record stockpiles , at Cushing , Oklahoma before peaking at above $23 in August 2012 . It has since ( September 2012 ) decreased significantly to around $18 after refinery maintenance settled down and supply issues eased slightly . Many reasons have been given for this widening divergence ranging from a speculative change away from WTI trading ( although not supported by trading volumes ) , dollar currency movements , regional demand variations , and even politics . The depletion of the North Sea oil fields is one explanation for the divergence in forward prices . The US Energy Information Administration attributes the price spread between WTI and Brent to an oversupply of crude oil in the interior of North America ( WTI price is set at Cushing , Oklahoma ) caused by rapidly increasing oil production from Canadian oil sands and tight oil formations such as the Bakken Formation , Niobrara Formation , and Eagle Ford Formation . Oil production in the interior of North America has exceeded the capacity of pipelines to carry it to markets on the Gulf Coast and east coast of North America ; as a result , the oil price on the US and Canadian east coast and parts of the US Gulf Coast since 2011 has been set by the price of Brent Crude , while markets in the interior still follow the WTI price . Much US and Canadian crude oil from the interior is now shipped to the coast by railroad , which is much more expensive than pipeline . Delivery dates ( edit ) In addition to the Intercontinental Exchange , Brent crude financial futures are also traded on the NYMEX , with the symbol BZ , and have expiry dates in all 12 months of the year . Brent index ( edit ) The Brent Index is the cash settlement price for the Intercontinental Exchange ( ICE ) Brent Future based on ICE Futures Brent index at expiry . The index represents the average price of trading in the 25 - day Brent Blend , Forties , Oseberg , Ekofisk ( BFOE ) market in the relevant delivery month as reported and confirmed by the industry media . Only published cargo size ( 600,000 barrels ( 95,000 m ) ) trades and assessments are taken into consideration . The index is calculated as an average of the following elements : A weighted average of first month cargo trades in the 25 - day BFOE market . A weighted average of second month cargo trades in the 25 - day BFOE market plus or minus a straight average of the spread trades between the first and second months . A straight average of designated assessments published in media reports . See also ( edit ) List of crude oil products Brend Blend Petrobourse Petroeuro References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK brent , crude oil , brent crude , '' . One Financial Markets / CB Financial Services Ltd. 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ベーシック な 支払い 方法 について '' . www.investing-for-beginner.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shell 's floating monster spill Friends of the Earth '' . foe.org. 24 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrew Inkpen , Michael H. Moffet . The Global Oil &Gas Industry . PennWell Corporation , Oklahoma , 2011 . p. 372 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59370 - 239 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Brent Group , Uppermost Lower Jurassic to Middle Jurassic ( Upper Toarcian -- Bajocian ) . ( 1 ) . Compiled CO2 atlas for the Norwegian Continental Shelf , 2014 , Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Jump up ^ ICE Product Guide : Brent Crude Futures . Theice.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Short - Term Energy Outlook Supplement : Brent Crude Oil Spot Price Forecast , 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ List of Commodity Delivery Dates on Wikinvest Jump up ^ IntercontinentalExchange , Inc ( 2008 - 01 - 21 ) , The Brent Index ( PDF ) , retrieved 2010 - 04 - 28 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Portal : Economy and business Definition Crude oil types , US Energy Information Administration , US Department of Energy Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Posted price Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Petroleum industry in Iraq Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields Caspian Sea East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Equinor ( Norway ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil JXTG Holdings Lukoil Marathon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brent_Crude&oldid=850651414 '' Categories : Benchmark crude oils Oil and gas markets Hidden categories : Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from January 2015 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 05 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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2,332
who was the original singer of i shot the sheriff
`` I Shot the Sheriff '' is a song written by Bob Marley and released in 1973 by The Wailers .
The Wailers
I Shot the Sheriff
i shot the sheriff
`` I Shot the Sheriff '' is a song written by Bob Marley and released in 1973 by The Wailers .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Bob Marley and the Wailers version 2 Eric Clapton version 2.1 Chart performance 2.1. 1 Weekly charts 2.1. 2 Year - end charts 2.2 Certifications 3 Warren G version 3.1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 3.1. 3 Certifications 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Bob Marley and the Wailers version ( edit ) The story is told from the point of view of a narrator who admits to having killed the corrupt local sheriff , and claims to be falsely accused of having killed the deputy sheriff . The narrator also claims to have acted in self - defense when the sheriff tried to shoot him . The song was first released in 1973 on The Wailers ' album Burnin ' . Marley explained his intention as follows : `` I want to say ' I shot the police ' but the government would have made a fuss so I said ' I shot the sheriff ' instead ... but it 's the same idea : justice . '' In 1992 , with the controversy surrounding the Ice - T song `` Cop Killer '' , Marley 's song was often cited by Ice - T 's supporters as evidence of his detractors ' hypocrisy , considering that the older song was never similarly criticized despite having much the same theme . In 2012 , Bob Marley 's former girlfriend Esther Anderson claimed that the lyrics , `` Sheriff John Brown always hated me , For what , I do n't know : Every time I plant a seed , He said kill it before it grow '' are actually about Marley being very opposed to her use of birth control pills ; Marley supposedly substituted the word `` doctor '' with sheriff . Eric Clapton version ( edit ) `` I Shot the Sheriff '' A-side label of the original 1974 UK vinyl release Single by Eric Clapton from the album 461 Ocean Boulevard Released Format 12 '' single Genre Soft rock reggae Length 4 : 26 ( album version ) 3 : 30 ( single version ) Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Bob Marley Producer ( s ) Tom Dowd Eric Clapton recorded a cover version that was included on his 1974 album 461 Ocean Boulevard . His take on the song belongs to the musical genres of soft rock and reggae . It is the most successful version of the song , peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 2003 , Clapton 's version was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 11 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 33 US Cash Box US Record World Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 64 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 58 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 11 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 50 US Billboard Hot 100 76 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Warren G version ( edit ) `` I Shot the Sheriff '' Single by Warren G from the album Take a Look Over Your Shoulder Released Format Vinyl cassette CD Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 10 Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Bob Marley Warren Griffin Producer ( s ) Warren G Warren G singles chronology `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' ( 1996 ) `` I Shot the Sheriff '' ( 1997 ) `` Smokin ' Me Out '' ( 1997 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' ( 1996 ) `` I Shot the Sheriff '' ( 1997 ) `` Smokin ' Me Out '' ( 1997 ) `` I Shot the Sheriff '' was the lead single released from Warren G 's second album , Take a Look Over Your Shoulder . Warren replaced Marley 's original lyrics with his own , though Clapton 's version of the song is sampled and R&B singer Nancy Fletcher sings the original chorus . The song was a hit in several countries . In the US , it peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA on 2 May 1997 . It peaked at number two in the UK and at number one in New Zealand . The official remix was produced by EPMD member Erick Sermon , it is based around EPMD 's `` Strictly Business '' , which also sampled Clapton 's version of the song . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 31 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 30 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 63 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 16 US Billboard Hot Rap Singles 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 58 Italy ( FIMI ) 90 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 85 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1974 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1974 List of number - one singles of 1974 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles from the 1990s ( New Zealand ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Shot The Sheriff '' . Archived from the original on 29 January 1998 ... Island Trading Inc . Jump up ^ Hamm , Mark ; Ferrell , Jeff `` Rap , cops , and crime : clarifying the ' cop killer ' controversy '' . Archived from the original on 6 April 2004 ... Institute for Jewish Policy Research . Axt.org.uk . Jump up ^ Colagrande , J.J. ( 19 April 2012 ) . `` Bob Marley 's Ex-Girlfriend Brings Her Own Marley Documentary to Miami '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From Arenas to the Underground , 1974 -- 1980 . Greenwood Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32937 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian , eds. ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Fireside . p. 165 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72107 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Hall Of Fame -- i '' . Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eric Clapton -- I Shot The Sheriff '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Clapton -- I Shot The Sheriff '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3841a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eric Clapton -- I Shot The Sheriff '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Clapton - I Shot The Sheriff '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eric Clapton -- I Shot The Sheriff '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 86 no . 45 . 9 November 1974 . p. 50 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eric Clapton -- I Shot The Sheriff '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( C ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 461 Ocean Boulevard -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 7 , 1974 '' . Archived from the original on 3 October 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` The Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 7 September 1974 . p. 25 . ISSN 0034 - 1622 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1974 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 200 Singles of ' 74 '' . RPM . Vol. 22 no . 14 . 28 December 1974 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1974 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1974 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G : I Shot the Sheriff '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1997 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warren G -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1997 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1997 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Warren G -- I Shot the Sheriff '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1997 '' . Billboard . Vol. 110 no . 5 . 31 January 1998 . p. 76 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley ( outline ) Peter Tosh Bunny Wailer Other vocalists : Junior Braithwaite Cherry Smith Beverley Kelso Constantine Walker Rita Marley Marcia Griffiths Judy Mowatt Musicians : Aston Barrett Carlton Barrett Earl Lindo Tyrone Downie Alvin Patterson Al Anderson Earl Smith Donald Kinsey Junior Marvin Studio albums Early The Wailing Wailers ( 1965 ) Soul Rebels ( 1970 ) Soul Revolution ( 1971 ) The Best of The Wailers ( 1971 ) Island Catch a Fire ( 1973 ) Burnin ' ( 1973 ) Natty Dread ( 1974 ) Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ) Exodus ( 1977 ) Kaya ( 1978 ) Survival ( 1979 ) Uprising ( 1980 ) Confrontation ( 1983 ) Compilations Island Legend ( 1984 ) Rebel Music ( 1986 ) Natural Mystic ( 1995 ) One Love ( 2001 ) Gold ( 2005 ) Africa Unite ( 2005 ) Others African Herbsman ( 1973 ) Rasta Revolution ( 1974 ) Other albums Live Live ! ( 1975 ) Babylon by Bus ( 1978 ) Talkin ' Blues ( 1991 ) Live at the Roxy ( 2003 ) Live Forever ( 2011 ) Uprising Live ! ( 2014 ) Easy Skanking In Boston ' 78 ( 2015 ) Remix Chances Are ( 1981 ) Chant Down Babylon ( 1999 ) B Is for Bob ( 2009 ) Box set Songs of Freedom ( 1992 ) The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967 -- 1972 ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Performances Catch a Fire Tour ( 1973 ) Burnin ' Tour ( 1973 ) Natty Dread Tour ( 1975 ) Rastaman Vibration Tour ( 1976 ) Smile Jamaica Concert ( 1976 ) Exodus Tour ( 1977 ) One Love Peace Concert ( 1978 ) Kaya Tour ( 1978 ) Babylon by Bus Tour ( 1979 ) Survival Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Uprising Tour ( 1980 ) Associated acts The Skatalites The Upsetters The I Threes Word , Sound and Power The Wailers Band The Original Wailers Related people Chris Blackwell Errol Brown Allan Cole Coxsone Dodd Vincent Ford Neville Garrick Joe Higgs Lee Jaffe Arthur Jenkins King Sporty Leslie Kong Johnny Nash Jimmy Norman Lee `` Scratch '' Perry Mortimer Planno Karl Pitterson Alex Sadkin Related articles Discography Band members Marley Natural Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Tribute to the Legend : Bob Marley Marley ( soundtrack ) Hall of Fame : A Tribute to Bob Marley 's 50th Anniversary Time Will Tell : A Tribute to Bob Marley One Love : The Bob Marley Musical Book Portal WikiProject Eric Clapton Discography Singles discography Videography Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour Related Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me Warren G Studio albums Regulate ... G Funk Era ( 1994 ) Take a Look Over Your Shoulder ( 1997 ) I Want It All ( 1999 ) The Return of the Regulator ( 2001 ) The Hard Way ( 2004 ) ( with 213 ) In the Mid-Nite Hour ( 2005 ) The G Files ( 2009 ) EPs Regulate ... G Funk Era , Pt. II ( 2015 ) Singles `` Regulate '' `` This D.J. '' `` Do You See '' `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' `` Smokin ' Me Out '' `` I Want It All '' `` Game Do n't Wait '' `` Lookin ' at You '' `` My House '' Featured singles `` Indo Smoke '' `` Prince Igor '' Related articles Discography Production discography 213 G - Funk Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Shot_the_Sheriff&oldid=826921287 '' Categories : 1973 songs 1973 singles 1974 singles 1997 singles Bob Marley songs Criticism of police brutality Def Jam Recordings singles Eric Clapton songs Warren G songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Island Records singles Protest songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles RSO Records singles Songs about death Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd Songs written by Bob Marley Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use Jamaican English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 19 : 01 . 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when was the metric system made legal in the u.s. was this mandatory
Metrication in the United States
metrication in the united states
Metrication ( or metrification ) is the process of introducing the International System of Units , also known as SI units or the metric system , to replace a jurisdiction 's traditional measuring units . Although all U.S. customary units have been redefined in terms of SI units , as of 2017 the United States is one of only seven countries , including Myanmar ( Burma ) , Liberia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Federated States of Micronesia , and Samoa that have not officially adopted the metric system as the primary means of weights and measures . However , both Myanmar and Liberia are reportedly essentially metric , even without official legislation .
Although customary units are used more often than metric units in the U.S. , the SI system is used extensively in some fields such as science , medicine , the military , automobile production and repair , and international affairs . Post 1994 federal law also mandates most packaged consumer goods be labeled in both customary and metric units . Still , most Americans are unable to make metric conversions , but smartphone apps can help ( e.g. on iOS and Android ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 18th century 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.3. 1 Mars orbiter blunder 1.4 21st century 2 Current use 2.1 Daily life 2.2 Weather 2.3 Consumer and retail 2.3. 1 Alcohol 2.3. 2 Non-packaged foods 2.3. 3 FPLA 2.3. 4 Electronics 2.3. 5 Clothing 2.4 Construction 2.5 Aviation 2.6 Commercial aviation 2.7 Education 2.8 Electricity and energy 2.9 Financial services 2.10 Firearms 2.11 Gemstones 2.12 Manufacturing 2.13 Military 2.14 Illegal drugs and controlled substances 2.15 Science 2.16 Medicine 2.16. 1 Pharmacology 2.16. 2 Concentrations and Bloodwork 2.16. 3 Height and Weight 2.16. 4 Dentistry 2.17 Sound 2.18 Sports 2.19 Transportation 2.20 Hybrid units 3 Cultural impact 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) 18th century ( edit ) Immediately after independence , the thirteen United States used a variety of units of measure , including Dutch units and English units . The 1789 Constitution grants Congress the authority to determine standards of measure , though it did not immediately use this authority to impose a uniform system . In 1793 , Thomas Jefferson requested artifacts from France that could be used to adopt the metric system in the United States , and Joseph Dombey was sent from France with a standard kilogram . Before reaching the United States , Dombey 's ship was blown off course by a storm and captured by pirates , and he died in captivity on Montserrat . 19th century ( edit ) In 1832 , the customary system of units was formalized . In the early 19th century , the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , the government 's surveying and map - making agency , used meter standard ( `` Commitee Meter '' , French : Mètre des Archives ) brought from Switzerland . Shortly after the American Civil War , the 39th United States Congress protected the use of the metric system in commerce with the Metric Act of 1866 and supplied each state with a set of standard metric weights and measures . In 1875 the United States solidified its commitment to the development of the internationally recognized metric system by becoming one of the original seventeen signatory nations to the Metre Convention , also known as the Treaty of the Metre . The signing of this international agreement concluded five years of meetings in which the metric system was reformulated , refining the accuracy of its standards . The Metre Convention established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( Bureau international des poids et mesures , BIPM ) in Sèvres , France , to provide standards of measurement for worldwide use . Under the Mendenhall Order in 1893 , metric standards , developed through international cooperation under the auspices of BIPM , were adopted as the fundamental standards for length and mass in the United States . The definitions of United States customary units , such as the foot and pound , have been based on metric units since then . The 1895 Constitution of Utah , in Article X , Section 11 , originally mandated that : `` The Metric System shall be taught in the public schools of the State . '' This section was repealed , effective July 1 , 1987 . On July 4 , 1876 , Melvil Dewey ( known for his Dewey Decimal Classification ) incorporated the American Metric Bureau in Boston to sell rulers and other metric measuring tools . Dewey had hoped to make his fortune selling metric supplies . 20th century ( edit ) ANMC logo The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the governing body for the modern metric system and comprises the signing nations of the Treaty of the Metre . The General Conference on Weights and Measures approved an updated version of the metric system in 1960 named Le Système international d'unités ( International System of Units ) and abbreviated SI . On February 10 , 1964 , the National Bureau of Standards ( now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology ) issued a statement that it would use the metric system , except where this would have an obvious detrimental effect . U.S. metrication logo In 1968 Congress authorized the U.S. Metric Study , a three - year study of systems of measurement in the United States , with emphasis on the feasibility of metrication . The United States Department of Commerce conducted the study . A 45 - member advisory panel consulted and took testimony from hundreds of consumers , business organizations , labor groups , manufacturers , and state and local officials . The final report of the study concluded that the U.S. would eventually join the rest of the world in the use of the metric system of measurement . The study found that metric units were already implemented in many areas and that their use was increasing . The majority of study participants believed that conversion to the metric system was in the best interests of the United States , particularly in view of the importance of foreign trade and the increasing influence of technology in the United States . This measuring cup , manufactured and sold in the United States circa 1980 at the height of the metrication effort , features graduations in both metric and United States customary units , with the metric graduations in front for right - handed users . The U.S. Metric Study recommended that the United States implement a carefully planned transition to the principal use of the metric system over a decade . Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 `` to coordinate and plan the increasing use of the metric system in the United States '' . Voluntary conversion was initiated , and the United States Metric Board ( USMB ) was established for planning , coordination , and public education . The public education component led to public awareness of the metric system , but the public response included resistance , apathy , and sometimes ridicule . In 1981 the USMB reported to Congress that it lacked the clear Congressional mandate necessary to bring about national conversion . Because of this ineffectiveness and an effort of the Reagan administration -- particularly from Lyn Nofziger 's efforts as a White House advisor to the Reagan administration , to reduce federal spending -- the USMB was disbanded in the autumn of 1982 . 1980s Road Map mentioning an impending change to the metric system The ending of the USMB increased doubts that metrication would really be implemented . Public and private sector metrication slowed even while competitiveness between nations and demands of global marketplaces increased . The American National Metric Council ( ANMC ) was established in 1973 by the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) as a non-profit , tax - exempt organization for planning and coordinating metric activity in all sectors of the U.S. economy . The ANMC became a separately incorporated organization in 1976 . The ANMC was intended to facilitate U.S. metrication by maintaining a voluntary and orderly process that minimizes costs and maximizes benefits , and to provide information , forums , individual assistance , and other services for its subscribers . The ANMC attempted to coordinate the metric planning of many industrial sectors , unlike the USMB , which only attempted to implement the policy set forth in the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 . After the formation of the USMB , committees of the ANMC submitted conversion plans for the chemical sector and for the instruments sector . These sector conversion plans were later approved by the USMB . From 1975 through 1987 , the ANMC held a series of well - attended annual conferences . Subsequently , a series of National Metric Conferences , jointly sponsored by the ANMC , the U.S. Metric Association ( USMA ) , the Department of Commerce , and the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) , were held from 1989 through 1993 . A 1980s - vintage dual miles per hour and kilometers per hour sign , ( formerly ) located in Florida . ( 60 km / h ≈ 37.3 mph ) Congress included new encouragement for U.S. industrial metrication in the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act . This legislation amended the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 and designated the metric system as `` the Preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce '' . The legislation states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry , especially small business , as it voluntarily converts to the metric system of measurement . This legislation required most federal agencies to use the metric system in their procurement , grants , and other business - related activities by the end of 1992 . While not mandating metric use in the private sector , the federal government has sought to serve as a catalyst in the metric conversion of the country 's trade , industry , and commerce . Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries . The Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000 , but this plan was canceled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21 . The U.S. military has generally high use of the metric system , partly because of the need to work with other nations ' militaries . Some members of Congress attempted to ban use of the metric system on federal highways in 1992 and 1993 . These bills were not popular in the House of Representatives and failed before a vote . Mars Orbiter blunder ( edit ) The use of two different unit systems caused the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter in 1998 . NASA specified metric units in the contract . NASA and other organizations applied metric units in their work , but one subcontractor , Lockheed Martin , provided thruster performance data to the team in pound - force - seconds instead of newton - seconds . The spacecraft was intended to orbit Mars at about 150 kilometers ( 93 mi ) altitude , but incorrect data probably caused it to descend instead to about 57 kilometers ( 35 mi ) , burning up in the Martian atmosphere . 21st century ( edit ) `` Toward a Metric America '' ( button ) The effort toward national metrication is based on the premise that the U.S. industrial and commercial productivity , mathematics and science education , and the competitiveness of its products and services in world markets would be enhanced by adopting the metric system . Gerard Iannelli , director of the U.S. Metric Program , gave the opinion that Americans have so far not done so because of the effort it takes to `` translate '' from customary to metric units when both measurements are not shown . He also cited what he perceived to be ineffective attempts at public education and awareness . In June 2010 NIST called for an amendment to the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act that would allow manufacturers the option to voluntarily label their packages solely in metric units , rather than being dual - labeled with U.S. customary units and metric units as is currently required . The goal of these changes would be to encourage metric labeling , leading to greater agreement of U.S. labeling laws and simplifying domestic and international commerce . NIST Metric Program coordinator Elizabeth Gentry added that the proposed changes were `` in response to requests by U.S. manufacturers and consumers '' , particularly that `` manufacturers want to take control of the limited net quantity of contents real estate on their packaging . '' On December 31 , 2012 , a petition was created on the White House 's petitioning system , petitioning the White House to `` Make the Metric system the standard in the United States , instead of the Imperial system . '' On January 10 , 2013 , this petition garnered over 25,000 signatures , exceeding the threshold needed to require the Obama Administration to officially respond to the petition . Patrick D. Gallagher , director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology , provided the official response stating that customary units were defined in the metric system , thus making the nation `` bilingual '' in terms of measurement systems . Gallagher also said that using the metric system was a choice to be made by individuals . Early in 2013 , state Representative Karl Rhoads introduced bill HB36 into the Hawaii House of Representatives that sought to make the metric system mandatory within his state . Called `` Relating to the Metric System '' , the bill stipulated that the law would come into effect on January 1 , 2018 . By June 2014 , bill HB36 had not gained enough support and was considered dead . If the bill had become law , Hawaii would have been the first state to introduce the metric system on a broad scale . In January 2015 , Oregon State Senator Brian Boquist , at the request of metric enthusiast David Pearl , proposed Oregon Senate Bill 166 , which is similar to the Hawaiian bill . It would establish the International System of Units as the official units of measurement within the state of Oregon . Current use ( edit ) Daily life ( edit ) Most Americans have studied the common metric units at school . Also , newer units introduced by engineers , such as kilovolts , megabytes , megapixels , and kilotons and megatons of TNT , are generally formulated in terms of powers of 10 . Use of SI derived units is widespread for many applications . Residential electric power plans use kilowatt hours , The luminous flux from lamps is specified in lumens rather than candlepower . The letter K is commonly used to denote `` thousand '' ( e.g. , `` She earns $80 K '' ) , even though this is inconsistent with the lowercase `` k '' in SI . This usage has largely replaced the letter `` G '' ( for `` grand '' , used almost exclusively for money ) and the Roman numeral M that was commonly used for `` thousand '' before the 1960s ; in fact , the `` M '' has now come to denote `` million '' ( e.g. , `` $32.5 M budget '' ) . Weather ( edit ) Televised and radio weather reports are given in degrees Fahrenheit instead of Celsius for dew point and air temperatures , miles per hour for wind speed , inches of mercury for atmospheric pressure ( millibars are used only when reporting tropical phenomena such as hurricanes ) , and other customary units . In some northern border states , temperatures are described in both Fahrenheit and Celsius for the benefit of the cross-border Canadian audience . NOAA Weather Radio broadcasts from the National Weather Service in the Twin Cities of Minnesota provide the local temperature reports in Fahrenheit and in Celsius , as does WXL57 weather radio in Des Moines , Iowa . Consumer and retail ( edit ) A shampoo bottle labeled with mL first and fl oz second . Note the ℮ estimated net quantity symbol indicates the product also conforms to European Union regulations . Some U.S. consumer products come in rounded metric sizes . This appears to be increasing because of the international nature of manufacturing , distribution , and sales . Many items are produced in rounded metric quantities and some manufacturers opt to display the metric quantity first or more prominently ( e.g. , Crest Glide dental floss is available in 35 - , 40 - , and 50 - meter packages ) . Perhaps the most common metric item sold is the two - liter bottle . Some supermarket chains also make their store brand soft drinks available in 3 - liter sizes . Soft drink containers of 1 and 0.5 liters ( and more recently 1.25 liter bottles ) are sometimes sold alongside 12 fl oz , 16 fl oz , 20 fl oz , and 24 fl oz ( 355 , 473 , 591 and 710 mL ) sizes . The half - liter water bottle ( 16.9 fl oz ) has nearly replaced the 16 ounce size . 700mL ( 23.6 fl oz ) and one - liter sizes are also common , though 20 fl oz , and 24 fl oz sizes remain popular , particularly in vending machines . Attempts to sell 3 - or 4 - liter jugs of milk , instead of gallons ( 3.785 L ) , have been largely unsuccessful , and such bottles are rarely seen in the United States . Milk remains sold in binary divisions of the gallon , with half - pints , pints , quarts and half - gallons being the primary sizes . Shampoo , mouthwash , and dental floss have begun to be sold in metric sizes . PowerBars and similar products have always been sold ( but not marketed ) by the gram . Nutritional food labels typically report serving sizes in both systems but only list metric values ( g or mg ) for the breakdown of individual nutrients . Alcohol ( edit ) Wine is sold in standard bottles of 750 mL , as in the rest of the world . A fifth of liquor , once one - fifth of a U.S. gallon , or 757 mL , is now commonly 750 mL , though it is still referred to as `` a fifth '' . Beer is sold in fluid ounce denominations . Regulations are set by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau which controls the permissible sizes of containers . Unlike non-alcoholic beverages , most alcohol products are not required to carry unit conversions on labels . Tomatoes being sold by the pound . Non-packaged foods ( edit ) Loose fruits and vegetables are near universally priced per pound or per item . In both supermarkets and steakhouses , cuts of meat are sold in ounces and pounds . Loosely sold goods need not carry a unit conversion . Sample U.S. Nutrition Facts label FPLA ( edit ) Since 1992 , the federal Fair Packaging and Labeling Act ( FPLA ) has required most packaged consumer goods to be labeled in both customary and metric units . Some industries are engaged in efforts to amend this law to allow manufacturers to use only metric labeling . Forty - eight U.S. states have adopted laws permitting labeling in only metric units , the two exceptions being New York and Alabama . New York was reportedly examining a shift to allow metric labeling in 2008 , but had not done so by 2009 . According to European Community Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of December 20 , 1979 , the European Union would have allowed dual - unit labels to appear on products only until December 31 , 2009 , but problems with metrication in the UK forced the EU to abandon this deadline . Pending the EU metric - only deadline , an amendment to the FPLA to allow metric - only labeling in the US would allow manufacturers , both importers and exporters , to avoid the significant costs of producing two distinct types of package labels . A bill to permit metric - only labeling at the federal level was to have been introduced in 2005 . Significant opposition from the Food Marketing Institute , representing U.S. grocers , has delayed the introduction of the bill . FMI expressed the fear that legislation to permit metric - only labels might also somehow mandate resizing of packaging to round metric sizes ( a process already well underway ) , and this could require expensive remodeling or replacement of existing display cases . A compromise has been suggested whereby manufacturers in both the U.S. and the EU could opt for either metric - only or dual - unit labeling , but this idea has been viewed dimly by the EU negotiators . Electronics ( edit ) The electronics and computer industries largely converted to metric standards as new technologies were introduced toward the end of the 20th century , also driven in part by a shift in manufacturing from the U.S. to countries in Asia with metric standards . A 3.5 mm headphone connector TV and computer screens are advertised and sold in inches ( measured diagonally ) , although most boxes also state the size in centimeters . Electronics with jacks for accessories were traditionally described as having 3 / 32 '' ( common for tape recorder motor control ) , 1 / 8 '' ( earphone ) , or 1 / 4 '' ( headphone ) jacks . This was later replaced by the 2.5 mm headset ( common on older mobile phones ) . Now nearly all headphone jacks use 3.5 mm connectors . While early floppy disks had a nominal package size of 51⁄4 inches ( approximately 130 mm ) , the nominal design diameter of the replacement `` 31⁄2 inch '' disks was actually 90 mm . CDs and DVDs are 120 mm in diameter , but their size is rarely mentioned ; mini CDs are sometimes called 80mm CDs . Computer fan sizes are exclusively referred to by metric units ( 120 mm or 80 mm case fans , for example ) , while hard disk drive and CD drive bay widths are customary measurements , typically 31⁄2 inches and 51⁄4 inches , respectively . Consumer - size photographic film is commonly sold in a 35 mm standard ( 24x36 mm negative ) , although print sizes and large format films are defined in inches . Digital camera sensor sizes are measured in an archaic manner indicating inverse fractions of an inch representing the diameter of an equivalent vidicon tube . For example , a 1 / 1.6 '' sensor is larger than a 1 / 2.5 '' sensor . However , lenses are marked in terms of focal length in millimeters ( e.g. , average natural human field of view is a lens with 50 mm focal length for 35 mm film ) . Clothing ( edit ) Clothing is measured in inches , not centimeters . American shoes sizes are measured on different scales for children , men , and women but all sizes are derived from inches . Major multi-national apparel brands including Nike , Adidas , Hanes , and Levi s often sell the same inventory worldwide , with tags containing both SI and customary units in addition to laundry care symbols and instructions in many languages . Construction ( edit ) Out of all industries , construction has adopted metric units the least . Dimensional lumber comes in standard nominal inch cross-section sizes and lengths are given in feet . Although model building codes -- such as the International Building Code -- provide information in both customary and metric units , locally developed building code amendments and zoning codes often provide customary units exclusively . Because of Canada 's proximity to the U.S. , issues of common units still arise . This tendency in construction is similar to Japan , an otherwise metricated country where traditional construction still uses Japanese units predating metrication . However , blueprints commonly signify measurements using decimals ( e.g. 9.2 ft . ) ; since feet are not divided into tenths on United States measuring tapes , builders commonly are forced to make conversions on - site that are often imprecise . In the previous example , 9.2 ft equals 9 ft 2.4 inches ; slightly more than the 9 ft 2 - 3 / 8 mark on United States tape measures , though this degree of error is usually insignificant for these applications . Aviation ( edit ) Aircraft altitudes for air traffic control and related purposes are measured in feet in the U.S. In fact , most of the world has used feet for aviation altitudes since the end of World War II ( meters before 1945 in all European countries except the UK ) , with the notable exceptions of China , North Korea , and many CIS ( former Soviet ) countries . For instance , an airliner on a long flight , even if neither its starting point nor destination are in the United States , might use a nominal cruising altitude of 36,000 feet , using an internationally standardized system of flight levels ( Flight Level 360 in this case ) . In 2011 , Russia switched from metric to foot - denominated flight levels at high altitude to eliminate the need for adjustments when crossing in to or out of its airspace . Commercial aviation ( edit ) Frequent - flyer programs from commercial airlines in the United States are commonly managed using miles . This is likely to continue ; in fact , some international airlines that used kilometers are switching to miles or using both , to simplify the redemption of miles with United States airline partners ( Aeromexico switched from kilometers to miles , and Varig from Brazil has used miles since the program was named `` Smiles '' ) . Due to influence from the U.S. , aircraft speed is often measured in knots and heights in feet in many countries . For both domestic and international routes , U.S. airlines set luggage size and weight restrictions in terms of customary units . Conversely , international airlines that fly to the U.S. often restrict baggage to metric sizes . The temperatures in aviation - related weather reports are given in degrees Celsius in the United States . For carry on luggage , the Transportation Security Administration restricts liquids to 3.4 fluid ounces ( 100 mL ) . Originally , the agency planned to restrict to 3 ounces but switched it to 3.4 oz / 100 mL after pressure from the European Union . Education ( edit ) Most students are given some level of introduction to the metric system in elementary , middle , and high school , but the emphasis varies . Instruction primarily centers on the concepts of powers of 10 , the associated prefixes , and the conversion from one prefix form to another . Units of length , volume , and mass are typically introduced through comparison with ordinary objects . The metric system is not reinforced much outside the classroom due to lack of popular metric use . Consequently , while students may understand some of the concepts underlying the metric system , they do not necessarily have an intuitive sense of the value of the units . In science education , students predominantly use metric measures in experiments and equations , allowing those interested in the sciences to become more familiar with the metric system . Science classes are requisites for an undergraduate degree in the U.S. which ensures most educated people have some familiarity with the metric system . Within higher education , the metric system is universal for classes in the sciences ( see below ) , except for exercises designed to illustrate complex conversions . Some non-science textbooks in the U.S. use only the metric system without giving conversions in order to promote metrication . Electricity and energy ( edit ) There are no U.S. customary units for electric current , potential difference , or charge since these concepts were developed after the international adoption of metric in science . The metric units ampere , volt , ohm and coulomb are the only units used . The SI term hertz has replaced the term cycles per second as a unit of frequency . Energy is often measured in watt hours , BTUs , therms or calories rather than the SI joule . Residential and commercial electrical energy use is metered and billed in kilowatt hours , kW h , as in most metric countries . Fuel prices are mostly given in customary units , such as dollars per gallon , barrel , thousand cubic feet , or ton ( short or long ) . Heating , cooling , and combustion are often measured in BTUs per hour or refrigeration tons and powerplant efficiency is often measured by its `` heat rate '' , in BTU per kW hour . The rated power of engines , electric motors , and power plant steam turbines is frequently measured in horsepower . Power plant output is generally expressed in megawatts . Financial services ( edit ) The United States was one of the first nations to adopt a decimal currency . Until 2001 , U.S. stocks were traded in binary fractions of dollars ( 1⁄2 , 1⁄4 , 1⁄8 ) based on the old Spanish pieces of eight , but the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ordered stocks to move to dollars and cents . However U.S. Treasury Notes and Bonds continue to be traded in 32nds , 64ths and 128ths of a dollar . Some commodity market prices are quoted in customary units ( such as barrels of oil , troy ounces of gold , pounds of frozen pork bellies , etc . ) . The federal government reports international production figures in metric units ( for instance , wheat in metric tons ) but in bushels for domestic production figures . Firearms ( edit ) The U.S. uses both the inch and millimeter for caliber on civilian and law enforcement firearms . Historically , ammunition rounds designed in the United States were denoted by their caliber in inches ( e.g. , . 45 Colt and . 270 Winchester . ) Two developments changed this tradition : the large preponderance of different cartridges using an identical caliber and the international arms trade bringing metric calibers to the United States . The former led to bullet diameter ( rather than caliber ) often being used to describe rounds to differentiate otherwise similar rounds . A good example is the . 308 Winchester , which fires the same . 30 - caliber projectile as the . 30 - 06 Springfield and the . 300 Savage . Occasionally , the caliber is just a number close to the diameter of the bullet , like the . 220 Swift , . 223 Remington and . 222 Remington Magnum , all of which actually have . 22 caliber or . 224 - inch - diameter ( 5.7 mm ) bullets . The second development is actual metric calibers being introduced to the United States . 6 mm and 7 mm caliber rifles are particularly popular as are 9 mm and 10 mm caliber handguns . These metric caliber rounds are either described by their metric caliber , such as the very popular 7mm Remington Magnum round or have their bullet diameter converted into inches , such as the also extremely popular . 243 Winchester . Occasionally , U.S. - designed inch - caliber rounds are stated in metric as well . The U.S. military , reflecting its need to ensure interoperability with its NATO allies , uses metric measurements for almost all weapons calibers , even when for calibers that originated as or were derived from a different measurement ( e.g. 7.62 mm rather than . 308 , or 5.56 mm instead of . 223 ) . However , civilian rifles chambered for . 223 Remington may load military 5.56 mm ammunition but not fire it safely because 5.56 mm NATO ammunition is loaded to create greater chamber pressure than . 223 Remington . Controversy exists whether this is true for civilian rifles chambered for . 308 Winchester firing 7.62 x51mm NATO military ammunition . Major handloading manuals in the U.S. use U.S. customary units for all pertinent measurements including bullet diameter , cartridge overall length , powder charge weight , velocity , and maximum pressure , even with European - designed fully metric rounds . Gemstones ( edit ) Gemstones and pearls are sold in metric carats . Manufacturing ( edit ) Globalization of manufacturing has led to wide adoption of metric standards , although this is not yet universal . After a period where automobiles were assembled with both customary and metric fasteners in each vehicle , cars are now universally built with metric parts . Automobile engines were once named after their displacement in cubic inches . For example , the Chrysler `` 426 Hemi '' engine would be described as 7 liters in modern terminology . Technical publications by industry publishers and American automakers often give engine displacements in cubic inches as well as cubic centimeters ( which are equivalent to milliliters ) , or liters . For example , the specifications for the Dodge SRT - 8 6.1 L Hemi state the displacement as 370 cubic inches ( 6,059 cc ) . Military ( edit ) The U.S. military uses metric measurements extensively to ensure interoperability with allied forces , particularly NATO Standardization Agreements ( STANAG ) . Ground forces have measured distances in `` klicks '' , slang for kilometers , since 1918 . Most military firearms are measured in metric units , beginning with the M - 14 which was introduced in 1957 , although there are a few legacy exceptions , such as . 50 - caliber guns . Aircraft ordnance is normally measured in pounds . Heavy weapon caliber is measured in millimeters . Military vehicles are generally built to metric standards . An exception is the U.S. Navy , whose guns are measured in inches and whose undersea fleet measures distances in terms of `` kiloyards '' ( equivalent to 914.4 m ) , depth as `` feet '' , and velocity , in some cases , as `` feet per second '' . The Navy and Air Force continue to measure distance in nautical miles and speed in knots ; these units are now accepted for use with SI by the BIPM . Furthermore , in military aviation NATO countries use feet for flight heights , as they do in the civilian aviation . Illegal drugs and controlled substances ( edit ) Illegal drugs and controlled substances are often measured in metric quantities . The federal law prohibiting them defines the penalties in metric masses . In everyday use within its subculture , marijuana is sold using a combination of metric and American customary units . At small scales the basic unit is the gram ( or fractions thereof ) , but for larger orders fractions of ounces and pounds are used generally starting at 1⁄8 ounce , which is often defined in turn as 3.5 grams and referred to simply as `` an eighth '' . The strength of a tab of LSD is almost always expressed in micrograms . The term `` kilo '' is used quite commonly by those in law enforcement to describe the amount of drugs ( in kilograms ) seized during a drug bust . A kilo of illegal drugs ( in particular cocaine ) is often referred to by the slang term `` key '' . Science ( edit ) In science , metric use is essentially universal , though additional specialized units are often used for specific purposes in various disciplines ( such as the parsec and light year in astronomy ) , consistent with worldwide use . Earth sciences , such as hydrology and geology , continue to use customary units for field surveying , due both to the legacy of many decades of data collection and to the need to work with the construction industry , which has not adopted the metric system . American irrigation engineers , for example , talk in acre - feet and cubic feet per second , whereas their Australian counterparts would refer to gigaliters and cubic meters per second . Meteorology extensively uses both metric and customary units . The METAR reporting system in use in the United States differs from the one used by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) in that wind speeds are delivered in knots ( instead of meters per second ) , water - equivalent precipitation in hundredths of an inch , and altimeter setting in the customary inches of mercury ( instead of hectopascals ) . Furthermore , temperatures are reported in whole degrees Fahrenheit but are converted to Celsius when encoded in METAR reports . Most synoptic observation charts are expressed in SI units , except for the aforementioned wind speeds , which must be converted for the purposes of calculation . Upper - air temperature charts typically use the Celsius scale ( the freezing line is of great importance at lower levels of the atmosphere in determining precipitation type ) while potential temperature charts use the kelvin ; both of these are in line with international usage . Atmospheric vorticity is typically measured in full rotations per 100,000 seconds ( a rough metrication of the day ) but does not use the SI - recommended radian . National Weather Service and TV / radio broadcast public forecasts , however , are given almost exclusively in customary units : degrees Fahrenheit for temperature and dewpoint , fractions of an inch of rain or ice and whole inches of snow ( less than an inch often indicated by fractions or informal terms like `` dusting '' when very low ) , inches of mercury ; and for wind speeds , miles per hour , except in marine forecasts , in which knots are used and wave heights are measured in feet . Actual sleet and snowfall and their depths on the ground are measured in tenths of an inch , with actual rainfall in hundredths , and ice accretion in either fractions or decimals . Barometer readings for hurricanes are usually given in millibars ( mb ) , which are equal to hectopascals ( hPa ) , or ten times the kilopascals ( kPa ) used in neighboring Canada ; the use of inches of mercury in such applications is rapidly declining . In early 2007 , NASA announced that it would use metric units for all operations on the lunar surface upon its return to the Moon , then projected for 2020 . However , NASA 's lunar return program was canceled in 2010 . Medicine ( edit ) The medical field uses predominantly metric units . When interacting with patients certain data , such as their height and weight , is presented in customary units . A container which held 5 mg prescription pill capsules . Pharmacology ( edit ) Both prescription and non-prescription dosages of pills are always measured in the SI system with the most common unit being the milligram . Smaller dosages use micrograms . Because the SI prefix μ ( mu ) is not well known among many Americans and it is n't available on most keyboards the medical industry uses the abbreviation mcg to denote micrograms . For vitamins , nutrient amounts are given in gram denominations or WHO standardized international units , known as IU . The sizes of pill containers , when occasionally spoken of , are predominantly discussed in terms of fluid drams , although most also contain cubic centimeters and sometimes fluid ounces on the specifications . For a long time , liquid dosages of medication were displayed in terms of both milliliters and the customary units of teaspoons and tablespoons , which are standardized as equal to 5 and 15 mL respectively . However , many people colloquially refer to the small spoon in a utensil set as the teaspoon and the big spoon as the tablespoon . After a major analysis in 2015 , it was found that the inclusion of tea / tablespoon dosages likely encourages some people to use non-calibrated kitchen utensils as measuring devices . Due to this and reported confusion with the abbreviations TSP and TBSP , the FDA now recommends doctors and pharmaceutical manufacturers speak ( and label their products ) with milliliter only dosing instructions . To assist in this transition , the FDA encourages drug makers and pharmacies to include a disposable measuring cup with liquid medications . Concentrations and bloodwork ( edit ) Medicine dosage guidelines are specified in terms of milligrams per kilogram . The exact metric unit used by healthcare professionals in the U.S. does occasionally vary compared to other countries . For example , U.S. diabetes mellitus patients measure their blood sugar levels in milligrams per deciliter ( as with cholesterol and other blood concentrations ) , whereas most other countries use millimoles per liter . American blood glucose meters have the ability to switch between the two . Blood and urine samples are taken by the milliliter . Intravenous therapy ( IV ) is dispensed by milliliter . To avoid confusion , a 1 - liter bag is noted as 1000mL . Height and weight ( edit ) Anthropometric data such as height may be recorded in centimeters . The body mass index ( BMI ) is expressed in kg / m , even though it may be computed from pounds and inches . Even if the medical practice takes height and weight data in terms of SI units , it is almost always discussed with the patient in terms of customary units . Exercise is commonly discussed with patients in terms of miles walked . Intake of sugar , sodium , and other nutrients is usually discussed in terms of grams and milligrams . Use among veterinarians varies , but because of the heavy emphasis on public interaction , animal weights ( e.g. , for cats or dogs ) are nearly always recorded and reported in pounds and ounces . Usage at veterinary teaching hospitals , by contrast , favors the SI units . Dentistry. ( edit ) Measurements of tooth locations / movement and periodontal ( gum health ) charts are in millimeters . Sound ( edit ) Accurate sound level measurement devices were not invented until after the microphone or for that matter after the proliferation of the SI system in physics and internationally . Hence , although certain information on sound pressure can theoretically be evaluated in terms of pounds per square inch ( PSI ) , this is virtually never done . Instead , the internationally used decibel ( dB ) scale is most common . In some cases where there 's a desire for a non-logarithmic scale , the decibel - related sone scale is used . For example , appliance noise level is usually rated in terms of sone output . Hearing protection must be labeled in terms of decibel reduction with more detailed charts displaying decibel reduction at given hertz frequencies . Sports ( edit ) U.S. citizens are frequently exposed to metric units through coverage of international sporting events , particularly the Olympic Games . While the track and field Olympic Trials have always been conducted in metric distances , in order to duplicate the competition the selected athletes are destined for , the National Championships changed to metric in 1974 . However , USA Track & Field ( USATF ) continued to calculate the national championships in the high jump in U.S. customary units until 2002 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) switched its measurement system at the National Championship level in 1976 . The final holdout was the National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) administering high school sports , which switched to metric in 1980 . That said , U.S. track - and - field competitions are commonly run in increments of 400 meters , which roughly correspond to traditional mile - based lengths . In the Olympics , athletes run 1500 meters , not 1600 meters . Running races in the U.S. are usually run in metric distances ( e.g. , the 100 meter dash and 5K ( 5 kilometer ) races ) , although the mile distance remains popular . But even 5 and 10 kilometer races most often have mile markers on the course , and no kilometer markers . Long - distance races are often measured in kilometers , although exceptions exist ( generally 10 mile races ) . The marathon is referred to as a 26.219 - mile race ( the official marathon standard distance originally being in English units -- 26 miles , 385 yards ) rather than 42.195 km . Ultramarathons are measured in either miles or kilometers , with little standardization either way . Although the Olympics and U.S. track events have been metric for years , it is still common for sports commentators to provide conversions to help the American audience understand the measurements . Measured distances as used in events such as shot put , high jump , and discus throw are , however , often in feet and inches , except at the national and international levels . In 2017 , the Florida High School Athletic Association became the first to buck this trend and use metric measures for field events . The field and court sizes for most popular team sports such as soccer were originally set in non-metric units . This is reflected in American football , in which the playing field is divided into yards , and many important statistics are measured in yards . Similarly , the dimensions for all baseball parks , basketball courts , tennis courts and ice hockey rinks are given in feet , golf courses in yards , auto racing tracks in miles ( or fractions thereof ) , and horse racing in furlongs . The lengths of automobile races in the U.S. are generally set in miles . On the other hand , some sporting equipment , such as skis and poles , is sold in metric units . A novelty American football game was attempted in metric units in 1977 . That trend failed to gain a foothold . Bicycles , especially at the high end , are increasingly being sold and sized in metric units . For example , a frame described as `` 21 inch '' size in the past is now often labeled as a `` 53 cm '' frame instead . Some bicycle wheels are labeled in metric as `` 700c '' for a nominal 700 mm diameter road bike tire , but mountain bike wheels are still often sold in inches ( 26 , 27.5 or 29 inches ) Common swimming pool dimensions are 25 - yard , 25 - meter , and 50 - meter . High schools and the NCAA conduct 25 - yard competitions . USA Swimming ( USA - S ) swims in both metric and non-metric pools . In the game of Ultimate Frisbee , the 175g flying disc is seen as a standard of the sport . The long - distance trail Mid State Trail ( Pennsylvania ) has used metric units exclusively in its trail guide since 1973 . USA Weightlifting uses metric units to measure weight . Transportation ( edit ) `` Valencia Road , Tucson Airport : 500 m '' on Interstate 19 Highway speed limits are posted in miles per hour and distances are largely displayed in miles , yards , or feet , although a few dual mile / km signs can be found , mostly left over from demonstration projects that are no longer supported . One exception is Interstate 19 in Arizona , which is almost completely signed in metric , except for speed limit signs . Signage on this road is , however , being converted back to customary units as it is replaced . Another exception is the turnpike section of Delaware Route 1 , which uses a kilometer - based system , in anticipation of the mid-1990s conversion in the U.S. to the metric system , which did not happen . Distances were originally signed in kilometers , but have since been replaced with miles in 1995 and standard mile - markers in 2003 . The exit numbers have remained metric starting at the Dover Air Force Base northward to Interstate 95 . The 2000 , 2003 , and 2004 editions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices were published using both metric and American Customary Units . Metric signs , including speed signs in kilometers per hour , were displayed in the manual even though they were not normally used on the roads and there was no definite plan to go metric . For visual distinction , regulatory and advisory metric speed signs have black circles around the numbers followed by `` km / h '' and other regulatory metric signs have yellow plates reading `` METRIC '' in black on top of the main signs . Metric signs and metric measurements were removed for the 2009 edition and replaced with an appendix of metric conversion tables . This is in marked contrast to the position in the ( largely metric ) United Kingdom , where metric road signs are prohibited by law ( except for those denoting widths and height restrictions , which include both metric and imperial units ) . Speed limit signs in both mph and km / h in Blaine , Washington Newer signs on state highways on the island of Kaua'i in Hawai'i also include distances in both miles and kilometers . Mile markers along highways on the Island of Hawaii will indicate both units whenever the whole kilometer corresponds approximately with the whole mile ( e.g. , 5 mi / 8 km ) . In Houston , Texas , many speed limits have km / h signs underneath the MPH signs . These are located near both airports ( Bush Intercontinental and Hobby ) and in the Texas Medical Center . The U.S. territory of Puerto Rico generally uses American - style ( MUTCD ) signs with metric measurement on highways , displaying kilometer posts and distances in km , yet speed limit signs are in miles per hour . The Maine Turnpike has metric measurements on its highway signs in addition to customary measurements , partly to assist the large numbers of Canadian tourists who visit Maine 's beaches . Gasoline and diesel fuel are sold by the U.S. gallon , and fuel economy is rated in miles per gallon ( MPG ) . The metric unit is kilometers per liter but , with few exceptions , such as Denmark , metric countries use the inverse unit , l / 100 km , rather than km / l . Stations in Point Roberts , Washington , a short , noncontiguous peninsula that is accessible from the rest of the state of Washington only by crossing into Canada , sells its gasoline from pumps calibrated to dispense in liters . Gasoline is dispensed in liters in Puerto Rico . Automobile crankcase oil is sold by the quart , antifreeze by the gallon , brake fluid by the ounce ( fluid ) , and air conditioning refrigerant by the ounce ( mass ) . Windshield wiper replacement blades are measured in inches . Domestic airline flights are assigned altitudes in feet and measure speed in knots . Nautical charts show depth in fathoms and use the nautical mile for distance . ( One minute of arc of latitude at the radius of the earth at sea level was the standard for one nautical mile until about 1929 . The nautical mile is now defined as exactly 1,852 meters . ) Railroads use the standard gauge of 4 feet 81⁄2 inches , as does most of Europe ( where it is expressed instead as 1,435 mm ) . MPH and smaller km / h values on speedometer U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 101 , which governs vehicle controls and displays , permits speedometers to display miles per hour ( MPH ) or both MPH and km / h . In practice , most U.S. - market vehicles have mile odometers and dual - labeled speedometers with miles - per - hour as the primary calibration . Some 2000s era Buicks have a single speed gauge with a button on the instrument panel to switch the scale between MPH and km / h . Other vehicles have digital speedometers which can be set to read out speeds in either MPH or km / h . Another common unit of speed is meters per second ( m / s ) , used especially for lifts and cable cars . Odometers are permitted to record miles or kilometers , but must be clearly labeled as to which unit they record . Vehicle capacity sticker Tire inflation for passenger cars is typically about 30 pounds per square inch ( psi ) or 207 kilopascals ( kPa ) . This is displayed on tires beside its metric equivalent . Post model year 2006 regulations also mandate an internationally standard `` Tire and Loading Information '' sticker which gives capacities in SI units followed by customary equivalents . Hybrid units ( edit ) Some measurements are reported in units derived from both customary and metric units . For example : Heat rate from a power plant : BTU / kWh Federal automobile exhaust emission standards : grams per mile Caffeine in beverages : milligrams per ounce The standard method for sizing tires combines millimeters for tread width but uses inches for rim diameter . In lighting , light bulbs use eighths of an inch for bulb diameter and full inches for fluorescent tube lengths , while the socket is always in millimeters ( for example , the standard `` medium Edison screw '' is E26 ) . On recently introduced Christmas lights , however , millimeters are often used with small globe - shaped bulbs ( G30 and G40 ) , and with miniature LED sets , where the standard T13⁄4 ( ​ ⁄ - inch tube ) ones are sometimes called M5 ( 5 mm miniature ; not to be confused with M5 thread ) . For properties understood more recently , such as those related to electricity , there is no traditional unit ; international units are always used , often in combination with U.S. customary units . One among many examples is in Table 8 , chapter 9 , of the National Electrical Code Handbook ( 8th ed . ) , where resistance of conductors per unit length is given in ohms per thousand feet . Other units are based on customary units , but use power - of - ten factors and metric prefixes . For example , distance to target for a U.S. submarine is expressed in kiloyards rather than some combination of miles , yards , and feet . Telephone transmission line length and loop distances are measured in kilofeet . In some fields of civil engineering ( especially structural engineering ) , and architecture , large loads and forces ( such as the weight of a building or the amount of load applied to a column ) are measured in kips ( kilopounds or 1000 pounds - force ) instead of short tons - force ( 2000 pounds - force ) , which are used in virtually all other non-metric industries in the United States , as well as in common usage among the public , when dealing with large values of force . Cultural impact ( edit ) The continuing use of U.S. customary units has caused writers to speculate in fiction set in the future about the adoption of the metric system . Many authors have assumed that the United States and the human race in general will use metric units ; however , others have assumed the continued use of U.S. customary units or have neglected to take metrication into account . Writers sometimes use customary units simply because American readers and watchers will understand the measurements ; other times , they are simply used by accident . The 1966 show Star Trek , for instance , initially used U.S. customary units despite multiple Earth national origins and a setting in the 23rd century . Later , starting with `` The Changeling '' , metric measures were used , albeit inconsistently . Later sequels of the show , such as Star Trek : The Next Generation , and Star Trek : Enterprise ( set in the 22nd century ) , used the metric system exclusively . Both the metric system and attitudes in the U.S. toward the metric system are a target of humorous jabs in shows such as The Simpsons , Futurama and The Big Bang Theory . A Saturday Night Live sketch titled `` Decabet '' , released at the height of the metrication movement , lampooned the different metric measurements by introducing a new alphabet consisting of only ten letters . In the 1994 film Pulp Fiction , Vincent Vega ( John Travolta ) tells Jules Winnfield ( Samuel L. Jackson ) that `` Europe is a little different '' , because for example in Paris , they do n't call it a `` Quarter Pounder with Cheese '' but a `` Royale with Cheese '' as `` they 've got the metric system , they do n't know what the fuck a Quarter Pounder is '' . Later , Jules compliments the intelligence of one of their victims , after he correctly surmises that French use of the metric system is what precludes the term `` Quarter Pounder . '' Popular Science 's September 2003 edition listed NIST 's `` Metric System Advocate '' on its list of the `` Worst Jobs in Science '' . See also ( edit ) U.S. Metric Association Frank Mankiewicz History of the metric system Lyn Nofziger Metrication in Australia Metrication in Canada Metrication in New Zealand Metrication in the United Kingdom Metrication opposition Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the USA , 1790 report including proposal for decimal system based on the foot The Metric Marvels United States customary units United States Public Land Survey System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Appendix G -- Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Vera , Hector . `` Adoption of the Decimal Metric System of Weights and Measures by Country '' . US Metric Association . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Markus ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) . `` USENET Metric System FAQ '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Proposes to Require Labels to Include Metric Measurement '' . Federal Trade Commission . 2013 - 12 - 19 . 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NIST . pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ 39th United States Congress ( May 13 , 1866 ) . `` H.R. 596 , An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures '' . U.S. Metric Association . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Utah '' . Government of Utah ( archives ) . 2002 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ See also , Senate Joint Resolution No. 1 , Laws 1986 ( 2nd S.S. ) , and approved at the general election on November 4 , 1986 , to become effective on July 1 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Jill ( 2010 ) . Melvil Dewey : Library Genius . p. 45 . ISBN 9781604537611 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Rule and Level Co . Meter Stick for American Metric Bureau '' . The National Museum of American History . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowlett , Russ ( August 8 , 2000 ) . `` The Metric System in the United States '' . How Many ? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use the units of the International System ( SI ) , as adopted by the 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures ( October 1960 ) , except when the use of these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of a report . Jump up ^ `` A Metric America : A Decision Whose Time Has Come '' . June 1992 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Martha Brockenbrough . `` Whatever Happened to the Metric System ? '' . MSN Encarta column . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mankiewicz , Frank ( March 29 , 2006 ) . `` Nofziger : A Friend With Whom It Was a Pleasure to Disagree '' . WashingtonPost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Boffey , Philip M. ( April 25 , 1983 ) . `` Experts to Study Crawl Toward Metric System '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` American National Metric Council '' . U.S. Metric Association , Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ NIST , US Department of Commerce , . `` National Institute of Standards and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record - 103rd Congress ( 1993 - 1994 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record - 102nd Congress ( 1991 - 1992 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ NASA 's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss CNN.com Jump up ^ Erin Condon ( September 24 , 2001 ) . `` Still a Matter of Inches -- metric system usage in the US '' . CNET Networks , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Rules Would Allow Metric Labeling for Some Products '' . The National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White House petitions every tech lover should sign '' . 5 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Casey ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` The White House Says You Can Use the Metric System If You Want To '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` HB36 : Relating to the Metric System '' . Hawaii State Legislature . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Office of Representative Karl Rhoads Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill 166 '' . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Oddball Bill Bowl for the 2015 Legislature : Editorial '' . The Oregonian . January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SB 166 - Oregon Legislature Bill Progress Tracker '' . The Oregonian - Your Government . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . As of December 2016 SB166 was recorded as having been introduced in the 2015 session , but not as having passed . Jump up ^ `` Basic Price Plan for SRP residential electric customers '' . SRP.com . Salt River Project . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIFX Color LED Smart Bulb - Generation 3 '' . LIFX . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamenetz , Anya ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Teachers With Student Debt : The Struggle , The Causes And What Comes Next '' . NPR . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Winstead , Karissa . `` Past decade saw $50 K increase in Kingsport schools top position '' . WJHL - TV . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dennison , Mike ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` State budget draining $30 M from fire fund -- but firefighting money still available '' . KTVQ . Montana Television Network . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau . `` Distilled Spirts Labeling Regulations -- 27 CFR 5.38 / 5.47 a '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved Aug 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NIST Metric Information and Conversions : Forum Presentations '' . 10 October 2006 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ NIST , U.S. Department of Commerce , . `` National Institute of Standards and Technology '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Will 2009 bring metric - only labelling to the USA ? - Metric Views '' . Jump up ^ Office for Official Publications of the European Communities ( 2000 ) . COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of December 20 , 1979 , on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC . Available at NIST Web site Archived 2007 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Headphone Jack ( 3.5 mm ) definition ( Phone Scoop ) '' . www.phonescoop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` How to Find Your Shoe Size '' . wikiHow . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ от 05.09. 2011 N 743 `` О внесении изменений в Федеральные правила использования воздушного пространства Российской Федерации '' - КонсультантПлюс '' ( Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 743 of September 5 , 2011 `` On Amendments to the Federal Rules for the Use of the Airspace of the Russian Federation '' - ConsultantPlus ) . Base.consultant.ru . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Liquids Rule '' . Transportation Security Administration . 2014 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 3 oz or 3.4 oz ? What gives ? ? ? '' . Transportation Security Administration . 2009 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) ( 31 May 2005 ) . `` SECURITIES MARKETS : Decimal Pricing has Contributed to Lower Trading Costs and a More Challenging Trading Environment '' . p. 124 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` M14 '' . Nazarian 's Gun Recognition Guide . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maserati MC12 -- Engine , Chassis , Dimensions , Price , Warranty & Performance -- Road Test Review '' . Motor Trend . 2010 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Demand Detroit - Demand Detroit '' ( PDF ) . www.detroitdiesel.com . Jump up ^ `` The Official Chrysler HEMI engine Web site '' . HEMI . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Metric System Controversy in the United States '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce . August 1971 . p. 182 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI , and units based on fundamental constants '' . Bureau International des Poids et Mesures . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ P.J. O'Rourke , United States humorist & political commentator ( 1947 -- ) . `` Quote Details : P.J. O'Rourke : Drugs have taught an ... '' The Quotations Page . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ DEA , Title 21 , Section 841 , Office of Diversion Control Jump up ^ Stephen J. Sifaneck ; Geoffrey L. Ream ; Bruce D. Johnson & Eloise Dunlap ( September 2007 ) . `` Retail marijuana purchases in designer and commercial markets in New York City : Sales units , weights , and prices per gram '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 90 ( Supplement 1 ) : S40 -- S51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2006.09. 013 . PMC 2077843 . PMID 17055670 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Metric Moon '' . Science.nasa.gov. 2011 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ White House wo n't fund NASA moon program , LA Times , January 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` What does μg mean ? '' . www.justvitamins.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` What does an IU measure in vitamins ? - viridian-nutrition.com '' . www.viridian-nutrition.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jenco , Melissa ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Ditch the spoon AAP : Metric dosing of medications a safer choice '' . AAP News . 36 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 11 . doi : 10.1542 / aapnews. 2015364 - 11a . ISSN 1073 - 0397 . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration -- National Council for Prescription Drug Programs . `` Recommendation to Standardize the Dosing Designations on Prescription Container Labels for Oral Liquid Medications '' ( PDF ) . https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/drugsafety/safeuseinitiative/ucm397847.pdf . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gaunt , Michael J. ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Safety Standards Needed for Dosing of Liquid Medications '' . Pharmacy Times . Plainsboro , New Jersey . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Culture , Blood ( 389 ) '' . www.questdiagnostics.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Anthropometric Procedure Videos -- Height . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . The measurement is read in centimeters and recorded to the nearest millimeter Jump up ^ `` What is a periodontal ( gum ) chart ? - Southfield Dentist Family and Cosmetic Dentistry '' . Southfield Dentist Family and Cosmetic Dentistry. 2011 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Scott , H.H. ( 1957 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Historical Development of the Sound Level Meter '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 29 ( 12 ) : 1331 -- 1333 . Bibcode : 1957ASAJ ... 29.1331 S . doi : 10.1121 / 1.1908788 . ISSN 0001 - 4966 . Jump up ^ `` Information on Sound Power and Sound Pressure Womack Machine '' . www.womackmachine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Buying Guide : Bathroom Fans at The Home Depot '' . www.homedepot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ 3M . `` How to Use the Noise Reduction Label '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` USA Track & Field - USA Indoor Track & Field Champions '' . Usatf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Track and Field Events '' . www.momsteam.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Courtney . `` Florida High School Track and Field Goes Metric - Athletic Business '' . www.athleticbusiness.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Kyle . `` The Liter Bowl : The First NCAA Football Game To Use The Metric System '' . Jump up ^ `` 50th Anniversary of the Interstate Highway System - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` HIGHWAY SIGNS : Conversion to Metric Units Could Be Costly '' . United States General Accounting Office . July 1995 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Highway Signs , 2004 Edition , Metric Version '' . United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration . 2004 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Oscar Voss ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Hawaii Highways - Road Photos - Introduction ( page 1 of 2 ) '' . Hawaiihighways.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ; FMVSS 101 - Technical Correction - Speedometer Display '' . Federal Register . 2000 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 571.110 - Tire selection and rims and motor home / recreation vehicle trailer load carrying capacity information for motor vehicles with a GVWR of 4,536 kilograms ( 10,000 pounds ) or less '' . United States Department of Transportation Regulations . S4. 3 ( a ) -- via Cornell Law School Regulation References . Jump up ^ `` NHTSA Saftey in Numbers - April 2013 - The Facts '' . one.nhtsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hasler , David . `` Coal - Fired Power Plant Heat Rate Reductions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . pp. 1 -- 1 . Jump up ^ `` Clean - Fuel Vehicle Standards '' . epa.gov . July 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Caffeine Chart '' . cspinet.org . Jump up ^ `` Tire Tech Information -- A Guide to Tire Sizes '' . Tirerack.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ AT&T , Telecommunication Transmission Engineering , Volume 2 -- Facilities , Bell Center for Technical Education ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ In The Simpsons , jokes about the situation are made in episodes `` A Star Is Burns , '' `` Homer the Great , '' `` The Seven - Beer Snitch , '' and others . For instance , Abraham `` Grampa '' Simpson once remarked : `` The metric system is the tool of the devil ! My car gets forty rods to the hogshead and that 's the way I likes it . '' Jump up ^ An example is in `` The Series Has Landed , '' when a farmer on the Moon states that at night , the temperature drops down to - 173 . Fry asks , `` Is that Fahrenheit or Celsius ? '' to which the farmer replies , `` First one , then the other . '' Another is in `` I , Roommate , '' when Calculon attempts to put a ring on Monique 's finger ; when it fits , she replies , `` It fits ! But then , you must know that I 'm ... '' `` Metric ? I 've always known , but for you , my darling , I 'm willing to convert . '' Jump up ^ Season 4 Episode 07 `` Apology Insufficiency '' ; Sheldon : `` Ethyl alcohol . 40 milliliters . '' Penny : `` I 'm sorry , honey , I do n't know milliliters . '' Sheldon : `` Ah . I blame President James `` Jimmy '' Carter . He started America on a path to the metric system but then just gave up . He wonders why he was a one - term president . '' Jump up ^ Speed , William . `` The Worst Jobs in Science 2003 Popular Science '' . Popsci.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . External links ( edit ) The United States and the Metric System ( LC 1136 ) nist.gov Archive.org The Metric System in the United States A Metric America : A Decision Whose Time Has Come on nist.gov Archive.org Metric Conversion Act of 1975 on nist.gov Archive.org www.us-metric.org -- U.S. Metric Association ( mirror link ) Mean Mr Metric satire about the ( non ) conversion to metric units . One of the highest scoring submissions to the Internet Oracle . Originally written by Jim Palfreyman in October 1991 . Weights & Measures Examples of metric roadsigns in the U.S. www.metrication.us -- Metrication.us site at Archive.org www.metric4us.com -- Metric US ! site ( hide ) Metrication by country Australia Barbados Canada Chile Guatemala Hong Kong India Ireland Jamaica Japan Korea ( North ) & ( South ) New Zealand Peru Sweden United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication_in_the_United_States&oldid=821215849 '' Categories : Metrication in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 02 : 14 . 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2,334
how to delete a wikipedia page you created
Wikipedia : how to delete a page
wikipedia : how to delete a page
While anyone can edit articles , to keep things manageable , only administrators can delete them . Note that removing all text from a page does not delete it , it just leaves a blank page , which is discouraged as it is confusing to readers . Removed text is not permanently lost , but can easily be restored from the page history .
This page explains how to ask for an article to be deleted from Wikipedia . For all the gritty details , see the deletion policy . Bear the following things in mind : It is better to improve an article than to delete it for not being good enough . An article that looks inappropriate may simply have been tampered with ; you can fix this by reverting it to the better , previous version . If the article duplicates another , you can redirect it to the other one ; there 's no need for it to be deleted first . It 's polite to let the article 's author know that you are asking for it to be deleted ; you can find them in the page history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pages you created yourself 2 Pages which are not articles 3 Speedy deletion 4 Proposed deletion 5 Deletion discussions 6 See also Pages you created yourself ( edit ) If you create a page yourself and then change your mind , just add the text ( ( db - author ) ) to the top of it ; it will be deleted shortly afterward . If other contributors have edited the page , however , this usually wo n't be done ; use one of the methods explained below . Pages which are not articles ( edit ) Not all pages in Wikipedia are encyclopedia articles . Those that begin with a prefix such as `` Wikipedia : '' or `` User : '' are used for organizing the project , so are not considered part of the encyclopedia . Different rules apply to these pages ; you ca n't use the `` proposed deletion '' option mentioned below , and deletion discussions take place in different places . If you think one of these pages should be deleted , see the full Guide to deletion , which has more detailed instructions on what to do . Speedy deletion ( edit ) In certain limited circumstances , an article can be deleted on sight with no further discussion . These limited circumstances are called the criteria for speedy deletion , and pages that meet them are usually removed quickly . If you find one , you can mark it for deletion by adding the text ( ( delete reason ) ) to the top of the page , replacing `` reason '' with the reason it should be deleted . Most articles do not meet the criteria , however , so check carefully before doing this . Proposed deletion ( edit ) You can ask for an article to be deleted for any reason you wish . Add a deletion ' tag ' to the article by putting the text : ( ( subst : Proposed deletion concern = reason for proposed deletion ) ) at the top , replacing `` reason for proposed deletion '' with your reason . The catch is that anyone can disagree with your request for any reason ; all they have to do is remove the tag . If the tag stays there for seven days , an administrator will check the article and delete it if he or she agrees with your reason . If the tag is removed , the article wo n't be deleted ; if at this stage you still think it should go , see the next section . Deletion discussions ( edit ) The final option is to start a discussion about the state of the article , and get other contributors ' opinions on whether it should be removed . In order to do this , you have to be a logged - in user ; log in or create an account first if necessary . First , add the text ( ( subst : afd ) ) to the top of the article , and save the page . This adds a deletion ' tag ' to the page . On the tag that now appears at the top of the article , find the link labelled `` Preloaded debate '' and click it . Follow the instructions that appear . Discussions last for seven days , at the end of which an administrator will delete the article if there is general agreement to do so , and remove the deletion tag if not . See also ( edit ) Help desk Wikipedia : Viewing and restoring deleted pages Wikipedia help pages Visit the Teahouse if you are a new editor looking for interactive help , or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum . FAQs ( ? ) Reference desks ( ? ) Noticeboards ( ? ) Missing Manual ( ? ) Cheatsheet ( ? ) Directories ( ? ) About Wikipedia Administration Purpose Principles Wikipedia in brief Policies and guidelines What Wikipedia is not Disclaimer ( parental advice ) Making requests where to ask questions contact Wikipedia directly Who writes Wikipedia ? Why create an account ? Help for readers FAQ Books Copyright Glossary Mobile access Navigation Other languages Searching Students Viewing media Contributing to Wikipedia A plain and simple overview A primer for newcomers Advice for young editors Avoiding common mistakes Etiquette ( community expectations ) Learning the ropes Instructional material Simplified Manual of Style Simplified rule - set `` Ignore all rules '' `` The rules are principles '' Style - tips Tip of the day Task Center Your first article ( article wizard ) Vandalism Getting started Wikipedia intro Wikipedia tutorial The Wikipedia Adventure Manual of Style intro Graphics tutorials Picture tutorial ( Uploading intro ) IRC ( live chat ) tutorial Navigating intro Policies intro Referencing intro Tables intro Talk pages intro VisualEditor user guide Dos and don'ts Accessibility Bio 's Categorization Disambiguation Images Links Lists References Tables Talks How - to pages and information pages Appealing blocks Article deletion Categories Citations / references Referencing for beginners Citation Style 1 Cite errors References and page numbers Convert Diff Editing toolbar edit conflict Email confirmation Find sources Files Footnotes Image deletion Infoboxes Linking ( link color ) Logging in Merging Namespaces Page name Redirect Renaming pages Passwords Reverting Talk pages ( archiving ) URL User contributions User page design center Coding wiki markup Wiki markup Barcharts Calculations Characters Citation templates Columns Hidden text HTML Lists Magic words ( introduction ) Music symbols Sections Sounds Tables ( introduction ) Templates documentation messages cleanup messages Transclusion Visual files Wiki tools Directories Abbreviations Departments Editor 's index Essays FAQs Glossary Guidelines Help menu Manual of Style Policies Shortcuts Tasks Tips Ask for help on your talk page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:How_to_delete_a_page&oldid=792997941 '' Categories : Wikipedia how - to Wikipedia information pages Wikipedia deletion guidelines Talk Namespaces Project page Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Čeština فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 01 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,335
when was the last time arsenal won the uefa champions league
Arsenal FC in European Football
arsenal fc in european football
Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway , North London . The club 's first European football match was played against Copenhagen XI on 25 September 1963 , and it has since participated in European club competitions on several occasions , most of which organised by the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Arsenal has won two European honours : the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1970 and the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1994 -- the latter title recognised by the European confederation . The club played the 1994 European Super Cup and repeated its presence in the following year 's Cup Winners ' Cup final . Arsenal also reached the final of the UEFA Cup in 2000 , and became the first London team to appear in a UEFA Champions League final , in 2006 .
Qualification for European club competitions is determined by a team 's position in its domestic league , as well as how successfully a team fares in domestic cup competitions in the previous season . Following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , UEFA placed an indefinite ban on all English teams from competing in Europe ; the ban was lifted in the 1990 - 91 season and Arsenal entered in 1991 -- 92 season , giving Arsenal the opportunity to play in the European Cup . Between 1998 -- 99 and 2016 -- 17 , Arsenal qualified in nineteen successive UEFA Champions League seasons , an English football record , and is only surpassed in Europe by Real Madrid . French striker Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 89 , and is the club 's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals . Arsenal 's biggest winning margin in Europe is a 7 -- 0 scoreline , a feat achieved twice : firstly away at Standard Liège , during their successful Cup Winners ' Cup campaign , and secondly at home against Slavia Prague , for the 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League . Arsenal hold the European club competition record for the most consecutive clean sheets with ten , set between September 2005 and May 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Early years : 1963 -- 1978 2.2 Cup Winners ' Cup finalists , winners : 1978 -- 1995 2.3 Arrival of Wenger : 1996 -- 2005 2.4 Regular qualification : 2005 to present 3 Records 3.1 By season 3.2 By competition 3.3 By country 4 Honours 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) For more details on the origins of European football , see European Cup and UEFA Champions League history . Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897 , when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro - Hungarian Empire , who did not meet under normal circumstances . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy , named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton , was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy , Great Britain , Germany and Switzerland ; the competition lasted for two years . The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette . Founded in 1930 , the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success . Due to financial reasons , the competition was abandoned . `` The UEFA Cup is a consolation prize and the Cup Winners ' Cup has been destroyed . Who plays in that now ? Nobody . The fact is , the Champions ' League is all - important . It is turning into a European League and over the next three or four years I think that will become more and more clear . '' Arsène Wenger on the climate of European football , October 1997 In December 1954 , French sports magazine L'Equipe published an article by journalist and former professional footballer Gabriel Hanot , who proposed the introduction of a European club competition . He initially suggested that each country should nominate a club to play in a mid-week European league ; many clubs favoured a cup competition , which required less matches to play . A year later , L'Equipe sent out invitations to 18 clubs , selected by Hanot , Jacques Ferran and Jacques Goddet , with UEFA agreeing to administrate the competition named as the European Champion Clubs ' Cup . The European Cup Winners ' Cup , later retitled the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , was founded in 1960 and involved the winning clubs of national cup competitions in Europe . Arsenal , in the First Division at the time , were ineligible for both competitions , given that the club did not win a league championship or domestic cup for almost two decades . They however were invited to participate in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , an annual European club competition which was set up to promote international trade fairs ; where a club finished in their domestic league had no relevance to qualification as teams were selected from cities holding trade fairs . The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was regarded as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup , rebranded as the UEFA Europa League in 2008 . Each competition round was staged over a two - legged tie , with the winner determined by the aggregate score . The away goals rule is activated if the aggregate score is equal . To reinvigorate the European Champion Clubs ' Cup , the competition was expanded and rebranded as the UEFA Champions League in 1992 . From the 1997 -- 98 season , it was further expanded to include eight domestic league runners - up selected by a UEFA coefficient and preliminary spots the following season were awarded to the third placed team ; in some leagues fourth from 2002 -- 03 . The expansion and constant growth of the competition led to the decline of the Cup Winners ' Cup , abolished in 1999 and by which point instigated proposals for a European Super League . Arsène Wenger has , on numerous occasions predicted the latter , arguing the pressure of television companies will force it to happen : `` It 's all about money . More games equal more money through TV revenue and I think the next few years will see not just two , but three or four teams from the top countries competing against each other . It 's what television wants -- big teams in big matches . That is why the Champions ' League was introduced . '' Although Arsenal qualified for a fifteenth successive season of Champions League football in May 2012 , this coincided with the club not winning a domestic honour since 2005 , which led to open criticism over the competition 's present format . Wenger however has gone on to defend the club policy , stating a trophy for Arsenal is winning the Premier League or the Champions League ; `` Would you like to finish tenth in the league but win the League Cup and say you have won a trophy ? Certainly not . '' History ( edit ) Early years : 1963 -- 1978 ( edit ) Arsenal first participated in European football during the 1963 -- 64 season , via the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The competition was set up to promote international trade fairs in European cities , featuring clubs from cities playing in matches that hosted trade fairs . As London 's representative , Arsenal was paired with Copenhagen team Copenhagen XI in the first round , played over two matches . The first match ended in a 7 -- 1 victory for Arsenal , with Geoff Strong and Joe Baker both scoring hat - tricks . Copenhagen XI won the second match 3 -- 2 , but lost 9 -- 4 on aggregate . Arsenal faced Royal Football Club de Liège in the second round ; the Belgian club won 4 -- 2 on aggregate to progress into the quarter - finals . In the 1969 -- 70 season , Arsenal again participated in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , after a six - year absence . Having beaten Glentoran of Northern Ireland , Portugal 's Sporting Lisbon and Rouen of France , Arsenal played Romanian club Dinamo Bacău in the quarter - finals . A 1 -- 9 victory on aggregate saw the club progress into the last four , where they faced Ajax of Amsterdam . The pairing of both clubs pleased Arsenal manager Bertie Mee , who wanted to play Ajax in the semi-finals to set up a possibility of meeting Internazionale in the final . At Highbury in the first leg , Arsenal won 3 -- 0 and restricted Ajax to a 1 -- 0 win at the Olympisch Stadion to reach the final of the Fairs Cup . It was the fourth successive year the final featured an English club and the first for a London club . Arsenal played Belgian opposition Anderlecht in the 1970 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final , played in the space of a week . Anderlecht won the first leg 3 -- 1 , with Arsenal midfielder Ray Kennedy scoring a crucial away goal , seven minutes from the final whistle . An early goal scored by Eddie Kelly helped Arsenal to what earlier looked to be an improbable victory ; John Radford and Jon Sammels overturned Anderlecht 's advantage to win 3 -- 0 on the night and 4 -- 3 on aggregate . The result ended Arsenal 's 17 - year wait for a trophy and ensured the club became the third successive English club to win the honour . Arsenal entered the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup the following season as holders of the competition , but did not progress further than the semi-finals , losing on away goals to 1 . FC Köln of Germany . The club did however win the league championship for the first time in 18 years , ensuring qualification for the European Champions Clubs ' Cup in the 1971 -- 72 season . Arsenal reached the quarter - finals , where the team lost to holders Ajax , who went on to retain the trophy . Arsenal finished second in the 1972 -- 73 Football League but did not play in the UEFA Cup 1973 -- 74 , because the Football League continued to apply the one - team - per - city rule from the old Fairs Cup , and Tottenham Hotspur qualified as League cup winners . In subsequent seasons , the departure of Mee and lack of domestic honours meant that the club did not contest in European football . Cup Winners ' Cup finalists , Winners : 1978 -- 1995 ( edit ) Mee was succeeded by Terry Neill in July 1976 . Arsenal returned to European club football in the 1978 -- 79 season , having finished fifth in the previous league campaign . The club contested in the UEFA Cup for the first time and won their opening leg 3 -- 0 against 1 . FC Lokomotive Leipzig ; a commanding performance away from home in the second leg allowed Arsenal to win 1 -- 4 at the Bruno - Plache - Stadion and 7 -- 1 on aggregate . Arsenal progressed past the third round , winning on aggregate against Hajduk Split but were eliminated by Red Star Belgrade in the third round after striker Dušan Savić scored an away goal , two minutes from the end of the match . As winners of the 1979 FA Cup Final , Arsenal entered the European Cup Winners ' Cup in the 1979 -- 80 season . The club defeated Fenerbahçe , 1 . FC Magdeburg and IFK Göteborg , before facing Juventus in the semi-finals . After conceding an early penalty scored by Antonio Cabrini , Arsenal defender David O'Leary was injured and substituted in the 20th minute , when Juventus striker Roberto Bettega tackled him . Marco Tardelli was later sent off for a foul on Liam Brady and in the 85th minute , Arsenal managed to score an equaliser through a mix - up between Frank Stapleton and Bettega ; the Italian put the ball into his goal net . Neill in his post-match comments expressed his anger over Bettega 's tackle after the game : `` I was shocked by a most vicious foul . I was shocked because I have always had the greatest admiration for him . '' A headed goal by substitute Paul Vaessen two minutes from the end , in the second leg was enough to take Arsenal into the 1980 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final , where they faced Valencia in Brussels . A goalless draw after normal and extra time meant the final was to be decided on a penalty shootout , with Valencia winning 5 -- 4 . Arsenal competed in the UEFA Cup in the 1981 -- 82 and 1982 -- 83 seasons and departed in the first and second round to FC Winterslag and Spartak Moscow respectively . The Heysel Stadium disaster of May 1985 , during the 1985 European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus resulted in UEFA , and later FIFA , imposing a ' worldwide ' ban on English teams from participating in European club competitions , initially for an indefinite period . Under George Graham , Arsenal returned to the European Cup in the 1991 -- 92 season , having won the league championship a season earlier . They went out in the second round to Portuguese team Benfica in November 1991 . The ban arising from the Heysel disaster had prevented Arsenal from competing in the European Cup when they won the league title two years previously , as well as preventing them from competing in the UEFA Cup on two occasions . In the 1993 -- 94 season , Arsenal contested in the European Cup Winners ' Cup , having won the 1993 FA Cup Final . The club beat Odense BK and Standard Liège to reach the quarter - finals , with the latter described as a `` breathtaking performance '' by Graham , after winning 7 -- 0 at the Stade Maurice Dufrasne . Arsenal defeated Torino of Italy and French representative Paris Saint - Germain to reach the 1994 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final alongside Parma , staged at Copenhagen . Without top goalscorer Ian Wright and markers John Jensen and Martin Keown , Arsenal went into the final as outsiders . Although Parma began the match the strongest of both teams , Arsenal opened the scoring through a well taken volley by striker Alan Smith . Defending in numbers , the team held on to record an improbable victory and win the club 's second European trophy , after a 24 - year wait . After the match Graham praised his team 's performance and defended his pragmatic approach ; `` Sometimes we could go forward a little bit more and entertain a bit more , but we play to our strengths , like we did in this match . There 's nothing wrong with having a very , very good defence , believe me . We 've proved it , and it 's a big plus . '' As holders of the competition , Arsenal was admitted into the Cup Winners ' Cup for the 1994 -- 95 season . They moreover contested in the 1994 European Super Cup , losing to Milan 2 -- 0 on aggregate . In February 1995 , Graham was sacked by Arsenal after it emerged he accepted an illegal £ 425,000 payment from Norwegian agent Rune Hauge for two of his clients : Jensen and Pål Lydersen . He was replaced by caretaker manager Stewart Houston ( Bruce Rioch in the close season ) , who managed to take Arsenal into the 1995 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final after beating Sampdoria on penalties in the semi-finals . They however , did not retain the trophy after Real Zaragoza midfielder Nayim scored an extra-time goal , lobbing Arsenal goalkeeper David Seaman . Arrival of Wenger : 1996 -- 2005 ( edit ) In August 1996 , Rioch was dismissed by Arsenal . He was replaced by Arsène Wenger , who became the club 's first manager born outside the British Isles . Wenger had creditable experience in UEFA club competitions ; at Monaco he reached the final of the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1992 , losing 2 -- 0 to Werder Bremen and took the club into the semi-finals of the European Cup in 1993 -- 94 . Wenger wanted Arsenal to become one of the biggest clubs in Europe , emphasising on buying talent from all over the world and patience shown by the club 's board and supporters . His first involvement in a European match for Arsenal was against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 26 September 1996 in the UEFA Cup ; Arsenal lost 6 -- 4 on aggregate . Having watched the game from the stands in the first half , he assumed control in the second , suggesting the formation should accommodate four defenders instead of five . Arsenal finished third in the 1996 -- 97 league season , missing out on qualification for the UEFA Champions League by goal difference . They , however qualified for the UEFA Cup first round , but lost to PAOK Salonika of Greece over two legs in September 1997 . Arsenal completed the double in the 1997 -- 98 season , and winning the league ensured the club participated in the Champions League for the first time since its rebranding in 1992 . To benefit from increased revenue and higher attendances , Arsenal was granted permission from the Football Association and UEFA to host their home Champions League matches at Wembley Stadium . The club faced French champions Lens , Ukraine 's Dynamo Kiev and Panathinaikos of Greece in the group stages of the competition . Although they began the campaign in good stead , with two draws and a win , Arsenal lost 3 -- 1 to Dynamo Kiev and at home to Lens -- watched by a record crowd of 73,707 , meaning the club could not reach higher than third place , failing to make the quarter - finals . Arsenal ended the 1998 -- 99 league season as runners - up , qualifying for the group stages of the Champions League for the second successive year . Again , Arsenal finished in third spot in their group , this time behind Barcelona and Fiorentina . The team , however advanced into the UEFA Cup third round and Arsenal chose to revert to playing their home matches at Highbury , on the advice of the players . Arsenal beat Nantes and Deportivo de La Coruña over two legs and defeated Werder Bremen in the quarter - final ; midfielder Ray Parlour scored a hat - trick in the second leg . In the semi-final against Lens , Arsenal secured a 3 -- 1 aggregate win to face Turkish opposition Galatasaray in the final , who beat Leeds United . At Copenhagen , the venue for the 2000 UEFA Cup Final , both Arsenal and Galatasaray played out to a goalless draw in normal and in extra time . Arsenal lost 4 -- 1 in a penalty shootout , with striker Davor Šuker and midfielder Patrick Vieira hitting the post and underside of the crossbar respectively . Wenger reflected on the defeat by saying , `` We did not play well in the first half , but we were much better afterwards . It is very disappointing . '' The final was overshadowed by events at the city centre , where Arsenal supporter Paul Dineen was stabbed in the back . Referred to as the `` Battle of Copenhagen '' , the incident escalated into a riot between English and Turkish fans , forcing the Danish police to use tear gas in order to restore calm . A sign outside Highbury , displaying the upcoming Arsenal -- Internazionale match in September 2003 . Arsenal qualified for the group stages of the Champions League in the 2000 -- 01 season , having ended the previous league season in second . The club won their first three matches in Group B , against Sparta Prague , Shakhtar Donetsk and Lazio . A draw away to Lazio at the Stadio Olimpico ensured qualification into the second group stage , where they were partnered with Bayern Munich , Lyon and Spartak Moscow . In spite of defender Sylvinho scoring an early goal in their opening game against Spartak Moscow , Arsenal plummeted to a 4 -- 1 defeat , leaving Wenger to assess that `` as a team , we did n't look as solid as we are used to . '' Wins at Lyon and at home to Spartak Moscow helped Arsenal to qualify for the quarter - finals as the French club failed to capitalise on Arsenal 's defeat at Bayern Munich . They faced Spanish club Valencia , winning 2 -- 1 at Highbury but the team were beaten 1 -- 0 at the Estadio Mestalla , knocked - out on aggregate . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Arsenal played in the Champions League . The club qualified for the second group stage on goal difference but did not reach the quarter - finals , losing their final two matches against Deportivo La Coruña and Juventus . Having won the domestic league for the first time in four years , Wenger revealed the club 's and his own intent to win the Champions League , telling French newspaper L'Equipe `` I ca n't imagine finishing my life without winning the European Cup '' . Arsenal began the following season impressively , winning 0 -- 4 at PSV Eindhoven . The match set a new club record , as midfielder Gilberto Silva scored the fastest goal , in 20.07 seconds . Although Arsenal lost their last two matches against Borussia Dortmund and Auxerre , coinciding with a blip in form domestically , they qualified for the second group stage for the third consecutive season . Striker Thierry Henry scored his first hat - trick in Europe for Arsenal against Roma on 27 November 2002 with the player stating ; `` It 's wonderful to score a hat - trick but it 's even more important that I did so in a game we 've won . '' Arsenal failed to replicate their form at Roma , drawing their next four matches and losing to Valencia in the final match to finish third in their group and thus , out of the competition . Arsenal entered the Champions League group stage in the 2003 -- 04 season and faced Dynamo Kiev , Internazionale and Lokomotiv Moscow . Without a win in their first three matches , Arsenal faced an early exit from the competition but managed a victory against Dynamo Kiev , after defender Ashley Cole scored via a header . At the San Siro , Arsenal beat Internazionale 1 -- 5 , in a performance described as `` one of the greatest results in ( the club 's ) history '' . A win in their final group game against Lokomotiv Moscow was enough for Arsenal to top their group and play an unseeded team in the last 16 . Arsenal eliminated Celta Vigo and faced fellow English club Chelsea at the quarter - final stage . Going into the first leg , Arsenal were favourites , having played their London rivals three times during the course the season , winning each occasion . Former Dutch international Johan Cruyff backed Arsenal to win the competition , saying `` If Arsenal win it playing football the way only they know how then Europe would be proud to have such champions '' . In spite of Robert Pirès scoring a vital away goal at Stamford Bridge , Chelsea beat Arsenal 1 -- 2 at Highbury to progress into the semi-finals . A year later , Arsenal exited the Champions League after losing 2 -- 3 to Bayern Munich on aggregate , in the last 16 stage . Regular qualification : 2005 to present ( edit ) Arsenal qualified for the group stages of the Champions League in the 2005 -- 06 season , finishing first in a group containing Ajax , Sparta Prague and Thun . The club faced Real Madrid in the last 16 ; a solo goal by Henry at the Estadio Santiago Bernabéu in the first leg inflicted the home team 's first defeat in 18 Champions League matches . Arsenal produced a disciplined display at home a fortnight after to reach the quarter - finals and become the sole English representative left in the competition . At home to Juventus , Arsenal won 2 -- 0 , and a goalless draw at the Stadio delle Alpi meant the club progressed into the semi-finals against Villarreal . In the club 's final European match at Higbhury , Kolo Touré scored a first - half winner to give Arsenal a 1 -- 0 win . A late penalty save by goalkeeper Jens Lehmann in the second leg sent Arsenal into the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final , staged at the Stade de France , Paris . The result , another goalless draw , was Arsenal 's tenth clean sheet in a row -- a new competition record . Defender Sol Campbell , returning from injury praised the team performance in his post-match interview : `` It 's brilliant for us . It 's also great for the manager Arsène Wenger to get to the final in France -- I 'm sure he will get a great reception . '' The Arsenal pennant used in the quarter - final , second leg against Liverpool in April 2008 . In the final against Barcelona , Lehmann was sent off in 18th minute for a professional foul on striker Samuel Eto'o . Wenger reacted by substituting Robert Pirès for goalkeeper Manuel Almunia , thus altering the formation . In spite of the disadvantage , Arsenal took the lead in the 37th minute , after Henry 's free kick was headed in by Campbell . Henry missed a chance in the second half to give Arsenal a two - nil lead before Eto'o equalised with 14 minutes left . Substitute Henrik Larsson set up Juliano Belletti to score the winner for Barcelona . Wenger criticised referee Terje Hauge for sending off Lehmann , a view shared by club captain Henry and FIFA president Sepp Blatter . As Arsenal finished fourth in the league , in the following season the club needed to play a third qualifying round , against Dinamo Zagreb in order to participate in the Champions League group stages . The team won 1 -- 5 on aggregate , including a 3 -- 0 victory in the first European match at the Emirates Stadium . Arsenal was eliminated in the Round of 16 stage , losing on the away goal ruling to PSV Eindhoven . In the 2007 -- 08 season , Arsenal equalled their biggest home win in European football , scoring seven against Slavia Prague . The club beat holders Milan in the subsequent round , earning critical acclaim for their style of football , not least from Marcello Lippi : `` It would be good for football if Arsenal could win . They play on the ground , they manoeuvre the ball , very , very well . It 's very fast and very technical . '' At the quarter - final stage , Liverpool defeated Arsenal 5 -- 3 on aggregate to set up a semi-final tie against Chelsea . Arsenal progressed past the group stages of the 2008 -- 09 Champions League season and beat Roma and Villarreal to face Manchester United in the semi-finals . A 1 -- 0 defeat at Old Trafford meant Arsenal needed to win by two clear goals to progress , but goals from Park Ji - sung and Cristiano Ronaldo in the first eleven minutes ended the club 's chances of reaching the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final . Wenger in his post-match press conference described the match as `` the most disappointing night of my career '' , adding `` I felt the fans were really up for a big night and to disappoint people who stand behind the team so much hurts . '' Arsenal lost to holders Barcelona 5 -- 3 on aggregate in the quarter - finals the following season , and in spite of beating the Spanish club 2 -- 1 at the Emirates Stadium in 2010 -- 11 , Arsenal again were eliminated , this time at the Round of 16 . Arsenal exited at the same stage of the competition for the second consecutive season , against Milan . Having lost the away leg 4 -- 0 , the team gave a valiant performance in the second leg at home , winning 3 -- 0 on the night , but unable to find the final goal that would have taken the game to extra time . In the 2012 -- 13 season , Arsenal fell at the last 16 stage for the third time in three years , losing 3 -- 1 to Bayern Munich at home , but managing to win 2 -- 0 in the return leg , meaning they went out on the away goals rule . They were once again eliminated by Bayern Munich in the 2013 -- 14 season after losing 2 -- 0 at home , and drawing 1 -- 1 away at Munich . They were eliminated by Monaco in Round of 16 in the 2014 -- 15 season on away goals , and by Barcelona 5 -- 1 on aggregate in 2015 -- 16 . Arsenal exited at the last 16 for the seventh consecutive time to Bayern Munich , losing 10 -- 2 on aggregate . Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics Arsenal was the first British side to defeat Real Madrid and Juventus away from home . The club was also the first to win against both Milanese teams : Internazionale and Milan at the San Siro . Goalkeeper Jens Lehmann kept ten consecutive clean sheets in the run - in to the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final ; the defence went 995 minutes until conceding a goal . Against Hamburg in the UEFA Champions League group stage on 13 September 2006 , Arsenal became the first team in the competition 's history to field a first eleven of different nationalities . Most appearances in European competition : Thierry Henry , 78 Most goals in European competition : Thierry Henry , 41 First European match : Copenhagen XI 1 -- 7 Arsenal , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , first round , 25 September 1963 First goal scored in Europe : Johnny MacLeod , against Copenhagen XI Biggest win : Standard Liège 0 -- 7 Arsenal , in the Cup Winners Cup , 2 November 1993 Arsenal 7 -- 0 Slavia Prague , in the UEFA Champions League , 23 October 2007 Biggest defeat : FC Bayern Munich 5 -- 1 Arsenal , in the UEFA Champions League , 4 November 2015 , 15 February 2017 , 8 March 2017 Highest European home attendance : 73,707 , against Lens in the UEFA Champions League By season ( edit ) Information correct as of 2 November 2017 . Key Pld = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost F = Goals for A = Goals against Grp = Group stage GS2 = Second group stage R1 = First round R2 = Second round R3 = Third round R4 = Fourth round R16 = Round of 16 QF = Quarter - final SF = Semi-final Key to colours and symbols : W Winners RU Runners - up Arsenal F.C. record in European football by season Season Competition Pld GF GA GD Round 1963 -- 64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 11 8 + 3 R3 1969 -- 70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 12 7 23 6 + 17 1970 -- 71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 8 12 5 + 7 R5 ! QF 1971 -- 72 European Cup 6 0 13 + 9 R5 ! QF 1978 -- 79 UEFA Cup 6 10 5 + 5 R3 1979 -- 80 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 0 13 5 + 8 RU 1981 -- 82 UEFA Cup 0 5 + 3 R2 1982 -- 83 UEFA Cup 0 0 8 − 4 R1 1991 -- 92 European Cup 8 6 + 2 R2 1993 -- 94 European Cup Winners ' Cup 9 6 0 17 + 14 1994 European Super Cup 0 0 − 2 RU 1994 -- 95 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 9 5 18 12 + 6 RU 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup 0 0 − 2 R1 1997 -- 98 UEFA Cup 0 − 1 R1 1998 -- 99 UEFA Champions League 6 8 8 0 Grp 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Champions League 6 9 9 0 Grp 1999 -- 2000 UEFA Cup 9 6 21 9 + 12 RU 2000 -- 01 UEFA Champions League 14 7 19 18 + 1 R5 ! QF 2001 -- 02 UEFA Champions League 12 5 6 17 17 0 R4 ! GS2 2002 -- 03 UEFA Champions League 12 5 15 9 + 6 R4 ! GS2 2003 -- 04 UEFA Champions League 10 5 16 11 + 5 R5 ! QF 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League 8 13 9 + 4 R4 ! R16 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League 13 8 15 + 11 RU 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League 10 5 13 6 + 7 R4 ! R16 2007 -- 08 UEFA Champions League 12 7 24 9 + 15 R5 ! QF 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League 14 7 23 11 + 12 R6 ! SF 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League 12 7 26 14 + 12 R5 ! QF 2010 -- 11 UEFA Champions League 8 5 0 21 11 + 10 R4 ! R16 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League 10 6 13 11 + 2 R4 ! R16 2012 -- 13 UEFA Champions League 8 13 11 + 2 R4 ! R16 2013 -- 14 UEFA Champions League 10 6 14 7 + 7 R4 ! R16 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League 10 6 19 11 + 8 R4 ! R16 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League 8 0 5 13 15 + 2 R4 ! R16 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League 8 20 16 + 4 R16 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League 0 8 + 5 Grp H By competition ( edit ) Information correct as of 9 November 2017 . Competition Pld GF GA GD Win % Champions League / European Cup 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 7002101000000000000 ♠ 101 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7002332000000000000 ♠ 332 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 + 115 07001502500000000000 ♠ 50.25 Cup Winners ' Cup / European Cup Winners ' Cup 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 28 07001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 Europa League / UEFA Cup / Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 + 45 07001509400000000000 ♠ 50.94 Super Cup / European Super Cup 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 2 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Total 7002283000000000000 ♠ 283 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7002477000000000000 ♠ 477 7002291000000000000 ♠ 291 + 186 07001505300000000000 ♠ 50.53 By country ( edit ) Information correct as of 19 October 2017 . Arsenal F.C. record in European football by country Country Pld GF GA GD Win % Austria 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 5 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Belarus 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Belgium 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 17 07001571400000000000 ♠ 57.14 Croatia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 6 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Cyprus 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 5 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Czech Republic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 20 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Denmark 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 + 7 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 England 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 − 6 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 France 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 + 15 07001583300000000000 ♠ 58.33 Germany 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 + 3 07001454500000000000 ♠ 45.45 Greece 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 + 8 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Italy 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 + 13 07001484800000099999 ♠ 48.48 Netherlands 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 + 14 07001388900000000000 ♠ 38.89 Northern Ireland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 2 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Norway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 10 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Portugal 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 13 07001416700000000000 ♠ 41.67 Romania 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 + 12 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Russia 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 − 1 07001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 Scotland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Serbia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 + 5 07001666700000000000 ♠ 66.67 Spain 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 − 4 07001322590000000000 ♠ 32.26 Sweden 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 7 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 Switzerland 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 + 9 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 Turkey 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 + 17 07001636400000000000 ♠ 63.64 Ukraine 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 + 0 07001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 Honours ( edit ) European honours of Arsenal F.C. Honour No . Years Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1970 European Cup Winners ' Cup 1994 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as the German Democratic Republic and Soviet Union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wearmouth , Rachel ( 1 September 2008 ) . `` BBC films story of World Cup winners '' . The Northern Echo . Darlington . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Nemzeti Sport , 9 July 1930 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Wenger sees Europe league in four years '' . The Guardian . London . 21 October 1997 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : King , Anthony ( 2003 ) . The European Ritual : Football in the New Europe . London . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3652 - 6 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Anthony ( 2003 ) . The European Ritual : Football in the New Europe . London . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 3652 - 6 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Club History '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations. 27 -- 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . If the two teams involved in a tie score the same number of goals over the two legs , the team which scores more away goals qualifies for the next stage . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martin ( 17 February 2008 ) . `` Wenger : European super league will happen '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` European super league will be here in 10 years , says Arsène Wenger '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer -- Wenger predicts even bigger Champions ' League '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Istanbul. 22 October 1997 . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ James , David ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` The chase for the Champions League dollars is breeding mediocrity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 15 August 2010 ) . `` It 's time for Arsenal to win trophies again , admits Arsène Wenger '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sport in brief '' . The Guardian . London . 27 June 1963 . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Armadale winger hit Arsenal 's first goal in Europe '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 18 December 1963 ) . `` Liege keep Arsenal on the run '' . The Guardian . London . p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Barham , Albert ( 20 March 1970 ) . `` Arsenal to meet Ajax '' . The Guardian . London . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Lacey , David ( 20 March 1970 ) . `` Arsenal play it cool in defence '' . The Guardian . London . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 23 April 1970 ) . `` Kennedy gives Arsenal hope '' . The Guardian . London . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Famous comeback clinches Fairs Cup '' . Arsenal.com . Arsenal Football Club . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 29 April 1970 ) . `` Triumph for Arsenal '' . The Guardian . London . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Samuel , John ( 24 March 1971 ) . `` Arsenal miss way in Cologne '' . The Guardian . London . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 4 May 1971 ) . `` Arsenal finish in champion style '' . The Guardian . London . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Barham , Albert ( 23 March 1972 ) . `` Arsenal well beaten '' . The Guardian . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Fox , Norman ( 2 June 1973 ) . `` Three up and down for top two divisions '' . The Times . Issue 58798 , p. 23 , col . A . Jump up ^ Yallop , Richard ( 28 September 1978 ) . `` Stapleton goal show '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Yallop , Richard ( 7 December 1978 ) . `` Ten men go down at the very end '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Robert ( 10 April 1980 ) . `` Arsenal 's late counter-punch '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Robert ( 24 April 1980 ) . `` Italian 's vanquished by sub Vaessen '' . The Guardian . London . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Robert ( 15 May 1980 ) . `` Arsenal pay the penalty '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal humiliated in Europe on this day , 3rd November 1981 '' . Jump up ^ Guest , Iain ; Lacey , David ; Naughtie , James ( 7 June 1985 ) . `` Worldwide ban for clubs '' . The Guardian . London . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 7 May 1991 ) . `` Highbury celebrates with a hat - trick '' . The Guardian . London . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 7 November 1991 ) . `` Benfica out of Gunners ' range '' . The Guardian . London . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 4 November 1993 ) . `` Arsenal record raises English standard '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 4 May 1994 ) . `` Weakened Arsenal use counter culture '' . The Guardian . London . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 5 May 1994 ) . `` Arsenal confound the Euro skeptics '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 6 May 1994 ) . `` Graham proud of his very English coup '' . The Guardian . London . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` School claims disputed '' . The Guardian . London . 6 February 1995 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ; Thomas , Russell ( 24 February 1995 ) . `` £ 425,000 bung paid to Graham '' . The Guardian . London . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 21 April 1995 ) . `` Seaman has the final word '' . The Guardian . London . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 11 May 1995 ) . `` Arsenal fall to Nayim mortar '' . The Guardian . London . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Ventris , Gwen ( 2004 ) . Successful Change Management : The Fifty Key Facts ( 1st ed . ) . New York City . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7205 - 2 . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Derrick ( 26 September 1996 ) . `` Arsenal 's dreams are ended by Juskowiak '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Nigel ( 26 September 1996 ) . `` To Hell and Beck '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( 12 May 1997 ) . `` Football : Three Gunner salute for Baseball Ground '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowbottom , Mike ( 1 October 1997 ) . `` Greeks ' late goal sends Arsenal tumbling out '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacey , David ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` Gunners rest their case for the defence '' . The Guardian . London . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal get Wembley go - ahead '' . BBC News . BBC . 24 July 1998 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United drawn against Euro giants '' . BBC News . BBC . 29 August 1998 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Martin ( 25 November 1998 ) . `` Arsenal crash out of Europe '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal win but finish second '' . BBC News . BBC . 16 May 1999 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gunners crash out of Europe '' . BBC News . BBC . 27 October 1999 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Melling , Joe ( 24 October 1999 ) . `` Wenger backing his old guard '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League 1999 / 00 -- History -- Arsenal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal left to fly Euro flag '' . BBC News . BBC . 20 April 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , John ( 18 May 2000 ) . `` Football : Not Again ; First Nayim , now it 's Popescu . Arsenal 's Euro dream is wrecked by the curse of Spurs Arsenal 0 Galatasaray 0 UEFA Cup final : Arsenal lose 4 -- 1 on penalties '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` Teargas fired on fighting fans '' . BBC News . BBC . 17 May 2000 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . 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2,336
who is killing teresa in happy death day
However , the next morning Tree wakes up again on her birthday . Confused and distraught over the fact that killing Tombs did not stop the time loop , Tree returns to her room where Lori offers the cupcake again . Tree realizes that she had died in her sleep and also notes that this was the only time she had ever eaten the cupcake . Tree realizes that Lori is the true killer ; Lori had poisoned the cupcake , but when Tree did not eat it , she utilized her job as a nurse in the hospital to frame Tombs for Tree 's murder . Tree tries to coerce Lori to have a bite and when Lori refuses , Tree decides to take it to the police . Lori attacks Tree , locks the door and confesses that she was jealous of her affair with Dr. Butler . Tree manages to stuff the cupcake into Lori 's mouth before kicking her out of a window , sending her falling to her death . Tree and Carter muse over the day 's events back in the restaurant . He offers her his room for the night , also commenting her situation is a lot like the film Groundhog Day . Tree wakes up the next day believing herself to be in another loop , but it turns out to be a prank by Carter . The two share a kiss .
Lori
Happy Death Day
happy death day
Happy Death Day is a 2017 American slasher film directed by Christopher B. Landon , written by Scott Lobdell and starring Jessica Rothe , Israel Broussard , and Ruby Modine . The film was produced by Jason Blum through his Blumhouse Productions banner . It follows a college student who is murdered on her birthday and begins reliving the day over and over again ; at that point , she sets out to find the killer and stop her death .
Originally announced in 2007 under the title Half to Death , the film was released on October 13 , 2017 , by Universal Pictures . It has grossed $122 million worldwide on a $4.8 million budget and received generally positive reviews , with critics deeming the film entertaining while acknowledging the familiar premise , and describing it as `` Groundhog Day meets Scream '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Alternate ending 3.5 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Sequel 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Theresa `` Tree '' Gelbman wakes up on her birthday on Monday , September 18 , 2017 in the dorm room of classmate Carter Davis after a drunken binge the previous evening . Tree goes through the day being self - centered , dismissive , and condescending to her classmates and previous hook - ups , ignoring her father 's invitation to a restaurant , throwing away a birthday cupcake given to her by her roommate Lori Spengler , and having an affair with Dr. Gregory Butler , her professor . That night , while going to a party , Tree is lured into a tunnel where she is brutally murdered by a hooded figure wearing a mask of the campus mascot . Tree wakes up the next morning back in Carter 's bed with the previous day 's events repeating . Unnerved , she relives the day and avoids the tunnel , instead heading to a fraternity house for a surprise party . However , after becoming intimate with her classmate Nick , the masked killer murders him before killing Tree once more . Tree realizes that she is in a time loop and tries to avoid her death by barricading herself in her room . However , she is murdered again when the killer hides in her bedroom . Upon waking up again , she relays her story to Carter , who suggests that she take advantage of the loop in order to figure out who her killer is . She spends the next several iterations trailing suspected classmates and dying each time . After Tree dies from being bludgeoned by a baseball bat , she passes out shortly after waking up . She awakens in the campus hospital where she learns that her body shows evidence of recovery from multiple , massive , traumatic injuries , meaning she has retained damage from her previous murders even after waking up fully healed every time . Tree escapes the hospital room only to be chased by the killer until she manages to flee in Butler 's car . While driving , she is pulled over by a police officer and volunteers to be arrested in order to be spared . While held in the officer 's squad car , the killer runs over the officer and blows up the squad car by igniting the fuel tank with a candle . Waking up in Carter 's bed again , Tree convinces Carter of her predicament by showing that she holds foreknowledge of the day 's events . In Corky 's , Tree admits to Carter that she does not like who she has become as she is distant from her father in the wake of her mother 's death three years ago . Tree catches a local news report on John Tombs , a serial killer who is being held in the hospital on her campus . Concluding that Tombs is her killer , Tree rushes to the hospital to warn of his escape . Tombs breaks free and nearly kills Tree , but Carter follows and rescues her . Tombs snaps Carter 's neck before chasing Tree to a nearby bell tower where she manages to subdue him with a crowbar . Realizing that Carter will remain dead if she does n't restart the loop , Tree hangs herself in the tower . During the next iteration , Tree sets out to be a kinder person by ending her affair with Dr. Butler and meeting with her father to resolve her inner grief . That night , she prepares to stop Tombs . He manages to get the upper hand on her until Tree utilizes a campus - wide blackout that occurs during the loop to disarm him and shoot him to death . Relieved to finally be free , she celebrates her birthday in Carter 's room and eats the cupcake given to her by Lori . However , the next morning Tree wakes up again on her birthday . Confused and distraught over the fact that killing Tombs did not stop the time loop , Tree returns to her room where Lori offers the cupcake again . Tree realizes that she had died in her sleep and also notes that this was the only time she had ever eaten the cupcake . Tree realizes that Lori is the true killer ; Lori had poisoned the cupcake , but when Tree did not eat it , she utilized her job as a nurse in the hospital to frame Tombs for Tree 's murder . Tree tries to coerce Lori to have a bite and when Lori refuses , Tree decides to take it to the police . Lori attacks Tree , locks the door and confesses that she was jealous of her affair with Dr. Butler . Tree manages to stuff the cupcake into Lori 's mouth before kicking her out of a window , sending her falling to her death . Tree and Carter muse over the day 's events back in the restaurant . He offers her his room for the night , also commenting her situation is a lot like the film Groundhog Day . Tree wakes up the next day believing herself to be in another loop , but it turns out to be a prank by Carter . The two share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Jessica Rothe as Theresa `` Tree '' Gelbman Israel Broussard as Carter Davis Ruby Modine as Lori Spengler Rachel Matthews as Danielle Bouseman Charles Aitken as Gregory Butler Rob Mello as John Tombs Phi Vu as Ryan Phan Caleb Spillyards as Tim Bauer Jason Bayle as David Gelbman Laura Clifton as Stephanie Butler Cariella Smith as Becky Shepard Tran Tran as Emily Blaine Kern III as Nick Sims Dane Rhodes as Officer Santora Tenea Intriago as Student Protestor Missy Yager as Mrs. Gelbman Production ( edit ) Preproduction ( edit ) `` The movie was in pre-production or soft production at the time , and I came on and I loved the concept of the movie . I loved the idea of a girl , trapped in a time loop who has to solve her own murder . '' -- Director Christopher B. Landon about the concept of the film . The film was first announced in July 2007 , with Megan Fox attached to star . The film was originally titled Half to Death , produced by Michael Bay and Rogue Pictures , and directed by Antti Jokinen . Christopher B. Landon was hired to rewrite the Scott Lobdell script , and while he liked the reworked script the studio decided to not move on with it . The project was only revived years later , as original producer Angela Mancuso had lunch with Landon and remembered about Half to Death . Landon decided to send the script to Jason Blum of Blumhouse Productions , with whom he had worked in the Paranormal Activity sequels , and he approved it , leading to a green - light by Universal Pictures . Blumhouse announced the project on October 11 , 2016 , with Landon directing and Jessica Rothe cast in the lead role of the film . On November 8 , 2016 , it was announced that Ruby Modine , Charles Aitken and Rachel Matthews had joined the cast , alongside Rothe and Israel Broussard . The film got eventually retitled Happy Death Day in June 2017 . The mask was constructed by Tony Gardner , the same man who built the `` Ghostface '' mask from every Scream film , and its design was personal . Landon explains , `` During preproduction ... I was expecting my first son . I do n't know if I just had babies on the brain , or if I was subconsciously scared to become a father , but that baby image was floating around in my head . Tony made us a pig mask , too , but when I wore the baby mask in the office , I scared a co-worker , and we thought ... yeah , this is it . This is the one . '' Scream itself was listed among the influences Christopher Landon took for the film , along with Halloween ( 1978 ) , Groundhog Day and comedies of the 1980s such as Sixteen Candles and Back to the Future , given he aimed to make a `` fun , silly horror movie '' . He also aimed to emulate the protagonist 's personal growth in Groundhog Day to comment on `` this age of social media and all the crappy things that kids do to each other . '' Writing ( edit ) Writer Scott Lobdell said he wanted to play with the tropes of the slasher genre , as according to him `` every slasher film opens up with the mean girl getting killed and the good girl living till the end . And I thought , ' How can I make the mean girl and the good girl the same person ? ' '' In the original draft , Lori and Dr. Butler were the killers together . Landon says , `` They were a psycho couple murdering Tree together . That ultimately did n't work for me . I thought Gregory was a great opportunity to be a suspect . To make him a killer , it did n't help me . That was a change I really wanted to make . '' Also , in the original draft there was no birthday , and no romance , which Landon added to humanize Tree . Landon decided to shorten the protagonist 's name Teresa into Tree , which also conveyed her character arc as `` trees need to grow and you see this character go from one person to another '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place at and around Loyola University in New Orleans , Louisiana , and it lasted 5 weeks . The scenes where Tree awakens in Carter 's bed after her death were filmed back to back in a span of two days . The scene after Lori dies was supposed to be at the sorority house , but the filming permit was over before production was able to shoot there , forcing the location to be changed into a Los Angeles diner also featured in another Blumhouse production , Split . Alternate ending ( edit ) In the original ending of the film , Tree is taken to the hospital after her encounter with Lori . The doctor instructs her to stay away from pain medication for at least a day due to the extent of her injuries . After he leaves , a nurse comes in and tells Tree she is giving Tree something for the pain and Tree informs the nurse of the doctor 's orders . The nurse reveals herself to be Dr. Butler 's wife Stephanie , who says it is for her pain and then murders Tree in revenge for the affair between her and Dr. Butler . This version was shown in the test screenings for the film , and was received negatively by the audience , forcing the writers to come up with the theatrical ending . Director Christopher Landon also revealed Lori and Dr. Butler were the killers in the rough drafts , which later inspired the idea of the poisoned cupcake . Music ( edit ) Happy Death Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Bear McCreary Released October 13 , 2017 Genre Film score Length 39 : 57 ( Standard album ) 44 : 16 ( Bonus track version ) Label Back Lot Music Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Soundtrack Dreams Bear McCreary is the composer of all tracks . Standard album No . Title Length 1 . `` Day One '' 5 : 26 2 . `` Day Two '' 6 : 05 3 . `` Day Three '' 4 : 18 4 . `` Day Four '' 2 : 17 5 . `` Hospital Pursuit '' 5 : 55 6 . `` The Bell Tower '' 3 : 30 7 . `` Righting Wrongs '' 3 : 40 8 . `` Tree Takes Control '' 4 : 30 9 . `` The Cupcake '' 4 : 16 Total length : 39 : 57 Bonus track No . Title Length 10 . `` Happy Death Day End Title Credits '' 4 : 19 Total length : 44 : 16 Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Happy Death Day grossed $55.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $67 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $122.6 million , against a production budget of $4.8 million . In the United States and Canada , Happy Death Day was released alongside Marshall , The Foreigner and Professor Marston and the Wonder Women , and was expected to gross $15 -- 20 million from 3,130 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1 million from Thursday night previews at 2,450 theaters , similar to fellow Blumhouse release The Visit ( $1.05 million in 2015 ) and $11.6 million on its first day , increasing weekend projections to $26 million . It went on to debut to $26 million , topping the box office , making it the third Blumhouse Productions film of 2017 ( after Split and Get Out ) to do so . It fell 64 % in its second weekend to $9.4 million , finishing in third behind newcomers Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween and Geostorm . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 119 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Happy Death Day puts a darkly humorous sci - fi spin on slasher conventions , with added edge courtesy of a starmaking performance from Jessica Rothe . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 26 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 52 % `` definite recommend '' . Critics noted that although the film makes laudatory attempts at merging genres -- including romantic comedy , horror and `` campus satire '' -- the end results were mixed . Jamie East from The Sun likened it to a `` slasher Mean Girls , '' while Chris Agar of Screen Rant said that the `` fun , if silly , blending of genre tropes ... ends up being a double - edged sword . '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released on digital HD on January 2 , 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on January 16 , 2018 . The home release features the original ending . Sequel ( edit ) Director Christopher B. Landon has talked about the possibility of a sequel , focusing on why Tree went into a time loop . Jessica Rothe stated that while most horror sequels retread the original , Landon 's pitch instead `` elevates the movie from being a horror movie into a Back to the Future type of genre film where the sequel joins us right from where we left off , it explains a lot of things in the first one that did n't get explained , and it elevates everything . '' Filming is scheduled to begin in May 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring time loops References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Get Scared ' Half to Death ' This October '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giles , Jeff ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Happy Death Day Is Familiar but Fun '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How it took nearly 10 years to make the horror movie ' Happy Death Day ' '' . October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Megan Fox Joins Half to Death '' . Beyond Hollywood . July 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Rothe Starring in Horror Movie ' Half to Death ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ruby Modine Joins Horror Movie ' Half to Death ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Universal , Blumhouse Retitle Film ' Half To Death ' To ' Happy Death Day ' Jump up ^ `` THE STORY BEHIND ' HAPPY DEATH DAYS CREEPY BABY MASK AND TREE 'S BEST LINES '' . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Influences : 10 Movies That Inspired the Director '' . ^ Jump up to : Fitz - Gerald , Sean . THE GUYS BEHIND ' HAPPY DEATH DAY ' TALK TIME - BENDING ENDING & SEQUEL IDEAS ( October 13 , 2017 ) , Thrillist ^ Jump up to : `` ' Happy Death Day ' Ending : Director Shares Sequel Plans for Part 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The director of ' Happy Death Day ' answers all the questions you have after watching the movie , Insider Jump up ^ Production Notes for Happy Death Day Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day 's Jessica Rothe On What It Means To Be A Scream Queen in 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Tom Philip ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Happy Death Day Star Jessica Rothe Explains What It 's Like to Die a Dozen Times in the Same Movie '' . GQ . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Shot An Original Ending That Made Test Audiences Furious '' . Cinema Blend. 2017 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Bonus Track Version ) '' . iTunes Store . 2018 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day ' expected to unseat ' Blade Runner 2049 ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse Makes a Wish for Another # 1 Opener with ' Happy Death Day ' '' . Box Office Mojo . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` ' Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween ' Reaps $21 M+ During October Dumping Ground At The B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Happy Death Day review : slasher Groundhog Day gives us a scream queen for the ages '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Like a slasher Mean Girls , Happy Death Day nails comedy and horror '' . The Sun . 2017 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Death Day Review '' . Screen Rant. 2017 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Happy Death Day Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Happy Death Day ' is n't out yet , but the director already has an idea for a sequel '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jessica Rothe on ' Forever My Girl ' & a ' Back to the Future ' - Esque ' Happy Death Day ' Sequel , Collider Jump up ^ `` ' Happy Death Day ' Sequel Reportedly Filming This Summer '' . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Happy Death Day on IMDb Happy Death Day at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Christopher B. Landon Burning Palms ( 2010 ) Paranormal Activity : The Marked Ones ( 2014 ) Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse ( 2015 ) Happy Death Day ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_Death_Day&oldid=834450348 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy horror films 2010s horror thriller films 2010s mystery films 2010s serial killer films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen horror films 2017 horror films Adultery in films American comedy horror films American films American horror thriller films American mystery films American serial killer films American slasher films American teen comedy films American teen horror films Blumhouse Productions films Films about birthday Films about death Films directed by Christopher B. Landon Films produced by Jason Blum Films set in 2017 Films set in Louisiana Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Louisiana Mystery horror films Mystery thriller films Romantic horror films Time loop films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the term serial killer come about
Robert Ressler
robert ressler
Robert Kenneth Ressler ( February 21 , 1937 -- May 5 , 2013 ) was an FBI agent and author . He played a significant role in the psychological profiling of violent offenders in the 1970s and is often credited with coining the term `` serial killer . '' After retiring from the FBI , he authored a number of books on serial murders , and often gave lectures on criminology .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Military career 3 FBI career 4 Life after retirement and death 5 Books 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Robert Ressler grew up on North Marmora Avenue in Chicago , Illinois and graduated from Schurz High School , Class of 1955 . He was the son of Joseph , who worked in security and maintenance at the Chicago Tribune , and Gertrude Ressler . At an early age Robert became interested in killers , as he followed the Tribune 's articles on `` The Lipstick Killer '' . Ressler claims that he was more fascinated than afraid of this notorious killer , as other killers fascinated him in his later years with the FBI . Ressler attended two years at a community college before joining the U.S. Army and was stationed in Okinawa . After two years in the army Ressler decided to enroll in the School of criminology and police administration at Michigan State University . He graduated with a bachelor 's degree and started graduate work but only finished one semester before going back into the army as an officer , having also completed an ROTC program at Michigan State . Military career ( edit ) Ressler served in the U.S. Army as a provost marshal of a platoon of MP s in Aschaffenburg , as he states in his autobiography `` Whoever Fights Monsters . '' He was in charge of solving such cases as homicides , robberies , and arson . After four years in Germany Ressler decided to leave the position and was reassigned as the Commander of a Criminal Investigation Division ( CID ) at Fort Sheridan . He then went back to Michigan State to finish his master 's in police administration , paid for by the army , in exchange for two more years of service after graduation . After he got his degree , he served a year in Thailand and a year in Fort Sheridan , where he finished out his career with the army as a major , and moved on to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . FBI career ( edit ) Ressler joined the FBI in 1970 and was recruited into the Behavioral Science Unit that deals with drawing up psychological profiles of violent offenders , such as rapists and serial killers , who typically select victims at random . In the early 1980s , Ressler helped to organize the interviews of thirty - six incarcerated serial killers in order to find parallels between such criminals ' backgrounds and motives . He was also instrumental in setting up Vi - CAP ( Violent Criminal Apprehension Program ) . This consists of a centralized computer database of information on unsolved homicides . Information is gathered from local police forces and cross-referenced with other unsolved killings across the United States . Working on the basis that most serial killers claim similar victims with a standard method ( modus operandi ) it hopes to spot early on when a killer is carrying out crimes in different jurisdictions . This was primarily a response to the appearance of nomadic killers who committed crimes in different areas . So long as the killer kept on the move , the police forces in each state would be unaware that there were multiple victims and would just be investigating a single homicide each , unaware that other police forces had similar crimes . Vi - CAP would help individual police forces determine if they were hunting for the same perpetrator so that they could share and correlate information with one another , increasing their chances of identifying a suspect . He worked on many cases of serial homicide such as Jeffrey Dahmer , Ted Bundy , Richard Chase and John Joubert . Life after retirement and death ( edit ) Ressler retired from the FBI in 1990 and authored a number of books about serial murder . He actively gave lectures to students and police forces on the subject of criminology and in 1993 , was brought in to London to assist in the investigation into the murders committed by Colin Ireland . In 1995 , Ressler met South African profiler Micki Pistorius at a conference in Scotland and she invited him to review her investigation of the `` ABC Murders '' , so - called because of their location in the Johannesburg suburbs of Atteridgeville , Boksburg , and Cleveland . A man named David Selepe had died in police custody while being investigated as a suspect for the Cleveland murders , prior to the discovery of the Atteridgeville and Boksburg crimes , and the authorities feared that they had killed an innocent man while the real culprit was still at large . Ressler believed that Selepe was indeed responsible for the Cleveland murders , either alone or with an accomplice , and that the Atteridgeville and Boksburg murders had been committed by the same offender , but that this killer was not involved in the Cleveland murders . He also pointed out that the Atteridgeville - Boksburg murderer was gaining confidence with each killing and would contact the media . As predicted , serial killer Moses Sithole called the South African newspaper The Star to claim responsibility for the Atteridgeville and Boksburg murders , some time after Ressler left the case . Ressler 's visit to Ciudad Juárez in Mexico to investigate the still - active femicides occurring there served as inspiration for the character Albert Kessler in Roberto Bolaño 's novel 2666 . Ressler died at his home in Spotsylvania County , Virginia on Sunday May 5 , 2013 , from Parkinson 's Disease . He was 76 years old . He is survived by his wife Helen Graszer Ressler , his son Lt. Col. Aaron R. Ressler , daughters Allison R. Tsiumus and Betsy S. Hamlin , 3 grandchildren and 3 step grandchildren . Books ( edit ) Sexual Homicide : Patterns and Motives ( with John E. Douglas , Ann Wolbert Burgess ) ( 1988 ) Whoever Fights Monsters : My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for the FBI ( with Tom Shachtman ) ( 1992 ) Justice Is Served ( with Tom Shachtman ) ( 1994 ) I Have Lived in the Monster ( with Tom Shachtman ) ( 1998 ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Crime Classification Manual FBI method of profiling Forensic psychology Investigative psychology Offender profiling John E. Douglas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Illinois , Cook County , Birth Certificate of Robert Kenneth Ressler '' . Jump up ^ https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/shadow-boxing/201410/who-coined-serial-killer Jump up ^ `` Sleuth Took A Serial Interest In Gacy '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Ressler , Robert ( 1993 ) . Whoever Fights Monsters . New York : St Martin 's Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 0312950446 . Jump up ^ Pistorius , Micki ( 2012 ) Catch me a killer . Penguin UK , 209 pages . Jump up ^ Murray , William ( 2009 ) Serial Killers . Canary Press , 192 pages . Jump up ^ Marcela Valdes , `` Alone Among the Ghosts : Roberto Bolano 's ' 2666 ' '' , The Nation , 19 November , 2008 Jump up ^ Author of article Free Lance - Star reporter Pamela Gould , http://www.covenantfuneralservice.com/obituaries/robert-kenneth-ressler/ External links ( edit ) Robert Ressler 's official site Robert K Ressler interview at www.sci-fi-online.com Robert Ressler obituary at Forensic Behavorial Science International Obituary VIAF : 34525007 LCCN : n87865773 ISNI : 0000 0000 8113 3139 GND : 1052829031 SUDOC : 137120109 BNF : cb12310321z ( data ) NDL : 00473678 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ressler&oldid=822512087 '' Categories : 1937 births 2013 deaths FBI agents Offender profiling Michigan State University alumni United States Army officers Deaths from Parkinson 's disease Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 20 : 15 . 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what is another name for the red sea
The Red Sea ( also the Erythraean Sea ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean , lying between Africa and Asia . The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden . To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula , the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Gulf of Suez ( leading to the Suez Canal ) . The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion . The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley .
Erythraean Sea
Red Sea
red sea
The body of water between Arabia and Africa
This article is about the body of water between Arabia and Africa . For other uses , see Red Sea ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is missing information about pollution of the Red Sea . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Red Sea Coordinates 22 ° N 38 ° E  /  22 ° N 38 ° E  / 22 ; 38 Coordinates : 22 ° N 38 ° E  /  22 ° N 38 ° E  / 22 ; 38 Primary inflows Barka River , Haddas River , Anseba River , Wadi Gasus Primary outflows Bab el Mandeb Max. length 2,250 km ( 1,400 mi ) Max . width 355 km ( 221 mi ) Surface area 438,000 km ( 169,000 sq mi ) Average depth 490 m ( 1,610 ft ) Max . depth 3,040 m ( 9,970 ft ) Water volume 233,000 km ( 56,000 cu mi ) Play media This video over the south - eastern Mediterranean Sea and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . The Red Sea ( also the Erythraean Sea ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean , lying between Africa and Asia . The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden . To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula , the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Gulf of Suez ( leading to the Suez Canal ) . The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion . The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley . The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km ( 169,100 mi ) , is about 2250 km ( 1398 mi ) long and , at its widest point , 355 km ( 220.6 mi ) wide . It has a maximum depth of 3,040 m ( 9,970 ft ) in the central Suakin Trough , and an average depth of 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) . However , there are also extensive shallow shelves , noted for their marine life and corals . The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species , and 200 soft and hard corals . It is the world 's northernmost tropical sea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extent 2 Names 3 History 3.1 Ancient era 3.2 Middle Ages and modern era 4 Oceanography 4.1 Salinity 4.2 Tidal range 4.3 Current 4.4 Wind regime 5 Geology 5.1 Mineral resources 6 Ecosystem 7 Desalination plants 8 Security 9 Facts and figures 10 Tourism 11 Bordering countries 12 Towns and cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows : On the North . The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez ( A line running from Ràs Muhammed ( 27 ° 43'N ) to the South point of Shadwan Island ( 34 ° 02'E ) and thence Westward on a parallel ( 27 ° 27'N ) to the coast of Africa ) and Aqaba ( A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ( 27 ° 57 ′ N 34 ° 36 ′ E  /  27.950 ° N 34.600 ° E  / 27.950 ; 34.600 ) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel ( 27 ° 54'N ) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula ) . On the South . A line joining Husn Murad ( 12 ° 40 ′ N 43 ° 30 ′ E  /  12.667 ° N 43.500 ° E  / 12.667 ; 43.500 ) and Ras Siyyan ( 12 ° 29 ′ N 43 ° 20 ′ E  /  12.483 ° N 43.333 ° E  / 12.483 ; 43.333 ) . Names Tihama on the Red Sea near Khaukha , Yemen Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa ( Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα ) , Latin Mare Rubrum ( alternatively Sinus Arabicus , literally `` Arabian Gulf '' ) , Arabic : البحر الأحمر ‎ , translit . Al - Baḥr Al - Aḥmar ( alternatively بحر القلزم Baḥr Al - Qulzum , literally `` the Sea of Clysma '' ) , Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī ( ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ) . The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red - coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water 's surface . A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name red is referring to the direction south , just as the Black Sea 's name may refer to north . The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions . Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably . Historically , it was also known to western geographers as Mare Mecca ( Sea of Mecca ) , and Sinus Arabicus ( Gulf of Arabia ) . Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf or Gulf of Arabia . The association of the Red Sea with the biblical account of the Israelites crossing the Red Sea is ancient , and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version , the Yam Suph ( Hebrew : ים סוף ‎ , lit . ' Sea of Reeds ' ) is translated as Erythra Thalassa ( Red Sea ) . The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms -- the others being the Black Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north - western part of the Indian Ocean , and also to a region on Mars . History Ancient era Ancient Egyptian expedition to the Land of Punt on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by ancient Egyptians , as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt . One such expedition took place around 2500 BC , and another around 1500 BC ( by Hatshepsut ) . Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea . Historically , scholars argued whether these trips were possible . The biblical Book of Exodus tells the tale of the Israelites ' crossing of a body of water , which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph ( Hebrew : יַם סוּף ‬ ) . Yam Suph was traditionally identified as the Red Sea . Rabbi Saadia Gaon ( 882 ‒ 942 CE ) , in his Judeo - Arabic translation of the Pentateuch , identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as Baḥar al - Qulzum , meaning the Gulf of Suez . Settlements and commercial centers in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the spice trade , as described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea In the 6th century BC , Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea , improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents . A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez . In the late 4th century BC , Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean . Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea . Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC . The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( `` Periplus of the Red Sea '' ) , a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD , contains a detailed description of the Red Sea 's ports and sea routes . The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India . The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus , when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean , Egypt , and the northern Red Sea . The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans . From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world . Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea , but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD . Middle Ages and modern era During the Middle Ages , the Red Sea was an important part of the spice trade route . In 1513 , trying to secure that channel to Portugal , Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden but was forced to retreat . They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al - Mandab , as the first European fleet to have sailed these waters . In 1798 , France ordered General Napoleon to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea . Although he failed in his mission , the engineer Jean - Baptiste Lepère , who took part in it , revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs . Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal , but none lasted for long . The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869 . At the time , the British , French , and Italians shared the trading posts . The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War . After the Second World War , the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified . However , the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975 . Today , in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea , the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route , which is believed to be less vulnerable . Oceanography Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea , with a dust storm The Red Sea is between arid land , desert and semi-desert . Reef systems are better developed along the Red Sea mainly because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern . The Red Sea water mass - exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea , Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden . These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south . The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two monsoon seasons ; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon . Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea . Very high surface temperatures and high salinities make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world . The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in the north and 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the south , with only about 2 ° C ( 3.6 ° F ) variation during the winter months . The overall average water temperature is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m ( 656 ft ) . The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents . The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low , averaging 0.06 m ( 2.36 in ) per year . The rain is mostly short showers , often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms . The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 205 cm ( 81 in ) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation . A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea found surface water temperatures 28 ° C in winter and up to 34 ° C in the summer , but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching , with only 9 % infected by Thalassomonas loyana , the ' white plague ' agent . Favia favus coral there harbours a virus , BA3 , which kills T. loyana . Plans are afoot to use samples of these corals ' apparently heat - adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere . Salinity The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world , owing to high evaporation . Salinity ranges from between ~ 36 ‰ in the southern part because of the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part , owing mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation . The average salinity is 40 ‰ . ( Average salinity for the world 's seawater is ~ 35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale , or PSU ; that translates to 3.5 % of actual dissolved salts . ) The salinity of the Red Sea is greater than the world average , by approximately 4 percent . This is due to several factors : High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation . Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea . Limited connection with the Indian Ocean , which has lower water salinity . Tidal range In general tide ranges between 0.6 m ( 2.0 ft ) in the north , near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m ( 3.0 ft ) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m ( 0.66 ft ) and 0.30 m ( 0.98 ft ) away from the nodal point . The central Red Sea ( Jeddah area ) is therefore almost tideless , and as such the annual water level changes are more significant . Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels . However , south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km ( 2 mi ) , whereas , north of Jeddah in the Al - Kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) . The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas , especially during storms . Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) higher than in summer . Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs , sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1 -- 2 m / s ( 3 -- 6.5 ft / s ) . Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt , Eritrea , Israel , Saudi Arabia , and Sudan . Current In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking , partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally . Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) and are governed all by wind . During the summer , NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15 -- 20 cm / s ( 6 -- 8 in / s ) , whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea . The net value of the latter predominates , resulting in an overall drift to the north end of the Red Sea . Generally , the velocity of the tidal current is between 50 -- 60 cm / s ( 20 -- 23.6 in / s ) with a maximum of 1 m / s ( 3.3 ft / s ) at the mouth of the al - Kharrar Lagoon . However , the range of the north - northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8 -- 29 cm / s ( 3 -- 11.4 in / s ) . Wind regime The north part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north - west winds , with speeds ranging between 7 km / h ( 4.3 mph ) and 12 km / h ( 7.5 mph ) . The rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds . The wind regime is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward . Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea to transport material as suspension or as bedload . Wind - induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition . Wind - generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds . Geology Dust storm over the Red Sea The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift . This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene . The sea is still widening , and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time ( as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson ) . In 1949 , a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea . Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot , 60 ° C ( 140 ° F ) , saline brines and associated metalliferous muds . The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift . The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms . Sometime during the Tertiary period , the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt - floored sink . Effects causing this would have been : A `` race '' between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava . The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages because of much water being locked up in the ice caps . A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea . Most are dormant . However , in 2007 , Jabal al - Tair island in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently . Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the Zubair Archipelago , a small chain of islands owned by Yemen . The first island , Sholan Island , emerged in an eruption in December 2011 , the second island , Jadid , emerged in September 2013 . Mineral resources Red Sea coast in Taba , Egypt In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows : Biogenic constituents : Nanofossils , foraminifera , pteropods , siliceous fossils Volcanogenic constituents : Tuffites , volcanic ash , montmorillonite , cristobalite , zeolites Terrigenous constituents : Quartz , feldspars , rock fragments , mica , heavy minerals , clay minerals Authigenic minerals : Sulfide minerals , aragonite , Mg - calcite , protodolomite , dolomite , quartz , chalcedony . Evaporite minerals : Magnesite , gypsum , anhydrite , halite , polyhalite Brine precipitate : Fe - montmorillonite , goethite , hematite , siderite , rhodochrosite , pyrite , sphalerite , anhydrite . Ecosystem See also : Persian Gulf § Wildlife Ain Sukhna beach , Suez - Mollusca collection The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem . More than 1200 species of fish have been recorded in the Red Sea , and around 10 % of these are found nowhere else . This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish . Red Sea coral and marine fish The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km ( 1,240 mi ) of coral reef extending along its coastline ; these fringing reefs are 5000 -- 7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals . The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders ( such as the Blue Hole ( Red Sea ) at Dahab ) . These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of Red Sea fish , including some of the 44 species of shark . The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls . Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic ( i.e. , Darwinian ) coral reef classification schemes , and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area . The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government , who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983 . The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life , which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts . Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous , a few are hazardous to humans : see Red Sea species hazardous to humans . Other marine habitats include sea grass beds , salt pans , mangroves and salt marshes . Desalination plants There is extensive demand for desalinated water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea . There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals ( chlorine and anti-scalants ) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases to the fish . This is only localized , but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry . The water from the Red Sea is also used by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling . Used water drained back into the coastal zones may harm the nearshore environment of the Red Sea . Security The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe , the Persian Gulf and East Asia , and as such has heavy shipping traffic . Government - related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority , Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt , Jordan Maritime Authority , Israel Port Authority , Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan . Facts and figures Length : ~ 2,250 km ( 1,398.1 mi ) - 79 % of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets Maximum Width : ~ 306 -- 355 km ( 190 -- 220 mi ) -- Massawa ( Eritrea ) Minimum Width : ~ 26 -- 29 km ( 16 -- 18 mi ) - Bab el Mandeb Strait ( Yemen ) Average Width : ~ 280 km ( 174.0 mi ) Average Depth : ~ 490 m ( 1,607.6 ft ) Maximum Depth : ~ 2,211 m ( 7,253.9 ft ) Surface Area : 438 - 450 x 10 km ( 16,900 -- 17,400 sq mi ) Volume : 215 -- 251 x 10 km ( 51,600 -- 60,200 cu mi ) Approximately 40 % of the Red Sea is quite shallow ( under 100 m / 330 ft ) , and about 25 % is under 50 m ( 164 ft ) deep . About 15 % of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) depth that forms the deep axial trough . Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs Continental slope has an irregular profile ( series of steps down to ~ 500 m or 1,640 ft ) Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough ( Suakin Trough ) ( ~ 1,000 m or 3,281 ft ; with maximum depth 3,040 m or 9,974 ft ) Tourism Hotels in Eilat , Israel This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The sea is known for its recreational diving sites , such as Ras Mohammed , SS Thistlegorm ( shipwreck ) , Elphinstone Reef , The Brothers , Daedalus Reef , St. John 's Reef , Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb , Abington , Angarosh and Shaab Rumi . The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s , and later by Jacques - Yves Cousteau . Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna , Hurghada , Safaga , Marsa Alam , on the west shore of the Red Sea , and Sharm - el - Sheikh , Dahab , and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï , as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera . The popular tourist beach of Sharm el - Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks , including a fatality . As of December 2010 , scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified , but not verified , several possible causes including over-fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore , tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark - photo opportunities , and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard . The sea 's narrowness , significant depth , and sharp drop - offs , all combine to form a geography where large deep - water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water , yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas . Bordering countries The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections : the Red Sea proper , and in the north , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez . The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are : Eastern shore : Saudi Arabia Yemen Western shore : Egypt Sudan Eritrea Djibouti The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt . The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt , Israel , Jordan and Saudi Arabia . In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above , areas such as Somalia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories . This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and / or political ties with said areas . Towns and cities Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast ( including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez ) include : Al Hudaydah ( الحديدة ) Al Lith ( الليِّث ) Al Qunfudhah ( القنفذة ) Al - Qusair ( القصير ) Al Wajh ( الوجه ) Aqaba ( العقبة ) Asseb ( ዓሳብ ) Dahab ( دهب ) Duba ( ضباء ) Eilat ( אילת ، ايلات ) El Gouna ( الجونة ) El Suweis ( السويس ) / Hala'ib ( حلايب ) ( disputed ) Haql ( حقل ) Hirgigo ( ሕርጊጎ ) Hurghada ( الغردقة ) Jeddah ( جدة ) Jazan ( جازان ) Marsa Alam ( مرسى علم ) Massawa ( ምጽዋ ) Moulhoule ( مول هولة ) Nuweiba ( نويبع ) Port Safaga ( ميناء سفاجا ) Port Sudan ( بورت سودان ) Rabigh ( رابغ ) Sharm el Sheikh ( شرم الشيخ ) Soma Bay ( سوما باي ) Suakin ( سواكن ) Taba ( طابا ) Thuwal ( ثول ) Yanbu ( ينبع ) See also Benjamin Kahn MS al - Salam Boccaccio 98 ferry disaster Red Sea Dam Robert Moresby References Jump up ^ `` The Red Sea '' . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sea '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Dinwiddie : Ocean_ The World 's Last Wilderness Revealed . Dorling Kindersley , London 2008 , p. 452 Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Smithsonianjourneys.org Jump up ^ Schmitt 1996 Jump up ^ `` Arabia '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael D. Oblath ( 2004 ) . The Exodus itinerary sites : their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources . Peter Lang . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 6716 - 0 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , ed . George Rawlinson ( 2009 ) , The histories , p. 105 Jump up ^ Andrew E. Hill , John H. Walton ( 2000 ) , A survey of the Old Testament , p. 32 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7 . Jump up ^ Louis , Jaucourt de chevalier ( 1765 ) . Red Sea . pp. 367 -- 368 . Jump up ^ Tafsir , Saadia Gaon , s.v. Exodus 15 : 22 , et al . Jump up ^ Fernandez - Armesto , Felipe ( 2006 ) . Pathfinders : A Global History of Exploration . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06259 - 7 . Jump up ^ East , W. Gordon ( 1965 ) . The Geography behind History . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00419 - 8 . Jump up ^ By M.D.D. Newitt , `` A history of Portuguese overseas expansion , 1400 - 1668 '' , p. 87 , Routledge , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 23979 - 6 Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume , Red Sea Jump up ^ BBC 2 television program `` Oceans 3 / 8 The Red Sea '' , 8 pm - 9 pm Wednesday 26 November 2008 Jump up ^ ' Virus protects coral from ' white plague ' , ' at New Scientist , 7 July 2012. p. 17 . Jump up ^ Degens , Egon T. ( ed . ) , 1969 , Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea , 600 pp , Springer - Verlag Jump up ^ MSNBC ( accessed 29 December 2011 ) Jump up ^ Israel , Brett ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` New Island Rises in the Red Sea '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Oskin , Becky ; SPACE.com ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Red Sea Parts for 2 New Islands '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Froese , Ranier ; Pauly , Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` FishBase '' . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Siliotti , A. ( 2002 ) . Verona , Geodia , ed . Fishes of the red sea . ISBN 88 - 87177 - 42 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lieske , E. and Myers , R.F. ( 2004 ) Coral reef guide ; Red Sea London , HarperCollins ISBN 0 - 00 - 715986 - 2 Jump up ^ Mabrook , B. `` Environmental Impact of Waste Brine Disposal of Desalination Plants , Red Sea , Egypt '' , Desalination , 1994 , Vol. 97 , pp. 453 - 465 . Jump up ^ Scuba Diving in Egypt - The Red Sea : Holidays in Sharm El Sheikh , Hurghada , The Brothers , Daedalus Reef and St. John 's - Liveaboard and Day Trips Jump up ^ Barth , Hans - Jörg ( 2002 ) . Sabkha ecosystems , Volume 2 . Springer . p. 148 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0504 - 0 . Jump up ^ Makinda , Samuel M. ( 1987 ) . Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa . Routledge . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 4662 - 7 . Further reading Hamblin , W. Kenneth & Christiansen , Eric H. ( 1998 ) . Earth 's Dynamic Systems ( 8th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 745373 - 6 . External links Find more aboutRed Seaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Red Sea Coral Reefs Red Sea Photography Potts , D. , R. Talbert , T. Elliott , S. Gillies . `` Places : 39290 ( Arabicus Sinus / Erythr ( ae ) um / Rubrum Mare ) '' . Pleiades . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) African seas Oceans and seas Alboran Sea Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Levantine Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Southern Ocean Gulfs and bays Abu Qir Bay Acheïl Dakhlet Al Hoceima Bay Algiers Bay Algoa Bay Ambas Bay Ana Chaves Bay Angra de Cintra Antongil Bay Antsiranana Bay Arab 's Gulf Baía Almeida Baía da Condúcia Baía da Corimba Baía de Mocambo Baía de Mossuril Baía de Namibe Baia de Porto Amboim Baía de Santa Marta Baía de Sucujaque Baía de Tombua Baía do Ambriz Baía do Bengo Baía do Dande Baía do Govuro Baía do Lúrio Baía do Nzeto Baía do Suto Baia dos Tigres Baie de Gorée Baie de Sangareya Baie de Yof Bandombaai Bay of Anfile Bay of Arguin Bay of Aseb Bay of Arzew Bight of Benin Bay of Beylul Bay of Edd Bay of Hawakil Bay of Langarano Bay of Saint - Augustin Bay of Tangier Benguela Bay Bera'esoli Betty 's Bay Bight of Biafra Bocock 's Bay Bombetoka Bay Bootbaai Bosluisbaai Cape Cross Bay Cape Negro Bay Chake - Chake Bay Chameis Bay Chwaka Bay Conception Bay Cuio Bay Dakhlet Nouadhibou Dalwakteah Bay Deurloopbaai Doringbaai Dungonab Bay Durissa Bay Elands Bay Enseada das Pombas Enseada de São Braz Enseada do Catumbo Enseada do Chalungo Enseada do Quicombo Enseada do Quitungo Enseada dos Três Irmãos Equimina Bay False Bay Farta Bay Fernao Veloso Bay Foul Bay Frederik se Baai Grosse Bucht Gulf of Aden Gulf of ' Agig Gulf of Gabès Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Hammamet Gulf of Sirte Gulf of Suez Gulf of Tadjoura Gulf of Tunis Gulf of Zula Hafun Bay South Hann Bay Harrison Cove Henties Bay Hirghīgo Bahir Selat'ē Horingbaai Hottentotsbaai Hurdiyo Hydra Bay Inhambane Bay Jammer Bucht John Owen Bay Kalawy Bay Kiwaiyu Bay Lambert Bay Lamu Bay Langbaai Loango Bay Lobito Bay Luanda Bay Lüderitz Bay McDougall Bay Manza Bay Maputo Bay Markusbaai Memba Bay Menai Bay Meob Bay Mietjie Frans se Baai Moraha Bahir Selat'ē Mossel Bay Möwebaai Noopbaai Oran Gulf Pemba Bay Pipas Bay Platbaai Plaatjieskraalbaai Plettenbergbaai Pointe - 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Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Countries bordering the Red Sea Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Yemen VIAF : 155944421 GND : 4050664 - 2 NDL : 00634145 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea&oldid=819524657 '' Categories : Red Sea Tourist attractions in Egypt Egypt -- Sudan border Eritrea -- Sudan border Great Rift Valley Marine ecoregions Saudi Arabia -- Yemen border Suez Canal Underwater diving sites Marginal seas of the Indian Ocean Gulfs of the Indian Ocean Geography of East Africa Geography of North Africa Geography of the Middle East Geography of Western Asia Horn of Africa Seas of Africa Seas of Asia Bodies of water of Egypt Bodies of water of Eritrea Bodies of water of Israel Bodies of water of Jordan Bodies of water of Saudi Arabia Bodies of water of Sudan Seas of Yemen Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from August 2014 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia infobox body of water articles without image Articles containing Ancient Greek - 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2,339
who was the first king of ancient india
Sudas ( c. 14th century BCE ) , tribal king of the Bhāratas , led to the foundation of the Kuru Kingdom
Sudas
List of Indian monarchs
list of indian monarchs
The following lndian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents .
Early later documented rulers and dynasties who are deemed to have ruled a portion of the Indian subcontinent are included in this list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kuru dynasty ( c. 1200 BCE -- 500 BCE ) 2 Magadha dynasties 2.1 Legendary kings 2.2 Pradyota dynasty ( c. 779 BCE -- 544 BCE ) 2.3 Haryanka dynasty ( c. 544 BCE -- 413 BCE ) 2.4 Shishunaga dynasty ( c. 413 BCE -- 345 BCE ) 2.5 Nanda dynasty ( c. 345 BCE -- 321 BCE ) 2.6 Maurya dynasty ( c. 321 BCE -- 185 BCE ) 2.7 Shunga dynasty ( c. 185 BCE -- 73 BCE ) 2.8 Kanva dynasty ( c. 73 BCE -- 26 BCE ) 2.9 Gupta dynasty ( c. 240 -- 550 CE ) 3 Ancient southern dynasties 3.1 Pandyan dynasty ( c. 550 BCE -- 345 CE ) 3.2 Chera dynasty ( c. 300 BCE -- 1124 CE ) 3.3 Chola dynasty ( c. 300 BCE -- 1279 CE ) 4 Foreign emperors in north - western India 5 Satavahana dynasty ( c. 271 BCE -- 220 CE ) 6 Vakataka dynasty ( c. 250 -- c. 500 CE ) 6.1 The Pravarapura - Nandivardhana branch 6.2 The Vatsagulma branch 7 Indo - Scythian rulers ( c. 90 BCE -- 45 CE ) 7.1 Northwestern India ( c. 90 BCE -- 10 CE ) 7.2 Mathura area ( c. 20 BCE -- 20 CE ) 7.3 Apracharaja rulers ( 12 BCE -- 45 CE ) 7.4 Minor local rulers 8 Indo - Parthian rulers ( c. 21 -- 100 CE ) 9 Western Kshatrapas ( c. 35 -- 405 CE ) 10 Kushana dynasty ( 80 -- 225 ) 11 Pallava dynasty ( 275 -- 882 ) 11.1 Early Pallavas ( 275 -- 355 ) 11.2 Middle Pallavas ( 355 -- 537 ) 11.3 Later Pallavas ( 537 -- 882 ) 12 Kadambas of Chandravalli at Chitradurga ( 345 -- 525 CE ) 13 Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad ( 350 -- 1024 CE ) 14 Maitrakas of Vallabhi ( 470 -- 776 CE ) 15 Chahamanas of Shakambhari ( 6th century -- 12th century ) 15.1 Chahamana Dynasty ( 6th century - 12th century ) 16 Chalukya dynasty ( 543 -- 1156 ) 16.1 Chalukyas of Badami ( 543 -- 757 ) 16.2 Chalukyas of Kalyani ( 973 -- 1156 ) 17 Shashanka dynasty ( 600 -- 626 ) 18 Harsha dynasty ( 606 -- 647 ) 19 Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty ( 650 -- 1036 CE ) 20 Rashtrakutas of Manyaketha ( 735 -- 982 ) 21 Pala dynasty ( c. 750 -- 1174 ) 22 Paramara dynasty of Malwa ( 9th century to c. 1305 ) 23 Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri ( 850 -- 1334 CE ) 23.1 Brahmin Shahi dynasty ( c. 890 -- 964 ) 23.2 Shahi dynasty ( 964 -- 1026 CE ) 24 Hoysala dynasty ( 1000 -- 1346 ) 25 Sena dynasty rule over Bengal ( 1070 -- 1230 CE ) 26 Eastern Ganga dynasty ( 1078 -- 1434 ) 27 Kakatiya dynasty ( 1083 -- 1323 CE ) 28 Kalachuris of Kalyani ( Southern ) dynasty ( 1130 -- 1184 ) 29 Chutiya dynasty ruled over eastern Assam ( 1187 -- 1524 ) 30 Bana dynasty rule over Magadaimandalam ( c. 1190 -- 1260 CE ) 30.1 Kadava dynasty ( c. 1216 -- 1279 CE ) 31 Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) 31.1 Mamluk dynasty of Delhi ( 1206 -- 1290 ) 31.2 Khalji dynasty ( 1290 -- 1320 ) 31.3 Tughlaq dynasty ( 1321 -- 1414 ) 31.4 Sayyid dynasty ( 1414 -- 1451 ) 31.5 Lodi dynasty ( 1451 -- 1526 ) 31.6 Bahmani Sultanate ( 1347 -- 1527 ) 31.7 Malwa Sultanate ( 1392 -- 1562 ) 31.7. 1 Ghoris ( 1390 -- 1436 ) 31.7. 2 Khaljis ( 1436 -- 1535 ) 31.7. 3 Qadirid ( 1535 -- 1555 ) 31.7. 4 Shaja'atid ( 1555 -- 1562 ) 32 Ahom dynasty ruled over Assam ( 1228 -- 1826 ) 33 Musunuri Nayaks ( 1323 - 1368 ) 34 Reddy dynasty ( 1325 -- 1448 CE ) 35 Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) 35.1 Sangama dynasty ( 1336 -- 1487 ) 35.2 Saluva dynasty ( 1490 -- 1567 ) 35.3 Tuluva dynasty ( 1491 -- 1570 ) 36 Pemmasani Kamma dynasty ( 1350 - 1652 ) 37 Wodeyar dynasty ( first rule , 1371 -- 1761 ) 37.1 Hyder Ali 's dynasty of Mysore ( 1761 -- 1799 ) 37.2 Wodeyar dynasty ( second rule , 1799 -- 1950 ) 38 Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 CE ) 39 Maharajas of Cochin ( Perumpadapu Swaroopam , 1503 -- 1964 ) 40 Qutb Shahi dynasty ( 1518 -- 1687 ) 41 Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1857 ) 42 Mewar Dynasty 42.1 Mewar ( Sisodia ) 43 Suri dynasty ( 1540 -- 1555 ) 44 Chogyal , monarchs of Sikkim and Ladakh ( 1642 -- 1975 ) 45 Deccan Sultanates 45.1 Adil Shahi dynasty ( 1490 -- 1686 ) 45.2 Nizam Shahi dynasty ( 1490 -- 1636 ) 45.3 Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1572 ) 45.4 Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1542 ) 45.5 Qutb Shahi dynasty ( 1518 -- 1687 ) 46 Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1881 ) 46.1 Shivaji era 46.2 Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur ( 1700 -- 1947 ) 46.3 Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Satara ( 1707 -- 1839 ) 46.4 The Peshwas ( 1713 -- 1858 ) 46.5 Bhosale Maharajas of Thanjavur ( ? -- 1799 ) 46.6 Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur ( 1799 -- 1881 ) 46.7 Holkar rulers of Indore ( 1731 -- 1948 ) 46.8 Scindia rulers of Gwalior ( ? -- 1947 ) 46.9 Gaekwad rulers of Baroda ( Vadodara ) ( 1721 -- 1947 ) 47 The major Muslim vassals of the Mughal / British Paramountcy ( 1707 -- 1856 ) 47.1 Nawabs of Bengal ( 1707 -- 1770 ) 47.2 Nawabs of Oudh ( 1719 -- 1858 ) 47.3 Nizams of Hyderabad ( 1720 -- 1948 ) 48 Kingdom of Travancore ( 1729 -- 1947 ) 49 Sikh Empire ( 1801 -- 1849 ) 50 Emperors of India ( 1857 -- 1947 ) 51 Dominion of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) 52 Dominion of Pakistan ( 1947 -- 1956 ) 53 See also 54 Notes 55 References 56 Sources and external links Kuru dynasty ( c. 1200 BCE -- 500 BCE ) ( edit ) Sudas ( c. 14th century BCE ) , tribal king of the Bhāratas , led to the foundation of the Kuru Kingdom Pratipa Shantanu Chitrāngada Vichitravirya Dhritarashtra Pandu Yudhishthira Duryodhana Parikshit ( c. 1000 BCE ) Janamejaya ( c. 950 BCE ) Satanika Aswamedhadatta Asíma - krishńa Nichakra Ushńa Chitraratha Vrishńimat Susheńa Sunítha Richa Nrichakshu Sukhíhala Pariplava Sunaya Medhávin Nripanjaya Mridu Tigma Vrihadratha Vasudána Śatáníka II Udayana Ahínara Khańd́apáni Niramitra Kshemaka Magadha dynasties ( edit ) Legendary kings ( edit ) This list includes the legendary kings of Magadha . Dharma Sunita Satyajit Biswajit Ripunjaya Pradyota dynasty ( c. 779 BCE -- 544 BCE ) ( edit ) Pradyota Mahasena Palaka Visakhayupa Ajaka Varttivarddhana Haryanka dynasty ( c. 544 BCE -- 413 BCE ) ( edit ) Bimbisara ( 558 -- 491 BCE ) , founder of the first Magadhan empire Ajatashatru ( 491 -- 461 BCE ) Udayin Anirudha Munda Darshaka ( from 461 BCE ) Nāgadāsaka ( last ruler of the Haryanka dynasty ) Shishunaga dynasty ( c. 413 BCE -- 345 BCE ) ( edit ) Shishunaga ( 412 -- 395 BCE ) , king of Magadha Kakdeddd Kshemadharman Kshatraujas Nandivardhana Mahanandin ( until 345 BCE ) , his empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda Nanda dynasty ( c. 345 BCE -- 321 BCE ) ( edit ) Mahapadma Nanda ( from 345 BCE ) , son of Mahanandin , founded the Nanda Empire after inheriting Mahanandin 's empire Pandhukananda Panghupatinanda Bhutapalananda Rashtrapalananada Govishanakananda Dashasidkhakananda Kaivartananda Karvinatha Nand ( Illegitimate son of Mahapadma Nanda ) Dhana Nanda ( Agrammes , Xandrammes ) ( until 321 BCE ) , lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him . Maurya dynasty ( c. 321 BCE -- 185 BCE ) ( edit ) Chandragupta Maurya ( c. 321 -- 298 BCE ) Bindusara Amitraghata ( 298 -- 273 BCE ) Ashoka ( 273 -- 232 BCE ) Dasharatha ( 232 -- 224 BCE ) Samprati ( 224 -- 215 BCE ) Shalishuka ( 215 -- 202 BCE ) Devavarman ( 202 -- 195 BCE ) Shatadhanvan ( 195 -- 187 BCE ) , the Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign Brihadratha ( 187 -- 185 BCE ) , assassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga Shunga dynasty ( c. 185 BCE -- 73 BCE ) ( edit ) Pushyamitra Shunga ( 185 -- 149 BCE ) , founded the dynasty after assassinating Brihadratha Agnimitra ( 149 -- 141 BCE ) , son and successor of Pushyamitra Vasujyeshtha ( 141 -- 131 BCE ) Vasumitra ( 131 -- 124 BCE ) Andhraka ( 124 -- 122 BCE ) Pulindaka ( 122 -- 119 BCE ) Ghosha ( 119 - 116 BCE ) Vajramitra ( 116 - 110 BCE ) Bhagabhadra ( c. 110 BCE ) , mentioned by the Puranas Devabhuti ( 83 -- 73 BCE ) , the last Shunga king Kanva dynasty ( c. 73 BCE -- 26 BCE ) ( edit ) Vasudeva ( c. 75 BCE -- 66 BCE ) Bhumimitra ( c. 66 -- c. 52 BCE ) Narayana ( c. 52 -- c. 40 BCE ) Susarman ( c. 40 -- c. 26 BCE ) Gupta dynasty ( c. 240 -- 550 CE ) ( edit ) Sri - Gupta I ( c. 240 -- 290 ) , founder Ghatotkacha ( 290 -- 305 ) Chandra Gupta I ( 305 -- 335 ) Samudra Gupta ( 335 -- 370 ) Ramagupta ( 370 -- 380 ) Chandra Gupta II ( Chandragupta Vikramaditya ) ( 380 - 415 ) Kumara Gupta I ( 415 -- 455 ) Skanda Gupta ( 455 -- 467 ) Kumara Gupta II ( 467 -- 477 ) Buddha Gupta ( 477 -- 496 ) Chandra Gupta III ( 496 -- 500 ) Vainya Gupta ( 500 -- 515 ) Narasimha Gupta ( 515 -- 530 ) Kumara Gupta III ( 530 -- 540 ) Vishnu Gupta I ( c. 540 -- 550 ) Ancient southern dynasties ( edit ) Pandyan dynasty ( c. 550 BCE -- 345 CE ) ( edit ) Central Pandyas Kadunkoen ( c. 550 -- 450 BCE ) Pandion ( c. 50 BCE -- 50 CE ) , known as Pandion to Greeks and Romans Early Pandyas Nedunj Cheliyan I ( Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan ) Pudappandiyan Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi Nedunj Cheliyan II ( Pasumpun Pandiyan ) Nan Maran Nedunj Cheliyan III ( Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan ) Maran Valudi Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan Ukkirap Peruvaluthi First Empire Kadungon ( c. 600 -- 700 CE ) , revived the dynasty Maravarman Avani Culamani ( 590 -- 620 CE ) Cezhiyan Cendan ( 620 -- 640 CE ) Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran ( 640 -- 674 CE ) Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran ( 675 -- 730 CE ) Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasinga ( 730 -- 765 CE ) Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan ( 765 -- 790 CE ) Rasasingan II ( 790 -- 800 CE ) Varagunan I ( 800 -- 830 CE ) Sirmara Srivallabha ( 830 -- 862 CE ) Varaguna II ( 862 -- 880 CE ) Parantaka Viranarayana ( 862 -- 905 CE ) Rajasima Pandian II ( 905 -- 920 CE ) Pandyan Revival Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan ( 1251 -- 1268 ) , revived Pandyan glory , considered one of the greatest conquerors of Southern India Maravarman Sundara Pandyan Maravarman Kulasekaran I ( 1268 -- 1308 ) Sundara Pandya ( 1308 -- 1311 ) , son of Maravarman Kulasekaran , fought with his brother Vira Pandya over the throne Vira Pandya ( 1308 -- 1311 ) , son of Maravarman Kulasekaran , fought with his brother of Sundara Pandya over the throne , Madurai was conquered by the Khalji dynasty Pandalam Dynasty ( c. 1200 ) Raja Rajasekhara ( c. 1200 -- 1500 ) , descendant of the Pandya Dynasty , father of Ayyappan ( often regarded as a Hindu deity ) Chera dynasty ( c. 300 BCE -- 1124 CE ) ( edit ) Note that years are still highly disputed among the scholars , the given is only a version . Ancient Chera kings Udiyancheralatan Antuvancheral Imayavaramban Nedun - Cheralatan ( 56 -- 115 CE ) Cheran Chenkutuvan ( from 115 ) Palyanai Sel - Kelu Kuttuvan ( 115 -- 130 ) Poraiyan Kadungo ( from 115 ) Kalankai - Kanni Narmudi Cheral ( 115 -- 140 ) Vel - Kelu Kuttuvan ( 130 -- 185 ) Selvak - Kadungo ( 131 -- 155 ) Adukotpattu Cheralatan ( 140 -- 178 ) Kuttuvan Irumporai ( 178 -- 185 ) Tagadur Erinda Perumcheral ( 185 -- 201 ) Yanaikat - sey Mantaran Cheral ( 201 -- 241 ) Ilamcheral Irumporai ( 241 -- 257 ) Perumkadungo ( 257 -- 287 ) Ilamkadungo ( 287 -- 317 ) Kanaikal Irumporai ( 367 -- 397 ) Kulashekhara dynasty ( 1020 -- 1314 CE ) Kulashekhara Varman ( 800 -- 820 CE ) , also called Kulashekhara Alwar Rajashekhara Varman ( 820 -- 844 CE ) , also called Cheraman Perumal Sthanu ravi Varman ( 844 -- 885 CE ) , contemporary of Aditya Chola Rama Varma Kulashekhara ( 885 -- 917 CE ) Goda Ravi Varma ( 917 -- 944 CE ) Indu Kotha Varma ( 944 -- 962 CE ) Bhaskara Ravi Varman I ( 962 -- 1019 CE ) Bhaskara Ravi Varman II ( 1019 -- 1021 CE ) Vira Kerala ( 1021 -- 1028 CE ) Rajasimha ( 1028 -- 1043 CE ) Bhaskara Ravi Varman III ( 1043 -- 1082 CE ) Rama Varman Kulashekhara ( 1090 -- 1122 CE ) , also called Cheraman Perumal Ravi Varman Kulashekhara ( c. 1250 -- 1314 ) , last of the Cheras Chola dynasty ( c. 300 BCE -- 1279 CE ) ( edit ) Sangam Cholas Ilamcetcenni Karikala Chola Nedunkilli Nalankilli Killivalavan Perunarkilli Kocengannan Imperial Cholas ( 848 -- 1279 CE ) Vijayalaya Chola ( 848 -- 881 ) Aditya ( 871 -- 907 ) Parantaka I ( 907 -- 955 ) Gandaraditya ( 950 -- 957 ) Arinjaya ( 956 -- 957 ) Parantaka Chola II ( 957 -- 970 ) Uttama Chola ( 973 -- 985 ) Rajaraja Chola I ( 985 -- 1014 ) Rajendra Chola I ( 1014 - 1018 ) Rajadhiraja Chola I ( 1018 -- 1054 ) Rajendra Chola II ( 1054 -- 1063 ) Virarajendra Chola ( 1063 -- 1070 ) Athirajendra Chola ( 1067 -- 1070 ) Vikkrama Chola ( 1118 -- 1135 ) Kulotunga Chola II ( 1133 -- 1150 ) Rajaraja Chola II ( 1146 -- 1163 ) Rajadiraja Chola II ( 1163 -- 1178 ) Kulothunga Chola III ( 1178 -- 1218 ) Rajaraja Chola III ( 1216 -- 1246 ) Rajendra Chola III ( 1246 -- 1279 ) , last of the Cholas Foreign emperors in north - western India ( edit ) These empires were vast , centered in Persia or the Mediterranean ; their satrapies ( provinces ) in India were at their outskirts . The boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire reached the Indus River . Alexander the Great ( 326 -- 323 BCE ) of the Argead Dynasty defeated Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River ; his empire was quickly divided amongst the so - called diadochoi . Seleucus Nicator ( 323 -- 321 BCE ) , diadochos general who founded the Seleucid Empire in the eastern part of the Macedonian empire after gaining control following Alexander 's death The Hellenistic Euthydemid Dynasty also reached the north - western frontiers of India ( c. 221 -- 85 BCE ) Muhammad bin Qasim ( 711 -- 715 ) , an Arab general of the Umayyad Caliphate , conquered Sindh , Balochistan and southern Punjab and ruled these lands on behalf of the Umayyad Caliph , Al - Walid ibn Abd al - Malik Satavahana dynasty ( c. 271 BCE -- 220 CE ) ( edit ) The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE . Satavahanas dominated the Deccan region from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE . It lasted till the early 3rd century CE . The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records , although the Puranas name several more kings ( see Satavahana dynasty # List of rulers ) : Simuka Kanha ( or Krishna ) Satakarni I Hāla ( c. 20 -- 24 CE ) Gautamiputra Satakarni ( c. 106 -- 130 ) Vashishtiputra Pulumayi ( c. 130 -- 158 ) Vashishtiputra Satakarni ( c. 158 -- 170 ) Sri Yajna Satakarni ( c. 170 -- 199 ) Vakataka dynasty ( c. 250 -- c. 500 CE ) ( edit ) Vindhyasakti ( 250 -- 270 ) Pravarasena I ( 270 -- 330 ) The Pravarapura - Nandivardhana branch ( edit ) Rudrasena I ( 330 -- 355 ) Prithvisena I ( 355 -- 380 ) Rudrasena II ( 380 -- 385 ) Divakarasena ( 385 -- 400 ) Prabhavatigupta ( fem . ) , Regent ( 385 -- 405 ) Damodarasena ( Pravarasena II ) ( 400 -- 440 ) Narendrasena ( 440 -- 460 ) Prithvishena II ( 460 -- 480 ) The Vatsagulma branch ( edit ) Sarvasena ( 330 -- 355 ) Vindhyasena ( Vindhyashakti II ) ( 355 -- 442 ) Pravarasena II ( 400 -- 415 ) Unknown ( 415 -- 450 ) Devasena ( 450 -- 475 ) Harishena ( 475 -- 500 ) Indo - Scythian rulers ( c. 90 BCE -- 45 CE ) ( edit ) Northwestern India ( c. 90 BCE -- 10 CE ) ( edit ) Maues ( c. 85 -- 60 BCE ) Vonones ( c. 75 -- 65 BCE ) Spalahores ( c. 75 -- 65 BCE ) Spalarises ( c. 60 -- 57 BCE ) Azes I ( c. 57 -- 35 BCE ) Azilises ( c. 57 -- 35 BCE ) Azes II ( c. 35 -- 12 BCE ) Zeionises ( c. 10 BCE -- 10 CE ) Kharahostes ( c. 10 BCE -- 10 CE ) Hajatria Liaka Kusuluka , satrap of Chuksa Kusulaka Patika , satrap of Chuksa and son of Liaka Kusulaka Mathura area ( c. 20 BCE -- 20 CE ) ( edit ) Hagamasha ( satrap ) Hagana ( satrap ) Rajuvula ( Great Satrap ) ( c. 10 CE ) Sodasa , son of Rajuvula Apracharaja rulers ( 12 BCE -- 45 CE ) ( edit ) Vijayamitra ( 12 BCE -- 15 CE ) Itravasu ( c. 20 CE ) Aspavarma ( 15 -- 45 CE ) Minor local rulers ( edit ) Bhadrayasha Niggas Mamvadi Arsakes Indo - Parthian rulers ( c. 21 -- 100 CE ) ( edit ) Gondophares I ( c. 21 -- 50 ) Abdagases I ( c. 50 -- 65 ) Satavastres ( c. 60 ) Sarpedones ( c. 70 ) Orthagnes ( c. 70 ) Ubouzanes ( c. 77 ) Sases or Gondophares II ( c. 85 ) Abdagases II ( c. 90 ) Pakores ( c. 100 ) Western Kshatrapas ( c. 35 -- 405 CE ) ( edit ) Nahapana ( 119 -- 124 CE ) Chashtana ( c. 120 ) Rudradaman I ( c. 130 -- 150 ) Damajadasri I ( 170 -- 175 ) Jivadaman ( 175 , d . 199 ) Rudrasimha I ( 175 -- 188 , d . 197 ) Isvaradatta ( 188 -- 191 ) Rudrasimha I ( restored ) ( 191 -- 197 ) Jivadaman ( restored ) ( 197 -- 199 ) Rudrasena I ( 200 -- 222 ) Samghadaman ( 222 -- 223 ) Damasena ( 223 -- 232 ) Damajadasri II ( 232 -- 239 ) with Viradaman ( 234 -- 238 ) Yasodaman I ( 239 -- 240 ) Yasodaman II ( 240 ) Vijayasena ( 240 -- 250 ) Damajadasri III ( 251 -- 255 ) Rudrasena II ( 255 -- 277 ) Visvasimha ( 277 -- 282 ) Bhartridaman ( 282 -- 295 ) with Visvasena ( 293 -- 304 ) Rudrasimha II ( 304 -- 348 ) with Yasodaman II ( 317 -- 332 ) Rudradaman II ( 332 -- 348 ) Rudrasena III ( 348 -- 380 ) Simhasena ( 380 -- ? ) Kushana dynasty ( 80 -- 225 ) ( edit ) Vima Takto ( c. 80 -- 105 ) , alias Soter Megas or `` Great Saviour . '' Vima Kadphises ( c. 105 -- 127 ) , the first great Kushan emperor Kanishka I ( 127 -- 147 ) Huvishka ( c. 155 -- 187 ) Vasudeva I ( c. 191 -- 225 ) , the last of the great Kushan emperors Kanishka II ( c. 227 -- 247 ) Vāsishka ( c. 247 -- 265 ) Kanishka III ( c. 268 ) Vasudeva II ( c. 275 -- 300 ) Shaka Kushan ( 300 -- 350 ) Gadahara or minor kings Pallava dynasty ( 275 -- 882 ) ( edit ) Early Pallavas ( 275 -- 355 ) ( edit ) Simha Varman I ( King ) ( 275 -- 300 or 315 -- 345 ) Skanda Varman I ( Queen ) ( 345 -- 355 ) Middle Pallavas ( 355 -- 537 ) ( edit ) Visnugopa ( 350 -- 355 ) Kumaravisnu I ( 355 -- 370 ) Skanda Varman II ( 370 -- 385 ) Vira Varman ( 385 -- 400 ) Skanda Varman III ( 400 -- 438 ) Simha Varman II ( 438 -- 460 ) Skanda Varman IV ( 460 -- 480 ) Nandi Varman I ( 480 -- 500 ) Kumaravisnu II ( c. 500 -- 510 ) Buddha Varman ( c. 510 -- 520 ) Kumaravisnu III ( c. 520 -- 530 ) Simha Varman III ( c. 530 -- 537 ) Later Pallavas ( 537 -- 882 ) ( edit ) Simha Vishnu ( 537 -- 570 ) Mahendra Varman I ( 571 -- 630 ) Narasimha Varman I ( Mamalla ) ( 630 -- 668 ) Mahendra Varman II ( 668 -- 672 ) Paramesvara Varman I ( 672 -- 700 ) Narasimha Varman II ( Raja Simha ) ( 700 -- 728 ) Paramesvara Varman II ( 705 -- 710 ) Nandi Varman II ( Pallavamalla ) ( 732 -- 796 ) Thandi Varman ( 775 -- 825 ) Nandi Varman III ( 825 -- 869 ) Nirupathungan ( 869 -- 882 ) Aparajitha Varman ( 882 -- 901 ) Kadambas of Chandravalli at Chitradurga ( 345 -- 525 CE ) ( edit ) Mayurasharma ( Varma ) ( 345 -- 365 ) Kangavarma ( 365 -- 390 ) Bagitarha ( 390 -- 415 ) Raghu ( 415 -- 435 ) Kakusthavarma ( 435 -- 455 ) Santivarma ( 455 -- 460 ) Mrigeshavarma ( 460 -- 480 ) Shivamandhativarma ( 480 -- 485 ) Ravivarma ( 485 -- 519 ) Harivarma ( 519 -- 525 ) Kadambas of Goa ( till - 1345 ) Kadambas of Hangal ( till - 1347 ) Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad ( 350 -- 1024 CE ) ( edit ) Konganivarma Madhava ( 350 -- 370 ) Madhava II ( 370 -- 390 ) Harivarman ( 390 -- 410 ) Vishnugopa ( 410 -- 430 ) Tadangala Madhava ( 430 -- 466 ) Avinita ( 466 -- 495 ) Durvinita ( 495 -- 535 ) Mushkara ( 535 -- 585 ) Srivikrama ( 585 -- 635 ) Bhuvikarma ( 635 -- 679 ) Shivamara I ( 679 -- 725 ) Sripurusha ( 725 -- 788 ) Shivamara II ( 788 -- 816 ) Rajamalla I ( 817 -- 853 ) Nitimarga Ereganga ( 853 -- 869 ) Rajamalla II ( 870 -- 907 ) Ereyappa Nitimarga II ( 907 -- 919 ) Narasimhadeva ( 919 -- 925 ) Rajamalla III ( 925 -- 935 ) Butuga II ( 935 -- 960 ) Takkolam in ( 949 ) Maruladeva ( 960 -- 963 ) Marasimha III ( 963 -- 974 ) Rajamalla IV ( 974 -- 985 ) Rakkasa Ganga ( 985 -- 1024 ) Maitrakas of Vallabhi ( 470 -- 776 CE ) ( edit ) Bhatarka ( c. 470 -- c. 492 ) Dharasena I ( c. 493 -- c. 499 ) Dronasinha ( also known as Maharaja ) ( c. 500 -- c. 520 ) Dhruvasena I ( c. 520 -- c. 550 ) Dharapatta ( c. 550 -- c. 556 ) Guhasena ( c. 556 -- c. 570 ) Dharasena II ( c. 570 -- c. 595 ) Siladitya I ( also known as Dharmaditya ) ( c. 595 -- c. 615 ) Kharagraha I ( c. 615 -- c. 626 ) Dharasena III ( c. 626 -- c. 640 ) Dhruvasena II ( also known as Baladitya ) ( c. 640 -- c. 644 ) Chkravarti king Dharasena IV ( also known as Param Bhatarka , Maharajadhiraja , Parameshwara ) ( c. 644 -- c. 651 ) Dhruvasena III ( c. 651 -- c. 656 ) Kharagraha II ( c. 656 -- c. 662 ) Siladitya II ( c. 662 -- ? ) Siladitya III Siladitya IV Siladitya V Siladitya VI Siladitya VII ( c. 766 -- c. 776 ) Chahamanas of Shakambhari ( 6th century -- 12th century ) ( edit ) Chahamana dynasty ( 6th century - 12th century ) ( edit ) The Chahamanas of Shakambhari , colloquially known as the Chauhans of Sambhar ( Sambhar Lake Town ) , were an Indian dynasty that ruled parts of the present - day Rajasthan and its neighbouring areas between 6th to 12th centuries . The territory ruled by them was known as Sapadalaksha . They were the most prominent ruling family of the Chahamana ( Chauhan ) clan , and were categorized among Agnivanshi Rajputs ( Agnivansha ) in the later medieval legends . Vasu - deva ( c. 6th century CE ) Samanta - raja ( c. 684 - 709 CE ) Nara - deva ( c. 709 - 721 CE ) Ajaya - raja I ( c. 721 - 734 CE ) , alias Jayaraja or Ajayapala Vigraha - raja I ( c. 734 - 759 CE ) Chandra - raja I ( c. 759 - 771 CE ) Gopendra - raja ( c. 771 - 784 CE ) Durlabha - raja I ( c. 784 - 809 CE ) Govinda - raja I ( c. 809 - 836 CE ) , alias Guvaka I Chandra - raja II ( c. 836 - 863 CE ) Govindaraja II ( c. 863 - 890 CE ) , alias Guvaka II Chandana - raja ( c. 890 - 917 CE ) Vakpati - raja ( c. 917 - 944 CE ) ; his younger son established the Naddula Chahamana branch Simha - raja ( c. 944 - 971 CE ) Vigraha - raja II ( c. 971 - 998 CE ) Durlabha - raja II ( c. 998 - 1012 CE ) Govinda - raja III ( c. 1012 - 1026 CE ) Vakpati - raja II ( c. 1026 - 1040 CE ) Viryarama ( c. 1040 CE ) Chamunda - raja ( c. 1040 - 1065 CE ) Durlabha - raja III ( c. 1065 - 1070 CE ) , alias Duśala Vigraha - raja III ( c. 1070 - 1090 CE ) , alias Visala Prithvi - raja I ( c. 1090 - 1110 CE ) Ajaya - raja II ( c. 1110 - 1135 CE ) , moved the capital to Ajayameru ( Ajmer ) Arno - raja ( c. 1135 - 1150 CE ) , alias Ana Jagad - deva ( c. 1150 CE ) Vigraha - raja IV ( c. 1150 - 1164 CE ) , alias Visaladeva Apara - gangeya ( c. 1164 - 1165 CE ) Prithvi - raja II ( c. 1165 - 1169 CE ) Someshvara ( c. 1169 - 1178 CE ) Prithvi - raja III ( c. 1178 - 1192 CE ) , better known as Prithviraj Chauhan Govinda - raja IV ( c. 1192 CE ) ; banished by Hari - raja for accepting Muslim suzerainty ; established the Chahamana branch of Ranastambhapura Hari - raja ( c. 1193 - 1194 CE ) Chalukya dynasty ( 543 -- 1156 ) ( edit ) Chalukyas of Badami ( 543 -- 757 ) ( edit ) Pulakeshin I ( 543 -- 566 ) Kirtivarman I ( 566 -- 597 ) Mangalesha ( 597 -- 609 ) Pulakeshin II ( 609 -- 642 ) Vikramaditya I ( 655 -- 680 ) Vinayaditya ( 680 -- 696 ) Vijayaditya ( 696 -- 733 ) Vikramaditya II ( 733 -- 746 ) Kirtivarman II ( 746 -- 757 ) Chalukyas of Kalyani ( 973 -- 1156 ) ( edit ) Tailapa alias Ahavamalla ( 973 -- 997 ) Satyashraya ( 997 -- 1008 ) Vikramaditya V ( 1008 -- 1014 ) Ayyana ( 1014 -- 1015 ) Jayasimha II ( 1015 -- 1042 ) Someshvara I ( 1042 -- 1068 ) Someshvara II ( 1068 -- 1076 ) Vikramaditya VI ( 1076 -- 1127 ) Someshvara III ( 1127 -- 1138 ) Jagadekamalla ( 1138 -- 1151 ) Tailapa ( 1151 -- 1156 ) Someshvara IV ( 1183 -- 1189 ) Shashanka dynasty ( 600 -- 626 ) ( edit ) Shashanka ( 600 -- 625 ) , first recorded independent king of Bengal , created the first unified political entity in Bengal Manava ( 625 -- 626 ) , ruled for 8 months before being conquered by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana Harsha dynasty ( 606 -- 647 ) ( edit ) Harsha Vardhana ( 606 -- 647 ) , unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years , he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India Gurjara - Pratihara dynasty ( 650 -- 1036 CE ) ( edit ) Dadda I - II - III ( 650 -- 750 ) Nagabhata I ( 750 -- 780 ) Vatsaraja ( 780 -- 800 ) Nagabhata II ( 800 -- 833 ) Ramabhadra ( 833 -- 836 ) Mihira Bhoja ( 836 -- 890 ) Mahendrapala I ( 890 -- 910 ) Bhoj II ( 910 -- 913 ) Mahipala I ( 913 -- 944 ) Mahendrapala II ( 944 -- 948 ) Devpala ( 948 -- 954 ) Vinaykpala ( 954 -- 955 ) Mahipala II ( 955 -- 956 ) Vijaypala II ( 956 -- 960 ) Rajapala ( 960 -- 1018 ) Trilochanpala ( 1018 -- 1027 ) Jasapala ( Yashpala ) ( 1024 -- 1036 ) Rashtrakutas of Manyaketha ( 735 -- 982 ) ( edit ) Dantidurga ( 735 -- 756 ) Krishna I ( 756 -- 774 ) Govinda II ( 774 -- 780 ) Dhruva Dharavarsha ( 780 -- 793 ) Govinda III ( 793 -- 814 ) Amoghavarsha I ( 814 -- 878 ) Krishna II Akalavarsha ( 878 -- 914 ) Indra III ( 914 -- 929 ) Amoghavarsha II ( 929 -- 930 ) Govinda IV ( 930 -- 935 ) Amoghavarsha III ( 934 -- 939 ) Krishna III ( 939 -- 967 ) Khottiga Amoghavarsha ( 967 -- 972 ) Karka II Amoghhavarsha IV ( 972 -- 973 ) Indra IV ( 973 -- 982 ) , only a claimer for the lost throne Pala dynasty ( c. 750 -- 1174 ) ( edit ) Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue , without any well - known calendar era . Because of this , the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine . Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records , different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows : RC Majumdar ( 1971 ) AM Chowdhury ( 1967 ) BP Sinha ( 1977 ) DC Sircar ( 1975 -- 76 ) D.K. Ganguly ( 1994 ) Gopala I 750 -- 770 756 -- 781 755 -- 783 750 -- 775 750 -- 774 Dharmapala 770 -- 810 781 -- 821 783 -- 820 775 -- 812 774 -- 806 Devapala 810 -- c. 850 821 -- 861 820 -- 860 812 -- 850 806 -- 845 Mahendrapala NA ( Mahendrapala 's existence was conclusively established through a copper - plate charter discovered later . ) 845 -- 860 Shurapala I 850 -- 853 861 -- 866 860 -- 865 850 -- 858 860 -- 872 Vigrahapala I 858 -- 60 872 -- 873 Narayanapala 854 -- 908 866 -- 920 865 -- 920 860 -- 917 873 -- 927 Rajyapala 908 -- 940 920 -- 952 920 -- 952 917 -- 952 927 -- 959 Gopala II 940 -- 957 952 -- 969 952 -- 967 952 -- 972 959 -- 976 Vigrahapala II 960 -- c. 986 969 -- 995 967 -- 980 972 -- 977 976 -- 977 Mahipala I 988 -- c. 1036 995 -- 1043 980 -- 1035 977 -- 1027 977 -- 1027 Nayapala 1038 -- 1053 1043 -- 1058 1035 -- 1050 1027 -- 1043 1027 -- 1043 Vigrahapala III 1054 -- 1072 1058 -- 1075 1050 -- 1076 1043 -- 1070 1043 -- 1070 Mahipala II 1072 -- 1075 1075 -- 1080 1076 -- 1078 / 9 1070 -- 1071 1070 -- 1071 Shurapala 1075 -- 1077 1080 -- 1082 1071 -- 1072 1071 -- 1072 Ramapala 1077 -- 1130 1082 -- 1124 1078 / 9 -- 1132 1072 -- 1126 1072 -- 1126 Kumarapala 1130 -- 1125 1124 -- 1129 1132 -- 1136 1126 -- 1128 1126 -- 1128 Gopala III 1140 -- 1144 1129 -- 1143 1136 -- 1144 1128 -- 1143 1128 -- 1143 Madanapala 1144 -- 1162 1143 -- 1162 1144 -- 1161 / 62 1143 -- 1161 1143 -- 1161 Govindapala 1155 -- 1159 NA 1162 -- 1176 or 1158 -- 1162 1161 -- 1165 1161 -- 1165 Palapala NA NA NA 1165 -- 1199 1165 -- 1200 Note : Earlier historians believed that Vigrahapala I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person . Now , it is known that these two were cousins ; they either ruled simultaneously ( perhaps over different territories ) or in rapid succession . AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty . According to BP Sinha , the Gaya inscription can be read as either the `` 14th year of Govindapala 's reign '' or `` 14th year after Govindapala 's reign '' . Thus , two sets of dates are possible . Paramara dynasty of malwa ( 9th century to c. 1305 ) ( edit ) The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include : Upendra , 9th century Vairisimha ( I ) , 9th century ( considered fictional by some historians ) Siyaka ( I ) , 9th century ( considered fictional by some historians ) Vakpati ( I ) , 9th -- 10th century Vairisimha ( II ) , 10th century Siyaka ( II ) , 948 -- 972 Vakpati ( II ) alias Munja , 972 -- 990s Sindhuraja , 990s -- 1010 Bhoja , 1010 -- 1055 Jayasimha I , 1055 -- 1070 Udayaditya , 1070 -- 1086 Lakshmadeva , 1086 -- 1094 Naravarman , 1094 -- 1130 Yashovarman , 1133 -- 1142 Jayavarman I , 1142 -- 1143 Interregnum under an usurper named Ballala and later the Solanki king Kumarapala , 1144 -- 1174 Vindhyavarman , 1175 -- 1194 Subhatavarman , 1194 -- 1209 Arjunavarman I , 1210 -- 1215 Devapala , 1218 -- 1239 Jaitugideva , 1239 -- 1255 Jayavarman II , 1255 -- 1274 Arjunavarman II , 13th century Bhoja II , 13th century Mahlakadeva , died 1305 Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri ( 850 -- 1334 CE ) ( edit ) Dridhaprahara Seunachandra ( 850 -- 874 ) Dhadiyappa ( 874 -- 900 ) Bhillama I ( 900 -- 925 ) Vadugi ( Vaddiga ) ( 950 -- 974 ) Dhadiyappa II ( 974 -- 975 ) Bhillama II ( 975 -- 1005 ) Vesugi I ( 1005 -- 1020 ) Bhillama III ( 1020 -- 1055 ) Vesugi II ( 1055 -- 1068 ) Bhillama III ( 1068 ) Seunachandra II ( 1068 -- 1085 ) Airamadeva ( 1085 -- 1115 ) Singhana I ( 1115 -- 1145 ) Mallugi I ( 1145 -- 1150 ) Amaragangeyya ( 1150 -- 1160 ) Govindaraja ( 1160 ) Amara Mallugi II ( 1160 -- 1165 ) Kaliya Ballala ( 1165 -- 1173 ) Bhillama V ( 1173 -- 1192 ) , proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya Jaitugi I ( 1192 -- 1200 ) Singhana II ( 1200 -- 1247 ) Kannara ( 1247 -- 1261 ) Mahadeva ( 1261 -- 1271 ) Amana ( 1271 ) Ramachandra ( 1271 -- 1312 ) Singhana III ( 1312 -- 1313 ) Harapaladeva ( 1313 -- 1318 ) Mallugi III ( 1318 -- 1334 ) Brahmin Shahi dynasty ( c. 890 -- 964 ) ( edit ) Lalliya ( c. 890 -- 895 ) Kamaluka ( 895 -- 921 ) Bhima ( 921 -- 964 ) , son of Kamaluka Shahi dynasty ( 964 -- 1026 CE ) ( edit ) Jayapala ( 964 -- 1001 ) Anandapala ( 1001 -- 1011 ) Trilochanpala ( 1011 -- 1022 ) Bhímapála ( 1022 -- 1026 ) Hoysala dynasty ( 1000 -- 1346 ) ( edit ) Nripa Kama ( 1000 -- 1045 ) Vinayaditya I ( 1045 -- 1098 ) Ereyanga ( 1098 -- 1100 ) Ballala ( 1100 -- 1108 ) Vishnuvardhana ( 1108 -- 1142 ) Narasimha I ( 1142 -- 1173 ) , proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya Ballala II ( 1173 -- 1220 ) Narasimha II ( 1220 -- 1235 ) Vira Someshwara ( 1235 -- 1253 ) Narasimha III and Ramanatha ( 1253 -- 1295 ) Ballala III ( 1295 -- 1342 ) Sena dynasty rule over Bengal ( 1070 -- 1230 CE ) ( edit ) Hemanta Sen ( 1070 -- 1096 ) Vijay Sen ( 1096 -- 1159 ) Ballal Sen ( 1159 -- 1179 ) Lakshman Sen ( 1179 -- 1206 ) Vishwarup Sen ( 1206 -- 1225 ) Keshab Sen ( 1225 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga dynasty ( 1078 -- 1434 ) ( edit ) Anantavarman Chodaganga ( 1078 -- 1147 ) Ananga Bhima Deva II ( 1170 -- 1198 ) Anangabhima Deva III ( 1211 -- 1238 ) Narasimha Deva I ( 1238 -- 1264 ) Bhanu Deva I ( 1264 -- 1279 ) Narasimha Deva II ( 1279 -- 1306 ) Bhanu Deva II ( 1306 -- 1328 ) Narasimha Deva III ( 1328 -- 1352 ) Bhanu Deva III ( 1352 -- 1378 ) Narasimha Deva IV ( 1378 -- 1414 ) Bhanu Deva IV ( 1414 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya dynasty ( 1083 -- 1323 CE ) ( edit ) Beta I ( 1000 -- 1030 ) Prola I ( 1030 -- 1075 ) Beta II ( 1075 -- 1110 ) Prola II ( 1110 -- 1158 ) Prataparudra I / Rudradeva I ( 1158 -- 1195 ) Mahadeva ( 1195 -- 1198 ) . Brother of King Rudradeva Ganapathi deva ( 1199 -- 1261 ) Rudrama devi ( 1262 -- 1296 ) Prataparudra II / Rudradeva II ( 1296 -- 1323 ) . Grandson of Queen Rudrama Kalachuris of Kalyani ( Southern ) dynasty ( 1130 -- 1184 ) ( edit ) Bijjala II ( 1130 -- 1167 ) , proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 CE Sovideva ( 1168 -- 1176 ) Mallugi → overthrown by his brother Sankama Sankama ( 1176 -- 1180 ) Ahavamalla ( 1180 -- 83 ) Singhana ( 1183 -- 84 ) Chutiya dynasty ruled over eastern Assam ( 1187 -- 1524 ) ( edit ) Birpal ( 1187 -- 1224 ) Ratnadhwajpal ( 1224 -- 1250 ) Vijayadhwajpal ( 1250 -- 1278 ) Vikramadhwajpal ( 1278 -- 1302 ) Gauradhwajpal ( 1302 -- 1322 ) Sankhadhwajpal ( 1322 -- 1343 ) Mayuradhwajpal ( 1343 -- 1361 ) Jayadhwajpal ( 1361 -- 1383 ) Karmadhwajpal ( 1383 -- 1401 ) Satyanarayan ( 1401 -- 1421 ) Laksminarayan ( 1421 -- 1439 ) Dharmanarayan ( 1439 -- 1458 ) Pratyashnarayan ( 1458 -- 1480 ) Purnadhabnarayan ( 1480 -- 1502 ) Dharmadhajpal ( 1502 -- 1522 ) Nitypal ( 1522 -- 1524 ) Bana dynasty rule over Magadaimandalam ( c. 1190 -- 1260 CE ) ( edit ) Kadava dynasty ( c. 1216 -- 1279 CE ) ( edit ) Kopperunchinga I ( c. 1216 -- 1242 ) Kopperunchinga II ( c. 1243 -- 1279 ) Delhi sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) ( edit ) Mamluk dynasty of Delhi ( 1206 -- 1290 ) ( edit ) Qutb - ud - din Aybak ( 1206 -- 1210 ) Aram Shah ( 1210 -- 1211 ) Shams - ud - din Iltutmish ( 1211 -- 1236 ) Rukn - ud - din Firuz ( 1236 ) Raziyyat ud din Sultana ( 1236 -- 1240 ) Muiz - ud - din Bahram ( 1240 -- 1242 ) Ala - ud - din Masud ( 1242 -- 1246 ) Nasir - ud - din Mahmud ( 1246 -- 1266 ) Ghiyas - ud - din Balban ( 1266 -- 1286 ) Muiz - ud - din Qaiqabad ( 1286 -- 1290 ) Shamsuddin Kayumars ( 1290 ) Khalji dynasty ( 1290 -- 1320 ) ( edit ) Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji ( 1290 -- 1296 ) , founder of the Khalji dynasty , defeated some invading Mongol armies Alauddin Khalji ( 1296 -- 1316 ) , considered the greatest of the Delhi Sultans , unified India and defeated a number of invading Mongol armies Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah ( 1316 -- 1320 ) . The Delhi Sultanate had shunt during his Khusro Khan ( 1320 ) Tughlaq dynasty ( 1321 -- 1414 ) ( edit ) Ghiyasu - Din Tughluq ( 1321 -- 1325 ) Muhammad bin Tughluq ( 1325 -- 1351 ) Firuz Shah Tughlaq ( 1351 -- 1388 ) Ghiyas - ud - Din Tughluq II ( 1388 -- 1389 ) Abu Bakr Shah ( 1389 -- 1390 ) Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III ( 1390 -- 1394 ) Mahmud Nasir ud - Din ( Sultan Mahmud ) at Delhi ( 1394 -- 1413 ) Nusrat Shah at Firozabad Invasion of Timur in 1398 and the end of the Tughluq Dynasty as known earlier . Sayyid dynasty ( 1414 -- 1451 ) ( edit ) Khizr ( 1414 -- 1421 ) Mubarik II ( 1421 -- 1434 ) Muhamed IV ( 1434 -- 1445 ) Alem I ( 1445 -- 1451 ) Lodi dynasty ( 1451 -- 1526 ) ( edit ) Bahlol Khan Lodi ( 1451 -- 1489 ) Sikandar Lodi ( 1489 -- 1517 ) Ibrahim Lodi ( 1517 -- 1526 ) , defeated by Babur ( who replaced the Delhi Sultanate with the Mughal Empire ) Bahmani Sultanate ( 1347 -- 1527 ) ( edit ) Ala ud din Bahman Shah ( 1347 -- 1358 ) , established his capital at Gulbarga Muhammad Shah I ( 1358 -- 1375 ) Ala ud din Mujahid Shah ( 1375 -- 1378 ) Daud Shah I ( 1378 ) Muhammad Shah II ( 1378 -- 1397 ) Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah ( 1397 ) Shams ud din Daud Shah II ( 1397 ) Taj ud din Feroz Shah ( 1397 -- 1422 ) Shahab ud din Ahmad Shah I ( 1422 -- 1435 ) , established his capital at Bidar Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II ( 1436 -- 1458 ) Ala ud din Humayun Shah ( 1458 -- 1461 ) Nizam ud din Ahmad Shah III ( 1461 -- 1463 ) Shams ud din Muhammad Shah III ( 1463 -- 1482 ) Mahmud Shah ( 1482 -- 1518 ) Ahmad Shah IV ( 1518 -- 1521 ) Ala ud din Shah ( 1521 -- 1522 ) Waliullah Shah ( 1522 -- 1524 ) Kalimullah Shah ( 1524 -- 1527 ) Malwa Sultanate ( 1392 -- 1562 ) ( edit ) Ghoris ( 1390 -- 1436 ) ( edit ) Dilavar Khan Husain ( 1390 -- 1405 ) Alp Khan Hushang ( 1405 -- 1435 ) Ghazni Khan Muhamnmad ( 1435 -- 1436 ) Mas'ud Khan ( 1436 ) Khaljis ( 1436 -- 1535 ) ( edit ) Mahmud Shah I ( 1436 -- 1469 ) Ghiyath Shah ( 1469 -- 1500 ) Nasr Shah ( 1500 -- 1511 ) Mahmud Shah II ( 1511 -- 1530 ) Under Gujarat ( 1530 -- 1534 ) Amit parsagandites ( 1534 -- 1535 ) Qadirid ( 1535 -- 1555 ) ( edit ) Qadir Shah ( 1535 -- 1542 ) Under the Mughal Empire ( 1542 -- 1555 ) Shaja'atid ( 1555 -- 1562 ) ( edit ) Shaja'at Khan ( 1555 ) Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur ( 1555 -- 1562 ) Ahom dynasty ruled over Assam ( 1228 -- 1826 ) ( edit ) Sukaphaa ( 1228 -- 1268 ) Sutephaa ( 1268 -- 1281 ) Subinphaa ( 1281 -- 1293 ) Sukhaangphaa ( 1293 -- 1332 ) Sukhrampha ( 1332 -- 1364 ) Interregnum ( 1364 -- 1369 ) Sutuphaa ( 1369 -- 1376 ) Interregnum ( 1376 -- 1380 ) Tyao Khamti ( 1380 -- 1389 ) Interregnum ( 1389 -- 1397 ) Sudangphaa ( 1397 -- 1407 ) Sujangphaa ( 1407 -- 1422 ) Suphakphaa ( 1422 -- 1439 ) Susenphaa ( 1439 -- 1488 ) Suhenphaa ( 1488 -- 1493 ) Supimphaa ( 1493 -- 1497 ) Swarganarayan ( 1497 -- 1539 ) Suklenmung ( 1539 -- 1552 ) Sukhaamphaa ( 1552 -- 1603 ) Pratap Singha ( 1603 -- 1641 ) Jayaditya Singha ( 1641 -- 1644 ) Sutingphaa ( 1644 -- 1648 ) Jayadhwaj Singha ( 1648 -- 1663 ) Chakradhwaj Singha ( 1663 -- 1670 ) Udayaaditya Singha ( 1670 -- 1672 ) Ramadhwaj Singha ( 1672 -- 1674 ) Suhunga ( 1674 -- 1675 ) Gobar ( 1675 -- 1675 ) Sujinphaa ( 1675 -- 1677 ) Sudoiphaa ( 1677 -- 1679 ) Ratnadhwaj Singha ( 1679 -- 1681 ) Gadadhar Singha ( 1681 -- 1696 ) Rudra Singha ( 1696 -- 1714 ) Siba Singha ( 1714 -- 1744 ) Pramatta Singha ( 1744 -- 1751 ) Rajeswar Singha ( 1751 -- 1769 ) Lakshmi Singha ( 1769 -- 1780 ) Gaurinath Singha ( 1780 -- 1795 ) Kamaleswar Singha ( 1795 -- 1811 ) Chandrakanta Singha ( 1811 -- 1818 ) Purandar Singha ( 1818 -- 1819 ) Chandrakanta Singha ( 1819 -- 1821 ) Jogeshwar Singha ( 1821 -- 1822 ) Purandar Singha ( 1833 -- 1838 ) Musunuri nayaks ( 1323 - 1368 ) ( edit ) There were at least two Musunuri Nayak rulers : Musunuri Prolaya Nayudu ( 1323 - 1333 ) Musunuri Kapaya Nayak ( 1333 - 1368 ) Reddy dynasty ( 1325 -- 1448 CE ) ( edit ) Prolaya Vema Reddy ( 1325 -- 1335 ) Anavota Reddy ( 1335 -- 1364 ) Anavema Reddy ( 1364 -- 1386 ) Kumaragiri Reddy ( 1386 -- 1402 ) Kataya Vema Reddy ( 1395 -- 1414 ) Allada Reddy ( 1414 -- 1423 ) Veerabhadra Reddy ( 1423 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) ( edit ) Sangama dynasty ( 1336 -- 1487 ) ( edit ) Harihara I ( Deva Raya ) 1336 -- 1343 Bukka I ( 1343 -- 1379 ) Harihara II ( 1379 -- 1399 ) Bukka II ( 1399 -- 1406 ) Deva Raya I ( 1406 -- 1412 ) Vira Vijaya ( 1412 -- 1419 ) Deva Raya II ( 1419 -- 1444 ) ( Not known ) ( 1444 -- 1449 ) Mallikarjuna ( 1452 -- 1465 ) Rajasekhara ( 1468 -- 1469 ) Virupaksha I ( 1470 -- 1471 ) Praudha Deva Raya ( 1476 -- ? ) Rajasekhara ( 1479 -- 1480 ) Virupaksha II ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Rajasekhara ( 1486 -- 1487 ) Saluva dynasty ( 1490 -- 1567 ) ( edit ) Narasimha ( 1490 -- 1503 ) Narasa ( Vira Narasimha ) ( 1503 -- 1509 ) Achyuta ( 1530 -- 1542 ) Sadasiva ( 1542 -- 1567 ) Tuluva dynasty ( 1491 -- 1570 ) ( edit ) Tuluva Narasa Nayaka ( 1491 -- 1503 ) Viranarasimha Raya ( 1503 -- 1509 ) Krishnadevaraya ( 1509 -- 1529 ) Achyuta Deva Raya ( 1529 -- 1542 ) Venkata I ( 1542 ) Sadasiva raya ( 1543 -- 1576 ) ARAVEETI DYNASTY ( 1565 -- 1680 ) Aliya Rama raya ( 1542 -- 1565 ) - unofficial ruler Tirumala raya ( 1570 -- 1572 ) Ranga raya I ( 1572 -- 1585 ) Venkatapathi raya II ( 1586 -- 1614 ) Ranga raya II ( 1614 ) Venkatapathi raya III ( 1630 -- 1642 ) Ranga raya III ( 1642 ) Pemmasani Kamma dynasty ( 1350 - 1652 ) ( edit ) Pemmasani Kings are longest ruled Telugu dynasty . Pemmasani Timmanayudu ( 1350 - 1392 ) Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu ( 1509 - 1529 ) Pemmasani Chinna Timma Naidu ( 1646 - 1652 ) Wodeyar dynasty ( first rule , 1371 -- 1761 ) ( edit ) Yaduraya Wodeyar or Raja Vijaya Raj Wodeyar ( 1371 -- 1423 ) Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar I ( 1423 -- 1459 ) Thimmaraja Wodeyar I ( 1459 -- 1478 ) Hiriya Chamaraja Wodeyar II ( 1478 -- 1513 ) Hiriya bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar III ( 1513 -- 1553 ) Thimmaraja Wodeyar II ( 1553 -- 1572 ) Bola Chamaraja Wodeyar IV ( 1572 -- 1576 ) Bettada Devaraja Wodeyar ( 1576 -- 1578 ) Raja Wodeyar I ( 1578 -- 1617 ) Chamaraja Wodeyar V ( 1617 -- 1637 ) Raja Wodeyar II ( 1637 -- 1638 ) ( Ranadhira ) Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar I ( 1638 -- 1659 ) Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar ( 1659 -- 1673 ) Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar ( 1673 -- 1704 ) Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II ( 1704 -- 1714 ) Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I ( 1714 -- 1732 ) Chamaraja Wodeyar VI ( 1732 -- 1734 ) ( Immadi ) Krishnaraja Wodeyar II ( 1734 -- 1766 ) , ruled under Hyder Ali from 1761 Nanajaraja Wodeyar ( 1766 -- 1772 ) , ruled under Hyder Ali Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar VII ( 1772 -- 1776 ) , ruled under Hyder Ali Khasa Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII ( 1776 -- 1796 ) , ruled under Hyder Ali until 1782 , then under Tipu Sultan until his deposition in 1796 The reign of the Kings of Mysore ( Wodeyar line ) was interrupted from 1761 to 1799 . Hyder Ali 's dynasty of Mysore ( 1761 -- 1799 ) ( edit ) Hyder Ali ( 1761 -- 1782 ) , Muslim commander deposing the Hindu Maharaja , fought the British and Nizams of Hyderabad in the first of 4 Anglo - Mysore Wars Tipu Sultan ( Tiger of Mysore ) ( 1782 -- 1799 ) , son of Hyder Ali , considered the greatest ruler of Mysore , assumed the novel style Badhshah Bahadur of Khudadad ( thus claiming the paramountcy of India instead of the Mughal ' mere ' Badhshah ) , fought the British , Marathas and Nizams of Hyderabad in the 3 Anglo - Mysore Wars ( where iron rockets ) were first used , allied to the French , and lost everything Wodeyar dynasty ( second rule , 1799 -- 1950 ) ( edit ) ( Mummudi ) Krishnaraja Wodeyar III ( 1799 -- 1868 ) Chamaraja Wodeyar IX ( 1868 -- 1894 ) H.H. Vani Vilas Sannidhana , queen of Chamaraja Wodeyar IX served as regent from 1894 to 1902 ( Nalvadi ) Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV ( 1894 -- 1940 ) Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur ( 1940 -- 1950 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 CE ) ( edit ) Kapilendra Deva ( 1434 -- 67 ) Purushottama Deva ( 1467 -- 97 ) Prataparudra Deva ( 1497 -- 1540 ) Kalua Deva ( 1540 -- 41 ) Kakharua Deva ( 1541 ) Maharajas of Cochin ( perumpadapu swaroopam , 1503 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Veerakerala Varma , nephew of Cheraman Perumal , is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century CE . But the records we have start in 1503 . Unniraman Koyikal I ( ? -- 1503 ) Unniraman Koyikal II ( 1503 -- 1537 ) Veera Kerala Varma ( 1537 -- 1565 ) Keshava Rama Varma ( 1565 -- 1601 ) Veera Kerala Varma ( 1601 -- 1615 ) Ravi Varma I ( 1615 -- 1624 ) Veera Kerala Varma ( 1624 -- 1637 ) Godavarma ( 1637 -- 1645 ) Veerarayira Varma ( 1645 -- 1646 ) Veera Kerala Varma ( 1646 -- 1650 ) Rama Varma I ( 1650 -- 1656 ) Rani Gangadharalakshmi ( 1656 -- 1658 ) Rama Varma II ( 1658 -- 1662 ) Goda Varma ( 1662 -- 1663 ) Veera Kerala Varma ( 1663 -- 1687 ) Rama Varma III ( 1687 -- 1693 ) Ravi Varma II ( 1693 -- 1697 ) Rama Varma IV ( 1697 -- 1701 ) Rama Varma V ( 1701 -- 1721 ) Ravi Varma III ( 1721 -- 1731 ) Rama Varma VI ( 1731 -- 1746 ) Veera Kerala Varma I ( 1746 -- 1749 ) Rama Varma VII ( 1749 -- 1760 ) Veera Kerala Varma II ( 1760 -- 1775 ) Rama Varma VIII ( 1775 -- 1790 ) Shaktan Thampuran ( Rama Varma IX ) ( 1790 -- 1805 ) Rama Varma X ( 1805 -- 1809 ) - Vellarapalli - yil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Vellarapali '' ) Veera Kerala Varma III ( 1809 -- 1828 ) - Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` karkidaka '' month ( Malayalam Era ) ) Rama Varma XI ( 1828 -- 1837 ) - Thulam - Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran ( King who died in `` Thulam '' month ( ME ) ) Rama Varma XII ( 1837 -- 1844 ) - Edava - Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran ( King who died in `` Edavam '' month ( ME ) ) Rama Varma XIII ( 1844 -- 1851 ) - Thrishur - il Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Thrishivaperoor '' or Thrishur ) Veera Kerala Varma IV ( 1851 -- 1853 ) - Kashi - yil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Kashi '' or Varanasi ) Ravi Varma IV ( 1853 -- 1864 ) - Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Makaram '' month ( ME ) ) Rama Varma XIV ( 1864 -- 1888 ) - Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Mithunam '' month ( ME ) ) Kerala Varma V ( 1888 -- 1895 ) - Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Chingam '' month ( ME ) ) Rama Varma XV ( 1895 -- 1914 ) - a.k.a. Rajarshi , abdicated ( d. in 1932 ) Rama Varma XVI ( 1915 -- 1932 ) - Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in Madras or Chennai ) Rama Varma XVII ( 1932 -- 1941 ) - Dhaarmika Chakravarthi ( King of Dharma ) , Chowara - yil Theepetta Thampuran ( King who died in `` Chowara '' ) Kerala Varma VI ( 1941 -- 1943 ) - Midukkan ( syn : Smart , expert , great ) Thampuran Ravi Varma V ( 1943 -- 1946 ) - Kunjappan Thampuran ( Brother of Midukkan Thampuran ) Kerala Varma VII ( 1946 -- 1948 ) - Ikya - Keralam ( Unified Kerala ) Thampuran Rama Varma XVIII ( 1948 -- 1964 ) - Pareekshit Thampuran Qutb Shahi dynasty ( 1518 -- 1687 ) ( edit ) Sultan Quli Qutbl Mulk ( 1518 -- 1543 ) Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah ( 1543 -- 1550 ) Subhan Quli Qutb Shah ( 1550 ) Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah ( 1550 -- 1580 ) Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah ( 1580 -- 1612 ) Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah ( 1612 -- 1626 ) Abdullah Qutb Shah ( 1626 -- 1672 ) Abul Hasan Qutb Shah ( 1672 -- 1687 ) Mughal empire ( 1526 -- 1857 ) ( edit ) Zahir ud din Muhammad Babur ( 1526 -- 1530 ) , descendant of Mongol conqueror Chenghiz Khan and Amir Timur , established the Mughal Empire ( one of the 3 earliest gunpowder empires ) after defeating the Delhi Sultanate Nasir ud din Muhammad Humayun ( 1530 -- 1540 ) , temporarily lost his empire to the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri after being defeated by him , restored his rule after defeating Adil Shah Suri in 1556 . Jalal ud din Muhammad Akbar ( Akbar the Great ) ( 1556 -- 1605 ) , considered the greatest of all Mughals , he restored the rule of his dynasty after defeating Hemchandra Vikramaditya . He carried out the biggest expansion of the Mughal Empire in Northern India Nur ud din Muhammad Jahangir ( 1605 -- 1627 ) , known in legends as Shehzada Salim Shihab - ud - din Shah Jahan ( 1627 -- 1657 ) , constructed the Taj Mahal , which is often regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir ( 1658 -- 1707 ) , expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent , ruling over most of South Asia and Afghanistan Muhammad Azam Shah ( 1707 ) Bahadur Shah I ( 1707 -- 1712 ) Jahandar Shah ( 1712 -- 1713 ) Farrukh Siyar ( 1713 -- 1719 ) Rafi ud Darajat ( 1719 ) Rafi ud Daulah ( 1719 ) Nikusiyar ( 1719 ) Muhammad Shah ( first rule , 1719 -- 1720 ) Muhammad Ibrahim ( 1720 ) Muhammad Shah ( restored ) ( 1720 -- 1748 ) Ahmad Shah Bahadur ( 1748 -- 1754 ) Alamgir II ( 1754 -- 1759 ) Shah Jahan III ( 1760 ) Shah Alam II ( 1759 -- 1806 ) Akbar Shah II ( 1806 -- 1837 ) Bahadur Shah II ( 1837 -- 1857 ) Mewar dynasty ( edit ) Mewar ( sisodia ) ( edit ) Bappa rawal ( 715to728 - 753 ) khumman ( 753 - 773 ) Mathatt ( 773 - 790 ) bhathabhatt ( 790 - 813 ) In his time another bharthbhutt 2nd son ruled with another brench of guhil in noth east rajaasthan Rawal singh ( 813 - 820 ) khumman 2 ( 820 - 853 ) Mahayak ( 853 - 878 ) In his region mewar ruler under gurjara - prthihar in his sub-ordinate - king mihir bhoja 853 to 1172 ruler of mewar become weak Samanta Singh ( 1172 - 1179 ) ( ( khumar , Manthan , Padam Singh ( 1179 - 1213 ) Jaitra Singh ( 1213 - 1261 ) Teja Singh ( 1261 - 1273 ) Samar Singh ( 1273 - 1301 ) Ratan Singh ( 1301 - 1303 ) Hammir Singh ( 1326 -- 1364 ) Kshetra Singh ( 1364 -- 1382 ) Lakha Singh ( 1382 -- 1421 ) Mokal Singh ( 1421 -- 1433 ) Rana Kumbha ( 1433 -- 1468 ) Udai Singh I ( 1468 -- 1473 ) Rana Raimal ( 1473 -- 1508 ) Rana Sanga ( 1508 -- 1527 ) - last Rajput emperor of India . Ratan Singh II ( 1528 -- 1531 ) Vikramaditya Singh ( 1531 -- 1536 ) Vanvir Singh ( 1536 -- 1540 ) Udai Singh II ( 1540 -- 1572 ) Maharana Pratap ( 1572 -- 1597 ) Amar Singh I ( 1597 -- 1620 ) Karan Singh II ( 1620 -- 1628 ) Jagat Singh I ( 1628 -- 1652 ) Raj Singh I ( 1652 -- 1680 ) Jai Singh ( 1680 -- 1698 ) Amar Singh II ( 1698 -- 1710 ) Sangram Singh II ( 1710 -- 1734 ) Jagat Singh II ( 1734 -- 1751 ) Pratap Singh II ( 1751 -- 1754 ) Raj Singh II ( 1754 -- 1762 ) Ari Singh II ( 1762 -- 1772 ) Hamir Singh II ( 1772 -- 1778 ) Bhim Singh ( 1778 -- 1828 ) Jawan Singh ( 1828 -- 1838 ) Shambhu Singh ( 1861 -- 1874 ) Sajjan Singh ( 1874 -- 1884 ) Fateh Singh ( 1884 -- 1930 ) Bhupal Singh ( 1930 -- 1947 ) Suri dynasty ( 1540 -- 1555 ) ( edit ) Sher Shah ( 1540 -- 1545 ) , seized the Mughal Empire after defeating the second Mughal Emperor Humayun Islam Shah Suri ( 1545 -- 1554 ) Firuz Shah Suri ( 1554 ) Muhammad Adil Shah ( 1554 -- 1555 ) Ibrahim Shah Suri ( 1555 ) Sikandar Shah Suri ( 1554 -- 1555 ) Adil Shah ( 1555 -- 1556 ) Chogyal , monarchs of Sikkim and ladakh ( 1642 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) Main article : Chogyal 1 . 1642 -- 1670 Phuntsog Namgyal ( 1604 -- 1670 ) Ascended the throne and was consecrated as the first Chogyal of Sikkim . Made the capital in Yuksom . 2 . 1670 -- 1700 Tensung Namgyal ( 1644 -- 1700 ) Shifted capital to Rabdentse from Yuksom . 3 . 1700 -- 1717 Chakdor Namgyal ( 1686 -- 1717 ) His half - sister Pendiongmu tried to dethrone Chakdor , who fled to Lhasa , but was reinstated as king with the help of Tibetans . 4 . 1717 -- 1733 Gyurmed Namgyal ( 1707 -- 1733 ) Sikkim was attacked by Nepalis . 5 . 1733 -- 1780 Phuntsog Namgyal II ( 1733 -- 1780 ) Nepalis raided Rabdentse , the then capital of Sikkim . 6 . 1780 -- 1793 Tenzing Namgyal ( 1769 -- 1793 ) Chogyal fled to Tibet , and later died there in exile . 7 . 1793 -- 1863 Tsugphud Namgyal ( 1785 -- 1863 ) The longest - reigning Chogyal of Sikkim . Shifted the capital from Rabdentse to Tumlong . Treaty of Titalia in 1817 between Sikkim and British India was signed in which territories lost to Nepal were appropriated to Sikkim . Darjeeling was gifted to British India in 1835 . Two Britons , Dr. Arthur Campbell and Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker were captured by the Sikkimese in 1849 . Hostilities between British India and Sikkim continued and led to a treaty signed , in which Darjeeling was ceded to the British Raj . 8 . 1863 -- 1874 Sidkeong Namgyal , ( 1819 -- 1874 ) 9 . 1874 -- 1914 Thutob Namgyal ( 1860 -- 1914 ) John Claude White appointed as the first political officer in Sikkim in 1889 . Capital shifted from Tumlong to Gangtok in 1894 . 10 . 1914 Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal ( 1879 -- 1914 ) The shortest - reigning Chogyal of Sikkim , ruled from 10 February to 5 December 1914 . Died of heart failure , aged 35 , in most suspicious circumstances . 11 . 1914 -- 1963 Tashi Namgyal ( 1893 -- 1963 ) Treaty between India and Sikkim was signed in 1950 , giving India suzerainty over Sikkim . 12 . 1963 -- 1975 Palden Thondup Namgyal , ( 1923 -- 1982 ) Deccan Sultanates ( edit ) Adil Shahi dynasty ( 1490 -- 1686 ) ( edit ) Yusuf Adil Shah ( 1490 -- 1510 ) Ismail Adil Shah ( 1510 -- 1534 ) Mallu Adil Shah ( 1534 ) Ibrahim Adil Shah I ( 1534 -- 1558 ) Ali Adil Shah I ( 1558 -- 1579 ) Ibrahim Adil Shah II ( 1580 -- 1627 ) Mohammed Adil Shah ( 1627 -- 1657 ) Ali Adil Shah II ( 1657 -- 1672 ) Sikandar Adil Shah ( 1672 -- 1686 ) Nizam Shahi dynasty ( 1490 -- 1636 ) ( edit ) Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I ( 1490 -- 1510 ) Burhan Nizam Shah I ( 1510 -- 1553 ) Hussain Nizam Shah I ( 1553 -- 1565 ) Murtaza Nizam Shah ( 1565 -- 1588 ) Miran Nizam Hussain ( 1588 -- 1589 ) Isma'il Nizam Shah ( 1589 -- 1591 ) Burhan Nizam Shah II ( 1591 -- 1595 ) Ibrahim Nizam Shah ( 1595 -- 1596 ) Ahmad Nizam Shah II ( 1596 ) Bahadur Nizam Shah ( 1596 -- 1600 ) Murtaza Nizam Shah II ( 1600 -- 1610 ) Burhan Nizam Shah III ( 1610 -- 1631 ) Hussain Nizam Shah II ( 1631 -- 1633 ) Murtaza Nizam Shah III ( 1633 -- 1636 ) . Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1572 ) ( edit ) Fathullah Imad - ul - Mulk ( 1490 -- 1504 ) Ala - ud - din Imad Shah ( 1504 -- 1530 ) Darya Imad Shah ( 1530 -- 1562 ) Burhan Imad Shah ( 1562 -- 1574 ) Tufal Khan ( usurper ) 1574 Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1542 ) ( edit ) Qasim Barid I ( 1492 -- 1504 ) Amir Barid I ( 1504 -- 1542 ) Ali Barid Shah ( 1542 -- 1580 ) Ibrahim Barid Shah ( 1580 -- 1587 ) Qasim Barid Shah II ( 1587 -- 1591 ) Ali Barid Shah II ( 1591 ) Amir Barid Shah II ( 1591 -- 1600 ) Mirza Ali Barid Shah III ( 1600 -- 1609 ) Amir Barid Shah III ( 1609 -- 1619 ) . Amir Barid I 1504 -- 1542 Qutb Shahi dynasty ( 1518 -- 1687 ) ( edit ) Sultan Quli Qutb - ul - Mulk ( 1518 -- 1543 ) Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah ( 1543 -- 1550 ) Subhan Quli Qutb Shah ( 1550 ) Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah ( 1550 -- 1580 ) Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah ( 1580 -- 1611 ) Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah ( 1611 -- 1626 ) Abdullah Qutb Shah ( 1626 -- 1672 ) Abul Hasan Qutb Shah ( 1672 -- 1687 ) . Maratha empire ( 1674 -- 1881 ) ( edit ) Shivaji era ( edit ) Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj ( born on 19 February 1630 , crowned on 6 June 1674 ; and died on 3 April 1680 ) Chhatrapati Sambhaji ( 1680 -- 1688 ) , elder son of Shivaji Chhatrapati Rajaram ( 1688 -- 1700 ) , younger son of Shivaji Rajmata Tarabai , regent ( 1700 -- 1707 ) , widow of Chhatrapati Rajaram Chhatrapati Shivaji II ( b . 1696 , ruled 1700 -- 14 ) ; first of the Kolhapur Chhatrapatis The Empire was divided between two branches of the family c. 1707 -- 10 ; and the division was formalized in 1731 . Bhosale chhatrapatis at kolhapur ( 1700 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Chhatrapati Shivaji II ( b . 1696 , ruled 1700 -- 14 ) Sambhaji II of Kolhapur ( b . 1698 , r . 1714 -- 60 ) Rajmata Jijibai of Kolhapur Rajmata Jijibai , regent ( 1760 -- 73 ) , senior widow of Sambhaji II Rajmata Durgabai of Kolhapur Rajmata Durgabai , regent ( 1773 -- 79 ) , junior widow of Sambhaji II Shahu Shivaji II of Kolhapur ( r . 1762 -- 1813 ) ; adopted by Jijibai , his predecessor 's senior widow Sambhaji III of Kolhapur ( b . 1801 , r . 1813 -- 21 ) Shivaji III of Kolhapur ( b . 1816 , r . 1821 -- 22 ) ( council of regency ) Shahaji I of Kolhapur ( b . 1802 , r . 1822 -- 38 ) Shivaji IV of Kolhapur ( b . 1830 , r . 1838 -- 66 ) Rajaram I of Kolhapur ( r . 1866 -- 70 ) Council of regency ( 1870 -- 94 ) Shivaji V of Kolhapur ( b . 1863 , r . 1871 -- 83 ) ; adopted by his predecessor 's widow Rajarshi Shahu IV of Kolhapur ( b . 1874 , r . 1884 -- 1922 ) ; adopted by his predecessor 's widow Rajaram II of Kolhapur ( b . 1897 r . 1922 -- 40 ) Indumati Tarabai of Kolhapur , regent ( 1940 -- 47 ) , widow of Rajaram II Shivaji VI of Kolhapur ( b . 1941 , r . 1941 -- 46 ) ; adopted by his predecessor 's widow Shahaji II of Kolhapur ( b . 1910 , r . 1947 , d . 1983 ) ; formerly Maharaja of Dewas Senior ; adopted by Indumati Tarabai , widow of Rajaram II The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947 . Bhosale chhatrapatis at Satara ( 1707 -- 1839 ) ( edit ) Shahu I ( 1708 -- 1749 ) . Son of Sambhaji I . Ramaraja ( 1749 -- 1777 ) . Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai ; adopted son of Shahu I . Shahu II of Satara ( 1777 -- 1808 ) . Son of Ramaraja . Pratapsinh ( 1808 -- 1839 ) Shahaji III ( 1839 -- 1848 ) Pratapsinh I ( adopted ) Rajaram III Pratapsinh II Raja Shahu III ( 1918 -- 1950 ) The peshwas ( 1713 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) Technically they were not monarchs , but hereditary prime ministers , though in fact they ruled instead of the Maharaja after death of Chattrapati Shahu , and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation . Balaji Vishwanath ( 1713 -- 2 April 1720 ) ( b . 1660 , died 2 April 1720 ) Peshwa Bajirao I ( 17 April 1720 -- 28 April 1740 ) ( b . 18 Aug. 1700 , died 28 April 1740 ) Balaji Bajirao ( 4 July 1740 -- 23 June 1761 ) ( b . 8 Dec. 1721 , d . 23 Jun. 1761 ) Madhavrao Ballal ( 1761 -- 18 Nov. 1772 ) ( b . 16 Feb. 1745 , d . 18 Nov. 1772 ) Narayanrao Bajirao ( 13 Dec. 1772 -- 30 Aug. 1773 ) ( b . 10 Aug. 1755 , d . 30 Aug. 1773 ) Raghunath Rao Bajirao ( 5 Dec. 1773 -- 1774 ) ( b . 18 Aug. 1734 , d . 11 Dec. 1783 ) Sawai Madhavrao ( 1774 -- 27 Oct. 1795 ) ( b . 18 April 1774 , d . 27 Oct. 1795 ) Baji Rao II ( 6 Dec. 1796 -- 3 June 1818 ) ( d . 28 Jan. 1851 ) Nana Sahib ( 1 July 1857 -- 1858 ) ( b . 19 May 1825 , d . 24 Sep. 1859 ) Bhosale maharajas of thanjavur ( ? -- 1799 ) ( edit ) Further information : Thanjavur Maratha kingdom Descended from a brother of Shivaji ; ruled independently and had no formal relationship with the Maratha Empire . Ekoji I Shahuji I of Thanjavur Serfoji I Tukkoji Ekoji II Sujanbai Shahuji II of Thanjavur Pratapsingh of Thanjavur ( r . 1737 -- 63 ) Tulojirao Bhonsle of Thanjavur ( b . 1738 , r . 1763 -- 87 ) , elder son of Pratapasimha Serfoji II of Thanjavur ( r . 1787 -- 93 & 1798 -- 99 , d . 1832 ) ; adoptive son of Tuloji Bhonsle Ramaswami Amarasimha Bhonsle ( r . 1793 -- 98 ) ; younger son of Pratapasimha The state was annexed by the British in 1799 . Bhosale maharajas of Nagpur ( 1799 -- 1881 ) ( edit ) Raghoji I ( 1738 -- 1755 ) Janoji ( 1755 -- 1772 ) Sabaji ( 1772 -- 1775 ) Mudhoji I ( 1775 -- 1788 ) Raghoji II ( 1788 -- 1816 ) Parsoji Bhonsle ( 18 ? ? -- 1817 ) Mudhoji II ( 1816 -- 1818 ) Raghoji III ( 1818 -- 1853 ) 1853 to Great Britain Janoji II ( 1853 -- 1881 ) ( adopted ) Raghujideo ( 1881 ) The kingdom was annexed by the British under the Doctrine of Lapse . Holkar rulers of Indore ( 1731 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) Malharrao Holkar ( I ) ( r . 2 November 1731 -- 19 May 1766 ) Malerao Khanderao Holkar ( r . 23 August 1766 -- 5 April 1767 ) Punyaslok Rajmata Ahilyadevi Holkar ( r . 5 April 1767 -- 13 August 1795 ) Tukojirao Holkar ( I ) ( r . 13 August 1795 -- 29 January 1797 ) Kashirao Tukojirao Holkar ( r . 29 January 1797 -- 1798 ) Yashwantrao Holkar ( I ) ( r . 1798 -- 27 November 1811 ) Malharrao Yashwantrao Holkar ( III ) ( r . November 1811 -- 27 October 1833 ) Martandrao Malharrao Holkar ( r . 17 January 1834 -- 2 February 1834 ) Harirao Vitthojirao Holkar ( r . 17 April 1834 -- 24 October 1843 ) Khanderao Harirao Holkar ( r . 13 November 1843 -- 17 February 1844 ) Tukojirao Gandharebhau Holkar ( II ) ( r . 27 June 1844 -- 17 June 1886 ) Shivajirao Tukojirao Holkar ( r . 17 June 1886 -- 31 January 1903 ) Tukojirao Shivajirao Holkar ( III ) ( r . 31 January 1903 -- 26 February 1926 ) Yashwantrao Holkar ( II ) ( r . 26 February 1926 -- 1961 ) Following the independence of India in 1947 , the state acceded unto the Dominion of India . The monarchy was ended in 1948 , but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur , Maharani of Indore since 1961 . Scindia rulers of gwalior ( ? -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Ranojirao Scindia ( 1731 -- 19 July 1745 ) Jayapparao Scindia ( 1745 -- 25 July 1755 ) Jankojirao I Scindia ( 25 July 1755 -- 15 January 1761 ) . Born 1745 Meharban Dattaji Rao Scindia , Regent ( 1755 -- 10 January 1760 ) . Died 1760 Vacant 15 January 1761 -- 25 November 1763 Kedarjirao Scindia ( 25 November 1763 -- 10 July 1764 ) Manajirao Scindia Phakade ( 10 July 1764 -- 18 January 1768 ) Mahadaji Scindia ( 18 January 1768 -- 12 February 1794 ) . Born c. 1730 , died 1794 Daulatrao Scindia ( 12 February 1794 -- 21 March 1827 ) . Born 1779 , died 1827 Jankojirao II Scindia ( 18 June 1827 -- 7 February 1843 ) . Born 1805 , died 1843 Jayajirao Scindia ( 7 February 1843 -- 20 June 1886 ) . Born 1835 , died 1886 Madho Rao Scindia ( 20 June 1886 -- 5 June 1925 ) . Born 1876 , died 1925 George Jivajirao Scindia ( Maharaja 5 June 1925 -- 15 August 1947 , Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 -- 31 October 1956 , later Rajpramukh ) . Born 1916 , died 1961 Following the independence of India in 1947 , the state acceded unto the Dominion of India . Madhavrao Scindia ( 6 February 1949 ; died 2001 ) Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia ( born 1 January 1971 ) Gaekwad rulers of Baroda ( Vadodara ) ( 1721 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Pilaji Rao Gaekwad ( 1721 -- 1732 ) Damaji Rao Gaekwad ( 1732 -- 1768 ) Govind Rao Gaekwad ( 1768 -- 1771 ) Sayaji Rao Gaekwad I ( 1771 -- 1789 ) Manaji Rao Gaekwad ( 1789 -- 1793 ) Govind Rao Gaekwad ( restored ) ( 1793 -- 1800 ) Anand Rao Gaekwad ( 1800 -- 1818 ) Sayaji Rao II Gaekwad ( 1818 -- 1847 ) Ganpat Rao Gaekwad ( 1847 -- 1856 ) Khande Rao Gaekwad ( 1856 -- 1870 ) Malhar Rao Gaekwad ( 1870 -- 1875 ) Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III ( 1875 -- 1939 ) Pratap Singh Gaekwad ( 1939 -- 1951 ) The major Muslim vassals of the Mughal / British Paramountcy ( 1707 -- 1856 ) ( edit ) Nawabs of Bengal ( 1707 -- 1770 ) ( edit ) Murshid Quli Jafar Khan ( 1707 -- 1727 ) Sujauddin Khan ( 1727 -- 1739 ) Sarfraz Khan ( 1739 -- 1740 ) Alivardi Khan ( 1740 -- 1756 ) Siraj Ud Daulah ( 1756 -- 1757 ) Mir Jafar ( 1757 -- 1760 ) Mir Qasim ( 1760 -- 1763 ) Mir Jafar ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Najm ud Daulah ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Saif ud Daulah ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Nawabs of Oudh ( 1719 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) Saadat Ali Khan I ( 1719 -- 1737 ) Safdarjung ( 1737 -- 1753 ) Shuja - ud - Daula ( 1753 -- 1775 ) Asaf - ud - Daula ( 1775 -- 1797 ) Wazir Ali Khan ( 1797 -- 1798 ) Saadat Ali Khan II ( 1798 -- 1814 ) Ghazi - ud - Din Haider ( 1814 -- 1827 ) Nasiruddin Haider ( 1827 -- 1837 ) Muhammad Ali Shah ( 1837 -- 1842 ) Amjad Ali Shah ( 1842 -- 1847 ) Wajid Ali Shah ( 1847 -- 1856 ) Birjis Qadra ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Nizams of Hyderabad ( 1720 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) Mir Qamaruddin Khan , Nizal ul Mulk , Asif Jah I ( 1720 -- 1748 ) Mir Ahmed Ali Khan Nasir Jang Nazam - ud - Dowlah ( 1748 -- 1750 ) Nawab Hidayat Mohuddin Sa'adu'llah Khan Bahadur , Muzaffar Jang ( 1750 -- 1751 ) Nawab Syed Mohammed Khan , Amir ul Mulk , Salabat Jang ( 1751 -- 1762 ) Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur , Nizam ul Mulk , Asif Jah II ( 1762 -- 1803 ) Nawab Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah , Asif Jah III ( 1803 -- 1829 ) Nawab Mir Farkhonda Ali Khan Nasir - ud - Daulah , Asif Jah IV ( 1829 -- 1857 ) Nawab Mir Tahniat Ali Khan Afzal ud Daulah , Asif Jah V ( 1857 -- 1869 ) Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan , Asif Jah VI ( 1869 -- 1911 ) Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan , Asif Jah VII ( 1911 -- 1948 ) Kingdom of Travancore ( 1729 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Marthanda Varma ( 1729 -- 1758 ) Dharma Raja ( 1758 -- 1798 ) Balarama Varma ( 1798 -- 1810 ) Gowri Lakshmi Bayi ( 1810 -- 1815 ) Gowri Parvati Bayi ( 1815 -- 1829 ) Swathi Thirunal ( 1829 -- 1846 ) Uthram Thirunal ( 1846 -- 1860 ) Ayilyam Thirunal ( 1860 -- 1880 ) Visakham Thirunal ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Moolam Thirunal ( 1885 -- 1924 ) Sethu Lakshmi Bayi ( 1924 -- 1931 ) Chithira Thirunal ( 1931 -- 1949 ) Sikh Empire ( 1801 -- 1849 ) ( edit ) Maharaja Ranjit Singh ( b . 1780 , crowned 12 April 1801 ; d . 1839 ) Kharak Singh ( b . 1801 , d . 1840 ) , eldest son of Ranjit Singh Nau Nihal Singh ( b . 1821 , d . 1840 ) , grandson of Ranjit Singh Chand Kaur ( b . 1802 , d . 1842 ) was briefly Regent Sher Singh ( b . 1807 , d . 1843 ) , son of Ranjit Singh Duleep Singh ( b . 1838 , crowned 1843 , d . 1893 ) , youngest son of Ranjit Singh The British Empire annexed the Punjab c. 1845 -- 49 ; after the First and Second Anglo - Sikh Wars Emperors of India ( 1857 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Queen - Empress Victoria ( 1876 -- 1901 ) King - Emperor Edward VII ( 1901 -- 1910 ) King - Emperor George V ( 1910 -- 1936 ) King - Emperor Edward VIII ( 1936 ) King - Emperor George VI ( 1936 -- 1947 ) Dominion of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) ( edit ) George VI , King of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) retained the title `` Emperor of India '' until 22 June 1948 . Dominion of Pakistan ( 1947 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) George VI , King of Pakistan ( 1947 -- 1952 ) Elizabeth II , Queen of Pakistan ( 1952 -- 1956 ) See also ( edit ) History of South Asia History of India History of Pakistan Middle kingdoms of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The title `` Emperor of India '' did not disappear with Indian independence from Great Britain in 1947 , but in 1947 , as when India became the Dominion of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) after independence in 1947 , George VI retained the title `` Emperor of India '' until 22 June 1947 , and thereafter he remained monarch of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Upinder Singh ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India . Pearson Education India . pp. 381 -- 384 . ISBN 9788131711200 . Jump up ^ Charles Higham ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 299 . ISBN 9781438109961 . Jump up ^ Mahajan V.D. ( 1960 , reprint 2007 ) . Ancient India , S. Chand & Company , New Delhi , ISBN 81 - 219 - 0887 - 6 , pp. 594 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Dilip Kumar Ganguly ( 1994 ) . Ancient India , History and Archaeology . Abhinav . pp. 33 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 304 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Susan L. Huntington ( 1984 ) . The `` Påala - Sena '' Schools of Sculpture . Brill Archive . pp. 32 -- 39 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06856 - 2 . Jump up ^ R.C. Majumdar ( 1971 ) . History of Ancient Bengal . G. Bharadwaj . p. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Abdul Momin Chowdhury ( 1967 ) . Dynastic history of Bengal , c. 750 - 1200 CE . Asiatic Society of Pakistan . pp. 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha ( 1977 ) . Dynastic History of Magadha , Cir. 450 -- 1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications . pp. 253 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 059 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dineshchandra Sircar ( 1975 -- 76 ) . `` Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar 's Chronology of the Pala Kings '' . Journal of Indian History . IX : 209 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jain , Kailash Chand ( 1972 ) . Malwa Through the Ages , from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0824 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Michell , George & Mark Zebrowski . Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates ( The New Cambridge History of India Vol . I : 7 ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 56321 - 6 , p. 274 Jump up ^ Michell , George & Mark Zebrowski . Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates ( The New Cambridge History of India Vol . I : 7 ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 56321 - 6 , p. 275 Jump up ^ `` kolhap2 '' . Royalark.net . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` tanjore2 '' . Royalark.net . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Prabhakar Gadre ( 1994 ) . Bhosle of Nagpur and East India Company . Publication Scheme . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` No. 38330 '' . The London Gazette. 22 June 1948 . p. 3647 . Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948 , made in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947 , 10 & 11 GEO. 6 . CH. 30. ( ' Section 7 : ... ( 2 ) The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words `` Indiae Imperator '' and the words `` Emperor of India '' and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm . ' ) . According to this Royal Proclamation , the King retained the Style and Titles ' George VI by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King , Defender of the Faith ' , and he thus remained King of the various Dominions , including India and Pakistan , though these two ( and others ) eventually chose to abandon their monarchies and became republics . Sources and external links ( edit ) RoyalArk - India pages Adrian Fletcher 's Paradoxplace - Great Mughal Emperors of India Middle kingdoms of India Timeline and cultural period Northwestern India ( Punjab - Sapta Sindhu ) Indo - Gangetic Plain Central India Southern India Upper Gangetic Plain ( Kuru - Panchala ) Middle Gangetic Plain Lower Gangetic Plain IRON AGE Culture Late Vedic Period Late Vedic Period ( Brahmin ideology ) Painted Grey Ware culture Late Vedic Period ( Kshatriya / Shramanic culture ) Northern Black Polished Ware Pre-history 6th century BC Gandhara Kuru - Panchala Magadha Adivasi ( tribes ) Culture Persian - Greek influences `` Second Urbanisation '' Rise of Shramana movements Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga Pre-history 5th century BC ( Persian rule ) Shishunaga dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) 4th century BC ( Greek conquests ) Nanda empire HISTORICAL AGE Culture Spread of Buddhism Pre-history Sangam period ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 3rd century BC Maurya Empire Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam Culture Preclassical Hinduism - `` Hindu Synthesis '' ( ca . 200 BC - 300 AD ) Epics - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism Sangam period ( continued ) ( 300 BC -- 200 AD ) 2nd century BC Indo - Greek Kingdom Shunga Empire Maha - Meghavahana Dynasty Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam 1st century BC 1st century AD Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthians Kuninda Kingdom 2nd century Kushan Empire 3rd century Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom Kushan Empire Western Satraps Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture `` Golden Age of Hinduism '' ( ca . AD 320 - 650 ) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 4th century Kidarites Gupta Empire Varman dynasty Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty 5th century Hephthalite Empire Alchon Huns Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Vishnukundina 6th century Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi Maitraka Adivasi ( tribes ) Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Culture Late - Classical Hinduism ( ca . AD 650 - 1100 ) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India 7th century Indo - Sassanids Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha Mlechchha dynasty Adivasi ( tribes ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Kalabhras ) Pandyan Kingdom ( Revival ) Pallava 8th century Kabul Shahi Pala Empire Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri 9th century Gurjara - Pratihara Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai 10th century Ghaznavids Pala dynasty Kamboja - Pala dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom ( Under Cholas ) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta ( hide ) References and sources for table References Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Samuel Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Micheals ( 2004 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ Michaels ( 2004 ) p. 41 Sources Flood , Gavin D. ( 1996 ) , An Introduction to Hinduism , Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) , Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' , Routledge Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) , Hinduism . Past and present , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_monarchs&oldid=834320800 '' Categories : Lists of monarchs Indian monarchs Lists of Indian monarchs India history - related lists Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina मराठी Polski Português தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who played the weird guy in the goonies
He was the first overall pick in the 1973 NFL Draft and played most of his career with the Oakland Raiders until he retired after winning his second Super Bowl in 1981 . Matuszak participated in the 1978 World 's Strongest Man competition , where he placed ninth . As an actor , he played in both films and television , appearing first as O.W. Shaddock in 1979 in North Dallas Forty followed by Tonda in the 1981 film Caveman . His best known role was as the deformed Sloth in the 1985 movie The Goonies . His biography , Cruisin ' with the Tooz , written with Steve Delsohn , was published in 1987 .
John Matuszak
john matuszak
John Daniel `` Tooz '' Matuszak ( October 25 , 1950 -- June 17 , 1989 ) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League who later became an actor .
He was the first overall pick in the 1973 NFL Draft and played most of his career with the Oakland Raiders until he retired after winning his second Super Bowl in 1981 . Matuszak participated in the 1978 World 's Strongest Man competition , where he placed ninth . As an actor , he played in both films and television , appearing first as O.W. Shaddock in 1979 in North Dallas Forty followed by Tonda in the 1981 film Caveman . His best known role was as the deformed Sloth in the 1985 movie The Goonies . His biography , Cruisin ' with the Tooz , written with Steve Delsohn , was published in 1987 . He died in 1989 of an accidental propoxyphene overdose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Professional athlete 3 Actor 4 Death 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Matuszak was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , to Audrey and Marvin Matuszak . John had two brothers , but both died of cystic fibrosis at young ages . His one sister also had the disease . The family moved from downtown Milwaukee to Oak Creek , Wisconsin , where Matuszak 's classmates ridiculed him as a gawky beanpole . Their disrespect motivated him to develop into a muscular young man , and he became the Wisconsin Class A state champion in the shot put with a throw of 58 ft 11 in ( 17.96 m ) . He was always big for his age , which became an advantage as a defensive lineman in football . After a freshman year playing football at Fort Dodge Junior College in Iowa , Matuszak was recruited to the University of Missouri by Dan Devine . Matuszak enrolled at Mizzou for his sophomore year of college , where he played one season of football for the Tigers as a tight end . Matuszak did not see much playing time at Mizzou because the starting tight end was an excellent blocker . Off the field , Matuszak was prone to disciplinary problems . He caved in another student 's face while drunk at a fraternity party , claiming the other student insulted his date . With Dan Devine leaving Missouri for the Green Bay Packers that same year , Matuszak no longer had a spot on the team , and his scholarship was revoked by new coach Al Onofrio . Following his sophomore season at Mizzou , Matuszak transferred to the University of Tampa , where he became the star of their football team . He was also a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity . By the time he became a professional athlete , Matuszak stood 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) and weighed over 280 lb ( 130 kg ) . Professional athlete ( edit ) Matuszak , drafted by the Houston Oilers of the NFL , was the first draft pick of 1973 . In addition to his contract with the Oilers , he joined the Houston Texans of the World Football League , playing a total of seven plays before a restraining order was served to him during a game , barring him from playing for two teams at the same time . Matuszak said he had no plans to play in that game but requested to play after seeing 25 or so men looking for him on the sidelines . He did n't know what was happening at the time and wanted to avoid confrontation . The Oilers , displeased that he tried joining the WFL , traded him to the Kansas City Chiefs , where he played until 1975 . Then he signed with the Raiders in 1976 after being released in pre-season by the Washington Redskins . He helped the Raiders win two Super Bowls ( XI and XV ) before retiring after spending the entire 1982 season on injured reserve . His football career was often overshadowed by his even more famous use of drugs . In his autobiography , he stated that he took many painkillers as well as other narcotics while playing professional football . Because of this , an article written for Sports Illustrated 's website in January 2005 named him one of the top five all - time `` bad boys '' of the NFL . Although his performances made him one of the best Raider defenders of all time , his volatile actions contributed to him not being popular with teammates and not being in Al Davis 's favor . Actor ( edit ) Matuszak acted professionally in the 1980s , making appearances in feature films and on television , often portraying football players or gentle giants . His first major role was in the 1979 movie North Dallas Forty as a football player . He appeared in the movies Caveman , The Ice Pirates , One Man Force , and One Crazy Summer , but is frequently remembered as deformed captive Sloth in The Goonies , the make - up for which took five hours to apply . Matuszak 's character Sloth wears an Oakland Raiders shirt in some scenes . He had numerous guest appearances in TV shows such as Perfect Strangers , M * A * S * H , The Dukes of Hazzard , Hunter , Silver Spoons , The A-Team , 1st & Ten , Miami Vice and Cheers . Death ( edit ) Matuszak died on June 17 , 1989 , as a result of acute propoxyphene intoxication , an accidental overdose of the prescription drug Darvocet , according to the findings of the Los Angeles County Coroner 's Office . The report also said that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( an enlarged heart ) and bronchopneumonia had been contributing factors in his death . There were also traces of cocaine found in his blood stream . He was 38 years old . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1979 North Dallas Forty O.W. Shaddock 1981 Caveman Tonda 1984 The Ice Pirates Killjoy 1985 The Goonies Sloth 1986 One Crazy Summer Stain P.K. and the Kid Himself 1989 Ghost Writer Jake 1989 The Princess and the Dwarf 1990 Down the Drain Jed Stewart ( final film role ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1985 Hollywood Beat George Grinsky 1st & Ten : The Championship John Manzak 3 episodes 1988 The Dirty Dozen : The Fatal Mission Fred Collins TV movie 1988 Aaron 's Way Purque 2 episodes References ( edit ) John Matuszak and Steve Delsohn . Cruisin ' with the Tooz. 1987 . ISBN 0 - 531 - 15055 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matuszak 's Death Caused By Accidental Overdose '' . The New York Times . 28 June 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Farewell , Tooz , we hardly knew you '' . rockmnation.com . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( July 9 , 1989 ) . `` The Life and Times of the Tooz : Menacing Body Held Spirit of Insecure , Guilt - Ridden Child '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , Rani . `` Sloth 's tragic real - life story '' . grunge.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` The Top Five : Move over , Moss and T.O. -- these are the real bad boys of NFL lore '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 -- via CNN.com . Jump up ^ John Matuszak on IMDb Jump up ^ Notopoulos , Katie . `` Here is the Butt of Sloth from `` the Goonies '' `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) John Matuszak on IMDb John Matuszak at Find a Grave National Football League Draft number one overall picks Berwanger Francis C. Davis Aldrich Cafego Harmon Dudley Sinkwich Bertelli Trippi Dancewicz Fenimore Gilmer Bednarik Hart Rote Wade Babcock B. Garrett Shaw Glick Hornung Hill Duncan Cannon Mason E. Davis Baker Parks Frederickson Nobis Bu. Smith Yary Simpson Bradshaw Plunkett Patulski Matuszak Jones Bartkowski Selmon Bell Campbell Cousineau B. Sims Rogers K. Sims Elway Fryar Br. Smith Jackson Testaverde Bruce Aikman George Maryland Emtman Bledsoe Wilkinson Carter Johnson Pace P. Manning Couch Brown Vick Carr Palmer E. Manning A. Smith Williams Russell Long Stafford Bradford Newton Luck Fisher Clowney Winston Goff M. Garrett Houston Oilers 1973 NFL Draft selections John Matuszak George Amundson Edesel Garrison Ron Mayo Shelby Jordan Joe Blahak Mark Williams Darrell Vaughn Larry Eaglin Brad Lyman Willie Martin Ron Lou Roger Goree Tim Dameron Randy Braband Draft years 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1973 NFL draft first - round selections John Matuszak Bert Jones Jerry Sisemore John Hannah Dave Butz Charle Young Paul Seymour Wally Chambers Otis Armstrong Joe Ehrmann Sam Cunningham Chuck Foreman Burgess Owens George Amundson Isaac Curtis Steve Holden Ernie Price Mike Holmes Darryl Stingley Billy Joe DuPree Barry Smith Pete Adams Ray Guy J.T. Thomas Johnny Rodgers Joe DeLamielleure Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Titans first - round draft picks Cannon Ditka Jacobs Brabham Appleton Elkins Nobis Regner Webster Pritchard Wilkerson Pastorini Sampson Amundson Matuszak Brazile Hardeman Towns Campbell Munchak Matthews Steinkuhler R. Johnson Childress Everett Jeffires Highsmith White Williams Lathon Hopkins Ford McNair George Holmes Dyson Kearse Bulluck Haynesworth Woolfolk Jones Young Griffin C. Johnson Britt Morgan Locker Wright Warmack Lewan Mariota Conklin Davis Jackson Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XI champions 4 Fred Steinfort 8 Ray Guy 11 David Humm 12 Ken Stabler 14 Errol Mann 15 Mike Rae 20 Neal Colzie 21 Cliff Branch 24 Willie Brown 25 Fred Biletnikoff ( MVP ) 26 Skip Thomas 28 Clarence Davis 29 Hubert Ginn 30 Mark van Eeghen 31 Carl Garrett 32 Jack Tatum 33 Rick Jennings 34 Terry Kunz 36 Manfred Moore 39 Willie Hall 40 Pete Banaszak 41 Phil Villapiano 43 George Atkinson 44 Marv Hubbard 46 Warren Bankston 47 Charlie Phillips 49 Mike Siani 50 Dave Dalby 51 Rodrigo Barnes 52 Floyd Rice 54 Rik Bonness 58 Monte Johnson 60 Otis Sistrunk 61 Herb McMath 63 Gene Upshaw 64 George Buehler 66 Steve Sylvester 70 Henry Lawrence 72 John Matuszak 74 Dave Rowe 75 John Vella 77 Charles Philyaw 78 Art Shell 79 Dan Medlin 81 Morris Bradshaw 83 Ted Hendricks 87 Dave Casper 89 Ted Kwalick Head coach : John Madden Coaches : Tom Dahms Lew Erber Tom Flores Joe Scannella Don Shinnick Oliver Spencer Bob Zeman Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XV champions 6 Marc Wilson 7 Dan Pastorini 8 Ray Guy 10 Chris Bahr 16 Jim Plunkett ( MVP ) 20 I.M. Hipp 21 Cliff Branch 22 Arthur Whittington 23 Odis McKinney 26 Keith Moody 30 Mark van Eeghen 31 Derrick Jensen 33 Kenny King 35 Dwayne O'Steen 36 Mike Davis 37 Lester Hayes 42 Monte Jackson 43 Ira Matthews 44 Burgess Owens 45 Mike Spivey 46 Todd Christensen 50 Dave Dalby 51 Bob Nelson 52 Mario Celotto 52 Greg Westbrooks 53 Rod Martin 55 Matt Millen 56 Jeff Barnes 57 Randy McClanahan 60 Alva Liles 62 Reggie Kinlaw 63 Gene Upshaw 65 Mickey Marvin 66 Steve Sylvester 70 Henry Lawrence 71 Lindsey Mason 72 John Matuszak 73 Dave Browning 74 Dave Pear 77 Joe Campbell 78 Art Shell 79 Bruce Davis 81 Morris Bradshaw 82 Dwight Harrison 83 Ted Hendricks 84 Derrick Ramsey 85 Bob Chandler 86 Cedrick Hardman 88 Raymond Chester 89 Rich Martini 90 Willie Jones Head coach : Tom Flores Coaches : Sam Boghosian Willie Brown Lew Erber Chet Franklin Earl Leggett Joe Madro Bob Mischak Steve Ortmayer Charlie Sumner Ray Willsey VIAF : 22352840 LCCN : n85157676 ISNI : 0000 0001 1606 287X BNF : cb142047092 ( data ) BNE : XX4737615 SNAC : w6n14602 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Matuszak&oldid=836931162 '' Categories : 1950 births 1989 deaths 20th - century American male actors American football defensive ends American football defensive tackles American male film actors American male television actors American actor - athletes American people of Polish descent American strength athletes Drug - related deaths in California Houston Oilers players Houston Texans ( WFL ) players Kansas City Chiefs players Los Angeles Raiders players Missouri Tigers football players National Football League first overall draft picks Oakland Raiders players Players of American football from Wisconsin Sportspeople from Milwaukee Super Bowl champions Tampa Spartans football players Washington Redskins players Hidden categories : NFL player missing current team parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,341
definition for gain margin and phase margin of control system
Phase margin and its important companion concept , gain margin , are measures of stability in closed - loop , dynamic - control systems . Phase margin indicates relative stability , the tendency to oscillate during its damped response to an input change such as a step function . Gain margin indicates absolute stability and the degree to which the system will oscillate , without limit , given any disturbance .
Phase margin
phase margin
In electronic amplifiers , the phase margin ( PM ) is the difference between the phase and 180 ° , for an amplifier 's output signal ( relative to its input ) at zero dB gain .
P M = 180 ∘ − Δ φ ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( PM ) = 180 ^ ( \ circ ) - \ Delta \ phi ) . Typically the open - loop phase lag ( relative to input ) varies with frequency , progressively increasing to exceed 180 ° , at which frequency the output signal becomes inverted , or antiphase in relation to the input . The PM will be positive but decreasing at frequencies less than the frequency at which inversion sets in ( at which PM = 0 ) , and PM is negative ( PM < 0 ) at higher frequencies . In the presence of negative feedback , a zero or negative PM at a frequency where the loop gain exceeds unity ( 1 ) guarantees instability . Thus positive PM is a `` safety margin '' that ensures proper ( non-oscillatory ) operation of the circuit . This applies to amplifier circuits as well as more generally , to active filters , under various load conditions ( e.g. reactive loads ) . In its simplest form , involving ideal negative feedback voltage amplifiers with non-reactive feedback , the phase margin is measured at the frequency where the open - loop voltage gain of the amplifier equals the desired closed - loop DC voltage gain . More generally , PM is defined as that of the amplifier and its feedback network combined ( the `` loop '' , normally opened at the amplifier input ) , measured at a frequency where the loop gain is unity , and prior to the closing of the loop , through tying the output of the open loop to the input source , in such a way as to subtract from it . In the above loop - gain definition , it is assumed that the amplifier input presents zero load . To make this work for non-zero - load input , the output of the feedback network needs to be loaded with an equivalent load for the purpose of determining the frequency response of the loop gain . It is also assumed that the graph of gain vs. frequency crosses unity gain with a negative slope and does so only once . This consideration matters only with reactive and active feedback networks , as may be the case with active filters . Phase margin and its important companion concept , gain margin , are measures of stability in closed - loop , dynamic - control systems . Phase margin indicates relative stability , the tendency to oscillate during its damped response to an input change such as a step function . Gain margin indicates absolute stability and the degree to which the system will oscillate , without limit , given any disturbance . The output signals of all amplifiers exhibit a time delay when compared to their input signals . This delay causes a phase difference between the amplifier 's input and output signals . If there are enough stages in the amplifier , at some frequency , the output signal will lag behind the input signal by one cycle period at that frequency . In this situation , the amplifier 's output signal will be in phase with its input signal though lagging behind it by 360 ° , i.e. , the output will have a phase angle of − 360 ° . This lag is of great consequence in amplifiers that use feedback . The reason : the amplifier will oscillate if the fed - back output signal is in phase with the input signal at the frequency at which its open - loop voltage gain equals its closed - loop voltage gain and the open - loop voltage gain is one or greater . The oscillation will occur because the fed - back output signal will then reinforce the input signal at that frequency . In conventional operational amplifiers , the critical output phase angle is − 180 ° because the output is fed back to the input through an inverting input which adds an additional − 180 ° . In practice , feedback amplifiers must be designed with phase margins substantially in excess of 0 ° , even though amplifiers with phase margins of , say , 1 ° are theoretically stable . The reason is that many practical factors can reduce the phase margin below the theoretical minimum . A prime example is when the amplifier 's output is connected to a capacitive load . Therefore , operational amplifiers are usually compensated to achieve a minimum phase margin of 45 ° or so . This means that at the frequency at which the open and closed loop gains meet , the phase angle is − 135 ° . The calculation is : - 135 ° - ( - 180 ° ) = 45 ° . See Warwick or Stout for a detailed analysis of the techniques and results of compensation to ensure adequate phase margins . See also the article `` Pole splitting '' . Often amplifiers are designed to achieve a typical phase margin of 60 degrees . If the typical phase margin is around 60 degrees then the minimum phase margin will typically be greater than 45 degrees . A phase margin of 60 degrees is also a magic number because it allows for the fastest settling time when attempting to follow a voltage step input ( a Butterworth design ) . An amplifier with lower phase margin will ring for longer and an amplifier with more phase margin will take a longer time to rise to the voltage step 's final level . A related measure is gain margin . While phase margin comes from the phase where the loop gain equals one , the gain margin is based upon the gain where the phase equals - 180 degrees . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ringing is the displaying of a decaying oscillation for a portion of the output signal 's cycle ; see ringing artifacts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul Horowitz & Hill W ( 1989 ) . The art of electronics ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge MA : Dr. Robotnic . § 4.33 pp. 242 -- 249 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37095 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ibid , p. 245 . Jump up ^ K Warwick ( 1996 ) . An introduction to control systems ( Second ed . ) . Singapore : World Scientific . Chapter 5 , pp. 137 -- 196 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2597 - 0 . ( pb ) . ISBN 981 - 02 - 1563 - 0 ( hc ) . Jump up ^ David F Stout & Kaufman M ( 1976 ) . Handbook of operational amplifier circuit design . NY : McGraw - Hill . Sec. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 061797 - X . See also ( edit ) Loop Gain and its Effects on Analog Circuit Performance BIBO stability Nyquist stability criterion Routh - Hurwitz stability criterion Ringing artifacts Root locus method Bode plots & phase margin Step response & phase margin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_margin&oldid=843161345 '' Categories : Electrical parameters Electronic feedback Electronic amplifiers Systems theory Signal processing Classical control theory Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 08 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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2,342
when does nathan find out about chuck and blair
`` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' is the 13th episode of the CW television series , Gossip Girl . The episode was written by Felicia D. Henderson and directed by Norman Buckley . It originally aired on Wednesday , January 9 , 2008 on the CW .
13th episode
The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate
the thin line between chuck and nate
`` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' is the 13th episode of the CW television series , Gossip Girl . The episode was written by Felicia D. Henderson and directed by Norman Buckley . It originally aired on Wednesday , January 9 , 2008 on the CW .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After Gossip Girl posts a picture of Serena looking at pregnancy tests , everyone thinks that she must be pregnant . Jenny , Dan , and Rufus see the news online , and Dan worries about what 's the right thing to say . After hearing about the Gossip Girl blast while with Eric , Serena runs into a frazzled Dan who blurts out that he loves her . Serena tells him that she 's not pregnant , and goes to find Blair . It 's revealed that Serena bought the test for her because Blair mentioned that her period was late . Blair refuses to take the test since everything is going so well in her life . Including her reinforced relationship with Nate . Dan tells Rufus about what happened between him and Serena , and he says that it 's a good thing it was just a scare , because they need to take some time and slow down . Jenny tells Dan that if he really does love Serena , he should tell her again in a more personal way . While having dinner together in the Humphrey 's apartment , Serena tells Dan everything about Blair 's current situation . Dan explains that even though Chuck is a jerk , he deserves to know about what 's going on . Serena later visits Chuck at his hotel room , who informs her that Nate and Blair have already slept together . She confronts Blair over her dishonesty . Making a point by saying she took a public bullet getting the test for her . Eleanor expresses concern over Blair 's recent attitude fearing that her bulimia may have resurfaced . Blair finally takes the test , and calls Serena to happily tell her she is n't pregnant . At school , Chuck tries to threaten her about exposing their tryst to Nate , to which Blair replies that he would never tell Nate since that would ruin their friendship , and that she no longer wants to be a part of his games . Chuck then sends a blast to Gossip Girl about Serena covering for Blair because `` her sheets got rumpled by two guys in the same week '' . Meanwhile , Dan attempts to say a proper `` I love you '' by having a romantic picnic in the park , only to get derailed when Serena 's English paper gets blown away . Everyone see the news about Blair when school lets out . Nate initially believes that it must be a lie , but Jenny , who overheard Serena 's conversation with Dan the previous night , tells him the truth . Nate gets into a fight with Chuck over the whole thing , then tells Blair he wants nothing to do with her . She is quickly overthrown as the queen bee , with Jenny joining the popular group . Serena asks Dan if he told Jenny anything relating to Blair , so he says he would n't do something like that to her because he loves her . Confused over what to believe , Serena confides in Eric about whether or not to trust Dan . He explains that there were times where he listened to her conversations without knowing , and that she is apprehensive over Dan 's `` I love you '' because of their mother 's history with men . Blair is then shown going to see Chuck at a bar . She explains that he is the only person that wants to be around her now , and Chuck replies that he is no longer interested in her . Overcome by her recent troubles , Blair begs her mother to let her spend a semester in France . Serena goes to see Dan , and they both finally profess their love to each other . But their happiness is cut short when Serena discovers that Blair is going away . She races to see Blair before she gets on the plane , and convinces her to stay and fight for her life . Production ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2013 ) Reception ( edit ) `` I 've been lobbying for the show to use the GG gimmick as more than just a cute framing device or a running commentary on events that need no further embellishment . Tonight , the GG blog set off the daisy - chain of misunderstandings and back - biting that kept the episode percolating , and finally demonstrated how the rumor mill can upend people 's personal lives . Whether the rumors are true or not does n't really matter . '' `` '' -- Scott Tobias praising the utilization of the Gossip Girl blog . `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' was watched by 2.27 million of viewers and received positive reviews from critics . New York Magazine praised the episode following the show 's return from the Writer 's Strike and the use of Gossip Girl to elevate the episode . `` We were concerned after last week 's episode that Gossip Girl was embarking on a downward spiral , that the writers ' strike would cause it to slink off the air like a disgraced social climber , ( ... ) Every time we find ourselves doubting or mistrustful of our lover , he or she surprises us , we are proven wrong , and we fall in `` love '' all over again . As the great writer Jessica Fletcher once said , what does not kill us makes us stronger . And this week 's season finale had us feeling strong indeed ! ( ... ) it was the first to play up the role of Gossip Girl herself and her effect on the character 's lives . '' Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club lauded the development of the Blair / Nate / Chuck triangle , `` ( ... ) one , it adds another layer to the big revelation that she lost her virginity to Chuck before losing her fake virginity to Nate . It would have been hard enough to deal with the truth about who 's sleeping with whom , but adding a paternity test to the mix kicks it up several notches . For two , we get to see Blair 's swift and stunning fall from grace after Chuck decides to finally play his hand on the Gossip Girl site . '' Chris Rovzar from New York Magazine praised the panic that the pregnancy storyline caused . `` To be fair , Blair 's sleeping with Chuck after getting dumped was kind of understandable . But it 's so real that no one would see it that way . '' Tobias commended the writers ' shifting the storyline from Serena to Blair . `` ( ... ) surely none of you believed that Serena was buying the test for herself , did you ? The writers do a fine enough job covering up this little twist , but it 's impossible to believe that she and Dan would have unprotected sex . '' On reviewing the episode , Tobias praised the pregnancy scare storyline for Blair , calling it a `` masterstroke '' and noted the commonality of the rules of 19th century New York high society and the rules of high school hierarchy in the show . `` The moment Blair is tarred as a harlot , her adoring underlings turn on her like a pack of hyenas ; it 's strange to think that Blair 's pristine sexuality was somehow the root of her power ( ... ) but in this world , it makes sense . Sleeping with two guys in quick succession ( particularly Chuck , who is n't `` special '' like Nate ) is a show of weakness , and she fast discovers that her loyal subjects do not respect vulnerability from their leader . '' Tobias expected the return of a vengeful Blair . `` Blair will have to dig pretty hard to hurt Chuck as badly as he did with that `` Arabian horses '' speech . Ca n't wait for her Medea phase to begin . '' Tobias praised the direction of Jenny Humphrey from her role in bringing down Blair to being given an elevated storyline . `` I 've been waiting for Jenny to play a more integral role than luring her boring mother back into the Humphrey household . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gossip Girl Episode Listings http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=gossip_girl&view=listings ^ Jump up to : `` In Which We Finally Say Those Three Little Words to ' Gossip Girl ' '' . New York Magazine . January 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. 2008 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Tobias , Scott ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` The Thin Line Between Chuck And Nate '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' on IMDb `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' at TV.com Recap from Official Website The Official Gossip Girl website ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand The Transcenders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Thin_Line_Between_Chuck_and_Nate&oldid=786092881 '' Categories : Gossip Girl ( season 1 ) episodes 2008 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from March 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from March 2013 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2017 , at 06 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,343
ruby don't take you love to town
Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town
ruby, don't take your love to town
`` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' is a song written by Mel Tillis about a paralyzed veteran of a `` crazy Asian war '' ( given the time of its release , widely assumed -- but never explicitly stated -- to be the Vietnam War ) who either lies helplessly in bed or sits helplessly in his wheelchair as his wife `` paints ( herself ) up '' to go out for the evening without him ; he believes she is going in search of a lover , and as he hears the door slam behind her , he pleads for her to reconsider . The song was made famous by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition in 1969 . `` Ruby '' was originally recorded in 1967 by Johnny Darrell , who scored a number nine country hit with it that year .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 The First Edition version 2.1 Chart performance 3 Other versions 4 Answer song 5 Song from son 's perspective 6 Music video 7 Further reading 8 References Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 9 The First Edition version ( edit ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' Cover of the 1969 single Single by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition from the album Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Released 1969 Genre Country , pop Length 2 : 53 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Mel Tillis Producer ( s ) Jimmy Bowen Kenny Rogers and The First Edition singles chronology `` Once Again , She 's All Alone '' ( 1969 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( 1969 ) `` Reuben James '' ( 1969 ) `` Once Again , She 's All Alone '' ( 1969 ) `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' ( 1969 ) `` Reuben James '' ( 1969 ) In 1969 , after the success Kenny Rogers and The First Edition had enjoyed with the hits `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' and `` But You Know I Love You , '' Rogers wanted to take his group more into a country music direction . They recorded their version of the song , with Rogers singing the lead , in a single take . The record was a major hit for them . It made # 1 in the UK on the New Musical Express ( # 2 on the BBC chart ) staying in the top 20 for 15 weeks and selling over a million copies by the end of 1970 . In the United States it reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 39 on the country chart . In 1977 , now performing solo after the First Edition disbanded in early 1976 , Rogers made re-recordings of this , and a number of other First Edition hits , for his 1977 greatest hits package Ten Years of Gold . ( It was later issued in the UK as The Kenny Rogers Singles Album . ) Ten Years of Gold topped the US country charts under that title , and as The Kenny Rogers Singles Album , it was just as successful in the United Kingdom . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 6 U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 39 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Country Tracks New Zealand ( Listener ) 6 UK Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 Norway Singles Chart 9 Austrian Top 40 26 Other versions ( edit ) The song has been recorded many times by various artists . The Statler Brothers covered it on their 1967 album , Big Country Hits . Other artists who have recorded versions include Bobby Bare , Dale Hawkins , Waylon Jennings , George Jones , Jerry Reed , Roger Miller , Cake , The Killers and Leonard Nimoy . Several foreign - language versions have been recorded : Greek singer Nana Mouskouri recorded a French version entitled `` Ruby , garde ton cœur ici '' for her 1970 album Dans le soleil et dans le vent ; Gerhard Wendland recorded a German version `` Ruby , schau einmal über'n Zaun '' in 1970 ; Pavel Bobek , Czech country singer , recorded `` Oh Ruby , nechtěj mi lásku brát '' in 1981 ; Gary Holton and Casino Steel 's English - language version was a number one hit in Norway at the beginning of 1982 . French singer Eddy Mitchell recorded a French version entitled `` Ruby tu reviens au pays '' for his 1974 album Rocking in Nashville . The Dutch singer / showmaster Ron Brandsteder recorded a Dutch version called `` Oh Nederland ik ben verliefd op jou '' ( O Netherlands , I have fallen in love with you ) . Answer song ( edit ) An answer song to `` Ruby , '' entitled `` Billy , I 've Got to Go to Town , '' was released in 1969 by Geraldine Stevens , who had previously recorded successfully under the name Dodie Stevens . Sung to the same melody with an arrangement quite similar to the First Edition version , `` Billy '' peaked at # 117 pop , # 57 country . In Stevens 's song , Ruby affirms her love for her disabled husband , who is named `` Billy '' in her song whereas in `` Ruby , '' he is not named , and she pleads in turn for her man to have faith in her fidelity and her commitment to him , even in his paralyzed condition . Song from son 's perspective ( edit ) In 1972 , Bobby Womack released the album Understanding , which included the song `` Ruby Dean . '' The lyrics and melody are similar to `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' but the story is told from the perspective of Ruby 's son . The son urges his mother to respect his father and to stop seeing other men . In the original song , no children between the couple are ever mentioned . Music video ( edit ) A music video consisting solely of a camera panning back and forth in a bedroom was shown at the end of a Huntley - Brinkley Report during 1969 . Chet Huntley set up the video by linking it to the controversial Vietnam War and the sacrifices by U.S. servicemen and their families . Chet Huntley and David Brinkley paused after the video and then signed off in their usual fashion . Further reading ( edit ) Rule , Ann ( 1999 ) , `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' . A Rage to Kill and Other True Cases . Simon and Schuster p. 291 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 2404 - 2 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Darrell - Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town / The Little Things I Love - United Artists - USA - UA 50126 '' . 45cat . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers And The First Edition * - Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , p. 360 Jump up ^ Lieutenant Colonel Marc D. Felman . `` School of Advanced Airpower Studies : The Military / Media Clash and the New Principle of War : Media Spin '' ( PDF ) . Au.af.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 25 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Bobby Bare Studio albums The Game of Triangles Notable singles `` 500 Miles '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` A Dear John Letter '' `` Detroit City '' `` Four Strong Winds '' `` God Bless America Again '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` How I Got to Memphis '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' `` ( Margie 's At ) The Lincoln Park Inn '' `` Marie Laveau '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Song of the South '' `` Streets of Baltimore '' Guest singles `` No Memories Hangin ' Round '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) Related articles Bobby Bare , Jr . Kenny Rogers and The First Edition Kenny Rogers Mary Arnold Thelma Camacho Jimmy Hassell John Hobbs Mickey Jones Gene Lorenzo Mike Settle Kin Vassy Terry Williams Studio albums The First Edition ( 1967 ) Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love To Town ( 1969 ) Something 's Burning ( 1970 ) Tell It All Brother ( 1970 ) Transition ( 1971 ) The Ballad of Calico ( 1972 ) I 'm Not Making Music for Money ( 1974 ) Singles `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Today I Started Loving You Again '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby,_Don%27t_Take_Your_Love_to_Town&oldid=804513861 '' Categories : 1969 singles Kenny Rogers songs Kenny Rogers and The First Edition songs Number - one singles in Norway Songs written by Mel Tillis Johnny Darrell songs The Killers songs RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen 1967 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 14 : 32 . 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2,344
where is the brewery in the a word
The a Word
the a word
The A Word is a BBC drama television series based on Israeli series Yellow Peppers ( פלפלים צהובים ) by Keren Margalit . The series follows a five - year - old boy and how his family cope with the revelation that he has autism . Following filming in the Lake District from October 2015 , a six - part series began airing on 22 March 2016 . On 26 May 2016 , the BBC announced that a second series of The A Word had been commissioned . It premiered in the UK on 7 November 2017 .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Series 1 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Series 2 ( 2017 ) 5 Broadcast and reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Five - year - old Joe Hughes displays clear signs of communication problems and consistently isolates himself by listening to pop music through large blue and black headphones . He has encyclopaedic knowledge of the songs he listens to and accurately sings along with the lyrics . His parents , Alison and Paul , seem oblivious to the disorder and wonder why Joe is ostracised by other children of the same age . However , it is later discovered by Joe 's grandfather , Maurice , that Alison and Paul have been taking him to hospital for his communication problems . Other family members know there is a problem , however , their attempts to intervene are met with obstruction from Joe 's parents . After originally believing Joe had hearing problems , their otolaryngologist refers Joe to a specialist who diagnoses him with autism . The story then follows how the dysfunctional family , including Rebecca ( who feels invisible ) , Eddie and Nicola ( who are coping with their own relationship problems ) and tactless grandad Maurice cope with Joe 's situation and their own apparent social disorders . Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Role Episode Max Vento Joe Hughes 7 year - old autistic boy 1 -- Lee Ingleby Paul Hughes Joe 's father 1 -- Morven Christie Alison Hughes Joe 's mother 1 -- Molly Wright Rebecca Hughes Joe 's 16 - year - old half - sister 1 -- Greg McHugh Eddie Scott Alison 's brother 1 -- Vinette Robinson Nicola Daniels Eddie 's wife 1 -- Christopher Eccleston Maurice Scott Joe 's grandfather , Alison 's and Eddie 's father 1 -- Pooky Quesnel Louise Wilson Maurice 's music teacher and lover 1 -- Matt Greenwood Tom Clarke Rebecca 's best friend 2 -- 6 , 9 - Thomas Gregory Luke Taylor Rebecca 's ex-boyfriend 2 -- 6 Daniel Cerqueira Dr Graves Insensitive family doctor 1 -- 5 , 7 - George Bukhari Terry Norris Worker at Paul and Alison 's cafe 1 -- Adam Wittek David Nowak Worker at the Scott 's brewery 1 -- Tommie Grabiec Pavel Kaminski Worker at the Scott 's brewery 1 -- Abby Ford Sally Worker at the Scott 's brewery Julia Krynke Maya Petrenko Joe 's babysitter 2 -- 5 Lisa Millett Maggie White Joe 's speech therapist Ralf Little Stuart Rebecca 's biological father 5 -- 6 , 11 Jude Akuwudike Vincent Daniels Nicola 's father 7 - Clare Holman Grace Daniels Nicola 's mother 7 - Aaron Pierre James Thorne Rebecca 's boyfriend 7 - 8 Lucy Gaskell Sophie Berwick Worker at Paul 's Gastropub . 7 - 11 Travis Smith Mark Berwick Sophie 's autistic teenage son . 7 - Production ( edit ) Writer Peter Bowker was approached by Keshet who produced Yellow Peppers who wanted him to remake the Israeli series but with an original story line . Bowker drew on his own experiences and observations as a teacher and with his family to write The A Word . Filming took place from October 2015 at locations in the Lake District , including Keswick , Broughton - in - Furness , Coniston , Thirlmere Reservoir , and Birkrigg Cottage in the Newlands Valley , and at The Space Project studios in Manchester . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Average UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 6 26 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 26 ) 26 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 6.02 6 7 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 12 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 4.54 Series 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Peter Cattaneo Peter Bowker 22 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 6.65 Alison and Paul continually make excuses for their five - year - old boy 's uncooperative behaviour but will they listen to other family members who suspect something more serious ? Meanwhile Nicola and Eddie move in next to Alison and Paul , hoping to make a new start in the Lakes , but will Eddie be able to forget Nicola 's infidelity , especially as it has become public knowledge ? `` Episode 2 '' Peter Cattaneo Peter Bowker 29 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 6.13 Alison pulls Joe out of school and emotionally blackmails the rest of the family into home schooling . She also became dismissive of alternative ideas from Paul putting a strain on their marriage . Nicola and Eddie 's relationship is also put to the test when Alison asks Nicola to seek a second opinion from her former fling Michael . All the while Rebecca is left to fend for herself and the only one who seems to care is her Uncle Eddie . `` Episode 3 '' Peter Cattaneo Peter Bowker 5 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 5.94 Speech therapist Maggie arrives and manages to make some progress with Joe whilst telling the family some home truths . She avoids speaking about her school history with Alison and abruptly halts her visits , ignoring Alison 's pleas for her to stay . Does Maggie have a grudge to bear ? Meanwhile Maurice reconsiders Louise 's proposal , Nicola settles into her new job while Eddie struggles with his and Rebecca is feeling more and more ignored by her mother . `` Episode 4 '' Dominic Leclerc Peter Bowker 12 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 5.85 Alison observes Joe playing with two other children and invites them for a sleepover during which Joe falls ill . While recovering Joe demonstrates empathy for his mother while they look at photos of his late grandmother , misleading Alison to believe he 's cured of autism . Luke is ignoring Rebecca and she turns to Eddie and Nicola while Maurice realises he too misses his late wife more than he thought and perhaps his friends - with - benefits relationship with his music teacher was n't such a good idea . Meanwhile , is Paul carrying a torch for an old flame ? 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' Dominic Leclerc Peter Bowker 19 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 5.61 The police investigate Maya and discover she is an illegal immigrant . Despite Alison 's desperate attempts to persuade family friend and police officer Bob to turn a blind eye , Maya is deported and Alison is worried for the effect it would have on Joe . Meanwhile Rebecca 's relationship with Luke turns sour and Eddie 's plans to move to Manchester are not popular with Nicola or Maurice . 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' Susan Tully Peter Bowker 26 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) 5.94 After their fall out over differences of wanting more children Alison and Paul reconcile in time for the opening of their new restaurant . Maurice leaves Joe with Louise 's son Ralph and Joe goes missing . As a mass search ensues , some uncomfortable truths are revealed . Series 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 7 `` Episode 1 '' Susan Tully Peter Bowker 7 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 5.01 Alison and Paul worry over Joe when it becomes clear he is unhappy at school and he uses the word ' autistic ' for the first time . Nicola and Eddie pretend to Nicola 's parents that they are still together , but her parents have their own marital problems . Rebecca introduces the family to her new boyfriend James and Maurice gets the cold shoulder from Louise . 8 `` Episode 2 '' Susan Tully Peter Bowker 14 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 4.83 Joe starts his first day at the Pear Tree school , and Maurice employs Ralph at the brewery , much against the protests of Louise . 9 `` Episode 3 '' Susan Tully Peter Bowker 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 4.51 Paul takes Mark and Sophie to a gig . After the gig , he finds himself growing closer to Sophie . Meanwhile , Rebecca is heartbroken after James dumps her by text message . Alison meets Eddie 's new girlfriend , Holly , who Alison thinks is almost exactly like Nicola . Maurice cares for Louise while she undergoes chemotherapy but she feels it is born out of his desire to `` save '' his late wife . 10 `` Episode 4 '' Luke Snellin Peter Bowker 28 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 4.30 In an attempt to patch up their relationship , Rebecca arranges for Paul and Alison to spend the weekend at Eddie 's flat in Manchester . Meanwhile , Maurice realises his feelings for Louise are stronger than he had previously thought . 11 5 `` Episode 5 '' Luke Snellin Peter Bowker 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 4.28 Paul is angered when Nicola uses a video of Joe in a speech about autism , and reveals to Alison he is less accepting of Joe 's autism than he previously let on . Holly dumps Eddie , and Maurice proposes to Louise . 12 6 `` Episode 6 '' Luke Snellin Peter Bowker 12 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 4.30 Preparations begin for the end of year show at Joe 's old primary school . Paul plans to leave Alison as he feels they are living `` separate lives '' . Louise rejects Maurice 's proposal and suggests they start a `` clean slate '' . Maurice offers to step aside from the brewery and have Eddie run it without any interference . Eddie tells Nicola he is considering moving back home to run the brewery , but tells her that he only wants to be her `` best friend '' rather than her lover . During Joe 's performance at the end of year show , he brings the family together on stage , but as he finishes , Maurice collapses . However , after examining Maurice , the hospital determines that whatever made him collapse , it was n't something serious like a heart attack . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) BBC One began airing the first six - part series in a Tuesday 9 pm slot , replacing Happy Valley , starting from 22 March 2016 . SundanceTV acquired rights for broadcasting the show in America , and it premiered there on 13 July 2016 . Overnight figures revealed the first episode was watched by 4.7 million viewers and had a 23 % share of the audience . BARB later reported a consolidated figure of 5.91 million . Reaction to the first episode was mostly positive among viewers . Many people have praised the show on social media , partly for the quality of the acting but also for the way it dealt with the subject of autism . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2017 Diversity in Media Awards TV Programme of the Year The A Word Nominated Home media ( edit ) A DVD featuring all episodes from Series 1 was released on 19 September 2016 , with a short behind - the - scenes documentary as an extra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Drama announces three new commissions for BBC One and BBC Two '' . BBC Press Office . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 , Series 2 , The A Word - BBC One '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( 22 March 2016 ) . `` Autism Drama Writer Talks BBC , Sundance 's ' The A Word ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birkrigg Cottage '' . Sally 's Lake District Cottages . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The A Word '' . BBC Media Centre . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The A Word filming in Keswick '' . Times & Star . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Tom ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` ' The A Word ' goes into production at The Space Project '' . The Space Project . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The A Word '' . Keshnet International . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` SundanceTV Acquires BBC , Keshet Autism Drama ' The A-Word ' '' . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Niall ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` BBC One 's autistic family drama The A Word opens with 4.7 m '' . Mediatel . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 '' . BARB . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` The A Word : Viewers praise Christopher Eccleston drama tackling autism '' . Express . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) The A Word at BBC Programmes The A Word on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_A_Word&oldid=829071799 '' Categories : 2016 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series Autism in television Autism in the United Kingdom BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas British television series based on non-British television series English - language television programs International television series based on Israeli television series Television series about dysfunctional families Television shows set in Cumbria Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 13 : 20 . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20A%20Word
2,345
role of dutch in settling the new world
Dutch colonization of the Americas
dutch colonization of the americas
The Dutch colonization of the Americas began with the establishment of Dutch trading posts and plantations in the Americas , which preceded the much wider known colonisation activities of the Dutch in Asia . While the first Dutch fort in Asia was built in 1600 ( in present - day Indonesia ) , the first forts and settlements on the Essequibo River in Guyana date from the 1590s . Actual colonization , with the Dutch settling in the new lands , was not as common as with other European nations . Many of the Dutch settlements were lost or abandoned by the end of the 17th century , but the Netherlands managed to retain possession of Suriname until it gained independence in 1975 , as well as the Netherlands Antilles , which remain within the Kingdom of the Netherlands today .
Contents 1 Mainland In North America 2 Caribbean Sea 2.1 Netherlands ( Dutch ) Antilles 2.2 Tobago 2.3 Virgin Islands 3 South America 3.1 Brazil 3.2 Chile 3.3 Guyanas 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Mainland in North America ( edit ) 1685 reprint of a 1656 map of the Dutch North American colonies showing extent of Dutch claims , from Chesapeake Bay and the Susquehanna River in the South and West , to Narragansett Bay and the Providence - Blackstone Rivers in the East , to the St. Lawrence River in the North Main articles : New Netherland and New Netherland settlements In 1602 , the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or `` VOC '' ) with the mission of exploring North America 's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies . Along the way , Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces , which led to several significant expeditions and , over time , Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland . By 1610 , the VOC had already commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who , in an attempt to find the so - called northwest passage to the Indies , discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present - day United States and Canada . Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat , heading up the Hudson River , which now bears his name . On March 27 , 1614 , the States General would move away from traditional monopolistic endeavors and take a new and freer approach to exploration and commercial development of the New World ; the issuance of the General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages , Havens , Countries , or Places stated that `` the said undertaking to be laudable , honorable , and serviceable for the prosperity of the United Provinces and wishing that the experiment be free and open to all and every of the inhabitants of this country , have invited and do hereby invite all and every of the inhabitants of the United Netherlands to the aforesaid search . '' In 1614 , Adriaen Block led an expedition to the lower Hudson River in the Tyger , and then explored the East River aboard the Onrust , becoming the first known European to navigate the Hellegat in order to gain access to Long Island Sound . Block Island and Block Island Sound are befittingly named in his honor . Upon his return to Amsterdam in 1614 , Block compiled a map , and applied the name ' New Netherland ' for the first time to the area between English Virginia and French Canada , where he was later granted exclusive trading rights by the Dutch government . Block quickly ascended and became Manhattan 's first monopolist . Area settled by the Dutch in 1660 After some early trading expeditions , the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615 : Fort Nassau , on Castle Island along the Hudson , near present - day Albany . The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople , but was later replaced by Fort Orange . Both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange - Nassau . By 1621 , the United Provinces had charted a new company , a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa : the Dutch West India Company ( Westindische Compagnie or WIC ) . The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World -- which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623 , New Netherland . That year , another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City , New Jersey . In 1624 , the first colonists , mostly Walloons and their slaves - bound servants , arrived to New Netherland by the shipload , landing at Governors Island and initially dispensed to Fort Orange , Fort Wilhelmus and Kievets Hoek . In 1626 , Director of the WIC Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape natives and started construction of Fort Amsterdam , which grew to become the main port and capital , New Amsterdam . The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia , Brooklyn , Bronx , and Long Island . On the Connecticut River , Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford . By 1636 , the English from Newtown ( now Cambridge , Massachusetts ) settled on the north side of the Little River . In the Treaty of Hartford , the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653 , the English had overtaken the Dutch trading post . Expansion along the Delaware River beyond Fort Nassau did not begin until the 1650s , after the takeover of a Swedish colony , obviously called New Sweden which had been established at Fort Christina in 1638 . Settlements at Fort Nassau and the short - lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir . By 1655 Fort Christina , sitting in what is today Wilmington , had already been renamed Fort Altena . Not all inhabitants of New Netherlands , Manahattan 's first European colonizers , were ethnically Dutch , but in reality came from many European countries . Along with the large number of African native peoples -- originally brought over bound by the shackles of slavehood -- many New Netherlanders were Walloons , Huguenots , Germans , Scandinavian and English relocated from New England . In 1664 , an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James , Duke of York and of Albany ( later King James II & VII ) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam , threatening to attack . Being greatly outnumbered , Director - General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation . The Province then took a new name , New York ( from James 's English title ) . Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany ( from James 's Scottish title ) . The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey . The loss of New Netherland led to the Second Anglo -- Dutch War during 1665 -- 1667 . This conflict ended with the Treaty of Breda , which stipulated that the Dutch give up their claim to New Netherlands in exchange for Suriname . From 1673 to 1674 , the territories were once again briefly captured by the Dutch in the Third Anglo -- Dutch War , only to be returned to England at the Treaty of Westminster . In 1674 , Dutch navy captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz also briefly captured two forts in the French colony of Acadia , which he claimed as Dutch territory the new colony of New Holland . However , Aernoutsz 's appointed administrator , John Rhoades , quickly lost control of the territory after Aernoutsz himself left for Curaçao to seek out new settlers , and with effective control of Acadia remaining in the hands of France , Dutch sovereignty existed only on paper until the Netherlands surrendered their claim in the Treaties of Nijmegen . Caribbean sea ( edit ) Netherlands ( Dutch ) Antilles ( edit ) Dutch colonization in the Caribbean started in the 1634 on St. Croix and Tobago ( 1628 ) , followed in 1631 with settlements on Tortuga ( now Île Tortue ) and Sint Maarten . When the Dutch lost Sint Maarten ( and Anguilla where they had built a fort shortly after arriving in Sint Maarten ) to the Spanish , they settled Curaçao and Sint Eustatius . They regained half of Sint Maarten in 1648 , from then on sharing the island with France . The border between the two portions of the island continued to be modified periodically , before being set for good in 1816 Sint Maarten in 1618 Bonaire in 1634 Curaçao in 1634 Sint Eustatius in 1636 Aruba in 1637 Saba in 1640 Tortola , Virgin Gorda , Jost van Dyke before 1640 Until deep into the 19th century , the now Venezuelan islands of Aves , the Aves archipelago , Los Roques and La Orchila were also considered by the Dutch government to be part of the Dutch West Indies . The Netherlands Antilles remained an overseas territory of the Netherlands . It was granted self - rule in 1954 . In 1986 , Aruba was granted autonomy , separately from the other islands . On October 10 , 2010 , the Netherlands Antilles was dismantled . Like Aruba , the islands Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius became special municipalities of the Netherlands . Tobago ( edit ) The Netherlands made numerous attempts to colonize Tobago ( Nieuw - Walcheren ) in the 17th century . Each time , the settlements were destroyed by rival European powers . Dutch settlements on Tobago : 1628 -- 1 Jan 1637 : Fort Vlissingen ; massacred by the Spanish Sept 1654 -- Jan 1666 : Forts Lampsinsberg , Beveren , and Bellavista ; conquered by British , destroyed by French 1667 -- 18 Dec 1672 : Nieuw - Vlissingen ; destroyed by British 1 Sept 1676 -- 6 Dec 1677 : Fort Sterreschans ; destroyed by French Virgin islands ( edit ) See also : Dutch Virgin Islands As a group , the islands are known as the Maagdeneilanden in Dutch . The Dutch established a base on St. Croix ( Sint - Kruis ) in 1625 , the same year that the British did . French Protestants joined the Dutch but conflict with the British colony led to its abandonment before 1650 . The Dutch established a settlement on Tortola ( Ter Tholen ) before 1640 and later on Anegada , Saint Thomas ( Sint - Thomas ) and Virgin Gorda . The British took Tortola in 1672 and Anegada and Virgin Gorda in 1680 . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Peter Schenk the Elder , after Frans Post : View of Mauritsstad , engraving , 1645 ( Museu Nacional de Belas Artes , Rio de Janeiro ) Frans Post : Brazilian Landscape with a Worker 's House , c. 1655 ( Los Angeles County Museum of Art ) Main articles : Dutch Brazil and Dutch Brazilian From 1630 onward , the Dutch Republic gained control of a large portion of northeastern Brazil from the Portuguese . The Dutch West India Company set up their headquarters in Recife . The governor , Johan Maurits , invited artists and scientists in order to help promote migration to the new South - American colony . However , the Portuguese fought back and won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649 . On 26 January 1654 , the Dutch Republic surrendered and signed a capitulation returning control of all the northeastern Brazil colony to the Portuguese . After the end of the First Anglo - Dutch War in May 1654 , the Dutch Republic demanded that Nieuw Holland ( Dutch Brazil ) be returned to Dutch control . Under threat of an occupation of Lisbon and a reoccupation of northeastern Brazil , the Portuguese , already involved in a war against Spain , acceded to the Dutch demand . However , the new Dutch political leader Johan de Witt deemed commerce more important than territory , and saw to it that New Holland was sold back to Portugal on August 6 , 1661 , through the Treaty of the Hague . After the devastation caused by World War II , the Dutch government stimulated emigration to Australia , Brazil , and Canada . Brazil was the only nation to allow the arrival of large groups of Catholics . With the consent of the Brazilian government , the Catholic Dutch Farmers and Market - gardeners Union ( Dutch : Katholieke Nederlandse Boeren - en Tuindersbond ) coordinated the emigration process . A group of approximately 5000 migrants from the province of North Brabant arrived in Brazil , establishing their first colony at the farm of Fazenda Ribeirão in the state of São Paulo . Holambra I was founded in 14 July 1948 . After a referendum in 1991 where 98 % of the population voted in favor of political autonomy for the area , Holambra gained city status in January 1993 . Famous for its large production of flowers and plants and for the yearly event Expoflora , Holambra receives thousands of tourists each year . In April 1998 this fact was recognized as Holambra gained the status of Estância Turística , touristic location . Further immigration from the Netherlands , ended up creating the cities in Brazil where the majority of the population descends from these Dutch immigrants . These cities are Holambra , Castrolanda , Carambei , Não me Toque , Witmarsum ( where most of the population are descendent of Dutch Frisian immigrants ) , Arapoti and Campos de Holambra . Chile ( edit ) Further information : Dutch expedition to Valdivia and Dutch Chilean In 1600 , the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by the Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes . He left the city after a few months . In 1642 , the VOC and WIC sent a fleet to Chile to conquer Valdivia and its supposed gold mines . This expedition was led by Hendrik Brouwer , a Dutch admiral . In 1643 , Brouwer died before effecting the conquest of the Chiloé Archipelago ; his lieutenant Elias Herckmans succeeded in capturing the ruins of the city , which he refortified and named Brouwershaven . Finding no gold but many hostile natives , the Dutch soon abandoned the outpost . The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895 . Under the so - called `` Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean '' , a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé , particularly in Mechaico , Huillinco and Chacao . In the same period Hageman Egbert arrived in Chile . with his family , 14 April 1896 , settling in Rio Gato , near Puerto Montt . In addition , family Wennekool which inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica . In the early twentieth century , there arrived in Chile a large group of Dutch people from South Africa , which had been established where they worked mainly in construction of the railway . When the Boer War , which would eventually lead to the British annexation of both republics in 1902 . These emigrants decided to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government . On 4 May 1903 , a group of over 200 Dutch emigrants sailed on the steamship `` Oropesa '' shipping company `` Pacific Steam Navigation Company , from La Rochelle ( La Pallice ) in France . The majority of migrants were born in the Netherlands : 35 % was from North Holland and South Holland , 13 % of North Brabant , 9 % of Zeeland and equal number of Gelderland . On June 5 , arrived by train to their final destination , the city of Pitrufquén , located south of Temuco , near the hamlet of Donguil . Another group of Dutchmen arrived shortly after to Talcahuano , in the `` Oravi '' and the `` Orissa '' . The Netherlands colony in Donguil was christened `` New Transvaal Colony . There were established more than 500 families in order to start a new life . Between 7 February 1907 and February 18 , 1909 above the last group of families Boers . It is currently estimated at about 50,000 descendants of Dutch , mostly located in Malleco , Gorbea , Pitrufquén , Faja Maisan and around Temuco and Osorno . Guyanas ( edit ) Main article : Dutch colonisation of the Guianas The Dutch West Indian Company built a fort in 1616 on the Essequibo River . The Dutch traded with the Indian peoples and , as in Suriname , established sugar plantations worked by African slaves . While the coast remained under Dutch control , the English established plantations west of the Suriname River . Conflict between the two countries meant parts of the region changed hands a number of times , but by 1796 Britain had control of the region . The Netherlands ceded the colonies of Essequibo , Demerara , and Berbice to Britain in 1814 . The colony in Suriname had originally been founded in the 1650s by Lord Francis Willoughby , the British governor of Barbados . It was captured by the Dutch under Abraham Crijnsen during the Second Anglo -- Dutch War . On July 31 , 1667 , under the Treaty of Breda the Dutch offered New Netherland ( including New Amsterdam , modern - day New York City ) in exchange for their sugar factories on the coast of Suriname . In 1683 Suriname was sold to the Dutch West India Company . The colony developed an agricultural economy based on African slavery . England controlled Suriname during the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 until 1816 , when it was returned to the Dutch . The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863 and later imported indentured labor from the British Raj and the Dutch East Indies to keep the economy going . Internal self governance was granted in 1954 and full independence in 1975 . The prospect of independence prompted many to migrate to the Netherlands . Political instability and economic decline after independence resulted in even more migration to the Netherlands . The Surinamese community in the Netherlands is now almost as large as half of the population in the country itself ( about 350,000 ) . See also ( edit ) Atlantic World Dutch Empire Dutch West India Company New York history New Amsterdam New Netherland Netherlands Antilles New World Dutch barn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages , Havens , Countries , or Places ; March 27 , 1614 Jump up ^ Ramerini , Marco . Colonial Voyage . `` Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago : A History of the First Settlements , 1628 -- 1677 Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Accessed 23 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Facsimiles of 20 manuscripts from the Dutch West India Company , relating the events in Brazil in the 17th century , from the first capture of Salvador , expansion , defeat and final peace treaty ( PT & NL ) . Jump up ^ `` Tradiciones Coloniales '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Historia Valdivia '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Intento de Colonización '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Egbert Hageman . Jump up ^ Netherlands in Chile . Jump up ^ Dutch immigration . Archived August 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holando - bóers al sur de Chile . Further reading ( edit ) Israel , J.I. , Dutch primacy in world trade , 1585 -- 1740 , Oxford University Press , 1989 Klooster , Wim . The Dutch Moment : War , Trade , and Settlement in the Seventeenth - Century Atlantic World . ( Cornell University Press , 2016 ) . 419 pp . External links ( edit ) Dutch West Indies 1630 - 1975 documentary ( in English ) ( in Dutch ) `` Conditions as Created by their Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam '' from 1656 , about Dutch goals to populate their New World colonies Dutch Empire Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company ( 1602 -- 1798 ) Governorate General Batavia Governorates Ambon Banda Islands Cape Colony Celebes Ceylon Coromandel Formosa Malacca Moluccas Northeast coast of Java Directorates Bengal Persia Suratte Commandments Bantam Malabar West coast of Sumatra Residencies Bantam Banjarmasin Batavia Cheribon Palembang Preanger Pontianak Opperhoofd settlements Myanmar Canton Dejima Mauritius Siam Timor Tonkin Colonies and trading posts of the Dutch West India Company ( 1621 -- 1792 ) Colonies in the Americas Berbice Brazil Cayenne Curaçao and Dependencies Demerara Essequibo New Netherland Pomeroon Sint Eustatius and Dependencies Surinam Tobago Virgin Islands Trading posts in Africa Arguin Gold Coast Loango - Angola Senegambia Slave Coast Governed by the Society of Berbice Governed by the Society of Suriname Settlements of the Noordsche Compagnie ( 1614 -- 1642 ) Settlements Jan Mayen Smeerenburg Colonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- 1962 ) Until 1825 Bengal Coromandel Malacca Suratte Until 1853 Dejima Until 1872 Gold Coast Until 1945 Dutch East Indies Until 1954 Curaçao and Dependencies Surinam Until 1962 New Guinea Became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ; Suriname gained full independence in 1975 , Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the Netherlands Antilles , which was eventually dissolved in 2010 . Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1954 -- present ) Constituent countries Aruba Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten Public bodies of the Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=862525935 '' Categories : Dutch colonization of the Americas 17th century in the Dutch Empire New Netherland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with Dutch - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Papiamentu Português Русский Svenska Українська 吴语 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 23 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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2,346
who emphasized on the behavioral environment in geography
Behavioral geography
behavioral geography
Behavioral geography is an approach to human geography that examines human behavior using a disaggregate approach . Behavioral geographers focus on the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning , decision making , and behavior . In addition , behavioral geography is an ideology / approach in human geography that makes use of the methods and assumptions of behaviorism to determine the cognitive processes involved in an individual 's perception of or response and reaction to their environment .
Behavioral geography is that branch of human science , which deals with the study of cognitive processes with its response to its environment , through behaviorism . Issues ( edit ) Because of the name it is often assumed to have its roots in behaviorism . While some behavioral geographers clearly have roots in behaviorism due to the emphasis on cognition , most can be seen as cognitively oriented . Indeed , it seems that behaviorism interest is more recent and growing . This is particularly true in the area of human landscaping . Behavioral geography draws from early behaviorist works such as Tolman 's concepts of `` cognitive maps '' . More cognitively oriented , behavioral geographers focus on the cognitive processes underlying spatial reasoning , decision making , and behavior . More behaviorally oriented geographers are materialists and look at the role of basic learning processes and how they influence the landscape patterns or even group identity . The cognitive processes include environmental perception and cognition , wayfinding , the construction of cognitive maps , place attachment , the development of attitudes about space and place , decisions and behavior based on imperfect knowledge of one 's environs , and numerous other topics . The approach adopted in behavioral geography is closely related to that of psychology , but draws on research findings from a multitude of other disciplines including economics , sociology , anthropology , transportation planning , and many others . See also ( edit ) Cognitive geography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Norton , W. ( 2001 ) . Initiating an affair human geography and behavior analysis . The Behavior Analyst Today , 2 ( 4 ) , 283 -- 290 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Norton , W. ( 2002 ) Explaining Landscape Change : Group Identity and Behavior . The Behavior Analyst Today , 3 ( 2 ) , 155 -- 160 BAO Jump up ^ Glass , J.E. ( 2007 ) . Behavior analytic grounding of sociological social constructionism . The Behavior Analyst Today , 8 ( 4 ) , 426 -- 433 BAO Jump up ^ Norton , W. ( 1997 ) . Human geography and behavior analysis : An application of behavior analysis to the evolution of human landscapes . 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about geography terminology is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_geography&oldid=805746333 '' Categories : Human geography Behaviorism Environmental social science Psychology stubs Geography terminology stubs Talk About Wikipedia Čeština हिन्दी Hrvatski Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Slovenčina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 11 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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2,347
what are the five largest cities in the us
2016 rank City State 2016 estimate Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,537,673 8,175,133 7000443466791304800 ♠ + 4.43 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W  /  40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W  / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387  ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,976,322 3,792,621 7000484364243092050 ♠ + 4.84 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W  / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108  ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,704,958 2,695,598 6999347232784710470 ♠ + 0.35 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W  /  41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W  / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818  ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,303,482 2,100,263 7000967588344888229 ♠ + 9.68 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W  /  29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W  / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909  ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,615,017 1,445,632 7001117170206525590 ♠ + 11.72 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W  / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901  ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,567,872 1,526,006 7000274350166382040 ♠ + 2.74 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W  / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333  ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,492,510 1,327,407 7001124380088397910 ♠ + 12.44 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W  /  29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W  / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251  ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,406,630 1,307,402 7000758970844468650 ♠ + 7.59 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W  /  32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W  / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350  ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,317,929 1,197,816 7001100276670206440 ♠ + 10.03 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W  /  32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W  / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665  ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,025,350 945,942 7000839459501745350 ♠ + 8.39 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W  / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189  ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 947,890 790,390 7001199268715444270 ♠ + 19.93 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W  /  30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W  / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544  ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 880,619 821,784 7000715942388754220 ♠ + 7.16 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W  /  30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W  / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616  ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 870,887 805,235 7000815314783882970 ♠ + 8.15 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W  /  37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W  / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322  ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 860,090 787,033 7000928258408478419 ♠ + 9.28 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W  /  39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W  / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848  ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Indianapolis Indiana 855,164 820,445 7000423172790375950 ♠ + 4.23 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W  /  39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W  / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459  ( 14 Indianapolis ) 16 Fort Worth Texas 854,113 741,206 7001152328772298120 ♠ + 15.23 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W  /  32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W  / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467  ( 16 Fort Worth ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 842,051 731,424 7001151248796867480 ♠ + 15.12 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W  /  35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W  / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310  ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 704,352 608,660 7001157217494167520 ♠ + 15.72 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W  /  47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W  / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509  ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 693,060 600,158 7001154795903745350 ♠ + 15.48 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W  / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811  ( Denver ) 20 El Paso Texas 683,080 649,121 7000523153618508720 ♠ + 5.23 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W  /  31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W  / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270  ( 19 El Paso ) 21 Washington District of Columbia 681,170 601,723 7001132032513299310 ♠ + 13.20 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W  /  38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W  / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172  ( Washington , D.C. ) 22 Boston Massachusetts 673,184 617,594 7000900105894811150 ♠ + 9.00 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W  /  42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W  / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202  ( Boston ) 23 Detroit Michigan 672,795 713,777 2999425843085445450 ♠ − 5.74 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W  /  42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W  / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022  ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 660,388 601,222 7000984095725040000 ♠ + 9.84 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W  / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850  ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,717 646,889 6999900927361572080 ♠ + 0.90 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W  /  35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W  / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774  ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 639,863 583,776 7000960762347201670 ♠ + 9.61 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W  / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500  ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 638,367 579,999 7001100634656266650 ♠ + 10.06 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W  /  35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W  / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137  ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 632,912 583,756 7000842064150090110 ♠ + 8.42 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W  / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601  ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 616,261 597,337 7000316806091034040 ♠ + 3.17 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W  /  38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W  / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474  ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 614,664 620,961 2999898592665239850 ♠ − 1.01 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W  / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105  ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,047 594,833 6998359764841560530 ♠ + 0.04 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W  /  43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W  / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667  ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 559,277 545,852 7000245945787502840 ♠ + 2.46 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W  /  35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W  / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474  ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 530,706 520,116 7000203608425812700 ♠ + 2.04 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W  /  32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W  / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706  ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 522,053 494,665 7000553667633651060 ♠ + 5.54 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W  / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934  ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 495,234 466,488 7000616221639141840 ♠ + 6.16 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W  /  38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W  / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686  ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 484,587 439,041 7001103739741846430 ♠ + 10.37 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W  /  33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W  / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174  ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 481,420 459,787 7000470500470870210 ♠ + 4.71 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W  /  39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W  / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510  ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 472,522 420,003 7001125044344921350 ♠ + 12.50 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W  /  33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W  / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227  ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 470,130 462,257 7000170316512243190 ♠ + 1.70 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W  /  33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W  / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553  ( Long Beach ) 40 Colorado Springs Colorado 465,101 416,427 7001116884832155460 ♠ + 11.69 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W  / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607  ( Colorado Springs ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 458,880 403,892 7001136145306170960 ♠ + 13.61 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W  /  35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W  / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418  ( Raleigh ) 42 Miami Florida 453,579 399,457 7001135488926217340 ♠ + 13.55 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W  /  25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W  / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086  ( Miami ) 43 Virginia Beach Virginia 452,602 437,994 7000333520550509820 ♠ + 3.34 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W  / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252  ( Virginia Beach ) 44 Omaha Nebraska 446,970 408,958 7000929484201311630 ♠ + 9.29 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W  / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451  ( Omaha ) 45 Oakland California 420,005 390,724 7000749403671133590 ♠ + 7.49 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W  /  37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W  / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257  ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 413,651 382,578 7000812200387894760 ♠ + 8.12 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W  /  44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W  / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683  ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 403,090 391,906 7000285374554102260 ♠ + 2.85 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W  /  36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W  / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023  ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 392,772 365,438 7000747979137363930 ♠ + 7.48 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W  / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247  ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 391,495 343,829 7001138632866919310 ♠ + 13.86 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W  /  30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W  / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345  ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 389,902 382,368 7000197035316762910 ♠ + 1.97 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W  /  37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W  / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459  ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,809 396,815 2999722641533208170 ♠ − 2.77 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W  /  41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W  / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794  ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 377,165 335,709 7001123487901724410 ♠ + 12.35 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W  /  27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W  / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797  ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 376,380 347,483 7000831609028355340 ♠ + 8.32 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W  /  35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W  / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183  ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 361,710 325,078 7001112686801321530 ♠ + 11.27 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W  /  39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W  / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897  ( Aurora ) 55 Honolulu Hawaii 351,792 337,256 7000431007899044050 ♠ + 4.31 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W  /  21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W  / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476  ( Honolulu ) 56 Anaheim California 351,043 336,265 7000439474818967180 ♠ + 4.39 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W  /  33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W  / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601  ( Anaheim ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,217 324,528 7000298556673075980 ♠ + 2.99 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W  /  33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W  / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830  ( Santa Ana ) 58 Corpus Christi Texas 325,733 305,215 7000672247432138000 ♠ + 6.72 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W  /  27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W  / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734  ( Corpus Christi ) 59 Riverside California 324,722 303,871 7000686179332677350 ♠ + 6.86 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W  /  33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W  / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932  ( Riverside ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 318,449 295,803 7000765577090157980 ♠ + 7.66 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W  /  38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W  / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583  ( Lexington ) 61 St. Louis Missouri 311,404 319,294 2999752892318678080 ♠ − 2.47 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W  / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446  ( St. Louis ) 62 Stockton California 307,072 291,707 7000526727161158280 ♠ + 5.27 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W  / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133  ( Stockton ) 63 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 303,625 305,704 3000319930390181350 ♠ − 0.68 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W  /  40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W  / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766  ( Pittsburgh ) 64 Saint Paul Minnesota 302,398 285,068 7000607925126636450 ♠ + 6.08 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W  /  44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W  / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041  ( Saint Paul ) 65 Cincinnati Ohio 298,800 296,943 6999625372546246240 ♠ + 0.63 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W  /  39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W  / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058  ( Cincinnati ) 66 Anchorage Alaska 298,192 291,826 7000218143688362240 ♠ + 2.18 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W  /  61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W  / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843  ( Anchorage ) 67 Henderson Nevada 292,969 257,729 7001136732769692200 ♠ + 13.67 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W  /  36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W  / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357  ( Henderson ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 287,027 269,666 7000643796399991100 ♠ + 6.44 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W  /  36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W  / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270  ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,057 259,841 7001100892468855950 ♠ + 10.09 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W  / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479  ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 281,764 277,140 7000166847080897740 ♠ + 1.67 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W  /  40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W  / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726  ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 280,364 258,379 7000850881844112720 ♠ + 8.51 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W  /  40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W  / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803  ( Lincoln ) 72 Toledo Ohio 278,508 287,208 2999697083646695080 ♠ − 3.03 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W  /  41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W  / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819  ( Toledo ) 73 Orlando Florida 277,173 238,300 7001163126311372220 ♠ + 16.31 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W  /  28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W  / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736  ( Orlando ) 74 Chula Vista California 267,172 243,916 7000953442988569830 ♠ + 9.53 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W  /  32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W  / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152  ( Chula Vista ) 75 Irvine California 266,122 212,375 7001253075927015890 ♠ + 25.31 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W  /  33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W  / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713  ( Irvine ) 76 Fort Wayne Indiana 264,488 253,691 7000425596493371860 ♠ + 4.26 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W  /  41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W  / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439  ( Fort Wayne ) 77 Jersey City New Jersey 264,152 247,597 7000668626841197590 ♠ + 6.69 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W  / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648  ( Jersey City ) 78 Durham North Carolina 263,016 228,330 7001151911706740240 ♠ + 15.19 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W  /  35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W  / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029  ( Durham ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 260,999 244,769 7000663074163803420 ♠ + 6.63 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W  /  27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W  / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441  ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 257,156 236,091 7000892240703796420 ♠ + 8.92 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W  /  27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W  / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892  ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 256,902 261,310 2999831311469136269 ♠ − 1.69 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W  /  42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W  / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597  ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 252,551 233,209 7000829384800758120 ♠ + 8.29 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W  /  43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W  / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299  ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 252,506 229,573 7000998941513157030 ♠ + 9.99 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W  /  33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W  / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867  ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 247,477 236,123 7000480851081851410 ♠ + 4.81 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W  /  33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W  / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549  ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 246,645 217,385 7001134599903397199 ♠ + 13.46 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W  /  33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W  / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611  ( Scottsdale ) 86 Glendale Arizona 245,895 226,721 7000845709043273450 ♠ + 8.46 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W  / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899  ( Glendale ) 87 Reno Nevada 245,255 225,221 7000889526287513150 ♠ + 8.90 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W  /  39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W  / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499  ( Reno ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 245,115 242,803 6999952212287327580 ♠ + 0.95 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W  / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446  ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 242,203 229,617 7000548130147158090 ♠ + 5.48 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W  / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610  ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 238,702 216,961 7001100206949636110 ♠ + 10.02 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W  /  36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W  / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939  ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Irving Texas 238,289 216,290 7001101710666235150 ♠ + 10.17 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W  /  32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W  / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700  ( Irving ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 237,940 222,209 7000707937122258770 ♠ + 7.08 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W  / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018  ( Chesapeake ) 93 Gilbert Arizona 237,133 208,453 7001137584971192550 ♠ + 13.76 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W  /  33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W  / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431  ( Gilbert ) 94 Hialeah Florida 236,387 224,669 7000521567283425840 ♠ + 5.22 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W  /  25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W  / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029  ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 234,943 226,876 7000355568680689010 ♠ + 3.56 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W  /  32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W  / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303  ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 233,136 214,089 7000889676723231930 ♠ + 8.90 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W  /  37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W  / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412  ( Fremont ) 97 Baton Rouge Louisiana 227,715 229,493 3000225248700396100 ♠ − 0.77 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W  /  30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W  / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309  ( Baton Rouge ) 98 Richmond Virginia 223,170 204,214 7000928241942276240 ♠ + 9.28 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W  / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760  ( Richmond ) 99 Boise Idaho 223,154 205,671 7000850046919594890 ♠ + 8.50 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W  /  43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W  / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317  ( Boise ) 100 San Bernardino California 216,239 209,924 7000300823155046590 ♠ + 3.01 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W  /  34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W  / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936  ( San Bernardino ) 101 Spokane Washington 215,973 208,916 7000337791265388960 ♠ + 3.38 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W  /  47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W  / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333  ( Spokane ) 102 Des Moines Iowa 215,472 203,433 7000591791892170890 ♠ + 5.92 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W  /  41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W  / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102  ( Des Moines ) 103 Modesto California 212,175 201,165 7000547311908135110 ♠ + 5.47 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W  /  37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W  / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030  ( Modesto ) 104 Birmingham Alabama 212,157 212,237 3001623062896667360 ♠ − 0.04 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W  / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990  ( Birmingham ) 105 Tacoma Washington 211,277 198,397 7000649203364970240 ♠ + 6.49 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W  /  47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W  / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598  ( Tacoma ) 106 Fontana California 209,665 196,069 7000693429353951920 ♠ + 6.93 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W  /  34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W  / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629  ( Fontana ) 107 Rochester New York 208,880 210,565 3000199772041887300 ♠ − 0.80 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W  /  43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W  / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169  ( Rochester ) 108 Oxnard California 207,906 197,899 7000505661979090340 ♠ + 5.06 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W  /  34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W  / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046  ( Oxnard ) 109 Moreno Valley California 205,499 193,365 7000627517906549790 ♠ + 6.28 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W  /  33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W  / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057  ( Moreno Valley ) 110 Fayetteville North Carolina 204,759 200,564 7000209160168325320 ♠ + 2.09 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W  /  35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W  / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735  ( Fayetteville ) 111 Aurora Illinois 201,110 197,899 7000162254483347570 ♠ + 1.62 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W  /  41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W  / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901  ( Aurora ) 112 Glendale California 200,831 191,719 7000475278923841660 ♠ + 4.75 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W  /  34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W  / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458  ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 200,807 195,976 7000246509776707350 ♠ + 2.47 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W  / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674  ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 200,652 189,992 7000561076255842350 ♠ + 5.61 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W  /  33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W  / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093  ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Montgomery Alabama 200,022 205,764 2999720942438910600 ♠ − 2.79 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W  /  32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W  / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661  ( Montgomery ) 116 Amarillo Texas 199,582 190,695 7000466032145572770 ♠ + 4.66 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W  /  35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W  / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302  ( Amarillo ) 117 Little Rock Arkansas 198,541 193,524 7000259244331452430 ♠ + 2.59 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W  /  34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W  / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586  ( Little Rock ) 118 Akron Ohio 197,633 199,110 3000258198985485409 ♠ − 0.74 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W  /  41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W  / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214  ( Akron ) 119 Columbus Georgia 197,485 189,885 7000400242251889300 ♠ + 4.00 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W  /  32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W  / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749  ( Columbus ) 120 Augusta Georgia 197,081 195,844 6999631625171054510 ♠ + 0.63 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W  / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734  ( Augusta ) 121 Grand Rapids Michigan 196,445 188,040 7000446979366092320 ♠ + 4.47 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W  /  42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W  / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556  ( Grand Rapids ) 122 Shreveport Louisiana 194,920 199,311 2999779691035617700 ♠ − 2.20 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W  /  32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W  / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922  ( Shreveport ) 123 Salt Lake City Utah 193,744 186,440 7000391761424587000 ♠ + 3.92 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W  /  40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W  / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310  ( Salt Lake City ) 124 Huntsville Alabama 193,079 180,105 7000720357569195750 ♠ + 7.20 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W  /  34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W  / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730  ( Huntsville ) 125 Mobile Alabama 192,904 195,111 2999886884901415090 ♠ − 1.13 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W  /  30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W  / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002  ( Mobile ) 126 Tallahassee Florida 190,894 181,376 7000524766231474950 ♠ + 5.25 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W  /  30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W  / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534  ( Tallahassee ) 127 Grand Prairie Texas 190,682 175,396 7000871513603502930 ♠ + 8.72 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W  /  32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W  / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211  ( Grand Prairie ) 128 Overland Park Kansas 188,966 173,372 7000899453198901780 ♠ + 8.99 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W  /  38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W  / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906  ( Overland Park ) 129 Knoxville Tennessee 186,239 178,874 7000411742343772710 ♠ + 4.12 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W  /  35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W  / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493  ( Knoxville ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 185,132 164,603 7001124718261514070 ♠ + 12.47 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W  /  27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W  / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883  ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Worcester Massachusetts 184,508 181,045 7000191278411444670 ♠ + 1.91 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W  /  42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W  / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078  ( Worcester ) 132 Brownsville Texas 183,823 175,023 7000502791061746170 ♠ + 5.03 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W  /  25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W  / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550  ( Brownsville ) 133 Tempe Arizona 182,498 161,719 7001128488303786200 ♠ + 12.85 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W  / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318  ( Tempe ) 134 Santa Clarita California 181,972 176,320 7000320553539019960 ♠ + 3.21 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W  / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042  ( Santa Clarita ) 135 Newport News Virginia 181,825 180,719 6999611999845063330 ♠ + 0.61 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W  /  37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W  / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220  ( Newport News ) 136 Cape Coral Florida 179,804 154,305 7001165250639966300 ♠ + 16.53 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W  /  26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W  / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974  ( Cape Coral ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 179,219 178,042 6999661079969894750 ♠ + 0.66 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W  /  41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W  / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188  ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 178,752 165,521 7000799354764652220 ♠ + 7.99 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W  /  26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W  / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467  ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Chattanooga Tennessee 177,571 167,674 7000590252513806550 ♠ + 5.90 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W  /  35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W  / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484  ( Chattanooga ) 140 Rancho Cucamonga California 176,534 165,269 7000681616032044730 ♠ + 6.82 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W  /  34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W  / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642  ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 141 Oceanside California 175,464 167,086 7000501418431227029 ♠ + 5.01 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W  /  33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W  / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062  ( Oceanside ) 142 Santa Rosa California 175,155 167,815 7000437386407651280 ♠ + 4.37 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W  / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061  ( Santa Rosa ) 143 Garden Grove California 174,858 170,883 7000232615298186480 ♠ + 2.33 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W  /  33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W  / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605  ( Garden Grove ) 144 Vancouver Washington 174,826 161,791 7000805669042159330 ♠ + 8.06 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W  /  45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W  / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957  ( Vancouver ) 145 Sioux Falls South Dakota 174,360 153,888 7001133031815346230 ♠ + 13.30 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W  /  43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W  / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320  ( Sioux Falls ) 146 Ontario California 173,212 163,924 7000566604036016690 ♠ + 5.67 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W  / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042  ( Ontario ) 147 McKinney Texas 172,298 131,117 7001314078265976190 ♠ + 31.41 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W  /  33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W  / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680  ( McKinney ) 148 Elk Grove California 169,743 153,015 7001109322615429860 ♠ + 10.93 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W  /  38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W  / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850  ( Elk Grove ) 149 Jackson Mississippi 169,148 173,514 2999748377652523720 ♠ − 2.52 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W  /  32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W  / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128  ( Jackson ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 168,587 154,019 7000945857329290540 ♠ + 9.46 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W  /  26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W  / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404  ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 167,419 154,637 7000826580960572180 ♠ + 8.27 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W  /  44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W  / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232  ( Salem ) 152 Springfield Missouri 167,319 159,498 7000490350976187790 ♠ + 4.90 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W  / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913  ( Springfield ) 153 Corona California 166,785 152,374 7000945765025529290 ♠ + 9.46 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W  / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655  ( Corona ) 154 Eugene Oregon 166,575 156,185 7000665236738483210 ♠ + 6.65 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W  / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162  ( Eugene ) 155 Fort Collins Colorado 164,207 143,986 7001140437264734070 ♠ + 14.04 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W  / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648  ( Fort Collins ) 156 Peoria Arizona 164,173 154,065 7000656086716645570 ♠ + 6.56 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W  / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080  ( Peoria ) 157 Frisco Texas 163,656 116,989 7001398900751352690 ♠ + 39.89 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W  /  33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W  / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226  ( Frisco ) 158 Cary North Carolina 162,320 135,234 7001200289867932620 ♠ + 20.03 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W  /  35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W  / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133  ( Cary ) 159 Lancaster California 160,106 156,633 7000221728499103000 ♠ + 2.22 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W  /  34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W  / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753  ( Lancaster ) 160 Hayward California 158,937 144,186 7001102305355582370 ♠ + 10.23 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W  / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024  ( Hayward ) 161 Palmdale California 157,356 152,750 7000301538461538460 ♠ + 3.02 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W  /  34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W  / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054  ( Palmdale ) 162 Salinas California 157,218 150,441 7000450475601730910 ♠ + 4.50 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W  /  36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W  / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337  ( Salinas ) 163 Alexandria Virginia 155,810 139,966 7001113198919737650 ♠ + 11.32 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W  /  38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W  / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841  ( Alexandria ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,393 142,980 7000798223527766120 ♠ + 7.98 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W  /  39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W  / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176  ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,074 153,060 6999662485299882400 ♠ + 0.66 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W  /  42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W  / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400  ( Springfield ) 166 Pasadena Texas 153,351 149,043 7000289044101366720 ♠ + 2.89 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W  /  29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W  / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506  ( Pasadena ) 167 Sunnyvale California 152,771 140,081 7000905904441001990 ♠ + 9.06 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W  /  37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W  / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263  ( Sunnyvale ) 168 Macon Georgia 152,555 91,351 7001669987192258430 ♠ + 67.00 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W  /  32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W  / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942  ( Macon ) 169 Pomona California 152,494 149,058 7000230514296448360 ♠ + 2.31 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W  /  34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W  / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611  ( Pomona ) 170 Hollywood Florida 151,998 140,768 7000797766537849510 ♠ + 7.98 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W  /  26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W  / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646  ( Hollywood ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 151,709 145,786 7000406280438450880 ♠ + 4.06 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W  / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418  ( Kansas City ) 172 Escondido California 151,613 143,911 7000535191889431660 ♠ + 5.35 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W  / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740  ( Escondido ) 173 Clarksville Tennessee 150,287 132,929 7001130580986842600 ♠ + 13.06 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W  / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452  ( Clarksville ) 174 Joliet Illinois 148,262 147,433 6999562289311076889 ♠ + 0.56 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W  / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488  ( Joliet ) 175 Rockford Illinois 147,651 152,871 2999658535628078580 ♠ − 3.41 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W  / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646  ( Rockford ) 176 Torrance California 147,195 145,438 7000120807491852200 ♠ + 1.21 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W  / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414  ( Torrance ) 177 Naperville Illinois 147,122 141,853 7000371440857789400 ♠ + 3.71 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W  /  41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W  / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620  ( Naperville ) 178 Paterson New Jersey 147,000 146,199 6999547883364455299 ♠ + 0.55 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W  / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628  ( Paterson ) 179 Savannah Georgia 146,763 136,286 7000768751008907740 ♠ + 7.69 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W  /  32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W  / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536  ( Savannah ) 180 Bridgeport Connecticut 145,936 144,229 7000118353451802340 ♠ + 1.18 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W  /  41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W  / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958  ( Bridgeport ) 181 Mesquite Texas 143,736 139,824 7000279780295228290 ♠ + 2.80 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W  /  32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W  / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888  ( Mesquite ) 182 Killeen Texas 143,400 127,921 7001121004369884540 ♠ + 12.10 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W  /  31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W  / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320  ( Killeen ) 183 Syracuse New York 143,378 145,170 2999876558517600049 ♠ − 1.23 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W  /  43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W  / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436  ( Syracuse ) 184 McAllen Texas 142,212 129,877 7000949744758502279 ♠ + 9.50 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W  /  26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W  / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464  ( McAllen ) 185 Pasadena California 142,059 137,122 7000360044340076720 ♠ + 3.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W  /  34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W  / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396  ( Pasadena ) 186 Bellevue Washington 141,400 122,363 7001155578075071710 ♠ + 15.56 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W  /  47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W  / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565  ( Bellevue ) 187 Fullerton California 140,721 135,161 7000411361265453790 ♠ + 4.11 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W  /  33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W  / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280  ( Fullerton ) 188 Orange California 140,504 136,416 7000299671592775040 ♠ + 3.00 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W  /  33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W  / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613  ( Orange ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,489 141,527 3000266571042981200 ♠ − 0.73 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W  /  39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W  / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996  ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 138,449 122,041 7001134446620398060 ♠ + 13.44 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W  /  25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W  / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358  ( Miramar ) 191 Thornton Colorado 136,703 118,772 7001150969925571680 ♠ + 15.10 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W  /  39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W  / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428  ( Thornton ) 192 West Valley City Utah 136,574 129,480 7000547883843064560 ♠ + 5.48 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W  /  40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W  / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118  ( West Valley City ) 193 Olathe Kansas 135,473 125,872 7000762758993263000 ♠ + 7.63 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W  / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195  ( Olathe ) 194 Hampton Virginia 135,410 137,436 2999852585930906020 ♠ − 1.47 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W  /  37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W  / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971  ( Hampton ) 195 Warren Michigan 135,125 134,056 6999797427940562150 ♠ + 0.80 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W  /  42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W  / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250  ( Warren ) 196 Midland Texas 134,610 111,147 7001211098815082730 ♠ + 21.11 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W  /  32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W  / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135  ( Midland ) 197 Waco Texas 134,432 124,805 7000771363326789790 ♠ + 7.71 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W  /  31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W  / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860  ( Waco ) 198 Charleston South Carolina 134,385 120,083 7001119100955172670 ♠ + 11.91 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W  /  32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W  / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590  ( Charleston ) 199 Columbia South Carolina 134,309 129,272 7000389643542298410 ♠ + 3.90 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W  /  34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W  / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980  ( Columbia ) 200 Denton Texas 133,808 113,383 7001180141643809040 ♠ + 18.01 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W  / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414  ( Denton ) 201 Carrollton Texas 133,351 119,097 7001119683955095430 ♠ + 11.97 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W  /  32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W  / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998  ( Carrollton ) 202 Surprise Arizona 132,677 117,517 7001129002612387990 ♠ + 12.90 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W  /  33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W  / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527  ( Surprise ) 203 Roseville California 132,671 118,788 7001116872074620330 ♠ + 11.69 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W  /  38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W  / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189  ( Roseville ) 204 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,427 129,699 7000210333155999660 ♠ + 2.10 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W  /  42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W  / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303  ( Sterling Heights ) 205 Murfreesboro Tennessee 131,947 108,755 7001213249965518830 ♠ + 21.32 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W  /  35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W  / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160  ( Murfreesboro ) 206 Gainesville Florida 131,591 124,354 7000581967608601250 ♠ + 5.82 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W  /  29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W  / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461  ( Gainesville ) 207 Cedar Rapids Iowa 131,127 126,326 7000380048446083940 ♠ + 3.80 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W  /  41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W  / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778  ( Cedar Rapids ) 208 Visalia California 131,074 124,442 7000532939039874000 ♠ + 5.33 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W  /  36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W  / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289  ( Visalia ) 209 Coral Springs Florida 130,059 121,096 7000740156569994050 ♠ + 7.40 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W  /  26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W  / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593  ( Coral Springs ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 129,934 129,779 6999119433806702160 ♠ + 0.12 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W  /  41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W  / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250  ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 129,113 122,643 7000527547434423490 ♠ + 5.28 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W  /  41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W  / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460  ( Stamford ) 212 Thousand Oaks California 128,888 126,683 7000174056503240370 ♠ + 1.74 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W  /  34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W  / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742  ( Thousand Oaks ) 213 Concord California 128,726 122,067 7000545520083232980 ♠ + 5.46 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W  /  37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W  / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016  ( Concord ) 214 Elizabeth New Jersey 128,640 124,969 7000293752850706980 ♠ + 2.94 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W  /  40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W  / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935  ( Elizabeth ) 215 Lafayette Louisiana 127,626 120,623 7000580569211510240 ♠ + 5.81 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W  / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285  ( Lafayette ) 216 Kent Washington 127,514 92,411 7001379857376286370 ♠ + 37.99 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W  /  47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W  / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127  ( Kent ) 217 Topeka Kansas 126,808 127,473 3000478320899327700 ♠ − 0.52 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W  /  39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W  / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962  ( Topeka ) 218 Simi Valley California 126,327 124,237 7000168226856733500 ♠ + 1.68 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W  /  34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W  / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485  ( Simi Valley ) 219 Santa Clara California 125,948 116,468 7000813957481883440 ♠ + 8.14 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W  /  37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W  / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679  ( Santa Clara ) 220 Athens Georgia 123,371 115,452 7000685912760281330 ♠ + 6.86 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W  /  33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W  / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701  ( Athens ) 221 Hartford Connecticut 123,243 124,775 2999877218994189540 ♠ − 1.23 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W  /  41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W  / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816  ( Hartford ) 222 Victorville California 122,265 115,903 7000548907275911750 ♠ + 5.49 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W  /  34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W  / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536  ( Victorville ) 223 Abilene Texas 122,225 117,063 7000440959141658770 ♠ + 4.41 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W  /  32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W  / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381  ( Abilene ) 224 Norman Oklahoma 122,180 110,925 7001101464953797610 ♠ + 10.15 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W  /  35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W  / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453  ( Norman ) 225 Vallejo California 121,299 115,942 7000462041365510340 ♠ + 4.62 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W  / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640  ( Vallejo ) 226 Berkeley California 121,240 112,580 7000769230769230770 ♠ + 7.69 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W  /  37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W  / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991  ( Berkeley ) 227 Round Rock Texas 120,892 99,887 7001210287625016270 ♠ + 21.03 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W  /  30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W  / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660  ( Round Rock ) 228 Ann Arbor Michigan 120,782 113,934 7000601049730545760 ♠ + 6.01 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W  /  42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W  / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309  ( Ann Arbor ) 229 Fargo North Dakota 120,762 105,549 7001144132109257310 ♠ + 14.41 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W  /  46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W  / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290  ( Fargo ) 230 Columbia Missouri 120,612 108,500 7001111631336405530 ♠ + 11.16 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W  / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264  ( Columbia ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 120,443 118,032 7000204266639555370 ♠ + 2.04 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W  /  40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W  / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784  ( Allentown ) 232 Evansville Indiana 119,477 117,429 7000174403256435800 ♠ + 1.74 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W  /  37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W  / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347  ( Evansville ) 233 Beaumont Texas 118,299 118,296 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W  / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453  ( Beaumont ) 234 Odessa Texas 117,871 99,940 7001179417650590350 ♠ + 17.94 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W  /  31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W  / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411  ( Odessa ) 235 Wilmington North Carolina 117,525 106,476 7001103769863631240 ♠ + 10.38 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W  /  34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W  / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858  ( Wilmington ) 236 Arvada Colorado 117,453 106,433 7001103539315813700 ♠ + 10.35 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W  /  39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W  / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503  ( Arvada ) 237 Independence Missouri 117,030 116,830 6999171188906958820 ♠ + 0.17 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W  /  39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W  / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521  ( Independence ) 238 Provo Utah 116,868 112,488 7000389374866652440 ♠ + 3.89 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W  /  40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W  / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448  ( Provo ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,020 114,297 7000150747613673150 ♠ + 1.51 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W  /  42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W  / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593  ( Lansing ) 240 El Monte California 115,807 113,475 7000205507821105970 ♠ + 2.06 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W  /  34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W  / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291  ( El Monte ) 241 Springfield Illinois 115,715 116,250 3000539784946236550 ♠ − 0.46 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W  / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446  ( Springfield ) 242 Fairfield California 114,756 105,321 7000895832739909420 ♠ + 8.96 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W  /  38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W  / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321  ( Fairfield ) 243 Clearwater Florida 114,361 107,685 7000619956354181180 ♠ + 6.20 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W  /  27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W  / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666  ( Clearwater ) 244 Peoria Illinois 114,265 115,007 3000354821880407280 ♠ − 0.65 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W  / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174  ( Peoria ) 245 Rochester Minnesota 114,011 106,769 7000678286768631340 ♠ + 6.78 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W  /  44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W  / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772  ( Rochester ) 246 Carlsbad California 113,952 105,328 7000818775634209330 ♠ + 8.19 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W  /  33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W  / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828  ( Carlsbad ) 247 Westminster Colorado 113,875 106,114 7000731383229357110 ♠ + 7.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W  / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644  ( Westminster ) 248 West Jordan Utah 113,699 103,712 7000962955106448630 ♠ + 9.63 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W  / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008  ( West Jordan ) 249 Pearland Texas 113,570 91,252 7001244575461359750 ♠ + 24.46 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W  /  29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W  / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231  ( Pearland ) 250 Richardson Texas 113,347 99,223 7001142346028642550 ♠ + 14.23 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W  / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081  ( Richardson ) 251 Downey California 113,267 111,772 7000133754428658340 ♠ + 1.34 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W  /  33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W  / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309  ( Downey ) 252 Miami Gardens Florida 113,058 107,167 7000549702800302330 ♠ + 5.50 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W  /  25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W  / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436  ( Miami Gardens ) 253 Temecula California 113,054 100,097 7001129444438894270 ♠ + 12.94 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W  / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317  ( Temecula ) 254 Costa Mesa California 112,822 109,960 7000260276464168789 ♠ + 2.60 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W  /  33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W  / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123  ( Costa Mesa ) 255 College Station Texas 112,141 93,857 7001194806993617950 ♠ + 19.48 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W  /  30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W  / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964  ( College Station ) 256 Elgin Illinois 112,123 108,188 7000363718711871930 ♠ + 3.64 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W  /  42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W  / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217  ( Elgin ) 257 Murrieta California 111,674 103,466 7000793304080567530 ♠ + 7.93 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W  /  33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W  / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904  ( Murrieta ) 258 Gresham Oregon 111,523 105,594 7000561490236187659 ♠ + 5.61 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W  /  45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W  / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416  ( Gresham ) 259 High Point North Carolina 111,223 104,371 7000656504201358610 ♠ + 6.57 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W  /  35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W  / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905  ( High Point ) 260 Antioch California 110,898 102,372 7000832844918532410 ♠ + 8.33 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W  /  37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W  / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962  ( Antioch ) 261 Inglewood California 110,654 109,673 6999894477218640870 ♠ + 0.89 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W  /  33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W  / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443  ( Inglewood ) 262 Cambridge Massachusetts 110,651 105,162 7000521956600292880 ♠ + 5.22 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W  /  42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W  / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187  ( Cambridge ) 263 Lowell Massachusetts 110,558 106,519 7000379181178944600 ♠ + 3.79 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W  /  42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W  / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211  ( Lowell ) 264 Manchester New Hampshire 110,506 109,565 6999858850910418460 ♠ + 0.86 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W  /  42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W  / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441  ( Manchester ) 265 Billings Montana 110,323 104,170 7000590669098588850 ♠ + 5.91 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W  / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499  ( Billings ) 266 Pueblo Colorado 110,291 106,595 7000346732961208310 ♠ + 3.47 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W  / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123  ( Pueblo ) 267 Palm Bay Florida 110,104 103,190 7000670026165326100 ♠ + 6.70 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W  /  27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W  / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626  ( Palm Bay ) 268 Centennial Colorado 109,932 100,377 7000951911294420040 ♠ + 9.52 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W  /  39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W  / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691  ( Centennial ) 269 Richmond California 109,813 103,701 7000589386794727150 ♠ + 5.89 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W  / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606  ( Richmond ) 270 Ventura California 109,592 106,433 7000296806441611150 ♠ + 2.97 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W  / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542  ( Ventura ) 271 Pompano Beach Florida 109,393 99,845 7000956282237468080 ♠ + 9.56 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W  /  26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W  / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339  ( Pompano Beach ) 272 North Charleston South Carolina 109,298 97,471 7001121338654574180 ♠ + 12.13 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W  /  32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W  / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650  ( North Charleston ) 273 Everett Washington 109,043 103,019 7000584746503072250 ♠ + 5.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W  /  47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W  / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914  ( Everett ) 274 Waterbury Connecticut 108,272 110,366 2999810267654893720 ♠ − 1.90 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W  /  41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W  / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367  ( Waterbury ) 275 West Palm Beach Florida 108,161 99,919 7000824868143195990 ♠ + 8.25 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W  / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251  ( West Palm Beach ) 276 Boulder Colorado 108,090 97,385 7001109924526364430 ♠ + 10.99 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W  /  40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W  / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519  ( Boulder ) 277 West Covina California 107,847 106,098 7000164847593734090 ♠ + 1.65 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W  /  34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W  / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099  ( West Covina ) 278 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 107,403 98,850 7000865250379362670 ♠ + 8.65 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W  /  36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W  / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810  ( Broken Arrow ) 279 Clovis California 106,583 95,631 7001114523533163930 ♠ + 11.45 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W  / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849  ( Clovis ) 280 Daly City California 106,472 101,123 7000528959781652050 ♠ + 5.29 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W  /  37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W  / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650  ( Daly City ) 281 Lakeland Florida 106,420 97,422 7000923610683418530 ♠ + 9.24 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W  /  28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W  / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549  ( Lakeland ) 282 Santa Maria California 106,290 99,553 7000676724960573760 ♠ + 6.77 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W  /  34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W  / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438  ( Santa Maria ) 283 Norwalk California 106,178 105,549 6999595931747340090 ♠ + 0.60 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W  /  33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W  / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835  ( Norwalk ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 105,703 93,853 7001126261280939340 ♠ + 12.63 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W  /  33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W  / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687  ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Hillsboro Oregon 105,164 91,611 7001147940749473320 ♠ + 14.79 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W  /  45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W  / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357  ( Hillsboro ) 286 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,139 104,057 7000103981471693400 ♠ + 1.04 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W  /  44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W  / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842  ( Green Bay ) 287 Tyler Texas 104,798 96,900 7000815067079463369 ♠ + 8.15 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W  /  32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W  / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059  ( Tyler ) 288 Wichita Falls Texas 104,724 104,553 6999163553413101480 ♠ + 0.16 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W  /  33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W  / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259  ( Wichita Falls ) 289 Lewisville Texas 104,659 95,290 7000983209151012700 ♠ + 9.83 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W  / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818  ( Lewisville ) 290 Burbank California 104,447 103,340 7000107122121153470 ♠ + 1.07 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W  /  34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W  / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264  ( Burbank ) 291 Greeley Colorado 103,990 92,889 7001119508230253310 ♠ + 11.95 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W  / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697  ( Greeley ) 292 San Mateo California 103,959 97,207 7000694600183114380 ♠ + 6.95 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W  / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106  ( San Mateo ) 293 El Cajon California 103,768 99,478 7000431251130903319 ♠ + 4.31 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W  /  32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W  / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604  ( El Cajon ) 294 Jurupa Valley California 103,541 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W  /  34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W  / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676  ( Jurupa Valley ) 295 Rialto California 103,314 99,171 7000417763257403879 ♠ + 4.18 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W  /  34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W  / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883  ( Rialto ) 296 Davenport Iowa 102,612 99,685 7000293624918493250 ♠ + 2.94 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W  /  41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W  / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040  ( Davenport ) 297 League City Texas 102,010 83,560 7001220799425562470 ♠ + 22.08 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W  /  29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W  / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091  ( League City ) 298 Edison New Jersey 101,996 99,967 7000202966979103100 ♠ + 2.03 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W  /  40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W  / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494  ( Edison ) 299 Davie Florida 101,871 91,992 7001107389773023740 ♠ + 10.74 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W  /  26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W  / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850  ( Davie ) 300 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,759 97,618 7000424204552439100 ♠ + 4.24 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W  /  32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W  / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897  ( Las Cruces ) 301 South Bend Indiana 101,735 101,168 6999560453898465929 ♠ + 0.56 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W  /  41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W  / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690  ( South Bend ) 302 Vista California 101,659 93,834 7000833919474817230 ♠ + 8.34 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W  /  33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W  / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386  ( Vista ) 303 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,389 99,585 7000181151779886530 ♠ + 1.81 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W  / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927  ( Woodbridge ) 304 Renton Washington 100,953 90,927 7001110264277937250 ♠ + 11.03 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W  /  47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W  / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920  ( Renton ) 305 Lakewood New Jersey 100,758 92,843 7000852514459894660 ♠ + 8.53 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W  /  40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W  / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004  ( Lakewood ) 306 San Angelo Texas 100,702 93,200 7000804935622317600 ♠ + 8.05 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W  /  31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W  / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505  ( San Angelo ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,392 96,796 7000371502954667550 ♠ + 3.72 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W  /  42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W  / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170  ( Clinton )
List of United States cities by population
list of united states cities by population
Population
Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 169 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 540 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States . As defined by the United States Census Bureau , an `` incorporated place '' includes a variety of designations , including city , town , village , borough , and municipality . A few exceptional Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) are also included in the Census Bureau 's listing of incorporated places . Consolidated city - counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county , or county equivalent . Some consolidated city - counties , however , include multiple incorporated places . This list presents only that portion ( or `` balance '' ) of such consolidated city - counties that are not a part of another incorporated place . This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits , which does not include other municipalities or unincorporated suburban areas within urban agglomerations . A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metropolitan area populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Distribution 1.2 Gallery 2 Puerto Rico 3 Census - designated places 4 Cities formerly over 100,000 people 5 Locations of 50 most populous cities 6 See also 7 References 8 External links United States Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The ten most populous cities of the United States 1 . New York 2 . Los Angeles 3 . Chicago 4 . Houston 5 . Phoenix 6 . Philadelphia 7 . San Antonio 8 . San Diego 9 . Dallas 10 . San Jose The following table lists the 307 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . A city is displayed in bold if it is a state or federal capital , and in italics if it is the most populous city in the state . Five states -- Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia and Wyoming -- do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more . The table below contains the following information : The city rank by population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city name The name of the state in which the city lies The city population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2016 The city land area as of January 1 , 2016 The city population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per unit of land area ) The city latitude and longitude coordinates 2016 rank City State 2016 estimate Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location New York New York 8,537,673 8,175,133 7000443466791304800 ♠ + 4.43 % 301.5 sq mi 780.9 km 28,317 / sq mi 10,933 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 49 '' N 73 ° 56 ′ 19 '' W  /  40.6635 ° N 73.9387 ° W  / 40.6635 ; - 73.9387  ( 1 New York City ) Los Angeles California 3,976,322 3,792,621 7000484364243092050 ♠ + 4.84 % 468.7 sq mi 1,213.9 km 8,484 / sq mi 3,276 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W  /  34.0194 ° N 118.4108 ° W  / 34.0194 ; - 118.4108  ( 2 Los Angeles ) Chicago Illinois 2,704,958 2,695,598 6999347232784710470 ♠ + 0.35 % 227.3 sq mi 588.7 km 11,900 / sq mi 4,600 / km 41 ° 50 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W  /  41.8376 ° N 87.6818 ° W  / 41.8376 ; - 87.6818  ( 3 Chicago ) Houston Texas 2,303,482 2,100,263 7000967588344888229 ♠ + 9.68 % 637.5 sq mi 1,651.1 km 3,613 / sq mi 1,395 / km 29 ° 47 ′ 12 '' N 95 ° 23 ′ 27 '' W  /  29.7866 ° N 95.3909 ° W  / 29.7866 ; - 95.3909  ( 4 Houston ) 5 Phoenix Arizona 1,615,017 1,445,632 7001117170206525590 ♠ + 11.72 % 517.6 sq mi 1,340.6 km 3,120 / sq mi 1,200 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 112 ° 05 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.5722 ° N 112.0901 ° W  / 33.5722 ; - 112.0901  ( 6 Phoenix ) 6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,567,872 1,526,006 7000274350166382040 ♠ + 2.74 % 134.2 sq mi 347.6 km 11,683 / sq mi 4,511 / km 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W  /  40.0094 ° N 75.1333 ° W  / 40.0094 ; - 75.1333  ( 5 Philadelphia ) 7 San Antonio Texas 1,492,510 1,327,407 7001124380088397910 ♠ + 12.44 % 461.0 sq mi 1,194.0 km 3,238 / sq mi 1,250 / km 29 ° 28 ′ 21 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 30 '' W  /  29.4724 ° N 98.5251 ° W  / 29.4724 ; - 98.5251  ( 7 San Antonio ) 8 San Diego California 1,406,630 1,307,402 7000758970844468650 ♠ + 7.59 % 325.2 sq mi 842.3 km 4,325 / sq mi 1,670 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 55 '' N 117 ° 08 ′ 06 '' W  /  32.8153 ° N 117.1350 ° W  / 32.8153 ; - 117.1350  ( 8 San Diego ) 9 Dallas Texas 1,317,929 1,197,816 7001100276670206440 ♠ + 10.03 % 340.9 sq mi 882.9 km 3,866 / sq mi 1,493 / km 32 ° 47 ′ 36 '' N 96 ° 45 ′ 59 '' W  /  32.7933 ° N 96.7665 ° W  / 32.7933 ; - 96.7665  ( 9 Dallas ) 10 San Jose California 1,025,350 945,942 7000839459501745350 ♠ + 8.39 % 177.5 sq mi 459.7 km 5,777 / sq mi 2,231 / km 37 ° 17 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 49 ′ 08 '' W  /  37.2967 ° N 121.8189 ° W  / 37.2967 ; - 121.8189  ( 10 San Jose ) 11 Austin Texas 947,890 790,390 7001199268715444270 ♠ + 19.93 % 312.7 sq mi 809.9 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 30 ° 18 ′ 14 '' N 97 ° 45 ′ 16 '' W  /  30.3039 ° N 97.7544 ° W  / 30.3039 ; - 97.7544  ( 11 Austin ) 12 Jacksonville Florida 880,619 821,784 7000715942388754220 ♠ + 7.16 % 747.4 sq mi 1,935.8 km 1,178 / sq mi 455 / km 30 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 81 ° 39 ′ 42 '' W  /  30.3369 ° N 81.6616 ° W  / 30.3369 ; - 81.6616  ( 12 Jacksonville ) 13 San Francisco California 870,887 805,235 7000815314783882970 ♠ + 8.15 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 18,569 / sq mi 7,170 / km 37 ° 43 ′ 38 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W  /  37.7272 ° N 123.0322 ° W  / 37.7272 ; - 123.0322  ( 13 San Francisco ) 14 Columbus Ohio 860,090 787,033 7000928258408478419 ♠ + 9.28 % 218.5 sq mi 565.9 km 3,936 / sq mi 1,520 / km 39 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 82 ° 59 ′ 05 '' W  /  39.9852 ° N 82.9848 ° W  / 39.9852 ; - 82.9848  ( 15 Columbus ) 15 Indianapolis Indiana 855,164 820,445 7000423172790375950 ♠ + 4.23 % 361.5 sq mi 936.3 km 2,366 / sq mi 914 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 36 '' N 86 ° 08 ′ 45 '' W  /  39.7767 ° N 86.1459 ° W  / 39.7767 ; - 86.1459  ( 14 Indianapolis ) 16 Fort Worth Texas 854,113 741,206 7001152328772298120 ♠ + 15.23 % 342.9 sq mi 888.1 km 2,491 / sq mi 962 / km 32 ° 46 ′ 53 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W  /  32.7815 ° N 97.3467 ° W  / 32.7815 ; - 97.3467  ( 16 Fort Worth ) 17 Charlotte North Carolina 842,051 731,424 7001151248796867480 ♠ + 15.12 % 305.4 sq mi 791.0 km 2,757 / sq mi 1,064 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 49 ′ 52 '' W  /  35.2078 ° N 80.8310 ° W  / 35.2078 ; - 80.8310  ( 17 Charlotte ) 18 Seattle Washington 704,352 608,660 7001157217494167520 ♠ + 15.72 % 83.8 sq mi 217.0 km 8,405 / sq mi 3,245 / km 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 03 '' W  /  47.6205 ° N 122.3509 ° W  / 47.6205 ; - 122.3509  ( 20 Seattle ) 19 Denver Colorado 693,060 600,158 7001154795903745350 ♠ + 15.48 % 153.3 sq mi 397.0 km 4,521 / sq mi 1,746 / km 39 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.7619 ° N 104.8811 ° W  / 39.7619 ; - 104.8811  ( Denver ) 20 El Paso Texas 683,080 649,121 7000523153618508720 ♠ + 5.23 % 256.8 sq mi 665.1 km 2,660 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 50 ′ 54 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 37 '' W  /  31.8484 ° N 106.4270 ° W  / 31.8484 ; - 106.4270  ( 19 El Paso ) 21 Washington District of Columbia 681,170 601,723 7001132032513299310 ♠ + 13.20 % 61.1 sq mi 158.2 km 11,148 / sq mi 4,304 / km 38 ° 54 ′ 15 '' N 77 ° 01 ′ 02 '' W  /  38.9041 ° N 77.0172 ° W  / 38.9041 ; - 77.0172  ( Washington , D.C. ) 22 Boston Massachusetts 673,184 617,594 7000900105894811150 ♠ + 9.00 % 48.3 sq mi 125.1 km 13,938 / sq mi 5,381 / km 42 ° 19 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 01 ′ 13 '' W  /  42.3320 ° N 71.0202 ° W  / 42.3320 ; - 71.0202  ( Boston ) 23 Detroit Michigan 672,795 713,777 2999425843085445450 ♠ − 5.74 % 138.8 sq mi 359.5 km 4,847 / sq mi 1,871 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 06 ′ 08 '' W  /  42.3830 ° N 83.1022 ° W  / 42.3830 ; - 83.1022  ( 18 Detroit ) 24 Nashville Tennessee 660,388 601,222 7000984095725040000 ♠ + 9.84 % 475.9 sq mi 1,232.6 km 1,388 / sq mi 536 / km 36 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.1718 ° N 86.7850 ° W  / 36.1718 ; - 86.7850  ( Nashville ) 25 Memphis Tennessee 652,717 646,889 6999900927361572080 ♠ + 0.90 % 317.4 sq mi 822.1 km 2,056 / sq mi 794 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 89 ° 58 ′ 39 '' W  /  35.1028 ° N 89.9774 ° W  / 35.1028 ; - 89.9774  ( Memphis ) 26 Portland Oregon 639,863 583,776 7000960762347201670 ♠ + 9.61 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 4,793 / sq mi 1,851 / km 45 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 122 ° 39 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.5370 ° N 122.6500 ° W  / 45.5370 ; - 122.6500  ( Portland ) 27 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 638,367 579,999 7001100634656266650 ♠ + 10.06 % 606.3 sq mi 1,570.3 km 1,053 / sq mi 407 / km 35 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 97 ° 30 ′ 49 '' W  /  35.4671 ° N 97.5137 ° W  / 35.4671 ; - 97.5137  ( Oklahoma City ) 28 Las Vegas Nevada 632,912 583,756 7000842064150090110 ♠ + 8.42 % 134.4 sq mi 348.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 36 ° 13 ′ 45 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.2292 ° N 115.2601 ° W  / 36.2292 ; - 115.2601  ( Las Vegas ) 29 Louisville Kentucky 616,261 597,337 7000316806091034040 ♠ + 3.17 % 263.5 sq mi 682.5 km 2,339 / sq mi 903 / km 38 ° 09 ′ 55 '' N 85 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W  /  38.1654 ° N 85.6474 ° W  / 38.1654 ; - 85.6474  ( Louisville ) 30 Baltimore Maryland 614,664 620,961 2999898592665239850 ♠ − 1.01 % 80.9 sq mi 209.5 km 7,598 / sq mi 2,934 / km 39 ° 18 ′ 00 '' N 76 ° 36 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.3000 ° N 76.6105 ° W  / 39.3000 ; - 76.6105  ( Baltimore ) 31 Milwaukee Wisconsin 595,047 594,833 6998359764841560530 ♠ + 0.04 % 96.2 sq mi 249.2 km 6,186 / sq mi 2,388 / km 43 ° 03 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 00 '' W  /  43.0633 ° N 87.9667 ° W  / 43.0633 ; - 87.9667  ( Milwaukee ) 32 Albuquerque New Mexico 559,277 545,852 7000245945787502840 ♠ + 2.46 % 188.2 sq mi 487.4 km 2,972 / sq mi 1,147 / km 35 ° 06 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 51 '' W  /  35.1056 ° N 106.6474 ° W  / 35.1056 ; - 106.6474  ( Albuquerque ) 33 Tucson Arizona 530,706 520,116 7000203608425812700 ♠ + 2.04 % 230.8 sq mi 597.8 km 2,299 / sq mi 888 / km 32 ° 09 ′ 11 '' N 110 ° 52 ′ 14 '' W  /  32.1531 ° N 110.8706 ° W  / 32.1531 ; - 110.8706  ( Tucson ) 34 Fresno California 522,053 494,665 7000553667633651060 ♠ + 5.54 % 114.4 sq mi 296.3 km 4,563 / sq mi 1,762 / km 36 ° 47 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W  /  36.7836 ° N 119.7934 ° W  / 36.7836 ; - 119.7934  ( Fresno ) 35 Sacramento California 495,234 466,488 7000616221639141840 ♠ + 6.16 % 97.9 sq mi 253.6 km 5,059 / sq mi 1,953 / km 38 ° 34 ′ 00 '' N 121 ° 28 ′ 07 '' W  /  38.5666 ° N 121.4686 ° W  / 38.5666 ; - 121.4686  ( Sacramento ) 36 Mesa Arizona 484,587 439,041 7001103739741846430 ♠ + 10.37 % 137.9 sq mi 357.2 km 3,514 / sq mi 1,357 / km 33 ° 24 ′ 07 '' N 111 ° 43 ′ 03 '' W  /  33.4019 ° N 111.7174 ° W  / 33.4019 ; - 111.7174  ( Mesa ) 37 Kansas City Missouri 481,420 459,787 7000470500470870210 ♠ + 4.71 % 315.0 sq mi 815.8 km 1,528 / sq mi 590 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 30 '' N 94 ° 33 ′ 04 '' W  /  39.1251 ° N 94.5510 ° W  / 39.1251 ; - 94.5510  ( Kansas City , MO ) 38 Atlanta Georgia 472,522 420,003 7001125044344921350 ♠ + 12.50 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 3,539 / sq mi 1,366 / km 33 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 84 ° 25 ′ 22 '' W  /  33.7629 ° N 84.4227 ° W  / 33.7629 ; - 84.4227  ( Atlanta ) 39 Long Beach California 470,130 462,257 7000170316512243190 ♠ + 1.70 % 50.3 sq mi 130.3 km 9,347 / sq mi 3,609 / km 33 ° 48 ′ 33 '' N 118 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W  /  33.8092 ° N 118.1553 ° W  / 33.8092 ; - 118.1553  ( Long Beach ) 40 Colorado Springs Colorado 465,101 416,427 7001116884832155460 ♠ + 11.69 % 195.6 sq mi 506.6 km 2,378 / sq mi 918 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 02 '' N 104 ° 45 ′ 39 '' W  /  38.8673 ° N 104.7607 ° W  / 38.8673 ; - 104.7607  ( Colorado Springs ) 41 Raleigh North Carolina 458,880 403,892 7001136145306170960 ♠ + 13.61 % 145.1 sq mi 375.8 km 3,163 / sq mi 1,221 / km 35 ° 49 ′ 50 '' N 78 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W  /  35.8306 ° N 78.6418 ° W  / 35.8306 ; - 78.6418  ( Raleigh ) 42 Miami Florida 453,579 399,457 7001135488926217340 ♠ + 13.55 % 36.0 sq mi 93.2 km 12,599 / sq mi 4,865 / km 25 ° 46 ′ 31 '' N 80 ° 12 ′ 31 '' W  /  25.7752 ° N 80.2086 ° W  / 25.7752 ; - 80.2086  ( Miami ) 43 Virginia Beach Virginia 452,602 437,994 7000333520550509820 ♠ + 3.34 % 244.7 sq mi 633.8 km 1,850 / sq mi 710 / km 36 ° 46 ′ 48 '' N 76 ° 01 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.7800 ° N 76.0252 ° W  / 36.7800 ; - 76.0252  ( Virginia Beach ) 44 Omaha Nebraska 446,970 408,958 7000929484201311630 ♠ + 9.29 % 133.2 sq mi 345.0 km 3,356 / sq mi 1,296 / km 41 ° 15 ′ 52 '' N 96 ° 02 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.2644 ° N 96.0451 ° W  / 41.2644 ; - 96.0451  ( Omaha ) 45 Oakland California 420,005 390,724 7000749403671133590 ♠ + 7.49 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 7,514 / sq mi 2,901 / km 37 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W  /  37.7698 ° N 122.2257 ° W  / 37.7698 ; - 122.2257  ( Oakland ) 46 Minneapolis Minnesota 413,651 382,578 7000812200387894760 ♠ + 8.12 % 54.0 sq mi 139.9 km 7,660 / sq mi 2,960 / km 44 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 06 '' W  /  44.9633 ° N 93.2683 ° W  / 44.9633 ; - 93.2683  ( Minneapolis ) 47 Tulsa Oklahoma 403,090 391,906 7000285374554102260 ♠ + 2.85 % 196.8 sq mi 509.7 km 2,048 / sq mi 791 / km 36 ° 07 ′ 40 '' N 95 ° 54 ′ 08 '' W  /  36.1279 ° N 95.9023 ° W  / 36.1279 ; - 95.9023  ( Tulsa ) 48 Arlington Texas 392,772 365,438 7000747979137363930 ♠ + 7.48 % 95.8 sq mi 248.1 km 4,100 / sq mi 1,600 / km 32 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 97 ° 07 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.7007 ° N 97.1247 ° W  / 32.7007 ; - 97.1247  ( Arlington ) 49 New Orleans Louisiana 391,495 343,829 7001138632866919310 ♠ + 13.86 % 169.4 sq mi 438.7 km 2,311 / sq mi 892 / km 30 ° 03 ′ 12 '' N 89 ° 56 ′ 04 '' W  /  30.0534 ° N 89.9345 ° W  / 30.0534 ; - 89.9345  ( New Orleans ) 50 Wichita Kansas 389,902 382,368 7000197035316762910 ♠ + 1.97 % 160.4 sq mi 415.4 km 2,431 / sq mi 939 / km 37 ° 41 ′ 27 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 45 '' W  /  37.6907 ° N 97.3459 ° W  / 37.6907 ; - 97.3459  ( Wichita ) 51 Cleveland Ohio 385,809 396,815 2999722641533208170 ♠ − 2.77 % 77.7 sq mi 201.2 km 4,965 / sq mi 1,917 / km 41 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W  /  41.4785 ° N 81.6794 ° W  / 41.4785 ; - 81.6794  ( Cleveland ) 52 Tampa Florida 377,165 335,709 7001123487901724410 ♠ + 12.35 % 113.4 sq mi 293.7 km 3,326 / sq mi 1,284 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 12 '' N 82 ° 28 ′ 47 '' W  /  27.9701 ° N 82.4797 ° W  / 27.9701 ; - 82.4797  ( Tampa ) 53 Bakersfield California 376,380 347,483 7000831609028355340 ♠ + 8.32 % 148.8 sq mi 385.4 km 2,529 / sq mi 976 / km 35 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 119 ° 01 ′ 06 '' W  /  35.3212 ° N 119.0183 ° W  / 35.3212 ; - 119.0183  ( Bakersfield ) 54 Aurora Colorado 361,710 325,078 7001112686801321530 ♠ + 11.27 % 153.5 sq mi 397.6 km 2,356 / sq mi 910 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 17 '' N 104 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W  /  39.6880 ° N 104.6897 ° W  / 39.6880 ; - 104.6897  ( Aurora ) 55 Honolulu Hawaii 351,792 337,256 7000431007899044050 ♠ + 4.31 % 60.5 sq mi 156.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 21 ° 19 ′ 27 '' N 157 ° 50 ′ 51 '' W  /  21.3243 ° N 157.8476 ° W  / 21.3243 ; - 157.8476  ( Honolulu ) 56 Anaheim California 351,043 336,265 7000439474818967180 ♠ + 4.39 % 50.0 sq mi 129.5 km 7,021 / sq mi 2,711 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 36 '' W  /  33.8555 ° N 117.7601 ° W  / 33.8555 ; - 117.7601  ( Anaheim ) 57 Santa Ana California 334,217 324,528 7000298556673075980 ♠ + 2.99 % 27.1 sq mi 70.2 km 12,333 / sq mi 4,762 / km 33 ° 44 ′ 11 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 59 '' W  /  33.7363 ° N 117.8830 ° W  / 33.7363 ; - 117.8830  ( Santa Ana ) 58 Corpus Christi Texas 325,733 305,215 7000672247432138000 ♠ + 6.72 % 174.6 sq mi 452.2 km 1,866 / sq mi 720 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 15 '' N 97 ° 10 ′ 24 '' W  /  27.7543 ° N 97.1734 ° W  / 27.7543 ; - 97.1734  ( Corpus Christi ) 59 Riverside California 324,722 303,871 7000686179332677350 ♠ + 6.86 % 81.2 sq mi 210.3 km 3,999 / sq mi 1,544 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 36 '' W  /  33.9381 ° N 117.3932 ° W  / 33.9381 ; - 117.3932  ( Riverside ) 60 Lexington Kentucky 318,449 295,803 7000765577090157980 ♠ + 7.66 % 283.6 sq mi 734.5 km 1,123 / sq mi 434 / km 38 ° 02 ′ 27 '' N 84 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W  /  38.0407 ° N 84.4583 ° W  / 38.0407 ; - 84.4583  ( Lexington ) 61 St. Louis Missouri 311,404 319,294 2999752892318678080 ♠ − 2.47 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 5,023 / sq mi 1,939 / km 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' N 90 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  38.6357 ° N 90.2446 ° W  / 38.6357 ; - 90.2446  ( St. Louis ) 62 Stockton California 307,072 291,707 7000526727161158280 ♠ + 5.27 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 4,977 / sq mi 1,922 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 48 '' W  /  37.9763 ° N 121.3133 ° W  / 37.9763 ; - 121.3133  ( Stockton ) 63 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 303,625 305,704 3000319930390181350 ♠ − 0.68 % 55.4 sq mi 143.5 km 5,481 / sq mi 2,116 / km 40 ° 26 ′ 23 '' N 79 ° 58 ′ 36 '' W  /  40.4398 ° N 79.9766 ° W  / 40.4398 ; - 79.9766  ( Pittsburgh ) 64 Saint Paul Minnesota 302,398 285,068 7000607925126636450 ♠ + 6.08 % 52.0 sq mi 134.7 km 5,815 / sq mi 2,245 / km 44 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 06 ′ 15 '' W  /  44.9489 ° N 93.1041 ° W  / 44.9489 ; - 93.1041  ( Saint Paul ) 65 Cincinnati Ohio 298,800 296,943 6999625372546246240 ♠ + 0.63 % 77.4 sq mi 200.5 km 3,860 / sq mi 1,490 / km 39 ° 08 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 21 '' W  /  39.1402 ° N 84.5058 ° W  / 39.1402 ; - 84.5058  ( Cincinnati ) 66 Anchorage Alaska 298,192 291,826 7000218143688362240 ♠ + 2.18 % 1,706.6 sq mi 4,420.1 km 175 / sq mi 68 / km 61 ° 10 ′ 27 '' N 149 ° 17 ′ 03 '' W  /  61.1743 ° N 149.2843 ° W  / 61.1743 ; - 149.2843  ( Anchorage ) 67 Henderson Nevada 292,969 257,729 7001136732769692200 ♠ + 13.67 % 104.7 sq mi 271.2 km 2,798 / sq mi 1,080 / km 36 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W  /  36.0097 ° N 115.0357 ° W  / 36.0097 ; - 115.0357  ( Henderson ) 68 Greensboro North Carolina 287,027 269,666 7000643796399991100 ♠ + 6.44 % 128.3 sq mi 332.3 km 2,237 / sq mi 864 / km 36 ° 05 ′ 42 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 37 '' W  /  36.0951 ° N 79.8270 ° W  / 36.0951 ; - 79.8270  ( Greensboro ) 69 Plano Texas 286,057 259,841 7001100892468855950 ♠ + 10.09 % 71.7 sq mi 185.7 km 3,990 / sq mi 1,540 / km 33 ° 03 ′ 03 '' N 96 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  33.0508 ° N 96.7479 ° W  / 33.0508 ; - 96.7479  ( Plano ) 70 Newark New Jersey 281,764 277,140 7000166847080897740 ♠ + 1.67 % 24.1 sq mi 62.4 km 11,691 / sq mi 4,514 / km 40 ° 43 ′ 27 '' N 74 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W  /  40.7242 ° N 74.1726 ° W  / 40.7242 ; - 74.1726  ( Newark ) 71 Lincoln Nebraska 280,364 258,379 7000850881844112720 ♠ + 8.51 % 92.1 sq mi 238.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 40 ° 48 ′ 38 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 49 '' W  /  40.8105 ° N 96.6803 ° W  / 40.8105 ; - 96.6803  ( Lincoln ) 72 Toledo Ohio 278,508 287,208 2999697083646695080 ♠ − 3.03 % 80.7 sq mi 209.0 km 3,451 / sq mi 1,332 / km 41 ° 39 ′ 51 '' N 83 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W  /  41.6641 ° N 83.5819 ° W  / 41.6641 ; - 83.5819  ( Toledo ) 73 Orlando Florida 277,173 238,300 7001163126311372220 ♠ + 16.31 % 105.2 sq mi 272.5 km 2,635 / sq mi 1,017 / km 28 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 81 ° 16 ′ 25 '' W  /  28.4166 ° N 81.2736 ° W  / 28.4166 ; - 81.2736  ( Orlando ) 74 Chula Vista California 267,172 243,916 7000953442988569830 ♠ + 9.53 % 49.6 sq mi 128.5 km 5,387 / sq mi 2,080 / km 32 ° 37 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 00 ′ 55 '' W  /  32.6277 ° N 117.0152 ° W  / 32.6277 ; - 117.0152  ( Chula Vista ) 75 Irvine California 266,122 212,375 7001253075927015890 ♠ + 25.31 % 65.6 sq mi 169.9 km 4,057 / sq mi 1,566 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 46 ′ 17 '' W  /  33.6784 ° N 117.7713 ° W  / 33.6784 ; - 117.7713  ( Irvine ) 76 Fort Wayne Indiana 264,488 253,691 7000425596493371860 ♠ + 4.26 % 110.6 sq mi 286.5 km 2,391 / sq mi 923 / km 41 ° 05 ′ 18 '' N 85 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W  /  41.0882 ° N 85.1439 ° W  / 41.0882 ; - 85.1439  ( Fort Wayne ) 77 Jersey City New Jersey 264,152 247,597 7000668626841197590 ♠ + 6.69 % 14.8 sq mi 38.3 km 17,848 / sq mi 6,891 / km 40 ° 42 ′ 41 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  40.7114 ° N 74.0648 ° W  / 40.7114 ; - 74.0648  ( Jersey City ) 78 Durham North Carolina 263,016 228,330 7001151911706740240 ♠ + 15.19 % 109.8 sq mi 284.4 km 2,395 / sq mi 925 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 52 '' N 78 ° 54 ′ 10 '' W  /  35.9811 ° N 78.9029 ° W  / 35.9811 ; - 78.9029  ( Durham ) 79 St. Petersburg Florida 260,999 244,769 7000663074163803420 ♠ + 6.63 % 61.8 sq mi 160.1 km 4,223 / sq mi 1,631 / km 27 ° 45 ′ 43 '' N 82 ° 38 ′ 39 '' W  /  27.7620 ° N 82.6441 ° W  / 27.7620 ; - 82.6441  ( St. Petersburg ) 80 Laredo Texas 257,156 236,091 7000892240703796420 ♠ + 8.92 % 101.1 sq mi 261.8 km 2,544 / sq mi 982 / km 27 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 99 ° 29 ′ 21 '' W  /  27.5604 ° N 99.4892 ° W  / 27.5604 ; - 99.4892  ( Laredo ) 81 Buffalo New York 256,902 261,310 2999831311469136269 ♠ − 1.69 % 40.4 sq mi 104.6 km 6,359 / sq mi 2,455 / km 42 ° 53 ′ 33 '' N 78 ° 51 ′ 35 '' W  /  42.8925 ° N 78.8597 ° W  / 42.8925 ; - 78.8597  ( Buffalo ) 82 Madison Wisconsin 252,551 233,209 7000829384800758120 ♠ + 8.29 % 77.0 sq mi 199.4 km 3,280 / sq mi 1,270 / km 43 ° 05 ′ 16 '' N 89 ° 25 ′ 48 '' W  /  43.0878 ° N 89.4299 ° W  / 43.0878 ; - 89.4299  ( Madison ) 83 Lubbock Texas 252,506 229,573 7000998941513157030 ♠ + 9.99 % 124.6 sq mi 322.7 km 2,027 / sq mi 783 / km 33 ° 33 ′ 56 '' N 101 ° 53 ′ 12 '' W  /  33.5656 ° N 101.8867 ° W  / 33.5656 ; - 101.8867  ( Lubbock ) 84 Chandler Arizona 247,477 236,123 7000480851081851410 ♠ + 4.81 % 64.9 sq mi 168.1 km 3,813 / sq mi 1,472 / km 33 ° 16 ′ 58 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 18 '' W  /  33.2829 ° N 111.8549 ° W  / 33.2829 ; - 111.8549  ( Chandler ) 85 Scottsdale Arizona 246,645 217,385 7001134599903397199 ♠ + 13.46 % 183.9 sq mi 476.3 km 1,341 / sq mi 518 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 03 '' N 111 ° 51 ′ 40 '' W  /  33.6843 ° N 111.8611 ° W  / 33.6843 ; - 111.8611  ( Scottsdale ) 86 Glendale Arizona 245,895 226,721 7000845709043273450 ♠ + 8.46 % 59.1 sq mi 153.1 km 4,161 / sq mi 1,607 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 59 '' N 112 ° 11 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.5331 ° N 112.1899 ° W  / 33.5331 ; - 112.1899  ( Glendale ) 87 Reno Nevada 245,255 225,221 7000889526287513150 ♠ + 8.90 % 107.3 sq mi 277.9 km 2,286 / sq mi 883 / km 39 ° 32 ′ 57 '' N 119 ° 51 ′ 00 '' W  /  39.5491 ° N 119.8499 ° W  / 39.5491 ; - 119.8499  ( Reno ) 88 Norfolk Virginia 245,115 242,803 6999952212287327580 ♠ + 0.95 % 53.3 sq mi 138.0 km 4,599 / sq mi 1,776 / km 36 ° 55 ′ 23 '' N 76 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W  /  36.9230 ° N 76.2446 ° W  / 36.9230 ; - 76.2446  ( Norfolk ) 89 Winston -- Salem North Carolina 242,203 229,617 7000548130147158090 ♠ + 5.48 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,828 / sq mi 706 / km 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.1027 ° N 80.2610 ° W  / 36.1027 ; - 80.2610  ( Winston - Salem ) 90 North Las Vegas Nevada 238,702 216,961 7001100206949636110 ♠ + 10.02 % 98.0 sq mi 253.8 km 2,436 / sq mi 941 / km 36 ° 17 ′ 09 '' N 115 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W  /  36.2857 ° N 115.0939 ° W  / 36.2857 ; - 115.0939  ( North Las Vegas ) 91 Irving Texas 238,289 216,290 7001101710666235150 ♠ + 10.17 % 67.0 sq mi 173.5 km 3,557 / sq mi 1,373 / km 32 ° 51 ′ 28 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 12 '' W  /  32.8577 ° N 96.9700 ° W  / 32.8577 ; - 96.9700  ( Irving ) 92 Chesapeake Virginia 237,940 222,209 7000707937122258770 ♠ + 7.08 % 338.5 sq mi 876.7 km 703 / sq mi 271 / km 36 ° 40 ′ 46 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.6794 ° N 76.3018 ° W  / 36.6794 ; - 76.3018  ( Chesapeake ) 93 Gilbert Arizona 237,133 208,453 7001137584971192550 ♠ + 13.76 % 68.0 sq mi 176.1 km 3,487 / sq mi 1,346 / km 33 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 44 ′ 35 '' W  /  33.3103 ° N 111.7431 ° W  / 33.3103 ; - 111.7431  ( Gilbert ) 94 Hialeah Florida 236,387 224,669 7000521567283425840 ♠ + 5.22 % 21.5 sq mi 55.7 km 10,995 / sq mi 4,245 / km 25 ° 52 ′ 12 '' N 80 ° 18 ′ 10 '' W  /  25.8699 ° N 80.3029 ° W  / 25.8699 ; - 80.3029  ( Hialeah ) 95 Garland Texas 234,943 226,876 7000355568680689010 ♠ + 3.56 % 57.0 sq mi 147.6 km 4,122 / sq mi 1,592 / km 32 ° 54 ′ 35 '' N 96 ° 37 ′ 49 '' W  /  32.9098 ° N 96.6303 ° W  / 32.9098 ; - 96.6303  ( Garland ) 96 Fremont California 233,136 214,089 7000889676723231930 ♠ + 8.90 % 77.5 sq mi 200.7 km 3,008 / sq mi 1,161 / km 37 ° 29 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 56 ′ 28 '' W  /  37.4945 ° N 121.9412 ° W  / 37.4945 ; - 121.9412  ( Fremont ) 97 Baton Rouge Louisiana 227,715 229,493 3000225248700396100 ♠ − 0.77 % 85.9 sq mi 222.5 km 2,651 / sq mi 1,024 / km 30 ° 26 ′ 32 '' N 91 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W  /  30.4422 ° N 91.1309 ° W  / 30.4422 ; - 91.1309  ( Baton Rouge ) 98 Richmond Virginia 223,170 204,214 7000928241942276240 ♠ + 9.28 % 59.8 sq mi 154.9 km 3,732 / sq mi 1,441 / km 37 ° 31 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 28 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.5314 ° N 77.4760 ° W  / 37.5314 ; - 77.4760  ( Richmond ) 99 Boise Idaho 223,154 205,671 7000850046919594890 ♠ + 8.50 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 2,718 / sq mi 1,049 / km 43 ° 36 ′ 01 '' N 116 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W  /  43.6002 ° N 116.2317 ° W  / 43.6002 ; - 116.2317  ( Boise ) 100 San Bernardino California 216,239 209,924 7000300823155046590 ♠ + 3.01 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 3,516 / sq mi 1,358 / km 34 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 117 ° 17 ′ 37 '' W  /  34.1416 ° N 117.2936 ° W  / 34.1416 ; - 117.2936  ( San Bernardino ) 101 Spokane Washington 215,973 208,916 7000337791265388960 ♠ + 3.38 % 68.7 sq mi 177.9 km 3,144 / sq mi 1,214 / km 47 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 117 ° 26 ′ 00 '' W  /  47.6669 ° N 117.4333 ° W  / 47.6669 ; - 117.4333  ( Spokane ) 102 Des Moines Iowa 215,472 203,433 7000591791892170890 ♠ + 5.92 % 88.9 sq mi 230.2 km 2,424 / sq mi 936 / km 41 ° 34 ′ 21 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W  /  41.5726 ° N 93.6102 ° W  / 41.5726 ; - 93.6102  ( Des Moines ) 103 Modesto California 212,175 201,165 7000547311908135110 ♠ + 5.47 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,934 / sq mi 1,905 / km 37 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 121 ° 00 ′ 11 '' W  /  37.6375 ° N 121.0030 ° W  / 37.6375 ; - 121.0030  ( Modesto ) 104 Birmingham Alabama 212,157 212,237 3001623062896667360 ♠ − 0.04 % 146.1 sq mi 378.4 km 1,452 / sq mi 561 / km 33 ° 31 ′ 39 '' N 86 ° 47 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.5274 ° N 86.7990 ° W  / 33.5274 ; - 86.7990  ( Birmingham ) 105 Tacoma Washington 211,277 198,397 7000649203364970240 ♠ + 6.49 % 49.7 sq mi 128.7 km 4,251 / sq mi 1,641 / km 47 ° 15 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 35 '' W  /  47.2522 ° N 122.4598 ° W  / 47.2522 ; - 122.4598  ( Tacoma ) 106 Fontana California 209,665 196,069 7000693429353951920 ♠ + 6.93 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 4,876 / sq mi 1,883 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 32 '' N 117 ° 27 ′ 46 '' W  /  34.1090 ° N 117.4629 ° W  / 34.1090 ; - 117.4629  ( Fontana ) 107 Rochester New York 208,880 210,565 3000199772041887300 ♠ − 0.80 % 35.8 sq mi 92.7 km 5,835 / sq mi 2,253 / km 43 ° 10 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 37 ′ 01 '' W  /  43.1699 ° N 77.6169 ° W  / 43.1699 ; - 77.6169  ( Rochester ) 108 Oxnard California 207,906 197,899 7000505661979090340 ♠ + 5.06 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,729 / sq mi 2,984 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 08 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 17 '' W  /  34.2023 ° N 119.2046 ° W  / 34.2023 ; - 119.2046  ( Oxnard ) 109 Moreno Valley California 205,499 193,365 7000627517906549790 ♠ + 6.28 % 51.3 sq mi 132.9 km 4,006 / sq mi 1,547 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 12 ′ 21 '' W  /  33.9233 ° N 117.2057 ° W  / 33.9233 ; - 117.2057  ( Moreno Valley ) 110 Fayetteville North Carolina 204,759 200,564 7000209160168325320 ♠ + 2.09 % 147.7 sq mi 382.5 km 1,386 / sq mi 535 / km 35 ° 04 ′ 58 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 25 '' W  /  35.0828 ° N 78.9735 ° W  / 35.0828 ; - 78.9735  ( Fayetteville ) 111 Aurora Illinois 201,110 197,899 7000162254483347570 ♠ + 1.62 % 44.9 sq mi 116.3 km 4,479 / sq mi 1,729 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 49 '' N 88 ° 17 ′ 24 '' W  /  41.7635 ° N 88.2901 ° W  / 41.7635 ; - 88.2901  ( Aurora ) 112 Glendale California 200,831 191,719 7000475278923841660 ♠ + 4.75 % 30.4 sq mi 78.7 km 6,606 / sq mi 2,551 / km 34 ° 10 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W  /  34.1814 ° N 118.2458 ° W  / 34.1814 ; - 118.2458  ( Glendale ) 113 Yonkers New York 200,807 195,976 7000246509776707350 ♠ + 2.47 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 11,156 / sq mi 4,307 / km 40 ° 56 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.9459 ° N 73.8674 ° W  / 40.9459 ; - 73.8674  ( Yonkers ) 114 Huntington Beach California 200,652 189,992 7000561076255842350 ♠ + 5.61 % 26.9 sq mi 69.7 km 7,459 / sq mi 2,880 / km 33 ° 41 ′ 26 '' N 118 ° 00 ′ 33 '' W  /  33.6906 ° N 118.0093 ° W  / 33.6906 ; - 118.0093  ( Huntington Beach ) 115 Montgomery Alabama 200,022 205,764 2999720942438910600 ♠ − 2.79 % 159.8 sq mi 413.9 km 1,252 / sq mi 483 / km 32 ° 20 ′ 50 '' N 86 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W  /  32.3472 ° N 86.2661 ° W  / 32.3472 ; - 86.2661  ( Montgomery ) 116 Amarillo Texas 199,582 190,695 7000466032145572770 ♠ + 4.66 % 101.4 sq mi 262.6 km 1,968 / sq mi 760 / km 35 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 101 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W  /  35.1999 ° N 101.8302 ° W  / 35.1999 ; - 101.8302  ( Amarillo ) 117 Little Rock Arkansas 198,541 193,524 7000259244331452430 ♠ + 2.59 % 118.7 sq mi 307.4 km 1,673 / sq mi 646 / km 34 ° 43 ′ 31 '' N 92 ° 21 ′ 31 '' W  /  34.7254 ° N 92.3586 ° W  / 34.7254 ; - 92.3586  ( Little Rock ) 118 Akron Ohio 197,633 199,110 3000258198985485409 ♠ − 0.74 % 62.0 sq mi 160.6 km 3,188 / sq mi 1,231 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 31 ′ 17 '' W  /  41.0805 ° N 81.5214 ° W  / 41.0805 ; - 81.5214  ( Akron ) 119 Columbus Georgia 197,485 189,885 7000400242251889300 ♠ + 4.00 % 216.4 sq mi 560.5 km 913 / sq mi 353 / km 32 ° 30 ′ 37 '' N 84 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W  /  32.5102 ° N 84.8749 ° W  / 32.5102 ; - 84.8749  ( Columbus ) 120 Augusta Georgia 197,081 195,844 6999631625171054510 ♠ + 0.63 % 302.5 sq mi 783.5 km 652 / sq mi 252 / km 33 ° 21 ′ 56 '' N 82 ° 04 ′ 24 '' W  /  33.3655 ° N 82.0734 ° W  / 33.3655 ; - 82.0734  ( Augusta ) 121 Grand Rapids Michigan 196,445 188,040 7000446979366092320 ♠ + 4.47 % 44.4 sq mi 115.0 km 4,424 / sq mi 1,708 / km 42 ° 57 ′ 40 '' N 85 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W  /  42.9612 ° N 85.6556 ° W  / 42.9612 ; - 85.6556  ( Grand Rapids ) 122 Shreveport Louisiana 194,920 199,311 2999779691035617700 ♠ − 2.20 % 107.1 sq mi 277.4 km 1,820 / sq mi 700 / km 32 ° 28 ′ 01 '' N 93 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W  /  32.4669 ° N 93.7922 ° W  / 32.4669 ; - 93.7922  ( Shreveport ) 123 Salt Lake City Utah 193,744 186,440 7000391761424587000 ♠ + 3.92 % 111.2 sq mi 288.0 km 1,742 / sq mi 673 / km 40 ° 46 ′ 37 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 52 '' W  /  40.7769 ° N 111.9310 ° W  / 40.7769 ; - 111.9310  ( Salt Lake City ) 124 Huntsville Alabama 193,079 180,105 7000720357569195750 ♠ + 7.20 % 213.4 sq mi 552.7 km 905 / sq mi 349 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 86 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W  /  34.6990 ° N 86.6730 ° W  / 34.6990 ; - 86.6730  ( Huntsville ) 125 Mobile Alabama 192,904 195,111 2999886884901415090 ♠ − 1.13 % 139.4 sq mi 361.0 km 1,384 / sq mi 534 / km 30 ° 40 ′ 06 '' N 88 ° 06 ′ 01 '' W  /  30.6684 ° N 88.1002 ° W  / 30.6684 ; - 88.1002  ( Mobile ) 126 Tallahassee Florida 190,894 181,376 7000524766231474950 ♠ + 5.25 % 100.4 sq mi 260.0 km 1,901 / sq mi 734 / km 30 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 12 '' W  /  30.4551 ° N 84.2534 ° W  / 30.4551 ; - 84.2534  ( Tallahassee ) 127 Grand Prairie Texas 190,682 175,396 7000871513603502930 ♠ + 8.72 % 72.3 sq mi 187.3 km 2,637 / sq mi 1,018 / km 32 ° 41 ′ 13 '' N 97 ° 01 ′ 16 '' W  /  32.6869 ° N 97.0211 ° W  / 32.6869 ; - 97.0211  ( Grand Prairie ) 128 Overland Park Kansas 188,966 173,372 7000899453198901780 ♠ + 8.99 % 75.1 sq mi 194.5 km 2,516 / sq mi 971 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 41 ′ 26 '' W  /  38.8890 ° N 94.6906 ° W  / 38.8890 ; - 94.6906  ( Overland Park ) 129 Knoxville Tennessee 186,239 178,874 7000411742343772710 ♠ + 4.12 % 98.5 sq mi 255.1 km 1,891 / sq mi 730 / km 35 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 57 '' W  /  35.9707 ° N 83.9493 ° W  / 35.9707 ; - 83.9493  ( Knoxville ) 130 Port St. Lucie Florida 185,132 164,603 7001124718261514070 ♠ + 12.47 % 118.9 sq mi 307.9 km 1,557 / sq mi 601 / km 27 ° 16 ′ 50 '' N 80 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W  /  27.2806 ° N 80.3883 ° W  / 27.2806 ; - 80.3883  ( Port St. Lucie ) 131 Worcester Massachusetts 184,508 181,045 7000191278411444670 ♠ + 1.91 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 4,933 / sq mi 1,905 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 71 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W  /  42.2695 ° N 71.8078 ° W  / 42.2695 ; - 71.8078  ( Worcester ) 132 Brownsville Texas 183,823 175,023 7000502791061746170 ♠ + 5.03 % 132.5 sq mi 343.2 km 1,387 / sq mi 536 / km 25 ° 59 ′ 57 '' N 97 ° 27 ′ 18 '' W  /  25.9991 ° N 97.4550 ° W  / 25.9991 ; - 97.4550  ( Brownsville ) 133 Tempe Arizona 182,498 161,719 7001128488303786200 ♠ + 12.85 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,562 / sq mi 1,761 / km 33 ° 23 ′ 18 '' N 111 ° 55 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.3884 ° N 111.9318 ° W  / 33.3884 ; - 111.9318  ( Tempe ) 134 Santa Clarita California 181,972 176,320 7000320553539019960 ♠ + 3.21 % 52.8 sq mi 136.8 km 3,446 / sq mi 1,331 / km 34 ° 24 ′ 11 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.4030 ° N 118.5042 ° W  / 34.4030 ; - 118.5042  ( Santa Clarita ) 135 Newport News Virginia 181,825 180,719 6999611999845063330 ♠ + 0.61 % 69.1 sq mi 179.0 km 2,631 / sq mi 1,016 / km 37 ° 04 ′ 34 '' N 76 ° 31 ′ 19 '' W  /  37.0762 ° N 76.5220 ° W  / 37.0762 ; - 76.5220  ( Newport News ) 136 Cape Coral Florida 179,804 154,305 7001165250639966300 ♠ + 16.53 % 105.6 sq mi 273.5 km 1,703 / sq mi 658 / km 26 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 81 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W  /  26.6432 ° N 81.9974 ° W  / 26.6432 ; - 81.9974  ( Cape Coral ) 137 Providence Rhode Island 179,219 178,042 6999661079969894750 ♠ + 0.66 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 9,740 / sq mi 3,760 / km 41 ° 49 ′ 23 '' N 71 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W  /  41.8231 ° N 71.4188 ° W  / 41.8231 ; - 71.4188  ( Providence ) 138 Fort Lauderdale Florida 178,752 165,521 7000799354764652220 ♠ + 7.99 % 34.6 sq mi 89.6 km 5,166 / sq mi 1,995 / km 26 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 48 '' W  /  26.1412 ° N 80.1467 ° W  / 26.1412 ; - 80.1467  ( Fort Lauderdale ) 139 Chattanooga Tennessee 177,571 167,674 7000590252513806550 ♠ + 5.90 % 143.1 sq mi 370.6 km 1,241 / sq mi 479 / km 35 ° 03 ′ 58 '' N 85 ° 14 ′ 54 '' W  /  35.0660 ° N 85.2484 ° W  / 35.0660 ; - 85.2484  ( Chattanooga ) 140 Rancho Cucamonga California 176,534 165,269 7000681616032044730 ♠ + 6.82 % 40.0 sq mi 103.6 km 4,413 / sq mi 1,704 / km 34 ° 07 ′ 24 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 51 '' W  /  34.1233 ° N 117.5642 ° W  / 34.1233 ; - 117.5642  ( Rancho Cucamonga ) 141 Oceanside California 175,464 167,086 7000501418431227029 ♠ + 5.01 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,249 / sq mi 1,641 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 117 ° 18 ′ 22 '' W  /  33.2245 ° N 117.3062 ° W  / 33.2245 ; - 117.3062  ( Oceanside ) 142 Santa Rosa California 175,155 167,815 7000437386407651280 ♠ + 4.37 % 41.3 sq mi 107.0 km 4,241 / sq mi 1,637 / km 38 ° 26 ′ 48 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 22 '' W  /  38.4468 ° N 122.7061 ° W  / 38.4468 ; - 122.7061  ( Santa Rosa ) 143 Garden Grove California 174,858 170,883 7000232615298186480 ♠ + 2.33 % 18.0 sq mi 46.6 km 9,714 / sq mi 3,751 / km 33 ° 46 ′ 44 '' N 117 ° 57 ′ 38 '' W  /  33.7788 ° N 117.9605 ° W  / 33.7788 ; - 117.9605  ( Garden Grove ) 144 Vancouver Washington 174,826 161,791 7000805669042159330 ♠ + 8.06 % 46.9 sq mi 121.5 km 3,728 / sq mi 1,439 / km 45 ° 38 ′ 06 '' N 122 ° 35 ′ 45 '' W  /  45.6349 ° N 122.5957 ° W  / 45.6349 ; - 122.5957  ( Vancouver ) 145 Sioux Falls South Dakota 174,360 153,888 7001133031815346230 ♠ + 13.30 % 75.4 sq mi 195.3 km 2,312 / sq mi 893 / km 43 ° 32 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W  /  43.5383 ° N 96.7320 ° W  / 43.5383 ; - 96.7320  ( Sioux Falls ) 146 Ontario California 173,212 163,924 7000566604036016690 ♠ + 5.67 % 49.9 sq mi 129.2 km 3,471 / sq mi 1,340 / km 34 ° 02 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 36 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.0394 ° N 117.6042 ° W  / 34.0394 ; - 117.6042  ( Ontario ) 147 McKinney Texas 172,298 131,117 7001314078265976190 ♠ + 31.41 % 63.0 sq mi 163.2 km 2,735 / sq mi 1,056 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 40 ′ 05 '' W  /  33.1985 ° N 96.6680 ° W  / 33.1985 ; - 96.6680  ( McKinney ) 148 Elk Grove California 169,743 153,015 7001109322615429860 ♠ + 10.93 % 42.2 sq mi 109.3 km 4,022 / sq mi 1,553 / km 38 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 23 ′ 06 '' W  /  38.4146 ° N 121.3850 ° W  / 38.4146 ; - 121.3850  ( Elk Grove ) 149 Jackson Mississippi 169,148 173,514 2999748377652523720 ♠ − 2.52 % 111.0 sq mi 287.5 km 1,524 / sq mi 588 / km 32 ° 18 ′ 57 '' N 90 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W  /  32.3158 ° N 90.2128 ° W  / 32.3158 ; - 90.2128  ( Jackson ) 150 Pembroke Pines Florida 168,587 154,019 7000945857329290540 ♠ + 9.46 % 33.0 sq mi 85.5 km 5,109 / sq mi 1,973 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 25 '' W  /  26.0210 ° N 80.3404 ° W  / 26.0210 ; - 80.3404  ( Pembroke Pines ) 151 Salem Oregon 167,419 154,637 7000826580960572180 ♠ + 8.27 % 48.6 sq mi 125.9 km 3,445 / sq mi 1,330 / km 44 ° 55 ′ 25 '' N 123 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W  /  44.9237 ° N 123.0232 ° W  / 44.9237 ; - 123.0232  ( Salem ) 152 Springfield Missouri 167,319 159,498 7000490350976187790 ♠ + 4.90 % 82.3 sq mi 213.2 km 2,033 / sq mi 785 / km 37 ° 11 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 29 '' W  /  37.1942 ° N 93.2913 ° W  / 37.1942 ; - 93.2913  ( Springfield ) 153 Corona California 166,785 152,374 7000945765025529290 ♠ + 9.46 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 4,222 / sq mi 1,630 / km 33 ° 51 ′ 43 '' N 117 ° 33 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.8620 ° N 117.5655 ° W  / 33.8620 ; - 117.5655  ( Corona ) 154 Eugene Oregon 166,575 156,185 7000665236738483210 ♠ + 6.65 % 44.1 sq mi 114.2 km 3,777 / sq mi 1,458 / km 44 ° 03 ′ 24 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 58 '' W  /  44.0567 ° N 123.1162 ° W  / 44.0567 ; - 123.1162  ( Eugene ) 155 Fort Collins Colorado 164,207 143,986 7001140437264734070 ♠ + 14.04 % 55.8 sq mi 144.5 km 2,943 / sq mi 1,136 / km 40 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  40.5482 ° N 105.0648 ° W  / 40.5482 ; - 105.0648  ( Fort Collins ) 156 Peoria Arizona 164,173 154,065 7000656086716645570 ♠ + 6.56 % 175.7 sq mi 455.1 km 934 / sq mi 361 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 10 '' N 112 ° 18 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.7862 ° N 112.3080 ° W  / 33.7862 ; - 112.3080  ( Peoria ) 157 Frisco Texas 163,656 116,989 7001398900751352690 ♠ + 39.89 % 67.7 sq mi 175.3 km 2,417 / sq mi 933 / km 33 ° 09 ′ 19 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 21 '' W  /  33.1554 ° N 96.8226 ° W  / 33.1554 ; - 96.8226  ( Frisco ) 158 Cary North Carolina 162,320 135,234 7001200289867932620 ♠ + 20.03 % 56.5 sq mi 146.3 km 2,873 / sq mi 1,109 / km 35 ° 46 ′ 51 '' N 78 ° 48 ′ 48 '' W  /  35.7809 ° N 78.8133 ° W  / 35.7809 ; - 78.8133  ( Cary ) 159 Lancaster California 160,106 156,633 7000221728499103000 ♠ + 2.22 % 94.3 sq mi 244.2 km 1,698 / sq mi 656 / km 34 ° 41 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 31 '' W  /  34.6936 ° N 118.1753 ° W  / 34.6936 ; - 118.1753  ( Lancaster ) 160 Hayward California 158,937 144,186 7001102305355582370 ♠ + 10.23 % 45.5 sq mi 117.8 km 3,493 / sq mi 1,349 / km 37 ° 37 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 06 ′ 09 '' W  /  37.6287 ° N 122.1024 ° W  / 37.6287 ; - 122.1024  ( Hayward ) 161 Palmdale California 157,356 152,750 7000301538461538460 ♠ + 3.02 % 106.0 sq mi 274.5 km 1,484 / sq mi 573 / km 34 ° 35 ′ 28 '' N 118 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W  /  34.5910 ° N 118.1054 ° W  / 34.5910 ; - 118.1054  ( Palmdale ) 162 Salinas California 157,218 150,441 7000450475601730910 ♠ + 4.50 % 23.6 sq mi 61.1 km 6,662 / sq mi 2,572 / km 36 ° 41 ′ 25 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 01 '' W  /  36.6902 ° N 121.6337 ° W  / 36.6902 ; - 121.6337  ( Salinas ) 163 Alexandria Virginia 155,810 139,966 7001113198919737650 ♠ + 11.32 % 15.0 sq mi 38.8 km 10,387 / sq mi 4,010 / km 38 ° 49 ′ 12 '' N 77 ° 05 ′ 03 '' W  /  38.8201 ° N 77.0841 ° W  / 38.8201 ; - 77.0841  ( Alexandria ) 164 Lakewood Colorado 154,393 142,980 7000798223527766120 ♠ + 7.98 % 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 3,599 / sq mi 1,390 / km 39 ° 41 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 07 ′ 03 '' W  /  39.6989 ° N 105.1176 ° W  / 39.6989 ; - 105.1176  ( Lakewood ) 165 Springfield Massachusetts 154,074 153,060 6999662485299882400 ♠ + 0.66 % 31.9 sq mi 82.6 km 4,830 / sq mi 1,860 / km 42 ° 06 ′ 56 '' N 72 ° 32 ′ 24 '' W  /  42.1155 ° N 72.5400 ° W  / 42.1155 ; - 72.5400  ( Springfield ) 166 Pasadena Texas 153,351 149,043 7000289044101366720 ♠ + 2.89 % 43.5 sq mi 112.7 km 3,525 / sq mi 1,361 / km 29 ° 39 ′ 31 '' N 95 ° 09 ′ 02 '' W  /  29.6586 ° N 95.1506 ° W  / 29.6586 ; - 95.1506  ( Pasadena ) 167 Sunnyvale California 152,771 140,081 7000905904441001990 ♠ + 9.06 % 22.0 sq mi 57.0 km 6,944 / sq mi 2,681 / km 37 ° 23 ′ 09 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 35 '' W  /  37.3858 ° N 122.0263 ° W  / 37.3858 ; - 122.0263  ( Sunnyvale ) 168 Macon Georgia 152,555 91,351 7001669987192258430 ♠ + 67.00 % 249.3 sq mi 645.7 km 612 / sq mi 236 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 32 '' N 83 ° 41 ′ 39 '' W  /  32.8088 ° N 83.6942 ° W  / 32.8088 ; - 83.6942  ( Macon ) 169 Pomona California 152,494 149,058 7000230514296448360 ♠ + 2.31 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,630 / sq mi 2,560 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 31 '' N 117 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W  /  34.0585 ° N 117.7611 ° W  / 34.0585 ; - 117.7611  ( Pomona ) 170 Hollywood Florida 151,998 140,768 7000797766537849510 ♠ + 7.98 % 27.3 sq mi 70.7 km 5,568 / sq mi 2,150 / km 26 ° 01 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 53 '' W  /  26.0310 ° N 80.1646 ° W  / 26.0310 ; - 80.1646  ( Hollywood ) 171 Kansas City Kansas 151,709 145,786 7000406280438450880 ♠ + 4.06 % 124.8 sq mi 323.2 km 1,216 / sq mi 470 / km 39 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 94 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W  /  39.1225 ° N 94.7418 ° W  / 39.1225 ; - 94.7418  ( Kansas City ) 172 Escondido California 151,613 143,911 7000535191889431660 ♠ + 5.35 % 37.1 sq mi 96.1 km 4,087 / sq mi 1,578 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 59 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 26 '' W  /  33.1331 ° N 117.0740 ° W  / 33.1331 ; - 117.0740  ( Escondido ) 173 Clarksville Tennessee 150,287 132,929 7001130580986842600 ♠ + 13.06 % 98.3 sq mi 254.6 km 1,529 / sq mi 590 / km 36 ° 33 ′ 59 '' N 87 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.5664 ° N 87.3452 ° W  / 36.5664 ; - 87.3452  ( Clarksville ) 174 Joliet Illinois 148,262 147,433 6999562289311076889 ♠ + 0.56 % 64.4 sq mi 166.8 km 2,302 / sq mi 889 / km 41 ° 31 ′ 04 '' N 88 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  41.5177 ° N 88.1488 ° W  / 41.5177 ; - 88.1488  ( Joliet ) 175 Rockford Illinois 147,651 152,871 2999658535628078580 ♠ − 3.41 % 63.5 sq mi 164.5 km 2,325 / sq mi 898 / km 42 ° 15 ′ 32 '' N 89 ° 03 ′ 53 '' W  /  42.2588 ° N 89.0646 ° W  / 42.2588 ; - 89.0646  ( Rockford ) 176 Torrance California 147,195 145,438 7000120807491852200 ♠ + 1.21 % 20.5 sq mi 53.1 km 7,180 / sq mi 2,770 / km 33 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.8350 ° N 118.3414 ° W  / 33.8350 ; - 118.3414  ( Torrance ) 177 Naperville Illinois 147,122 141,853 7000371440857789400 ♠ + 3.71 % 38.7 sq mi 100.2 km 3,802 / sq mi 1,468 / km 41 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 88 ° 09 ′ 43 '' W  /  41.7492 ° N 88.1620 ° W  / 41.7492 ; - 88.1620  ( Naperville ) 178 Paterson New Jersey 147,000 146,199 6999547883364455299 ♠ + 0.55 % 8.4 sq mi 21.8 km 17,500 / sq mi 6,800 / km 40 ° 54 ′ 53 '' N 74 ° 09 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.9148 ° N 74.1628 ° W  / 40.9148 ; - 74.1628  ( Paterson ) 179 Savannah Georgia 146,763 136,286 7000768751008907740 ♠ + 7.69 % 103.6 sq mi 268.3 km 1,417 / sq mi 547 / km 32 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 13 '' W  /  32.0025 ° N 81.1536 ° W  / 32.0025 ; - 81.1536  ( Savannah ) 180 Bridgeport Connecticut 145,936 144,229 7000118353451802340 ♠ + 1.18 % 16.1 sq mi 41.7 km 9,064 / sq mi 3,500 / km 41 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 73 ° 11 ′ 45 '' W  /  41.1874 ° N 73.1958 ° W  / 41.1874 ; - 73.1958  ( Bridgeport ) 181 Mesquite Texas 143,736 139,824 7000279780295228290 ♠ + 2.80 % 47.2 sq mi 122.2 km 3,045 / sq mi 1,176 / km 32 ° 45 ′ 46 '' N 96 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W  /  32.7629 ° N 96.5888 ° W  / 32.7629 ; - 96.5888  ( Mesquite ) 182 Killeen Texas 143,400 127,921 7001121004369884540 ♠ + 12.10 % 53.5 sq mi 138.6 km 2,680 / sq mi 1,030 / km 31 ° 04 ′ 40 '' N 97 ° 43 ′ 55 '' W  /  31.0777 ° N 97.7320 ° W  / 31.0777 ; - 97.7320  ( Killeen ) 183 Syracuse New York 143,378 145,170 2999876558517600049 ♠ − 1.23 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 5,735 / sq mi 2,214 / km 43 ° 02 ′ 28 '' N 76 ° 08 ′ 37 '' W  /  43.0410 ° N 76.1436 ° W  / 43.0410 ; - 76.1436  ( Syracuse ) 184 McAllen Texas 142,212 129,877 7000949744758502279 ♠ + 9.50 % 58.4 sq mi 151.3 km 2,435 / sq mi 940 / km 26 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 98 ° 14 ′ 47 '' W  /  26.2322 ° N 98.2464 ° W  / 26.2322 ; - 98.2464  ( McAllen ) 185 Pasadena California 142,059 137,122 7000360044340076720 ♠ + 3.60 % 23.0 sq mi 59.6 km 6,176 / sq mi 2,385 / km 34 ° 09 ′ 38 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 23 '' W  /  34.1606 ° N 118.1396 ° W  / 34.1606 ; - 118.1396  ( Pasadena ) 186 Bellevue Washington 141,400 122,363 7001155578075071710 ♠ + 15.56 % 33.5 sq mi 86.8 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 47 ° 35 ′ 52 '' N 122 ° 09 ′ 23 '' W  /  47.5979 ° N 122.1565 ° W  / 47.5979 ; - 122.1565  ( Bellevue ) 187 Fullerton California 140,721 135,161 7000411361265453790 ♠ + 4.11 % 22.4 sq mi 58.0 km 6,282 / sq mi 2,425 / km 33 ° 53 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 41 '' W  /  33.8857 ° N 117.9280 ° W  / 33.8857 ; - 117.9280  ( Fullerton ) 188 Orange California 140,504 136,416 7000299671592775040 ♠ + 3.00 % 25.4 sq mi 65.8 km 5,532 / sq mi 2,136 / km 33 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 117 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W  /  33.7870 ° N 117.8613 ° W  / 33.7870 ; - 117.8613  ( Orange ) 189 Dayton Ohio 140,489 141,527 3000266571042981200 ♠ − 0.73 % 55.7 sq mi 144.3 km 2,522 / sq mi 974 / km 39 ° 46 ′ 39 '' N 84 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W  /  39.7774 ° N 84.1996 ° W  / 39.7774 ; - 84.1996  ( Dayton ) 190 Miramar Florida 138,449 122,041 7001134446620398060 ♠ + 13.44 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 4,709 / sq mi 1,818 / km 25 ° 58 ′ 37 '' N 80 ° 20 ′ 09 '' W  /  25.9770 ° N 80.3358 ° W  / 25.9770 ; - 80.3358  ( Miramar ) 191 Thornton Colorado 136,703 118,772 7001150969925571680 ♠ + 15.10 % 35.7 sq mi 92.5 km 3,829 / sq mi 1,478 / km 39 ° 55 ′ 10 '' N 104 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W  /  39.9194 ° N 104.9428 ° W  / 39.9194 ; - 104.9428  ( Thornton ) 192 West Valley City Utah 136,574 129,480 7000547883843064560 ♠ + 5.48 % 35.5 sq mi 91.9 km 3,847 / sq mi 1,485 / km 40 ° 41 ′ 19 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 42 '' W  /  40.6885 ° N 112.0118 ° W  / 40.6885 ; - 112.0118  ( West Valley City ) 193 Olathe Kansas 135,473 125,872 7000762758993263000 ♠ + 7.63 % 60.9 sq mi 157.7 km 2,225 / sq mi 859 / km 38 ° 53 ′ 03 '' N 94 ° 49 ′ 10 '' W  /  38.8843 ° N 94.8195 ° W  / 38.8843 ; - 94.8195  ( Olathe ) 194 Hampton Virginia 135,410 137,436 2999852585930906020 ♠ − 1.47 % 51.5 sq mi 133.4 km 2,629 / sq mi 1,015 / km 37 ° 02 ′ 53 '' N 76 ° 17 ′ 50 '' W  /  37.0480 ° N 76.2971 ° W  / 37.0480 ; - 76.2971  ( Hampton ) 195 Warren Michigan 135,125 134,056 6999797427940562150 ♠ + 0.80 % 34.4 sq mi 89.1 km 3,928 / sq mi 1,517 / km 42 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 30 '' W  /  42.4929 ° N 83.0250 ° W  / 42.4929 ; - 83.0250  ( Warren ) 196 Midland Texas 134,610 111,147 7001211098815082730 ♠ + 21.11 % 74.4 sq mi 192.7 km 1,809 / sq mi 698 / km 32 ° 01 ′ 29 '' N 102 ° 06 ′ 49 '' W  /  32.0246 ° N 102.1135 ° W  / 32.0246 ; - 102.1135  ( Midland ) 197 Waco Texas 134,432 124,805 7000771363326789790 ♠ + 7.71 % 89.0 sq mi 230.5 km 1,510 / sq mi 580 / km 31 ° 33 ′ 36 '' N 97 ° 11 ′ 10 '' W  /  31.5601 ° N 97.1860 ° W  / 31.5601 ; - 97.1860  ( Waco ) 198 Charleston South Carolina 134,385 120,083 7001119100955172670 ♠ + 11.91 % 109.0 sq mi 282.3 km 1,233 / sq mi 476 / km 32 ° 49 ′ 04 '' N 79 ° 57 ′ 32 '' W  /  32.8179 ° N 79.9590 ° W  / 32.8179 ; - 79.9590  ( Charleston ) 199 Columbia South Carolina 134,309 129,272 7000389643542298410 ♠ + 3.90 % 133.5 sq mi 345.8 km 1,006 / sq mi 388 / km 34 ° 01 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 53 ′ 53 '' W  /  34.0291 ° N 80.8980 ° W  / 34.0291 ; - 80.8980  ( Columbia ) 200 Denton Texas 133,808 113,383 7001180141643809040 ♠ + 18.01 % 93.4 sq mi 241.9 km 1,433 / sq mi 553 / km 33 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 08 ′ 29 '' W  /  33.2166 ° N 97.1414 ° W  / 33.2166 ; - 97.1414  ( Denton ) 201 Carrollton Texas 133,351 119,097 7001119683955095430 ♠ + 11.97 % 36.3 sq mi 94.0 km 3,674 / sq mi 1,419 / km 32 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 96 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W  /  32.9884 ° N 96.8998 ° W  / 32.9884 ; - 96.8998  ( Carrollton ) 202 Surprise Arizona 132,677 117,517 7001129002612387990 ♠ + 12.90 % 107.9 sq mi 279.5 km 1,230 / sq mi 470 / km 33 ° 40 ′ 14 '' N 112 ° 27 ′ 10 '' W  /  33.6706 ° N 112.4527 ° W  / 33.6706 ; - 112.4527  ( Surprise ) 203 Roseville California 132,671 118,788 7001116872074620330 ♠ + 11.69 % 43.0 sq mi 111.4 km 3,085 / sq mi 1,191 / km 38 ° 46 ′ 08 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 08 '' W  /  38.7690 ° N 121.3189 ° W  / 38.7690 ; - 121.3189  ( Roseville ) 204 Sterling Heights Michigan 132,427 129,699 7000210333155999660 ♠ + 2.10 % 36.5 sq mi 94.5 km 3,628 / sq mi 1,401 / km 42 ° 34 ′ 52 '' N 83 ° 01 ′ 49 '' W  /  42.5812 ° N 83.0303 ° W  / 42.5812 ; - 83.0303  ( Sterling Heights ) 205 Murfreesboro Tennessee 131,947 108,755 7001213249965518830 ♠ + 21.32 % 55.9 sq mi 144.8 km 2,360 / sq mi 910 / km 35 ° 51 ′ 08 '' N 86 ° 24 ′ 58 '' W  /  35.8522 ° N 86.4160 ° W  / 35.8522 ; - 86.4160  ( Murfreesboro ) 206 Gainesville Florida 131,591 124,354 7000581967608601250 ♠ + 5.82 % 62.3 sq mi 161.4 km 2,112 / sq mi 815 / km 29 ° 40 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 20 ′ 46 '' W  /  29.6788 ° N 82.3461 ° W  / 29.6788 ; - 82.3461  ( Gainesville ) 207 Cedar Rapids Iowa 131,127 126,326 7000380048446083940 ♠ + 3.80 % 70.8 sq mi 183.4 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 41 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 91 ° 40 ′ 40 '' W  /  41.9670 ° N 91.6778 ° W  / 41.9670 ; - 91.6778  ( Cedar Rapids ) 208 Visalia California 131,074 124,442 7000532939039874000 ♠ + 5.33 % 37.5 sq mi 97.1 km 3,495 / sq mi 1,349 / km 36 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 44 '' W  /  36.3273 ° N 119.3289 ° W  / 36.3273 ; - 119.3289  ( Visalia ) 209 Coral Springs Florida 130,059 121,096 7000740156569994050 ♠ + 7.40 % 23.8 sq mi 61.6 km 5,465 / sq mi 2,110 / km 26 ° 16 ′ 15 '' N 80 ° 15 ′ 33 '' W  /  26.2707 ° N 80.2593 ° W  / 26.2707 ; - 80.2593  ( Coral Springs ) 210 New Haven Connecticut 129,934 129,779 6999119433806702160 ♠ + 0.12 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 6,948 / sq mi 2,683 / km 41 ° 18 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 55 ′ 30 '' W  /  41.3108 ° N 72.9250 ° W  / 41.3108 ; - 72.9250  ( New Haven ) 211 Stamford Connecticut 129,113 122,643 7000527547434423490 ♠ + 5.28 % 37.6 sq mi 97.4 km 3,434 / sq mi 1,326 / km 41 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 73 ° 32 ′ 46 '' W  /  41.0799 ° N 73.5460 ° W  / 41.0799 ; - 73.5460  ( Stamford ) 212 Thousand Oaks California 128,888 126,683 7000174056503240370 ♠ + 1.74 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,335 / sq mi 902 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 36 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 27 '' W  /  34.1933 ° N 118.8742 ° W  / 34.1933 ; - 118.8742  ( Thousand Oaks ) 213 Concord California 128,726 122,067 7000545520083232980 ♠ + 5.46 % 30.5 sq mi 79.0 km 4,221 / sq mi 1,630 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 122 ° 00 ′ 06 '' W  /  37.9722 ° N 122.0016 ° W  / 37.9722 ; - 122.0016  ( Concord ) 214 Elizabeth New Jersey 128,640 124,969 7000293752850706980 ♠ + 2.94 % 12.3 sq mi 31.9 km 10,459 / sq mi 4,038 / km 40 ° 39 ′ 59 '' N 74 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W  /  40.6664 ° N 74.1935 ° W  / 40.6664 ; - 74.1935  ( Elizabeth ) 215 Lafayette Louisiana 127,626 120,623 7000580569211510240 ♠ + 5.81 % 53.8 sq mi 139.3 km 2,372 / sq mi 916 / km 30 ° 12 ′ 27 '' N 92 ° 01 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.2074 ° N 92.0285 ° W  / 30.2074 ; - 92.0285  ( Lafayette ) 216 Kent Washington 127,514 92,411 7001379857376286370 ♠ + 37.99 % 33.7 sq mi 87.3 km 3,784 / sq mi 1,461 / km 47 ° 23 ′ 17 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W  /  47.3880 ° N 122.2127 ° W  / 47.3880 ; - 122.2127  ( Kent ) 217 Topeka Kansas 126,808 127,473 3000478320899327700 ♠ − 0.52 % 61.5 sq mi 159.3 km 2,062 / sq mi 796 / km 39 ° 02 ′ 05 '' N 95 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W  /  39.0347 ° N 95.6962 ° W  / 39.0347 ; - 95.6962  ( Topeka ) 218 Simi Valley California 126,327 124,237 7000168226856733500 ♠ + 1.68 % 41.5 sq mi 107.5 km 3,044 / sq mi 1,175 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 44 ′ 55 '' W  /  34.2669 ° N 118.7485 ° W  / 34.2669 ; - 118.7485  ( Simi Valley ) 219 Santa Clara California 125,948 116,468 7000813957481883440 ♠ + 8.14 % 18.4 sq mi 47.7 km 6,845 / sq mi 2,643 / km 37 ° 21 ′ 53 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 04 '' W  /  37.3646 ° N 121.9679 ° W  / 37.3646 ; - 121.9679  ( Santa Clara ) 220 Athens Georgia 123,371 115,452 7000685912760281330 ♠ + 6.86 % 116.4 sq mi 301.5 km 1,060 / sq mi 410 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 83 ° 22 ′ 12 '' W  /  33.9496 ° N 83.3701 ° W  / 33.9496 ; - 83.3701  ( Athens ) 221 Hartford Connecticut 123,243 124,775 2999877218994189540 ♠ − 1.23 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 7,083 / sq mi 2,735 / km 41 ° 45 ′ 57 '' N 72 ° 40 ′ 54 '' W  /  41.7659 ° N 72.6816 ° W  / 41.7659 ; - 72.6816  ( Hartford ) 222 Victorville California 122,265 115,903 7000548907275911750 ♠ + 5.49 % 73.3 sq mi 189.8 km 1,668 / sq mi 644 / km 34 ° 31 ′ 40 '' N 117 ° 21 ′ 13 '' W  /  34.5277 ° N 117.3536 ° W  / 34.5277 ; - 117.3536  ( Victorville ) 223 Abilene Texas 122,225 117,063 7000440959141658770 ♠ + 4.41 % 106.7 sq mi 276.4 km 1,146 / sq mi 442 / km 32 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 44 ′ 17 '' W  /  32.4545 ° N 99.7381 ° W  / 32.4545 ; - 99.7381  ( Abilene ) 224 Norman Oklahoma 122,180 110,925 7001101464953797610 ♠ + 10.15 % 178.8 sq mi 463.1 km 683 / sq mi 264 / km 35 ° 14 ′ 26 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 43 '' W  /  35.2406 ° N 97.3453 ° W  / 35.2406 ; - 97.3453  ( Norman ) 225 Vallejo California 121,299 115,942 7000462041365510340 ♠ + 4.62 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 3,951 / sq mi 1,525 / km 38 ° 06 ′ 28 '' N 122 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  38.1079 ° N 122.2640 ° W  / 38.1079 ; - 122.2640  ( Vallejo ) 226 Berkeley California 121,240 112,580 7000769230769230770 ♠ + 7.69 % 10.5 sq mi 27.2 km 11,547 / sq mi 4,458 / km 37 ° 52 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W  /  37.8670 ° N 122.2991 ° W  / 37.8670 ; - 122.2991  ( Berkeley ) 227 Round Rock Texas 120,892 99,887 7001210287625016270 ♠ + 21.03 % 35.6 sq mi 92.2 km 3,396 / sq mi 1,311 / km 30 ° 31 ′ 31 '' N 97 ° 39 ′ 58 '' W  /  30.5252 ° N 97.6660 ° W  / 30.5252 ; - 97.6660  ( Round Rock ) 228 Ann Arbor Michigan 120,782 113,934 7000601049730545760 ♠ + 6.01 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 4,298 / sq mi 1,659 / km 42 ° 16 ′ 34 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 51 '' W  /  42.2761 ° N 83.7309 ° W  / 42.2761 ; - 83.7309  ( Ann Arbor ) 229 Fargo North Dakota 120,762 105,549 7001144132109257310 ♠ + 14.41 % 49.3 sq mi 127.7 km 2,450 / sq mi 950 / km 46 ° 51 ′ 55 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 44 '' W  /  46.8652 ° N 96.8290 ° W  / 46.8652 ; - 96.8290  ( Fargo ) 230 Columbia Missouri 120,612 108,500 7001111631336405530 ♠ + 11.16 % 65.0 sq mi 168.3 km 1,856 / sq mi 717 / km 38 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 92 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W  /  38.9473 ° N 92.3264 ° W  / 38.9473 ; - 92.3264  ( Columbia ) 231 Allentown Pennsylvania 120,443 118,032 7000204266639555370 ♠ + 2.04 % 17.5 sq mi 45.3 km 6,882 / sq mi 2,657 / km 40 ° 35 ′ 37 '' N 75 ° 28 ′ 42 '' W  /  40.5936 ° N 75.4784 ° W  / 40.5936 ; - 75.4784  ( Allentown ) 232 Evansville Indiana 119,477 117,429 7000174403256435800 ♠ + 1.74 % 47.3 sq mi 122.5 km 2,526 / sq mi 975 / km 37 ° 59 ′ 16 '' N 87 ° 32 ′ 05 '' W  /  37.9877 ° N 87.5347 ° W  / 37.9877 ; - 87.5347  ( Evansville ) 233 Beaumont Texas 118,299 118,296 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 % 82.1 sq mi 212.6 km 1,441 / sq mi 556 / km 30 ° 05 ′ 06 '' N 94 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W  /  30.0849 ° N 94.1453 ° W  / 30.0849 ; - 94.1453  ( Beaumont ) 234 Odessa Texas 117,871 99,940 7001179417650590350 ♠ + 17.94 % 45.2 sq mi 117.1 km 2,608 / sq mi 1,007 / km 31 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 102 ° 20 ′ 28 '' W  /  31.8838 ° N 102.3411 ° W  / 31.8838 ; - 102.3411  ( Odessa ) 235 Wilmington North Carolina 117,525 106,476 7001103769863631240 ♠ + 10.38 % 51.6 sq mi 133.6 km 2,278 / sq mi 880 / km 34 ° 12 ′ 33 '' N 77 ° 53 ′ 09 '' W  /  34.2092 ° N 77.8858 ° W  / 34.2092 ; - 77.8858  ( Wilmington ) 236 Arvada Colorado 117,453 106,433 7001103539315813700 ♠ + 10.35 % 38.6 sq mi 100.0 km 3,043 / sq mi 1,175 / km 39 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 09 ′ 01 '' W  /  39.8337 ° N 105.1503 ° W  / 39.8337 ; - 105.1503  ( Arvada ) 237 Independence Missouri 117,030 116,830 6999171188906958820 ♠ + 0.17 % 77.8 sq mi 201.5 km 1,504 / sq mi 581 / km 39 ° 05 ′ 08 '' N 94 ° 21 ′ 08 '' W  /  39.0855 ° N 94.3521 ° W  / 39.0855 ; - 94.3521  ( Independence ) 238 Provo Utah 116,868 112,488 7000389374866652440 ♠ + 3.89 % 41.7 sq mi 108.0 km 2,803 / sq mi 1,082 / km 40 ° 14 ′ 43 '' N 111 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W  /  40.2453 ° N 111.6448 ° W  / 40.2453 ; - 111.6448  ( Provo ) 239 Lansing Michigan 116,020 114,297 7000150747613673150 ♠ + 1.51 % 39.1 sq mi 101.3 km 2,967 / sq mi 1,146 / km 42 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 33 ′ 33 '' W  /  42.7143 ° N 84.5593 ° W  / 42.7143 ; - 84.5593  ( Lansing ) 240 El Monte California 115,807 113,475 7000205507821105970 ♠ + 2.06 % 9.6 sq mi 24.9 km 12,063 / sq mi 4,658 / km 34 ° 04 ′ 29 '' N 118 ° 01 ′ 45 '' W  /  34.0746 ° N 118.0291 ° W  / 34.0746 ; - 118.0291  ( El Monte ) 241 Springfield Illinois 115,715 116,250 3000539784946236550 ♠ − 0.46 % 60.1 sq mi 155.7 km 1,925 / sq mi 743 / km 39 ° 47 ′ 28 '' N 89 ° 38 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.7911 ° N 89.6446 ° W  / 39.7911 ; - 89.6446  ( Springfield ) 242 Fairfield California 114,756 105,321 7000895832739909420 ♠ + 8.96 % 40.9 sq mi 105.9 km 2,806 / sq mi 1,083 / km 38 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 01 ′ 56 '' W  /  38.2593 ° N 122.0321 ° W  / 38.2593 ; - 122.0321  ( Fairfield ) 243 Clearwater Florida 114,361 107,685 7000619956354181180 ♠ + 6.20 % 25.9 sq mi 67.1 km 4,415 / sq mi 1,705 / km 27 ° 58 ′ 44 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W  /  27.9789 ° N 82.7666 ° W  / 27.9789 ; - 82.7666  ( Clearwater ) 244 Peoria Illinois 114,265 115,007 3000354821880407280 ♠ − 0.65 % 48.2 sq mi 124.8 km 2,371 / sq mi 915 / km 40 ° 45 ′ 05 '' N 89 ° 37 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.7515 ° N 89.6174 ° W  / 40.7515 ; - 89.6174  ( Peoria ) 245 Rochester Minnesota 114,011 106,769 7000678286768631340 ♠ + 6.78 % 54.6 sq mi 141.4 km 2,088 / sq mi 806 / km 44 ° 00 ′ 55 '' N 92 ° 28 ′ 38 '' W  /  44.0154 ° N 92.4772 ° W  / 44.0154 ; - 92.4772  ( Rochester ) 246 Carlsbad California 113,952 105,328 7000818775634209330 ♠ + 8.19 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 3,023 / sq mi 1,167 / km 33 ° 07 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W  /  33.1239 ° N 117.2828 ° W  / 33.1239 ; - 117.2828  ( Carlsbad ) 247 Westminster Colorado 113,875 106,114 7000731383229357110 ♠ + 7.31 % 31.7 sq mi 82.1 km 3,592 / sq mi 1,387 / km 39 ° 52 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 03 ′ 52 '' W  /  39.8822 ° N 105.0644 ° W  / 39.8822 ; - 105.0644  ( Westminster ) 248 West Jordan Utah 113,699 103,712 7000962955106448630 ♠ + 9.63 % 32.3 sq mi 83.7 km 3,520 / sq mi 1,360 / km 40 ° 36 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 00 ′ 03 '' W  /  40.6024 ° N 112.0008 ° W  / 40.6024 ; - 112.0008  ( West Jordan ) 249 Pearland Texas 113,570 91,252 7001244575461359750 ♠ + 24.46 % 46.3 sq mi 119.9 km 2,453 / sq mi 947 / km 29 ° 33 ′ 21 '' N 95 ° 19 ′ 23 '' W  /  29.5558 ° N 95.3231 ° W  / 29.5558 ; - 95.3231  ( Pearland ) 250 Richardson Texas 113,347 99,223 7001142346028642550 ♠ + 14.23 % 28.6 sq mi 74.1 km 3,963 / sq mi 1,530 / km 32 ° 58 ′ 20 '' N 96 ° 42 ′ 29 '' W  /  32.9723 ° N 96.7081 ° W  / 32.9723 ; - 96.7081  ( Richardson ) 251 Downey California 113,267 111,772 7000133754428658340 ♠ + 1.34 % 12.4 sq mi 32.1 km 9,134 / sq mi 3,527 / km 33 ° 56 ′ 18 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 51 '' W  /  33.9382 ° N 118.1309 ° W  / 33.9382 ; - 118.1309  ( Downey ) 252 Miami Gardens Florida 113,058 107,167 7000549702800302330 ♠ + 5.50 % 18.2 sq mi 47.1 km 6,212 / sq mi 2,398 / km 25 ° 56 ′ 56 '' N 80 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W  /  25.9489 ° N 80.2436 ° W  / 25.9489 ; - 80.2436  ( Miami Gardens ) 253 Temecula California 113,054 100,097 7001129444438894270 ♠ + 12.94 % 37.3 sq mi 96.6 km 3,031 / sq mi 1,170 / km 33 ° 29 ′ 35 '' N 117 ° 07 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.4931 ° N 117.1317 ° W  / 33.4931 ; - 117.1317  ( Temecula ) 254 Costa Mesa California 112,822 109,960 7000260276464168789 ♠ + 2.60 % 15.7 sq mi 40.7 km 7,186 / sq mi 2,775 / km 33 ° 39 ′ 57 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 44 '' W  /  33.6659 ° N 117.9123 ° W  / 33.6659 ; - 117.9123  ( Costa Mesa ) 255 College Station Texas 112,141 93,857 7001194806993617950 ♠ + 19.48 % 51.0 sq mi 132.1 km 2,199 / sq mi 849 / km 30 ° 35 ′ 07 '' N 96 ° 17 ′ 47 '' W  /  30.5852 ° N 96.2964 ° W  / 30.5852 ; - 96.2964  ( College Station ) 256 Elgin Illinois 112,123 108,188 7000363718711871930 ♠ + 3.64 % 37.4 sq mi 96.9 km 2,998 / sq mi 1,158 / km 42 ° 02 ′ 23 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 18 '' W  /  42.0396 ° N 88.3217 ° W  / 42.0396 ; - 88.3217  ( Elgin ) 257 Murrieta California 111,674 103,466 7000793304080567530 ♠ + 7.93 % 33.6 sq mi 87.0 km 3,324 / sq mi 1,283 / km 33 ° 34 ′ 20 '' N 117 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W  /  33.5721 ° N 117.1904 ° W  / 33.5721 ; - 117.1904  ( Murrieta ) 258 Gresham Oregon 111,523 105,594 7000561490236187659 ♠ + 5.61 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,786 / sq mi 1,848 / km 45 ° 30 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 26 ′ 30 '' W  /  45.5023 ° N 122.4416 ° W  / 45.5023 ; - 122.4416  ( Gresham ) 259 High Point North Carolina 111,223 104,371 7000656504201358610 ♠ + 6.57 % 55.2 sq mi 143.0 km 2,015 / sq mi 778 / km 35 ° 59 ′ 24 '' N 79 ° 59 ′ 26 '' W  /  35.9900 ° N 79.9905 ° W  / 35.9900 ; - 79.9905  ( High Point ) 260 Antioch California 110,898 102,372 7000832844918532410 ♠ + 8.33 % 29.4 sq mi 76.1 km 3,772 / sq mi 1,456 / km 37 ° 58 ′ 45 '' N 121 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W  /  37.9791 ° N 121.7962 ° W  / 37.9791 ; - 121.7962  ( Antioch ) 261 Inglewood California 110,654 109,673 6999894477218640870 ♠ + 0.89 % 9.1 sq mi 23.6 km 12,160 / sq mi 4,700 / km 33 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W  /  33.9561 ° N 118.3443 ° W  / 33.9561 ; - 118.3443  ( Inglewood ) 262 Cambridge Massachusetts 110,651 105,162 7000521956600292880 ♠ + 5.22 % 6.4 sq mi 16.6 km 17,289 / sq mi 6,675 / km 42 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 71 ° 07 ′ 07 '' W  /  42.3760 ° N 71.1187 ° W  / 42.3760 ; - 71.1187  ( Cambridge ) 263 Lowell Massachusetts 110,558 106,519 7000379181178944600 ♠ + 3.79 % 13.6 sq mi 35.2 km 8,129 / sq mi 3,139 / km 42 ° 38 ′ 20 '' N 71 ° 19 ′ 16 '' W  /  42.6390 ° N 71.3211 ° W  / 42.6390 ; - 71.3211  ( Lowell ) 264 Manchester New Hampshire 110,506 109,565 6999858850910418460 ♠ + 0.86 % 33.1 sq mi 85.7 km 3,339 / sq mi 1,289 / km 42 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 71 ° 26 ′ 39 '' W  /  42.9849 ° N 71.4441 ° W  / 42.9849 ; - 71.4441  ( Manchester ) 265 Billings Montana 110,323 104,170 7000590669098588850 ♠ + 5.91 % 43.7 sq mi 113.2 km 2,525 / sq mi 975 / km 45 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 108 ° 33 ′ 00 '' W  /  45.7885 ° N 108.5499 ° W  / 45.7885 ; - 108.5499  ( Billings ) 266 Pueblo Colorado 110,291 106,595 7000346732961208310 ♠ + 3.47 % 53.6 sq mi 138.8 km 2,058 / sq mi 795 / km 38 ° 16 ′ 12 '' N 104 ° 36 ′ 44 '' W  /  38.2699 ° N 104.6123 ° W  / 38.2699 ; - 104.6123  ( Pueblo ) 267 Palm Bay Florida 110,104 103,190 7000670026165326100 ♠ + 6.70 % 65.7 sq mi 170.2 km 1,676 / sq mi 647 / km 27 ° 59 ′ 08 '' N 80 ° 39 ′ 45 '' W  /  27.9856 ° N 80.6626 ° W  / 27.9856 ; - 80.6626  ( Palm Bay ) 268 Centennial Colorado 109,932 100,377 7000951911294420040 ♠ + 9.52 % 29.5 sq mi 76.4 km 3,727 / sq mi 1,439 / km 39 ° 35 ′ 26 '' N 104 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W  /  39.5906 ° N 104.8691 ° W  / 39.5906 ; - 104.8691  ( Centennial ) 269 Richmond California 109,813 103,701 7000589386794727150 ♠ + 5.89 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,648 / sq mi 1,409 / km 37 ° 57 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 21 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.9523 ° N 122.3606 ° W  / 37.9523 ; - 122.3606  ( Richmond ) 270 Ventura California 109,592 106,433 7000296806441611150 ♠ + 2.97 % 21.8 sq mi 56.5 km 5,027 / sq mi 1,941 / km 34 ° 16 ′ 04 '' N 119 ° 15 ′ 15 '' W  /  34.2678 ° N 119.2542 ° W  / 34.2678 ; - 119.2542  ( Ventura ) 271 Pompano Beach Florida 109,393 99,845 7000956282237468080 ♠ + 9.56 % 24.0 sq mi 62.2 km 4,558 / sq mi 1,760 / km 26 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 08 ′ 02 '' W  /  26.2416 ° N 80.1339 ° W  / 26.2416 ; - 80.1339  ( Pompano Beach ) 272 North Charleston South Carolina 109,298 97,471 7001121338654574180 ♠ + 12.13 % 73.7 sq mi 190.9 km 1,483 / sq mi 573 / km 32 ° 55 ′ 04 '' N 80 ° 03 ′ 54 '' W  /  32.9178 ° N 80.0650 ° W  / 32.9178 ; - 80.0650  ( North Charleston ) 273 Everett Washington 109,043 103,019 7000584746503072250 ♠ + 5.85 % 33.3 sq mi 86.2 km 3,275 / sq mi 1,264 / km 47 ° 57 ′ 24 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 29 '' W  /  47.9566 ° N 122.1914 ° W  / 47.9566 ; - 122.1914  ( Everett ) 274 Waterbury Connecticut 108,272 110,366 2999810267654893720 ♠ − 1.90 % 28.5 sq mi 73.8 km 3,799 / sq mi 1,467 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 31 '' N 73 ° 02 ′ 12 '' W  /  41.5585 ° N 73.0367 ° W  / 41.5585 ; - 73.0367  ( Waterbury ) 275 West Palm Beach Florida 108,161 99,919 7000824868143195990 ♠ + 8.25 % 55.1 sq mi 142.7 km 1,963 / sq mi 758 / km 26 ° 44 ′ 47 '' N 80 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W  /  26.7464 ° N 80.1251 ° W  / 26.7464 ; - 80.1251  ( West Palm Beach ) 276 Boulder Colorado 108,090 97,385 7001109924526364430 ♠ + 10.99 % 24.8 sq mi 64.2 km 4,358 / sq mi 1,683 / km 40 ° 01 ′ 37 '' N 105 ° 15 ′ 07 '' W  /  40.0270 ° N 105.2519 ° W  / 40.0270 ; - 105.2519  ( Boulder ) 277 West Covina California 107,847 106,098 7000164847593734090 ♠ + 1.65 % 16.0 sq mi 41.4 km 6,740 / sq mi 2,600 / km 34 ° 03 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 54 ′ 36 '' W  /  34.0559 ° N 117.9099 ° W  / 34.0559 ; - 117.9099  ( West Covina ) 278 Broken Arrow Oklahoma 107,403 98,850 7000865250379362670 ♠ + 8.65 % 61.7 sq mi 159.8 km 1,741 / sq mi 672 / km 36 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 95 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W  /  36.0365 ° N 95.7810 ° W  / 36.0365 ; - 95.7810  ( Broken Arrow ) 279 Clovis California 106,583 95,631 7001114523533163930 ♠ + 11.45 % 24.2 sq mi 62.7 km 4,404 / sq mi 1,700 / km 36 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 119 ° 41 ′ 06 '' W  /  36.8282 ° N 119.6849 ° W  / 36.8282 ; - 119.6849  ( Clovis ) 280 Daly City California 106,472 101,123 7000528959781652050 ♠ + 5.29 % 7.6 sq mi 19.7 km 14,009 / sq mi 5,409 / km 37 ° 42 ′ 03 '' N 122 ° 27 ′ 54 '' W  /  37.7009 ° N 122.4650 ° W  / 37.7009 ; - 122.4650  ( Daly City ) 281 Lakeland Florida 106,420 97,422 7000923610683418530 ♠ + 9.24 % 65.9 sq mi 170.7 km 1,615 / sq mi 624 / km 28 ° 03 ′ 20 '' N 81 ° 57 ′ 18 '' W  /  28.0555 ° N 81.9549 ° W  / 28.0555 ; - 81.9549  ( Lakeland ) 282 Santa Maria California 106,290 99,553 7000676724960573760 ♠ + 6.77 % 22.8 sq mi 59.1 km 4,662 / sq mi 1,800 / km 34 ° 56 ′ 00 '' N 120 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W  /  34.9332 ° N 120.4438 ° W  / 34.9332 ; - 120.4438  ( Santa Maria ) 283 Norwalk California 106,178 105,549 6999595931747340090 ♠ + 0.60 % 9.7 sq mi 25.1 km 10,946 / sq mi 4,226 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 05 ′ 01 '' W  /  33.9076 ° N 118.0835 ° W  / 33.9076 ; - 118.0835  ( Norwalk ) 284 Sandy Springs Georgia 105,703 93,853 7001126261280939340 ♠ + 12.63 % 37.7 sq mi 97.6 km 2,804 / sq mi 1,083 / km 33 ° 55 ′ 53 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 07 '' W  /  33.9315 ° N 84.3687 ° W  / 33.9315 ; - 84.3687  ( Sandy Springs ) 285 Hillsboro Oregon 105,164 91,611 7001147940749473320 ♠ + 14.79 % 25.0 sq mi 64.7 km 4,207 / sq mi 1,624 / km 45 ° 31 ′ 41 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 09 '' W  /  45.5280 ° N 122.9357 ° W  / 45.5280 ; - 122.9357  ( Hillsboro ) 286 Green Bay Wisconsin 105,139 104,057 7000103981471693400 ♠ + 1.04 % 45.4 sq mi 117.6 km 2,316 / sq mi 894 / km 44 ° 31 ′ 15 '' N 87 ° 59 ′ 03 '' W  /  44.5207 ° N 87.9842 ° W  / 44.5207 ; - 87.9842  ( Green Bay ) 287 Tyler Texas 104,798 96,900 7000815067079463369 ♠ + 8.15 % 56.6 sq mi 146.6 km 1,852 / sq mi 715 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 02 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 21 '' W  /  32.3173 ° N 95.3059 ° W  / 32.3173 ; - 95.3059  ( Tyler ) 288 Wichita Falls Texas 104,724 104,553 6999163553413101480 ♠ + 0.16 % 72.2 sq mi 187.0 km 1,450 / sq mi 560 / km 33 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 98 ° 31 ′ 33 '' W  /  33.9067 ° N 98.5259 ° W  / 33.9067 ; - 98.5259  ( Wichita Falls ) 289 Lewisville Texas 104,659 95,290 7000983209151012700 ♠ + 9.83 % 36.7 sq mi 95.1 km 2,852 / sq mi 1,101 / km 33 ° 02 ′ 48 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 54 '' W  /  33.0466 ° N 96.9818 ° W  / 33.0466 ; - 96.9818  ( Lewisville ) 290 Burbank California 104,447 103,340 7000107122121153470 ♠ + 1.07 % 17.4 sq mi 45.1 km 6,003 / sq mi 2,318 / km 34 ° 11 ′ 24 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 35 '' W  /  34.1901 ° N 118.3264 ° W  / 34.1901 ; - 118.3264  ( Burbank ) 291 Greeley Colorado 103,990 92,889 7001119508230253310 ♠ + 11.95 % 47.8 sq mi 123.8 km 2,176 / sq mi 840 / km 40 ° 24 ′ 55 '' N 104 ° 46 ′ 11 '' W  /  40.4153 ° N 104.7697 ° W  / 40.4153 ; - 104.7697  ( Greeley ) 292 San Mateo California 103,959 97,207 7000694600183114380 ♠ + 6.95 % 12.1 sq mi 31.3 km 8,592 / sq mi 3,317 / km 37 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 122 ° 18 ′ 38 '' W  /  37.5603 ° N 122.3106 ° W  / 37.5603 ; - 122.3106  ( San Mateo ) 293 El Cajon California 103,768 99,478 7000431251130903319 ♠ + 4.31 % 14.5 sq mi 37.6 km 7,156 / sq mi 2,763 / km 32 ° 48 ′ 06 '' N 116 ° 57 ′ 37 '' W  /  32.8017 ° N 116.9604 ° W  / 32.8017 ; - 116.9604  ( El Cajon ) 294 Jurupa Valley California 103,541 0 0000000000000000000 ♠ NA 42.9 sq mi 111.1 km 2,414 / sq mi 932 / km 34 ° 00 ′ 09 '' N 117 ° 28 ′ 03 '' W  /  34.0026 ° N 117.4676 ° W  / 34.0026 ; - 117.4676  ( Jurupa Valley ) 295 Rialto California 103,314 99,171 7000417763257403879 ♠ + 4.18 % 22.3 sq mi 57.8 km 4,633 / sq mi 1,789 / km 34 ° 06 ′ 42 '' N 117 ° 23 ′ 18 '' W  /  34.1118 ° N 117.3883 ° W  / 34.1118 ; - 117.3883  ( Rialto ) 296 Davenport Iowa 102,612 99,685 7000293624918493250 ♠ + 2.94 % 62.9 sq mi 162.9 km 1,631 / sq mi 630 / km 41 ° 33 ′ 15 '' N 90 ° 36 ′ 14 '' W  /  41.5541 ° N 90.6040 ° W  / 41.5541 ; - 90.6040  ( Davenport ) 297 League City Texas 102,010 83,560 7001220799425562470 ♠ + 22.08 % 51.2 sq mi 132.6 km 1,992 / sq mi 769 / km 29 ° 29 ′ 24 '' N 95 ° 06 ′ 33 '' W  /  29.4901 ° N 95.1091 ° W  / 29.4901 ; - 95.1091  ( League City ) 298 Edison New Jersey 101,996 99,967 7000202966979103100 ♠ + 2.03 % 30.1 sq mi 78.0 km 3,389 / sq mi 1,309 / km 40 ° 30 ′ 14 '' N 74 ° 20 ′ 58 '' W  /  40.5040 ° N 74.3494 ° W  / 40.5040 ; - 74.3494  ( Edison ) 299 Davie Florida 101,871 91,992 7001107389773023740 ♠ + 10.74 % 34.9 sq mi 90.4 km 2,919 / sq mi 1,127 / km 26 ° 04 ′ 45 '' N 80 ° 17 ′ 06 '' W  /  26.0791 ° N 80.2850 ° W  / 26.0791 ; - 80.2850  ( Davie ) 300 Las Cruces New Mexico 101,759 97,618 7000424204552439100 ♠ + 4.24 % 76.9 sq mi 199.2 km 1,323 / sq mi 511 / km 32 ° 19 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 47 ′ 23 '' W  /  32.3264 ° N 106.7897 ° W  / 32.3264 ; - 106.7897  ( Las Cruces ) 301 South Bend Indiana 101,735 101,168 6999560453898465929 ♠ + 0.56 % 41.4 sq mi 107.2 km 2,457 / sq mi 949 / km 41 ° 40 ′ 37 '' N 86 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W  /  41.6769 ° N 86.2690 ° W  / 41.6769 ; - 86.2690  ( South Bend ) 302 Vista California 101,659 93,834 7000833919474817230 ♠ + 8.34 % 18.7 sq mi 48.4 km 5,436 / sq mi 2,099 / km 33 ° 11 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 14 ′ 19 '' W  /  33.1895 ° N 117.2386 ° W  / 33.1895 ; - 117.2386  ( Vista ) 303 Woodbridge New Jersey 101,389 99,585 7000181151779886530 ♠ + 1.81 % 23.3 sq mi 60.3 km 4,351 / sq mi 1,680 / km 40 ° 33 ′ 39 '' N 74 ° 17 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.5607 ° N 74.2927 ° W  / 40.5607 ; - 74.2927  ( Woodbridge ) 304 Renton Washington 100,953 90,927 7001110264277937250 ♠ + 11.03 % 23.4 sq mi 60.6 km 4,314 / sq mi 1,666 / km 47 ° 28 ′ 34 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 31 '' W  /  47.4761 ° N 122.1920 ° W  / 47.4761 ; - 122.1920  ( Renton ) 305 Lakewood New Jersey 100,758 92,843 7000852514459894660 ♠ + 8.53 % 24.7 sq mi 64.0 km 4,079 / sq mi 1,575 / km 40 ° 04 ′ 38 '' N 74 ° 12 ′ 01 '' W  /  40.0771 ° N 74.2004 ° W  / 40.0771 ; - 74.2004  ( Lakewood ) 306 San Angelo Texas 100,702 93,200 7000804935622317600 ♠ + 8.05 % 59.9 sq mi 155.1 km 1,681 / sq mi 649 / km 31 ° 26 ′ 28 '' N 100 ° 27 ′ 02 '' W  /  31.4411 ° N 100.4505 ° W  / 31.4411 ; - 100.4505  ( San Angelo ) 307 Clinton Michigan 100,392 96,796 7000371502954667550 ♠ + 3.72 % 28.1 sq mi 72.8 km 3,573 / sq mi 1,380 / km 42 ° 35 ′ 25 '' N 82 ° 55 ′ 01 '' W  /  42.5903 ° N 82.9170 ° W  / 42.5903 ; - 82.9170  ( Clinton ) Distribution For cities with populations of 100,000 or more , the following distributions hold . Smaller incorporated places are not included . The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,593.91 / km ) . The median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,220.41 / km ) . Population Number of municipal governments 1,000,000 + 10 300,000 -- 999,999 54 200,000 -- 299,999 51 100,000 -- 199,999 192 Total 307 State Number of cities CA 73 TX 38 FL 22 CO 12 AZ 10 NC 9 IL , WA 8 GA , MI , NJ , VA 7 OH , TN 6 CT , KS , MA , MO , NY , OR 5 AL , IN , LA , NV , OK , UT IA , MN , PA , SC , WI KY , NE , NM AK , AR , DC , HI , ID , MD , MS , MT , ND , NH , RI , SD DE , ME , VT , WV , WY 0 Gallery 1 . New York , New York 2 . Los Angeles , California 3 . Chicago , Illinois 4 . Houston , Texas 5 . Phoenix , Arizona 6 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 . San Antonio , Texas 8 . San Diego , California 9 . Dallas , Texas 10 . San Jose , California 11 . Austin , Texas 12 . Jacksonville , Florida 13 . San Francisco , California 14 . Columbus , Ohio 15 . Indianapolis , Indiana 16 . Fort Worth , Texas 17 . Charlotte , North Carolina 18 . Seattle , Washington 19 . Denver , Colorado 20 . El Paso , Texas 21 . Washington , District of Columbia 22 . Boston , Massachusetts 23 . Detroit , Michigan 24 . Nashville , Tennessee 25 . Memphis , Tennessee 26 . Portland , Oregon 27 . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 28 . Las Vegas , Nevada 29 . Louisville , Kentucky 30 . Baltimore , Maryland 31 . Milwaukee , Wisconsin 32 . Albuquerque , New Mexico 33 . Tucson , Arizona 34 . Fresno , California 35 . Sacramento , California 36 . Mesa , Arizona 37 . Kansas City , Missouri 38 . Atlanta , Georgia 39 . Long Beach , California 40 . Colorado Springs , Colorado 41 . Raleigh , North Carolina 42 . Miami , Florida 43 . Virginia Beach , Virginia 44 . Omaha , Nebraska 45 . Oakland , California 46 . Minneapolis , Minnesota 47 . Tulsa , Oklahoma 48 . Arlington , Texas 49 . New Orleans , Louisiana 50 . Wichita , Kansas Puerto Rico Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX 1 . San Juan , Puerto Rico The following table lists the five municipalities ( municipios ) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau . The table below contains the following information : The municipio rank by population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio The municipio population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The municipio population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The municipio percent population change from April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2016 The municipio land area as of January 1 , 2016 The municipio population density as of July 1 , 2016 ( residents per land area ) The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates 2016 rank Municipio 2016 estimate 2010 Census Change 2016 land area 2016 population density Location San Juan 347,052 395,326 2998877888122713910 ♠ − 12.21 % 39.5 sq mi 102.3 km 8,786 / sq mi 3,392 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 23 '' N 66 ° 03 ′ 50 '' W  /  18.4064 ° N 66.0640 ° W  / 18.4064 ; - 66.0640  ( San Juan ) Bayamón 184,374 208,116 2998885919391108800 ♠ − 11.41 % 27.0 sq mi 69.9 km 6,829 / sq mi 2,637 / km 18 ° 22 ′ 48 '' N 66 ° 09 ′ 48 '' W  /  18.3801 ° N 66.1633 ° W  / 18.3801 ; - 66.1633  ( Bayamón ) Carolina 158,457 176,762 2998896442674330460 ♠ − 10.36 % 20.7 sq mi 53.6 km 7,655 / sq mi 2,956 / km 18 ° 24 ′ 43 '' N 65 ° 58 ′ 47 '' W  /  18.4120 ° N 65.9798 ° W  / 18.4120 ; - 65.9798  ( Carolina ) Ponce 145,278 166,327 2998873448087201720 ♠ − 12.66 % 30.7 sq mi 79.5 km 4,732 / sq mi 1,827 / km 17 ° 59 ′ 15 '' N 66 ° 36 ′ 35 '' W  /  17.9874 ° N 66.6097 ° W  / 17.9874 ; - 66.6097  ( Ponce ) 5 Caguas 132,164 142,893 2999249158461226230 ♠ − 7.51 % 10.9 sq mi 28.2 km 12,125 / sq mi 4,681 / km 18 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 66 ° 02 ′ 20 '' W  /  18.2321 ° N 66.0390 ° W  / 18.2321 ; - 66.0390  ( Caguas ) Census - Designated places Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX The following table lists U.S. census - designated places ( CDPs ) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census . A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes . CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities , towns and villages . CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government , but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places . Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list , the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs . The table below contains the following information : The city The state The city population as of April 1 , 2010 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city population as of April 1 , 2000 , as enumerated by the 2010 United States Census The city percent population change from April 1 , 2000 , to April 1 , 2010 The city land area as of January 1 , 2010 The city population density as of April 1 , 2010 ( residents per land area ) The city ANSI INCITS 446 -- 2008 geographic code The city latitude and longitude coordinates City State 2010 Census 2000 Census Change 2010 land area 2010 population density ANSI Location Paradise Nevada 223,167 186,070 7001199371204385450 ♠ + 19.94 % 46.717 sq mi 120.996 km 4,777 / sq mi 1,844 / km 02409023 36 ° 04 ′ 51 '' N 115 ° 08 ′ 12 '' W  /  36.08073 ° N 115.1368 ° W  / 36.08073 ; - 115.1368  ( Paradise ) Arlington Virginia 207,627 189,453 7000959288055612739 ♠ + 9.59 % 25.98 sq mi 67.288 km 7,992 / sq mi 3,086 / km 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 10 ′ 59 '' W  /  38.880 ° N 77.183 ° W  / 38.880 ; - 77.183  ( Arlington ) Sunrise Manor Nevada 189,372 156,120 7001212990007686400 ♠ + 21.30 % 33.352 sq mi 86.381 km 5,678 / sq mi 2,192 / km 02410035 36 ° 10 ′ 43 '' N 115 ° 02 ′ 56 '' W  /  36.1785 ° N 115.0490 ° W  / 36.1785 ; - 115.0490  ( Sunrise Manor ) Spring Valley Nevada 178,395 117,390 7001519677996422180 ♠ + 51.97 % 33.226 sq mi 86.055 km 5,369 / sq mi 2,073 / km 02408797 36 ° 05 ′ 55 '' N 115 ° 15 ′ 43 '' W  /  36.0987 ° N 115.2619 ° W  / 36.0987 ; - 115.2619  ( Spring Valley ) Metairie Louisiana 138,481 146,136 2999476172880056930 ♠ − 5.24 % 23.222 sq mi 60.145 km 5,963 / sq mi 2,302 / km 02403282 29 ° 59 ′ 52 '' N 90 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W  /  29.9978 ° N 90.1779 ° W  / 29.9978 ; - 90.1779  ( Metairie ) East Los Angeles California 126,496 124,283 7000178061359960740 ♠ + 1.78 % 7.448 sq mi 19.290 km 16,984 / sq mi 6,558 / km 02408711 34 ° 01 ′ 53 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 07 '' W  /  34.0315 ° N 118.1686 ° W  / 34.0315 ; - 118.1686  ( East Los Angeles ) Enterprise Nevada 108,481 14,676 7002639172799127830 ♠ + 639.17 % 46.513 sq mi 120.468 km 2,332 / sq mi 900 / km 02408084 36 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 115 ° 12 ′ 55 '' W  /  36.0182 ° N 115.2154 ° W  / 36.0182 ; - 115.2154  ( Enterprise ) Brandon Florida 103,483 77,895 7001328493484819310 ♠ + 32.85 % 33.101 sq mi 85.731 km 3,126 / sq mi 1,207 / km 02402711 27 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 82 ° 17 ′ 57 '' W  /  27.9360 ° N 82.2993 ° W  / 27.9360 ; - 82.2993  ( Brandon ) Cities formerly over 100,000 people The following table lists U.S. cities that , in past censuses , have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city . The table below contains the following information : Name of city Name of state The city population as of July 1 , 2016 , as estimated by the United States Census Bureau The city 's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the Census ( and the year of that particular Census ) The numeric decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015 . The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015 . Any additional notes of significant importance . City State 2016 estimated population Peak population ( year ) Numeric decline from peak population Percent decline from peak population Notes Albany New York 7004981110000000000 ♠ 98,111 7005134995000000000 ♠ 134,995 ( 1950 ) - 36,884 - 27.32 % 2.30 % from 2000 to 2010 Allegheny Pennsylvania N / A 7005129896000000000 ♠ 129,896 ( 1900 ) -- -- annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 Brooklyn New York N / A 7005806343000000000 ♠ 806,343 ( 1890 ) -- -- consolidated with New York City in 1898 Camden New Jersey 7004744200000000000 ♠ 74,420 7005124555000000000 ♠ 124,555 ( 1950 ) - 50,135 - 40.25 % Canton Ohio 7004713230000000000 ♠ 71,323 7005116912000000000 ♠ 116,912 ( 1950 ) - 45,589 - 38.99 % Dearborn Michigan 7004944440000000000 ♠ 94,444 7005112007000000000 ♠ 112,007 ( 1960 ) - 17,563 - 15.68 % 9.93 % from 1990 to 2010 Duluth Minnesota 7004862930000000000 ♠ 86,293 7005107312000000000 ♠ 107,312 ( 1960 ) - 21,019 - 19.59 % Erie Pennsylvania 7004985930000000000 ♠ 98,593 7005138440000000000 ♠ 138,440 ( 1960 ) - 39,847 - 28.78 % Fall River Massachusetts 7004889300000000000 ♠ 88,930 7005120485000000000 ♠ 120,485 ( 1920 ) - 31,555 - 26.19 % Flint Michigan 7004973860000000000 ♠ 97,386 7005196940000000000 ♠ 196,940 ( 1960 ) - 99,554 - 50.55 % Gary Indiana 7004764240000000000 ♠ 76,424 7005178320000000000 ♠ 178,320 ( 1960 ) - 101,896 - 57.14 % Hammond Indiana 7004771340000000000 ♠ 77,134 7005111698000000000 ♠ 111,698 ( 1960 ) - 34,564 - 30.94 % Kenosha Wisconsin 7004996310000000000 ♠ 99,631 7005100150000000000 ♠ 100,150 ( 2012 est ) * - 519 - 0.52 % * Only recorded instance of surpassing 100,000 was July 1 , 2012 estimate Livonia Michigan 7004940410000000000 ♠ 94,041 7005110109000000000 ♠ 110,109 ( 1970 ) - 16,068 - 14.59 % Lynn Massachusetts 7004926970000000000 ♠ 92,697 7005102320000000000 ♠ 102,320 ( 1930 ) - 9,623 - 9.40 % 15.11 % from 1980 to 2010 New Bedford Massachusetts 7004950320000000000 ♠ 95,032 7005121217000000000 ♠ 121,217 ( 1920 ) - 26,185 - 21.60 % 1.39 % from 2000 to 2010 Niagara Falls New York 7004486320000000000 ♠ 48,632 7005102394000000000 ♠ 102,394 ( 1960 ) - 53,762 - 52.51 % Parma Ohio 7004794250000000000 ♠ 79,425 7005100216000000000 ♠ 100,216 ( 1970 ) - 20,791 - 20.75 % Portsmouth Virginia 7004952520000000000 ♠ 95,252 7005114773000000000 ♠ 114,773 ( 1960 ) - 19,521 - 17.01 % Reading Pennsylvania 7004875750000000000 ♠ 87,575 7005111171000000000 ♠ 111,171 ( 1930 ) - 23,596 - 21.22 % 12.38 % from 1990 to 2010 Roanoke Virginia 7004996600000000000 ♠ 99,660 7005100220000000000 ♠ 100,220 ( 1980 ) - 560 - 0.56 % 2.23 % from 2000 to 2010 Scranton Pennsylvania 7004772910000000000 ♠ 77,291 7005143333000000000 ♠ 143,333 ( 1930 ) - 66,042 - 46.08 % 1.6 % from 2010 to 2016 Somerville Massachusetts 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 7005103908000000000 ♠ 103,908 ( 1930 ) - 22,586 - 21.74 % St. Joseph Missouri 7004764720000000000 ♠ 76,472 7005102979000000000 ♠ 102,979 ( 1900 ) - 26,507 - 25.74 % 6.86 % from 1990 to 2010 Trenton New Jersey 7004840560000000000 ♠ 84,056 7005128009000000000 ♠ 128,009 ( 1950 ) - 43,953 - 34.34 % Utica New York 7004606520000000000 ♠ 60,652 7005101740000000000 ♠ 101,740 ( 1930 ) - 41,088 - 40.39 % 2.61 % from 2000 to 2010 Wilmington Delaware 7004714420000000000 ♠ 71,442 7005112504000000000 ♠ 112,504 ( 1940 ) - 41,062 - 36.50 % Youngstown Ohio 7004643120000000000 ♠ 64,312 7005170002000000000 ♠ 170,002 ( 1930 ) - 105,690 - 62.17 % Locations of 50 most populous cities New York Los Angeles Chicago Houston Philadelphia Phoenix San Antonio San Diego Dallas San Jose Austin Jacksonville San Francisco Indianapolis Columbus Fort Worth Charlotte Seattle Denver El Paso Detroit Washington Boston Memphis Nashville Portland Oklahoma City Las Vegas Baltimore Louisville Milwaukee Albuquerque Tucson Fresno Sacramento Kansas City Long Beach Mesa Atlanta Colorado Springs Virginia Beach Raleigh Omaha Miami Oakland Minneapolis Tulsa Wichita New Orleans Arlington Location of 50 largest cities by population in the United States See also Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U.S. states and territories by population List of metropolitan areas of the United States List of United States counties and county equivalents United States Office of Management and Budget The OMB has defined 1098 statistical areas comprising 388 MSAs , 541 μSAs , and 169 CSAs Primary statistical area -- List of the 574 PSAs Combined Statistical Area -- List of the 169 CSAs Core Based Statistical Area -- List of the 929 CBSAs Metropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 388 MSAs Micropolitan Statistical Area -- List of the 541 μSAs Largest cities in the United States by population by decade List of U.S. states ' largest cities by population List of cities proper by population ( most populous cities in the world ) List of United States cities by area List of United States cities by population density Lists of populated places in the United States Shrinking cities in the United States Largest cities in the United States by population by decade References Jump up ^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states , are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places . A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town # Census treatment of the New England town system . ^ Jump up to : The State of Hawai ʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law , the United States Census Bureau defines the state 's `` cities '' and `` towns '' as Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) . The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu . The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the `` city '' of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons . The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States . The Honolulu , HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . U.S. Gazetteer Files . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Or Federal District in the case of Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Since 1898 , the City of New York , New York , has comprised five boroughs with consolidated borough -- county governments : The Borough of Brooklyn and Kings County ( pop . 2,629,150 ) The Borough of Queens and Queens County ( pop . 2,333,054 ) The Borough of Manhattan and New York County ( pop . 1,643,734 ) The Borough of the Bronx and Bronx County ( pop . 1,455,720 ) The Borough of Staten Island and Richmond County ( pop . 476,015 ) Jump up ^ City wins census appeal ; count adjusted -- Houston Chronicle . Chron.com ( December 3 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The City of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City and County of San Francisco , California has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Indianapolis ( balance ) . Jump up ^ The City and County of Denver , Colorado , has a consolidated city and county government . Jump up ^ The City of Washington was consolidated with the District of Columbia in 1871 . Jump up ^ Nashville is a consolidated city - county . The population given is for the entire city - county , excluding other incorporated places lying within the city - county limits . ( See Nashville - Davidson ( balance ) , Tennessee ) . As of 2010 , the population of the city - county including other incorporated places was 626,681 . Jump up ^ The City of Louisville , Kentucky , and Jefferson County , Kentucky , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Louisville comprises all of Jefferson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . See Louisville / Jefferson County metro government ( balance ) , Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : This is an independent city that is not part of any county . Jump up ^ The City of New Orleans , Louisiana , and Orleans Parish , Louisiana , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . Jump up ^ The City of Lexington , Kentucky , and Fayette County , Kentucky , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The Municipality of Anchorage , Alaska , is a unified home rule municipality that functions as both a city and a borough . Jump up ^ The Town of Gilbert , Arizona , is currently the most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ The City of Baton Rouge , Louisiana , and East Baton Rouge Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Baton Rouge has retained its own city limits within East Baton Rouge Parish . Jump up ^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City Jump up ^ The City of Columbus , Georgia , and Muscogee County , Georgia , are separate but coterminous entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Jump up ^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The Town of Cary , North Carolina , is currently the second most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum , the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1 , 2014 . The new consolidated government is officially `` Macon - Bibb County . '' Jump up ^ Kansas City , Kansas , and Wyandotte County , Kansas , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish . Jump up ^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia , are separate entities with a single consolidated city -- county government . The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county . Jump up ^ Official name is San Buenaventura Jump up ^ Jurupa Valley was incorporated as a city on July 1 , 2011 from various portions of unincorporated territory in Riverside County , California . Because of this , there is no official 2010 Census population . ^ Jump up to : In the state of New Jersey , townships are full - fledged municipalities on par with any town , city , borough , or village . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Town of Davie , Florida , is currently the third most populous incorporated town in the United States . Jump up ^ In the state of Michigan , charter townships are municipalities on par with any other incorporated city . `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions , by County : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . May 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Governments '' ( PDF ) . Government Organization . U.S. Census Bureau . December 2002 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . 2016 Census Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The population of all North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh ( 41,120 ) , plus Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3 , which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City . ( an additional 2,301 ) , which totals to 43,421 . All data from the 2010 Census . Jump up ^ The population for Brooklyn in the 2010 Census was 2,504,700 . However , since Brooklyn is now a borough of the City of New York and thus no longer its own separate city , for the purposes of this chart , its current population will be regarded as negligible . 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when did the tooth fairy movie come out
Tooth Fairy
tooth fairy
The Tooth Fairy is a fantasy figure of early childhood in Western and Western - influenced cultures . The folklore states that when children lose one of their baby teeth , they should place it underneath their pillow and the Tooth Fairy will visit while they sleep , replacing the lost tooth with a small payment .
The tradition of leaving a tooth under a pillow for the Tooth Fairy to collect is practiced in various countries in the English - speaking world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Appearance 2.1 Depiction on coins and currency 3 Belief 4 Related myths 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Origins ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) In northern Europe , there was a tradition of tand - fé or tooth fee , which was paid when a child lost its first tooth . This tradition is recorded in writings as early as the Eddas , which are the earliest written record of Norse and Northern European traditions . The reward left varies by country , the family 's economic status , amounts the child 's peers report receiving and other factors . A 2013 survey by Visa Inc. found that American children receive $3.70 per tooth on average . During the Middle Ages , other superstitions arose surrounding children 's teeth . In England , for example , children were instructed to burn their baby teeth in order to save the child from hardship in the afterlife . Children who did n't consign their baby teeth to the fire would spend eternity searching for them in the afterlife . The Vikings , it is said , paid children for their teeth . In the Norse culture , children 's teeth and other articles belonging to children were said to bring good luck in battle , and Scandinavian warriors hung children 's teeth on a string around their necks . Fear of witches was another reason to bury or burn teeth . In medieval Europe , it was thought that if a witch were to get hold of one 's teeth , it could lead to them having total power over him or her . The modern incarnation of these traditions into an actual Tooth Fairy has been dated to 1977 , 1962 , or 1927 . However , there is an earlier reference to the tooth fairy in a 1908 `` Household Hints '' item in the Chicago Daily Tribune : `` Tooth Fairy . Many a refractory child will allow a loose tooth to be removed if he knows about the Tooth Fairy . If he takes his little tooth and puts it under the pillow when he goes to bed the Tooth Fairy will come in the night and take it away , and in its place will leave some little gift . It is a nice plan for mothers to visit the 5 cent counter and lay in a supply of articles to be used on such occasions . Lillian Brown . '' Appearance ( edit ) Unlike Santa Claus and , to a lesser extent , the Easter Bunny , there are few details of the Tooth Fairy 's appearance that are consistent in various versions of the myth . A 1984 study conducted by Rosemary Wells revealed that most , 74 percent of those surveyed , believed the Tooth Fairy to be female , while 12 percent believed the Tooth Fairy to be neither male nor female and 8 percent believed the Tooth Fairy could be either male or female . When asked about her findings regarding the Tooth Fairy 's appearance , Wells explained - `` You 've got your basic Tinkerbell - type Tooth Fairy with the wings , wand , a little older and whatnot . Then you have some people who think of the tooth fairy as a man , or a bunny rabbit or a mouse . '' One review of published children 's books and popular artwork found the Tooth Fairy to also be depicted as a child with wings , a pixie , a dragon , a blue mother - figure , a flying ballerina , two little old men , a dental hygienist , a potbellied flying man smoking a cigar , a bat , a bear and others . Unlike the well - established imagining of Santa Claus , differences in renderings of the Tooth Fairy are not as upsetting to children . Depiction on coins and currency ( edit ) Starting in 2011 , the Royal Canadian Mint began selling special sets for newborn babies , birthdays , wedding anniversaries , `` Oh Canada '' and the Tooth Fairy . The Tooth Fairy quarters , which were only issued in 2011 and ' 12 , were packaged separately . Belief ( edit ) See also : Paternalistic deception Belief in the Tooth Fairy is viewed in two very different ways . On the one hand , children believing is seen as part of the trusting nature of childhood . Conversely , belief in the Tooth Fairy is frequently used to label adults as being too trusting and ready to believe anything . While parents are often unsure of themselves when promoting the fiction of the Tooth Fairy , the majority of children report positive outcomes . Upon learning the Tooth Fairy is not real , 75 % of children reported liking the custom ; 20 % were neutral and 3 % were not in favor and said they did not intend to continue the practice when they became parents . Parents tend to view the myth as providing comfort for children in the loss of their tooth . Research finds that belief in the Tooth Fairy may provide such comfort to a child experiencing fear or pain resulting from the loss of a tooth . Mothers especially seem to value a child 's belief as a sign that their `` baby '' is still a child and is not `` growing up too soon '' . By encouraging belief in a fictional character , parents allow themselves to be comforted that their child still believes in fantasy and is not yet `` grown up '' . Children often discover the Tooth Fairy is imaginary as part of the 5 - to 7 - year shift , often connecting this to other gift - bearing imaginary figures ( such as Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny ) . Author Vicki Lansky advises parents to tell their children early that the tooth fairy pays a whole lot more for a perfect tooth than for a decayed one . According to Lansky , some families leave a note with the payment , praising the child for good dental habits . Research findings suggest a possible relationship between a child 's continued belief in the Tooth Fairy ( and other fictional characters ) and false memory syndrome . Related Myths ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Ratoncito Pérez ( or Ratón Pérez , `` Pérez Mouse '' in English ) is a figure popular in Spanish and Hispanic American cultures , similar to the Tooth Fairy , originating in Madrid in 1894 . As is traditional in some English - speaking countries , when a child loses a tooth it is customary for him or her to place it under the pillow , so that Ratoncito Pérez will exchange it for a gift . The tradition is almost universal in Spanish cultures , but takes different forms in different areas . He is known as `` Ratoncito Pérez '' in Spanish speaking countries , with the exception of some regions of Mexico , Peru and Chile , where he is called `` el Ratón de los Dientes '' ( The Tooth Mouse ) , and in Argentina , Venezuela , Uruguay and Colombia , he is known simply as `` El Ratón Pérez '' . The Ratoncito Pérez was used by Colgate marketing in Venezuela and Spain . In Italy , the Tooth Fairy is also often replaced by a small mouse , named Topolino . In France and French - speaking Belgium , this character is called la petite souris ( `` the little mouse '' ) . From parts of Lowland Scotland comes a tradition similar to the fairy mouse : a white fairy rat who purchases children 's teeth with coins . In the Basque Country , and specially in Biscay , there is Mari Teilatukoa ( Mary from the roof ) , who lives in the roof of the baserri and catches de the teeth thrown by the children . In some Asian countries , such as India , China , Japan , Korea and Vietnam , when a child loses a tooth , it is customary for him or her to throw it onto the roof if it came from the lower jaw , or into the space beneath the floor if it came from the upper jaw . While doing this , the child shouts a request for the tooth to be replaced with the tooth of a mouse . This tradition is based on the fact that the teeth of mice grow for their entire lives , a characteristic of all rodents . In some cultures in India , children bury their teeth in the soil near big trees . In Japan , a different variation calls for lost upper teeth to be thrown straight down to the ground and lower teeth straight up into the air ; the idea is that incoming teeth will grow in straight . In Middle Eastern countries ( including Iraq , Jordan , Egypt and Sudan ) , there is a tradition of throwing a baby tooth up into the sky to the sun or to Allah . This tradition may originate in a pre-Islamic offering , and dates back to at least the 13th century . It is also mentioned by Izz bin Hibat Allah Al Hadid in the 13th century . See also ( edit ) Fairy Hammaspeikko - Finnish tooth troll References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blair , John R. ; McKee , Judy S. ; Jernigan , Louise F. , Psychological Reports , Vol 46 ( 3 , Pt 1 ) , June 1980 . `` Children 's belief in Santa Claus , Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy '' . pp 691 -- 694 . Jump up ^ Watts , Linda S. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of American folklore . NY , NY , United States of America : Facts on file Inc. p. 386 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5699 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cleasby , Richard ; Vigfússon , Gudbrand ( 1957 ) . An Icelandic - English Dictionary . William A. Craigie ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . s.v. tannfé first edition available on An Icelandic - English Dictionary Jump up ^ Hedges , Helen , Joy Cullen . Australian Journal of Early Childhood , Vol. 28 , 2003 . `` The Tooth Fairy Comes , or Is It Just Your Mum and Dad ? : A Child 's Construction of Knowledge '' . pp 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tooth Fairy inflation flies high '' . 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tooth fairy leaving less money '' . UPI Quirks in the News . 26 July 2011 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Tooth Fairy '' . Jump up ^ `` Tooth fairy '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Tooth fairy , '' Merriam-Webster.com , 2015 ( viewed 15 June 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Davis , Heidi. `` 8 Popular Tooth Myths Debunked '' . Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lillian Brown ( 27 September 1908 ) , `` Tooth Fairy '' , Chicago Daily Tribune , Chicago , IL , retrieved June 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Tooth Fairy Lore Extracted '' . Toledo Blade . 2 February 1984 . Jump up ^ `` The tooth fairy : friend or foe ? '' . The Milwaukee Journal . 31 July 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Wells , Rosemary . `` The Making of an Icon : The Tooth Fairy in North American Folklore and Popular Culture '' in The Good People : New Fairylore Essays . Peter Narváez ed. , 1997 . pp 426 - 446 . University Press of Kentucky . Jump up ^ 2012 CANADA Tooth Fairy Gift Sett Special quarter reverse Mint sealed eBay ^ Jump up to : Clark , Cindy Dell . `` Flight Toward Maturity : The Tooth Fairy '' in Flights of Fancy , Leaps of Faith : Children 's Myths in Contemporary America . University of Chicago Press , 1995 . pp 355 - 364 . Jump up ^ Sameroff , Arnold and Susan C. Mcdonough . Phi Delta Kappan , Vol. 76 , 1994 , `` Educational implications of developmental transitions : revisiting the 5 - to 7 - year shift '' . Jump up ^ Lansky , Vicki . Practical parenting tips . New Delhi : Unicorn books . p. 79 . ISBN 81 - 7806 - 005 - 1 . Jump up ^ Principe1 , Gabrielle F. and Eric Smith . Applied Cognitive Psychology , Volume 22 , Issue 5 , pages 625 -- 642 , July 2008 . `` The tooth , the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth : how belief in the Tooth Fairy can engender false memories '' . Jump up ^ ¡ Producto Registrado ! : Agosto 1998 : Centuria Dental Archived 20 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Beeler , Selby B. ( 1998 ) . Throw Your Tooth on the Roof : Tooth Traditions from Around the World . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6181 - 5238 - 4 . Jump up ^ Al Hamdani , Muwaffak and Wenzel , Marian . `` The Worm in the Tooth '' , Folklore , 1966 , vol. 77 , pp. 60 - 64 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tooth fairy . Lainez , Rene Colato ( 2010 ) . The Tooth Fairy Meets El Raton Perez . Illustrated by Tom Lintern . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58246 - 296 - 7 . Narváez , Peter ( 1997 ) The Good People : New Fairylore Essays . ( section V ) University Press of Kentucky . Wynbrandt , James ( 1998 ) . The Excruciating History of Dentistry . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 26319 - 8 . Fairies Related articles Changeling Classifications of fairies Fairy fort Fairy godmother Fairy - locks Fairy path Fairy riding Fairy ring Fairy tale Hungry grass Royalty in folklore Áine Alberich Arawn Beira Bodb Derg Brigid Clíodhna The Dagda Donn Dullahan Fairy Queen Finvarra Freyr and Yngvi Freyja Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr ap Greidawl Gyre - Carling / Nicnevin Manannán mac Lir Queen of Elphame Saci - pererê Royalty in literature Belphoebe Caelia Elegast Erlking Gloriana Lurline Mab Oberon Titania Fairylands in folklore Alfheim / Elphame Annwn Arcadia ( utopia ) Avalon , Afallach , and Emain Ablach Brú na Bóinne Cnoc Meadha Cnoc na Teamhrach Fortunate Isles Hy Brasil Inis Vitrin Mag Mell Niðavellir Otherworld Rathcroghan Seelie Court Svartálfar and Svartálfaheimr Tír na nÓg Unseelie Court Fairies in culture The Blue Fairy Cottingley Fairies Faerieworlds Faery Wicca Fairy painting The Faerie Queene The Fairly OddParents Rainbow Magic Tinker Bell Fairies in folklore Northern Europe Alp Luachra Anjana Aos Sidhe Arkan Sonney Asrai Banshee Barghest Bean nighe Billy Blind Biróg Bloody Bones Bluecap Bodach Boggart Bogle Brag Brownie Bucca Buggane Bugul Noz Caoineag Cat sìth Cù Sìth Ceffyl Dŵr Clurichaun Coblynau Cyhyraeth Drow Duende Duergar Dullahan Dwarf Each - uisge Elf Enchanted Moura Fear dearg Fear gorta Fenodyree Finfolk Fuath Gancanagh Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Glashtyn Gnome Goblin Green Man Gremlin Grindylow Gwyllion Gwyn ap Nudd Habetrot Haltija The Hedley Kow Heinzelmännchen Hob Hobgoblin Hödekin Hulder Iannic - ann - ôd Imp Jack - o ' - lantern Jack o ' the bowl Jenny Greenteeth Joan the Wad Joint - eater Kabouter Kelpie Kilmoulis Klabautermann Knocker Knucker Kobold Korrigan Leanan sídhe Leprechaun Lorelei Lubber fiend Mare Melusine Mermaid Merrow Mooinjer veggey Morgen Nain Rouge Näkki Nicnevin Nix Ogre Peg Powler Pixie Púca / Pwca Puck Radande Redcap Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Sluagh Spriggan Sprite / Water sprite Sylph Tomte Tooth fairy Troll Tuatha Dé Danann Tylwyth Teg Undine Water horse Wight Will - o ' - the - wisp Wirry - cow Yan - gant - y - tan Xana Fairy - like beings in folklore Africa Abatwa Asanbosam Aziza Bultungin Jengu Kishi Mami Wata Obayifo Rompo Tikoloshe Yumboes Oceania Bunyip Manaia Mimis Muldjewangk Patupaiarehe Taniwha Tipua Wandjina Yara - ma - yha - who Yowie Americas Alux Chaneque Curupira Encantado Ishigaq Jogah Menehune Nawao Nimerigar Nûñnë'hï Pukwudgie Saci Squonk Asia Apsara Diwata Kappa Kijimuna Kitsune Kodama Koro - pok - guru Mogwai Orang bunian Puteri Peri Bake - danuki Tengu Tennin Yaksha Yakshini Yōkai Yōsei Europe Greek Dryad Hamadryad Kallikantzaros Lampad Maenad Naiad Nereid Nymph Oceanid Pan Potamides Satyr Silenus Romanic Căpcăun Faun Iele Lares Di Penates Sânziană Spiriduș Squasc Vâlvă Vântoase Zână Zmeu Slavic Bagiennik & Bannik Berehynia Domovoi Karzełek Kikimora Likho Polevik Psotnik Rusalka Vila Vodyanoy Celtic Tuatha Dé Danann Texts Daemonologie ( 1597 ) Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants ( 1751 ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1832 ) See also Portal List of beings referred to as fairies Forbes Fictional 15 2002 Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J.R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby 2005 Santa Claus Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy 2006 Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr. Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario 2007 Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach 2008 Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth 2011 Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski 2012 Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett 2013 Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tooth_fairy&oldid=824705394 '' Categories : Fairies Folklore Traditions Teeth Childhood Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 00 : 01 . 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the concept of survival of the fittest being applied to human society was introduced by
Social Darwinism
social darwinism
The term social Darwinism is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society . The term itself emerged in the 1880s , and it gained widespread currency when used after 1944 by opponents of these ways of thinking . The majority of those who have been categorized as social Darwinists did not identify themselves by such a label .
Scholars debate the extent to which the various social Darwinist ideologies reflect Charles Darwin 's own views on human social and economic issues . His writings have passages that can be interpreted as opposing aggressive individualism , while other passages appear to promote it . Some scholars argue that Darwin 's view gradually changed and came to incorporate views from other theorists such as Herbert Spencer . Spencer published his Lamarckian evolutionary ideas about society before Darwin first published his hypothesis in 1859 , and both Spencer and Darwin promoted their own conceptions of moral values . Spencer supported laissez - faire capitalism on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival spurred self - improvement which could be inherited . An important proponent in Germany was Ernst Haeckel , who popularized Darwin 's thought ( and personal interpretation of it ) and used it as well to contribute to a new creed , the monist movement . Contents 1 Origin of the term 1.1 Usage 2 Proponents 3 Hypotheses relating social change and evolution 4 Regional distribution 4.1 United States 4.2 Japan 4.3 China 4.4 Germany 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) The term Darwinism was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in his March 1861 review of On the Origin of Species , and by the 1870s it was used to describe a range of concepts of evolution or development , without any specific commitment to Charles Darwin 's theory of natural selection . The first use of the phrase `` social Darwinism '' was in Joseph Fisher 's 1877 article on The History of Landholding in Ireland which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . Fisher was commenting on how a system for borrowing livestock which had been called `` tenure '' had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed land tenure ; These arrangements did not in any way affect that which we understand by the word `` tenure '' , that is , a man 's farm , but they related solely to cattle , which we consider a chattel . It has appeared necessary to devote some space to this subject , inasmuch as that usually acute writer Sir Henry Maine has accepted the word `` tenure '' in its modern interpretation , and has built up a theory under which the Irish chief `` developed '' into a feudal baron . I can find nothing in the Brehon laws to warrant this theory of social Darwinism , and believe further study will show that the Cain Saerrath and the Cain Aigillue relate solely to what we now call chattels , and did not in any way affect what we now call the freehold , the possession of the land . -- Fisher 1877 . Despite the fact that Social Darwinism bears Charles Darwin 's name , it is also linked today with others , notably Herbert Spencer , Thomas Malthus , and Francis Galton , the founder of eugenics . In fact , Spencer was not described as a social Darwinist until the 1930s , long after his death . The social Darwinism term first appeared in Europe in 1880 , the journalist Emilie Gautier had coined the term with reference to a health conference in Berlin 1877 . Around 1900 it was used by sociologists , some being opposed to the concept . The term was popularized in the United States in 1944 by the American historian Richard Hofstadter who used it in the ideological war effort against fascism to denote a reactionary creed which promoted competitive strife , racism and chauvinism . Hofstadter later also recognized ( what he saw as ) the influence of Darwinist and other evolutionary ideas upon those with collectivist views , enough to devise a term for the phenomenon , `` Darwinist collectivism '' . Before Hofstadter 's work the use of the term `` social Darwinism '' in English academic journals was quite rare . In fact , ... there is considerable evidence that the entire concept of `` social Darwinism '' as we know it today was virtually invented by Richard Hofstadter . Eric Foner , in an introduction to a then - new edition of Hofstadter 's book published in the early 1990s , declines to go quite that far . `` Hofstadter did not invent the term Social Darwinism '' , Foner writes , `` which originated in Europe in the 1860s and crossed the Atlantic in the early twentieth century . But before he wrote , it was used only on rare occasions ; he made it a standard shorthand for a complex of late - nineteenth - century ideas , a familiar part of the lexicon of social thought . '' -- Jeff Riggenbach Usage ( edit ) Social Darwinism has many definitions , and some of them are incompatible with each other . As such , social Darwinism has been criticized for being an inconsistent philosophy , which does not lead to any clear political conclusions . For example , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics states : Part of the difficulty in establishing sensible and consistent usage is that commitment to the biology of natural selection and to ' survival of the fittest ' entailed nothing uniform either for sociological method or for political doctrine . A ' social Darwinist ' could just as well be a defender of laissez - faire as a defender of state socialism , just as much an imperialist as a domestic eugenist . The term `` Social Darwinism '' has rarely been used by advocates of the supposed ideologies or ideas ; instead it has almost always been used pejoratively by its opponents . The term draws upon the common use of the term Darwinism , which has been used to describe a range of evolutionary views , but in the late 19th century was applied more specifically to natural selection as first advanced by Charles Darwin to explain speciation in populations of organisms . The process includes competition between individuals for limited resources , popularly but inaccurately described by the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , a term coined by sociologist Herbert Spencer . Creationists have often maintained that Social Darwinism -- leading to policies designed to reward the most competitive -- is a logical consequence of `` Darwinism '' ( the theory of natural selection in biology ) . Biologists and historians have stated that this is a fallacy of appeal to nature and should not be taken to imply that this phenomenon ought to be used as a moral guide in human society . While there are historical links between the popularization of Darwin 's theory and forms of social Darwinism , social Darwinism is not a necessary consequence of the principles of biological evolution . While the term has been applied to the claim that Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection can be used to understand the social endurance of a nation or country , Social Darwinism commonly refers to ideas that predate Darwin 's publication of On the Origin of Species . Others whose ideas are given the label include the 18th century clergyman Thomas Malthus , and Darwin 's cousin Francis Galton who founded eugenics towards the end of the 19th century . The expansion of the British Empire fitted in with the broader notion of social Darwinism used from the 1870s onwards to account for the remarkable and universal phenomenon of `` the Anglo - Saxon overflowing his boundaries '' , as phrased by the late - Victorian sociologist Benjamin Kidd in Social Evolution , published in 1894 . The concept also proved useful to justify what was seen by some as the inevitable extermination of `` the weaker races who disappear before the stronger '' not so much `` through the effects of ... our vices upon them '' as `` what may be called the virtues of our civilisation . '' Proponents ( edit ) Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer 's ideas , like those of evolutionary progressivism , stemmed from his reading of Thomas Malthus , and his later theories were influenced by those of Darwin . However , Spencer 's major work , Progress : Its Law and Cause ( 1857 ) , was released two years before the publication of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , and First Principles was printed in 1860 . In The Social Organism ( 1860 ) , Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that , just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection , society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes . In many ways , Spencer 's theory of cosmic evolution has much more in common with the works of Lamarck and Auguste Comte 's positivism than with Darwin 's . Jeff Riggenbach argues that Spencer 's view was that culture and education made a sort of Lamarckism possible and notes that Herbert Spencer was a proponent of private charity . However , the legacy of his social Darwinism was less than charitable . Thomas Malthus Spencer 's work also served to renew interest in the work of Malthus . While Malthus 's work does not itself qualify as social Darwinism , his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , was incredibly popular and widely read by social Darwinists . In that book , for example , the author argued that as an increasing population would normally outgrow its food supply , this would result in the starvation of the weakest and a Malthusian catastrophe . According to Michael Ruse , Darwin read Malthus ' famous Essay on a Principle of Population in 1838 , four years after Malthus ' death . Malthus himself anticipated the social Darwinists in suggesting that charity could exacerbate social problems . Another of these social interpretations of Darwin 's biological views , later known as eugenics , was put forth by Darwin 's cousin , Francis Galton , in 1865 and 1869 . Galton argued that just as physical traits were clearly inherited among generations of people , the same could be said for mental qualities ( genius and talent ) . Galton argued that social morals needed to change so that heredity was a conscious decision in order to avoid both the over-breeding by less fit members of society and the under - breeding of the more fit ones . Francis Galton In Galton 's view , social institutions such as welfare and insane asylums were allowing inferior humans to survive and reproduce at levels faster than the more `` superior '' humans in respectable society , and if corrections were not soon taken , society would be awash with `` inferiors '' . Darwin read his cousin 's work with interest , and devoted sections of Descent of Man to discussion of Galton 's theories . Neither Galton nor Darwin , though , advocated any eugenic policies restricting reproduction , due to their Whiggish distrust of government . Friedrich Nietzsche 's philosophy addressed the question of artificial selection , yet Nietzsche 's principles did not concur with Darwinian theories of natural selection . Nietzsche 's point of view on sickness and health , in particular , opposed him to the concept of biological adaptation as forged by Spencer 's `` fitness '' . Nietzsche criticized Haeckel , Spencer , and Darwin , sometimes under the same banner by maintaining that in specific cases , sickness was necessary and even helpful . Thus , he wrote : Wherever progress is to ensue , deviating natures are of greatest importance . Every progress of the whole must be preceded by a partial weakening . The strongest natures retain the type , the weaker ones help to advance it . Something similar also happens in the individual . There is rarely a degeneration , a truncation , or even a vice or any physical or moral loss without an advantage somewhere else . In a warlike and restless clan , for example , the sicklier man may have occasion to be alone , and may therefore become quieter and wiser ; the one - eyed man will have one eye the stronger ; the blind man will see deeper inwardly , and certainly hear better . To this extent , the famous theory of the survival of the fittest does not seem to me to be the only viewpoint from which to explain the progress of strengthening of a man or of a race . Ernst Haeckel 's recapitulation theory was not Darwinism , but rather attempted to combine the ideas of Goethe , Lamarck and Darwin . It was adopted by emerging social sciences to support the concept that non-European societies were `` primitive '' in an early stage of development towards the European ideal , but since then it has been heavily refuted on many fronts Haeckel 's works led to the formation of the Monist League in 1904 with many prominent citizens among its members , including the Nobel Prize winner Wilhelm Ostwald . The simpler aspects of social Darwinism followed the earlier Malthusian ideas that humans , especially males , require competition in their lives in order to survive in the future . Further , the poor should have to provide for themselves and not be given any aid . However , amidst this climate , most social Darwinists of the early twentieth century actually supported better working conditions and salaries . Such measures would grant the poor a better chance to provide for themselves yet still distinguish those who are capable of succeeding from those who are poor out of laziness , weakness , or inferiority . Hypotheses relating social change and evolution ( edit ) Further information : Social evolution `` Social Darwinism '' was first described by Oscar Schmidt of the University of Strasbourg , reporting at a scientific and medical conference held in Munich in 1877 . He noted how socialists , although opponents of Darwin 's theory , used it to add force to their political arguments . Schmidt 's essay first appeared in English in Popular Science in March 1879 . There followed an anarchist tract published in Paris in 1880 entitled `` Le darwinisme social '' by Émile Gautier . However , the use of the term was very rare -- at least in the English - speaking world ( Hodgson , 2004 ) -- until the American historian Richard Hofstadter published his influential Social Darwinism in American Thought ( 1944 ) during World War II . Hypotheses of social evolution and cultural evolution were common in Europe . The Enlightenment thinkers who preceded Darwin , such as Hegel , often argued that societies progressed through stages of increasing development . Earlier thinkers also emphasized conflict as an inherent feature of social life . Thomas Hobbes 's 17th century portrayal of the state of nature seems analogous to the competition for natural resources described by Darwin . Social Darwinism is distinct from other theories of social change because of the way it draws Darwin 's distinctive ideas from the field of biology into social studies . Darwin , unlike Hobbes , believed that this struggle for natural resources allowed individuals with certain physical and mental traits to succeed more frequently than others , and that these traits accumulated in the population over time , which under certain conditions could lead to the descendants being so different that they would be defined as a new species . However , Darwin felt that `` social instincts '' such as `` sympathy '' and `` moral sentiments '' also evolved through natural selection , and that these resulted in the strengthening of societies in which they occurred , so much so that he wrote about it in Descent of Man : The following proposition seems to me in a high degree probable -- namely , that any animal whatever , endowed with well - marked social instincts , the parental and filial affections being here included , would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience , as soon as its intellectual powers had become as well , or nearly as well developed , as in man . For , firstly , the social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the society of its fellows , to feel a certain amount of sympathy with them , and to perform various services for them . Regional distribution ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Spencer proved to be a popular figure in the 1880s primarily because his application of evolution to areas of human endeavor promoted an optimistic view of the future as inevitably becoming better . In the United States , writers and thinkers of the gilded age such as Edward L. Youmans , William Graham Sumner , John Fiske , John W. Burgess , and others developed theories of social evolution as a result of their exposure to the works of Darwin and Spencer . In 1883 , Sumner published a highly influential pamphlet entitled `` What Social Classes Owe to Each Other '' , in which he insisted that the social classes owe each other nothing , synthesizing Darwin 's findings with free enterprise Capitalism for his justification . According to Sumner , those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under - equipped to compete for resources , will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them , eventually dragging the country down . Sumner also believed that the best equipped to win the struggle for existence was the American businessman , and concluded that taxes and regulations serve as dangers to his survival . This pamphlet makes no mention of Darwinism , and only refers to Darwin in a statement on the meaning of liberty , that `` There never has been any man , from the primitive barbarian up to a Humboldt or a Darwin , who could do as he had a mind to . '' Sumner never fully embraced Darwinian ideas , and some contemporary historians do not believe that Sumner ever actually believed in social Darwinism . The great majority of American businessmen rejected the anti-philanthropic implications of the theory . Instead they gave millions to build schools , colleges , hospitals , art institutes , parks and many other institutions . Andrew Carnegie , who admired Spencer , was the leading philanthropist in the world ( 1890 -- 1920 ) , and a major leader against imperialism and warfare . H.G. Wells was heavily influenced by Darwinist thoughts , and novelist Jack London wrote stories of survival that incorporated his views on social Darwinism . Film director Stanley Kubrick has been described as having held social Darwinist opinions . Japan ( edit ) See also : Eugenics in Japan Social Darwinism has influenced political , public health and social movements in Japan since the late 19th and early 20th century . Social Darwinism was originally brought to Japan through the works of Francis Galton and Ernst Haeckel as well as United States , British and French Lamarkian eugenic written studies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Eugenism as a science was hotly debated at the beginning of the 20th century , in Jinsei - Der Mensch , the first eugenics journal in the empire . As Japan sought to close ranks with the west , this practice was adopted wholesale along with colonialism and its justifications . China ( edit ) Social Darwinism was formally introduced to China through the translation by Yan Fu of Huxley 's Evolution and Ethics , in the course of an extensive series of translations of influential Western thought . Yan 's translation strongly impacted Chinese scholars because he added national elements not found in the original . He understood Spencer 's sociology as `` not merely analytical and descriptive , but prescriptive as well '' , and saw Spencer building on Darwin , whom Yan summarized thus : Peoples and living things struggle for survival . At first , species struggle with species ; they as ( people ) gradually progress , there is a struggle between one social group and another . The weak invariably become the prey of the strong , the stupid invariably become subservient to the clever . '' By the 1920s , social Darwinism found expression in the promotion of eugenics by the Chinese sociologist Pan Guangdan . When Chiang Kai - shek started the New Life movement in 1934 , he ... harked back to theories of Social Darwinism , writing that `` only those who readapt themselves to new conditions , day by day , can live properly . When the life of a people is going through this process of readaptation , it has to remedy its own defects , and get rid of those elements which become useless . Then we call it new life . '' Germany ( edit ) Social evolution theories in Germany gained large popularity in the 1860s and had a strong antiestablishment connotation first . Social Darwinism allowed to counter the connection of Thron und Altar , the intertwined establishment of clergy and nobility and provided as well the idea of progressive change and evolution of society as a whole . Ernst Haeckel propagated both Darwinism as a part of natural history and as a suitable base for a modern Weltanschauung , a world view based on scientific reasoning in his Monistenbund . Friedrich von Hellwald had a strong role in popularizing it in Austria . Darwin 's work served as a catalyst to popularize evolutionary thinking . Darwin himself called Haeckels connection between Socialism and Evolution through Natural Selection a foolish idea prevailing in Germany . A sort of aristocratic turn , the use of the struggle for life as base of social darwinism sensu stricto came up after 1900 with Alexander Tille s 1895 work Entwicklungsethik ( ethics of evolution ) which asked to move from Darwin till Nietzsche . Further interpretations moved to ideologies propagating a racist and radical elbow society and provided ground for the later radical versions of social Darwinism . Criticism ( edit ) Social Darwinism is often cited as an ideological justification for much of 18th / 19th century European enslavement and colonization of Third World countries ; it has often even found its way into the intellectual foundations of public education in neo-colonized countries . See also ( edit ) Cultural elitism Cultural evolution Cultural selection theory Environmental racism Hierarchy Human development Meritocracy Scientific racism Social ecology Social implications of the theory of evolution Social progress Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology Supremacism Transhumanism Universal Darwinism William Liu Zhongjing References ( edit ) Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : Hodgson 2004 , pp. 428 -- 30 Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 300 -- 01 Jump up ^ Claeys , Gregory ( 2000 ) . `` The ' Survival of the Fittest ' and the Origins of Social Darwinism '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 61 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 40 . doi : 10.1353 / jhi. 2000.0014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert ( 1852 ) . `` 4 '' A Theory of Population , Deduced from the General Law of Human Fertility `` . Westminster Review , 57 : 468 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 301 -- 02 Jump up ^ Huxley , T.H. ( April 1860 ) . `` ART . VIII . -- Darwin on the origin of Species '' . Westminster Review . pp. 541 -- 70 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular ? Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Joseph ( 1877 ) . `` The History of Landholding in Ireland '' . Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . London . V : 228 -- 326 . doi : 10.2307 / 3677953 . JSTOR 3677953 . , as quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Fisher 1877 , pp. 249 -- 50 Jump up ^ Hodgson Jump up ^ Ward , Lester F ( 1907 ) . `` Social Darwinism '' . American Journal of Sociology . Chicago . 12 : 709 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas C. ( 2009 ) Origins of the Myth of Social Darwinism : The Ambiguous Legacy of Richard Hofstadter 's Social Darwinism in American Thought Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71 , pp. 37 -- 51 Jump up ^ Hodgson 2004 , pp. 445 -- 46 ^ Jump up to : Riggenbach , Jeff ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) The Real William Graham Sumner , Mises Institute Jump up ^ McLean , Iain ( 2009 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics . Oxford University : Oxford University Press . p. 490 . ISBN 9780199207800 . Jump up ^ Paul , Diane B. in Gregory Radick ( 5 March 2009 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Darwin . Cambridge University Press . pp. 219 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71184 - 5 . Like many foes of Darwinism , past and present , the American populist and creationist William Jennings Bryan thought a straight line ran from Darwin 's theory ( ' a dogma of darkness and death ' ) to beliefs that it is right for the strong to crowd out the weak Jump up ^ Sailer , Steve ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Pinker of ' Blank Slate ' '' . UPI . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Kidd , Social Evolution , Kessinger Publishing , LLC , 2007 , 400 pages , ISBN 978 - 0548805237 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert . 1860 . ' The Social Organism ' , originally published in The Westminster Review . Reprinted in Spencer 's ( 1892 ) Essays : Scientific , Political and Speculative . London and New York . Jump up ^ Paul , Diane B. ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Darwin . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77197 - 8 . Jump up ^ Paul , Diane ( 2006 ) . `` Darwin , social Darwinism and eugenics '' . In Hodge , Jonathan ; Radick , Gregory . The Cambridge companion to Darwin ( PDF ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 9780511998690 . Jump up ^ Barbara Stiegler , Nietzsche et la biologie , PUF , 2001 , p. 90 . ISBN 2 - 13 - 050742 - 5 . See , for ex. , Genealogy of Morals , III , 13 here ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Friedrich Nietzsche , Human , All Too Human , § 224 Jump up ^ Scott F. Gilbert ( 2006 ) . `` Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law '' . Developmental Biology , 8th edition . Sinauer Associates . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Eventually , the Biogenetic Law had become scientifically untenable . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Oscar ; J. Fitzgerald ( translator ) ( March 1879 ) . `` Science and Socialism '' . Popular Science Monthly . New York . 14 : 577 -- 91 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Darwinism is the scientific establishment of inequality Jump up ^ but see Wells , D. Collin ( 1907 ) . `` Social Darwinism '' . American Journal of Sociology. 12 ( 5 ) : 695 -- 716 . doi : 10.1086 / 211544 . JSTOR 2762378 . Jump up ^ Descent of Man , chapter 4 ISBN 1 - 57392 - 176 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Project Gutenberg eBook of What Social Classes Owe To Each Other , by William Graham Sumner '' . www.gutenberg.org . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A careful reading of the theories of Sumner and Spencer exonerates them from the century - old charge of social Darwinism in the strict sense of the word . They did not themselves advocate the application of Darwin 's theory of natural selection . '' The Social Meaning of Modern Biology : From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology Jump up ^ `` At least a part -- and sometimes a generous part '' of the great fortunes went back to the community through many kinds of philanthropic endeavor , says Bremner , Robert H. ( 1988 ) . American Philanthropy ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07324 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowing from Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution , social Darwinists believed that societies , as do organisms evolve over time . Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish . In Jack London 's case , he thought that certain favored races were destined for survival , mainly those that could preserve themselves while supplanting others , as in the case of the White race . '' The philosophy of Jack London Archived 2005 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Herr , Michael . Kubrick . Grove Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3818 - 7 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Otsubo , S. ; Bartholomew , J.R. ( 1998 ) . `` Eugenics in Japan : some ironies of modernity , 1883 -- 1945 '' . Sci Context. 11 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 545 -- 65 . doi : 10.1017 / S0269889700003203 . Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Spence . The Search for Modern China `` . W.W. Norton , 1990 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Ibid . Jump up ^ Ibid. , 414 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Puschner , Uwe ( 2014 ) . Sozialdarwinismus als wissenschaftliches Konzept und politisches Programm , in : Gangolf Hübinger ( ed . ) , Europäische Wissenschaftskulturen und politische Ordnungen in der Moderne ( 1890 - 1970 ) ( = Schriften des Historischen Kollegs , Kolloquien 77 ) , München 2014 , pp. 99 -- 121 ( in German ) . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . ISBN 9783110446784 . Jump up ^ Pushkala , , Prasad , . Crafting qualitative research : working in the postpositivist traditions . London . ISBN 9781317473695 . OCLC 904046323 . Jump up ^ Sabrin , Mohammed ( 2013 ) . `` Exploring the intellectual foundations of Egyptian national education '' ( PDF ) . Primary sources ( edit ) Darwinism : Critical Reviews from Dublin Review ( Catholic periodical ) Dublin Review , Edinburgh Review , Quarterly Review ( 1977 edition ) reprints 19th century reviews and essays Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . `` On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life '' ( 1st ed . ) . London : John Murray . Darwin , Charles ( 1882 ) . `` The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex '' ( 2nd ed . ) . London : John Murray . Fisher , Joseph ( 1877 ) . `` The History of Landholding in Ireland '' . London : Transactions of the Royal Historical Society : 249 -- 50 . Fiske , John . Darwinism and Other Essays ( 1900 ) Secondary sources ( edit ) Bannister , Robert C. Social Darwinism : Science and Myth in Anglo - American Social Thought ( 1989 ) Bannister , Robert C. Sociology and Scientism : The American Quest for Objectivity , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1987 ) Bernardini , J. - M. Le darwinisme social en France ( 1859 -- 1918 ) . Fascination et rejet d'une idéologie , Paris , CNRS Edition , 1997 . Boller , Paul F. Jr . American Thought in Transition : The Impact of Evolutionary Naturalism , 1865 -- 1900 ( 1969 ) Bowler , Peter J. ( 2003 ) . Evolution : The History of an Idea ( 3rd ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23693 - 9 . Crook , D. Paul . Darwinism , War and History : The Debate over the Biology of War from the ' Origin of Species ' to the First World War ( 1994 ) Crook , Paul ( 1999 ) . `` Social Darwinism in European and American Thought , 1860 -- 1945 '' . The Australian Journal of Politics and History . 45 . Crook , Paul . Darwin 's Coat - Tails : Essays on Social Darwinism ( Peter Lang , 2007 ) Degler , Carl N. In Search of Human Nature : The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought ( 1992 ) . Desmond , Adrian ; Moore , James ( 1991 ) . Darwin . London : Michael Joseph , Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 3430 - 3 . Dickens , Peter . Social Darwinism : Linking Evolutionary Thought to Social Theory ( Philadelphia : Open University Press , 2000 ) . Gossett , Thomas F. Race : The History of an Idea in America ( 1999 ) ch 7 Hawkins , Mike ( 1997 ) . Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860 - 1945 : Nature and Model and Nature as Threat . London : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57434 - X . Hodge , Jonathan and Gregory Radick . The Cambridge Companion to Darwin ( 2003 ) Hodgson , Geoffrey M. ( December 2004 ) . `` Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals : A Contribution to the History of the Term '' ( PDF ) . Vol. 17 No. 4 . Journal of Historical Sociology : 428 -- 63 . ISSN 0952 - 1909 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Social Darwinism , as almost everyone knows , is a Bad Thing . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1944 ) . Social Darwinism in American Thought . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1992 ) . Eric Foner , ed . Social Darwinism in American Thought ( with a new introduction ed . ) . Boston : Beacon Press . ISBN 0807055034 . Jones , Leslie , Social Darwinism Revisited History Today , Vol. 48 , August 1998 Kaye , Howard L. The Social Meaning of Modern Biology : From Social Darwinism to Sociobiology ( 1997 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Sammut - Bonnici , T. & Wensley , R. ( 2002 ) , ' Darwinism , Probability and Complexity : Transformation and Change Explained through the Theories of Evolution ' , ' ' International Journal of Management Reviews ' ' , 4 ( 3 ) pp. 291 -- 315 . External links ( edit ) Social Darwinism on ThinkQuest In the name of Darwin -- criticism of social Darwinism Descent of Man on Alibris Charles Darwin Life Darwin -- Wedgwood family Education Voyage on HMS Beagle Inception of theory Development of theory Publication of theory Reactions to On the Origin of Species Orchids to Variation Descent of Man to Emotions Insectivorous Plants to Worms Portraits of Darwin Religious views Health Women Writings Extracts from Letters to Henslow The Voyage of the Beagle Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. 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watch criminal minds season 8 episode 17 online free
Modern Family ( season 8 )
modern family ( season 8 )
The eighth season of Modern Family was ordered on March 3 , 2016 , by ABC . The season premiered on September 21 , 2016 . The show airs on ABC on Wednesday nights and is produced by Steven Levitan Prods. and Picador Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television , with creators Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd as showrunners . The season concluded on May 17 , 2017 .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Notes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Modern Family characters Ed O'Neill as Jay Pritchett Sofía Vergara as Gloria Pritchett Julie Bowen as Claire Dunphy Ty Burrell as Phil Dunphy Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Mitchell Pritchett Eric Stonestreet as Cameron Tucker Sarah Hyland as Haley Dunphy Ariel Winter as Alex Dunphy Nolan Gould as Luke Dunphy Rico Rodriguez as Manny Delgado Aubrey Anderson - Emmons as Lily Tucker - Pritchett Jeremy Maguire as Joe Pritchett Modern Family employs an ensemble cast . The series focuses on Jay Pritchett ( Ed O'Neill ) , his daughter Claire Dunphy ( Julie Bowen ) , and his son Mitchell Pritchett ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) who live in Los Angeles . Claire is a homemaker - turned - company worker mom married to Phil Dunphy ( Ty Burrell ) ; they have three children , Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) , the college dropout , Alex ( Ariel Winter ) , the smart middle child and Luke ( Nolan Gould ) , the offbeat only son . Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman , Gloria ( Sofía Vergara ) , and is helping her raise her teen son , Manny ( Rico Rodriguez ) and their 5 - year - old son Joe ( Jeremy Maguire ) . Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker ( Eric Stonestreet ) are raising an adopted Vietnamese child , Lily ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) . Production ( edit ) Modern Family was renewed for an eighth season on March 3 , 2016 , with several other ABC shows . Sofia Vergara shared a photo on Instagram of the cast doing a photo - shoot for the eighth season on July 26 , 2016 . The table read for the season occurred the same day , with filming beginning shortly after . The Hollywood Reporter announced on August 4 , 2016 , that Castle - alum Nathan Fillion had been cast in a recurring role of three episodes as the weatherman Rainer Shine . It was also announced that Martin Short will appear in a guest role in the second episode of the season as a promotional maven . A promotional poster was released on August 23 , 2016 . Variety reported on September 26 , 2016 , that Modern Family would feature the first openly transgender child actor on network - television . The 8 - year old actor Jackson Millarker will appear in the second episode as Lily 's playmate Tom . `` The Hollywood Reporter '' reported on November 7 , 2016 that Peyton Manning will guest star in the 12th episode of the season . `` Manning will play Coach Gary , baby Joe 's sports tutor , whom Gloria ( Sofia Vergara ) brings in to help teach Joe how to throw and catch . When Coach Gary also starts doing things around the house , Jay ( Ed O'Neill ) is left feeling a bit emasculated . '' Kelsey Grammer guest - starred in a January 2017 episode of the series , portraying Cam 's ex-boyfriend Keifth . The Hollywood Reporter reported that NBA stars Charles Barkley and DeAndre Jordan will guest - star in a late January 2017 episode , playing themselves . The source stated `` For their part in the show , Barkley and Jordan will be attending a charity basketball game that Phil ( Ty Burrell ) has been training all year for in an attempt to redeem himself after a disastrous turn at the previous year 's game . When they both start getting a little too involved , Phil tries to not buckle under the pressure . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Modern Family episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' Chris Koch Elaine Ko September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 8ARG01 8.24 In New York , the Dunphy family decides to stay a few days longer , with the parents and the kids each lying to the other about prolonging the vacation . In Missouri , Mitchell faces some discontent from Cam 's family due to his treatment of Cam 's comatose grandma . In Mexico , Gloria clashes with her sister over the hot sauce business , leading to Sonia kidnapping Manny . 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' Ryan Case Vali Chandrasekaran September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 8ARG03 7.41 An African American family moves in across the street on the same day Jay happens to be installing new security cameras , leading Jay to go to extreme measures to ensure he is not seen as a racist . Meanwhile , the Dunphy family takes advantage of Alex when she becomes sick , which leads to her skipping a semester at Caltech . Mitchell and Cameron reevaluate their views of each other as open , non-judgmental , supportive parents when Lily calls an openly transgender boy a weirdo . 169 `` Blindsided '' Jim Hensz Christy Stratton & Danny Zuker October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 8ARG02 6.97 Luke decides to run against Manny for class president . Claire becomes his manager while Jay and Gloria help Manny . Now that Haley wants to create her own company , Phil introduces her to an eccentric marketing expert , while Cameron decides to house his star football player without consulting Mitchell . 170 `` Weathering Heights '' Gail Mancuso Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 8ARG04 7.50 Phil gets to meet his weatherman hero ( Nathan Fillion ) when he is on the local news in a real estate segment , but later regrets the decision to introduce him to Haley . Meanwhile , Jay tries to help with Manny 's video application to Juilliard and Lily tries to get rid of Cam 's football player who 's living with them . 171 5 `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' Chris Koch Stephen Lloyd October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 8ARG06 7.38 Luke 's Halloween party is n't the monster bash he dreamed it would be and is at risk of being the worst party of the year . Sensing trouble , the rest of the Dunphys realize all his party needs is a visit from Rod Skyhook , a little promotion , and some adult supervision to get it started . Meanwhile , Cam faces off with his Halloween nemesis and , when Jay finds out that Manny is going to a party at the home of an old enemy , he enlists him in his revenge scheme . 172 6 `` Grab It '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 8ARG05 7.23 Jay 's country club , his favorite place in the world and only refuge , may be losing some of its charm when Phil considers becoming a member . At the Dunphy house , Claire mistakes her influence on Alex 's life choices , and Gloria seeks refuge from her sons . Meanwhile , when Cam does n't give Mitchell the full story on what his play is really about , it really puts Mitchell in the spotlight . 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack & Chuck Tatham November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 8ARG08 7.33 Cameron spares no expense for his Thanksgiving jamboree ; Haley tells Phil she 'd rather spend the holiday with her new boyfriend ; Jay works to keep his blood pressure down ; Alex and Dwight get closer . 174 8 `` The Alliance '' James Bagdonas Andy Gordon & Ryan Walls November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 8ARG09 6.81 Phil , Cam , and Gloria have a secret meeting , while Luke helps Jay at his club and Haley chaperones Rainer 's daughter . 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Christy Stratton & Stephen Lloyd December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 8ARG10 6.81 Luke and Manny are in charge of the winter dance , Claire and Gloria want to mellow out a PTA mom , Phil tries to spend time with Jay , and Mitch confronts a bully . 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' Jim Hensz Vali Chandrasekaran January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 8ARG11 7.57 Cameron reunites with his ex-boyfriend , a former ringmaster turned concierge played by Kelsey Grammer . Phil learns that his father is dating his childhood babysitter and Jay and Gloria decide on a guardian for Joe . 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 8ARG07 7.59 Cam is helped by his nieces in seeking revenge against a mother who , according to him , deprived him of a beautiful moment at Lily 's dance recital . Phil and Gloria have different visions for Luke and Manny 's future college lives . Mitch , Claire , and Jay meet Dede at a relative 's wedding . 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Gail Mancuso Jon Pollack February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 8ARG15 7.34 Claire decides to hire a magician to help her bring Phil some wonder on Valentine 's Day . Cam and Mitch encourage Haley and Sal ( Elizabeth Banks ) to stand - up to their men with unexpected results . Jay discovers his habit of showing preferential treatment to Joe over Manny has its limits and Alex finds out that Ben , Claire 's assistant , has a crush on her . 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' Jeffrey Walker Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 8ARG12 6.92 Jay is talked into investing in a property with Phil and also has to deal with Gloria 's hiring of Joe 's handyman baseball coach ( Peyton Manning ) who seems like he 's gunning to replace him . Claire and Haley go to a culinary lesson given by a big chef ( Victor Garber ) . Mitch and Cam try to teach Lily about hard work , resulting in a wasp attack and a disfigured face for Cam . 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' Ken Whittingham Danny Zuker February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 8ARG14 6.65 Phil has to rethink his plans when his investment goes wrong . Gloria tries to surprise Claire with an amazing birthday , but Claire 's announcement of cutbacks at work does n't mix well with Gloria 's fancy pampering . Cameron , still haunted by a traumatic childhood incident , refuses to have an MRI . 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' James Bagdonas Abraham Higginbotham & Chuck Tatham March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 8ARG16 6.41 Phil plans Frank 's bachelor party and meets his soon - to - be step - brother . Manny asks Haley , Gloria , Alex , and Claire to tell him what they honestly think of his play , while Alex wants to bail to meet with Ben . Cam discovers what happened to his Fizbo costume . 182 16 `` Basketball '' Jim Hensz Elaine Ko March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 8ARG13 6.49 Phil volunteers to play in a charity basketball game in order to redeem himself after the previous year 's event turned disastrous . Two NBA players , Charles Barkley and DeAndre Jordan , also attend , putting him under pressure . Also , Claire has a big secret to hide from Jay , who fears Joe does n't respect his authority . Gloria and Donna Duncan 's rivalry returns with interesting results . Mitch and Cam give Haley advice for her relationship with Rainer . 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' Chris Koch Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 8ARG17 6.12 Mitchell accidentally knocks over Cam 's pig 's ashes and devises a cover - up in order to avoid telling him . Secrets drive everyone to an elaborate web of quid pro quo . 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Ko March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 8ARG18 6.79 A look at 300 seconds in the lives of the Pritchett - Dunphy - Tucker clan includes Mitch and Cam hurrying to catch a flight for which they prematurely took sleeping pills , Haley and Rainer reevaluating their relationship at dinner before his birthday cake arrives , Phil and Claire meeting Alex 's new boyfriend , and Manny trying to find a parking spot at the movies while Jay and Gloria argue . 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Andy Gordon April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 8ARG19 6.25 Frank Dunphy 's wedding has a Roaring ' 20s theme , so Phil gets his family to show up in costume , but Claire and the kids realize it 's time for an intervention with Phil when they 're the only ones dressed up . Meanwhile , Jay comes to regret mastering the art of saying `` no '' and Cam finally gets the courage to stand up to his sister Pam , albeit causing Pam to go into labour with a baby boy . 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' Michelle MacLaren Christy Stratton & Ryan Walls May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 8ARG20 5.65 Gloria , Claire , Haley , Alex , Lily , Luke , and Manny show support for gender equality and the women 's movement in their own ways ; Jay and Phil butt heads over their parking attendant ; Cam feels jealous when Pam prefers Mitchell 's help with the baby over his . 187 21 `` Alone Time '' Jim Hensz Abraham Higginbotham , Stephen Lloyd & Danny Zuker May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 8ARG21 5.71 Phil and Claire have difficulties adapting now that their kids have supposedly left the nest . Jay and Mitch go to the same retreat , while Cam helps Gloria get over an illness . 188 22 `` The Graduates '' Steven Levitan Jon Pollack , Jeffrey Richman & Chuck Tatham May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 8ARG22 6.20 The whole family gets ready for Luke and Manny 's graduation day . Javier picks up his son and takes him to a strip club . Phil and Claire have to deal with the fact that Luke has grown up and Mitch and Cam learn that Lily might be precocious . Notes ( edit ) An 8th Season was announced on March 3rd , 2016 . ABC has confirmed a release date for Season 8 of Modern Family , September 21 , 2016 . Jesse Tyler Ferguson , the actor who plays Mitchell , posted an Instagram photo stating that there will be a Season 8 . Phil may start to take a stand as he felt like Claire does too much in the last few episodes of Season 7 . Steven Levitan , co-creator of the show stated `` I think my personal goal at this point would be 10 seasons . I do n't know if it 's attainable or not . I think we 'll have to look at it every year , and if we feel like we 're just running out of things to say then it will be time to make that tough call . '' when asked about multiple Seasons . At the 2016 TCA press tour , Steven Levitan has announced two new characters will be appearing in season 8 : Nathan Fillion in multiple episodes as Rainer Shine and Martin Short in the second episode as Merv Schechter . It was announced that Kelsey Grammer will be in a future episode in January as a character name Keifth , Cam 's former boyfriend . The Premiere episode is entitled `` A Tale of Three Cities '' . Robert Costanzo was cast as Earl Chambers for Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook and future episodes after the death of Jon Polito , who died of multiple myeloma on September 1 , 2016 . Dylan ( Reid Ewing ) returns for a quick scene where he stops by the Dunphy house to introduce his new family , his new wife and step children , to the Dunphys . Haley is seen anxious about her life decisions after seeing Dylan reaching a steady place in his life . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) Wednesdays 9 : 00 p.m. 2.6 / 9 8.24 9 24 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 2.3 / 8 7.41 14 N / A 169 `` Blindsided '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 2.2 / 8 6.97 12 24 170 `` Weathering Heights '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 2.4 / 8 7.50 12 25 171 5 `` Halloween 4 : The Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 2.3 / 7 7.38 13 N / A 172 6 `` Grab It '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 2.3 / 8 7.23 12 23 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 2.2 / 8 7.33 12 N / A 174 8 `` The Alliance '' November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 2.2 / 8 6.81 12 N / A 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 2.0 / 7 6.81 11 N / A 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 2.4 / 8 7.57 5 19 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 2.3 / 8 7.59 6 12 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 2.3 / 8 7.34 5 18 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 2.0 / 7 6.92 5 21 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 2.0 / 7 6.65 9 24 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 7 6.41 5 N / A 182 16 `` Basketball '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 1.9 / 7 6.49 6 21 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1.9 / 7 6.12 8 24 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 2.1 / 7 6.79 8 21 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 1.9 / 7 6.25 6 25 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 1.7 / 6 5.65 7 N / A 187 21 `` Alone Time '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1.6 / 6 5.71 8 25 188 22 `` The Graduates '' May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 1.7 / 6 6.20 6 17 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Percent gain Ref . 167 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) Wednesdays 9 : 00 p.m. 1.7 4.12 4.3 12.35 65 % 168 `` A Stereotypical Day '' September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 1.7 4.15 4.0 11.56 74 % 169 `` Blindsided '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1.6 3.78 3.8 10.75 73 % 170 `` Weathering Heights '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1.6 3.90 4.0 11.40 67 % 171 5 `` Halloween 4 : The Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 4.20 4.1 11.58 78 % 172 6 `` Grab It '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 1.6 3.87 3.9 11.10 70 % 173 7 `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1.6 4.08 3.8 11.41 73 % 174 8 `` The Alliance '' November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1.6 3.89 3.8 10.70 73 % 175 9 `` Snow Ball '' December 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 14 ) 1.7 4.10 3.7 10.91 85 % 176 10 `` Ringmaster Keifth '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 1.6 3.99 4.0 11.56 67 % 177 11 `` Sarge & Pea '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 1.7 3.95 4.0 11.54 74 % 178 12 `` Do You Believe in Magic '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 1.6 3.99 3.9 11.33 70 % 179 13 `` Do It Yourself '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 1.6 3.74 3.6 10.66 80 % 180 14 `` Heavy is the Head '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.6 3.78 3.6 10.42 80 % 181 15 `` Finding Fizbo '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 182 16 `` Basketball '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 1.6 3.99 3.5 10.48 84 % 183 17 `` Pig Moon Rising '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.63 3.4 9.76 79 % 184 18 `` Five Minutes '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.5 10.29 67 % 185 19 `` Frank 's Wedding '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.32 3.3 9.57 74 % 186 20 `` All Things Being Equal '' May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 1.5 3.67 3.2 9.32 88 % 187 21 `` Alone Time '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1.3 3.32 2.9 9.03 81 % 188 22 `` The Graduates '' May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 1.5 3.49 3.2 9.69 88 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Grey 's , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Middle , ' ' SHIELD , ' ' Modern Family , ' 10 More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haley ( Sarah Hyland ) Bio '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Alex ( Ariel Winter ) Bio '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Luke ( Nolan Gould ) Bio '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Grey 's , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Middle , ' ' SHIELD , ' ' Modern Family , ' 10 More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ariel Winter and Sofia Vergara Come Together with ' Modern Family ' Cast , Tease Season 8 -- See the Cute Pics ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Jesse Tyler ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Flew to LA for the day for the first table read of Season 8 ! So great to see my Modern Family ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Castle 's ' Nathan Fillion Shifts to Comedy With ' Modern Family ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Modern Family books Nathan Fillion , Martin Short for season 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Modern Family Is All Grown Up In New Season 8 Art '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terry , Joshua ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Will Feature Transgender Child Actor '' . Variety . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Scores Peyton Manning for Guest Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Modern Family : Kelsey Grammer to play Cam 's ex-boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family ' Books NBA Stars Charles Barkley and DeAndre Jordan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' finale adjusts down , ' SNL Christmas ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Star ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesse Tyler Ferguson , the actor who plays Mitchell , announced in an Instagram photo that there would be a Season 8 Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BFjiKyuQElv/?taken-by=jessetyler&hl=en Jump up ^ Phil will start to take a stand against his family in Season 8 Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2016/05/modern-family-on-set-sofia-vergara-ed-oneill-1201751179/ Jump up ^ Steven Levitan says Nathan Fillion and Martin Short will be appearing as new characters Rainer Shine and Merv Schechter . Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/31/modern-family-kelsey-grammer Jump up ^ The Futon Critic released the title and plot for the premiere episode of Season 8 ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' CBS and NBC lead premiere week : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Football , ' Empire ' and NBC lead week 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' breaks ' Empire ' streak , CBS wins week 3 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' suffers , but NBC still tops week 4 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` World Series gives FOX a huge week 6 boost : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , election night rule week 8 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast reclaims control in the combined Top 25 for Nov. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Football rules all : Week 11 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 13 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` NBC rules the week 16 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings with NFL , Golden Globes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL , then everything else : week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys carry CBS to victory in week 21 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' leads quiet week 22 broadcast Top 25 , plus network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Faltering Oscars still sit atop the week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and NBC are on top of week 24 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' top the week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards , ' NCIS ' top the week 35 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts another double - double in week 13 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 rating '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 2 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 2 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . External links ( edit ) List of Modern Family episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Modern Family Awards and nominations Characters Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Season 8 `` A Tale of Three Cities '' `` A Stereotypical Day '' `` Blindsided '' `` Weathering Heights '' `` Halloween IV : Revenge of Rod Skyhook '' `` Grab It '' `` Thanksgiving Jamboree '' `` The Alliance '' `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Adaptations Familia moderna Haft Sang Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_Family_(season_8)&oldid=810335805 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Modern Family seasons Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 17 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Family%20%28season%208%29
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where is epithelial tissue located in the body
Epithelium ( epi - + thele + - ium ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with connective tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body .
Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body .
Epithelium
epithelium
Epithelium ( epi - + thele + - ium ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with connective tissue , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body .
There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell : squamous , columnar , and cuboidal . These can be arranged in a single layer of cells as simple epithelium , either squamous , columnar , cuboidal , pseudo-stratified columnar or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified ( layered ) , either squamous , columnar or cuboidal . All glands are made up of epithelial cells . Functions of epithelial cells include secretion , selective absorption , protection , transcellular transport , and sensing . Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels , so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue , through the basement membrane . Cell junctions are well - employed in epithelial tissues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 Simple epithelium 1.2 Stratified epithelium 2 Cell types 3 Structure 3.1 Location 3.2 Basement membrane 3.3 Cell junctions 3.4 Development 4 Functions 4.1 Glandular tissue 4.2 Sensing the extracellular environment 5 Clinical significance 6 Etymology and pronunciation 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Classification ( edit ) Summary showing different epithelial cells / tissues and their characteristics . In general , epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the shape and function of the cells . The three principal shapes associated with epithelial cells are -- squamous , cuboidal and columnar . Squamous epithelium has cells that are wider than their height ( flat and scale - like ) . Cuboidal epithelium has cells whose height and width are approximately the same ( cube shaped ) . Columnar epithelium has cells taller than they are wide ( column - shaped ) . By layer , epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium , only one cell thick ( unilayered ) or stratified epithelium as stratified squamous epithelium , stratified cuboidal epithelium , and stratified columnar epithelium that are two or more cells thick ( multi-layered ) , and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes . However , when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights , they can be confused with stratified epithelia . This kind of epithelium is therefore described as pseudostratified columnar epithelium . Transitional epithelium has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal , depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium . Simple epithelium ( edit ) Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the basement membrane that separates it from the underlying connective tissue . In general , it is found where absorption and filtration occur . The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes . In general , simple epithelial tissues are classified by the shape of their cells . The four major classes of simple epithelium are : ( 1 ) simple squamous ; ( 2 ) simple cuboidal ; ( 3 ) simple columnar ; ( 4 ) pseudostratified . ( 1 ) simple squamous ; which is found lining areas where passive diffusion of gases occur . e.g. skin , walls of capillaries , linings of the pericardial , pleural , and peritoneal cavities , as well as the linings of the alveoli of the lungs . ( 2 ) simple cuboidal : these cells may have secretory , absorptive , or excretory functions . examples include small collecting ducts of kidney , pancreas , and salivary gland . ( 3 ) simple columnar ; cells can be secretory , absorptive , or excretory ; Simple columnar epithelium can be ciliated or non-ciliated ; ciliated columnar is found in the female reproductive tract and uterus . Non-ciliated epithelium can also possess microvilli . ( 4 ) pseudostratified columnar epithelium ; can be ciliated or non-ciliated . The ciliated type is also called respiratory epithelium as it is almost exclusively confined to the larger respiratory airways of the nasal cavity , trachea and bronchi . Stratified epithelium ( edit ) Stratified epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered . It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers . Cells flatten as the layers become more apical , though in their most basal layers the cells can be squamous , cuboidal or columnar . Stratified epithelia ( of columnar , cuboidal or squamous type ) can have the following specializations : Specialization Description Keratinized In this particular case , the most apical layers ( exterior ) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm , instead contain a tough , resistant protein called keratin . This specialization makes the epithelium waterproof , so is found in the mammalian skin . The lining of the esophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or `` moist '' stratified epithelium . Parakeratinized In this case , the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin , but they still retain their nuclei . These nuclei are pyknotic , meaning that they are highly condensed . Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the oral mucosa and in the upper regions of the esophagus . Transitional Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is not stretched or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches . It is sometimes called urothelium since it is almost exclusively found in the bladder , ureters and urethra . Cell types ( edit ) The basic cell types are squamous , cuboidal , and columnar classed by their shape . Type Description Squamous Squamous cells have the appearance of thin , flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above . Their name comes from squāma , Latin for scale -- as on fish or snake skin . The cells fit closely together in tissues ; providing a smooth , low - friction surface over which fluids can move easily . The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium . Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened , nearly oval shaped nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell . Squamous epitheliium is found lining surfaces such as the skin , and alveoli in the lung , enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the alveolar epithelium in the lungs . Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels , as endothelium and in the pericardium , as mesothelium and in other body cavities . Cuboidal Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube - like shape and appear square in cross-section . The cell nucleus is large , spherical and is in the centre of the cell . Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the exocrine glands , or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas , the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands . The germinal epithelium that covers the female ovary , and the germinal epithelium that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type . Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen , or passive depending on their location and specialisation . Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands . Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of sweat glands , mammary glands , and salivary glands . Columnar Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column - shaped and have a height of at least four times their width . Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells . Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines . The cells here may possess microvilli for maximising the surface area for absorption and these microvilli may form a brush border . Other cells may be ciliated to move mucus in the function of mucociliary clearance . Other ciliated cells are found in the fallopian tubes , the uterus and central canal of the spinal cord . Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose , ears and the taste buds . Hair cells in the inner ears have stereocilia which are similar to microvilli . Goblet cells are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum . They secrete mucus , which acts as a lubricant . Single - layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function . Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in lobar ducts in the salivary glands , the eye , pharynx and sex organs . This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells which can be squamous , cuboidal , or columnar . Pseudostratified These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights , giving the misleading ( hence `` pseudo '' ) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section . Ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia . Cilia are capable of energy dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes . In the respiratory tract the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells ( to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles ) to flow in that direction ( typically out of the body ) . Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways ( nose , bronchi ) , but is also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes , where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus . Structure ( edit ) Cells of epithelial tissue are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet . They have almost no intercellular spaces . All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane . The lining of the mouth , lung alveoli and kidney tubules all are made of epithelial tissue . The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called endothelium . Location ( edit ) See also : Table of epithelia of human organs Epithelium lines both the outside ( skin ) and the inside cavities and lumina of bodies . The outermost layer of human skin is composed of dead stratified squamous , keratinized epithelial cells . Tissues that line the inside of the mouth , the esophagus and part of the rectum are composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium . Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous , columnar , or pseudostratified epithelial cells . Other epithelial cells line the insides of the lungs , the gastrointestinal tract , the reproductive and urinary tracts , and make up the exocrine and endocrine glands . The outer surface of the cornea is covered with fast - growing , easily regenerated epithelial cells . A specialised form of epithelium -- endothelium forms the inner lining of blood vessels and the heart , and is known as vascular endothelium , and lining lymphatic vessels as lymphatic endothelium . Another type , mesothelium , forms the walls of the pericardium , pleurae , and peritoneum . In arthropods , the integument , or external `` skin '' , consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the cuticle , an outer covering of chitin the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition . Basement membrane ( edit ) Epithelial tissue rests on a basement membrane , which acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries . Epithelial tissue has a nerve supply , but no blood supply and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue . The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium . Cell junctions ( edit ) Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues . They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells , between a cell and the extracellular matrix , or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport . Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells . There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions : tight junctions , adherens junctions , desmosomes , hemidesmosomes , and gap junctions . Tight junctions are a pair of trans - membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane . Adherens junctions are a plaque ( protein layer on the inside plasma membrane ) which attaches both cells ' microfilaments . Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein . Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section . They are made up of the integrin ( a transmembrane protein ) instead of cadherin . They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane . Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called connexins ( six of which come together to make a connexion ) . Development ( edit ) Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological germ layers : from ectoderm ( e.g. , the epidermis ) ; from endoderm ( e.g. , the lining of the gastrointestinal tract ) ; from mesoderm ( e.g. , the inner linings of body cavities ) . However , it is important to note that pathologists do not consider endothelium and mesothelium ( both derived from mesoderm ) to be true epithelium . This is because such tissues present very different pathology . For that reason , pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium sarcomas , whereas true epithelial cancers are called carcinomas . Also , the filaments that support these mesoderm - derived tissues are very distinct . Outside of the field of pathology , it is , in general , accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers . Functions ( edit ) Forms of secretion in glandular tissue Different characteristics of glands of the body Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions : to protect the tissues that lie beneath from radiation , desiccation , toxins , invasion by pathogens , and physical trauma the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity the secretion of hormones into the blood vascular system , and / or the secretion of sweat , mucus , enzymes , and other products that are delivered by ducts to provide sensation Glandular tissue ( edit ) Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the glands from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue . There are two major classifications of glands : endocrine glands and exocrine glands : Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the blood vascular system . Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the lumen of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium . Sensing the extracellular environment ( edit ) `` Some epithelial cells are ciliated , especially in respiratory epithelium , and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarised cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the lumen . '' Primary cilia on epithelial cells provide chemosensation , thermoception , and mechanosensation of the extracellular environment by playing `` a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues , including soluble factors in the external cell environment , a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow , and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are motile . '' Clinical significance ( edit ) Epithelial cell infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae The slide shows at ( 1 ) an epithelial cell infected by Chlamydia pneumonia ; their inclusion bodies shown at ( 3 ) ; an uninfected cell shown at ( 2 ) and ( 4 ) showing the difference between an infected cell nucleus and an uninfected cell nucleus . Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics . Epithelial cells tend to cluster together , and have a `` characteristic tight pavementlike appearance '' . But this is not always the case , such as when the cells are derived from a tumor . In these cases , it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification . The intermediate filament proteins in the cytokeratin group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells , and so are often used for this purpose . Carcinomas develop in epithelial tissues. ( Sarcomas develop in connective tissue ) . When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from cystic fibrosis , it also damages the sweat glands , causing a frosty coating of the skin . Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word epithelium ( / ˌɛpɪˈθiːliəm / ) uses the Greek roots ἐπί ( epi ) , `` on '' or `` upon '' , and θηλή ( thēlē ) , `` nipple '' . Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small `` nipples '' of tissue on the lip . The word has both mass and count senses ; the plural form is epithelia . Additional images ( edit ) Squamous Epithelium 100x Human cheek cells ( Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium ) 500x Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium See also ( edit ) Blastula Dark cell Epithelial - mesenchymal transition Epithelial polarity Gastrulation Glycocalyx Neuroepithelial cell Skin cancer Sulcular epithelium Triploblasty References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eurell , Jo Ann C. ; et al. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Dellmann 's textbook of veterinary histology . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4148 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Freshney , 2002 : p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. ( 1995 ) . Human Anatomy and Physiology ( 3rd ed . ) . Benjamin / Cummings . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4281 - 8 . Jump up ^ Platzer , Werner ( 2008 ) . Color atlas of human anatomy : Locomotor system . Thieme . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 533306 - 9 . Jump up ^ van Lommel , 2002 : p. 97 Jump up ^ van Lommel , 2002 : p. 94 Jump up ^ Melfi , Rudy C. ; Alley , Keith E. , eds. ( 2000 ) . Permar 's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy : a textbook for students in dental hygiene . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 30644 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Rebecca . `` Epithelial Cells '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Gail W. ; Tortora , Gerard J. ( 2013 ) . Anatomy and Physiology from Science to Life ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 110 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 12920 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ross , Michael H. ; Pawlina , Wojciech ( 2015 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas : With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology ( 7th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 528 , 604 . ISBN 978 - 1451187427 . Jump up ^ Kühnel , Wolfgang ( 2003 ) . Color atlas of cytology , histology , and microscopic anatomy . Thieme . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 562404 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Rebecca . `` Simple Cuboidal Epithelium '' . AnatomyOne . Amirsys , Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Eroschenko , Victor P. ( 2008 ) . `` Integumentary System '' . DiFiore 's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 212 -- 234 . ISBN 9780781770576 . Jump up ^ Marieb , Elaine ( 2011 ) . Anatomy & Physiology . Boston : Benjamin Cummings . p. 133 . ISBN 0321616405 . Jump up ^ Kristensen , Niels P. ; Georges , Chauvin ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` Integument '' . Lepidoptera , Moths and Butterflies : Morphology , Physiology , and Development : Teilband . Walter de Gruyter . p. 484 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 016210 - 3 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McConnell , Thomas H. ( 2006 ) . The nature of disease : pathology for the health professions . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell ( 4 . ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Garland . p. 1067 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ van Lommel , 2002 : p. 91 Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell ( 4 ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Garland . p. 1267 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , M. ; Smith , U.M. ; Logan , C.V. ; Johnson , C.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Recent advances in the molecular pathology , cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies '' . Journal of Medical Genetics . 45 ( 5 ) : 257 -- 267 . doi : 10.1136 / jmg. 2007.054999 . PMID 18178628 . Jump up ^ Freshney , 2002 : p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Types of cancer '' . Cancer Research UK . 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Blerkom , edited by Jonathan Van ; Gregory , Linda ( 2004 ) . Essential IVF : basic research and clinical applications . Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7551 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Freshney , R.I. ( 2002 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Freshney , R. Ian ; Freshney , Mary . Culture of epithelial cells . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40121 - 6 . van Lommel , Alfons T.L. ( 2002 ) . From cells to organs : a histology textbook and atlas . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 7257 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Green H ( September 2008 ) . `` The birth of therapy with cultured cells '' . BioEssays. 30 ( 9 ) : 897 -- 903 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20797 . PMID 18693268 . Kefalides , Nicholas A. ; Borel , Jacques P. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Basement membranes : cell and molecular biology . Gulf Professional Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 153356 - 4 . Nagpal R ; Patel A ; Gibson MC ( March 2008 ) . `` Epithelial topology '' . BioEssays. 30 ( 3 ) : 260 -- 6 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20722 . PMID 18293365 . Yamaguchi Y ; Brenner M ; Hearing VJ ( September 2007 ) . `` The regulation of skin pigmentation '' ( Review ) . J. Biol. Chem. 282 ( 38 ) : 27557 -- 61 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R700026200 . PMID 17635904 . External links ( edit ) Look up epithelium in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Epithelium Photomicrographs 1 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith02 Simple squamous epithelium of the glomerulus ( kidney ) 2 Diagrams of simple squamous epithelium 3 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith12 Stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina 4 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith14 Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin ( thin skin ) 5 Histology at KUMC epithel - epith15 Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin ( thick skin ) 6 Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus Microanatomy Web Atlas Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Biological tissue Animals Epithelium Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal Vascular Ground Histology : Epithelial proteins ( TH H1. 00.01. 1 ) Lateral / cell - cell Cell adhesion molecules : Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels : Gap junction / Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton : Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins : Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal / cell - matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome / Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia / Kinocilium Microvilli / Stereocilia ( STRC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&oldid=810141594 '' Categories : Epithelium Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 15 : 44 . 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what is season 2 of stranger things about
Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season .
attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season
Stranger Things
stranger things
Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , and directed by the Duffer Brothers . The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , and Dan Cohen serve as executive producers . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser .
Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving nineteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season , which began production in April 2018 and will consist of eight episodes . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.2. 3 Introduced in season three 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3. 3 Introduced in season three 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Print 7.3 Video games 7.3. 1 Mobile game 7.3. 2 PlayStation VR game 7.3. 3 Telltale game 7.4 Others 8 Lawsuit 9 References 10 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . The third season is currently planned to take place another year later , in mid-1985 , in the midst of the popularity of Back to the Future 's release . Mike and Eleven have developed a relationship , as have Max and Lucas . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . In season two , she is dating her old high school classmate , Bob , until his death later in the season . She and Hopper are suggested to have feelings for each other . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . He and Joyce are suggested to have feelings for each other . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . She was introduced in the second season . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . He was introduced in the second season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . He was introduced in the second season . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . He was introduced in the second season . Maya Hawke as Robin , an `` alternative girl '' bored with her job until she stumbles onto one of the secrets of Hawkins . She will be introduced in the third season . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist who became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Ferguson will have an expanded recurring role in the third season , who along with her friends , join in investigating the strange events around Hawkins . Introduced in season three Francesca Reale as Heather , a popular lifeguard at the Hawkins Community Pool who becomes the centerpiece of a dark mystery . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife Introduced in season three Cary Elwes as Mayor Kline , a politician who is more concerned with his own image than with the people of the small town of Hawkins Jake Busey as Bruce , a journalist for `` The Hawkins Post '' with questionable morals and a sick sense of humor Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage , but he realizes it 's fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs , destroying them and his camera . Nancy finds Barb 's car while searching for her and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . The boys secretly commence `` Operation Mirkwood '' as Eleven leads them to Will . However , Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry , causing Mike , Dustin and Lucas to be devastated . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal , saving her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . The trio then reconcile with a hug and head back to Mike 's home . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are also heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper and Joyce enter the upside down where they find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut themselves to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster kills him . The monster corners them in a classrom , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She disintegrates the monster , and vanishes ; devastating Mike . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his family and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 in Chicago , a girl named Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Reporter Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Dr. Owens , Brenner 's replacement , examines Will and tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spider - like creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven , revealed to be alive , accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does not love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike through the void but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Joyce 's new boyfriend Bob Newby recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she telekinetically makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he is connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Max 's abusive older brother Billy warns her to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does not believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered - down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens deduces that Will 's mind is linked to the Upside Down , and speculates that burning the tunnels would be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true and sneaks her out of her house . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons ( `` Demodogs '' ) and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster `` made him do it . '' The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven , listing him as her father . The students , including Eleven , attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Season 3 In April 2018 , executive producer Shawn Levy stated that , as with the previous two seasons , the Duffer Brothers would direct the first two episodes , with Levy directing the third and fourth episodes . The other directors for the season have yet to be announced ; however Levy confirmed that Andrew Stanton ( who directed two episodes of the second season ) would not be returning due to scheduling issues . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffer Brothers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to about fifteen cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . `` Montauk is an eight - hour sci - fi horror epic . Set in Long Island in 1980 and inspired by the supernatural classics of that era , we explore the crossroads where the ordinary meet the extraordinary ... emotional , cinematic and rooted in character , Montauk is a love letter to the golden age of Steven Spielberg and Stephen King -- a marriage of human drama and supernatural fear . '' -- The Duffer Brothers ' original pitch for Montauk The book cover the Duffer Brothers created to pitch Montauk , inspired by Stephen King book covers such as Firestarter The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . To pitch the series , the Duffer Brothers showcased images , footage and music from 1980s films such as E.T. the Extra Terrestrial , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Poltergeist , Hellraiser , Stand by Me , Firestarter , A Nightmare on Elm Street and Jaws , in order to establish the tone of the series . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . The Duffer Brothers initially intended for Stranger Things to either be a standalone miniseries or an anthology series . They also considered the possibility of setting a potential second season ( which they referred to as a `` sequel '' ) in the early 1990s and featuring an older version of the characters , along with all new characters , who are drawn back to Hawkins after supernatural events begin occurring again . However , following the release of the first season , they realized that the likability of the characters -- especially the children -- was key to the series ' success , and they decided to set the second season in 1984 and focus on the same characters . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffer Brothers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffer Brothers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffer Brothers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffer Brothers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffer Brothers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffer Brothers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffer Brothers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season , consisting of eight episodes . Levy also confirmed that a fourth season was `` definitely happening '' and that there was potential for a fifth season . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffer Brothers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . According to David Harbour , writing for the third season was still occurring in December 2017 . Levy said the season would be less about Will , saying , `` We 're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row . He 'll be dealing with stuff , but he wo n't be at rock bottom ... We 're ( going to be ) dealing with forces of evil that are new . '' Casting The Duffer Brothers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The Duffer Brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . Sean Astin 's character , Bob , was originally meant to be a smaller role , but Astin performed his role so well the Duffer Brothers ended up having Bob be a major character , as well as giving him a heroic death . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . The third season sees Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer , Heaton , Buono , Schnapp , Sink , Keery and Montgomery return . They are joined by Maya Hawke as Robin . For the third season , it was reported that the several of the cast members would be receiving pay raises . Ryder and Harbour were receiving an increase to $350,000 an episode from $150,000 and $80,000 respectively ; Wolfhard , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , and Schnapp were receiving a pay increase to $200,000 an episodes and possibly around $250,000 , a significant increase from the reported $20,000 they made in season one ( later increased by $60,000 ) ; and Dyer , Heaton , and Keery would be receiving approximately $150,000 an episode . Brown 's pay was not disclosed , but was estimated to be a bigger raise than her young counterparts . Some sources suggest she is at least making $250,000 and may be getting possibly between $300,000 and $350,000 per episode . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . In order to help the cast get into the mood and their characters , the Duffer Brothers would play creepy music on set before filming . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Filming for the third season officially began on April 23 , 2018 . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffer Brothers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects , so they created an animatronic to play the part of the demogorgon . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffer Brothers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . The third season will once again consist of eight episodes . It is not expected to be released until late 2018 or early 2019 . Home media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 95 % ( 73 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 123 reviews ) 78 ( 33 reviews ) Season 1 Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 72 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffer Brothers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like the Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 123 reviews , and an average rating of 7.79 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Stranger Things This section should include a summary of List of awards and nominations received by Stranger Things . See Wikipedia : Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article 's main text . Other media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including the Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Print Penguin Random House partnered with Netflix to release a series of books related to Stranger Things , starting in late 2018 . This includes a companion book to the series , Stranger Things : World Turned Upside Down : The Official Behind - The - Scenes Companion , a children 's book that offers `` advice , wisdom , and warnings '' from Stranger Things , and a prequel novel penned by Gwenda Bond focused on Eleven 's mother . Additional books for adults and young readers are expected to follow . Dark Horse Comics announced a partnership with Netflix for `` a multi-year publishing line '' of stories set in the Stranger Things world . The first title would be a four - issue miniseries written by Jodie Houser and interior art by Stefani Martino . The story would be set in between the events of season 1 , showing Will 's perspective throughout his time in the Upside Down . The first issue of the miniseries would be set to come out on September 26 . Video games Mobile game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . The game was nominated for `` Mobile Game '' at the 14th British Academy Games Awards . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Telltale game In June 2018 , Netflix announced a partnership with Telltale Games to bring their adventure games to the Netflix service . Alongside this announcement , a new Telltale - created Stranger Things game was announced . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . Lawsuit In April 2018 , filmmaker Charlie Kessler filed a lawsuit against the Duffer Brothers , claiming that they stole his idea behind his short film Montauk for Stranger Things . Kessler 's Montauk featured a similar premise of a missing boy , a nearby military base doing otherworldy experiments , and a monster from another dimension . Kessler has directed the film and debuted it at the 2012 Hamptons International Film Festival . During the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival , he pitched his film to the Duffer Brothers and later gave them `` the script , ideas , story and film '' for a larger film idea he called The Montauk Project for their review . Kessler contended that the Duffer Brothers used his ideas to device the premise for Stranger Things without appropriate compensation and is seeking monetary damages . The Duffer Brothers ' lawyer stated that the Duffer Brothers never saw Kessler 's film nor spoke to him regarding it , and that Kessler had no input into their concepts for Stranger Things . Journalists have noted that the idea of supernatural events around Montauk had originated due to urban legend of the Montauk Project , which came to light from the 1992 book The Montauk Project : Experiments in Time . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : First Season 3 Details Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McVey , Clara ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Noah Schnapp Teases ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 : `` It 's Very Different '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Priah Ferguson Promoted , Maya Hawke Added As New Regular In Season 3 Of Netflix Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Francesca Reale Set To Recur In Season 3 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Recruits Cary Elwes and Jake Busey for `` Sleazy '' , `` Questionable '' Roles `` . Collider . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Starts Filming Monday ; Andrew Stanton Not Returning '' . Collider . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16 Things You NEVER Knew About Stranger Things '' . CBR . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miyamoto , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` How to Sell Your TV Series the Stranger Things Way '' . Screencraft . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Pitched as an Anthology Series '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar+ . August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Radloff , Jessica ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Is Further Along Than You Think '' . Glamour . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 36 Surprising Facts You May Know About `` Stranger Things 2 '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 3 Episode Count ( Finally ) Revealed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Cast Scores Major Salary Increases Ahead Of Season 3 '' . Jump up ^ Reporters , Telegraph ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Stranger Things ' teenage stars to earn more than $1.6 m for season 3 '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Sandberg , Bryn Elise ; Kit , Borys ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Stars Score Massive Pay Raises for Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 19 behind - the - scenes secrets you probably did n't know about ' Stranger Things ' '' . INSIDER . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Things You Did n't Know About ' Stranger Things ' '' . Harper 's BAZAAR . November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' : How the Duffer Brothers created their monster '' . EW.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Finn Wolfhard Says ' Stranger Things 3 ' Wo n't Be Released Until 2019 '' . PopBuzz . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Books Set For Fall Debut From Penguin Random House '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Dark Horse launches line of ' Stranger Things ' comics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Pino , Nick ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Netflix to add games to its service , including Minecraft : Story Mode '' . TechRadar . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Duffer Brothers Accused Of Lifting ' Stranger Things ' From 2012 Short Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reyes - velarde , Alejandra ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' creators respond to lawsuit alleging they stole the idea for the hit sci - fi series '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` This Is The Crazy Government Conspiracy Theory That Inspired ' Stranger Things ' '' . sciencealert.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schladebeck , Jessica ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` A look at ' Stranger Things ' and the secret government experiments that inspired it '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Inspired By a Creepy , Supposedly Real Experiment Called The Montauk Project '' . / Film . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . 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Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=846621718 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2016 American television series debuts Aftershows American science fiction television series American supernatural television series English - language television programs Fictional government investigations of the paranormal Horror drama television series Monsters in fiction Netflix original programming Parallel universes in fiction Psychic powers in fiction Telekinesis in fiction Television series set in 1983 Television series set in 1984 Television shows set in Indiana Thriller television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2018 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 21 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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1,894
who won the first album of the year grammy award
1st Annual Grammy Awards
1st annual grammy awards
The 1st Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 4 , 1959 . They recognized musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Two separate ceremonies were held simultaneously on the same day ; the first in The Beverly Hilton hotel in Beverly Hills , California , and the second in the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City . Count Basie , Domenico Modugno , Henry Mancini , Ella Fitzgerald and Ross Bagdasarian , Sr. each won 2 awards .
Contents ( hide ) 1 Award winners 1.1 General 1.2 Children 's 1.3 Comedy 1.4 Composing and arranging 1.5 Country 1.6 Jazz 1.7 Musical show 1.8 Packaging and notes 1.9 Pop 1.10 Production and engineering 1.11 R&B 1.12 Spoken 2 References Award winners ( edit ) The following awards were given in the first award ceremony : General ( edit ) Record of the Year `` Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno `` Catch A Falling Star '' -- Perry Como `` Fever '' -- Peggy Lee `` The Chipmunk Song '' -- David Seville And The Chipmunks `` Witchcraft '' -- Frank Sinatra Album of the Year The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini Tchaikovksy : Concerto No. 1 In B - Flat Minor , Op. 23 -- Van Cliburn Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Song Book -- Ella Fitzgerald Come Fly with Me -- Frank Sinatra Only The Lonely -- Frank Sinatra Song of the Year `` Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Franco Migliacci and Domenico Modugno , songwriters ( Domenico Modugno ) `` Catch A Falling Star '' -- Lee Pockriss and Paul Vance , songwriters ( Perry Como ) `` Gigi '' -- Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe , songwriters ( Vic Damone ) `` Fever '' -- Eddie Cooley and Johnny Davenport , songwriters ( Peggy Lee ) `` Witchcraft '' -- Cy Coleman and Carolyn Leigh , songwriters ( Frank Sinatra ) Children 's ( edit ) Best Recording for Children Ross Bagdasarian Sr. for `` The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Do n't Be Late ) '' performed by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. as `` David Seville and the Chipmunks '' Comedy ( edit ) Best Comedy Performance Ross Bagdasarian , Sr. for `` The Chipmunk Song '' , performed by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. as `` David Seville and the Chipmunks '' Composing and arranging ( edit ) Best Musical Composition First Recorded and Released in 1958 ( over 5 minutes duration ) Nelson Riddle ( composer ) for `` Cross Country Suite '' Best Arrangement Henry Mancini ( arranger & artist ) for The Music from Peter Gunn Country ( edit ) Best Country & Western Performance The Kingston Trio for `` Tom Dooley '' Jazz ( edit ) Best Jazz Performance , Individual Ella Fitzgerald for Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook Best Jazz Performance , Group Count Basie for Basie Musical show ( edit ) Best Original Cast Album ( Broadway or TV ) Meredith Willson ( composer ) & the original cast with Robert Preston , Barbara Cook , David Burns , Eddie Hodges , Pert Kelton & Helen Raymond for The Music Man Best Sound Track Album , Dramatic Picture Score or Original Cast André Previn & the original cast for Gigi ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Packaging and notes ( edit ) Best Album Cover Photography Frank Sinatra for Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely Pop ( edit ) Best Vocal Performance , Female Ella Fitzgerald for Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Irving Berlin Songbook Best Vocal Performance , Male Perry Como for `` Catch a Falling Star '' Best Performance by a Vocal Group or Chorus Keely Smith & Louis Prima for `` That Old Black Magic '' Best Performance by a Dance Band Count Basie for Basie Best Performance by an Orchestra Billy May for Billy May 's Big Fat Brass Production and engineering ( edit ) Best Engineered Record - Non-Classical Ted Keep ( engineer ) for `` The Chipmunk Song '' performed by David Seville Best Engineered Record ( Classical ) Sherwood Hall III ( engineer ) , Laurindo Almeida & Salli Terri for Duets with Spanish Guitar R&B ( edit ) Best Rhythm & Blues Performance `` Tequila '' - The Champs Spoken ( edit ) Best Performance , Documentary or Spoken Word Stan Freberg for The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grammy Awards 1959 ( May ) '' . Grammy . Jump up ^ Dornbrook , Don ( 24 May 1959 ) . `` And Now the Grammy Awards '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Grammy Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ( hide ) Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum By Country American Argentine Australian Austrian Brazilian British Canadian Chinese Cuban French Indian Irish Italian Japanese Malian Mexican Nigerian New Zealand Peruvian Polish Senegalese South African Spanish Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Annual_Grammy_Awards&oldid=785845664 '' Categories : Grammy Awards ceremonies 1959 in New York City 1959 music awards 1959 in Los Angeles 1959 in American music May 1959 events Events in New York City Events in Los Angeles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 18 : 56 . 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2,353
where is plasma extracted from the blood supply
Blood plasma
blood plasma
Blood plasma is a straw coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension ; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells . It makes up about 55 % of the body 's total blood volume . It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid ( all body fluid outside cells ) . It is mostly water ( up to 95 % by volume ) , and contains dissolved proteins ( 6 -- 8 % ) ( i.e. -- serum albumins , globulins , and fibrinogen ) , glucose , clotting factors , electrolytes ( Na , Ca , Mg , HCO , Cl , etc . ) , hormones , carbon dioxide ( plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation ) and oxygen . Plasma also serves as the protein reserve of the human body . It plays a vital role in an intravascular osmotic effect that keeps electrolytes in balanced form and protects the body from infection and other blood disorders .
Blood plasma is prepared by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an anticoagulant in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube . The blood plasma is then poured or drawn off . Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1025 kg / m , or 1.025 g / ml . Blood serum is blood plasma without clotting factors . Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction , treatment , and reintegration . Fresh frozen plasma is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Volume 3 History 3.1 Blood for Britain 4 Plasma donation 4.1 United Kingdom 5 Safety and compensation to donors 6 Synthetic blood plasma 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) Ion Normal concentration range ( mEq. L ) Sodium 135 -- 145 Potassium 3.6 -- 5.1 Chloride 95 -- 105 Calcium 2.0 Further information : Reference ranges for blood tests Reference ranges for blood tests , showing normal mass concentration of blood plasma constituents . The same information , shown in molarity rather than mass . Volume ( edit ) Blood plasma volume may be expanded by or drained to extravascular fluid when there are changes in Starling forces across capillary walls . For example , when blood pressure drops in circulatory shock , Starling forces drive fluid into the interstitium , causing third spacing . Standing still for a prolonged period will cause an increase in transcapillary hydrostatic pressure . As a result , approximately 12 % of blood plasma volume will cross into the extravascular compartment . This causes an increase in hematocrit , serum total protein , blood viscosity and , as a result of increased concentration of coagulation factors , it causes orthostatic hypercoagulability . History ( edit ) Private Roy W. Humphrey is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in Sicily in August 1943 . Dried plasma packages used by the British and US militaries during WWII The use of blood plasma as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes was proposed in March 1918 , in the correspondence columns of the British Medical Journal , by Gordon R. Ward . `` Dried plasmas '' in powder or strips of material format were developed and first used in World War II . Prior to the United States ' involvement in the war , liquid plasma and whole blood were used . Blood for Britain ( edit ) The `` Blood for Britain '' program during the early 1940s was quite successful ( and popular in the United States ) based on Charles Drew 's contribution . A large project began in August 1940 to collect blood in New York City hospitals for the export of plasma to Britain . Drew was appointed medical supervisor of the `` Plasma for Britain '' project . His notable contribution at this time was to transform the test tube methods of many blood researchers into the first successful mass production techniques . Nonetheless ( ? ) , the decision was made to develop a dried plasma package for the armed forces as it would reduce breakage and make the transportation , packaging , and storage much simpler . The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 cc bottles . One bottle contained enough distilled water to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle . In about three minutes , the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours . The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months , with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood , and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma . Following the `` Plasma for Britain '' invention , Drew was named director of the Red Cross blood bank and assistant director of the National Research Council , in charge of blood collection for the United States Army and Navy . Drew argued against the armed forces directive that blood / plasma was to be separated by the race of the donor . Drew argued that there was no racial difference in human blood and that the policy would lead to needless deaths as soldiers and sailors were required to wait for `` same race '' blood . By the end of the war the American Red Cross had provided enough blood for over six million plasma packages . Most of the surplus plasma was returned to the United States for civilian use . Serum albumin replaced dried plasma for combat use during the Korean War . Plasma donation ( edit ) Plasma as a blood product prepared from blood donations is used in blood transfusions , typically as fresh frozen plasma ( FFP ) or plasma Frozen Within 24 Hours After Phlebotomy ( PF24 ) . When donating whole blood or packed red blood cell ( PRBC ) transfusions , O - is the most desirable and is considered a `` universal donor , '' since it has neither A nor B antigens and can be safely transfused to most recipients . Type AB+ is the `` universal recipient '' type for PRBC donations . However , for plasma the situation is somewhat reversed . Blood donation centers will sometimes collect only plasma from AB donors through apheresis , as their plasma does not contain the antibodies that may cross react with recipient antigens . As such , AB is often considered the `` universal donor '' for plasma . Special programs exist just to cater to the male AB plasma donor , because of concerns about transfusion related acute lung injury ( TRALI ) and female donors who may have higher leukocyte antibodies . However , some studies show an increased risk of TRALI despite increased leukocyte antibodies in women who have been pregnant . United Kingdom ( edit ) Following fears of variant Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease ( vCJD ) being spread through the blood supply , the British government began to import American plasma to meet its needs . In 2002 , it purchased Life Resources Incorporated to be able to secure plasma supply from the United States . The company became Plasma Resources UK ( PRUK ) . It owned Bio Products Laboratory . In 2013 , the British government sold an 80 % stake in PRUK to American hedge fund Bain Capital , in a deal estimated to be worth £ 230 million . The sale was met with criticism in the UK , over both the oversight of the company , and the impact on British blood needs . Confusion arose as some thought that the blood of British blood donors voluntarily donating to NHS Blood and Transplant Services would be sold for profit . Currently , plasma donated in the United Kingdom is still not used due to concerns about vCJD , and is incinerated after component parts have been separated from it . Safety and compensation to donors ( edit ) In contrast to whole blood donation , plasma donation may be done much more often ( 2 times per week in some jurisdictions , compared to once per 8 weeks for whole blood donation ) , because the whole blood cells are returned to the body during the donation process . Most plasma is naturally replaced by the body within 48 hours . There are medical for - profit companies which financially compensate individuals who give their plasma ( $10 -- $100 per week for 3 -- 7 hours of time , normally ) . It is usually defined as a compensation for time and trouble . Plasma purchased in this way can not be transfused as the FDA requires transfusions to come from volunteer donors . Plasma that is purchased can only be used for research and manufacturing purposes . Synthetic blood plasma ( edit ) Simulated body fluid ( SBF ) is a solution having a similar ion concentration to that of human blood plasma . SBF is normally used for the surface modification of metallic implants , and more recently in gene delivery application . See also ( edit ) Blood plasma fractionation Chromatography in blood processing Hypoxia preconditioned plasma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis O'Neil ( 1999 ) . `` Blood Components '' . Palomar College . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuskegee University ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9 Blood '' . tuskegee.edu . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ways to Keep Your Blood Plasma Healthy '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Physics Factbook -- Density of Blood Jump up ^ `` 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( April 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . WHO. April 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masoud M , Sarig G , Brenner B , Jacob G ( June 2008 ) . `` Orthostatic hypercoagulability : a novel physiological mechanism to activate the coagulation system '' . Hypertension. 51 ( 6 ) : 1545 -- 51 . PMID 18413485 . doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA. 108.112003 . Jump up ^ Transfusion before World War I Jump up ^ Plasma Equipment and Packaging , and Transfusion Equipment Jump up ^ Starr , Douglas P. ( 2000 ) . Blood : An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce . New York : Quill . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17649 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Eric ( 1991 ) . What Your 1st Grader Needs to Know : Fundamentals of a Good First - Grade Education . pp 232 -- 233 . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Plasma Program Jump up ^ `` AB Plasma Donor Program '' . NIH Clinical Center . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Female Plasma May Not Increase Risk for Transfusion - Related Acute Lung Injury '' . Medscape . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` UK buys ' safe ' blood supply for NHS '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2002 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bain Capital buys stake in UK government blood company '' . BBC News . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHSBT reassures blood donors that Government 's sale of PRUK does not affect them '' . NHS Blood and Transplant Services . Jump up ^ Joint United Kingdom ( UK ) Blood Transfusion and Tissue Transplantation Services Professional Advisory Committee . `` Position Statement on Creutzfeldt -- Jakob Disease '' ( PDF ) . transfusionguidelines.org.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Blood plasma pioneer , English physician Gordon R. Ward Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Cellular / HSCs Myeloid / CFU - GEMM CFU - GM CFU - G : Granulocytes Band cell Neutrophil CFU - M : Monocytes / MPS Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells CFU - DL Dendritic cells Langerhans cell Common Myelomonocyte CFU - Baso Granulocytes Basophil CFU - Eos Granulocytes Eosinophil MEP CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets CFU - E Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - Mast Mast cell precursors Noncellular Plasma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&oldid=803425024 '' Categories : Blood Blood products Body fluids Hematology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from May 2017 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from May 2017 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 13 : 17 . 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2,354
who has most isle of man tt wins
Rider Wins Joey Dunlop 26 John McGuinness 23 Michael Dunlop 18 Dave Molyneux 17 Ian Hutchinson 16 Mike Hailwood 14 Bruce Anstey 12 Steve Hislop , Phillip McCallen 11 Giacomo Agostini , Robert Fisher , Ian Lougher , Stanley Woods 10 Mick Boddice , Dave Saville , David Jefferies , Siegfried Schauzu 9 Ben Birchall , Jim Moodie , Chas Mortimer , Phil Read , Dan Sayle , Charlie Williams 8 Mick Grant , Wolfgang Kalauch , Tony Rutter 7 Chas Birks , Geoff Duke , Jimmie Guthrie , Rick Long , Jim Redman , Michael Rutter , John Surtees 6 Alec Bennett , Nick Crowe , Robert Dunlop , Brian Reid , Carlo Ubbiali 5 Klaus Enders , Freddie Frith , Wal Handley , Trevor Ireson , Benga Johansson , Dave Leach , Chris Palmer , Ray Pickrell , Tarquinio Provini , Horst Schneider , Barry Smith , Bill Smith , Jock Taylor , John Williams Ray Amm , Adrian Archibald , Graeme Crosby , Harold Daniell , Max Deubel , Ralf Engelhardt , Ryan Farquhar , Patrick Farrance , Carl Fogarty , Alex George , Tom Herron , Darren Hope , Emil Hörner , Alan Jackson , Tony Jefferies , Geoff Johnson , Klaus Klaffenböck , Rob McElnea , Bob McIntyre , Phil Mellor , Dave Morris , Clive Pollington , Walter Schneider , Ian Simpson , Rolf Steinhausen , Hans Strauss , Luigi Taveri , Don Williams , Barry Woodland Fergus Anderson , Hugh Anderson , Manliff Barrington , Artie Bell , Geoff Bell , Lowry Burton , Kel Carruthers , Bernard Codd , Charlie Collier , Keith Cornbill , Mark Cox , Steve Cull , Pat Cushnahan , Howard R Davies , Freddie Dixon , Charlie Dodson , Cameron Donald , Iain Duffus , Karl Ellison , Bob Foster , Dick Greasley , Manfred Grunwald , Hermann Hahn , Craig Hallam , Shaun Harris , Dean Harrison , John Hartle , Peter Hickman , Pete Hill , Fritz Hillebrand , Mac Hobson , Gary Hocking , John Holden , Josef Huber , Tim Hunt , Bill Ivy , Gary Johnson , Alistair King , Con Law , Eddie Laycock , Ivan Lintin , Bill Lomas , Nick Long , Graeme McGregor , Trevor Nation , Gary Padgett , Steve Plater , Jock Porter , Nick Roche , Cecil Sandford , Dave Saville , Tom Sheard , Edwin Twemlow , Malcolm Uphill , Dave Wells , Eric Williams , Andrew Winkle , Michael Wynn Steve Abbott , Dario Ambrosini , Frank A Applebee , Ivor Arber , Reg Armstrong , Kenny Arthur , Stewart Atkinson , Georg Auerbacher , Mike Aylott , Mark Baldwin , Rob Barber , W. Harry Bashall , Ian Bell , Phillip Biggs , Eric Bliss , Dieter Braun , Eric Briggs , Norman Brown , Ralph Bryans , Jimmy Buchan , Trevor Burgess , Roger Burnett , Mick Burns , Florian Camathias , Maurice Cann , Neil Carpenter , Phil Carpenter , Phil Carter , Harold Clark , Rod Coleman , Harry A Collier , Stuart Collins , Syd Crabtree , Dave Croxford , J.D. Daniels , Leo Davenport , Geoff Davison , Tommy de la Hay , Ernst Degner , Walter Denny , George Douglas , Eddie Dow , Percy Evans , Helmut Fath , Jack Findlay , John Flaxman , Frank Fletcher , Rem Fowler , John Gibbard , Sid Gleave , Oliver Godfrey , Les Graham , Stuart Graham , Werner Haas , Dave Hallam , Roy Hanks , Colin Hardman , Bernard Hargreaves , Conrad Harrison , Ron Haslam , Ronnie Hazlehurst , Chris Heath , Alfred Herzig , Freddie Hicks , James Hillier , Robert Holden , Rupert Hollaus , Colin Hopper , Ken Horstman , Clive Horton , Eric Housley , Dennis Ireland , Mitsuo Itoh , Brian Jackson , Nick Jefferies , Doug Jewell , C.W. Johnston , Ken Kavanagh , Bob Keeler , Neil Kelly , Basil Keys , John Kidson , Ewald Kluge , Ray Knight , David Lashmar , Monty V. Lockwood , Frank Longman , Heinz Luthringshauser , Jack Marshall , Keith Martin , Hugh Mason , Cromie McCandless , Georg Meier , Ted Mellors , Mark Miller , Derek Minter , Brian Morrison , Les Nutt , George O'Dell , Eric Oliver , Mat Oxley , Len Parker , Philip Parker , Denis Parkinson , Graham Penny , Alex Phillip , Derek Powell , Cyril Pullin , Brian Purslow , Richard Quayle , Johnny Rea , Harry Reed , Tim Reeves , Brett Richmond , Tommy Robb , John Robinson , Mike Rogers , Nigel Rollason , Dave Roper , Gordon Russell , Fritz Scheidegger , Martyn Sharpe , Dave Simmonds , Bill Simpson , Jimmie Simpson , Cyril Taft , Omobono Tenni , Steve Tonkin , George Tucker , Kenneth Twemlow , Henry Tyrell - Smith , Chris Vincent , Terry Vinicombe , Graham Walker , Frank Whiteway , Cyril Williams , Paul Williams , Peter Williams , Alfred Wohlgemuth , Tim Wood , Tommy Wood , Stan Woods
Joey Dunlop
Isle of Man TT
isle of man tt
Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Region Isle of Man Course Snaefell Mountain Course Type Public road course Clerk of the Course Gary Thompson MBE BEM Event Organiser ACU Events Ltd Principal sponsor Isle of Man Department of Economic Development History First race 1907 Number of races 99 ( to 2018 ) First winner Charles R. Collier ( 1907 ) Most wins Joey Dunlop 26 ( 1977 -- 2000 ) Lap record Peter Hickman 16m42. 778s -- 135.452 mph ( 217.989 km / h ) ( 2018 ) The International Isle of Man TT ( Tourist Trophy ) races are an annual motorcycle sport event run on the Isle of Man in May / June of most years since its inaugural race in 1907 , and is often called one of the most dangerous racing events in the world . The Isle of Man TT is run in a time - trial format on public roads closed to the public by an Act of Tynwald ( the parliament of the Isle of Man ) . The event consists of one week of practice sessions followed by one week of racing . It has been a tradition , perhaps started by racing competitors in the early 1920s , for spectators to tour the Snaefell Mountain Course on motorcycles during the Isle of Man TT on `` Mad Sunday '' , an informal and unofficial sanctioned event held on the Sunday between ' Practice Week ' and ' Race Week ' . The first Isle of Man TT race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto - Cycle Tourist Trophy . The event was organised by the Auto - Cycle Club over 10 laps of the Isle of Man St John 's Short Course of 15 miles 1,470 yards for road - legal ' touring ' motorcycles with exhaust silencers , saddles , pedals and mudguards . From 1911 the Isle of Man TT transferred to the much longer Snaefell Mountain Course of 37.40 miles ( current length 37.73 miles ) . The race programme developed from a single race with two classes for the 1907 Isle of Man TT , expanding in 1911 to two individual races for the 350cc Junior TT motor - cycles and the Blue Riband event the 500cc Senior TT race . The race did not take place from 1915 to 1919 due to the First World War . It resumed in 1920 . A 250cc Lightweight TT race was added to the Isle of Man TT programme in 1922 followed by a Sidecar TT race in 1923 . There was no racing on the Isle of Man between 1940 and 1945 due to the Second World War . It recommenced with the Manx Grand Prix in 1946 and the Isle of Man TT in 1947 , with a greatly expanded format that included the new Clubman 's TT races . The Isle of Man TT became part of the FIM Motor - cycle Grand Prix World Championship ( now MotoGP ) as the British round of the World Motor - Cycling Championship during the period 1949 -- 1976 . Following safety concerns with the Snaefell Mountain Course and problems over inadequate ' start - money ' for competitors , there was a boycott of the Isle of Man TT races from the early 1970s by many of the leading competitors , motorcycle manufacturers and national motorcycle sporting federations . It is still billed in popular culture as the most dangerous motorsport event in the world , with the New York Times stating the number of deaths `` to 146 since it was first run in 1907 ; if one includes fatal accidents occurring during the Manx Grand Prix , the amateur races held later in the summer on the same Snaefell Mountain Course , the figure rises above 250 . '' fatalities in its history . An on - site account of the 2003 race by Sports Illustrated writer Franz Lidz called the spectacle `` 38 Miles of Terror ... a test of nerves and speed that may be sport 's most dangerous event . '' In 1976 , the Isle of Man TT lost its world championship status ; this was transferred to the United Kingdom by the FIM and run as the British Grand Motor - Cycle Grand Prix for the 1977 season . The Isle of Man TT Races then became an integral part of the new style TT Formula 1 , Formula 2 and Formula 3 World Championships between 1977 and 1990 to develop and maintain the international racing status of the Isle of Man TT races . The event was redeveloped by the Isle of Man Department of Tourism as the Isle of Man TT Festival from 1989 onwards . This included new racing events for the new Isle of Man TT Festival programme , including the Isle of Man Pre-TT Classic Races in 1989 followed by the Isle of Man Post-TT Races from 1991 and both held on the Billown Circuit . In 2013 , the Isle of Man Classic TT was developed by the Isle of Man Department of Economic Development and the Auto - Cycle Union for historic racing motorcycles , and along with the Manx Grand Prix now forms part of the ' Isle of Man Festival of Motorcycling ' held in late August of each year . The event has not been without criticism . In 2007 an incident during the ' senior race ' resulted in the death of a rider and two spectators. . The resultant inquest made several recommendations and included several comments , such as : ' Senior Marshals may well have been elevated beyond the sphere of their competence '. . It also noted that ' I am more than aware of the fact that the witnesses from the Manx Motor Cycle Club and the marshals are all volunteers . They give their time freely and without paid reward . Having said that however , if it were suggested because they were volunteers there should be some allowance in the standards expected of them , then I regret I can not agree ' on the subject of competency . Contents 1 Early Isle of Man TT race history ( 1904 -- 1910 ) 1.1 Gordon Bennett and Tourist Trophy car races 1.2 International Motor - Cycle Cup Race ( 1905 ) 2 Format of the races 2.1 Race procedure 2.2 Eligibility 2.3 Race classes 2.3. 1 Superbike TT 2.3. 2 Supersport TT 2.3. 3 Superstock TT 2.3. 4 Lightweight TT 2.3. 5 Sidecar TT 2.3. 6 Senior TT 2.3. 7 TT Zero 2.4 Discontinued race classes 2.4. 1 Ultra-Lightweight TT 2.4. 2 Clubman TT and Production TT 3 Practice sessions 3.1 Practice week sessions 3.2 Race week practice sessions 3.3 Practice TT Zero 4 Race schedule 5 TT course official vehicles 6 Crossing places during practice and races 6.1 In Douglas 6.2 Elsewhere 7 TT Course access road 8 Description 9 Safety 10 Total overall race winners 11 FIM Championship Rounds ( 1949 -- 1976 ) 12 Current lap records 13 Current race records 14 Race awards 14.1 Race winner trophies 14.2 Fastest lap awards 14.3 Special awards 14.4 Other Special awards 15 See also 16 Notes 16.1 Citations 16.2 References 17 External links Early Isle of Man TT race history ( 1904 -- 1910 ) ( edit ) Gordon Bennett and Tourist Trophy Car races ( edit ) Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial , restricted to touring automobiles . As the Motor Car Act 1903 placed a speed restriction of 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) on automobiles in the UK , Julian Orde , Secretary of the Automobile Car Club of Britain and Ireland approached the authorities in the Isle of Man for the permission to race automobiles on the island 's public roads . The Highways ( Light Locomotive ) Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52.15 - mile ( 83.93 km ) Highroads Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial which was won by Clifford Earl ( Napier ) in 7 hours 26.5 minutes for five laps ( 255.5 mi or 411.2 km ) of the Highroads Course . The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was again won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course . This was followed in September 1905 with the first Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for racing automobiles , now known as the RAC Tourist Trophy and was won by John Napier ( Arrol - Johnston ) in 6 hours and 9 minutes at an average speed of 33.90 mph ( 54.56 km / h ) . International Motor - Cycle Cup race ( 1905 ) ( edit ) For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial it was decided to run an eliminating trial for motorcycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor - Cycle Cup Races . An accident at Ramsey Hairpin forced out one of the pre-race favourites and the inability of the motorcycle competitors to climb the steep Mountain Section of the course forced the organisers to use a 25 - mile ( 40 km ) section of the Gordon Bennett Trial course . This ran from Douglas south to Castletown and then north to Ballacraine along the primary A3 road and returned to the start at the Quarterbridge in Douglas via Crosby and Glen Vine along the current Snaefell Mountain Course in the reverse direction . The 1905 International Motor - Cycle Cup Race for five laps ( 125 mi or 201 km ) was won by J.S. Campbell ( Ariel ) despite a fire during a pit stop in 4 hours , 9 minutes and 36 seconds at an average race speed of 30.04 mph ( 48.34 km / h ) . Format of the races ( edit ) Competitors line up at the start of the 2010 Senior TT race The TT Races since the first race in 1907 have been in the format of time - trial . The races held on the Clypse Course during the period 1954 -- 1959 were the more traditional full grid starts along with the 1924 Lightweight TT Race and Clubmen TT Races from 1948 , which were also `` mass - start '' races . The current format is a `` clutch start '' and race competitors will be `` started singly at 10 - second intervals '' . Race procedure ( edit ) Start Preliminaries First Signal -- 45 minutes before the start with a warm - up of engines in the Race Paddock and assembly area . Second Signal -- 30 minutes before start . Third Signal -- 15 minutes before start , race competitors move to the start - line and form - up in qualification order . Fourth Signal -- 5 minutes before start , signal to clear the grid and race competitors move towards the exit-gate . Eligibility ( edit ) Entrants must be in possession of a valid National Entrants or FIM Sponsors Licence for Road Racing . Entrants must cite pre-filled documentation of completion of a UK drivers licence or motorcycle certification or a drivers licence from a comparable country that is recognized by UK comparable department of transportation standards and may withhold due to any pre race or post race suspensions . Race classes ( edit ) Superbike TT ( edit ) The 2015 specification for entries into the Superbike TT race are defined as : Any machine complying with the following specifications : TT Superbike : ( Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Superbike Championship specifications ) Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Minimum Weight 165 kg ( 364 lb ) . Other machines admitted at the discretion of the Organisers Supersport TT ( edit ) The 1911 Isle of Man TT was the first time the Junior TT race took place , open to 300 cc single - cylinder and 340 cc twin cylinder motorcycles , contested over five laps of the new 37.5 - mile ( 60.4 km ) Snaefell Mountain Course . The first event on the new course was the Junior TT Race contested by 35 entrants , won by Percy J. Evans riding a Humber motor - cycle at an average race speed of 41.45 mph ( 66.71 km / h ) . The 1912 event was the first to limit the Junior TT to only 350 cc machines and this engine capacity prevailed until 1994 when replaced by the 600 cc Supersport class . 1911 For single cylinder motorcycles not exceeding 300 cc engine capacity and 340 cc twin cylinder motorcycles . 1912 -- 1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity . 1949 -- 1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Snaefell mountain course . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course . 1977 -- 1993 for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course . 1994 onwards for motorcycles not exceeding 600 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Supersport TT race are : TT Supersport : ( Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Supersport Championship specifications ) Over 400 cc up to 600 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 600 cc up to 675 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 600 cc up to 750 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Minimum Weight 161 kg Superstock TT ( edit ) Main article : Superstock TT The 2015 specifications for entries for the Superstock TT , an event for production based motorcycles racing with treaded road tyres , are based on the FIM Superstock Championship specifications , as follows : Superstock TT : ( Machines complying with the 2012 FIM Superstock Championship specifications ) Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Minimum ( Dry ) Weight 170 kg Lightweight TT ( edit ) Main article : Lightweight TT Winner of the 2012 Lightweight TT Ryan Farquhar 650 cc Kawasaki , ( 2 ) at the startline The 1922 event was the first time the Lightweight TT race took place , won by a motorcycle - journalist Geoff S. Davison , riding a Levis at an average speed of 49.89 mph ( 80.29 km / h ) for seven laps of the Snaefell Mountain Course . As with the Ultra-Lightweight TT Race , the event was dropped from the race schedule in 2004 , but was reintroduced 2008 -- 2009 , held on the Billown short road circuit and then dropped again from the race schedule on cost grounds . 1924 -- 1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity . 1949 -- 1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Snaefell mountain course . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 1977 -- 2004 for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 2008 -- 2009 for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity , held on the Billown Circuit . 2012 -- The event was re-introduced from the 2012 event for water - cooled four - stroke twin cylinder not exceeding a capacity of 650 cc and complying with the ACU Standing Regulations . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Lightweight TT race are : Machines must comply with general technical rules as per ACU Standing Regulations and 2015 IOM TT regulations . Any four - stroke twin cylinder motorcycle originally sold for road use with a water - cooled engine of up to 650 cc engine capacity . Eligible machines must be from models homologated for road use 2006 or later . Sidecar TT ( edit ) Main article : Sidecar TT Sidecar TT race competitors line up to start the race The 1923 TT was the first time the Sidecar TT race was run , over three laps ( 113 mi or 182 km ) of the Mountain Course and was won by Freddie Dixon and passenger Walter Perry with a Douglas and special banking - sidecar at an average race speed of 53.15 mph ( 85.54 km / h ) . For the 1926 event the Sidecar and Ultra-Lightweight TT classes were dropped due to lack of entries . The Sidecar race was re-introduced from the 1954 event for Sidecars not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity , run on the Clypse Course . A non-championship 750 cc class for sidecars was introduced at the 1968 event . For the 1976 event the race was held over two - legs . From 1975 , the previous 500 cc and 750 cc classes for Sidecars were replaced by a 1000 cc engine capacity class . The new FIM Formula 2 class for Sidecars was introduced for the 1990 Isle of Man TT . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship Event for Side - Cars not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . Race held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1976 FIM World Championship Event held on Mountain Course . 1968 -- 1974 Non-Championship event for Sidecars not exceeding 750 cc . 1975 -- 1989 Sidecars not exceeding 1000 cc engine capacity . 1990 -- FIM Formula 2 Sidecar race for two - stroke engines not exceeding 350 cc or four - stroke engines not exceeding 600 cc . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Sidecar TT race are : Machines must comply with general technical rules as per ACU Standing Regulations and 2015 Isle of Man TT regulations . Engine Types 501 -- 600 cc , 4 stroke , 4 cylinder , Production based motorcycle engines . Senior TT ( edit ) Main article : Senior TT Ian Hutchinson on the start - line of the Senior TT Race on 11 June 2010 For the 1911 Isle of Man TT , the first TT event using the Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course , two separate races were introduced . The first event was a four lap Junior TT race and a separate Senior TT race for 500 cc single - cylinder and 585 cc twin - cylinder motorcycles , over five laps of the new 37.5 - mile ( 60.4 km ) Snaefell Mountain Course . The new technical challenges of the Mountain Course forced changes on entrants and motorcycle manufacturers alike . The American Indian motorcycle factory fitted a two - speed gearbox and chain - drive . This proved to be the winning combination when Oliver Godfrey won the 1911 Senior TT race riding an Indian at an average speed of 47.63 mph ( 76.65 km / h ) . Fitted with a six - speed belt drive Charlie Collier riding a Matchless motorcycle finished second in the 1911 Senior TT race and was later disqualified for illegal refuelling . During an early morning practice session for the 1911 Isle of Man TT races , Victor Surridge died after crashing his Rudge motorcycle at Glen Helen , the first death of a competitor on the Snaefell Mountain Course and the first death in the Isle of Man of a person in an automotive accident . 1911 For single cylinder motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity and 585 cc twin cylinder motorcycles . 1912 -- 1939 For motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . 1947 -- 1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity and a ban on engine supercharging . 1949 -- 1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . 1977 -- 1984 for motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity . 1985 -- 2004 for motorcycles complying with ACU TT Formula 1 rules not exceeding 1,010 cc engine capacity . 2004 onwards for motorcycles complying with ACU / FIM Superbike rules not exceeding 1,000 cc engine capacity . The 2015 specifications for entries into the Senior TT race are : TT Superbike : ( Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Superbike Championship specifications ) Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4 - stroke Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4 - stroke Supersport Junior TT ( without limitation of tyre choice ) TT Superstock ( without limitation of tyre choice ) Other machines admitted at the discretion of the Organisers . TT Zero ( edit ) Main article : TT Zero Starting from the 2010 races , the TT Zero event over one lap ( 37.73 mi or 60.72 km ) of the Snaefell Mountain Course replaced the TTXGP . The TT Zero event as an officially sanctioned TT race is for racing motorcycles where `` The technical concept is for motorcycles ( two wheeled ) to be powered without the use of carbon based fuels and have zero toxic / noxious emissions '' . The Isle of Man Government offered a prize of £ 10,000 for the first entrant to exceed the prestigious 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) ( 22 minutes and 38.388 seconds ) average speed around the Mountain Course . This was achieved by Michael Rutter of team MotoCzysz in the 2012 race , and has been exceeded every year since . Discontinued race classes ( edit ) Ultra-Lightweight TT ( edit ) Main article : Ultra-Lightweight TT 1924 was the first time the Ultra-Lightweight TT race took place for motorcycles not exceeding 175 cc engine capacity . It was won by Jack Porter , riding a New Imperial motorcycle at an average speed of 51.21 mph ( 82.41 km / h ) over three laps of the Snaefell mountain course . The Ultra-Lightweight class was re-introduced in 1951 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc until discontinued in 1974 , and then re-introduced for 1989 , again for two - stroke 125 cc motorcycles , until dropped again due to lack of entries after 2004 . The event was reintroduced 2008 -- 2009 held on the four - mile Billown Circuit and then dropped from the race schedule on cost grounds for the 2010 races . 1924 -- 1925 For motorcycles not exceeding 175 cc engine capacity . 1951 -- 1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Snaefell mountain course . 1954 -- 1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Clypse Course . 1960 -- 1974 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 1989 -- 2004 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . 2008 -- 2009 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity , held on the Billown Circuit . 50 cc race 1962 -- 1968 , an additional World Championship event for Ultra-Lightweight motorcycles not exceeding 50 cc engine capacity , held on the Mountain Course . Clubman TT and Production TT ( edit ) The Clubman races with Lightweight , Junior and Senior classes were held for production motorcycles from 1947 until 1956 . A Senior 1000 cc class provided an opportunity for Vincent motorcycles . The riders were little - known , but as the stars were barred from entering the class , it provided a stepping - stone for future - stars but resulted in less spectator - interest . The series became dominated by one model -- the BSA Gold Star , and with little competition from other manufacturers , was discontinued . When previewing the impending re-introduction of a specification - controlled , roadster - based class in March 1967 , David Dixon wrote : `` lack of inter-make rivalry probably put the final nail in the coffin '' . Writing in UK monthly magazine Motor Cyclist Illustrated , racing journalist Ray Knight , who had achieved a lap speed of nearly 88 mph on a Triumph Tiger 100 roadster - based racing motorcycle in the Manx Grand Prix , commented in early 1965 that the ACU had refused a request from manufacturers to run a production TT race , which he thought was a missed opportunity , particularly considering the dwindling support for the 500 cc race . A Production TT for roadster - based motorcycles having classes for maximum engine capacities of 250 cc , 500 cc and 750 cc was introduced from 1967 until 1976 when the class was discontinued . The Production TT was reintroduced for the 1984 races in three classes , reduced to two classes on safety grounds for the 1990 races . For the 2005 races the Superstock class replaced the previous 1000 cc & 600 cc Production TT classes that had been part of the race schedule since 1989 . Practice sessions ( edit ) 2013 TT start of the Newcomers Speed Control Lap with John McGuinness ( left ) and Bruce Anstey ( right ) At the TT races there is usually one week of practice and one week of racing . Historically there was an early morning practice session from 05 : 00 -- 07 : 30 am but this was discontinued from the 2004 races . During an early morning practice at the 1927 Isle of Man TT , Archie Birkin , brother of Tim Birkin of the Bentley Boys , was killed at Rhencullen . From 1928 practice sessions for the Isle of Man TT Races and Manx Grand Prix were held on closed roads . Evening practice sessions were introduced for the 1937 Isle of Man TT and continue to this day . The Thursday afternoon practice session from 13 : 45 -- 17 : 00 , introduced in the late 1950s , was discontinued from the Centenary races in 2007 . A schedule for practice sessions is announced each year well in advance . For the 2016 races a provisional schedule was announced by mid-July 2015 , and changes in the schedule were highlighted . But for example , the 2015 event began with a Saturday evening untimed practice session from 18 : 00 -- 21 : 30 , with the public roads that comprise the Snaefell Mountain Course closed . The section of the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Ramsey Hairpin to Creg - ny - Baa was to close at 16 : 45 for the practice periods ( from 17 : 00 hours from the Bungalow ) , 1 hour and 15 minutes before the rest of the course . The first practice session in 2015 was to provide four controlled laps for newcomers , two for new Solo competitors and two for new Sidecar competitors . Competitors would be escorted for one lap of the Mountain Course by the Travelling Marshals at a steady pace and accompanied by experienced Isle of Man TT and / or Manx Grand Prix competitors . The schedule for the first Saturday untimed session in 2015 was : 18 : 20 -- 18 : 45 Solo Motor - Cycles Newcomers Speed Control Lap 18 : 35 -- 19 : 00 Sidecar Newcomers ' Control Lap 18 : 50 -- 19 : 50 Lightweight TT / Newcomers ( all solo classes ) 19 : 55 -- 20 : 50 Sidecar practice session . Practice week sessions ( edit ) The main practice and timed practice sessions are usually held on Monday - Friday of the next week . The public roads forming the Mountain Course were to be closed in 2015 between 18 : 00 -- 21 : 30 for the Solo and Sidecar classes . Some would - be racers need to qualify for races by achieving satisfactory practice times during these sessions . Schedule for the five - day timed session Monday - Friday of practice week in 2015 : 18 : 20 -- 19 : 55 Solo Motor - Cycles timed practice session . 20 : 00 -- 20 : 50 Sidecar timed practice session . Race week practice sessions ( edit ) Further scheduled timed practice sessions after the race periods for the 2015 Isle of Man TT Races : Saturday 6 June : 16 : 40 -- 17 : 40 Solo Motor - Cycles timed practice session . Mad Sunday , 7 June : No practice sessions were scheduled during `` Mad Sunday '' , a day when many fans ride the TT course themselves . An exception to this non-scheduling was in 2013 when there was racing on the afternoon of Mad Sunday . In 2013 , Inspector Derek Flint said : `` Even though the benefits of the mountain being one way are in place for the entire two weeks these days , Mad Sunday is traditionally a time for that little bit of extra exuberance , which creates us problems when people run out of skill , then run out of road '' . Police are out in force , and in 2013 large numbers of fans were expected to ride due to very favourable weather forecasts . Monday 8 June : 12 : 30 -- 13 : 00 Sidecar timed practice session . Wednesday 10 June : 15 : 50 -- 16 : 45 Solo Motor - Cycles timed practice session for the 2015 Isle of Man TT Races . Practice TT Zero ( edit ) 2012 TT Zero race -- Mark Miller Motoczysz ( 2 ) followed by John McGuinness ( 3 ) at Parliament Square , Ramsey Schedule for the TT Zero Challenge timed sessions in 2015 was : Friday 5 June 20 : 30 -- 20 : 50 Saturday 6 June 17 : 45 -- 18 : 30 Monday 8 June 16 : 00 -- 16 : 30 In the event of inclement weather either delaying or leading to the cancellation of one or more timed practice sessions , a reserve morning session could be held with the public roads closed 06 : 00 -- 07 : 30 on the Mountain Course . Further untimed practice sessions are held during race week after the racing has been completed for selected race classes . Race schedule ( edit ) In 2015 there were four scheduled race days : Saturday 6 June : 11 : 00 Superbike Race , 6 laps ( 236.38 mi or 380.42 km ) 14 : 00 Sidecar Race 1 , 3 laps ( 113.00 mi or 181.86 km ) Monday 8 June : 10 : 45 Supersport Race 1 , 4 laps ( 150.92 mi or 242.88 km ) 14 : 00 Superstock Race , 4 laps ( 150.92 mi or 242.88 km ) Wednesday 10 June : 10 : 45 TT Zero Challenge Race , 1 lap ( 37.73 mi or 60.72 km ) 12 : 00 Supersport TT Race 2 , 4 laps ( 150.92 mi or 242.88 km ) 14 : 30 Sidecar Race 2 , 3 laps ( 113.00 mi or 181.86 km ) Friday 12 June : 10 : 15 Lightweight TT Race , 3 laps ( 113.00 mi or 181.86 km ) 13 : 00 Senior TT Race , 6 laps ( 236.38 mi or 380.42 km ) The section of the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Ramsey Hairpin ( Barrule Park , Ramsey ) to Creg - ny - Baa was to close for the race periods 45 minutes before the rest of the course ( 30 minutes from the Bungalow ) . TT Course official vehicles ( edit ) After the completion of a practice or race period , an official course vehicle displaying the notice Roads Open proceeds around the Mountain Course , passing each point opening the roads including side - access junctions to public use . On the Snaefell mountain road section from Ramsey to Douglas , the official vehicle displays the notice Roads Open One Way . Crossing places during practice and races ( edit ) The 1982 Road Racing Act ( Isle of Man ) and the supplementary TT Road Races Orders allow vehicles and pedestrians to cross the Snaefell Mountain Course at certain points between scheduled race periods under the supervision of a police officer . Several permanent pedestrian overbridges have been erected . These points include : In Douglas ( edit ) A2 St Ninian 's Crossroads with the A22 Ballaquayle Road and the A22 Ballanard Road A2 junction at Bray Hill with the Tromode Road and Stoney Road A1 Peel Road between Braddan Bridge ( Jubilee Oak ) and the Quarterbridge A2 Governor 's Road , Onchan , the A2 Glencrutchery Road and Victoria Road at Governor 's Bridge A2 Glencrutchery Road between Second & Third Avenues and Victoria Road A18 Bemahague Road at Bedstead Corner , Onchan Pedestrian overbridge at Glencrutchery Road , Douglas , close to start / finish and TT Grandstand Pedestrian overbridge at Bedstead Corner , Douglas , with Hailwood Avenue junction to right Elsewhere ( edit ) A1 Douglas to Peel road with the A23 Eyreton Road and the B36 Old Church Road , Crosby A3 Castletown to Ramsey road junction with B10 Sartfield Road and the Ballaleigh Road at Barregarrow Crossroads , Michael A3 junction with A10 Station Road and C37 Ballaugh Glen Road at Ballaugh Bridge A3 junction with A14 Sandygate Road and A14 Tholt - y - Will Glen Road at Sulby Crossroads A2 Albert Square and Princes Road , Ramsey at the junction with A18 Snaefell Mountain Road , close to May Hill Pedestrian overbridge before School House Corner , western approach to Ramsey town Pedestrian overbridge exiting Ramsey town centre , looking south - east towards May Hill Pedestrian overbridge at The Bungalow , on Snaefell mountain TT Course access Road ( edit ) Part of the access road passing under the A1 Peel Road The TT Access Road runs parallel to a section of the A1 Peel Road , which is part of the Snaefell Mountain Course , and operates during practice and race periods to enable vehicles to pass from inside of the race course to the outside . It runs along a section of former railway line on the historic Douglas to Peel route , from the junction of the A5 New Castletown Road at the Quarter Bridge , passing under the course at Braddan Bridge , to an exit at Braddan School Road in Douglas outskirts , near the former Braddan Railway Halt and the A23 / Ballafletcher Road junction . The access road is a narrow , single - track width with passing places and is restricted to cars and light vans below a weight limit of 3,500 kilograms ( 3.4 long tons ; 3.9 short tons ) . When used for vehicular traffic , pedestrian access is prohibited , but at other times it is part of a system of nature - trails . Description ( edit ) The Oxford Companion to World Sports and Games notes : The oldest motor - cycle racing circuit still in use is the Snaefell Mountain Course over which the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy races are run . Starting at the town of Douglas on the south - east coast , the course takes a wide sweep to the west and north to enter the town of Ramsey on the north - east coast and thence return to the starting point , each lap measuring 37 ​ ⁄ miles ( 60.7 km ) and taking in over 200 bends while climbing from sea level to an altitude of over 1,300 ft ( 396 m ) . This circuit is the epitome of the natural road course , all the roads used being ordinary public highways closed for the racing and practice sessions . During race week , the TT races create a carnival atmosphere with picnicking spectators flanking vantage points on the circuit similar to other community festivals in another form of cycle racing -- the Tour de Yorkshire and Le Tour de France . Safety ( edit ) Main article : Snaefell Mountain Course § Safety See also : List of Snaefell Mountain Course fatal accidents Between 1907 and 2018 there have been 147 fatalities during official practices or races on the Snaefell Mountain Course , and 255 total fatalities ( this number includes the riders killed during the Manx Grand Prix , and Clubman TT race series of the late 1940s / 1950s ) . In 2016 , 5 riders died on the course during official practices or races , bringing the total number of fatalities to 252 . There were six fatalities among competitors in the 1970 Isle of Man TT , making it the deadliest year in the history of the event . Total overall race winners ( edit ) Rider Wins Joey Dunlop 26 John McGuinness 23 Michael Dunlop 18 Dave Molyneux 17 Ian Hutchinson 16 Mike Hailwood 14 Bruce Anstey 12 Steve Hislop , Phillip McCallen 11 Giacomo Agostini , Robert Fisher , Ian Lougher , Stanley Woods 10 Mick Boddice , Dave Saville , David Jefferies , Siegfried Schauzu 9 Ben Birchall , Jim Moodie , Chas Mortimer , Phil Read , Dan Sayle , Charlie Williams 8 Mick Grant , Wolfgang Kalauch , Tony Rutter 7 Chas Birks , Geoff Duke , Jimmie Guthrie , Rick Long , Jim Redman , Michael Rutter , John Surtees 6 Alec Bennett , Nick Crowe , Robert Dunlop , Brian Reid , Carlo Ubbiali 5 Klaus Enders , Freddie Frith , Wal Handley , Trevor Ireson , Benga Johansson , Dave Leach , Chris Palmer , Ray Pickrell , Tarquinio Provini , Horst Schneider , Barry Smith , Bill Smith , Jock Taylor , John Williams Ray Amm , Adrian Archibald , Graeme Crosby , Harold Daniell , Max Deubel , Ralf Engelhardt , Ryan Farquhar , Patrick Farrance , Carl Fogarty , Alex George , Tom Herron , Darren Hope , Emil Hörner , Alan Jackson , Tony Jefferies , Geoff Johnson , Klaus Klaffenböck , Rob McElnea , Bob McIntyre , Phil Mellor , Dave Morris , Clive Pollington , Walter Schneider , Ian Simpson , Rolf Steinhausen , Hans Strauss , Luigi Taveri , Don Williams , Barry Woodland Fergus Anderson , Hugh Anderson , Manliff Barrington , Artie Bell , Geoff Bell , Lowry Burton , Kel Carruthers , Bernard Codd , Charlie Collier , Keith Cornbill , Mark Cox , Steve Cull , Pat Cushnahan , Howard R Davies , Freddie Dixon , Charlie Dodson , Cameron Donald , Iain Duffus , Karl Ellison , Bob Foster , Dick Greasley , Manfred Grunwald , Hermann Hahn , Craig Hallam , Shaun Harris , Dean Harrison , John Hartle , Peter Hickman , Pete Hill , Fritz Hillebrand , Mac Hobson , Gary Hocking , John Holden , Josef Huber , Tim Hunt , Bill Ivy , Gary Johnson , Alistair King , Con Law , Eddie Laycock , Ivan Lintin , Bill Lomas , Nick Long , Graeme McGregor , Trevor Nation , Gary Padgett , Steve Plater , Jock Porter , Nick Roche , Cecil Sandford , Dave Saville , Tom Sheard , Edwin Twemlow , Malcolm Uphill , Dave Wells , Eric Williams , Andrew Winkle , Michael Wynn Steve Abbott , Dario Ambrosini , Frank A Applebee , Ivor Arber , Reg Armstrong , Kenny Arthur , Stewart Atkinson , Georg Auerbacher , Mike Aylott , Mark Baldwin , Rob Barber , W. Harry Bashall , Ian Bell , Phillip Biggs , Eric Bliss , Dieter Braun , Eric Briggs , Norman Brown , Ralph Bryans , Jimmy Buchan , Trevor Burgess , Roger Burnett , Mick Burns , Florian Camathias , Maurice Cann , Neil Carpenter , Phil Carpenter , Phil Carter , Harold Clark , Rod Coleman , Harry A Collier , Stuart Collins , Syd Crabtree , Dave Croxford , J.D. Daniels , Leo Davenport , Geoff Davison , Tommy de la Hay , Ernst Degner , Walter Denny , George Douglas , Eddie Dow , Percy Evans , Helmut Fath , Jack Findlay , John Flaxman , Frank Fletcher , Rem Fowler , John Gibbard , Sid Gleave , Oliver Godfrey , Les Graham , Stuart Graham , Werner Haas , Dave Hallam , Roy Hanks , Colin Hardman , Bernard Hargreaves , Conrad Harrison , Ron Haslam , Ronnie Hazlehurst , Chris Heath , Alfred Herzig , Freddie Hicks , James Hillier , Robert Holden , Rupert Hollaus , Colin Hopper , Ken Horstman , Clive Horton , Eric Housley , Dennis Ireland , Mitsuo Itoh , Brian Jackson , Nick Jefferies , Doug Jewell , C.W. Johnston , Ken Kavanagh , Bob Keeler , Neil Kelly , Basil Keys , John Kidson , Ewald Kluge , Ray Knight , David Lashmar , Monty V. Lockwood , Frank Longman , Heinz Luthringshauser , Jack Marshall , Keith Martin , Hugh Mason , Cromie McCandless , Georg Meier , Ted Mellors , Mark Miller , Derek Minter , Brian Morrison , Les Nutt , George O'Dell , Eric Oliver , Mat Oxley , Len Parker , Philip Parker , Denis Parkinson , Graham Penny , Alex Phillip , Derek Powell , Cyril Pullin , Brian Purslow , Richard Quayle , Johnny Rea , Harry Reed , Tim Reeves , Brett Richmond , Tommy Robb , John Robinson , Mike Rogers , Nigel Rollason , Dave Roper , Gordon Russell , Fritz Scheidegger , Martyn Sharpe , Dave Simmonds , Bill Simpson , Jimmie Simpson , Cyril Taft , Omobono Tenni , Steve Tonkin , George Tucker , Kenneth Twemlow , Henry Tyrell - Smith , Chris Vincent , Terry Vinicombe , Graham Walker , Frank Whiteway , Cyril Williams , Paul Williams , Peter Williams , Alfred Wohlgemuth , Tim Wood , Tommy Wood , Stan Woods FIM Championship rounds ( 1949 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) The Isle of Man TT was part of the FIM Motor - Cycle Grand Prix World Championship ( now MotoGP ) between 1949 and 1976 . During this period the Isle of Man TT Races counted as the United Kingdom round including the Sidecar TT , 50 cc Ultra-Lightweight TT , 125 cc Lightweight TT , 250 cc Lightweight TT , 350 cc Junior TT and 500 cc Senior TT races counted towards the FIM Motor - Cycle Grand Prix World Championship . After the 1972 races , multiple world champion and dominant motorcycle racer of his time Giacomo Agostini announced he would never race again at the Isle of Man , declaring it too dangerous for international competition and that it was outrageous that such a race should never be part of a scenario where riders were forced to do such a race ; at this point the Isle of Man TT was not suited to the growing professionalism and business aspects of Grand Prix motorcycle racing . More and more riders joined his boycott , and after 1976 the race was stricken from the championship and replaced by the British Grand Prix . Year 50 cc ( Ultra-Lightweight TT ) 125 cc ( Lightweight TT ) 250 cc ( Lightweight TT ) 350 cc ( Junior TT ) 500 cc ( Senior TT ) Report Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer Rider Manufacturer 1976 Tom Herron Yamaha Chas Mortimer Yamaha Tom Herron Yamaha Report Chas Mortimer Yamaha Charlie Williams Yamaha Mick Grant Kawasaki Report Charlie Williams Yamaha Tony Rutter Yamaha Phil Carpenter Yamaha Report 1973 Tommy Robb Yamaha Charlie Williams Yamaha Tony Rutter Yamaha Jack Findlay Suzuki Report 1972 Chas Mortimer Yamaha Phil Read Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1971 Chas Mortimer Yamaha Phil Read Yamaha Tony Jefferies Yamsel Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1970 Dieter Braun Suzuki Kel Carruthers Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1969 Dave Simmonds Kawasaki Kel Carruthers Benelli Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1968 Barry Smith Derbi Phil Read Yamaha Bill Ivy Yamaha Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Report 1967 Stuart Graham Suzuki Phil Read Yamaha Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Report 1966 Ralph Bryans Honda Bill Ivy Yamaha Mike Hailwood Honda Giacomo Agostini MV Agusta Mike Hailwood Honda Report 1965 Luigi Taveri Honda Phil Read Yamaha Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1964 Hugh Anderson Suzuki Luigi Taveri Honda Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1963 Mitsuo Itoh Suzuki Hugh Anderson Suzuki Jim Redman Honda Jim Redman Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Report 1962 Ernst Degner Suzuki Luigi Taveri Honda Derek Minter Honda Mike Hailwood MV Agusta Gary Hocking MV Agusta Report 1961 Mike Hailwood Honda Mike Hailwood Honda Phil Read Norton Mike Hailwood Norton Report 1960 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Gary Hocking MV Agusta John Hartle MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1959 Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1958 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Tarquinio Provini MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1957 Tarquinio Provini Mondial Cecil Sandford Mondial Bob McIntyre Gilera Bob McIntyre Gilera Report 1956 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Ken Kavanagh Moto Guzzi John Surtees MV Agusta Report 1955 Carlo Ubbiali MV Agusta Bill Lomas Moto Guzzi Bill Lomas Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Gilera Report 1954 Rupert Hollaus NSU Werner Haas NSU Rod Coleman AJS Ray Amm Norton Report 1953 Leslie Graham MV Agusta Fergus Anderson Moto Guzzi Ray Amm Norton Ray Amm Norton Report 1952 Cecil Sandford MV Agusta Fergus Anderson Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Norton Reg Armstrong Norton Report 1951 Cromie McCandless Mondial Tommy Wood Moto Guzzi Geoff Duke Norton Geoff Duke Norton Report 1950 Dario Ambrosini Benelli Artie Bell Norton Geoff Duke Norton Report 1949 Manliff Barrington Moto Guzzi Freddie Frith Velocette Harold Daniell Norton Report Current lap records ( edit ) Category Rider ( s ) Machine Tyres Year Time Average speed Source mph km / h Outright ( all categories ) Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 16 : 42.778 135.452 217.989 Superbike TT Dean Harrison Kawasaki Metzeler 2018 16 : 50.384 134.432 216.347 Supersport TT Michael Dunlop Honda CBR600RR Dunlop 2018 17 : 31.328 129.197 207.922 Lightweight TT Michael Dunlop Paton 2018 18 : 26.543 122.750 197.547 Ultra-Lightweight TT Chris Palmer Honda RS125 20 : 20.87 110.52 177.86 Senior TT Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 16 : 42.778 135.452 217.989 Superstock TT Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 16 : 50.601 134.403 216.301 TT Zero Michael Rutter Mugen Shinden 2018 18 : 34.956 121.824 196.057 Sidecar TT Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall Honda CBR Sidecar Avon 2018 18 : 59.018 119.250 191.914 Current race records ( edit ) Category Rider ( s ) Machine Tyres Year Race time Average speed mph km / h Superbike TT ( 6 laps ) Michael Dunlop BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 01 : 44 : 13.398 130.324 209.736 Supersport TT ( 4 laps ) Dean Harrison Kawasaki ZX - 6R 2018 01 : 11 : 28.059 126.703 203.909 Lightweight TT ( 4 laps ) Michael Dunlop Paton 2018 01 : 15 : 05.032 120.601 194.088 Lightweight TT ( 3 laps ) Ivan Lintin Kawasaki ER650 Metzeler 2015 57 : 06.070 118.936 191.409 Senior TT ( 6 laps ) Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR 2018 01 : 43 : 08.065 131.700 211.951 Senior TT ( 4 laps ) John McGuinness Honda CBR1000RR Dunlop 2015 01 : 09 : 23.903 130.481 209.989 Superstock TT ( 4 laps ) Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 01 : 08 : 49.976 131.553 211.714 TT Zero ( 1 lap ) Michael Rutter Mugen Shinden 2018 18 : 34.956 121.824 196.057 Sidecar TT ( 3 laps ) Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall Honda CBR Sidecar Avon 2018 57 : 25.040 118.281 190.355 Race awards ( edit ) Race winner trophies ( edit ) Race Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Tyres Year Average speed mph km / h Senior TT Senior Tourist Trophy Michael Dunlop Suzuki GSX - R1000 Dunlop 2017 130.456 209.949 TT Superbike TT Superbike Trophy Michael Dunlop BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 130.324 209.736 TT Superstock John Hartle Trophy Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR Dunlop 2018 131.553 211.714 TT Supersport Race 1 Junior Tourist Trophy Michael Dunlop Honda CBR600RR Dunlop 2018 126.027 202.821 TT Supersport Race 2 Classic TT Trophy Ian Hutchinson Yamaha YZF - R6 Metzeler 2016 125.905 202.624 TT Lightweight Lightweight TT Trophy Michael Rutter Paton S1 Dunlop 2017 118.645 190.941 TT Sidecar Race 1 Fred W. Dixon Trophy Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall Honda CBR Sidecar Avon 2018 117.987 189.882 TT Sidecar Race 2 Sidecar TT Trophy Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall LCR Honda 600 cc Avon 2017 115.760 186.298 ^ 1 Marquis de Mouzilly St Mars Trophy . Fastest lap awards ( edit ) Race Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Year Average speed Time mph km / h Overall Jimmy Simpson Trophy Michael Dunlop Suzuki GSX - R1000 2017 132.903 213.887 17 : 02.009 Senior TT Norman Brown Trophy Michael Dunlop Suzuki GSX - R1000 2017 132.903 213.887 17 : 02.009 TT Superbike John Williams Trophy Dean Harrison Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 10R 2018 134.432 216.347 16 : 50.384 TT Superstock Don Ryder Trophy Peter Hickman BMW S1000RR 2018 134.403 216.301 16 : 50.601 TT Supersport Race Formula 2 TT Trophy Peter Hickman Triumph Daytona 675 2017 126.848 204.142 17 : 50.792 TT Sidecar Race Jock Taylor Trophy Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall LCR Honda 600 Sidecar 2017 117.119 188.485 19 : 19.746 Special awards ( edit ) Award Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Year TT Solo Championship Joey Dunlop Trophy Ian Hutchinson BMW S1000RR Yamaha YZF - R6 2016 TT Privateer 's Champion TT Privateer 's Champion Daniel Hegarty Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 10R Kawasaki Ninja ZX - 6R 2016 Overall Sidecar Championship RAC Sidecar Trophy John Holden and Andrew Winkle LCR Suzuki 600 cc 2016 Sidecar Passenger Championship Craig Trophy Andrew Winkle LCR Suzuki 600 cc 2016 Supersport Championship TT Supporters ' Club Trophy Ian Hutchinson Yamaha YZF - R6 2016 Sidecar Chassis Championship Fred Hanks Trophy John Holden and Andrew Winkle LCR Suzuki 600 cc 2016 Newcomers Sidecar Driver Championship Peter Chapman Trophy Lionel Mansuy Windle 600 cc 2015 Newcomers Sidecar Passenger Championship Dave Wells Trophy Matty Ramsden LCR 600 cc 2015 British competitor British manufacturer Joe Craig Trophy Guy Martin Triumph 675 cc 2015 Irish ( North or South ) solo competitor Martin Finnegan Trophy Michael Dunlop BMW S1000RR 2016 Isle of Man solo competitor Gavin Lee Trophy Conor Cummins Honda CBR1000RR 2016 Other special awards ( edit ) Fastest Newcomer -- The Vernon Cooper Trophy Rider ( s ) Machine Year Average speed Time mph km / h Derek McGee Honda 1000 cc 2015 121.928 196.224 18 : 33.999 Most Meritorious Female -- The Susan Jeness Trophy is awarded yearly by the Executive Committee of the TT Supporters ' Club , in recognition of the `` most meritorious performance by a female competitor '' during the previous TT meeting . Rider ( s ) Race Category Year Jenny Tinmouth solo rider Jenny Tinmouth solo rider 2011 Debbie Baron as driver , Ireson Kawasaki Sidecar 600 cc 2012 Estelle Leblond as driver , Sidecar 600 cc 2013 Estelle Leblond as driver , Sidecar 600 cc 2014 ( undecided ) 2015 See also ( edit ) Isle of Man TT portal Isle of Man portal List of named corners of the Snaefell Mountain Course North West 200 Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Man TT results : Peter Hickman becomes the world 's fastest rider with record - breaking Senior TT victory '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Peter Hickman produces an astonishing record final lap to win the Senior TT at the Isle of Man TT to pip race - long leader Dean Harrison in one of the closest races ever seen . Jump up ^ The Manx Experience . A Souvenir Guide to the Isle of Man. page 66 - 67 Gordon N. Kniverton 8th edition The Manx Experience ( 1987 ) Mannin Publishing Ltd Jump up ^ Isle of Man Examiner page 2 12 November 1921 Jump up ^ Here Is the News : A Chronicle of the 20th Century , Volume 1 page 78 Gordon N. Kniverton & Terry Cringle Manx Heritage Foundation ( 1999 ) The Manx Experience ISBN 9781873120460 Jump up ^ Official Programme -- International Auto - Cycle Tourist Trophy 28 May 1907 pages 1 -- 3 The Auto - Cycle Club ( 1907 ) . Reproduction ( 2007 ) Isle of Man Post Office Jump up ^ ' Motor - Cycle pages 1 & 6 14 June 1972 ^ Jump up to : KEH , ANDREW ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` Take a Lap in the World 's Most Dangerous Race '' . New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DeGroot , Nick ( 5 June 2016 ) . `` Two fatalities in a single day rock the 2016 Isle of Man TT '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 38 Miles of Terror '' , 09.08. 03 - Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ Isle of Man 's Big 3 Race Events : The Spectator Guide . TT ( Tourist Trophy ) , Festival of Motorcycling ( incorporating Manx Grand Prix ) , Southern 100 page 43 Trevor Barret ( 2014 ) Lily Publication ISBN 1907945237 Jump up ^ https://ultimatemotorcycling.com/2017/06/07/2017-isle-man-tt-three-riders-die-tt-crashes-lambert-hoek-bonner/ Jump up ^ https://www.judgments.im/content/J590.htm Jump up ^ https://www.judgments.im/content/J583.htm Jump up ^ Island Racer 2004 pp 112 -- 113 Mortons Media Group Ltd . ISBN 9780954244224 Jump up ^ TT Pioneers -- Early Car Racing in the Isle of Man by Robert Kelly p68 The Manx Experience ( 1996 ) The Alden Press ISBN No 1 873120 61 3 Jump up ^ The Motor Cycle pp545 dated 19 June 1905 Jump up ^ Island Racer 2003 p89 Mortons Media Group Ltd ISBN 0954244222 Jump up ^ 2015 International Tourist Trophy Regulations page 22 ACU Events Isle of Man Limited ( 2015 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ 2015 International Tourist Trophy Regulations ACU Events Isle of Man Limited page 5 and page 58 Appendix A Jump up ^ 2015 International Tourist Trophy Regulations page 2 & Appendix C ACU Events Isle of Man Limited Jump up ^ International Tourist Trophy Regulations 2015 page 5 / Appendix D page 34 ACU Events ( Isle of Man ) Limited ( 2015 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ International Isle of Man TT Regulations 2012 page 41 - 42 Appendix - E ACU Events ( Isle of Man ) Ltd ( 2012 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ International Tourist Trophy Regulations 2012 page 3 / Appendix E page 43 ACU Events ( Isle of Man ) Limited ( 2015 ) Isle of Man Department of Economic Development Jump up ^ Motocourse History of the Isle of Man TT Races 1907 - 1989 page 18 - 19 and 23 ( Mick Woollett Technical Notes ) Nick Harris © Hazelton Securities Ltd ( 1990 ) Graficas Esatalla SA ISBN 0 - 905138 - 7 - 6 Parameter error in ( ( isbn ) ) : Invalid ISBN . Jump up ^ TT Topics and Tales by David Wright -- Amulree Publications ( 4 April 2006 ) ISBN 1901508099 Jump up ^ 2010 International Tourist Trophy Regulations page 2 ACU Events Isle of Man Limited Jump up ^ REGULATIONS TT ZERO -- 2010 International Tourist Trophy -- Isle of Man 29 May -- 11 June p27 ACU Events Ltd ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` History is made in the 2012 SES TT Zero '' . iomtt.com. 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ 1947 TT races , overview IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1950 Clubman TT 1000 cc class results IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 ^ Jump up to : Motor Cycle , 9 March 1967 , pp. 284 -- 286 Roadsters on the Magic Lap . A Production - TT Recce in Manxland by David Dixon . Accessed 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1956 Clubman TT Junior class results IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1956 Clubman TT Senior class results IoM TT.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 Jump up ^ 1963 Senior race results , Competitor Ray Knight , Hughes Triumph , Manx Grand Prix.Org official website , Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ 1964 Senior race results , Competitor Ray Knight , Hughes Triumph , Manx Grand Prix.Org official website , Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ Ray Knight , Competitor Profile , IoM TT.com official website , Retrieved 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ Motor Cyclist Illustrated , January 1965 , p. 41 More Production racing . Accessed 19 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Practice and Race Schedule : 2016 '' . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New schedule '' . Jump up ^ ROADS CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC TT ROAD RACES 2015 Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure - Rheynn Arraghey Bun - Troggalys Public Notice ( 2015 ) 1982 Road Racing Act ( Isle of Man ) `` Notice is given that the Department of Infrastructure has made Orders under the Road Race Act 1982 & the Highways Act 1986 . The Tourist Trophy Road Race Order 2015 permits the promoters to hold practices , races and parades during the TT Festival period . '' Jump up ^ `` Mad Sunday '' . Isle of Man Today . 2013 . Jump up ^ ROADS CLOSED TO THE PUBLIC TT ROAD RACES 2015 Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure - Bun - Troggalys Public Notice ( 2015 ) `` Notice is given that the Department of Infrastructure has made Orders under the Road Race Act 1982 & the Highways Act 1986 . The Tourist Trophy Road Race Order 2015 permits the promoters to hold practices , races and parades during the TT Festival period . '' Jump up ^ TT roads closure notice 2016 Retrieved 1 June 2016 Jump up ^ TVIM , 28 August 2013 , Retrieved 12 December 2015 Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to Sports and Games Edited by John Arlott Oxford University Press ( 1975 ) pp. 669 ISBN 0 - 19 - 211538 - 3 Jump up ^ `` World 's fastest way to die : Motorbike race that 's killed 246 '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` 3 Riders Killed in Separate Incidents at 2017 Isle Of Man TT '' . The Drive . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Backus , Richard ( March -- April 2017 ) , `` ISLE OF MAN '' , Motorcycle Classics , pp. 50 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` Two more motorcyclists killed at Isle of Man TT races '' . The Telegraph . 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lieback , Ron ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` 2016 Isle of Man TT Recap -- Winners & Fatalities '' . Ultimate MotorCycling . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's fastest way to die : The most dangerous race on the planet '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two more deaths take Isle of Man TT Festival toll to five '' . express.co.uk . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Competitor Analysis '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Records reported are lap times achieved during races only . Except where otherwise noted , sourcing in this table is from the IOMTT.COM website : title = IOM TT : Current Isle of Man TT Lap Records ^ Jump up to : `` RST Superbike TT -- Result Sheet '' ( PPDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monster Energy Supersport TT 1 - Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bennetts Lightweight TT - Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PokerStars Senior TT '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` RL360 Superstock TT - Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TT Zero Record Lap '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Locate.im Sidecar TT 2 '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Limited . 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Energy Supersport TT 2 - Result Sheet '' . Monster Energy . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Bennetts Lightweight TT results '' ( PDF ) . IOMTT.COM . Jump up ^ `` SES TT Zero - Result Sheet '' . Monster Energy . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Energy Supersport TT 2 -- Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Man TT : Hickman wins thriller , smashes lap record '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 8 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birchalls on form in Sure Sidecar TT Race 2 '' . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Holden / Winkle were secure in second and with the runners - up spot , they took the overall Sidecar Championship with Reeves / Farrance salvaging their TT race week with another podium . ^ Jump up to : `` PokerStars Senior TT -- Result Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Isle of Man TT . Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ IoM TT.com , News , 28 December 2012 Retrieved 14 September 2015 References ( edit ) Barker , Stuart ( 2007 ) . 100 One Hundred Years of the TT . EMAP ISBN 1 - 84605 - 235 - 1 Duckworth , Mick ( 2007 ) . TT 100 -- The Authorised History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Racing . Lily Publications ISBN 9781899602674 Harris , Nick ( 1991 ) . Motocourse History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Races 1907 -- 1989 Hazelton Publishing ISBN 0 - 905138 - 71 - 6 Mac McDiarmid ( 2004 ) . The Magic of The TT . A Century of Racing over The Mountain Haynes Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84425 - 002 - 4 Noyes , Denis ( 1999 ) 50 Years of Moto Grand Prix . Hazelton Publishing Ltd ISBN 1 - 874557 - 83 - 7 Pidcock , Fred & Snelling , Bill ( 2007 ) History of the Isle of Man Clubman 's TT Races 1947 -- 1956 . Amulree Publications ISBN 1 - 901508 - 10 - 2 Savage , Mike ( 1997 ) TT Heroes . Amulree Publications ISBN 0 - 9521126 - 9 - 8 Snelling , Bill ( 1996 ) . The Tourist Trophy in Old Photographs Collected by Bill Snelling . Sutton Publishing ISBN 1 - 84015 - 059 - 9 Stroud , Jon ( 2007 ) . The Little Book of the TT. Green Umbrella Publishing ISBN 1 - 905828 - 24 - 1 Wright , David ( 2007 ) . 100 Years of the Isle of Man TT Races . A Century of Motorcycle Racing . Crowood Press ISBN 1 - 86126 - 906 - 4 Wright , David ( 2006 ) . TT Topics and Tales . Amulree Publications ISBN 1 - 901508 - 09 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Man TT Races . Official website Route of Isle of Man TT ( Google Maps ) Motorcycle Classics article on the 100th anniversary of the Isle of Man TT Video of TT Access Road traffic TVIM Snaefell Mountain Course Start to Glen Helen TT Grandstand St Ninian 's Crossroads Bray Hill Quarterbridge Road Quarterbridge Braddan Bridge 2nd Milestone Union Mills Ballagarey Corner Glen Vine Crosby Cross-Roads Highlander Greeba Castle Appledene Greeba Bridge Gorse Lea Ballagarraghyn Ballacraine Ballaspur Ballig Doran 's Bend Laurel Bank Black Dub Glen Helen Glen Helen to Ballaugh Bridge Creg Willey 's Hill Sarah 's Cottage Lambfell Molyneux 's 11th Milestone Handley 's Corner Barregarrow Cronk Urleigh Douglas Road Corner Rhencullen Birkin 's Bend Bishopscourt Orrisdale North Dub Cottage Alpine Cottage Ballacobb Ballaugh Bridge Ballaugh Bridge to Ramsey Ballacrye Corner Quarry Bends Sulby Bridge Ginger Hall Kerrowmoar Glen Duff School House Corner Parliament Square Whitegates Ramsey Hairpin Ramsey to Bungalow Waterworks Tower Bends Gooseneck 26th Milestone ( Joey 's ) Guthrie 's Memorial Mountain Mile Stonebreakers Hut Verandah Bungalow Bridge Bungalow Bungalow to Cronk - ny - Mona Hailwood 's Height Brandywell Windy Corner Keppel Gate Kate 's Cottage Creg - ny - Baa Gob - ny - Geay Brandish Corner Hillberry Corner Cronk - ny - Mona Cronk - ny - Mona to Finish Signpost Corner Bedstead Corner The Nook Governor 's Bridge List of named corners of the Snaefell Mountain Course Isle of Man TT St John 's Short Course 1907 1908 1909 1910 Mountain Course 1911 1912 1913 1914 World War I 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 World War II 1947 1948 FIM Grand Prix World Championship 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 Isle of Man TT Festival 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 ( cancelled ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Classes : Senior TT Junior TT Superstock TT Lightweight TT Ultra-Lightweight TT Sidecar TT TT Zero TTXGP Races in the Grand Prix motorcycle World Championship Current Qatar Argentine Americas Spanish French Italian Catalan Dutch TT German Austrian Czech Republic British San Marino Aragon Thailand Japanese Australian Malaysian Valencian Future Finnish ( 2019 ) Former Baden - Württemberg Belgian Brazilian Canadian Chinese East German European Expo ' 92 FIM Hungarian Imola Indianapolis Indonesian Isle of Man TT Madrid Pacific Portuguese Rio de Janeiro South African Swedish Swiss Turkish Ulster United States Venezuelan Vitesse du Mans Yugoslavian Coordinates : 54 ° 10 ′ 02 '' N 4 ° 28 ′ 44 '' W  /  54.16722 ° N 4.47889 ° W  / 54.16722 ; - 4.47889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isle_of_Man_TT&oldid=852775448 '' Categories : Isle of Man TT Recurring sporting events established in 1907 1907 establishments in the Isle of Man Summer events in the Isle of Man Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with ISBN errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from March 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 08 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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2,355
who sang the song in the year 25 25
`` In the Year 2525 '' is a 1969 hit song by the American pop - rock duo of Zager and Evans . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks commencing July 12 , 1969 . It peaked at number one in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in August and September that year . The song was written and composed by Rick Evans in 1964 and originally released on a small regional record label ( Truth Records ) in 1968 . Zager and Evans disbanded in 1971 .
American pop - rock duo of Zager and Evans
In the year 2525
in the year 2525
3 : 10 ( Truth label )
3 : 15 ( RCA label ) Label Truth ; RCA Songwriter ( s ) Rick Evans Producer ( s ) Zager and Evans Zager and Evans singles chronology `` In the Year 2525 '' ( 1968 ) `` Mr. Turnkey '' ( 1969 ) `` In the Year 2525 '' ( 1969 ) `` Mr. Turnkey '' ( 1969 ) `` In the Year 2525 '' is a 1969 hit song by the American pop - rock duo of Zager and Evans . It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks commencing July 12 , 1969 . It peaked at number one in the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in August and September that year . The song was written and composed by Rick Evans in 1964 and originally released on a small regional record label ( Truth Records ) in 1968 . Zager and Evans disbanded in 1971 . Zager and Evans were a one - hit wonder , recording artists who had a number one hit and then never had another chart single . They did this in both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , which is rare . As of 2018 , they remain the only artist ever to have a chart - topping # 1 hit on both sides of the Atlantic and never have another chart single in Billboard or in the UK ever again . Their follow - up single on RCA - Victor , `` Mr. Turnkey '' , failed to hit the main music charts on either side of the Atlantic Ocean . Another single , `` Listen to the People '' , managed to make the bottom slot of the Cashbox chart at number 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Recording 2.1 Personnel 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) This section may contain excessive or improper use of non-free material . Please review the use of non-free media according to policy and guidelines and correct any violations . The talk page may have details . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` In the Year 2525 '' opens with the words : `` In the year 2525 , If man is still alive , If woman can survive , They may find ... `` . Subsequent verses pick up the story at 1010 - year intervals from 2525 to 6565 , after which the song continues with 7510 ( a 945 year interval ) , 8510 ( a 1000 year interval ) and finally 9595 ( a 1085 year interval ) . In each succeeding millennium , life becomes increasingly sedentary and automated : machines take over all work , marriage is obsolete since children are conceived in test tubes , and thoughts are pre-programmed into pills for people to consume . Then the pattern as well as the music changes , going up a half step in the key of the song ( chromatic modulation ) , after two stanzas , first from A-flat minor , to A minor , and , then , finally , to B flat minor . For the final three millennia , the tone of the song turns apocalyptic : the year 7510 marks the date by which the Second Coming will have happened , and the Last Judgment occurs one millennium later . By 9595 , humanity has likely been wiped out as punishment for depleting the world and not putting anything back into it in return . The song has no chorus . The summary verse concludes : Now it 's been 10,000 years . Man has cried a billion tears , For what , he never knew . Now man 's reign is through . But through eternal night , The twinkling of starlight . So very far away , Maybe it 's only yesterday . The song goes back to the beginning , starting all over again with `` In the year 2525 ... '' , before the song fades . The overriding theme , of a world doomed by its passive acquiescence to and overdependence on its own overdone technologies , struck a resonant chord in millions of people around the world in the late 1960s . Recording ( edit ) The song was recorded primarily in one take in 1968 , at a studio in a cow pasture in Odessa , Texas . Members of the Odessa Symphony also participated in the recording . Personnel ( edit ) Rick Evans -- acoustic guitar , vocals Denny Zager -- acoustic guitar , vocals Mark Dalton -- bass guitar Dave Trupp -- drums The Odessa Symphony -- additional instruments Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered at least 60 times in seven languages . A notable version of `` In the Year 2525 '' is sung by the Italo - French pop singer , Dalida ; another one by the UK new romantic group Visage ; another one by Greek singer Takis Antoniadis in the 1970s . Another version , with different lyrics , was used as the theme song for the short - lived science fiction series Cleopatra 2525 . The song was also covered by the British metal band Fields of the Nephilim . The South African film 1968 Tunnel Rats directed by Uwe Boll uses the song as its title theme . In a scene from the 1992 film Alien 3 , a custodian sings a verse from `` In the Year 2525 '' as he cleans an air duct . It also features in the closing credits in the Scottish film from 1996 Small Faces . It plays in the final scene of the second season finale of Millennium entitled `` The Time Is Now '' . The song was included in the controversial 2001 Clear Channel memorandum , a document distributed by Clear Channel Communications to every radio station owned by the company . The list consisted of 165 songs considered by Clear Channel to be `` lyrically questionable '' following the September 11 , 2001 attacks . The song is featured prominently in scenes from the fictional sub-story in the 2009 comedy film Gentlemen Broncos . The song is parodied in the seventh episode of Futurama 's sixth season , The Late Philip J. Fry , as Fry , Professor Farnsworth and Bender travel forwards through time to find a period in which the backwards time machine has been invented . See also ( edit ) 26th century Human extinction Preceded by `` Love Theme From Romeo and Juliet '' by Henry Mancini US Billboard Hot 100 number one single July 12 , 1969 - August 16 , 1969 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Honky Tonk Women '' by The Rolling Stones Preceded by `` Spinning Wheel '' by Blood , Sweat & Tears US Billboard Easy Listening Singles number - one single ( Zager & Evans version ) August 16 , 1969 - August 23 , 1969 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` A Boy Named Sue '' by Johnny Cash Preceded by `` Crystal Blue Persuasion '' by Tommy James and the Shondells Canadian RPM 100 number - one single August 2 , 1969 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Baby , I Love You '' by Andy Kim Preceded by `` Honky Tonk Women '' by The Rolling Stones Swiss Singles Chart number one single August 26 , 1969 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Je t'aime ... moi non plus '' by Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin Preceded by `` Honky Tonk Women '' by The Rolling Stones UK Singles Chart number one single August 30 , 1969 - September 13 , 1969 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bad Moon Rising '' by Creedence Clearwater Revival Preceded by `` Bad Moon Rising '' by Creedence Clearwater Revival New Zealand Singles Chart number one single September 5 , 1969 - September 12 , 1969 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Honky Tonk Women '' by The Rolling Stones Preceded by `` Saved by the Bell '' by Robin Gibb Irish Singles Chart number one single September 19 , 1969 - September 26 , 1969 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' by The Bee Gees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Hot 100 , Week of July 12 , 1969 -- Billboard . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 236 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Miller , Nathaniel . `` Hit song of 1969 recorded in Odessa '' . News OK . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Laffer , William D. ( July 22 , 1969 ) . `` ' In the Year 2525 ' Began in the Year 1965 : The Anatomy of a No. 1 Record '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tom ( 2005 ) . I Hate Myself and Want to Die : The 52 Most Depressing Songs You 've Ever Heard . Milsons Point , N.S.W. : Random House . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 74166 - 020 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Drummer on only No. 1 hit to come out of Lincoln dies at 72 Local '' . Journalstar.com. 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` All versions of Some musics '' . Alltheversions.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ In The Year 2525 -- Zager and Evans -- 1969 Jump up ^ Futurama in the year 105105 time machine song External links ( edit ) Zager & Evans at Discogs Zager Easy Play Custom Guitars Zager Guitar Reviews Video on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Year_2525&oldid=844240899 '' Categories : 1969 songs 1969 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Debut singles 26th century in fiction Science fiction music RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with improper non-free content from March 2018 All articles with improper non-free content Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,356
what happened to the third member of love and theft
Love and Theft ( duo )
love and theft ( duo )
Love and Theft is an American country music group founded by Stephen Barker Liles , Eric Gunderson , and Brian Bandas , all three of whom alternated as lead singers and acoustic guiarists . Signed to Lyric Street Records subsidiary Carolwood Records in 2009 , Love and Theft made their chart debut in early 2009 with the single `` Runaway , '' which reached the Top 10 on Billboard Hot Country Songs . The band 's debut album , World Wide Open , was released on August 25 , 2009 .
In 2011 , following the departure of Bandas , Love and Theft continued as a duo consisting of Gunderson and Liles . The duo moved to RCA Records Nashville that year and released the single `` Angel Eyes '' , which became their first number 1 single . It and the Top 40 singles `` Runnin ' Out of Air '' and `` If You Ever Get Lonely '' all appear on their second , self - titled album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Musical career 2 Personal lives 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Extended plays 3.3 Singles 3.4 Music videos 3.5 Awards and Nominations 4 References 5 External links Musical career ( edit ) Love and Theft was formed in 2006 by Brian Bandas , Stephen Barker Liles , and Eric Gunderson , all three of whom alternated on lead vocals . After performing before ASCAP executives , they were recommended to an A&R executive for Lyric Street Records , who signed them to Lyric Street 's sister label Carolwood Records in 2009 . Just prior , they were also signed as an opening act for Taylor Swift 's 2008 tour . Liles is the subject of `` Hey Stephen '' which appears on Swift 's 2008 album Fearless . He also co-wrote the track `` Wrong Baby Wrong Baby Wrong '' on Martina McBride 's 2009 album Shine . `` Kissin ' in Cars , '' which was featured on the soundtrack for the film Country Strong , was also co-written by Liles . Love and Theft made their first Grand Ole Opry performance on March 28 , 2009 , shortly before the release of the debut single `` Runaway . '' This song was written by Stephen Barker Liles , Canaan Smith , and Rob Blackledge of Blackjack Billy , and is included on the band 's debut album , World Wide Open . The album entered at No. 10 on the Country chart , selling 12,500 copies in its first week . In addition , Love and Theft recorded a video for `` Do n't Wake Me , '' another cut from the album . `` Runaway '' peaked at number 10 on the country chart in November 2009 , shortly before Carolwood was consolidated with Lyric Street . `` Dancing in Circles '' was released as the album 's second single in December 2009 , and reached a peak of number 25 in March 2010 . On April 14 , Disney Music Group announced the closure of Lyric Street Records , leaving Love and Theft without a record deal . Love and Theft became a duo in 2011 when founding member Brian Bandas left the band . The remaining two members then signed with RCA Nashville in 2011 . `` Angel Eyes '' was digitally released on November 8 , 2011 and released to radio six days later . In August 2012 , `` Angel Eyes '' became Love and Theft 's first Number One single on the Hot Country Songs chart . It was the lead single from their self - titled album , which was released via RCA on July 24 , 2012 . The album 's second and third singles , `` Runnin ' Out of Air and `` If You Ever Get Lonely , '' were both minor Top 40 hits on the Billboard Country Airplay charts . The duo released `` Night That You 'll Never Forget '' in early 2014 as the lead single to an upcoming third album . It reached a peak of number 34 on the Billboard Country Airplay charts and in October 2014 , it was announced that Love and Theft had parted ways with Sony Music Nashville . Almost an entire second album was lost ( including `` Going Out Like That , '' which Reba cut in 2015 ) , the songs untouchable for five years , unless Stephen and Eric paid the hefty price of $13,000 for each song . They self - released `` Whiskey on My Breath '' via Hate & Purchase Music later in the year , and their third studio album , also titled Whiskey on My Breath , was released on February 10 , 2015 . Their Ca n't Wait For the Weekend tour took place 2015 - 2016 , taking place throughout the United States . In March 2016 , Love and Theft signed a new record deal with Curb Records , which immediately re-issued their previous single , `` Whiskey on My Breath , '' to country radio . `` Candyland '' was released to country radio on October 10 , 2016 , and will serve as the first single from their forthcoming fourth studio album . Personal lives ( edit ) Gunderson married Emily Hagar in 2010 . The couple had their first baby on March 10 , 2013 , a boy named Camden William . Stephen Barker Liles got engaged to Jenna Michelle Kennedy on May 28 , 2013 . On Dec 2 , 2013 they welcomed son Jett Barker Liles . On December 26 , 2016 Stephen announced they were having a second child ( girl ) . Liles and Kennedy married Aug 24 , 2014 . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales US Country US US Indie World Wide Open Release date : August 25 , 2009 Label : Carolwood Records Formats : CD , music download 10 36 -- Love and Theft Release date : July 24 , 2012 Label : RCA Nashville Formats : CD , music download 21 -- US : 96,000 Whiskey on My Breath Release date : February 10 , 2015 Label : Hate & Purchase Music Formats : CD , music download 26 -- 16 US : 6,200 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Extended plays ( edit ) Title Album details Live in Savannah Release date : September 30 , 2008 Label : Lyric Street Records Formats : CD , music download Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications / Sales Album US Country US Country Airplay US CAN 2009 `` Runaway '' 10 -- 65 -- World Wide Open `` Dancing in Circles '' 25 -- -- -- 2011 `` Angel Eyes '' -- 32 68 US : Platinum Love and Theft 2012 `` Runnin ' Out of Air '' 38 35 -- -- 2013 `` If You Ever Get Lonely '' 43 34 -- -- 2014 `` Night That You 'll Never Forget '' 38 34 -- -- N / A `` Whiskey on My Breath '' 31 42 -- -- US : 114,000 Whiskey on My Breath 2016 `` Candyland '' -- 55 -- -- TBD `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Director 2009 `` Do n't Wake Me '' Devin Pense `` Runaway '' Kristin Barlowe `` Dancing in Circles '' 2012 `` Angel Eyes '' Chris Hicky `` Runnin ' Out of Air '' Mason Dixon 2013 `` If You Ever Get Lonely '' 2014 `` Night That You 'll Never Forget '' 2015 `` Whiskey on My Breath '' Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated Work Result 2012 Country Music Association Awards New Artist of the Year N / A Nominated Vocal Duo of the Year N / A Nominated 2013 Academy of Country Music Awards Top New Vocal Duo / Group N / A Nominated Top Vocal Duo N / A Nominated CMT Music Awards Duo Video of the Year `` Runnin ' Out of Air '' Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Artists A to Z : Love and Theft '' . Great American Country . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eileen Finan ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Guy Behind Taylor Swift Love Song Revealed '' . People.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Love And Theft sets Opry debut '' . Country Standard Time . 2008 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Love And Theft Steal the Top Spot as the Biggest Selling Newly Released Artist Album This Week '' . Business Wire . September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paxman , Bob ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Wake - Up Call : New trio Love and Theft races out of the box with its fast - paced debut video , `` Do n't Wake Me '' `` . Country Weekly . 16 ( 18 ) : 49 . Jump up ^ David M. Ross ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Lyric Street Shutters Carolwood Imprint '' . Music Row . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Covington , Fowler , Dickerson Follow Rascal Flatts to Disney Music Group '' . CMT. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Alanna Conaway ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Love and Theft 's Brian Bandas to Leave Group in New Year '' . AOL 's The Boot . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Mark ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Duo Love and Theft to Release `` Love and Theft '' on June 5 , 2012 `` . Roughstock . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias . `` Country Duo Love And Theft Talk Being Dropped By Their Label : ' We 're Still Hoping They Might Do the Right Thing ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` Reviews '' . Country Weekly . 21 ( 52 ) : 69 . ISSN 1074 - 3235 . Jump up ^ * Please enter your name . `` Love and Theft Sign With Curb Records '' . Tasteofcountry.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Allison Takeda ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Love and Theft 's Eric Gunderson , Wife Emily Expecting a Son ! - Us Weekly '' . Usmagazine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Country Music News Nash Country Daily '' . Countryweekly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kay West ( 2014 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Stephen Barker Liles Marries Jenna Michelle Kennedy '' . People.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Baby on the Way for Stephen Barker Liles -- Moms & Babies -- Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com '' . Celebritybabies.people.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Melody Chiu ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Stephen Barker Liles Engaged to Jenna Michelle Kennedy '' . People.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft 's Eric Gunderson Welcomes Baby Boy '' . Tasteofcountry.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Country Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finan , Eileen ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Hear Love and Theft 's New Single ' Whiskey on My Breath ' '' . People . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For March 18 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Country Airplay '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Theft Album & Song Chart History - Billboard Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Love and Theft -- Angel Eyes '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Singles : February 22 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : Do n't Wake Me '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : Runaway '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : Dancing in Circles '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : Angel Eyes '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : If You Ever Get Lonely '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : Night That You 'll Never Forget '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Love and Theft : Whiskey on My Breath '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Love and Theft Eric Gunderson Stephen Barker Liles Brian Bandas Studio albums World Wide Open Love and Theft Whiskey on My Breath Singles `` Runaway '' `` Dancing in Circles '' `` Angel Eyes '' `` Runnin ' Out of Air '' `` If You Ever Get Lonely '' Related articles `` Wrong Baby Wrong '' MusicBrainz : b5d77881 - 1324 - 43b2 - 9ddb - 7f4856155972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_and_Theft_(duo)&oldid=820231139 '' Categories : American country music groups Lyric Street Records artists Musical groups established in 2006 Country music duos RCA Records Nashville artists Musical groups from Nashville , Tennessee Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20and%20Theft%20%28duo%29
2,357
when did north vietnam unify with the south
Socialist Republic of Vietnam Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ( Vietnamese ) Flag Emblem Motto : Độc lập -- Tự do -- Hạnh phúc `` Independence -- Freedom -- Happiness '' Anthem : Tiến Quân Ca ( English : `` Army March '' ) Location of Vietnam ( green ) in ASEAN ( dark grey ) -- ( Legend ) Capital Hanoi 21 ° 2 ′ N 105 ° 51 ′ E  /  21.033 ° N 105.850 ° E  / 21.033 ; 105.850 Largest city Ho Chi Minh City Official language and national language Vietnamese Ethnic groups 85.7 % Vietnamese 53 minorities ( show ) 1.9 % Tay 1.8 % Tai 1.5 % Mường 1.5 % Khmer 1.2 % Hmong 1.1 % Nùng 1 % Hoa 4.3 % Others Religion 73.2 % Folk or Irreligious 12.2 % Buddhism 8.3 % Christianity 4.8 % Caodaism 1.4 % Hoahaoism 0.1 % Other religions Demonym Vietnamese Government Marxist - Leninist one - party socialist republic General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng President Trần Đại Quang Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Chairwoman of National Assembly Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân Legislature National Assembly Formation Independence from France 2 September 1945 Geneva Accords 21 July 1954 Reunification 2 July 1976 Admitted to the United Nations 20 September 1977 ASEAN Declaration 28 July 1995 Current constitution 28 November 2013 Area Total 331,230.8 km ( 127,888.9 sq mi ) ( 65th ) Water ( % ) 6.4 Population 2016 estimate 94,569,072 ( 14th ) Density 276.03 / km ( 714.9 / sq mi ) ( 46th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $648.243 billion ( 35th ) Per capita $6,925 ( 128th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $215.829 billion ( 47th ) Per capita $2,305 ( 129th ) Gini ( 2014 ) 37.6 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.683 medium 115th Currency đồng ( ₫ ) ( VND ) Time zone ( UTC + 7 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 84 ISO 3166 code VN Internet TLD . vn
2 July 1976
Vietnam
vietnam
Coordinates : 16 ° 10 ′ N 107 ° 50 ′ E  /  16.167 ° N 107.833 ° E  / 16.167 ; 107.833
Socialist Republic of Vietnam Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ( Vietnamese ) Flag Emblem Motto : Độc lập -- Tự do -- Hạnh phúc `` Independence -- Freedom -- Happiness '' Anthem : Tiến Quân Ca ( English : `` Army March '' ) Location of Vietnam ( green ) in ASEAN ( dark grey ) -- ( Legend ) Capital Hanoi 21 ° 2 ′ N 105 ° 51 ′ E  /  21.033 ° N 105.850 ° E  / 21.033 ; 105.850 Largest city Ho Chi Minh City Official language and national language Vietnamese Ethnic groups 85.7 % Vietnamese 53 minorities ( show ) 1.9 % Tay 1.8 % Tai 1.5 % Mường 1.5 % Khmer 1.2 % Hmong 1.1 % Nùng 1 % Hoa 4.3 % Others Religion 73.2 % Folk or Irreligious 12.2 % Buddhism 8.3 % Christianity 4.8 % Caodaism 1.4 % Hoahaoism 0.1 % Other religions Demonym Vietnamese Government Marxist - Leninist one - party socialist republic General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng President Trần Đại Quang Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Chairwoman of National Assembly Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân Legislature National Assembly Formation Independence from France 2 September 1945 Geneva Accords 21 July 1954 Reunification 2 July 1976 Admitted to the United Nations 20 September 1977 ASEAN Declaration 28 July 1995 Current constitution 28 November 2013 Area Total 331,230.8 km ( 127,888.9 sq mi ) ( 65th ) Water ( % ) 6.4 Population 2016 estimate 94,569,072 ( 14th ) Density 276.03 / km ( 714.9 / sq mi ) ( 46th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $648.243 billion ( 35th ) Per capita $6,925 ( 128th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $215.829 billion ( 47th ) Per capita $2,305 ( 129th ) Gini ( 2014 ) 37.6 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.683 medium 115th Currency đồng ( ₫ ) ( VND ) Time zone ( UTC + 7 ) Date format dd / mm / yyyy Drives on the right Calling code + 84 ISO 3166 code VN Internet TLD . vn Vietnam ( UK : / ˌvjɛtˈnæm , - ˈnɑːm / , US : / ˌviːətˈnɑːm , - ˈnæm / ( listen ) ; Vietnamese : Việt Nam ( vîət nāːm ) ( listen ) ) , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ( listen ) ) , is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia . With an estimated 94.6 million inhabitants as of 2016 , it is the world 's 14th-most - populous country , and the ninth-most - populous Asian country . Vietnam is bordered by China to the north , Laos to the northwest , Cambodia to the southwest , Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest , and the Philippines , Malaysia and Indonesia across the South China Sea to the east and southeast . Its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976 , with Ho Chi Minh City as the most populous city . The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium , from 111 BC to AD 939 . An independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939 , following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River . Successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia , until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century . Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s , the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War , eventually expelling the French in 1954 . Thereafter , Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states , North Vietnam ( officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) , and South Vietnam ( officially the Republic of Vietnam ) . Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War , with heavy intervention by the United States on the side of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1973 . The war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975 . Vietnam was then unified under a Marxist - Leninist government but remained impoverished and politically isolated . In 1986 , the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnam 's path towards integration into the world economy . By 2000 , it had established diplomatic relations with all nations . Since 2000 , Vietnam 's economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world , and , in 2011 , it had the highest Global Growth Generators Index among 11 major economies . Its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007 . It is also a member of the Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Dynastic Vietnam 2.3 French Indochina 2.4 First Indochina War 2.5 Vietnam War 2.6 Reunification and reforms 3 Politics 3.1 Legislature 3.2 Executive 3.3 Judiciary 3.4 Foreign relations 3.5 Military 3.6 Administrative subdivisions 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Ecology and biodiversity 5 Economy 5.1 Trade 5.2 Transport 5.2. 1 Air 5.2. 2 Road 5.2. 3 Rail 5.2. 4 Water 5.3 Water supply and sanitation 6 Science and technology 6.1 History 6.2 Scientific accomplishments 6.3 Scientific input and output 6.4 Policy developments 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnicity 7.2 Languages 7.3 Religion 8 Education 9 Health 10 Culture 10.1 Media 10.2 Music 10.3 Literature 10.4 Festivals 10.5 Tourism 10.6 Clothing 10.7 Sport 10.8 Cuisine 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Vietnam The name Việt Nam ( Vietnamese pronunciation : ( viə̀t naːm ) ) is a variation of Nam Việt ( Chinese : 南越 ; pinyin : Nányuè ; literally `` Southern Việt '' ) , a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC . The word Việt originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt ( Chinese : 百 越 ; pinyin : Bǎiyuè ) , a group of people then living in southern China and Vietnam . The form `` Vietnam '' ( 越南 ) is first recorded in the 16th - century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình . The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries , including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558 . In 1802 , Nguyễn Phúc Ánh established the Nguyễn dynasty , and in the second year , he asked the Qing Emperor Jiaqing to confer him the title ' King of Nam Viet / Nanyue ' ( 南越 in Chinese ) , but the Grand Secretariat of Qing dynasty pointed out that the name Nam Viet / Nanyue includes regions of Guangxi and Guangdong in China , and ' Nguyễn Phúc Ánh only has Annam , which is simply the area of our old Jiaozhi ( 交趾 ) , how can they be called Nam Viet / Nanyue ? ' Then , as recorded , ' ( Qing dynasty ) rewarded Yuenan / Vietnam ( 越南 ) as their nation 's name , ... , to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue / Bach Viet ' . Between 1804 and 1813 , the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long . It was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châu 's History of the Loss of Vietnam , and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party . The country was usually called Annam until 1945 , when both the imperial government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam . History History of Vietnam 2879 -- 258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 -- 1913 BC Early Hồng Bàng 1912 -- 1055 BC Mid Hồng Bàng 1054 -- 258 BC Late Hồng Bàng 257 -- 179 BC Thục dynasty 207 -- 111 BC Triệu dynasty 111 BC -- 40 AD 1st Chinese domination 40 -- 43 Trưng Sisters 43 -- 544 2nd Chinese domination 544 -- 602 Early Lý dynasty 602 -- 938 3rd Chinese domination 939 -- 967 Ngô dynasty 968 -- 980 Đinh dynasty 980 -- 1009 Early Lê dynasty 1009 -- 1225 Later Lý dynasty 1225 -- 1400 Trần dynasty 1400 -- 1407 Hồ dynasty 1407 -- 1427 4th Chinese domination 1407 -- 1413 Later Trần dynasty 1428 -- 1788 Later Lê dynasty 1527 -- 1592 Mạc dynasty 1545 -- 1787 Trịnh lords 1558 -- 1777 Nguyễn lords 1778 -- 1802 Tây Sơn dynasty 1802 -- 1945 Nguyễn dynasty 1858 -- 1954 French Indochina 1945 Empire of Vietnam From 1945 Republic 1945 -- 1976 North Vietnam ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) 1955 -- 1975 South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam ) 1975 -- 1976 Viet Cong - occupied South Vietnam From 1976 Unification of Vietnam Further subjects ( hide ) Champa dynasties ( 192 -- 1832 ) Funan ( 68 -- 550 ) Chenla ( 550 -- 802 ) Historical capitals Prehistoric and ancient cultures List of monarchs Country 's names Economic history Military history Main article : History of Vietnam Prehistory Main article : Đông Sơn culture A Đông Sơn bronze drum , circa 800 BC . Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age . Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam . The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance , and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum . Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can , and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu , Lang Gao and Lang Cuom . By about 1000 BC , the development of wet - rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River floodplains led to the flourishing of the Đông Sơn culture , notable for its elaborate bronze Đông Sơn drums . At this time , the early Vietnamese kingdoms of Văn Lang and Âu Lạc appeared , and the culture 's influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia , including Maritime Southeast Asia , throughout the first millennium BC . Dynastic Vietnam The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state , known in Vietnamese as Văn Lang . In 257 BC , the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán , who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc , proclaiming himself An Dương Vương . In 207 BC , a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue . However , Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the Han -- Nanyue War . Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south ( the Nam tiến ) , 1069 -- 1757 900 AD 1100 AD 1475 AD 1650 AD 1760 AD For the next thousand years , what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule . Early independence movements , such as those of the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu , were only temporarily successful , though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602 . By the early 10th century , Vietnam had gained autonomy , but not sovereignty , under the Khúc family . In AD 938 , the Vietnamese lord Ngô Quyền defeated the forces of the Chinese Southern Han state at Bạch Đằng River and achieved full independence for Vietnam after a millennium of Chinese domination . Renamed as Đại Việt ( Great Viet ) , the nation enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and Trần dynasties . During the rule of the Trần Dynasty , Đại Việt repelled three Mongol invasions . Meanwhile , Buddhism flourished and became the state religion . Following the 1406 -- 7 Ming -- Hồ War which overthrew the Hồ dynasty , Vietnamese independence was briefly interrupted by the Chinese Ming dynasty , but was restored by Lê Lợi , the founder of the Lê dynasty . The Vietnamese dynasties reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century , especially during the reign of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông ( 1460 -- 1497 ) . Between the 11th and 18th centuries , Vietnam expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến ( `` southward expansion '' ) , eventually conquering the kingdom of Champa and part of the Khmer Empire . From the 16th century onwards , civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Vietnam . First , the Chinese - supported Mạc dynasty challenged the Lê dynasty 's power . After the Mạc dynasty was defeated , the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled , but actual power was divided between the northern Trịnh lords and the southern Nguyễn lords , who engaged in a civil war for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s . During this time , the Nguyễn expanded southern Vietnam into the Mekong Delta , annexing the Central Highlands and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta . The division of the country ended a century later when the Tây Sơn brothers established a new dynasty . However , their rule did not last long , and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords , led by Nguyễn Ánh and aided by the French . Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam , and established the Nguyễn dynasty , ruling under the name Gia Long . French Indochina Main articles : Cochinchina Campaign , Sino - French War , Tonkin campaign , French Indochina , and Empire of Vietnam French Indochina in 1913 . Vietnam 's independence was gradually eroded by France -- aided by large Catholic militias -- in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885 . In 1862 , the southern third of the country became the French colony of Cochinchina . By 1884 , the entire country had come under French rule , with the Central and Northern parts of Vietnam separated in the two protectorates of Annam and Tonkin . The three Vietnameses entities were formally integrated into the union of French Indochina in 1887 . The French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society . A Western - style system of modern education was developed , and Roman Catholicism was propagated widely . Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina , particularly in the region of Saigon . The royalist Cần Vương movement rebelled against French rule and was defeated in the 1890s after a decade of resistance . Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement murdered around a third of Vietnam 's Christian population during this period . Developing a plantation economy to promote the export of tobacco , indigo , tea and coffee , the French largely ignored increasing calls for Vietnamese self - government and civil rights . A nationalist political movement soon emerged , with leaders such as Phan Bội Châu , Phan Chu Trinh , Phan Đình Phùng , Emperor Hàm Nghi and Ho Chi Minh fighting or calling for independence . However , the 1930 Yên Bái mutiny of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng was suppressed easily . The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II , when the war in the Pacific led to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina in 1940 . Afterwards , the Japanese Empire was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while permitting the pro-Vichy French colonial administration to continue . Japan exploited Vietnam 's natural resources to support its military campaigns , culminating in a full - scale takeover of the country in March 1945 and the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 , which caused up to two million deaths . First Indochina War Main articles : First Indochina War ; Democratic Republic of Vietnam ; State of Vietnam ; State of Vietnam referendum , 1955 ; and Operation Passage to Freedom Situation of the First Indochina War at the end of 1954 . Legend : Areas under Viet Minh control Areas under French control Viet Minh guerilla encampment / fighting In 1941 , the Viet Minh -- a communist and nationalist liberation movement -- emerged under the Marxist -- Leninist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh , who sought independence for Vietnam from France and the end of the Japanese occupation . Following the military defeat of Japan and the fall of its puppet Empire of Vietnam in August 1945 , the Viet Minh occupied Hanoi and proclaimed a provisional government , which asserted national independence on 2 September . In the same year , the Provisional Government of the French Republic sent the French Far East Expeditionary Corps to restore colonial rule , and the Viet Minh began a guerrilla campaign against the French in late 1946 . The resulting First Indochina War lasted until July 1954 . The defeat of French and Vietnamese loyalists in the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu allowed Ho Chi Minh to negotiate a ceasefire from a favorable position at the subsequent Geneva Conference . The colonial administration was ended and French Indochina was dissolved under the Geneva Accords of 1954 into three countries : Vietnam and the Kingdoms of Cambodia and Laos . Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone , approximately along the 17th parallel north , pending elections scheduled for July 1956 . A 300 - day period of free movement was permitted , during which almost a million northerners , mainly Catholics , moved south , fearing persecution by the communists . The partition of Vietnam was not intended to be permanent by the Geneva Accords , which stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after elections in 1956 . However , in 1955 , the State of Vietnam 's Prime Minister , Ngô Đình Diệm , toppled Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum organised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu , and proclaimed himself president of the Republic of Vietnam . At that point the internationally recognized State of Vietnam effectively ceased to exist and was replaced by the Republic of Vietnam in the south and Ho Chi Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north . Vietnam War Main article : Vietnam War See also : Role of the United States in the Vietnam War US helicopter spraying chemical defoliants ( probably Agent Orange ) over the Mekong Delta , 1969 . The pro-Hanoi Viet Cong began a guerrilla campaign in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm 's government . Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform , '' which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time . However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 . In the South , Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion ( including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956 ) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in `` political reeducation centers . '' This was a ruthless program that incarcerated many non-communists , although it was also successful at curtailing communist activity in the country , if only for a time . The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 individuals were killed in the process by November 1957 . In 1960 and 1962 , the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support . In 1963 , Buddhist discontent with Diệm 's regime erupted into mass demonstrations , leading to a violent government crackdown . This led to the collapse of Diệm 's relationship with the United States , and ultimately to the 1963 coup in which Diệm and Nhu were assassinated . The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments , before the pairing of Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took control in mid-1965 . Thieu gradually outmaneuvered Ky and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971 . Under this political instability , the communists began to gain ground . To support South Vietnam 's struggle against the communist insurgency , the United States began increasing its contribution of military advisers , using the 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident as a pretext for such intervention . US forces became involved in ground combat operations in 1965 , and at their peak they numbered more than 500,000 . The US also engaged in a sustained aerial bombing campaign . Meanwhile , China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers . Communist forces supplying the Viet Cong carried supplies along the Ho Chi Minh trail , which passed through Laos . The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 Tet Offensive . Although the campaign failed militarily , it shocked the American establishment , and turned US public opinion against the war . During the offensive , communist troops massacred over 3,000 civilians at Hue . Facing an increasing casualty count , rising domestic opposition to the war , and growing international condemnation , the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s . This process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilize South Vietnam . Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973 , all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973 . In December 1974 , North Vietnam captured the province of Phước Long and started a full - scale offensive , culminating in the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . South Vietnam was briefly ruled by a provisional government while under military occupation by North Vietnam . On 2 July 1976 , North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . The war left Vietnam devastated , with the total death toll standing at between 966,000 and 3.8 million . Reunification and reforms Main article : Đổi Mới See also : Reeducation camp and Vietnamese boat people The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi . In the aftermath of the war , under Lê Duẩn 's administration , there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government , confounding Western fears . However , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . The government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories . This caused economic chaos and resulted in triple - digit inflation , while national reconstruction efforts progressed slowly . In 1978 , the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia to remove from power the Khmer Rouge , who had been attacking Vietnamese border villages . Vietnam was victorious , installing a government in Cambodia which ruled until 1989 . This action worsened relations with the Chinese , who launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979 . This conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid . At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in December 1986 , reformist politicians replaced the `` old guard '' government with new leadership . The reformers were led by 71 - year - old Nguyễn Văn Linh , who became the party 's new general secretary . Linh and the reformers implemented a series of free - market reforms -- known as Đổi Mới ( `` Renovation '' ) -- which carefully managed the transition from a planned economy to a `` socialist - oriented market economy '' . Though the authority of the state remained unchallenged under Đổi Mới , the government encouraged private ownership of farms and factories , economic deregulation and foreign investment , while maintaining control over strategic industries . The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production , construction , exports and foreign investment . These reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities . Politics Main articles : Politics of Vietnam and Military of Vietnam Trần Đại Quang President Nguyễn Phú Trọng General Secretary Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Prime Minister Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam The Presidential Palace in Hanoi , formerly the Palace of The Governor - General of French Indochina . Chairman of the Communist Party Nguyễn Phú Trọng with US Secretary of State John Kerry in Hanoi , 2013 . The Socialist Republic of Vietnam , along with China , Cuba , and Laos , is one of the world 's four remaining one - party socialist states officially espousing communism . Its current state constitution , 2013 Constitution , asserts the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in all organs of politics and society . The General Secretary of the Communist Party performs numerous key administrative functions , controlling the party 's national organization . President performs executive functions and state appointments , as well as setting policy . Only political organizations affiliated with or endorsed by the Communist Party are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam . These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties . Although the state remains officially committed to socialism as its defining creed , its economic policies have grown increasingly capitalist , with The Economist characterizing its leadership as `` ardently capitalist communists '' . Legislature The National Assembly of Vietnam is the unicameral legislature of the state , composed of 498 members . Headed by a Chairman , it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches , with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly . Executive Vietnamese President Trần Đại Quang with Russian President Vladimir Putin , 19 November 2016 The President of Vietnam is the elected head of state and the commander - in - chief of the military , serving as the Chairman of the Council of Supreme Defense and Security , holds the second highest office in Vietnam . The Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government , presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions . Judiciary The Supreme People 's Court of Vietnam , headed by a Chief Justice , is the country 's highest court of appeal , though it is also answerable to the National Assembly . Beneath the Supreme People 's Court stand the provincial municipal courts and numerous local courts . Military courts possess special jurisdiction in matters of national security . Vietnam maintains the death penalty for numerous offences ; as of February 2014 , there are around 700 inmates on death row in Vietnam . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Vietnam Throughout its history , Vietnam 's key foreign relationship has been with its largest neighbour and one - time imperial master , China . Vietnam 's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries , such as the 11th - century patriotic poem Nam quốc sơn hà and the 1428 proclamation of independence Bình Ngô đại cáo . Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace , significant territorial tensions remain between the two countries . Currently , the formal mission statement of Vietnamese foreign policy is to : `` Implement consistently the foreign policy line of independence , self - reliance , peace , cooperation and development ; the foreign policy of openness and diversification and multi-lateralization of international relations . Proactively and actively engage in international economic integration while expanding international cooperation in other fields . '' Vietnam furthermore declares itself to be `` a friend and reliable partner of all countries in the international community , actively taking part in international and regional cooperation processes . '' Key steps had been taken by Vietnam to restore diplomatic ties with key countries , Full diplomatic relations were restored with New Zealand who opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995 , while Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington in 2003 . Pakistan reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000 . Vietnam also reopened its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi in November 2005 . United States -- Vietnam relations improved in August 1995 , both nations upgraded their Liaison Offices opened during January 1995 to embassy status . As diplomatic ties between the nations grew , the United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City , and Vietnam opened a consulate in San Francisco . By December 2007 , Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries , including the United States , which normalized relations in 1995 . Vietnam holds membership of 63 international organizations , including the United Nations , ASEAN , NAM , Francophonie and WTO . It also maintains relations with over 650 non-government organizations . In May 2016 , US President Obama further normalized relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms embargo on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam . Military Main article : Vietnam People 's Armed Forces Vietnamese troops on one of the disputed Spratly Islands in 2009 . The Vietnam People 's Armed Forces consists of the Vietnam People 's Army , the Vietnam People 's Public Security and the Vietnam Civil Defense Force . The Vietnam People 's Army ( VPA ) is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam , and is subdivided into the Vietnam People 's Ground Forces , the Vietnam People 's Navy , the Vietnam People 's Air Force , the Vietnam Border Defense Force and the Vietnam Coast Guard . The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000 , but its total strength , including paramilitary forces , may be as high as 5,000,000 . In 2011 , Vietnam 's military expenditure totalled approximately US $2.48 billion , equivalent to around 2.5 % of its 2010 GDP . Administrative subdivisions Main articles : Provinces of Vietnam , Municipalities of Vietnam , and Districts of Vietnam Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces ( Vietnamese : tỉnh , from the Chinese 省 , shěng ) . There are also five municipalities ( thành phố trực thuộc trung ương ) , which are administratively on the same level as provinces . A clickable map of Vietnam exhibiting its 58 provinces and 5 centrally controlled municipalities . Red River Delta Bắc Ninh Hà Nam Hải Dương Hưng Yên Nam Định Ninh Bình Thái Bình Vĩnh Phúc Hanoi ( municipality ) Hai Phong ( municipality ) Northeast Bắc Giang Bắc Kạn Cao Bằng Hà Giang Lạng Sơn Lào Cai Phú Thọ Quảng Ninh Thái Nguyên Tuyên Quang Yên Bái Northwest Điện Biên Hòa Bình Lai Châu Sơn La North Central Coast Hà Tĩnh Nghệ An Quảng Bình Quảng Trị Thanh Hóa Thừa Thiên -- Huế Central Highlands Đắk Lắk Đắk Nông Gia Lai Kon Tum Lâm Đồng South Central Coast Bình Định Bình Thuận Khánh Hòa Ninh Thuận Phú Yên Quảng Nam Quảng Ngãi Da Nang ( municipality ) Southeast Bà Rịa -- Vũng Tàu Bình Dương Bình Phước Đồng Nai Tây Ninh Ho Chi Minh City ( municipality ) Mekong Delta An Giang Bạc Liêu Bến Tre Cà Mau Đồng Tháp Hậu Giang Kiên Giang Long An Sóc Trăng Tiền Giang Trà Vinh Vĩnh Long Cần Thơ ( municipality ) The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities ( thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh ) , townships ( thị xã ) and counties ( huyện ) , which are in turn subdivided into towns ( thị trấn ) or communes ( xã ) . The centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts ( quận ) and counties , which are further subdivided into wards ( phường ) . Geography Main article : Geography of Vietnam Topographic map of Vietnam . Vietnam map of Köppen climate classification . Vietnam is located on the eastern Indochina Peninsula between the latitudes 8 ° and 24 ° N , and the longitudes 102 ° and 110 ° E. It covers a total area of approximately 331,210 km ( 127,881 sq mi ) , making it almost the size of Germany . The combined length of the country 's land boundaries is 4,639 km ( 2,883 mi ) , and its coastline is 3,444 km ( 2,140 mi ) long . At its narrowest point in the central Quảng Bình Province , the country is as little as 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) across , though it widens to around 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) in the north . Vietnam 's land is mostly hilly and densely forested , with level land covering no more than 20 % . Mountains account for 40 % of the country 's land area , and tropical forests cover around 42 % . The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta . Phan Xi Păng , located in Lào Cai Province , is the highest mountain in Vietnam , standing 3,143 m ( 10,312 ft ) high . Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands , the mountains of the Annamite Range , and extensive forests . Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of basalt soil , the highlands account for 16 % of the country 's arable land and 22 % of its total forested land . The soil in much of southern Vietnam is relatively poor in nutrients . The Red River Delta in the North , a flat , roughly triangular region covering 15,000 km ( 5,792 sq mi ) , is smaller but more intensely developed and more densely populated than the Mekong River Delta in the South . Once an inlet of the Gulf of Tonkin , it has been filled in over the millennia by riverine alluvial deposits . The delta , covering about 40,000 km ( 15,444 sq mi ) , is a low - level plain no more than 3 meters ( 9.8 ft ) above sea level at any point . It is criss - crossed by a maze of rivers and canals , which carry so much sediment that the delta advances 60 to 80 meters ( 196.9 to 262.5 ft ) into the sea every year . A panorama of Vietnam 's Hạ Long Bay , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Climate Main article : Climate of Vietnam Mai Châu village in northern Vietnam , featuring a humid subtropical climate . Because of differences in latitude and the marked variety in topographical relief , the climate tends to vary considerably from place to place . During the winter or dry season , extending roughly from November to April , the monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin , picking up considerable moisture . Consequently , the winter season in most parts of the country is dry only by comparison with the rainy or summer season . The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains , and higher in the south than in the north . Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta , ranging between 21 and 28 ° C ( 69.8 and 82.4 ° F ) over the course of the year . Seasonal variations in the mountains and plateaus and in the north are much more dramatic , with temperatures varying from 5 ° C ( 41.0 ° F ) in December and January to 37 ° C ( 98.6 ° F ) in July and August . Ecology and biodiversity See also : Environmental issues in Vietnam Vietnam has two World Natural Heritage Sites -- Hạ Long Bay and Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng National Park -- and six biosphere reserves , including Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest , Cát Tiên , Cát Bà , Kiên Giang , the Red River Delta , and Western Nghệ An . The saola , one of the world 's rarest mammals , is native to Vietnam . Vietnam lies in the Indomalaya ecozone . According to the 2005 National Environmental Present Condition Report . Vietnam is one of twenty - five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of biodiversity . It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity , being home to approximately 16 % of the world 's species . 15,986 species of flora have been identified in the country , of which 10 % are endemic , while Vietnam 's fauna include 307 nematode species , 200 oligochaeta , 145 acarina , 113 springtails , 7,750 insects , 260 reptiles , 120 amphibians , 840 birds and 310 mammals , of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic . Vietnam is furthermore home to 1,438 species of freshwater microalgae , constituting 9.6 % of all microalgae species , as well as 794 aquatic invertebrates and 2,458 species of sea fish . In recent years , 13 genera , 222 species , and 30 taxa of flora have been newly described in Vietnam . Six new mammal species , including the saola , giant muntjac and Tonkin snub - nosed monkey have also been discovered , along with one new bird species , the endangered Edwards 's pheasant . In the late 1980s , a small population of Javan rhinoceros was found in Cát Tiên National Park . However , the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010 . In agricultural genetic diversity , Vietnam is one of the world 's twelve original cultivar centers . The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species . The Vietnamese government spent US $49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone , and has established 126 conservation areas , including 28 national parks . Economy Main article : Economy of Vietnam Hanoi 's Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower , the tallest building in Vietnam . In 2012 , Vietnam 's nominal GDP reached US $138 billion , with a nominal GDP per capita of $1,527 . According to a December 2005 forecast by Goldman Sachs , the Vietnamese economy will become the world 's 21st - largest by 2025 , with an estimated nominal GDP of $436 billion and a nominal GDP per capita of $4,357 . According to a 2008 forecast by PricewaterhouseCoopers , Vietnam may be the fastest - growing of the world 's emerging economies by 2025 , with a potential growth rate of almost 10 % per annum in real dollar terms . In 2012 , HSBC predicted that Vietnam 's total GDP would surpass those of Norway , Singapore and Portugal by 2050 . Vietnam has been for much of its history a predominantly agricultural civilization based on wet rice cultivation . There is also an industry for bauxite mining in Vietnam , an important material for the production of aluminum . The Vietnamese economy is shaped primarily by the Vietnamese Communist Party in Five Year Plans made through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses . Floating market in Mekong Delta . The collectivization of farms , factories and capital goods was carried out as components in establishing central planning , with millions of people working in state enterprises . Vietnam 's economy has been plagued with inefficiency and corruption in state - owned enterprises , poor quality and underproduction , and restrictions on economic activity . It also suffered from the post-war trade embargo instituted by the United States and most of Europe . These problems were compounded by the erosion of the Soviet bloc , which included Vietnam 's main trading partners , in the late 1980s . In 1986 , the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party introduced socialist - oriented market economic reforms as part of the Đổi Mới reform program . Private ownership was encouraged in industries , commerce and agriculture ; and state enterprises were restructured to operate under market constraints . Thanks largely to these reforms , Vietnam achieved around 8 % annual GDP growth between 1990 and 1997 , and the economy continued to grow at an annual rate of around 7 % from 2000 to 2005 , making Vietnam one of the world 's fastest growing economies . Growth remained strong even in the face of the late - 2000s global recession , holding at 6.8 % in 2010 , but Vietnam 's year - on - year inflation rate hit 11.8 % in December 2010 , according to a GSO estimate . The Vietnamese đồng was devalued three times in 2010 alone . Paddy fields in Sa Pa . Manufacturing , information technology and high - tech industries now form a large and fast - growing part of the national economy . Though Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the oil industry , it is currently the third - largest oil producer in Southeast Asia , with a total 2011 output of 318,000 barrels per day ( 50,600 m / d ) . In 2010 , Vietnam was ranked as the 8th largest crude petroleum producers in the Asia and Pacific region . Like its Chinese neighbours , Vietnam continues to make use of centrally planned economic five - year plans . Deep poverty , defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day , has declined significantly in Vietnam , and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China , India , and the Philippines . This decline in the poverty rate can be attributed to equitable economic policies aimed at improving living standards and preventing the rise of inequality ; these policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the Đổi Mới program , investment in poorer remote areas , and subsidising of education and healthcare . According to the IMF , the unemployment rate in Vietnam stood at 4.46 % in 2012 . Trade Saigon Trade Center , one of the first skyscrapers to be built in Ho Chi Minh City after the Doi Moi reforms . Since the early 2000s , Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation , a two - track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets while protecting others . In July 2006 , Vietnam updated its intellectual property legislation to comply with TRIPS . Viet Nam has become increasingly integrated into the world economy , particularly since its efforts to liberalize the economy enabled it to join the World Trade Organization in 2007 . The manufacturing and service sectors each account for 40 % of GDP . However , almost half the labour force ( 48 % ) is still employed in agriculture . One million workers a year , out of a total of 51.3 million in 2010 , are projected to continue leaving agriculture for the other economic sectors in the foreseeable future . Viet Nam is now one of Asia 's most open economies : two - way trade was valued at around 160 % of GDP in 2006 , more than twice the contemporary ratio for China and over four times the ratio for India . Vietnam 's chief trading partners include China , Japan , Australia , the ASEAN countries , the United States and Western Europe . Vietnam 's Customs office reported in July 2013 that the total value of international merchandise trade for the first half of 2013 was US $124 billion , which was 15.7 % higher than the same period in 2012 . Mobile phones and their parts were both imported and exported in large numbers , while in the natural resources market , crude oil was a top - ranking export and high levels of iron and steel were imported during this period . The U.S. was the country that purchased the highest amount of Vietnam 's exports , while Chinese goods were the most popular Vietnamese import . As a result of several land reform measures , Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products . It is now the world 's largest producer of cashew nuts , with a one - third global share ; the largest producer of black pepper , accounting for one - third of the world 's market ; and the second - largest rice exporter in the world , after Thailand . Vietnam is the world 's second largest exporter of coffee . Vietnam has the highest proportion of land use for permanent crops -- 6.93 % -- of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion . Other primary exports include tea , rubber , and fishery products . However , agriculture 's share of Vietnam 's GDP has fallen in recent decades , declining from 42 % in 1989 to 20 % in 2006 , as production in other sectors of the economy has risen . In manufacturing , Viet Nam is expected to lose some of its current comparative advantage in low wages in the near future . It will need to compensate for this loss with productivity gains , if it is to sustain high growth rates : GDP per capita almost doubled between 2008 and 2013 . High - tech exports from Viet Nam grew dramatically during 2008 -- 2013 , particularly with respect to office computers and electronic communications equipment -- only Singapore and Malaysia exported more of the latter . Viet Nam will need to adopt strategies which enhance the technical capacity and skills among local firms that are , as yet , only weakly integrated with global production chains , such as by fostering the transfer of technology and skills from large multinational firms to smaller - scale domestic firms . In 2014 Vietnam negotiated a free trade agreement with the European Union , giving the country access to the EU 's Generalized System of Preferences . This provides preferential access to European markets for developing countries through reduced tariffs . Viet Nam is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) , which formed a common market in late 2015 called the ASEAN Economic Community . Transport Main article : Transport in Vietnam Much of Vietnam 's modern transport network was originally developed under French rule to facilitate the transportation of raw materials , and was reconstructed and extensively modernized following the Vietnam War . Air Main article : Air transport in Vietnam Tan Son Nhat International Airport in Ho Chi Minh City , one of the busiest airport in Vietnam . Vietnam operates 21 major civil airports , including three international gateways : Noi Bai in Hanoi , Da Nang International Airport in Da Nang , and Tan Son Nhat in Ho Chi Minh City . Tan Son Nhat is the nation 's largest airport , handling 75 % of international passenger traffic . According to a state - approved plan , Vietnam will have 10 international airports by 2015 -- besides the aforementioned three , these include Vinh International Airport , Phu Bai International Airport , Cam Ranh International Airport , Phu Quoc International Airport , Cat Bi International Airport , Cần Thơ International Airport and Long Thanh International Airport . The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2020 . Vietnam Airlines , the state - owned national airline , maintains a fleet of 69 passenger aircraft , and aims to operate 150 by 2020 . Several private airlines are also in operation in Vietnam , including Air Mekong , Jetstar Pacific Airlines , VASCO and VietJet Air . Road A section of the North -- South Expressway linking Cầu Giẽ and Ninh Bình . Vietnam 's road system includes national roads administered at the central level , provincial roads managed at the provincial level , district roads managed at the district level , urban roads managed by cities and towns , and commune roads managed at the commune level . Bicycles , motor scooters and motorcycles remain the most popular forms of road transport in Vietnam 's urban areas , although the number of privately owned automobiles is also on the rise , especially in the larger cities . Public buses operated by private companies are the main mode of long - distance travel for much of the population . Road safety is a serious issue in Vietnam -- on average , 30 people are killed in traffic accidents every day . Traffic congestion is a growing problem in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City , as the cities ' roads struggle to cope with the boom in automobile use . Rail Main article : Rail transport in Vietnam A rail crossing near My Son . Vietnam 's primary cross-country rail service is the Reunification Express , which runs from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi , covering a distance of nearly 2,000 kilometres . From Hanoi , railway lines branch out to the northeast , north and west ; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to Hạ Long Bay , the northbound line from Hanoi to Thái Nguyên , and the northeast line from Hanoi to Lào Cai . In 2009 , Vietnam and Japan signed a deal to build a high - speed railway using Japanese technology ; numerous Vietnamese engineers were later sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high - speed trains . The railway will be a 1,630 - km - long express route , serving a total of 26 stations , including Hanoi and the Thu Thiem terminus in Ho Chi Minh City . Using Japan 's Shinkansen technology , the line will support trains travelling at a maximum speed of 360 kilometres ( 220 mi ) per hour . The high - speed lines linking Hanoi to Vinh , Nha Trang and Ho Chi Minh City will be laid by 2015 . From 2015 to 2020 , construction will begin on the routes between Vinh and Nha Trang and between Hanoi and the northern provinces of Lào Cai and Lạng Sơn . Water As a coastal country , Vietnam has many major sea ports , including Cam Ranh , Da Nang , Hai Phong , Ho Chi Minh City , Hong Gai , Qui Nhơn , Vũng Tàu Cua Lo and Nha Trang . Further inland , the country 's extensive network of rivers play a key role in rural transportation , with over 17,700 kilometres ( 11,000 mi ) of navigable waterways carrying ferries , barges and water taxis . In addition , the Mekong Delta and Red River Delta are vital to Vietnam 's social and economic welfare -- most of the country 's population lives along or near these river deltas , and the major cities of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi are situated near the Mekong and Red River deltas , respectively . Further out in the South China Sea , Vietnam currently controls the majority of the disputed Spratly Islands , which are the source of longstanding disagreements with China and other nearby nations . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam is characterized by challenges and achievements . Among the achievements is a substantial increase in access to water supply and sanitation between 1990 and 2010 , nearly universal metering , and increased investment in wastewater treatment since 2007 . Among the challenges are continued widespread water pollution , poor service quality , low access to improved sanitation in rural areas , poor sustainability of rural water systems , insufficient cost recovery for urban sanitation , and the declining availability of foreign grant and soft loan funding as the Vietnamese economy grows and donors shift to loan financing . The government also promotes increased cost recovery through tariff revenues and has created autonomous water utilities at the provincial level , but the policy has had mixed success as tariff levels remain low and some utilities have engaged in activities outside their mandate . Science and technology The TOPIO 3.0 humanoid robot . History Vietnamese scholars developed many academic fields during the dynastic era , most notably social sciences and the humanities . Vietnam has a millennium - deep legacy of analytical histories , such as the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư of Ngô Sĩ Liên . Vietnamese monks led by the abdicated Emperor Trần Nhân Tông developed the Trúc Lâm Zen branch of philosophy in the 13th century . Arithmetics and geometry have been widely taught in Vietnam since the 15th century , using the textbook Đại thành toán pháp by Lương Thế Vinh as a basis . Lương Thế Vinh introduced Vietnam to the notion of zero , while Mạc Hiển Tích used the term số ẩn ( en : `` unknown / secret / hidden number '' ) to refer to negative numbers . Vietnamese scholars furthermore produced numerous encyclopedias , such as Lê Quý Đôn 's Vân đài loại ngữ . Scientific accomplishments In recent times , Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study , most notably in mathematics . Hoàng Tụy pioneered the applied mathematics field of global optimization in the 20th century , while Ngô Bảo Châu won the 2010 Fields Medal for his proof of fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms . Vietnam is currently working to develop an indigenous space program , and plans to construct the US $600 million Vietnam Space Center by 2018 . Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of robots , such as the TOPIO humanoid model . In 2010 , Vietnam 's total state spending on science and technology equalled around 0.45 % of its GDP . Scientific input and output According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics , Viet Nam devoted 0.19 % of GDP to research and development in 2011 . Between 2005 and 2014 , the number of scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia , albeit from a modest starting point . Publications focus mainly on life sciences ( 22 % ) , physics ( 13 % ) and engineering ( 13 % ) , which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding . Almost 77 % of all papers published between 2008 and 2014 had at least one international co-author . Policy Developments This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2017 ) The autonomy which Vietnamese research centres have enjoyed since the mid-1990s has enabled many of them to operate as quasi-private organizations , providing services such as consulting and technology development . Some have ' spun off ' from the larger institutions to form their own semi-private enterprises , fostering the transfer of public sector S&T personnel to these semi-private establishments . One comparatively new university , Ton Duc Thang ( est. 1997 ) , has already set up 13 centres for technology transfer and services that together produce 15 % of university revenue . Many of these research centres serve as valuable intermediaries bridging public research institutions , universities and firms . In addition , Viet Nam 's Law on Higher Education ( 2012 ) offers university administrators greater autonomy and there are reports that growing numbers of academic staff are also serving as advisors to NGOs and private firms . The Strategy for Science and Technology Development for 2011 -- 2020 , adopted in 2012 , builds upon this trend by promoting public -- private partnerships and seeking to transform ' public S&T organisations into self - managed and accountable mechanisms as stipulated by law ' . The main emphasis is on overall planning and priority - setting , with a view to enhancing innovation capability , particularly in industrial sectors . Although the Strategy omits to fix any targets for funding , it nevertheless sets broad policy directions and priority areas for investment , including : research in mathematics and physics ; investigation of climate change and natural disasters ; development of operating systems for computers , tablets and mobile devices ; biotechnology applied particularly to agriculture , forestry , fisheries and medicine ; and environmental protection . The new Strategy foresees the development of a network of organizations to support consultancy services in the field of innovation and the development of intellectual property . The Strategy also seeks to promote greater international scientific co-operation , with a plan to establish a network of Vietnamese scientists overseas and to initiate a network of ' outstanding research centres ' linking key national science institutions with partners abroad . The planned removal of restrictions on the cross-border movement of people and services by the ASEAN Economic Community is expected to spur cooperation in science and technology . The greater mobility of skilled personnel should be a boon for the region and enhance the role of the ASEAN University Network , which counted 30 members in 2016 . Viet Nam has also devised a set of national development strategies for selected sectors of the economy , many of which involve science and technology . Examples are the Sustainable Development Strategy ( April 2012 ) and the Mechanical Engineering Industry Development Strategy ( 2006 ) , together with Vision 2020 ( 2006 ) . Spanning the period 2011 -- 2020 , these dual strategies call for a highly skilled human resource base , a strong R&D investment policy , fiscal policies to encourage technological upgrading in the private sector and private - sector investment and regulations to steer investment towards sustainable development . Demographics Hmong women in traditional dress in Sa Pa , northern Vietnam . Main article : Demographics of Vietnam As of 2016 , the population of Vietnam as standing at approximately 94.6 million people . The population had grown significantly from the 1979 census , which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be 52.7 million . In 2012 , the country 's population was estimated at approximately 90.3 million . Currently , the total fertility rate of Vietnam is 1.8 ( births per woman ) , which is largely due to the government 's family planning policy , the two - child policy . Ethnicity Main articles : Vietnamese people and Ethnic groups in Vietnam According to the 2009 census , the dominant Viet or Kinh ethnic group constituted nearly 73.6 million people , or 85.8 % of the population . The Kinh population is concentrated mainly in the alluvial deltas and coastal plains of the country . A largely homogeneous social and ethnic group , the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country . However , Vietnam is also home to 54 ethnic minority groups , including the Hmong , Dao , Tay , Thai , and Nùng . Many ethnic minorities -- such as the Muong , who are closely related to the Kinh -- dwell in the highlands , which cover two - thirds of Vietnam 's territory . Before the Vietnam War , the population of the Central Highlands was almost exclusively Degar ( including over 40 tribal groups ) ; however , Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government enacted a program of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas . The Hoa ( ethnic Chinese ) and Khmer Krom people are mainly lowlanders . As Sino - Vietnamese relations soured in 1978 and 1979 , some 450,000 Hoa left Vietnam . Largest cities or towns in Vietnam 2015 estimate Rank Name Province Pop . Hồ Chí Minh City Hà Nội Hồ Chí Minh City Municipalities of Vietnam 8,244,400 Hải Phòng Cần Thơ Hà Nội Municipalities of Vietnam 7,379,300 Hải Phòng Municipalities of Vietnam 1,946,000 Cần Thơ Municipalities of Vietnam 1,238,300 5 Biên Hòa Đồng Nai 1,104,495 6 Đà Nẵng Municipalities of Vietnam 1,007,700 7 Nha Trang Khánh Hòa 393,218 8 Buôn Ma Thuột Đắk Lắk 350,000 9 Huế Thừa Thiên - Huế 337,554 10 Vinh Nghệ An 330,000 Languages Main article : Vietnamese language The official national language of Vietnam is Vietnamese ( Tiếng Việt ) , a tonal Mon -- Khmer language which is spoken by the majority of the population . In its early history , Vietnamese writing used Chinese characters . In the 13th century , the Vietnamese developed their own set of characters , referred to as Chữ nôm . The folk epic Truyện Kiều ( `` The Tale of Kieu '' , originally known as Đoạn trường tân thanh ) by Nguyễn Du was written in Chữ nôm . Quốc ngữ , the romanized Vietnamese alphabet used for spoken Vietnamese , was developed in the 17th century by the Jesuit Alexandre de Rhodes and several other Catholic missionaries . Quốc ngữ became widely popular and brought literacy to the Vietnamese masses during the French colonial period . Vietnam 's minority groups speak a variety of languages , including Tày , Mường , Cham , Khmer , Chinese , Nùng , and H'Mông . The Montagnard peoples of the Central Highlands also speak a number of distinct languages . A number of sign languages have developed in the cities . The French language , a legacy of colonial rule , is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language , especially among the older generation and those educated in the former South Vietnam , where it was a principal language in administration , education and commerce ; Vietnam remains a full member of the Francophonie , and education has revived some interest in the language . Russian -- and to a much lesser extent German , Czech and Polish -- are known among some Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Soviet bloc during the Cold War . In recent years , as Vietnam 's contacts with Western nations have increased , English has become more popular as a second language . The study of English is now obligatory in most schools , either alongside or in many cases , replacing French . Japanese and Korean have also grown in popularity as Vietnam 's links with other East Asian nations have strengthened . Religion Main article : Religion in Vietnam Religion in Vietnam ( 2014 ) Vietnamese folk religion or not religious population ( 73.2 % ) Buddhism ( 12.2 % ) Catholicism ( 6.8 % ) Caodaism ( 4.8 % ) Protestantism ( 1.5 % ) Hoahaoism ( 1.4 % ) Others ( 0.1 % ) Hanoi 's One Pillar Pagoda , a historic Buddhist temple . According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center , in 2010 about 45.3 % of the Vietnamese adhere to indigenous religions , 16.4 % to Buddhism , 8.2 % to Christianity , 0.4 % to other faiths , and 29.6 % of the population is n't religious . According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam 's report for 1 April 2009 , 6.8 million ( or 7.9 % of the total population ) are practicing Buddhists , 5.7 million ( 6.6 % ) are Catholics , 1.4 million ( 1.7 % ) are adherents of Hòa Hảo , 0.8 million ( 0.9 % ) practise Caodaism , and 0.7 million ( 0.9 % ) are Protestants . In total , 15,651,467 Vietnamese ( 18.2 % ) are formally registered in a religion . According to the 2009 census , while over 10 million people have taken refuge in the Three Jewels of Buddhism , the vast majority of Vietnamese people practice ancestor worship in some form . According to a 2007 report , 81 % of the Vietnamese people do not believe in a God . About 8 % of the population are Christians , totalling around six million Roman Catholics and fewer than one million Protestants . Christianity was first introduced to Vietnam by Portuguese and Dutch traders in the 16th and 17th centuries , and was further propagated by French missionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries , and to a lesser extent , by American Protestant missionaries during the Vietnam War , largely among the Montagnards of South Vietnam . The largest Protestant churches are the Evangelical Church of Vietnam and the Montagnard Evangelical Church . Two - thirds of Vietnam 's Protestants are reportedly members of ethnic minorities . Although a small religious minority , Protestantism is claimed to be the country 's fastest - growing religion , expanding at a rate of 600 % in the previous decade . The main Cao Đài temple in the city of Tây Ninh . The Vietnamese government is widely seen as suspicious of Roman Catholicism . This mistrust originated during the 19th century , when some Catholics collaborated with the French colonists in conquering and ruling the country and in helping French attempts to install Catholic emperors , such as in the Lê Văn Khôi revolt of 1833 . Furthermore , the Catholic Church 's strongly anti-communist stance has made it an enemy of the Vietnamese state . The Vatican Church is officially banned , and only government - controlled Catholic organisations are permitted . However , the Vatican has attempted to negotiate the opening of diplomatic relations with Vietnam in recent years . Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam . A significant number of people are adherents of Caodaism , an indigenous folk religion which has structured itself on the model of the Catholic Church . Sunni and Cham Bani Islam is primarily practiced by the ethnic Cham minority , though there are also a few ethnic Vietnamese adherents in the southwest . In total , there are approximately 70,000 Muslims in Vietnam , while around 50,000 Hindus and a small number of Baha'is are also in evidence . The Vietnamese government rejects allegations that it does not allow religious freedom . The state 's official position on religion is that all citizens are free to their belief , and that all religions are equal before the law . Nevertheless , only government - approved religious organisations are allowed ; for example , the South Vietnam - founded Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam is banned in favour of a communist - approved body . Education Main article : Education in Vietnam Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City . Viet Nam has an extensive state - controlled network of schools , colleges and universities , and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions . General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories : kindergarten , elementary schools , middle schools , high schools , and universities . A large number of public schools have been constructed across the country to raise the national literacy rate , which stood at 90.3 % in 2008 . A large number of Viet Nam 's most acclaimed universities are based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City . Facing serious crises , Vietnam 's education system is under a holistic program of reform launched by the government . Education is not free ; therefore , some poor families may have trouble paying tuition for their children without some form of public or private assistance . Regardless , school enrollment is among the highest in the world , and the number of colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s , from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005 . Since 1995 , enrolment in higher education has grown tenfold to well over 2 million in 2012 . By 2014 , there were 419 institutions of higher education . A number of foreign universities operate private campuses in Viet Nam , including Harvard University ( USA ) and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology ( Australia ) . The government 's strong commitment to education , in general , and higher education , in particular ( respectively 6.3 % and 1.05 % of GDP in 2012 ) , has fostered significant growth in higher education but this will need to be sustained to retain academics . Reform is under way . A law passed in 2012 gives university administrators greater autonomy , although the Ministry of Education retains responsibility for quality assurance . Health Main article : Health in Vietnam Vinmec International Hospital in Hanoi . In 2009 , Vietnam 's national life expectancy stood at 76 years for women and 72 for men , and the infant mortality rate was 12 per 1,000 live births . By 2009 , 85 % of the population had access to improved water sources . However , malnutrition is still common in the rural provinces . In 2001 , government spending on health care corresponded to just 0.9 % of Vietnam 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) , with state subsidies covering only about 20 % of health care expenses . In 1954 , North Vietnam established a public health system that reached down to the hamlet level . After the national reunification in 1975 , a nationwide health service was established . In the late 1980s , the quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints , a shift of responsibility to the provinces , and the introduction of charges . Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage of nurses , midwives , and hospital beds ; in 2000 , Vietnam had only 250,000 hospital beds , or 14.8 beds per 10,000 people , according to the World Bank . Since the early 2000s , Vietnam has made significant progress in combating malaria , with the malaria mortality rate falling to about 5 % of its 1990s equivalent by 2005 , after the country introduced improved antimalarial drugs and treatment . However , tuberculosis cases are on the rise , with 57 deaths per day reported in May 2004 . With an intensified vaccination program , better hygiene , and foreign assistance , Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and annual new TB infections . As of September 2005 , Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 HIV cases , of which 16,528 progressed to AIDS , and 9,554 died . However , the actual number of HIV - positive individuals is estimated to be much higher . On average , 40 -- 50 new infections are reported every day in Vietnam . As of 2007 , 0.5 % of the population is estimated to be infected with HIV , and this figure has remained stable since 2005 . In June 2004 , the United States announced that Vietnam would be one of 15 nations to receive funding as part of a US $15 billion global AIDS relief plan . Culture Main article : Culture of Vietnam See also : Vietnamese art , theatre , dance , literature , and List of Vietnamese traditional games The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City . Vietnam 's culture has developed over the centuries from indigenous ancient Đông Sơn culture with wet rice agriculture as its economic base . Some elements of the national culture have Chinese origins , drawing on elements of Confucianism and Taoism in its traditional political system and philosophy . Vietnamese society is structured around làng ( ancestral villages ) ; all Vietnamese mark a common ancestral anniversary on the tenth day of the third lunar month . The influences of immigrant peoples -- such as the Cantonese , Hakka , Hokkien and Hainan cultures -- can also be seen , while the national religion of Buddhism is strongly entwined with popular culture . In recent centuries , the influences of Western cultures , most notably France and the United States , have become evident in Vietnam . The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are humanity ( nhân nghĩa ) and harmony ( hòa ) ; family and community values are highly regarded . Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols , such as the Vietnamese dragon , which is derived from crocodile and snake imagery ; Vietnam 's National Father , Lạc Long Quân , is depicted as a holy dragon . The lạc -- a holy bird representing Vietnam 's National Mother , Âu Cơ -- is another prominent symbol , while turtle and horse images are also revered . In the modern era , the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government - controlled media and cultural programs . For many decades , foreign cultural influences -- especially those of Western origin -- were shunned . However , since the 1990s , Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to Southeast Asian , European and American culture and media . Media Main article : Media of Vietnam Vietnam 's media sector is regulated by the government in accordance with the 2004 Law on Publication . It is generally perceived that Vietnam 's media sector is controlled by the government to follow the official Communist Party line , though some newspapers are relatively outspoken . The Voice of Vietnam is the official state - run national radio broadcasting service , broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries , and providing broadcasts from its website . Vietnam Television is the national television broadcasting company . Since 1997 , Vietnam has extensively regulated public Internet access , using both legal and technical means . The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the `` Bamboo Firewall '' . The collaborative project OpenNet Initiative classifies Vietnam 's level of online political censorship to be `` pervasive '' , while Reporters Without Borders considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global `` internet enemies '' . Though the government of Vietnam claims to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content through its blocking efforts , many politically and religiously sensitive websites are also banned . Music The Vietnamese dan bau a monochord zither instrument . Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country 's northern and southern regions . Northern classical music is Vietnam 's oldest musical form , and is traditionally more formal . The origins of Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century , when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese opera troupe . Throughout its history , Vietnamese has been most heavily impacted by the Chinese musical tradition , as an integral part , along with Korea , Mongolia and Japan . Nhã nhạc is the most popular form of imperial court music . Chèo is a form of generally satirical musical theatre . Xẩm or Hát xẩm ( Xẩm singing ) is a type of Vietnamese folk music . Quan họ ( alternate singing ) is popular in Hà Bắc ( divided into Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang Provinces ) and across Vietnam . Hát chầu văn or hát văn is a spiritual form of music used to invoke spirits during ceremonies . Nhạc dân tộc cải biên is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s . Ca trù ( also hát ả đào ) is a popular folk music . `` Hò '' can not be thought of as the southern style of Quan họ . There are a range of traditional instruments , including the Đàn bầu ( a monochord zither ) , the Đàn gáo ( a two - stringed fiddle with coconut body ) , and the Đàn nguyệt ( a two - stringed fretted moon lute ) . Literature The Temple of Literature in Hanoi . Vietnamese literature has a centuries - deep history . The country has a rich tradition of folk literature , based on the typical 6 -- to - 8 - verse poetic form named ca dao , which usually focuses on village ancestors and heroes . Written literature has been found dating back to the 10th - century Ngô dynasty , with notable ancient authors including Nguyễn Trãi , Trần Hưng Đạo , Nguyễn Du and Nguyễn Đình Chiểu . Some literary genres play an important role in theatrical performance , such as hát nói in ca trù . Some poetic unions have also been formed in Vietnam , such as the Tao Đàn . Vietnamese literature has in recent times been influenced by Western styles , with the first literary transformation movement -- Thơ Mới -- emerging in 1932 . Festivals Main article : List of festivals in Vietnam A traditional Tết ( Lunar New Year ) tree . Vietnam has a plethora of festivals based on the lunar calendar , the most important being the Tết New Year celebration . Traditional Vietnamese weddings remain widely popular , and are often celebrated by expatriate Vietnamese in Western countries . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Vietnam Hội An 's Ancient Town , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Vietnam has become a major tourist destination since the 1990s , assisted by significant state and private investment , particularly in coastal regions . About 3.77 million international tourists visited Vietnam in 2009 alone . Popular tourist destinations include the former imperial capital of Hué , the World Heritage Sites of Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng National Park , Hội An and Mỹ Sơn , coastal regions such as Nha Trang , the caves of Hạ Long Bay and the Marble Mountains . Numerous tourist projects are under construction , such as the Bình Dương tourist complex , which possesses the largest artificial sea in Southeast Asia . On 14 February 2011 , Joe Jackson , the father of American pop star Michael Jackson , attended a ground breaking ceremony for what will be Southeast Asia 's largest entertainment complex , a five - star hotel and amusement park called Happyland . The US $2 billion project , which has been designed to accommodate 14 million tourists annually , is located in southern Long An Province , near Ho Chi Minh City . It was expected that the complex would be completed in 2014 . As of 2017 , Happyland has yet to open . Clothing The áo dài , a formal dress , is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious festivals . White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam . Áo dài was once worn by both genders , but today it is mostly the preserve of women , although men do wear it to some occasions , such as traditional weddings . Other examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include the áo tứ thân , a four - piece woman 's dress ; the áo ngũ , a form of the thân in 5 - piece form , mostly worn in the north of the country ; the yếm , a woman 's undergarment ; the áo bà ba , rural working `` pyjamas '' for men and women ; the áo gấm , a formal brocade tunic for government receptions ; and the áo the , a variant of the áo gấm worn by grooms at weddings . Traditional headwear includes the standard conical nón lá and the `` lampshade - like '' nón quai thao . Sport See also : Vietnam at the Olympics and Sport in Vietnam The Vovinam and Bình Định martial arts are widespread in Vietnam , while soccer is the country 's most popular team sport . Its national team won the ASEAN Football Championship in 2008 . Other Western sports , such as badminton , tennis , volleyball , ping - pong and chess , are also widely popular . Vietnam has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1952 , when it competed as the State of Vietnam . After the partition of the country in 1954 , only South Vietnam competed in the Games , sending athletes to the 1956 and 1972 Olympics . Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976 , it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam , attending every Summer Olympics from 1988 onwards . The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1979 . As of 2014 , Vietnam has never participated in the Winter Olympics . In 2016 , Vietnam participated in the Rio Olympics , where they won their first gold medal . Cuisine Main article : Vietnamese cuisine Pho , one of the most popular Vietnamese dishes . Vietnamese cuisine traditionally features a combination of five fundamental taste `` elements '' ( Vietnamese : ngũ vị ) : spicy ( metal ) , sour ( wood ) , bitter ( fire ) , salty ( water ) and sweet ( earth ) . Common ingredients include fish sauce , shrimp paste , soy sauce , rice , fresh herbs , fruits and vegetables . Vietnamese recipes use lemongrass , ginger , mint , Vietnamese mint , long coriander , Saigon cinnamon , bird 's eye chili , lime and basil leaves . Traditional Vietnamese cooking is known for its fresh ingredients , minimal use of oil , and reliance on herbs and vegetables , and is considered one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide . In northern Vietnam , local foods are often less spicy than southern dishes , as the colder northern climate limits the production and availability of spices . Black pepper is used in place of chilis to produce spicy flavors . The use of such meats as pork , beef , and chicken was relatively limited in the past , and as a result freshwater fish , crustaceans -- particularly crabs -- and mollusks became widely used . Fish sauce , soy sauce , prawn sauce , and limes are among the main flavoring ingredients . Many signature Vietnamese dishes , such as bún riêu and bánh cuốn , originated in the north and were carried to central and southern Vietnam by migrants . See also Geography portal Asia portal Southeast Asia portal Vietnam portal Book : Vietnam Corruption in Vietnam Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people Index of Vietnam - related articles Outline of Vietnam Vietnam Coast Guard Vietnam People 's Public Security Women in Vietnam United States assistance to Vietnam Notes Jump up ^ Only the first verse of the `` Army March '' is recognized as the official national anthem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Jump up ^ Also called Kinh people Jump up ^ In effect since 1 January 2014 Jump up ^ The South China Sea is referred to in Vietnam as the East Sea ( Biển Đông ) . Jump up ^ At first , Gia Long requested the name Nam Việt , but the Jiaqing Emperor refused . Jump up ^ Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam ; however , the French accepted the Viet Minh proposal that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The United States , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom , countered with the `` American Plan , '' which provided for United Nations - supervised unification elections . The plan , however , was rejected by Soviet and other communist delegations . References Citations Jump up ^ `` Dân tộc Kinh '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Communist Party of Vietnam . 15 October 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Home Office : Country Information and Guidance -- Vietnam : Religious minority groups . December 2014 . Quoting United Nations ' `` Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief '' . Hanoi , Viet Nam 31 July 2014 . Vietnamese . Quote , p. 8 : `` ( ... ) According to the official statistics presented by the Government , the overall number of followers of recognized religions is about 24 million out of a population of almost 90 million . Formally recognized religious communities include 11 million Buddhists , 6.2 million Catholics , 1.4 million Protestants , 4.4 million Cao Dai followers , 1.3 million Hoa Hao Buddhists as well as 75,000 Muslims , 7000 Baha'ís , 1500 Hindus and others . The official number of places of worship comprises 26,387 pagodas , temples , churches and other religious facilities . ( ... ) While the majority of Vietnamese do not belong to one of the officially recognized religious communities , they may nonetheless -- occasionally or regularly -- practise certain traditional rituals , usually referred to in Viet Nam under the term `` belief '' . Many of those traditional rituals express veneration of ancestors . ( ... ) '' ^ Jump up to : Robbers , Gerhard ( 30 January 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of world constitutions . Infobase Publishing . p. 1021 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6078 - 8 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TỔNG CỤC THỐNG KÊ '' . ( GSO.GOV.VN ) Diện tích có đến 31 / 12 / 2015 theo Quyết định số 455 / QĐ - BTNMT ngày 21 tháng 3 năm 2017 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Tài nguyên / Cập nhật lần cuối ( gov.vn ) 2017 - 08 - 14 14 : 45 English : Area as of 31 / 12 / 2015 according to Decision No. 455 / QD - BTNMT dated 21 March 2017 of the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment / Last updated ( gov.vn ) 2017 - 08 - 14 14 : 45 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam -- Geography '' . Index Mundi. 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook : Vietnam '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` China continues its plot in the East Sea '' . Vietnamnet News . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam 's new - look economy '' . BBC News . 18 October 2004 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Weisenthal , Joe ( 22 February 2011 ) . `` 3G Countries '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Woods 2002 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Yue - Hashimoto 1972 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Thành Lân ( 14 March 2003 ) . `` Ai đặt quốc hiệu Việt Nam đầu tiên ? '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Vietnam Embassy in the United States . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ 《 嘉庆 重修 一统 志 》 卷 五 五 三 Jump up ^ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996 , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` The Human Migration : Homo erectus and the Ice Age '' Archived 9 February 2013 at Archive.is . Yahoo !. 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kha and Bao , 1967 ; Kha , 1975 ; Kha , 1976 ; Long et al. , 1977 ; Cuong , 1985 ; Ciochon and Olsen , 1986 ; Olsen and Ciochon , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : Cuong , 1986 . Jump up ^ Colani , 1927 . Jump up ^ Demeter , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Dong Son culture '' Archived 26 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... LittleVietnamTours.com.vn . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Nola Cooke , Tana Li , James Anderson ( 2011 ) . The Tongking Gulf Through History . p. 46 : `` Nishimura actually suggested the Đông Sơn phase belonged in the late metal age , and some other Japanese scholars argued that , contrary to the conventional belief that the Han invasion ended Đông Sơn culture , Đông Sơn artifacts , ... '' Jump up ^ Vietnam Fine Arts Museum ( 2000 ) . `` ... the bronze cylindrical jars , drums , Weapons and tools which were sophistically carved and belonged to the World famous Đông Sơn culture dating from thousands of years ; the Sculptures in the round , the ornamental architectural Sculptures ... '' Jump up ^ `` Chinese Colonization ( 200BC -- 938AD ) '' . Asia.msu.edu . Archived from the original on 25 August 2007 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Country 's Official Name '' . Easy Riders Vietnam . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spears offer insight into early military strategy '' . Viet Nam News . 22 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Trần Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Lê Dynasty and Southward Expansion '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Kingdom of Champa '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Notebook : First Indochina War , Early Years ( 1946 -- 1950 ) '' . Parallel Narratives . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Declaration of Independence , Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( 2 September 1945 ) . Vietnam Documents . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) . Beacon Press . Vol. 3 . p. 134 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) . Beacon Press . Vol. 3 . p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) . Beacon Press . Vol. 3 . p. 140 . Jump up ^ Moïse , Edwin ( 4 November 1998 ) . `` The Geneva Accords '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Moïse , Edwin ( 4 November 1998 ) . `` The Aftermath of Geneva , 1954 -- 1961 '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The United States in Vietnam -- An Analysis in Depth of America 's Involvement in Vietnam . George McTurnin Kahin and John W. Lewis ( 1967 ) . Delta Books . Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p. 340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 -- 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 -- 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 -- 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 7 -- 9 ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) cf . Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . cf . Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . pp. 174 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO via Google Books . ISBN 9781851099610 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JFK and the Diem Coup '' . National Security Archive. 5 November 2003 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History ( Sep 3 , 1967 ) : Thieu - Ky ticket wins national election '' . History.com . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War '' . Seasite.niu.edu . 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Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . p. 251 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamization '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saigon 's Finale '' . New York Times . 13 October 1999 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Obermeyer , Ziad ; Murray , Christopher J.L. ; Gakidou , Emmanuela ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia : analysis of data from the world health survey programme '' . BMJ. 336 ( 7659 ) : 1482 -- 1486 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a137 . PMC 2440905 . PMID 18566045 . See Table 3 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 499 , 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . 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Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards 's Pheasant ( Lophura edwardsi ) '' . BirdLife International . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kinver , Mark ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Javan rhino ' now extinct in Vietnam ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnamese Stock Market '' ( PDF ) . Financial Women 's Association of New York . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam may be fastest growing emerging economy '' ( Press release ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers. 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam to be listed among top economies by 2050 : HSBC '' . Tuổi Trẻ News . 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Archived 16 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vuong , Quan - Hoang ; Tran , Tri-Dung ( 2009 ) . `` The cultural dimensions of the Vietnamese private entrepreneurship '' . Icfai Journal of Entrepreneurship Development , Vol . 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Cổng Thông tin điện tử Chính phủ. 31 Dec 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamtourism '' . Vietnamtourism . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Asia 's largest artificial sea inaugurated in Binh Duong '' . Look At Vietnam . 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Jackson invests in Vietnam theme park '' . The Star . Toronto . 14 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` From Happyland to grazing land : the demise of Vietnam 's largest theme park - Tuoi Tre News '' . Tuoi Tre News ( in Vietnamese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ao Dai ( Long Dress ) '' . Active Travel Vietnam . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Erik Harms ( 2011 ) . Saigon 's Edge : On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City . p. 56 : `` She then left the room to change out of her áo Ba Ba into her everyday home clothes , which did not look like peasant clothes at all . In Hóc Môn , traders who sell goods in the city don `` peasant clothing '' for their trips to the city and change back `` . Jump up ^ `` Binh Dinh to host Int'l Vovinam festival '' . TalkVietnam.com. 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer is very popular in Vietnam '' . SaigonNezumi.com. 2 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The country that just won its first ever Olympic gold -- and what the athlete will get in return '' . The Independent . 2016 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Vietnamese Food . Asianinfo.org . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese Ingredients '' . WokMe. 2011 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Corapi , Annie ( 2011 ) . `` The 10 healthiest ethnic cuisines '' . CNN Health . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Andrea ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Heaven in a Bowl : The Original Pho '' . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Sources Woods , L. Shelton ( 2002 ) . Vietnam : a global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 416 - 1 . Yue - Hashimoto , Oi - kan ( 1972 ) . Phonology of Cantonese . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08442 - 0 . Tonnesson , Stein ; Antlov , Hans ( 1996 ) . Asian Forms of the Nation . Routledge . ISBN 0700704426 . This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , 713 -- 714 , UNESCO , UNESCO Publishing . To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles , please see the terms of use . Further reading Herring , George C. ( 2001 ) . America 's Longest War : The United States and Vietnam , 1950 -- 1975 ( 4th edition ) . K.W. Taylor . A History of the Vietnamese . Cambridge University Press 2013 . Jahn , G.C. ( 2006 ) . `` The dream is not yet over '' . In Fredenburg P. , Hill B. ( eds . ) : Sharing rice for peace and prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion . Victoria , Australia : Sid Harta Publishers . pp. 237 -- 240 . Karrnow , Stanley ( 1997 ) . Vietnam : A History ( 2nd edition ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026547 - 3 . Kiernan , Ben ( 2017 ) . Viet Nam : A History from Earliest Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190627300 . McMahon , Robert J. ( 1995 ) . Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War : Documents and Essays . Tucker , Spencer ( ed . ) ( 1998 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War . 3 - volume reference set ; also one - volume abridged edition ( 2001 ) . External links Find more aboutVietnamat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Vietnam profile from BBC News `` Vietnam '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . ( CIA ) Vietnam from UCB Libraries GovPubs Vietnam at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Vietnam at Encyclopædia Britannica Wikimedia Atlas of Vietnam Key Development Forecasts for Vietnam from International Futures Government Portal of the Government of Vietnam Communist Party of Vietnam -- official website ( in Vietnamese ) National Assembly -- the Vietnamese legislative body General Statistics Office Ministry of Foreign Affairs Chief of State and Cabinet Members Media and censorship Robert N. Wilkey . `` Vietnam 's Antitrust Legislation and Subscription to E-ASEAN : An End to the Bamboo Firewall Over Internet Regulation ? '' The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law . Vol . XX , No. 4 . Summer 2002 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . 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how many sailors survived the sinking of the uss indianapolis
In 1945 , the sinking of Indianapolis led to the greatest single loss of life at sea , from a single ship , in the history of the US Navy . The ship had just finished a high - speed trip to United States Army Air Force Base at Tinian , to deliver parts of the first atomic bomb ever used in combat ( the United States ' Little Boy atomic bomb ) , and was on training duty . At 0015 on 30 July 1945 the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I - 58 . The ship , on her way to the Philippines , sank in 12 minutes . Of 1,196 crewmen aboard , approximately 300 went down with the ship . The remaining 900 faced exposure , dehydration , saltwater poisoning , and shark attacks while floating with few lifeboats and almost no food or water . The Navy learned of the sinking when survivors were spotted four days later by the crew of a PV - 1 Ventura on routine patrol . Only 317 survived .
317
USS Indianapolis ( CA - 35 )
uss indianapolis ( ca - 35 )
USS Indianapolis ( CL / CA - 35 ) was a Portland - class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy , named for the city of Indianapolis , Indiana . The vessel served as the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight pre-war years , then as flagship for Admiral Raymond Spruance , in 1943 and 1944 , while he commanded the Fifth Fleet in battles across the Central Pacific in World War II .
In 1945 , the sinking of Indianapolis led to the greatest single loss of life at sea , from a single ship , in the history of the US Navy . The ship had just finished a high - speed trip to United States Army Air Force Base at Tinian , to deliver parts of the first atomic bomb ever used in combat ( the United States ' Little Boy atomic bomb ) , and was on training duty . At 0015 on 30 July 1945 the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I - 58 . The ship , on her way to the Philippines , sank in 12 minutes . Of 1,196 crewmen aboard , approximately 300 went down with the ship . The remaining 900 faced exposure , dehydration , saltwater poisoning , and shark attacks while floating with few lifeboats and almost no food or water . The Navy learned of the sinking when survivors were spotted four days later by the crew of a PV - 1 Ventura on routine patrol . Only 317 survived . On 19 August 2017 , a search team financed by Paul Allen located the wreckage of the sunken cruiser in the Philippine Sea lying at a depth of approximately 18,000 ft ( 5,500 m ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Interwar period 3 World War II 3.1 New Guinea campaign 3.2 Aleutian Islands campaign 3.3 1943 operations 3.4 1944 3.5 1945 4 Secret mission 4.1 Sinking 4.2 Rescue 4.3 Navy failure to learn of the sinking 4.4 Court - martial of Captain McVay 4.5 McVay 's record cleared 5 Commanders 6 Awards 7 Discovery of the wreck 8 Reunions 9 Popular culture 9.1 Memorials 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Construction ( edit ) Main article : Portland - class cruiser Indianapolis was the second of two ships in the Portland class ; the third class of `` treaty cruisers '' constructed by the United States Navy following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 , following the two vessels of the Pensacola class , ordered in 1926 , and the six of the Northampton class , ordered in 1927 . Ordered for the US Navy in fiscal year 1930 . Indianapolis was originally designated as a light cruiser , because of her thin armor , and given the hull classification symbol CL - 35 . She was reclassified a heavy cruiser , because of her 8 - inch ( 203 mm ) guns , with the symbol CA - 35 on 1 July 1931 , in accordance with the London Naval Treaty . As built , the Portland - class cruisers were designed for a standard displacement of 10,258 long tons ( 10,423 t ) , and a full - load displacement of 12,755 long tons ( 12,960 t ) . However , when completed , she did not reach this weight , displacing 9,950 long tons ( 10,110 t ) . The ship had two distinctive raked funnels , a tripod foremast , and a small tower and pole mast aft . In 1943 , light tripods were added forward of the second funnel on each ship , and a prominent Naval director was installed aft . The ship had four propeller shafts and four Parsons GT geared turbines and eight White - Forster boilers . The 107,000 shp ( 80,000 kW ) gave a design speed of 32.7 kn ( 60.6 km / h ; 37.6 mph ) . She was designed for a range of 10,000 nmi ( 19,000 km ; 12,000 mi ) at 15 kn ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . She rolled badly until fitted with a bilge keel . The cruiser had nine 8 - inch / 55 caliber Mark 9 guns in three triple mounts , a superfiring pair fore and one aft . For anti-aircraft defense , she had eight 5 - inch / 25 caliber guns and two QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss guns . In 1945 , she received 24 40 mm ( 1.57 in ) Bofors guns , arrayed in six quad mounts . Both ships were upgraded with 19 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) Oerlikon cannons . No torpedo tubes were fitted on her . The Portland class originally had 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) armor for deck and side protection , but in construction they were given belt armor between 5 in ( 127 mm ) ( around the magazines ) and 3.25 in ( 83 mm ) in thickness . Armor on the bulkheads was between 2 in ( 51 mm ) and 5.75 in ( 146 mm ) ; that on the deck was 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) , the barbettes 1.5 in ( 38 mm ) , the gunhouses 2.5 in , and the conning tower 1.25 in ( 32 mm ) . Portland - class cruisers were outfitted as fleet flagships , with space for a flag officer and his staff . The class also had two aircraft catapult amidships . They could carry four aircraft . The total crew varied , with a regular designed complement of 807 , a wartime complement of 952 , which could increase to 1,229 when the cruiser was a fleet flagship . Indianapolis was laid down by New York Shipbuilding Corporation on 31 March 1930 . The hull and machinery were provided by the builder . Indianapolis was launched on 7 November 1931 , and commissioned on 15 November 1932 . She was the second ship named for Indianapolis , following the cargo ship of the same name in 1918 . She was sponsored by Lucy Taggart , daughter of former Mayor of Indianapolis Thomas Taggart . Interwar period ( edit ) Indianapolis in 1939 Under Captain John M. Smeallie , Indianapolis undertook her shakedown cruise through the Atlantic and into Guantánamo Bay , until 23 February 1932 . Indianapolis then transited the Panama Canal for training off the Chilean coast . After overhaul at the Philadelphia Navy Yard , she sailed to Maine , to embark President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at Campobello Island , New Brunswick , on 1 July 1933 . Getting under way the same day , Indianapolis arrived at Annapolis , Maryland , on 3 July . She hosted six members of the Cabinet , along with Roosevelt , during its stay there . After disembarking Roosevelt , she departed Annapolis , on 4 July , and steamed for Philadelphia Navy Yard . On 6 September , she embarked Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson , for an inspection of the Navy in the Pacific . Indianapolis toured the Canal Zone , Hawaii , and installations in San Pedro and San Diego . Swanson disembarked on 27 October . On 1 November 1933 , she became flagship of Scouting Force 1 , and maneuvered with the force off Long Beach , California . She departed on 9 April 1934 , and arrived at New York City , and embarked Roosevelt , a second time , for a naval review . She returned to Long Beach , on 9 November 1934 , for more training with the Scouting Force . She remained flagship of Scouting Force 1 until 1941 . On 18 November 1936 , she embarked Roosevelt , a third time , at Charleston , South Carolina , and conducted a goodwill cruise to South America with him . She visited Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , Buenos Aires , Argentina , and Montevideo , Uruguay , for state visits before returning to Charleston , and disembarking Roosevelt 's party on 15 December . President Roosevelt underwent his crossing the line ceremony on this cruise on 26 November : an `` intensive initiation lasting two days , but we have all survived and are now full - fledged Shellbacks '' . World War II ( edit ) On 7 December 1941 , Indianapolis was conducting a mock bombardment at Johnston Atoll , during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . Indianapolis was absorbed into Task Force 12 and searched for the Japanese carriers responsible for the attack , though the force did not locate them . She returned to Pearl Harbor on 13 December , and joined Task Force 11 . New Guinea Campaign ( edit ) Main article : New Guinea campaign With the task force , she steamed to the South Pacific , to 350 mi ( 560 km ) south of Rabaul , New Britain , escorting the aircraft carrier Lexington . Late in the afternoon of 20 February 1942 , the American ships were attacked by 18 Japanese aircraft . Of these , 16 were shot down by aircraft from Lexington and the other two were destroyed by anti-aircraft fire from the ships . On 10 March , the task force , reinforced by another force centered on the carrier Yorktown , attacked Lae and Salamaua , New Guinea , where the Japanese were marshaling amphibious forces . Attacking from the south through the Owen Stanley mountain range , the US air forces surprised and inflicted heavy damage on Japanese warships and transports , losing few aircraft . Indianapolis returned to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for a refit before escorting a convoy to Australia . Aleutian Islands Campaign ( edit ) Main article : Aleutian Islands campaign Indianapolis then headed for the North Pacific to support American units in the Battle of the Aleutian Islands . On 7 August , Indianapolis and the task force attacked Kiska Island , a Japanese staging area . Although fog hindered observation , Indianapolis and other ships fired their main guns into the bay . Floatplanes from the cruisers reported Japanese ships sunk in the harbor and damage to shore installations . After 15 minutes , Japanese shore batteries returned fire before being destroyed by the ships ' main guns . Japanese submarines approaching the force were depth - charged by American destroyers . Japanese seaplanes made an ineffective bombing attack . In spite of a lack of information on the Japanese forces , the operation was considered a success . US forces later occupied Adak Island , providing a naval base farther from the Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island . 1943 operations ( edit ) USS Indianapolis ( CA - 35 ) underway at sea , in 1943 - 1944 ( NH 124466 ) In January 1943 , Indianapolis supported a landing and occupation on Amchitka , part of an Allied island hopping strategy in the Aleutian Islands . On the evening of 19 February , Indianapolis led two destroyers on a patrol southwest of Attu Island , searching for Japanese ships trying to reinforce Kiska and Attu . She intercepted the Japanese 3,100 - long - ton ( 3,150 t ) cargo ship , Akagane Maru laden with troops , munitions , and supplies . The cargo ship tried to reply to the radio challenge but was shelled by Indianapolis . Akagane Maru exploded and sank with all hands . Through mid-1943 , Indianapolis remained near the Aleutian Islands , escorting American convoys and providing shore bombardments supporting amphibious assaults . In May , the Allies captured Attu , then turned on Kiska , thought to be the final Japanese holdout in the Aleutians . Allied landings there began on 15 August , but the Japanese had already abandoned the Aleutian Islands , unbeknownst to the Allies . After refitting at Mare Island , Indianapolis moved to Hawaii as flagship of Vice Admiral Raymond A. Spruance , commanding the 5th Fleet . She sortied from Pearl Harbor on 10 November , with the main body of the Southern Attack Force for Operation Galvanic , the invasion of the Gilbert Islands . On 19 November , Indianapolis bombarded Tarawa Atoll , and next day pounded Makin ( see Battle of Makin ) . The ship then returned to Tarawa , as fire - support for the landings . Her guns shot down an enemy plane and shelled enemy strongpoints as landing parties fought Japanese defenders in the battle of Tarawa . She continued this role until the island was secure three days later . The conquest of the Marshall Islands followed victory in the Gilberts . Indianapolis was again 5th Fleet flagship . 1944 ( edit ) Indianapolis in 1944 dazzle camouflage pattern . The cruiser met other ships of her task force at Tarawa , and on D - Day minus 1 , 31 January 1944 , she was one of the cruisers that bombarded the islands of Kwajalein Atoll . The shelling continued on D - Day , with Indianapolis suppressing two enemy shore batteries . Next day , she destroyed a blockhouse and other shore installations and supported advancing troops with a creeping barrage . The ship entered Kwajalein Lagoon , on 4 February , and remained until resistance disappeared . ( See Battle of Kwajalein . ) In March and April , Indianapolis , still flagship of the 5th Fleet , attacked the Western Carolines . Carrier planes at the Palau Islands on 30 -- 31 March , sank three destroyers , 17 freighters , five oilers and damaged 17 other ships . Airfields were bombed and surrounding water mined . Yap and Ulithi , were struck on 31 March , and Woleai , on 1 April . Japanese planes attacked but were driven off without damaging the American ships . Indianapolis shot down her second plane , a torpedo bomber , and the Japanese lost 160 planes , including 46 on the ground . These attacks prevented Japanese forces stationed in the Carolines from interfering with the US landings on New Guinea . In June , the 5th Fleet was busy with the assault on the Mariana Islands . Raids on Saipan began with carrier - based planes on 11 June , followed by surface bombardment , in which Indianapolis had a major role , from 13 June . ( See Battle of Saipan . ) On D - Day , 15 June , ADM Spruance heard that battleships , carriers , cruisers , and destroyers were headed south to relieve threatened garrisons in the Marianas . Since amphibious operations at Saipan had to be protected , ADM Spruance could not withdraw too far . Consequently , a fast carrier force was sent to meet this threat while another force attacked Japanese air bases on Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima , in the Bonin and Volcano Islands , bases for potential enemy air attacks . A combined US fleet fought the Japanese on 19 June , in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . Japanese carrier planes , which planned to use the airfields of Guam and Tinian , to refuel and rearm , were met by carrier planes and the guns of the Allied escorting ships . That day , the US Navy destroyed a reported 426 Japanese planes while losing 29 . Indianapolis shot down one torpedo plane . This day of aerial combat became known as the `` Marianas Turkey Shoot '' . With Japanese air opposition wiped out , the US carrier planes sank Hiyō , two destroyers , and one tanker and damaged others . Two other carriers , Taihō and Shōkaku , were sunk by submarines . Indianapolis returned to Saipan on 23 June , to resume fire support and six days later moved to Tinian , to attack shore installations ( see Battle of Tinian ) . Meanwhile , Guam had been taken , and Indianapolis was the first ship to enter Apra Harbor , since early in the war . The ship operated in the Marianas for the next few weeks , then moved to the Western Carolines , where further landings were planned . From 12 to 29 September , she bombarded Peleliu , in the Palau Group , before and after the landings ( see Battle of Peleliu ) . She then sailed to Manus Island , in the Admiralty Islands , where she operated for 10 days before returning to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California for refitting . 1945 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Overhauled , Indianapolis joined VADM Marc A. Mitscher 's fast carrier task force on 14 February 1945 . Two days later , the task force launched an attack on Tokyo to cover the landings on Iwo Jima , scheduled for 19 February . This was the first carrier attack on Japan since the Doolittle Raid . The mission was to destroy Japanese air facilities and other installations in the `` Home Islands '' . The fleet achieved complete tactical surprise by approaching the Japanese coast under cover of bad weather . The attacks were pressed home for two days . The US Navy lost 49 carrier planes while claiming 499 enemy planes , a 10 : 1 kill / loss ratio . The task force also sank a carrier , nine coastal ships , a destroyer , two destroyer escorts , and a cargo ship . They destroyed hangars , shops , aircraft installations , factories , and other industrial targets . Indianapolis off Mare Island , on 10 July 1945 . Immediately after the strikes , the task force raced to the Bonin Islands , to support the landings on Iwo Jima . The ship remained there until 1 March , protecting the invasion ships and bombarding targets in support of the landings . Indianapolis returned to VADM Mitscher 's task force in time to strike Tokyo , again on 25 February , and Hachijō , off the southern coast of Honshū , the following day . Although weather was extremely bad , the American force destroyed 158 planes and sank five small ships while pounding ground installations and destroying trains . The next target for the US forces was Okinawa , in the Ryukyu Islands , which were in range of aircraft from the Japanese mainland . The fast carrier force was tasked with attacking airfields in southern Japan until they were incapable of launching effective airborne opposition to the impending invasion . The fast carrier force departed for Japan from Ulithi , on 14 March . On 18 March , it launched an attack from a position 100 mi ( 160 km ) southeast of the island of Kyūshū . The attack targeted airfields on Kyūshū , as well as ships of the Japanese fleet in the harbors of Kobe and Kure , on southern Honshū . The Japanese located the American task force on 21 March , sending 48 planes to attack the ships . Twenty - four fighters from the task force intercepted and shot down all the Japanese aircraft . Pre-invasion bombardment of Okinawa began on 24 March . Indianapolis spent 7 days pouring 8 - inch shells into the beach defenses . During this time , enemy aircraft repeatedly attacked the American ships . Indianapolis shot down six planes and damaged two others . On 31 March , the ship 's lookouts spotted a Japanese Nakajima Ki - 43 `` Oscar '' fighter as it emerged from the morning twilight and roared at the bridge in a vertical dive . The ship 's 20 mm guns opened fire , but within 15 seconds , the plane was over the ship . Tracers converged on it , causing it to swerve , but the enemy pilot managed to release his bomb from a height of 25 ft ( 7.6 m ) , crashing his plane into the sea near the port stern . The bomb plummeted through the deck , into the crew 's mess hall , down through the berthing compartment , and through the fuel tanks before crashing through the keel and exploding in the water underneath . The concussion blew two gaping holes in the keel which flooded nearby compartments , killing nine crewmen . The ship 's bulkheads prevented any progressive flooding . Indianapolis , settling slightly by the stern and listing to port , steamed to a salvage ship for emergency repairs . Here , inspection revealed that her propeller shafts were damaged , her fuel tanks ruptured , and her water - distilling equipment ruined . But Indianapolis commenced the long trip across the Pacific , under her own power , to the Mare Island Navy Yard for repairs . Secret mission ( edit ) After major repairs and an overhaul , Indianapolis received orders to proceed to Tinian island , carrying parts and the enriched uranium ( about half of the world 's supply of Uranium - 235 at the time ) for the atomic bomb Little Boy , which would later be dropped on Hiroshima . Indianapolis departed San Francisco 's Hunters Point Naval Shipyard on 16 July 1945 , within hours of the Trinity test . Indianapolis set a speed record of ​ 74 ⁄ hours with an average speed of 29 kn ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) from San Francisco to Pearl Harbor , which still stands today . Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 19 July , she raced on unaccompanied , delivering the atomic weapon components to Tinian on 26 July . Indianapolis was then sent to Guam , where a number of the crew who had completed their tours of duty were replaced by other sailors . Leaving Guam on 28 July , she began sailing toward Leyte , where her crew was to receive training before continuing on to Okinawa , to join VADM Jesse B. Oldendorf 's Task Force 95 . Sinking ( edit ) At 00 : 15 on 30 July , she was struck on her starboard side by two Type 95 torpedoes , one in the bow and one amidships , from the Japanese submarine I - 58 , captained by Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto , who initially thought he had spotted the New Mexico - class battleship Idaho . The explosions caused massive damage . Indianapolis took on a heavy list , and settled by the bow . Twelve minutes later , she rolled completely over , then her stern rose into the air , and she plunged down . Some 300 of the 1,196 crewmen went down with the ship . With few lifeboats and many without lifejackets , the remainder of the crew was set adrift . Indianapolis 's intended route from Guam to the Philippines . Rescue ( edit ) Navy command did not know about the ship 's sinking until survivors were spotted three and a half days later . At 10 : 25 on 2 August , a PV - 1 Ventura from VPB - 152 flown by Lieutenant Wilbur `` Chuck '' Gwinn and copilot LT Warren Colwell spotted the men adrift while on a routine patrol flight . Gwinn immediately dropped a life raft and a radio transmitter . All air and surface units capable of rescue operations were dispatched to the scene at once . They suffered from lack of food and water ( leading to dehydration and hypernatremia ; some found rations , such as Spam and crackers , amongst the debris ) , exposure to the elements ( leading to hypothermia and severe desquamation ) , and shark attacks , while some killed themselves or other survivors in various states of delirium and hallucinations . `` Ocean of Fear '' , a 2007 episode of the Discovery Channel TV documentary series Shark Week , states that the sinking of Indianapolis resulted in the most shark attacks on humans in history , and attributes the attacks to the oceanic whitetip shark species . Tiger sharks might have also killed some sailors . The same show attributed most of the deaths on Indianapolis to exposure , salt poisoning and thirst , with the dead being dragged off by sharks . Navy failure to learn of the sinking ( edit ) The Headquarters of Commander Marianas on Guam and of the Commander Philippine Sea Frontier on Leyte , kept Operations plotting boards on which were plotted the positions of all vessels with which the headquarters were concerned . However , for ships as large as Indianapolis , it was assumed that they would reach their destinations on time , unless reported otherwise . Therefore , their positions were based on predictions , and not on reports . On 31 July , when she should have arrived at Leyte , Indianapolis was removed from the board in the headquarters of Commander Marianas . She was also recorded as having arrived at Leyte by the headquarters of Commander Philippine Sea Frontier . LT Stuart B. Gibson , the operations officer under the Port Director , Tacloban , was the officer responsible for tracking the movements of Indianapolis . The vessel 's failure to arrive on schedule was known at once to LT Gibson , who failed to investigate the matter and made no immediate report of the fact to his superiors . Gibson received a letter of reprimand in connection with the incident . The acting commander and operations officer of the Philippine Sea Frontier also received reprimands , while Gibson 's immediate superior received a letter of admonition . Survivors of Indianapolis on Guam , in August 1945 . In the first official statement , the Navy said that distress calls `` were keyed by radio operators and possibly were actually transmitted '' but that `` no evidence has been developed that any distress message from the ship was received by any ship , aircraft or shore station '' . Declassified records later showed that three stations received the signals but none acted upon the call . One commander was drunk , another had ordered his men not to disturb him and a third thought it was a Japanese trap . Immediately prior to the attack , the seas had been moderate , the visibility fluctuating but poor in general , and Indianapolis had been steaming at 17 kn ( 20 mph ; 31 km / h ) . When the ship did n't reach Leyte on the 31st , as scheduled , no report was made that she was overdue . This omission was due to a misunderstanding of the Movement Report System . Court - martial of Captain McVay ( edit ) Captain Charles B. McVay III , who had commanded Indianapolis since November 1944 , survived the sinking and was among those rescued days later . In November 1945 , he was court - martialed and convicted of `` hazarding his ship by failing to zigzag '' . Several things about the court - martial were controversial . There was evidence that the Navy itself had placed the ship in harm 's way , in that McVay 's orders were to `` zigzag at his discretion , weather permitting '' . Further , Mochitsura Hashimoto , commander of I - 58 , testified that zigzagging would have made no difference . Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz remitted McVay 's sentence and restored him to active duty . McVay retired in 1949 as a rear admiral . While many of Indianapolis 's survivors said McVay was not to blame for the sinking , the families of some of the men who died thought otherwise : `` Merry Christmas ! Our family 's holiday would be a lot merrier if you had n't killed my son '' , read one piece of mail . The guilt that was placed on his shoulders mounted until he committed suicide in 1968 , using his Navy - issued revolver . McVay was discovered on his front lawn by his gardener with a toy sailor in one hand , revolver in the other . He was 70 years old . McVay 's record cleared ( edit ) In 1996 , sixth - grade student Hunter Scott began his research on the sinking of Indianapolis , which led to a United States Congressional investigation . In October 2000 , the United States Congress passed a resolution that Captain McVay 's record should state that `` he is exonerated for the loss of Indianapolis '' . President Bill Clinton signed the resolution . The resolution noted that , although several hundred ships of the US Navy were lost in combat in World War II , McVay was the only captain to be court - martialed for the sinking of his ship . In July 2001 , the United States Secretary of the Navy ordered McVay 's official Navy record cleared of all wrongdoing . Commanders ( edit ) Commanders of USS Indianapolis . Rank Name Date Captain John M. Smeallie 15 November 1932 -- 10 December 1934 Captain William S. McClintic 10 December 1934 -- 16 March 1936 Captain Henry Kent Hewitt 16 March 1936 -- 5 June 1937 Captain Thomas C. Kinkaid 5 June 1937 -- 1 July 1938 Captain John F. Shafroth , Jr . 1 July 1938 -- 1 October 1941 Captain Edward Hanson 1 October 1941 -- 11 July 1942 Captain Morton L. Deyo 11 July 1942 -- 12 January 1943 Captain Nicholas Vytlacil 12 January 1943 -- 30 July 1943 Captain Einar R. Johnson 30 July 1943 -- 18 November 1944 Captain Charles B. McVay III 18 November 1944 -- 30 July 1945 Awards ( edit ) American Defense Service Medal Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal with ten battle stars World War II Victory Medal Discovery of the wreck ( edit ) Navy firing detail as part of a burial - at - sea in 2008 for one of the 317 survivors of Indianapolis sinking on 30 July 1945 . The wreck of Indianapolis is located in the Philippine Sea . In July -- August 2001 , an expedition sought to find the wreckage through the use of side - scan sonar and underwater cameras mounted on a remotely operated vehicle . Four Indianapolis survivors accompanied the expedition , which was not successful . In June 2005 , a second expedition was mounted to find the wreck . National Geographic covered the story and released it in July . Submersibles were launched to find any sign of wreckage . The only objects ever found , which have not been confirmed to have belonged to Indianapolis , were numerous pieces of metal of varying size found in the area of the reported sinking position ( this was included in the National Geographic program `` Finding of the USS Indianapolis '' ) . In July 2016 , new information came out regarding the possible location of Indianapolis when naval records said that LST - 779 passed by the ship 11 hours before the torpedoes struck . Using this information , National Geographic planned to mount an expedition to search for the wreck in the summer of 2017 . Reports estimated that Indianapolis was actually 25 mi ( 40 km ) west of the reported sinking position , in water over three mi ( 4,800 m ) deep , and likely on the side of an underwater mountain . A year after the discovery of the records , the wreck was located by Paul Allen 's `` USS Indianapolis Project '' aboard Research Vessel Petrel on 19 August 2017 , at a depth of 18,000 feet ( 5,500 m ) . The wreck is well preserved due to the great depth at which Indianapolis rests , which is the rocky mountain ranges of the North Philippine Sea . In September 2017 , a map detailing the wreckage was released . The main part of the wreck lies in an impact crater . Its bow , which broke off before the ship sank , lies 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) east . The two forward 8 - inch guns , which also broke off on the surface and mark the ship 's last position on the surface , lie 0.5 miles ( 0.80 km ) east of the main wreck . The single 8 - inch gun turret on the stern remains in place . Airplane wreckage from the ship lies about 0.6 miles ( 0.97 km ) north of the main part of the wreck . Reunions ( edit ) Since 1960 , surviving crew members have been meeting for reunions in Indianapolis . For the 70th reunion , held 23 -- 26 July 2015 , 14 of the 32 remaining survivors attended . The reunions are open to anyone interested , and have more attendees each year , even as the number of survivors decreases from death . Held only periodically at first , biannually later on , the reunions have been held annually for the past several years . Every year , the survivors , most of them in their nineties , vote whether to continue . Seven out of twenty living survivors attended the 2017 reunion . Popular culture ( edit ) References to the Indianapolis sinking and aftermath have been adapted to film , stage , television , and popular culture . The incident itself was the subject of a 1991 made - for - television movie Mission of the Shark : The Saga of the USS Indianapolis , with Stacy Keach portraying Captain Charles Butler McVay III . Probably the most well known fictional reference to the events occurs in the 1975 thriller film Jaws in a monologue by actor Robert Shaw , whose character Quint is depicted as a survivor of the Indianapolis sinking . The monologue emphasizes the numerous deaths caused by shark attacks after the sinking . John Milius was specifically brought into the production to write lines for this scene and he based them on survivor stories . However , there are several historical inaccuracies in the monologue : The speech states the date of the sinking as 29 June 1945 , when the ship was actually sunk just after midnight on 30 July . The speech further states that 1,100 men went into the water and 316 came out ( 321 came out , of whom 317 survived ) and that because of the secrecy of the atom bomb mission no distress call was broadcast , while declassified Navy documents prove that the signal had been sent but did not elicit a response . A few years after the release of Jaws , co-writer Howard Sackler proposed making a prequel film based on the sinking of Indianapolis . The idea was ultimately rejected by then - Universal Studios president Sidney Sheinberg ; the film instead would eventually go on to become the sequel Jaws 2 . Science fiction writer Jack Chalker 's historical novel The Devil 's Voyage ( 1980 ) centers on the sinking of Indianapolis . Sara Vladic directed USS Indianapolis : The Legacy , which tells the fate of USS Indianapolis using exclusively first - person accounts from the survivors of the sinking . This film was released in December 2015 . USS Indianapolis : Men of Courage , starring Nicolas Cage , was released in October 2016 , with Mario Van Peebles directing . In The Burning Mountain , an alternate history of the aborted invasion of Japan by Alfred Coppel , USS Bethlehem is based on the secret mission and sinking of USS Indianapolis . Memorials ( edit ) See also : U.S. Navy Museum § Other museums USS Indianapolis National Memorial The USS Indianapolis Museum had its grand opening on 7 July 2007 , with its gallery in the Indiana War Memorial Museum at the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza . The USS Indianapolis National Memorial was dedicated on 2 August 1995 . It is located on the Canal Walk in Indianapolis . The heavy cruiser is depicted in limestone and granite and sits adjacent to the downtown canal . The crewmembers ' names are listed on the monument , with special notations for those who lost their lives . In May 2011 , highway I - 465 around Indianapolis was named the USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway . Some material relating to Indianapolis is held by the Indiana State Museum . Her bell and a commissioning pennant are located at the Heslar Naval Armory . The swim training center at United States Navy Recruit Training Command is named USS Indianapolis . See also ( edit ) Indiana portal List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines List of World War II ships List of United States Navy cruisers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ship Nicknames '' . zuzuray.com . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ships ' Data , U.S. Naval Vessels '' . US Naval Department . 1 July 1935 . pp. 16 -- 23 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rickard , J ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` USS Indianapolis ( CA - 35 ) '' . Historyofwar.org . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN , Emanuella Grinberg . `` USS Indianapolis wreckage found 72 years later '' . CNN . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauer & Roberts 1991 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Bauer & Roberts 1991 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 2001 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Silverstone 2007 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Stille 2009 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : DANFS 1981 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : DANFS 1981 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Cook , Blanche ( 1999 ) . Eleanor Roosevelt , vol. 2 ( 1933 - 1938 ) . New York : Penguin . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0140178944 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Turkey Shoot '' . cannon-lexington.com . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ranulph Fiennes ( 6 October 2016 ) . Fear : Our Ultimate Challenge . Hodder & Stoughton . pp. 125 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4736 - 1801 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Little Boy '' , the bomb dropped on Hiroshima , was also inscribed with numerous autographs and graffiti by ground crews who loaded it into the plane . One of them read : `` Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis '' . Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( Simon & Schuster , 1986 ) , 710 . Jump up ^ Raymond B. Lech ( 14 November 2000 ) . The Tragic Fate of the U.S.S. Indianapolis : The U.S. Navy 's Worst Disaster at Sea . Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 6129 - 0 . Jump up ^ All Hands . Bureau of Naval Personnel. 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Shaara ( 2012 ) . The Final Storm : A Novel of the War in the Pacific . Random House Publishing Group . pp. 434 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49795 - 6 . Jump up ^ Clayton Chun ( 20 January 2013 ) . Japan 1945 : From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 106 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 0020 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp ( 2008 ) . `` Submarine I - 58 : Tabular Record of Movement '' . combinedfleet.com . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewis L. Haynes ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Recollections of the sinking of USS Indianapolis ( CA - 35 ) by CAPT Lewis L. Haynes , MC ( Medical Corps ) ( Ret . ) , the senior medical officer on board the ship '' . Navy Medicine . Retrieved 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Marks ( April 1981 ) pp. 48 -- 50 Jump up ^ Two of the rescued survivors , Robert Lee Shipman ( `` Robert Lee Shipman ( 1921 - 1945 ) '' . Find A Grave Memorial. ) and Frederick Harrison ( `` Frederick Elliott Harrison ( 1912 - 1945 ) '' . Find A Grave Memorial. ) died in August 1945 . Jump up ^ In Harm 's Way : The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors Jump up ^ `` The Story ( Delayed Rescue ) '' . the USS Indianapolis National Memorial . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel 's Shark Week : Ocean of Fear '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sinking of USS Indianapolis : Navy Department Press Release , Narrative of the Circumstances of the Loss of USS Indianapolis '' . U.S. Navy . 23 February 1946 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Timothy W. Maier ( 5 June 2000 ) . `` For The Good of the Navy '' . Insight on the News . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mochitsura Hashimoto '' . ussindianapolis.org . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Captain McVay '' . ussindianapolis.org . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Martinovich ( 16 April 2001 ) . `` Review of In Harm 's Way '' . enterstageright.com . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seeking Justice : Victory in Congress '' . ussindianapolis.org . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Legislation exonerating Captain McVay '' . ussindianapolis.org . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Joseph ( 2005 ) . Leadership Embodied . Naval Institute Press . pp. 112 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 860 - 9 . Jump up ^ Magin , Janis ( 13 July 2001 ) . `` Navy exonerates WWII captain '' . The Argus - Press . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Yarnall , Paul R. ( 22 August 2015 ) . `` NavSource Online : Cruiser Photo Archive '' . USS INDIANAPOLIS ( CA 35 ) . Navsource.org . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ At USS Indianapolis Museum official website , in the left - hand column , click on `` USS Indianapolis Battle Stars '' . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ The coordinates given in this article are for the general area Jump up ^ `` New Lead Uncovered in Search for USS Indianapolis '' . 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Details On Final Resting Place Of USS Indianapolis - News - Indiana Public Media '' . Jump up ^ `` USS Indianapolis discovered 18,000 feet below Pacific surface '' . CNN . 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found in Philippine Sea '' . Indianapolis Star . 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Werner , Ben ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Navy : USS Indianapolis Wreckage Well Preserved by Depth and Undersea Environment '' . USNI News . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emanuella Grinberg . `` USS Indianapolis wreckage found 72 years later '' . CNN . `` Wreckage of USS Indianapolis found '' . 25 August 2017 . Jamie Seidel ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` USS Indianapolis , famous US Navy ship at the centre of '' . NewsComAu . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` Warship 's Last Survivors Recall Sinking in Shark - Infested Waters '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USS Indianapolis Survivors Reunion '' . ussindyreunion.com . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds mark 70th anniversary of USS Indianapolis attack '' . 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beilue : For the dwindling few , the USS Indianpolis reunion is too meaningful to ignore '' . Amarillo.com . Amarillo Globe - News . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaws Dialogues Jump up ^ Loynd 1978 , pp. 24 -- 5 Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` ' USS : Indianapolis ' Shoot Set for June in Alabama ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` USS Indianapolis Production Delayed After Vintage Plane Waterlogged '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Alfred Coppel , The Burning Mountain . 1983 . Charter Books , New York Jump up ^ `` USS Indianapolis Museum - Mission & Vision Statement '' . USS Indianapolis Museum . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana War Memorial : USS Indianapolis Memorial '' . State of Indiana official website . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USS Indianapolis '' . Indiana War Memorials Foundation . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Network Indiana . `` I - 465 Renamed In Honor Of USS Indianapolis '' . Indiana Public Media . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . The entry can be found here . Bibliography ( edit ) Dictionary of American naval fighting ships / Vol. 3 , Historical sketches : letters G through K , Washington , D.C. : Department of the Navy , 1981 , ISBN 978 - 0160020186 Bauer , Karl Jack ; Roberts , Stephen S. ( 1991 ) , Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy , 1775 -- 1990 : Major Combatants , Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , ISBN 978 - 0313262029 Loynd , Ray ( 1978 ) , The Jaws 2 Log , London : W.H. Allen , ISBN 0 - 426 - 18868 - 3 Miller , David M.O. ( 2001 ) , Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World , New York City : Zenith Press , ISBN 978 - 0760311271 Silverstone , Paul ( 2007 ) , The Navy of World War II , 1922 -- 1947 , New York City : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415978989 Stille , Mark ( 2009 ) , USN Cruiser vs IJN Cruiser : Guadalcanal 1942 , Oxford , United Kingdom : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1846034664 Fahey , James C. ( 1941 ) . The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet , Two - Ocean Fleet Edition . Ships and Aircraft . Harrell , David ( as told by Edgar Harrell ) . Out of the Depths. 2005 . ISBN 1 - 59781 - 166 - 1 Hashimoto , Mochitsura ( 2010 ) ( 1954 ) . Sunk : The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet , 1941 -- 1945 . New York : Henry Holt ; reprint : Progressive Press . ISBN 1 - 61577 - 581 - 1 . Lech , Raymond B. All the Drowned Sailors , Jove Books , New York , ASIN : B000UE9796 Marks , R. Adrian ( April 1981 ) . `` America Was Well Represented '' . United States Naval Institute Proceedings . Newcomb , Richard F. `` Abandon Ship ! : The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis , the Navy 's Greatest Sea Disaster '' . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018471 - X Stanton , Doug ( 15 April 2003 ) . In Harm 's Way : The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7366 - 9 . Publishers Weekly Notable Book Award ; Massachusetts Book Award Taylor , Theodore ( 1954 ) . The Magnificent Mitscher . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 850 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Indianapolis ( CA - 35 ) . USS Indianapolis Museum official website USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization Maritime Quest Indianapolis Pictures 1945 Kamikaze Damage Report -- filed by Mare Island Naval Shipyard Allied Warships : USS Indianapolis ( CA 35 ) , Heavy cruiser of the Portland - class `` USS Indianapolis Collection , 1898 -- 1991 ( Bulk 1945 -- 1946 and 1984 -- 1991 ) , Collection Guide '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Historical Society . 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . IndySurvivor.com - website and book by survivor Edgar Harrell , USMC Announcement of the Father Thomas Conway Memorial ( June 2006 ) . ( At USS Indianapolis Museum official website , in the left - hand column , click on `` 2006 Museum Activities '' . ) BBC Magazine Photo gallery of USS Indianapolis at NavSource Naval History Coordinates : 12 ° 2 ′ N 134 ° 48 ′ E  /  12.033 ° N 134.800 ° E  / 12.033 ; 134.800  ( Approximate location of the wreck of the USS Indianapolis ( CA - 35 ) ) USS Indianapolis ( decked in flags ) and the passenger liner Aquitania at the Statue of Liberty Portland - class cruisers Portland Indianapolis Preceded by : Northampton class Followed by : New Orleans class List of cruisers of the United States Navy Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in July 1945 Shipwrecks 2 Jul : Empire Fal 4 Jul : Bahia 8 Jul : HNLMS O 19 11 Jul : Sakura 14 Jul : I - 351 , Tachibana 15 Jul : Francis Preston Blair , HMS Ludlow , HMS Maori , Walter LM Russ 16 Jul : USS Gamble , I - 13 17 Jul : HMS Athlete 18 Jul : Kasuga , Yakaze 20 Jul : Kiyokawa Maru 24 Jul : Aoba , Amagi , Hyūga , Iwate , Settsu , HMS Squirrel , Tone , USS Underhill 25 Jul : Kotobuki Maru , PB - 2 26 Jul : HMS Vestal 28 Jul : USS Callaghan , Haruna , Ise , Izumo , Ōyodo 30 Jul : Hatsushimo , USS Indianapolis , Okinawa Unknown date : HMCS St. Francis 1944 1945 1946 June 1945 August 1945 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)&oldid=814669956 '' Categories : Portland - class cruisers World War II cruisers of the United States Ships of the Aleutian Islands Campaign Ships sunk by Japanese submarines World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean Shark attacks Monuments and memorials in Indiana United States Navy Indiana - related ships Ships built in Camden , New Jersey Indianapolis 1931 ships Maritime incidents in July 1945 Hidden categories : Use American English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 05 : 28 . 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how many songs did lennon and mccartney write
Lennon -- McCartney ( sometimes McCartney -- Lennon ) was the songwriting partnership between English musicians John Lennon ( 9 October 1940 -- 8 December 1980 ) and Paul McCartney ( born 18 June 1942 ) of the Beatles . It is one of the best known and most successful musical collaborations in history , with the Beatles selling over 600 million records , tapes and CDs as of 2004 . Between 1962 and 1969 , the partnership published approximately 180 jointly credited songs , of which the vast majority were recorded by the Beatles , forming the bulk of their catalogue .
approximately 180
Lennon -- McCartney
lennon - - mccartney
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John Lennon ( left ) and Paul McCartney ( right ) in 1964 Lennon -- McCartney ( sometimes McCartney -- Lennon ) was the songwriting partnership between English musicians John Lennon ( 9 October 1940 -- 8 December 1980 ) and Paul McCartney ( born 18 June 1942 ) of the Beatles . It is one of the best known and most successful musical collaborations in history , with the Beatles selling over 600 million records , tapes and CDs as of 2004 . Between 1962 and 1969 , the partnership published approximately 180 jointly credited songs , of which the vast majority were recorded by the Beatles , forming the bulk of their catalogue . Unlike many songwriting partnerships that comprise separate lyricist and composer , both Lennon and McCartney wrote words and music . Sometimes , especially early on , they would collaborate extensively when writing songs , working `` eyeball to eyeball '' as Lennon put it . Later , it became more common for one of the two credited authors to write all or most of a song with limited input from the other . By an agreement made before the Beatles became famous , Lennon and McCartney were credited equally with songs that either one of them wrote while their partnership lasted . In January 2017 , McCartney filed a suit in United States district court against Sony / ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon -- McCartney song catalog beginning in 2018 . Under US copyright law , for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years . McCartney and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017 . Lennon -- McCartney compositions have been the subject of numerous cover versions . According to Guinness World Records , `` Yesterday '' has been recorded by more artists than any other song . The Sunday Times called Lennon and McCartney the greatest composers since Ludwig van Beethoven . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meeting 2 Writing chemistry 3 Credit variations and disputes 3.1 Joint credit 3.2 Lennon -- McCartney vs McCartney -- Lennon 3.3 Lennon -- McCartney and others 4 Legacy 4.1 Cultural impact 4.2 Beatles catalogue 5 Non-Beatles songs 6 Unreleased songs 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Meeting ( edit ) McCartney and Lennon , 1964 The pair met on 6 July 1957 , at a local church fête , where Lennon was playing with his skiffle group , the Quarrymen . McCartney , brought along by a mutual friend , Ivan Vaughan , impressed Lennon with his ability on the guitar and his version of Eddie Cochran 's ' 20 Flight Rock ' . Soon after , Lennon asked McCartney if he would join the Quarrymen . McCartney accepted . The duo 's first musical idols were the Everly Brothers , Little Richard , Chuck Berry , Elvis Presley , Buddy Holly and Smokey Robinson and the Miracles and they learned many of their songs and imitated their sound . Their first compositions were written at McCartney 's home ( 20 Forthlin Road ) , at Lennon 's aunt Mimi 's house ( 251 Menlove Avenue ) or at the Liverpool Institute . They often invited friends -- including George Harrison , Nigel Walley , Barbara Baker , and Lennon 's art school colleagues -- to listen to performances of their new songs . Writing chemistry ( edit ) Lennon said the main intention of the Beatles ' music was to communicate , and that , to this effect , he and McCartney had a shared purpose . Author David Rowley points out that at least half of all Lennon -- McCartney lyrics have the words `` you '' and / or `` your '' in the first line . In Lennon 's 1980 Playboy interview , he said of the partnership , ( Paul ) provided a lightness , an optimism , while I would always go for the sadness , the discords , the bluesy notes . There was a period when I thought I did n't write melodies , that Paul wrote those and I just wrote straight , shouting rock ' n ' roll . But , of course , when I think of some of my own songs -- `` In My Life '' , or some of the early stuff , `` This Boy '' -- I was writing melody with the best of them . Historian Todd Compton has noted that there is some truth to Lennon 's statement regarding McCartney 's optimism . However , it does not tell the whole story , as some of McCartney 's most characteristic songs are tragic , or express themes of isolation , such as `` Yesterday '' , `` She 's Leaving Home '' , `` Eleanor Rigby '' or `` For No One '' . Although Lennon and McCartney often wrote independently -- and many Beatles songs are primarily the work of one or the other -- it was rare that a song would be completed without some input from both writers . In many instances , one writer would sketch an idea or a song fragment and take it to the other to finish or improve ; in some cases , two incomplete songs or song ideas that each had worked on individually would be combined into a complete song . Often one of the pair would add a middle eight or bridge section to the other 's verse and chorus . George Martin attributed the high quality of their songwriting to the friendly rivalry between the two . This approach of the Lennon -- McCartney songwriting team -- with elements of competitiveness and mutual inspiration as well as straightforward collaboration and creative merging of musical ideas -- is often cited as a key reason for the Beatles ' innovation and popular success . As time went on , the songs increasingly became the work of one writer or the other , often with the partner offering up only a few words or an alternative chord . `` A Day in the Life '' is a notable and well - known example of a later Beatles song that includes substantial contributions by both Lennon and McCartney , where a separate song fragment by McCartney ( `` Woke up , fell out of bed , dragged a comb across my head ... '' ) was used to flesh out the middle of Lennon 's composition ( `` I read the news today , oh boy ... '' ) . `` Hey Jude '' is another example of a later McCartney song that had input from Lennon : while auditioning the song for Lennon , when McCartney came to the lyric `` the movement you need is on your shoulder '' , McCartney assured Lennon that he would change the line -- which McCartney felt was nonsensical -- as soon as he could come up with a better lyric . Lennon advised McCartney to leave that line alone , saying it was one of the strongest in the song . Credit variations and disputes ( edit ) Joint credit ( edit ) When McCartney and Lennon met as teenagers and began writing songs together , they agreed that all songs written by them ( whether individually or jointly ) should be credited to both of them . The precise date of the agreement is unknown ; however , Lennon spoke in 1980 of an informal agreement between him and McCartney made `` when we were fifteen or sixteen '' . Two songs written ( primarily by Lennon ) in 1957 , `` Hello Little Girl '' and `` One After 909 '' , were credited to the partnership when published in the following decade . The earliest Beatles recording credited to Lennon -- McCartney to be officially released is `` You 'll Be Mine '' , recorded at home in 1960 and included on Anthology 1 35 years later . Some other compositions from the band 's early years are not credited to the partnership . `` In Spite of All the Danger '' , a 1958 composition that the band ( then The Quarrymen ) paid to record to disc , is attributed to McCartney and George Harrison . `` Cayenne '' , recorded at the same time as `` You 'll Be Mine '' , is a solo McCartney composition . `` Cry for a Shadow '' , recorded during the Beatles ' sessions with Tony Sheridan in June 1961 , was written by Lennon and Harrison . By 1962 , the joint credit agreement was in effect . From the time of the Beatles ' first A&R audition in January that year , until Lennon 's announcement in September 1969 that he was leaving the band , virtually all songs by McCartney or Lennon were published with joint credit . The only exceptions were a handful of the McCartney compositions released by other artists ( viz . `` Woman '' by Peter and Gordon in 1966 , `` Cat Call '' by Chris Barber in 1967 , and `` Penina '' by Carlos Mendes in 1969 ) . After the partnership had ended , Lennon and McCartney each gave multiple accounts of their individual contribution to each jointly credited song , and sometimes claimed full authorship . Often their memories of collaboration differed , but often their early and late interviews are in conflict . The following five cases are prominent examples of differences between their recollections : `` Help ! '' ( 1965 ) was often claimed by Lennon in his late interviews . However , Paul McCartney claims to have helped on the `` countermelody '' , estimating the song as `` 70 -- 30 '' to Lennon . During an interview with Playboy in 1984 , McCartney stated that `` John and I wrote it at his house in Weybridge for the film ( Help ! ) '' Lennon in fact described the song as co-written in 1965 interviews . Although Lennon said that McCartney helped only with `` the middle eight '' ( a short section ) of `` In My Life '' , McCartney has said that he wrote the entire melody , taking inspiration from Smokey Robinson songs . McCartney has said that , aside from `` In My Life '' , the only song where his and Lennon 's recollections significantly differ is `` Eleanor Rigby '' . McCartney recalled writing the song 's music on a piano at Jane Asher 's family home in Wimpole Street , and then playing it to Donovan , who has confirmed that the song lacked any serious lyrics at that point . In 1972 , Lennon said that he wrote 70 per cent of the `` Eleanor Rigby '' lyrics , but Pete Shotton , Lennon 's childhood friend , remembered Lennon 's contribution as being `` absolutely nil '' . In 1985 , McCartney said that Lennon had contributed `` about half a line '' to the song , but elsewhere ( including a 1966 interview ) he describes finishing the song with more substantial collaboration with Lennon . Harrison also contributed to this song . According to journalist Hunter Davies , the last verse was finished with all the Beatles giving suggestions in the studio . While Lennon said that McCartney 's contribution to `` Ticket to Ride '' was limited to `` the way Ringo played the drums '' , McCartney said `` we sat down and wrote it together ... give him 60 percent of it . '' The song `` And Your Bird Can Sing '' was supposedly written by Lennon , but McCartney claims to have helped on the lyric , estimating the song as `` 80 -- 20 '' to Lennon . Lennon -- McCartney vs McCartney -- Lennon ( edit ) In October 1962 , the Beatles released their first single in the UK , `` Love Me Do '' , credited to `` Lennon -- McCartney '' . However , on their next three releases the following year ( the single `` Please Please Me '' , the Please Please Me LP , and the single `` From Me to You '' ) , the credit was given as `` McCartney -- Lennon '' . With the `` She Loves You '' single , released in August 1963 , the credit reverted to `` Lennon -- McCartney '' , and all subsequent official Beatles singles and albums list `` Lennon -- McCartney '' ( UK ) or `` J. Lennon / ​ P. McCartney '' ( US ) as the author of songs written by the two . In 1976 McCartney 's band Wings released their live album Wings over America with songwriting credits for five Beatles songs reversed to place McCartney 's name first . Neither Lennon nor Yoko Ono publicly `` voiced a word of disapproval about it '' . Many years after Lennon 's death however , in the late 1990s , McCartney and Ono became involved in a dispute over the credit order . McCartney 's 2002 live album , Back in the U.S. , also used the credit `` Paul McCartney and John Lennon '' for all of the Beatles songs . When Ono objected to McCartney 's request for the reversed credit to be used for the 1965 song `` Yesterday '' , McCartney said that he and Lennon had agreed in the past that the credits could be reversed , if either of them wanted to , on any future releases . In 2003 , he relented , saying , `` I 'm happy with the way it is and always has been . Lennon and McCartney is still the rock ' n ' roll trademark I 'm proud to be a part of -- in the order it has always been . '' An in - depth analysis of the legal issues was the subject of a 66 - page article in the Pepperdine Law Review in 2006 . Lennon -- McCartney and others ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A number of songs written primarily by the duo and recorded by the Beatles were credited as follows : `` What Goes On '' ( 1965 ) : Lennon -- McCartney -- Starkey `` 12 - Bar Original '' ( 1965 ) : Lennon -- McCartney -- Harrison -- Starkey `` Flying '' ( 1967 ) : Harrison -- Lennon -- McCartney -- Starkey `` Los Paranoias '' ( 1968 ) : Lennon -- McCartney -- Harrison - Starkey `` Dig It '' ( 1969 ) : Lennon -- McCartney -- Harrison - Starkey `` Maggie Mae '' ( 1969 ) : Arrangement by Lennon -- McCartney -- Harrison -- Starkey `` Suzy Parker '' ( 1969 ) : Lennon - McCartney - Harrison - Starkey `` Free as a Bird '' ( 1995 ) : Original composition by John Lennon ; Beatles version credited to John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' ( 1995 edit of 1967 fan club version ) : Lennon -- McCartney -- Harrison - Starkey The German - language versions of `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were also credited to additional songwriters for assisting with the translation . `` Komm , Gib Mir Deine Hand '' was credited to Lennon -- McCartney -- Nicolas -- Hellmer and `` Sie Liebt Dich '' was credited to Lennon -- McCartney -- Nicolas -- Montague . Legacy ( edit ) Cultural impact ( edit ) See also : Cultural impact of the Beatles Lennon -- McCartney , along with the Rolling Stones ' songwriting partnership between Mick Jagger and Keith Richards , as well as other British Invasion songwriters , inspired changes to the music industry because they were bands that wrote and performed their own music . This trend threatened the professional songwriters that dominated the American music industry . Ellie Greenwich , a Brill Building songwriter , said , `` When the Beatles and the entire British Invasion came in , we were all ready to say , ' Look , it 's been nice , there 's no more room for us ... It 's now the self - contained group - males , certain type of material . What do we do ? '' Beatles catalogue ( edit ) The Lennon -- McCartney songwriting partnership makes up the majority of the Beatles ' catalogue . The first two UK studio albums included 12 cover tunes and 15 Lennon -- McCartney songs , with one track ( `` Do n't Bother Me '' ) credited to George Harrison . Their third UK album , A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) , is the only original Beatles album made up entirely of Lennon -- McCartney compositions . The next album released , Beatles for Sale ( 1964 ) , included six covers and eight Lennon -- McCartney originals . The subsequent release , Help ! ( 1965 ) , had two covers and two Harrison compositions along with ten Lennon -- McCartney tracks ; it was the last Beatles album to feature a non-original composition until Let It Be , which included an arrangement of the traditional Liverpool folk song `` Maggie Mae '' . Among the songs in this post-Help ! output , Harrison contributed between one and four songs per album , and Starr wrote two songs in total and received a joint credit with Lennon and McCartney for a third ( `` What Goes On '' ) . In addition , `` Flying '' and `` Dig It '' were credited to all four Beatles . The rest of the catalogue came from Lennon and McCartney . Lennon and McCartney gave songs to Starr to sing , and to Harrison before he started writing his own material . As for the songs they kept for themselves , each partner mostly sang his own composition , often with the other providing harmonies , or they shared lead vocal . If each contributed a fragment to make a whole song , he might sing his portion , as in the case of `` I 've Got a Feeling '' and `` A Day in the Life '' . `` Every Little Thing '' is a rare example of a Lennon -- McCartney song in which one member of the partnership was primary composer ( McCartney ) but the other sang lead vocal ( Lennon ) . McCartney sings in unison with Lennon on the verses , but Lennon 's vocal is more prominent . McCartney sings the high harmony on the chorus . Non-beatles songs ( edit ) Several songs credited to Lennon -- McCartney were originally released by artists other than the Beatles , especially those managed by Brian Epstein . Recording a Lennon -- McCartney song helped launch new artists ' careers . Many of the recordings below were included on the 1979 compilation album The Songs Lennon and McCartney Gave Away . Beatles versions of some of these were recorded ; some were not released until after their split , on compilations such as Live at the BBC ( 1994 ) and The Beatles Anthology ( 1995 -- 96 ) . Year Artist Song Peak Chart Position Notes 1963 The Rolling Stones `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' UK # 12 Beatles version released later in 1963 on With the Beatles 1963 Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas `` I 'll Be on My Way '' ( B - side ) Beatles version released on Live at the BBC 1963 Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas `` Bad to Me '' UK # 1 Beatles version released on iTunes download `` The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 1963 Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas `` I Call Your Name '' ( B - side ) Beatles version released on The Beatles ' Second Album ( US ) and the Long Tall Sally EP ( UK ) in 1964 1963 Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas `` I 'll Keep You Satisfied '' UK # 4 1964 Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas `` From a Window '' UK # 10 1963 Tommy Quickly `` Tip of My Tongue '' -- 1963 The Fourmost `` Hello Little Girl '' UK # 9 Beatles version released on Anthology 1 1963 The Fourmost `` I 'm in Love '' UK # 17 Beatles version released on iTunes download `` The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 1963 Cilla Black `` Love of the Loved '' UK # 35 Beatles version released on I Saw Her Standing There 1964 Cilla Black `` It 's for You '' UK # 7 1968 Cilla Black `` Step Inside Love '' UK # 8 Beatles version released on Anthology 3 1964 The Strangers with Mike Shannon `` One and One Is Two '' -- The song was rejected by Billy J. Kramer . The Strangers with Mike Shannon were South African . 1964 Peter & Gordon `` A World Without Love '' UK # 1 1964 Peter & Gordon `` Nobody I Know '' UK # 10 1964 Peter & Gordon `` I Do n't Want to See You Again '' -- 1964 The Applejacks `` Like Dreamers Do '' UK # 20 Beatles version released on Anthology 1 1965 P.J. Proby `` That Means a Lot '' UK # 30 Beatles version released on Anthology 2 1968 Black Dyke Mills Band `` Thingumybob '' -- Developed from an early version known as `` Etcetera '' , demoed by Paul McCartney during a session for `` Mother Nature 's Son '' on 20 August 1968 . 1969 Mary Hopkin `` Goodbye '' UK # 2 1969 Plastic Ono Band `` Give Peace a Chance '' UK # 2 Although composed alone by Lennon , McCartney was credited as co-composer on the single appearance and on Lennon 's compilation albums Shaved Fish and The John Lennon Collection . The credit was revised in the 1990s to cite only Lennon . Note that several songs released during this period were credited solely to Paul McCartney : Year Artist Song Peak Chart Position Notes 1966 Peter & Gordon `` Woman '' UK # 28 ; US # 14 McCartney is credited as `` Bernard Webb '' . 1966 The George Martin Orchestra The Family Way -- McCartney composed most of the music for this soundtrack . 1967 The Chris Barber Band `` Catcall '' -- Originally known as `` Catswalk '' , performed from 1958 to 1962 and revisited during the Get Back sessions in January 1969 . 1969 Carlos Mendes `` Penina '' -- 1969 Badfinger `` Come and Get It '' UK # 4 The original demo was included on Anthology 3 . Unreleased songs ( edit ) The following compositions are believed to have been written by Lennon and McCartney , but never officially released by The Beatles or any other artist except as noted below . Many have appeared on Beatles bootlegs ; a notable exception being `` Carnival of Light '' . The list of unreleased songs includes some of the earliest Lennon -- McCartney joint works dating back to The Quarrymen , the group which evolved into the Beatles . Several of these songs were revisited during the Get Back sessions of early 1969 . Title Year Notes `` I Lost My Little Girl '' 1956 First song written by McCartney . Performed by The Beatles ( with Lennon on lead vocals ) during the Get Back sessions . A performance of this song can be heard on McCartney 's 1991 album Unplugged ( The Official Bootleg ) . `` Too Bad About Sorrows '' 1957 One of the earliest Lennon -- McCartney compositions . Briefly sung by Lennon during the Get Back sessions of 8 January 1969 ; sung by McCartney during Get Back sessions of 21 January 1969 . `` Just Fun '' 1957 Played by The Quarrymen from 1957 to 1959 ; sung by McCartney during the Get Back sessions of 6 January 1969 and shown in the Let It Be film ; briefly sung by Lennon during the Get Back sessions of 8 January 1969 . `` Keep Looking That Way '' 1957 Played by The Quarrymen . `` Looking Glass '' 1957 Instrumental . Mentioned in 1969 film outtakes ; unknown if performed during Get Back sessions . `` That 's My Woman '' 1957 Played by The Quarrymen . `` Thinking of Linking '' 1957 Played by The Quarrymen ; briefly sung by Lennon during the Get Back sessions of 29 January 1969 ; performed by McCartney , Harrison and Starr for The Beatles Anthology . `` Winston 's Walk '' 1957 Instrumental . `` Years Roll Along '' 1957 Played by The Quarrymen . `` Because I Know You Love Me So '' 1960 Country - influenced duets briefly sung by Lennon and McCartney during the Get Back sessions of 3 January 1969 . `` I 'll Wait Till Tomorrow '' 1960 `` I 've Been Thinking That You Love Me '' 1960 Briefly performed during the Get Back sessions of 3 January 1969 . `` Wo n't You Please Say Goodbye '' 1960 Briefly sung by Lennon during the Get Back sessions of 3 January 1969 . `` Some Days '' 1960 Speculative titles based on taped works - in - progress . `` You 'll Be Mine '' , also recorded at the time , was released on Anthology 1 . `` You Must Write Everyday '' 1960 `` Well Darling '' 1960 `` Come on People '' 1960 `` I Do n't Know '' 1960 `` I Fancy Me Chances '' 1962 Performed live in 1962 and briefly during the Get Back sessions ; the latter was released as `` Fancy My Chances with You '' on the bonus disc of Let It Be ... Naked . `` Pinwheel Twist '' 1962 Performed live in 1962 . `` Carnival of Light '' 1967 Recorded on 5 January 1967 ; nearly 14 - minute - long experimental collage . `` Shirley 's Wild Accordion '' 1967 Recorded on 12 October 1967 ; instrumental intended for Magical Mystery Tour film . `` Commonwealth '' 1969 Improvised studio jam satirising Enoch Powell 's claim in a 1968 speech that immigration into the UK would cause a race war . Sung by McCartney during the Get Back sessions of 9 January 1969 . `` Song of Love '' 1969 Sung by McCartney ; performed during the Get Back sessions of 14 January 1969 . `` Watching Rainbows '' 1969 Sung by Lennon ; performed during the Get Back sessions of 14 January 1969 . `` Madman '' 1969 Sung by Lennon ; performed during the Get Back sessions of 14 and 21 January 1969 . See also ( edit ) Book : Lennon -- McCartney List of songs recorded by The Beatles List of songwriter collaborations The Beatles bootleg recordings Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff Writers , CNNMoney.com ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Beatles ' remastered box set , video game out '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Such as Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , Rodgers and Hammerstein , Hal David and Burt Bacharach , Elton John and Bernie Taupin . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/18/paul-mccartney-sue-sony-rights-beatles-songs Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jul/04/beatles-song-rights-dispute-paul-mccartney-and-sony-atv-work-it-out Jump up ^ http://fortune.com/2017/06/30/sony-beatles-copyright/ Jump up ^ `` Most Recorded Song '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaar , Gillian G. ( 8 Feb 2011 ) . `` Best Overall : The Beatles , The Songwriting Team of Lennon and McCartney '' . Goldmine Magazine . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jeff . John Lennon `` Imagine . '' Berkeley Heights : Enslow Publishers , 2011 . Print . Jump up ^ Conord , Bruce W. John Lennon . New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1994 . Print . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 131 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Rowley 2008 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 136 . `` In My Life '' was the main song on which Lennon and McCartney disagreed , see below ... Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Ray ( 1992 ) . Lennon . New York , New York : HarperCollins . p. 363 - 364 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 098608 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Beatles Anthology documentary Jump up ^ Garcia , Gilbert ( 27 January 2003 ) . `` The ballad of Paul and Yoko '' . salon.com . Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , pp. 5 - 8 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman 1984 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , pp. 106 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Kruth , John ( 2015 ) . This Bird Has Flown : The Enduring Beauty of Rubber Soul Fifty Years On . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61713 - 573 - 6 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , pp. 281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , pp. 146 . Jump up ^ Compton 2017 , pp. 144 , 146 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 23 , 32 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballad of Paul and Yoko '' . 27 January 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` McCartney makes up with Ono '' . BBC News . 1 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Lister , David ( 28 December 2002 ) . `` Let it be , Sir Paul ( as someone or other once said ) '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Landes , Ezra D. ( 2006 ) . `` I Am the Walrus -- No . I Am ! : Can Paul McCartney Transpose the Ubiquitous ' Lennon -- McCartney ' Songwriting Credit to Read ' McCartney / Lennon ? '' An Exploration of the Surviving Beatle 's Attempt to Re-Write Music Lore , as it Pertains to the Bundle of Intellectual Property Rights `` . Pepperdine Law Review . 34 : 185 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Mystery Tour - The Beatles Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Dig It - The Beatles Song Info AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ultra Rare Trax , Vol. 5 - The Beatles Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Ian ( 2000 ) . The Beatles , Popular Music and Society . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 22236 - X . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Overview of Please Please Me '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Review of With the Beatles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of A Hard Day 's Night '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Beatles for Sale '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Alan W. ( 1992 ) . `` Notes on ' Every Little Thing ' '' . soundscapes.info . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Fontenot / About was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Calkin , Graham . `` The Songs Lennon and McCartney Gave Away '' . JPGR . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Winn 2008 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Bible '' . Jump up ^ `` Beatles Wiki '' . ^ Jump up to : Shea & Rodriguez 2002 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Everett 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Everett 2001 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Lost Beatles '' . NPR 's Online Music Show . Retrieved 1 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2007 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 - Early Beatles Songs '' . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger 2006 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney Looks Back : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Everett 2001 , pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Everett 2001 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 2001 , pp. 25 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger 2006 , pp. 236 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Wiener 1994 , p. 424 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 2007 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , pp. 157 -- 8 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2007 , p. 334 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger 2006 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Sulpy & Schweighardt 1999 , pp. 201 -- 2 . Bibliography Compton , Todd ( 2017 ) . Who Wrote the Beatle Songs ? A History of Lennon - McCartney . San Jose : Pahreah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9988997 - 0 - 1 . Everett , Walter ( 2001 ) . The Beatles As Musicians : The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514105 - 4 . Goodman , Joan ( 1984 ) . `` Playboy Interview With Paul and Linda McCartney '' . Beatles Interview Database . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2007 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties . Chicago : Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Rowley , David ( 2008 ) . Help ! 50 Songwriting , Recording and Career Tips used by the Beatles . Matador . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906221 - 37 - 9 . Shea , Stuart ; Rodriguez , Robert ( 2002 ) . Fab Four FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Beatles ... and More ! . New York : Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 2138 - 2 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Sulpy , Doug ; Schweighardt , Ray ( 1999 ) . Get Back : The Unauthorized Chronicle of the Beatles ' ' Let It Be ' Disaster . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19981 - 4 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2006 ) . Unreleased Beatles Music and Film . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 892 - 6 . Wiener , Allen J. ( 1994 ) . The Beatles : The Ultimate Recording Guide . Holbrook , Mass. : Adams Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55850 - 414 - 1 . Winn , John C. ( 9 December 2008 ) . Way Beyond Compare : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , 1957 -- 1965 . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45157 - 6 . External links ( edit ) `` Two of Us : Inside the Lennon / McCartney Connection '' , by Joshua Wolf Shenk , Slate.com The Lennon - McCartney Songwriting Partnership An Introduction to Compton 's Who Wrote the Beatle Songs ? A History of Lennon - McCartney , with a list of his ascriptions of all the songs written by the Beatles Songs the Beatles Gave Away compiled by Joseph Brennan ; includes Lennon -- McCartney songs and others A list of the songs John Lennon and Paul McCartney gave to other artists during the Beatle years originally posted on Usenet rec. music. beatles 9 November 1994 . 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who starred in the original orient express movie
The film features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot ( Albert Finney ) , who is asked to investigate the murder of an American business tycoon aboard the Orient Express train . The suspects are portrayed by a notably all - star cast , including Lauren Bacall , Ingrid Bergman , Sean Connery , John Gielgud , Vanessa Redgrave , Michael York , Jacqueline Bisset , Anthony Perkins and Wendy Hiller . The screenplay is by Paul Dehn as well as an uncredited Anthony Shaffer .
Ingrid Bergman|Albert Finney|Sean Connery|John Gielgud|Vanessa Redgrave|Michael York|Jacqueline Bisset|Anthony Perkins|Wendy Hiller
Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 film )
murder on the orient express ( 1974 film )
Murder on the Orient Express is a 1974 British mystery film directed by Sidney Lumet , produced by John Brabourne and Richard B. Goodwin , and based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Agatha Christie .
The film features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot ( Albert Finney ) , who is asked to investigate the murder of an American business tycoon aboard the Orient Express train . The suspects are portrayed by a notably all - star cast , including Lauren Bacall , Ingrid Bergman , Sean Connery , John Gielgud , Vanessa Redgrave , Michael York , Jacqueline Bisset , Anthony Perkins and Wendy Hiller . The screenplay is by Paul Dehn as well as an uncredited Anthony Shaffer . The film was commercially and critically well - received , as well as receiving six nominations at the 47th Academy Awards : Best Actor ( Finney ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Bergman ) , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Original Score , Best Cinematography , and Best Costume Design . Of these nominations , Bergman was the only winner . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 1934 , Hercule Poirot is returning to England aboard the Orient Express , encountering his friend Signor Bianchi , a director of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits , which owns the line . Aside from Poirot , the other passengers travelling on the Calais coach are : Mrs. Harriet Hubbard , a fussy , talkative , multiple - widowed American ; enigmatic American businessman Samuel Ratchett , his secretary and translator Hector McQueen and English manservant Beddoes ; elderly Russian Princess Natalia Dragomiroff and her German maid Hildegarde Schmidt ; Hungarian diplomat Count Rudolf Andrenyi and his wife Elena ; British Indian Army officer Col. John Arbuthnott ; Mary Debenham , a teacher of English in Baghdad ; Greta Ohlsson , a timid Swedish missionary to Africa on a fund - raising trip ; Italian - American car salesman Antonio Foscarelli ; and Cyrus B. Hardman , an American theatrical agent . The morning after the train 's departure from Istanbul , Ratchett tries to secure Poirot 's services for $15,000 since he has received many death threats , but Poirot finds the case of little interest and turns it down . That night the train is caught in heavy snows en route through Yugoslavia . Poirot is disturbed numerous times during the night . The next morning Ratchett is found stabbed to death in his cabin . Poirot and Bianchi work together to solve the case . They enlist the help of Dr. Constantine , a Greek medical doctor who was travelling in another coach with Bianchi as the only other passenger and thus is not a suspect . Pierre Michel , the French conductor of the car , also assists the investigation , as well as being a suspect . Dr. Constantine 's examination reveals Ratchett was stabbed 12 times . Some wounds were slight , but at least three of them could have resulted in death . The stopped watch in the victim 's pocket , as well as Poirot 's reconstructed timeline of passenger activities the night before , indicate that Ratchett was murdered at about 1 : 15 a.m. The train had stopped , surrounded by fresh snow , before then . There are no tracks in the snow and the doors to the other cars were locked , so the murderer is almost certainly still among the Calais passengers . Also discovered at the scene of the crime are a pipe - cleaner , a woman 's handkerchief with the initial `` H '' and a fragment of a burned letter . Upon examining the letter , Poirot discovers that Ratchett 's real name was Cassetti , a Mafia gangster who five years before carried out the kidnapping and killing of Daisy Armstrong , the infant daughter of wealthy British Army Colonel Hamish Armstrong who had settled in Long Island , New York with his American wife Sonia . Overcome with grief , the pregnant Mrs. Armstrong went into labour early and died while giving birth to a stillborn baby . A French maidservant named Paulette , wrongly suspected of complicity in the kidnapping , committed suicide , only to be found innocent later . Colonel Armstrong , consumed by these tragedies , later killed himself as well . Cassetti betrayed his partner , leaving him to be executed while he fled the country with the ransom , as he was only revealed to be the leader of the kidnapping plot on the eve of the execution . Poirot , Constantine and Bianchi begin their interrogation of the passengers . They learn that : McQueen was the son of the District Attorney who prosecuted the case and was very fond of Mrs. Armstrong ; Beddoes was , before going into service , a British Army batman ; Countess Andrenyi is of German descent and her maiden name is Grunwald ; Greta Ohlsson has a limited knowledge of the English language but has spent some time in America fund - raising ; Pierre Michel 's daughter died five years earlier of scarlet fever ; Col. Arbuthnott is going through a divorce and intends to marry Mary Debenham as soon as proceedings are over . Arbuthnott also displays an extensive knowledge of Armstrong 's military decorations . When Poirot interviews Princess Dragomiroff he discovers she is a great friend of the now - bedridden actress Linda Arden , Mrs Armstrong 's mother ; the Princess was Sonia 's godmother . He learns that also in the household were a butler , a secretary , a cook , a chauffeur and a nursemaid to Daisy . Poirot then flatters Hildegarde Schmidt by saying he knows a good cook when he sees one , and asks for a photo of the maid Paulette , with whom Miss Schmidt was friendly . Foscarelli , when asked , vehemently denies ever having been in private service as a chauffeur . Hardman reveals he is , in fact , a Pinkerton detective hired to guard Ratchett . When shown the photo of Paulette , he breaks down and reveals he was the policeman in love with Paulette , and feels responsible for her suicide . After concluding his investigation , Poirot gathers the suspects in the dining car to present his solution . He has formulated two possible scenarios to explain the murder . The first , which he calls the simple solution , is based on several clues suggesting that Cassetti 's murder was the result of a mafia feud . Poirot analyses his second solution -- referring to it as the more complex of the two -- according to which every suspect has a link to the Armstrong case , thus having sufficient motive for the murder . The Princess had dodged the answers to Poirot 's questions either by saying she did not remember or by word association : for example when asked Mrs Armstrong 's maiden name , she replied `` Greenwood '' , the English for `` Grunwald '' , allowing Poirot to deduce that Countess Elena Andrenyi was , in fact , Helena , Mrs Armstrong 's sister , and Count Andrenyi her brother - in - law . The Princess also claimed the secretary 's name was `` Miss Freebody '' , so Poirot deduces the secretary was in fact Mary Debenham ( as in the London department store Debenham and Freebody ) . By flattering Miss Schmidt , he confirmed that she had been cook for the Armstrongs . Aside from the obvious motives of the Princess , Miss Schmidt , Mary , McQueen , the Count and Countess and Hardman , Poirot presents the motives of the other suspects : Pierre was Paulette 's father ; Beddoes was Colonel Armstrong 's army batman and the family butler ; Miss Ohlsson was Daisy 's nursemaid ( and inadvertently revealed her actual knowledge of English by showing that she understood difficult words ) ; Col. Arbuthnott was a close army friend of Armstrong 's ; Foscarelli was the Armstrongs ' private chauffeur ; Mrs Hubbard is , in reality , Linda Arden , Mrs Armstrong 's mother . Ratchett was sedated by Beddoes and McQueen . Arbuthnott planted the pipe - cleaner , while the Princess accidentally dropped the handkerchief ( a Cyrillic `` N '' resembles a Roman `` H '' ) . All of the incidents which disturbed Poirot 's sleep were contrived for the sole purpose of confusing him about the time of death . Each of the passengers then stabbed Cassetti in turn . When Poirot finishes his explanation , everyone is silent . Poirot suggests Bianchi should choose which explanation they present to the police : the simple or the complex one . To avoid any scandal , Bianchi decides that the simple solution will be more than enough to satisfy the police and that Ratchett deserved everything he got . Poirot agrees with the decision , and he departs to prepare his report to the Yugoslavian police , even though he admits he will struggle with his conscience . The train becomes free of the snow and leaves as the passengers celebrate at the outcome of the investigation . Cast ( edit ) Albert Finney as Hercule Poirot Lauren Bacall as Harriet Belinda Hubbard / Linda Arden Martin Balsam as Signor Bianchi Ingrid Bergman as Greta Ohlsson Jacqueline Bisset as Countess Helena Andrenyi Jean - Pierre Cassel as Pierre Paul Michel Sean Connery as Colonel Arbuthnott John Gielgud as Edward Beddoes Wendy Hiller as Princess Natalia Dragomiroff Anthony Perkins as Hector McQueen Vanessa Redgrave as Mary Debenham Rachel Roberts as Hildegarde Schmidt Richard Widmark as Ratchett / Casetti Michael York as Count Rudolf Andrenyi Colin Blakely as Cyrus B. Hardman George Coulouris as Dr. Constantine Denis Quilley as Antonio Foscarelli Vernon Dobtcheff as Concierge Jeremy Lloyd as A.D.C. John Moffatt as Chief Attendant Production ( edit ) The entire budget was provided by EMI . The cost of the cast came to ₤ 554,100 . Experienced members of the crew who were signed on included cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth , editor Anne V. Coates and costume designer / art director Tony Walton . Agatha Christie had been quite displeased with some film adaptations of her works made in the 1960s , and accordingly was unwilling to sell any more film rights . When Nat Cohen , chairman of EMI Films , and producer John Brabourne attempted to get her approval for this film , they felt it necessary to have Lord Mountbatten of Burma ( of the British Royal Family and also Brabourne 's father - in - law ) help them broach the subject . In the end , according to Christie 's husband Max Mallowan , `` Agatha herself has always been allergic to the adaptation of her books by the cinema , but was persuaded to give a rather grudging appreciation to this one . '' Christie 's biographer Gwen Robyns quoted her as saying , `` It was well made except for one mistake . It was Albert Finney , as my detective Hercule Poirot . I wrote that he had the finest moustache in England -- and he did n't in the film . I thought that a pity -- why should n't he ? '' Cast members eagerly accepted upon first being approached . Lumet went to Sean Connery first , saying that if you get the biggest star , the rest will come along . Bergman was initially offered the role of Princess Dragomiroff , but instead requested to play Greta Ohlsson . Lumet said : She had chosen a very small part , and I could n't persuade her to change her mind . She was sweetly stubborn . But stubborn she was ... Since her part was so small , I decided to film her one big scene , where she talks for almost five minutes , straight , all in one long take . A lot of actresses would have hesitated over that . She loved the idea and made the most of it . She ran the gamut of emotions . I 've never seen anything like it . '' Unsworth shot the film in Panavision . Interiors were filmed at Elstree Studios . Exterior shooting was mostly done in France in 1973 , with a railroad workshop near Paris standing in for Istanbul station . The scenes of the train proceeding through central Europe were filmed in the Jura Mountains on the then - recently closed railway line from Pontarlier to Gilley , with the scenes of the train stuck in snow being filmed in a cutting near Montbenoît . There were concerns about a lack of snow in the weeks preceding the scheduled shooting of the snowbound train , and plans were made to truck in large quantities of snow at considerable expense . However , heavy snowfall the night before the shooting made the extra snow unnecessary -- just as well , as the snow - laden backup trucks had themselves become stuck in the snow . Richard Rodney Bennett 's Orient Express theme has been reworked into an orchestral suite and performed and recorded several times . It was performed on the original soundtrack album by the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden under Marcus Dods . The piano soloist was the composer himself . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Murder on the Orient Express was released theatrically in the UK on 24 November 1974 . The film was a success at the box office , given its tight budget of $1.4 million , earning $36 million in North America , making it the 11th highest - grossing film of 1974 . Nat Cohen claimed it was the first film completely financed by a British company to make the top of the weekly US box office charts in Variety . Critical response ( edit ) The film received positive reviews upon release and currently holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars , writing that the film `` provides a good time , high style , a loving salute to an earlier period of filmmaking '' . The New York Times ' chief critic of the era , Vincent Canby , pointed out that `` had Dame Agatha Christie 's Murder on the Orient Express been made into a movie 40 years ago ( when it was published here as `` Murder on the Calais Coach '' ) , it would have been photographed in black - and - white on a back lot in Burbank or Culver City , with one or two stars and a dozen character actors and studio contract players . Its running time would have been around 67 minutes and it could have been a very respectable B - picture . Murder on the Orient Express was n't made into a movie 40 years ago , and after you see the Sidney Lumet production that opened yesterday at the Coronet , you may be both surprised and glad it was n't . An earlier adaptation could have interfered with plans to produce this terrifically entertaining super-valentine to a kind of whodunit that may well be one of the last fixed points in our inflationary universe . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Category Subject Result Academy Awards Best Actor Albert Finney Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ingrid Bergman Won Best Adapted Screenplay Paul Dehn Nominated Best Cinematography Geoffrey Unsworth Nominated Best Costume Design Tony Walton Nominated Best Original Score Richard Rodney Bennett Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Film John Brabourne Nominated Richard B. Goodwin Nominated Best Actor Albert Finney Nominated Best Direction Sidney Lumet Nominated Best Supporting Actor John Gielgud Won Best Supporting Actress Ingrid Bergman Won Best Cinematography Geoffrey Unsworth Nominated Best Editing Anne V. Coates Nominated Best Film Music Richard Rodney Bennett Won Best Production Design Tony Walton Nominated Best Costume Design Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Sidney Lumet Nominated Edgar Award Best Motion Picture Paul Dehn Nominated Evening Standard British Film Awards Best Film Sidney Lumet Won Best Actor Albert Finney Won Best Actress Wendy Hiller Won Grammy Award Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special Richard Rodney Bennett Nominated National Board of Review Award Top 10 Films Won Golden Satellite Award Best Classic DVD release Nominated Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Award Best British Screenplay Paul Dehn Won See also ( edit ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 film ) , with Kenneth Branagh as director and also playing Poirot . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BBFC : Murder on the Orient Express Linked 2014 - 08 - 24 ^ Jump up to : Can film - makers Carry On ? Bell , Brian . The Observer 11 August 1974 : 11 . Jump up ^ Boost for studios The Guardian 9 July 1975 : 5 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Paul ( 12 November 2001 ) . `` Anthony Shaffer , 75 , Author Of Long - Running ' Sleuth , ' Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ The Agatha Christie Companion : The Complete Guide to Agatha Christie 's Life and Work , by Dennis Sanders and Len Lovallo ( 1984 ) , pgs. 438 -- 441 Jump up ^ Chandler , Charlotte ( 2007 ) . Ingrid : Ingrid Bergman , A Personal Biography . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 19 , 21 , 294 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9421 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trains Oubliés Vol. 2 : Le PLM by José Banaudo , p. 54 ( French ) . Editions du Cabri , Menton , France Jump up ^ DVD documentary `` Making Murder on the Orient Express : The Ride '' ^ Jump up to : Alexander Walker , National Heroes : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties , Harrap , 1985 p. 130 Jump up ^ `` Murder on the Orient Express , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Murder on the Orient Express ' tops US charts '' . The Times . London . 11 February 1975 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Movie Reviews for Murder on the Orient Express . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert reviews Murder on the Orient Express . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 25 November 1974 ) . `` Crack ' Orient Express ' Clicks as Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 film ) Murder on the Orient Express on IMDb Murder on the Orient Express at AllMovie Murder on the Orient Express at the TCM Movie Database Murder on the Orient Express at the American Film Institute Catalog Murder on the Orient Express at Box Office Mojo Murder on the Orient Express at Rotten Tomatoes Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot Characters Hercule Poirot Arthur Hastings James Harold Japp Ariadne Oliver Colonel Race Books Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles ( 1920 ) The Murder on the Links ( 1923 ) The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) The Big Four ( 1927 ) The Mystery of the Blue Train ( 1928 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1933 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) Three Act Tragedy ( 1934 ) Death in the Clouds ( 1935 ) The A.B.C. Murders ( 1936 ) Murder in Mesopotamia ( 1936 ) Cards on the Table ( 1936 ) Dumb Witness ( 1937 ) Death on the Nile ( 1937 ) Appointment with Death ( 1938 ) Hercule Poirot 's Christmas ( 1938 ) Sad Cypress ( 1940 ) One , Two , Buckle My Shoe ( 1940 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1941 ) Five Little Pigs ( 1942 ) The Hollow ( 1946 ) Taken at the Flood ( 1948 ) Mrs McGinty 's Dead ( 1952 ) After the Funeral ( 1953 ) Hickory Dickory Dock ( 1955 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1956 ) Cat Among the Pigeons ( 1959 ) The Clocks ( 1963 ) Third Girl ( 1966 ) Hallowe'en Party ( 1969 ) Elephants Can Remember ( 1972 ) Curtain ( 1975 ) The Monogram Murders ( 2014 ) Closed Casket ( 2016 ) Short story collections Poirot Investigates ( 1924 ) Murder in the Mews ( 1937 ) The Regatta Mystery ( 1939 ) The Labours of Hercules ( 1947 ) The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories ( 1948 ) Three Blind Mice and Other Stories ( 1950 ) The Under Dog and Other Stories ( 1951 ) The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding ( 1960 ) Double Sin and Other Stories ( 1961 ) Poirot 's Early Cases ( 1974 ) Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories ( 1991 ) The Harlequin Tea Set ( 1997 ) While the Light Lasts and Other Stories ( 1997 ) Film adaptations Alibi ( 1931 ) Black Coffee ( 1931 ) Lord Edgware Dies ( 1934 ) The Alphabet Murders ( 1965 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) Death on the Nile ( 1978 ) Evil Under the Sun ( 1982 ) Appointment with Death ( 1988 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 2017 ) Plays Alibi ( 1928 ) Black Coffee ( 1930 ) Peril at End House ( 1932 ) Wasp 's Nest ( 1937 ) The Yellow Iris ( 1937 , radio ) Television adaptations Thirteen at Dinner ( 1985 ) Dead Man 's Folly ( 1986 ) Murder in Three Acts ( 1986 ) Murder by the Book ( 1986 ) Agatha Christie 's Poirot ( 1989 -- 2013 ) episodes Murder on the Orient Express ( 2001 ) Agatha Christie 's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Video games Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express ( 2006 ) Agatha Christie : Death on the Nile ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : Evil Under the Sun ( 2007 ) Agatha Christie : The ABC Murders ( 2009 ) See also Black Coffee Orient Express ( board game ) Miss Marple Agatha Christie 's fictional universe Category Films directed by Sidney Lumet 12 Angry Men ( 1957 ) Stage Struck ( 1958 ) That Kind of Woman ( 1959 ) The Fugitive Kind ( 1960 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1962 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1962 ) The Pawnbroker ( 1964 ) Fail Safe ( 1964 ) The Hill ( 1965 ) The Group ( 1966 ) The Deadly Affair ( 1966 ) Bye Bye Braverman ( 1968 ) The Sea Gull ( 1968 ) The Appointment ( 1969 ) King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 ) Last of the Mobile Hot Shots ( 1970 ) The Anderson Tapes ( 1971 ) Child 's Play ( 1972 ) The Offence ( 1972 ) Serpico ( 1973 ) Lovin ' Molly ( 1974 ) Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) Dog Day Afternoon ( 1975 ) Network ( 1976 ) Equus ( 1977 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) Just Tell Me What You Want ( 1980 ) Prince of the City ( 1981 ) Deathtrap ( 1982 ) The Verdict ( 1982 ) Daniel ( 1983 ) Garbo Talks ( 1984 ) Power ( 1986 ) The Morning After ( 1986 ) Running on Empty ( 1988 ) Family Business ( 1989 ) Q & A ( 1990 ) A Stranger Among Us ( 1992 ) Guilty as Sin ( 1993 ) Night Falls on Manhattan ( 1997 ) Critical Care ( 1997 ) Gloria ( 1999 ) Strip Search ( 2004 ) Find Me Guilty ( 2006 ) Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murder_on_the_Orient_Express_(1974_film)&oldid=818673762 '' Categories : 1974 films English - language films 1970s crime drama films 1970s independent films 1970s mystery films British crime drama films British films British independent films British mystery films Detective films Films about murder Films based on crime novels Films based on Hercule Poirot books Films directed by Sidney Lumet Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films set in 1930 Films set in 1935 Films set in Istanbul Films set in Yugoslavia Films set on the Orient Express Films shot at Elstree Studios Films shot in England Films shot in France Films shot in Turkey Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Paul Dehn Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 22 : 47 . 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2,361
who is the song you're so vain referring to
`` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s .
refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty
You 're So Vain
you're so vain
`` You 're So Vain '' is a song written and performed by Carly Simon and released in November 1972 . The song is a critical profile of a self - absorbed lover about whom Simon asserts `` You 're so vain , you probably think this song is about you . '' The title subject 's identity has long been a matter of speculation , with Simon stating that the song refers to three men , only one of whom she has named publicly , actor Warren Beatty . The song is ranked at # 82 on Billboard 's Greatest Songs of All - Time . `` You 're So Vain '' was voted # 216 in RIAA 's Songs of the Century , and in August 2014 , the UK 's Official Charts Company crowned it the ultimate song of the 1970s .
The distinctive bass guitar intro is played by Klaus Voormann and the strings were arranged by Simon and orchestrated by Paul Buckmaster . Simon plays piano on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Subject of the song 2 References in the song 3 Later versions and adaptations 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Subject of the song ( edit ) Before the song became a hit single in 1972 , Simon told an interviewer that the song was about `` men , '' not a specific `` man '' . In 1983 , she said it is not about Mick Jagger , who contributed uncredited backing vocals to the song . In a 1993 book , Angie Bowie claimed to be the `` wife of a close friend '' mentioned in `` You 're So Vain '' , and that Jagger , for a time , had been `` obsessed '' with her . Simon made another comment about the subject 's identity as a guest artist on Janet Jackson 's 2001 single , `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , which sampled `` You 're So Vain '' . Simon said about the song , `` The apricot scarf was worn by Nick ( Delbanco ) . Nothing in the words referred to Mick . '' In a 2007 interview Warren Beatty said , `` Let 's be honest . That song was about me . '' Simon had said in 1983 that Beatty `` certainly thought it was about him -- he called me and said thanks for the song ... '' In an interview for the 1978 / 1982 version of The History of Rock & Roll radio series , producer Richard Perry acknowledges that Simon was essentially referring to Beatty while also referencing other men in her life . Over the years Simon has divulged `` letter clues '' and has claimed that the subject 's name contains the letters A , E , and R . Shortly before the writing of the song , Simon was married to James Taylor ; she has said that he was `` definitely not '' the subject of the song . David Bowie , David Cassidy and Cat Stevens have all been cited by the press as speculative candidates . In August 2003 Simon agreed to reveal the name of the song 's subject to the highest bidder of the Martha 's Vineyard Possible Dreams charity auction . With the top bid of $50,000 , Dick Ebersol , president of NBC Sports and a friend of Simon , won the right to know the name of the subject of `` You 're So Vain '' . A condition of the prize was that Ebersol not reveal the name . Ebersol said Simon allowed him to divulge a clue about the person 's name : `` Carly told me that I could offer up to the entire world a clue as to what she 'll tell me when we have this night in about two weeks . And the clue is : The letter ' E ' is in the person 's name . '' In 2004 Simon told Regis Philbin , `` If I tell it , it 's going to come out in dribs and drabs . And I 've given out two letters already , an ' A ' and an ' E . ' But I 'm going to add one to it . I 'm going to add an ' R , ' in honor of you . '' In 2005 Simon 's ex-husband Jim Hart said he was sure that the song was not about anyone famous . On June 19 , 2008 , Howard Stern stated that Simon had privately revealed to him about whom the song was written after her interview on his popular radio show on Sirius Satellite Radio . Stern commented , `` There is an odd aspect to it ... he 's not that vain . '' On March 17 , 2009 , Stern stated that she had said it was a `` composite of three people . '' Stern repeated this on May 5 , 2014 , stating , `` She takes me aside , pulls me close , whispers in my ear ... three names . She goes , it was n't one person , it was three people . '' Simon herself confirmed that Stern was among `` a few people '' that she had given the names to . In her 2008 book Girls Like Us , author Sheila Weller includes a detailed account of Simon 's love affair with musician Dan Armstrong , and suggests that he was the inspiration for `` You 're So Vain . '' Her heartbreak over eventually losing him inspired the song `` Dan , My Fling , '' which appears on her first album . Armstrong 's full name , Daniel Kent Armstrong , contains all three letters of Simon 's clue . On November 4 , 2009 , Simon said she had hidden the name of the subject in a certain version of the song . The next day , the program 's crew revealed the name concealed in a back - played whisper : David . Simon denied that the whisper was `` David , '' saying she had spoken `` Ovid '' both forwards and backwards , and that sounded like David . In February 2010 , Simon reiterated that the name of the subject was whispered in a re-recording of `` You 're So Vain '' : `` There 's a little whisper -- and it 's the answer to the puzzle . '' A representative for Simon confirmed that the name whispered during the song is `` David '' . Multiple media outlets then speculated that the subject was Simon 's former boss at Elektra , David Geffen , The following day Jim Hart , Simon 's ex-husband and close friend , denied that the song was about Geffen . Simon said that when she wrote the song in 1971 , she had not yet met Geffen . Simon 's publicist also confirmed the song was not about Geffen , but that there was indeed `` a David who is connected to the song in some way , shape , or form , '' Vanity Fair noted that in addition to `` David '' , `` Warren '' and an unintelligible name are whispered during the recording . After her live performance of the song with Simon in July 2013 , Taylor Swift stated that Simon had revealed the identity of the song 's subject to her in confidence . In November 2015 , Simon , promoting her about - to - be-published memoir , said , `` I have confirmed that the second verse is Warren ( Beatty ) '' and added that while `` Warren thinks the whole thing is about him , '' he is the subject of that verse only , with the remainder of the song referring to two other , still unnamed men . References in the song ( edit ) The line `` I hear you went up to Saratoga and your horse naturally won '' refers to the Saratoga Race Course horse - racing season held in late July , August , and early September in Saratoga Springs , New York . The season is frequented by the rich and famous of New York and other East Coast cities . Two solar eclipses ( `` Then you flew your Lear down to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the sun '' ) were visible from Nova Scotia in the early 1970s , on March 7 , 1970 , and July 10 , 1972 . Simon said she wrote the song in 1971 , but the 1972 eclipse ( which could only be seen in Nova Scotia as opposed to the 1970 eclipse which traversed the entire East Coast , and also happened during the Saratoga racing season ) better fits the narrative . Simon said the line `` clouds in my coffee '' came `` from an airplane flight that I took with Billy Mernit , who was my friend and piano player at the time . As I got my coffee , there were clouds outside the window of the airplane and you could see the reflection in the cup of coffee . Billy said to me , ' Look at the clouds in your coffee ' . '' Later versions and adaptations ( edit ) The song has been recorded by Chocolate Starfish , The Mountain Goats , David Axelrod , John Barrowman , Liza Minnelli , Jack Klugman and Tony Randall ( as `` The Odd Couple '' ) , Chimira , Venice , The Feeling , Jann Arden , Janet Jackson ( who sampled the song in `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' , with Simon providing featured vocals ) , Trey Songz ( who sampled from Janet Jackson in his single `` About You ) , '' Anna Waronker , Faster Pussycat , Dres , Daryll - Ann , Smokie , Queens of the Stone Age , Sally Seltmann , Asaro and Wolcott , Matthew Sweet and Susanna Hoffs , Marilyn Manson ( featuring Johnny Depp ) , and Italian pop star Mina in her 1985 album Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula ... Foo Fighters performed the song live at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008 . On July 27 , 2013 , Simon performed `` You 're So Vain '' with Taylor Swift on her Red Tour . The song `` Starfuckers , Inc . '' by Nine Inch Nails , released in 2000 , references `` You 're So Vain '' , by quoting the chorus . Supporters of English football team Everton F.C. sang the song to player Leighton Baines at the 2009 football matches . On their 2009 album Felony , New York City metalcore band Emmure had a song titled `` R2Deepthroat '' where vocalist Frankie says `` You 're so vain , I bet you think this song is about you , do n't you ? '' In the lead - up to the 2016 US presidential election , Simon authorized the use of the song in an ad against Donald Trump . In a piece posted by BBC News on May 5 , 2017 , Simon sings a previously unreleased fourth verse to the song , which she states had been written on a pad some time ago but never made it into the song . It references a man , married multiple times , who `` called her once to ask her things she could n't quite divine '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was a number - one hit in the US , Canada and Australia and reached number four in Ireland and South Africa . Bowing at # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 2 December 1972 , the song took only five more weeks to rocket to the top of the chart , where it stayed for the first three weeks of 1973 , also spending two weeks at the top of the Easy Listening chart in early 1973 , her first number one on either chart . `` You 're So Vain '' was Simon 's breakthrough hit in the United Kingdom , reaching number three on the UK chart on its original release in 1973 . The song was re-released in the UK in 1991 to cash in on its inclusion in a commercial for Dunlop Tyres , peaking at number 41 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM Charts ) Ireland ( IRE Charts ) New Zealand ( Listener ) South Africa UK Singles ( Official Chart Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Position Australia Canada 8 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 7 UK 35 Preceded by `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' by Billy Paul US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 6 , 1973 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Superstition '' by Stevie Wonder Preceded by `` Clair '' by Gilbert O'Sullivan Canadian RPM number - one single January 27 , 1973 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Last Song '' by Edward Bear Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result `` You 're So Vain '' Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female Nominated Grammy Hall of Fame Award Inducted See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1973 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1973 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1970s List of RPM number - one singles of 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Dowd , Kathy Erich ; Hubbard , Kim ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` People Exclusive : Carly Simon Says ' You 're So Vain ' Is About Warren Beatty -- Well , Only the Second Verse : ' He Thinks the Whole Thing Is About Him ! ' '' . People . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary '' . Billboard.com. 1994 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Official Charts Pop Gem # 70 : Carly Simon -- You 're So Vain '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Klaus Voormann : Biography '' . Voormann.com. 1971 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Weller , Sheila ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Fun and Games With the David Geffen Rumor About Carly Simon 's ' You 're So Vain ' '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wadler , Joyce ( October 30 , 1983 ) . `` Carly Simon : Anxiety & '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Carly Simon Biography '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Backstage Passes Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Regis & Kelly 2004 -- Carly Simon talks about You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' You 're So Vain ' : Carly Simon reveals mystery man '' . NJ.com. 2010 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Soraya ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Carly Simon 's new ' You 're So Vain ' whispers clue '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ninette Sosa . `` Carly Simon reveals ' You 're So Vain ' clue '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon gives away who is ' So Vain ' '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 5 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ebersol on NBC 's Today , August 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` I 've heard a million different stories -- who was Carly Simon actually singing about in `` You 're So Vain '' ? `` . Rule Forty Two . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stern , Howard ( host ) ( May 20 , 2014 ) . Howard Stern Show . Sirius XM Radio . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon : You 're So Vain is about Beatty and two others '' . BBC . 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sheila Weller . Girls Like Us : Carole King , Joni Mitchell , and Carly Simon & the Journey of a Generation , Simon & Schuster . 2008 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9147 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet '' . Carly Simon Now Saying ' You 're So Vain ' is about Dead Classical Poet , by Jessica Pressler , Daily Intelligencer , March 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Simon in Uncut magazine interview , as reported by Newhall , Marissa ( February 27 , 2010 ) . `` Names and faces : Carly Simon , Mark and Jenny Sanford , Seth Green , Stevie Wonder > A vain hunt for ' David ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon Reveals Subject of ' You 're So Vain ' ? '' . Spinner.com . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Carly Simon Refutes Theory That ' So Vain ' Target Is David Geffen '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Juli ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Everyone Owes David Geffen an Apology '' . VF Daily . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Carly Simon : You 're So Vain '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gatto , Kimberly ( 2011 ) . Saratoga Race Course : The August Place to Be . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 1609491048 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- 1970 March 7 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- 1972 July 10 Total Solar Eclipse -- Interactive Google Map ( Full Screen ) -- Xavier Jubier '' . Xjubier.free.fr . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain '' . Carly Simon official website . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp , Marilyn Manson Team Up For ' You 're So Vain ' Cover '' . HuffPost Entertainment . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / CarlySimonHQ : Carly Simon and Taylor Swift '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsmail 's guide to the best chants of the season starring Cristiano Ronaldo , Dimi Konstantopoulos and Liam Gallagher '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles , Chris ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` BBC SPORT Fun and Games Chants of the season '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Carly Simon uses `` You 're So Vain '' in anti-Trump video `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon plays You 're So Vain 's lost verse '' . bbc.com. 2017 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts ( S ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1973 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Simon '' . The Official Chart Company . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum -- 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1973 '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1973 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official `` You 're So Vain '' page Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Carly Simon Discography Studio albums Carly Simon Anticipation No Secrets Hotcakes Playing Possum Another Passenger Boys in the Trees Spy Come Upstairs Torch Hello Big Man Spoiled Girl Coming Around Again My Romance Have You Seen Me Lately This Is My Life Romulus Hunt : A Family Opera Letters Never Sent Film Noir The Bedroom Tapes Moonlight Serenade Into White This Kind of Love Never Been Gone Compilations The Best of Carly Simon Greatest Hits Live Clouds in My Coffee The Very Best of Carly Simon : Nobody Does It Better Christmas Is Almost Here Anthology Christmas Is Almost Here Again Reflections : Carly Simon 's Greatest Hits Carly Simon Collector 's Edition Playlist : The Very Best of Carly Simon Songs From The Trees ( A Musical Memoir Collection ) Soundtracks Working Girl This Is My Life Piglet 's Big Movie Pooh 's Heffalump Movie Concerts Live from Martha 's Vineyard Carly in Concert -- My Romance Live at Grand Central A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2 Singles `` That 's the Way I 've Always Heard It Should Be '' `` Anticipation '' `` Legend in Your Own Time '' `` You 're So Vain '' `` The Right Thing to Do '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Have n't Got Time for the Pain '' `` Attitude Dancing '' `` Waterfall '' `` It Keeps You Runnin ' '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` Devoted to You '' `` Vengeance '' `` Jesse '' `` Why '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` You Know What to Do '' `` Tired of Being Blonde '' `` My New Boyfriend '' `` Coming Around Again '' `` Give Me All Night '' `` The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of '' `` All I Want Is You '' `` Let the River Run '' `` Better Not Tell Her '' `` Love of My Life '' `` Son of a Gun ( I Betcha Think This Song Is About You ) '' Other songs `` We Have No Secrets '' `` Night Owl '' `` You Can Close Your Eyes '' The Simon Sisters Meet The Simon Sisters Cuddlebug The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children Lucy & Carly -- The Simon Sisters Sing for Children Winkin ' , Blinkin ' and Nod : The Kapp Recordings Carly & Lucy Simon Sing Songs For Children Book : Carly Simon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_So_Vain&oldid=806798734 '' Categories : 1972 singles Carly Simon songs Elektra Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Richard Perry Songs written by Carly Simon Pop ballads Songs about actors Works about narcissism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 06 : 19 . 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2,362
who wrote if i never sing another song
In 1973 Monro released a vocal version of the popular Van der Valk TV - series theme titled `` And You Smiled '' , with lyrics written by Melvyn Taggart . It was his final hit . In 1977 , he recorded the Don Black penned , `` If I Never Sing Another Song '' , which became a latter - day standard among his contemporaries , its lyrics referring to the `` heyday '' of fan mail , awards , and other trappings of celebrity that had faded for them .
Don Black
Matt Monro
matt monro
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matt Monro Monro in 1965 Background information Birth name Terence Edward Parsons ( 1930 - 12 - 01 ) 1 December 1930 Shoreditch , London , England 7 February 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 07 ) ( aged 54 ) Cromwell Hospital , London , England Genres Easy listening pop Occupation ( s ) Singer Years active 1956 -- 1985 Labels Decca , Parlophone , Capitol , Columbia Website Official website Matt Monro ( born Terence Edward Parsons , 1 December 1930 -- 7 February 1985 ) was an English singer who became one of the most popular entertainers on the international music scene during the 1960s and 1970s . Known as The Man with the Golden Voice , he filled cabarets , nightclubs , music halls , and stadiums in Australia , Japan , the Philippines , and Hong Kong to Africa , the Middle East , Europe , and the Americas in his 30 - year career . AllMusic has described Monro as `` one of the most underrated pop vocalists of the ' 60s '' , who `` possessed the easiest , most perfect baritone in the business '' . His notable recordings include the UK Top 10 hits : `` Portrait Of My Love '' , `` My Kind of Girl '' , `` Softly As I Leave You '' , `` Walk Away '' and `` Yesterday '' ( Originally by The Beatles ) . He also recorded several film themes such as `` From Russia With Love '' for the James Bond film of the same name , `` Born Free ( Matt Monro song ) '' for the film of the same name and `` On Days Like These '' for The Italian Job . Contents 1 Early career 2 International success 3 Marriages 4 Death and legacy 5 His music 5.1 Hit albums 5.2 Hit singles 6 References Early career ( edit ) He was born Terence Edward Parsons in Shoreditch , London and attended Duncombe School in Islington , and Elliott School , Putney . He was first noticed while serving in the British armed forces in Hong Kong . A regular guest ( and frequent winner ) of Radio Rediffusion 's Talent Time show , he was invited by then - host Ray Cordeiro to perform in his own one - off show , on the condition that he would bow out of future Talent Time episodes to make way for others . Agreeing to the deal , he performed his first on - air concert for Rediffusion on June 27 , 1953 . By 1956 , Monro had become a featured vocalist with the BBC Show Band . An important influence on his early career was the pianist Winifred Atwell , who became his mentor , provided him with his stage name , and helped him sign with Decca Records . In 1957 Monro released Blue and Sentimental , a collection of standards . Despite the album 's critical acclaim , Monro languished among the young male singers trying to break through at the end of the 1950s , many of them emulating Frankie Vaughan by recording cover versions of American hits . ( Monro even recorded a version of Vaughan 's `` Garden of Eden '' during this period . ) A short recording contract with Fontana Records followed . By the end of the 1950s , Monro 's mid-decade fame had evaporated , and he returned to relative obscurity . He and his wife Mickie lived from her wages as a song plugger and his royalties from a TV advertising jingle for Camay soap . In 1959 he recorded a country pastiche song , `` Bound for Texas '' , for The Chaplin Revue , a feature - length compilation of Charlie Chaplin shorts . It would be the first of many Monro soundtrack themes . International success ( edit ) Prior to producing the Peter Sellers album Songs for Swingin ' Sellers in 1960 , George Martin asked Monro to record a satirical ditty to help the comedian imitate the song with a Frank Sinatra - type styling . When Sellers heard the recording he decided to use it to open the record rather than record his own version . However , Sellers billed Monro as `` Fred Flange , '' and though it was a demoralising experience at the time , the incident developed into a lifelong friendship with Martin , who subsequently asked Monro to begin recording with him for EMI 's Parlophone record label . Their second single and Monro 's highest UK chart success , `` Portrait of My Love '' , written by Cyril Ornadel and Norman Newell OBE ( using the pseudonym `` David West '' ) reached number three in the UK Singles Chart . By the following year , he had been named Top International Act by Billboard . In February 1961 , the British music magazine , NME reported that Monro had won ITV 's A Song for Britain with `` My Kind of Girl '' . His follow - up hits included that song , plus `` Softly as I Leave You '' ( 1962 ) and the song from the James Bond film From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) . For the latter , his vocals were not used in the opening titles , as became the standard for the series ; they were heard on a radio during the film and over the final credits . At the 1964 Eurovision Song Contest , singing `` I Love the Little Things , '' Monro finished second behind Italy 's 16 - year - old Gigliola Cinquetti , despite an `` excellent performance of the only English language song of the night . '' The Austrian entry `` Warum nur warum ? '' , performed by songwriter Udo Jürgens , caught Monro 's ear , despite its sixth - place finish , and he recorded an English version titled `` Walk Away '' ( lyric by Monro 's manager Don Black ) , earning him another hit single late in 1964 . He also had a hit with the Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' in 1965 , releasing the first single of the most recorded song of all time , predating even the Beatles ' own . The following year , Monro sang the Oscar - winning title song for the film , Born Free , which became his signature tune . It was also his second collaboration with John Barry , following From Russia With Love . Monro went on to record two further songs from Barry film scores : `` Wednesday 's Child '' ( from the film The Quiller Memorandum ) and `` This Way Mary '' ( from Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Both Born Free and `` On Days Like These '' ( from the film The Italian Job ) had lyrics by Don Black . In the late 1960s he recorded another Udo Jürgens song with the name Was Ich Dir Sagen Will . It was adapted to English as The Music Played . Matt recorded a Spanish version of the song with adapted title of Alguien Canto . The Spanish version was a top sales hit ( Superventas ) in Spain in 1969 . Additionally , Monro recorded an English version of Jürgens ' 1966 Eurovision winner Merci , Chérie , but it failed to chart when released as a UK single . On 31 December 1976 , Monro performed Black 's `` Walk Away '' on BBC1 's A Jubilee of Music , celebrating British pop music for Queen Elizabeth II 's impending Silver Jubilee . Monro achieved fame in the United States when `` My Kind of Girl '' ( 1961 ) and `` Walk Away '' ( 1964 ) hit the Top 40 . In 1966 , following the death of Nat King Cole , EMI moved Monro from Parlophone to Capitol . After relocating to California and recording several albums with American arrangers , Monro returned to the UK and began appearing on EMI 's Columbia label , his final U.S. album release being Close To You in 1970 . This LP contained `` We 're Gonna Change The World '' , a semi-satirical song about women 's liberation , which was not a hit in either the US or the UK but was nevertheless widely played , and became enduringly popular on BBC Radio 2 . He continued touring and recording until just before his death , releasing a single and promoting it throughout the UK and Australia in 1984 . In one of his final appearances Monro praised Boy George , noting the importance of quality recordings in all musical genres . Marriages ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) He was married twice , to : Iris , in 1953 ( divorced ) ; one son Mitchell ( died 2004 ) Mickie Schuller ( born 19 July 1933 in Berlin ; died 25 February 2010 aged 76 , in Middlesex , England of bone cancer ) , married 1959 -- 1985 ; one daughter Michele and one son , Matt Monro Jnr Death and legacy ( edit ) Monro was a heavy smoker and battled alcoholism in the 1960s . He died from liver cancer on 7 February 1985 at the Cromwell Hospital , Kensington , London , aged 54 , leaving a widow , Mickie , and three children : Mitchell , Michele , and Matthew . Mitchell , a professional pilot , also died of cancer , in 2004 . Matt Monro was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium . The ashes were removed by the family . A memorial service was also held in Harrow . The 20th anniversary of Monro 's death spotlighted the continuing interest in his music , with a Top 10 tribute compilation CD ( UK ) , a No. 1 concert DVD ( UK ) , a BBC TV documentary , and an official website all appearing in 2005 . A 2007 compilation CD entitled From Matt With Love reached the Top 40 of the UK Albums Chart during its first week of release . His songs were featured on Friday Night is Music Night on 8 October 2010 . In Autumn 2005 Matt Monro Jnr . toured the United Kingdom with a tribute concert commemorating the anniversary . Also , EMI re-released Matt Sings Monro , a 1995 duet album that combined his voice with the senior Monro 's . Another posthumous Matt Monro duet , with Cliff Richard , appeared on Richard 's duets CD , Two 's Company , in 2007 . Monro never recorded a `` live '' concert album , preferring the technical purity of the recording studio and wanting his public performances to retain an element of uniqueness . However , in the past few years , commercially released concert albums have emerged following meticulous remastering of radio and television shows , private recordings he commissioned . These include an intimate 1967 cabaret performance from his first tour of Australia ; a 1967 BBC concert with Nelson Riddle ; a 1966 arena concert before 24,000 fans in Manila ; and one of his final concerts , recorded on the last night of his fourteenth and final Australian tour in 1984 . In recent years , Michael Bublé and Rick Astley have cited Matt Monro as a strong influence . He continues to feature prominently on radio stations and CD compilations featuring popular easy - listening vocalists . His daughter Michele has written a biography , The Singer 's Singer : The Life and Music of Matt Monro and has been instrumental , along with sound engineer Richard Moore , in releasing rare and unreleased material by Matt Monro in recent years . His music ( edit ) Matt Monro -- On Days Like These excerpt An excerpt from `` On Days Like These '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . Most of Monro 's recordings were produced or overseen by George Martin . Unlike his contemporaries , Monro recorded very few Tin Pan Alley standards during his career . ( The exception was Matt Monro Sings Hoagy Carmichael , one of his most highly regarded albums . ) Instead , he and Martin searched for material written by promising newcomers and commissioned English lyrics for dramatic melodies written by European composers . Monro also covered many of the most popular stage and screen songs of the 1950s and 1960s . Over the years , his recordings featured arrangements by Sid Feller , Billy May , John Barry , Buddy Bregman , Kenny Clayton and Colin Keyes , and Martin himself . He also had a long and fruitful musical partnership with British arranger Johnnie Spence . Monro also teamed up with American star arrangers Nelson Riddle and Billy May and leading British bandleader Ted Heath , for concerts broadcast by the BBC . In 1973 Monro released a vocal version of the popular Van der Valk TV - series theme titled `` And You Smiled '' , with lyrics written by Melvyn Taggart . It was his final hit . In 1977 , he recorded the Don Black penned , `` If I Never Sing Another Song '' , which became a latter - day standard among his contemporaries , its lyrics referring to the `` heyday '' of fan mail , awards , and other trappings of celebrity that had faded for them . In 1979 Monro recorded an all - Spanish album produced by Leonardo Schultz and Gary Mason . Schultz and Mason hoped to capitalize on the success of the earlier hit song Alquien Canto , which Leonardo Schultz had adapted to Spanish . The album , entitled `` Camino al Amor '' , was recorded in George Martin 's Air London Studios , as well as in Miami , Los Angeles , and New York . The arranger was Kenny Woodman , and it was engineered by Tom Greto . The album was a critical success , and was a hit in various Latin American countries . The song Volvere Alguna Vez from the album made it on to the singles charts : the song was subsequently sung by Jose Feliciano and became a hit . Hit albums ( edit ) Year Album Peak positions Certifications UK BPI ( UK ) 1965 I Have Dreamed 20 N / A 1966 This Is the Life ! 25 N / A 1967 Invitation to the Movies 30 N / A 1980 Heartbreakers 5 Gold 1982 Matt Monro -- The Very Best of Matt Monro -- Gold 2005 The Ultimate 7 Gold 2007 From Matt with Love 30 -- The Greatest 28 -- † Before 1973 the BPI did not have an album / single certified award scheme . Hit singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Positions UK US AC AU 1960 Portrait of My Love -- -- -- 1961 My Kind of Girl 5 18 6 29 Why Not Now ? / Can This Be Love 24 92 -- 93 Gonna Build a Mountain 44 -- -- -- 1962 Softly As I Leave You / Is There Anything I Can Do 10 116 -- -- When Love Comes Along 46 -- -- -- My Love and Devotion 29 -- -- -- 1963 From Russia with Love 20 -- -- -- 1964 Walk Away 23 5 6 For Mama 23 135 -- -- 1965 Without You ( I Cannot Live ) 37 101 -- 73 Yesterday 8 -- -- 98 1966 Born Free / Other People -- 126 35 Merci Cherie / Honey on the Vine -- -- -- 74 1967 The Lady Smiles -- -- 11 -- What to Do -- -- 22 -- 1968 The Music Played -- -- 15 25 1970 He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother -- -- -- 72 1973 And You Smiled 28 -- -- 100 `` -- '' denotes releases that failed to chart / were not released References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Monro Clicks as a Singer , So - So in His Bantering ' Act ' '' , Billboard . July 20 , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` This Is Matt Monro '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Hilary ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Son keeps ' man with the golden voice ' music going '' . Southern Daily Echo . Southampton , UK . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ GRO Register of Births : MAR 1931 1b 748 FINSBURY -- Terence E. Parsons , mmn = Reed Jump up ^ The Real School of Rock Jump up ^ Chou , Oliver ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong DJ ' Uncle ' Ray Cordeiro still plays and breaks records at 90 '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . For a measure of Hong Kong music guru Ray Cordeiro 's longevity , consider this : as a young DJ of 29 , he hosted a radio talent show called Talent Time , in which a young British serviceman by the name of Terry Parsons took part and won week after week . The year was 1953 , and the young serviceman would later change his name to Matt Monro and earn the nickname the ' Man with the Golden Voice ' as he recorded smash hits of the 1960s , including film theme songs Born Free and From Russia With Love . Jump up ^ Chou , Oliver ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` An Audience with Uncle Ray '' ( PDF ) . Post Magazine . Hong Kong : South China Morning Post . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . `` In Talent Time , a certain Terry Parsons showcased his impeccable voice and won so often that Cordeiro offered him his own one - off show , on the condition that he would not take part in Talent Time again . He accepted the offer and , on June 27 , 1953 , performed his first concert on air . Two songs from that show are featured in the Matt Monro Special Reserve Collection , recently released in Britain . ' Terry Parsons was Matt 's real name , and he was in Hong Kong for two years in the military . With his consecutive wins , I made the offer because , otherwise , nobody would have signed up for the show . Many years later , when I was in London on a training course at the BBC , I looked him up in the studio . But he was in a rehearsal . I asked the man at the gate to tell him Ray from Hong Kong was waiting to see him . Munro stopped the session , running down the aisle , embracing me like a long - lost brother . He loved Hong Kong and remembered his good days here and came to my show whenever he was in town . ' Jump up ^ Tobler , John ( 1992 ) . NME Rock ' N ' Roll Years ( 1st ed . ) . London : Reed International Books Ltd. p. 91 . CN 5585 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John Kennedy . The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History . Carlton Books , UK . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 994 - 3 Jump up ^ Spain Sales Charts ( Superventas ) http://listadesuperventas.blogspot.com.es/2010/02/1969.html Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1985-02-08/news/mn-4672_1_matt-monro Jump up ^ GRO Register of Deaths : FEB 1985 13 2160 KENSINGTON & CHELSEA -- Matt Monro , DoB = 1 Dec 1930 , ( should be 31 Dec ? ) Jump up ^ Golders Green Crematorium guide notes Jump up ^ Matt Monro -- The singers singer ^ Jump up to : UK Singles / Albums Chart ( Retrieved 15 February 2011 ) Jump up ^ BPI Certified Awards Archived 24 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 15 February 2011 ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Monty Norman Dr. No , 1962 James Bond title artist From Russia with Love , 1963 Succeeded by Shirley Bassey Goldfinger , 1964 Preceded by Ronnie Carroll with `` Say Wonderful Things '' United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964 Succeeded by Kathy Kirby with `` I Belong '' James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1036365 GND : 134599381 ISNI : 0000 0001 1700 5957 LCCN : n91105114 MusicBrainz : 6965a0f4 - 6e7b - 4feb - 8709 - 508f83c1af93 VIAF : 117475370 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Monro&oldid=864019142 '' Categories : 1930 births 1985 deaths 20th - century British singers 20th - century English singers British Eurovision Song Contest entrants Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from liver cancer English baritones English crooners English male singers Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1964 Golders Green Crematorium Liberty Records artists Spanish - language singers Parlophone artists People from Shoreditch Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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what is the main language in czech republic
Czech ( / tʃ ɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : ( ˈtʃɛʃcɪna ) ) , historically also Bohemian ( / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) , is a West Slavic language of the Czech -- Slovak group . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree . Like other Slavic languages , Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order . Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German .
Czech
Czech language
czech language
Czech ( / tʃ ɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : ( ˈtʃɛʃcɪna ) ) , historically also Bohemian ( / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) , is a West Slavic language of the Czech -- Slovak group . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree . Like other Slavic languages , Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order . Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German .
The Czech -- Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period , and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech -- Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period . In the later 18th to mid-19th century , the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The main vernacular , known as Common Czech , is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken throughout most of the Czech Republic . The Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are also classified as Czech , although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak . Czech has a moderately - sized phoneme inventory , comprising ten monophthongs , three diphthongs and 25 consonants ( divided into `` hard '' , `` neutral '' and `` soft '' categories ) . Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether . Czech has a raised alveolar trill , which is not known to occur as a phoneme in any other language , represented by the grapheme ř . Czech uses a simple orthography which phonologists have used as a model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 History 2.1 Medieval / Old Czech 2.2 Early Modern Czech 2.3 Modern Czech 3 Geographic distribution 3.1 United States 4 Standard Czech 4.1 Phonology 4.2 Grammar 4.2. 1 Sentence and clause structure 4.2. 2 Declension 4.2. 3 Verb conjugation 4.3 Orthography 5 Varieties 5.1 Common Czech 5.2 Bohemian dialects 5.3 Moravian dialects 5.4 Sample 5.5 Mutual intelligibility 6 Vocabulary 7 Sample text 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Classification ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages and West Slavic Classification of Czech within the Balto - Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . Czech and Slovak make up a `` Czech -- Slovak '' subgroup . Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . This branch includes Polish , Kashubian , Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak . Slovak is the closest language genetic neighbor of Czech , followed by Polish and Silesian . The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe . Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more - restricted distinction between `` hard '' and `` soft '' consonants ( see Phonology below ) . History ( edit ) The Bible of Kralice was the first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language from the original languages . Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593 . Main article : History of the Czech language See also : History of the Czech lands Medieval / Old Czech ( edit ) The term `` Old Czech '' is applied to the period predating the 16th century , with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as `` early Old Czech '' , but the term `` Medieval Czech '' is also used . Around the 7th century , the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe , settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire . The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century . The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries . The diversification of the Czech - Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time , marked among other things by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant ( / ɣ / ) and consistent stress on the first syllable . The Bohemian ( Czech ) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries . Literary works written in Czech appear in the early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century . The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period . Old Czech texts , including poetry and cookbooks , were produced outside the university as well . Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation . Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners ( particularly in religion ) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language . Early modern Czech ( edit ) There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century . In the 16th century , the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent , marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics , especially Slovak Jesuits , beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on the language of the Trnava region . The publication of the Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 ( the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages ) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries . In 1615 , the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom . After the Bohemian Revolt ( of predominantly Protestant aristocracy ) which was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620 , the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country . This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years ' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language . In 1627 , Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia , especially among the upper classes . Modern Czech ( edit ) Josef Dobrovský , whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language See also : Czech National Revival The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century . By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty . Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í ( although é survives for some uses ) and the merging of í and the former ejí . Sometime before the 18th century , the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic / l / and / ʎ / which survives in Slovak . Prohibition signs written in Czech , by entry # 3 into the building of National Technical Library in Prague . With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century , Czech historians began to emphasize their people 's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries , rebelling against the Counter-Reformation ( the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages ) . Czech philologists studied sixteenth - century texts , advocating the return of the language to high culture . This period is known as the Czech National Revival ( or Renaissance ) . During the national revival , in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German - language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ( Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language ) . Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language . However , Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský 's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival . Changes during this time included spelling reform ( notably , í in place of the former j and j in place of g ) , the use of t ( rather than ti ) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns ( which had been a late borrowing from German ) . These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak . Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal , widespread use . Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech ( a widespread , informal register ) , such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined . This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of the language . Geographic distribution ( edit ) A map of the languages of Central and Eastern Europe . Within the Czech Republic , Common Czech is represented by dark yellow ( C1 ) and Moravian dialects by medium yellow ( C2 ) and light green ( C3 ) . Official use of Czech in Vojvodina , Serbia In 2005 and 2007 , Czech was spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic . A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech , the third - highest in the European Union ( behind Greece and Hungary ) . Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic ( a member of the European Union since 2004 ) , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia . Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages . The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic ( 98.77 percent ) , Slovakia ( 24.86 percent ) , Portugal ( 1.93 percent ) , Poland ( 0.98 percent ) and Germany ( 0.47 percent ) . Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities . Since it is a recognised minority language in Slovakia , Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so . United states ( edit ) See also : Czech American and Czech Texan Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914 . Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools , and is taught at Czech heritage centers . Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin . In the 2000 United States Census , Czech was reported as the most - common language spoken at home ( besides English ) in Valley , Butler and Saunders Counties , Nebraska and Republic County , Kansas . With the exception of Spanish ( the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide ) , Czech was the most - common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , North Dakota and Minnesota . As of 2009 , 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language ( 49th place nationwide , behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish ) . Standard Czech ( edit ) The modern written standard is directly based on the standardization during the Czech National Revival in the 1830s , significantly influenced by Josef Jungmann 's Czech -- German dictionary published during 1834 -- 1839 . Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice ( 1579 -- 1613 ) period and of the language used by his contemporaries . He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Czech phonology Spoken Czech Standard Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three more found only in loanwords . They are / a / , / ɛ / , / ɪ / , / o / , and / u / , their long counterparts / aː / , / ɛː / , / iː / , / oː / and / uː / , and three diphthongs , / ou̯ / , / au̯ / and / ɛu̯ / . The latter two diphthongs and the long / oː / are exclusive to loanwords . Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed . Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics ( minor , monosyllabic , unstressed syllables ) . In all words of more than two syllables , every odd - numbered syllable receives secondary stress . Stress is unrelated to vowel length , and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features ( such as English ) . Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word before a pause , and in consonant clusters voicing assimilation occurs , which matches voicing to the following consonant . The unvoiced counterpart of / ɦ / is / x / . Czech consonants are categorized as `` hard '' , `` neutral '' or `` soft '' : Hard : / d / , / ɡ / , / ɦ / , / k / , / n / , / r / , / t / , / x / Neutral : / b / , / f / , / l / , / m / , / p / , / s / , / v / , / z / Soft : / c / , / ɟ / , / j / , / ɲ / , / r̝ / , / ʃ / , / ts / , / tʃ / , / ʒ / This distinction describes the declension patterns of nouns , which is based on the category of a noun 's ending consonant . Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing , or soft ones by y or ý ( except in loanwords such as kilogram ) . Neutral consonants may take either character . Hard consonants are sometimes known as `` strong '' , and soft ones as `` weak '' . The phoneme represented by the letter ř ( capital Ř ) is considered unique to Czech . It represents the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ( IPA : ( r̝ ) ) , a sound somewhere between Czech 's r and ž ( example : `` řeka '' ( river ) ( help info ) ) , and is present in Dvořák . In unvoiced environments , / r̝ / is realized as its voiceless allophone ( r̝̊ ) . The consonants / r / and / l / can be syllabic , acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel . Strč prst skrz krk ( `` Stick ( your ) finger through ( your ) throat '' ) is a well - known Czech tongue twister using only syllabic consonants . Consonants Labial Alveolar Post - alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive voiceless p k voiced d ɟ ( ɡ ) Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ voiced ( d͡z ) ( d͡ʒ ) Fricative voiceless ( f ) s ʃ x voiced z ʒ ɦ Trill plain r fricative r̝ Approximant l j Vowels A Czech vowel chart Grammar ( edit ) Slavic grammar is fusional ; its nouns , verbs , and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions , and the easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited . Slavic inflection is complex and pervasive , inflecting for case , gender and number in nouns and tense , aspect , mood , person and subject number and gender in verbs . Parts of speech include adjectives , adverbs , numbers , interrogative words , prepositions , conjunctions and interjections . Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking the final ý or í of the base form and replacing it with e , ě , or o . Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne - to the verb of a clause , with one exception : je ( he , she or it is ) becomes není . Sentence and clause structure ( edit ) See also : Czech word order Czech pronouns , nominative case Person Singular Plural 1 . já my 2 . ty vy ( formal ) vy 3 . on ( masculine ) ona ( feminine ) ono ( neuter ) oni ( masculine ) ony ( feminine ) ona ( neuter ) Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence ( instead of relying on word order , as English does ) , its word order is flexible . As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb ; information about its subject is encoded in the verb . Enclitics ( primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns ) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence , after the first stressed unit . The first slot must contain a subject and object , a main form of a verb , an adverb or a conjunction ( except for the light conjunctions a , `` and '' , i , `` and even '' or ale , `` but '' ) . Czech syntax has a subject -- verb -- object sentence structure . In practice , however , word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus . Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction ( like English ) , colloquial word - order changes frequently produce the passive voice . For example , to change `` Peter killed Paul '' to `` Paul was killed by Peter '' the order of subject and object is inverted : Petr zabil Pavla ( `` Peter killed Paul '' ) becomes `` Paul , Peter killed '' ( Pavla zabil Petr ) . Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object ( in this case , the victim ) of the verb . A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized , unless an upward intonation indicates that the sentence is a question : Pes jí bagetu . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than eating something else ) . Bagetu jí pes . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than someone else doing so ) . Pes bagetu jí . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than doing something else to it ) . Jí pes bagetu ? -- Does the dog eat the baguette ? ( emphasis ambiguous ) In portions of Bohemia ( including Prague ) , questions such as Jí pes bagetu ? without an interrogative word ( such as co , `` what '' or kdo , `` who '' ) are intoned in a slow rise from low to high , quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase . In modern Czech syntax , adjectives precede nouns , with few exceptions . Relative clauses are introduced by relativizers such as the adjective který , analogous to the English relative pronouns `` which '' , `` that '' , `` who '' and `` whom '' . As with other adjectives , it is declined into the appropriate case ( see Declension below ) to match its associated noun , person and number . Relative clauses follow the noun they modify , and the following is a glossed example : Czech : Chc - i navštív - it univerzit - u , na kter - ou chod - í Jan . Gloss : want-1.SG visit - INF university - SG. ACC , on which - SG. F. ACC attend-3.SG John. SG. NOM English : I want to visit the university that John attends . Declension ( edit ) Main article : Czech declension In Czech , nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases . Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence . A nominative -- accusative language , Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case . The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement . The remaining cases ( instrumental , locative , vocative and dative ) indicate semantic relationships , such as secondary objects , movement or position ( dative case ) and accompaniment ( instrumental case ) . An adjective 's case agrees with that of the noun it describes . When Czech children learn their language 's declension patterns , the cases are referred to by number : No . Ordinal name ( Czech ) Full name ( Czech ) Case Main usage 1 . první pád nominativ nominative Subjects 2 . druhý pád genitiv genitive Belonging , movement away from something ( or someone ) 3 . třetí pád dativ dative Indirect objects , movement toward something ( or someone ) 4 . čtvrtý pád akuzativ accusative Direct objects 5 . pátý pád vokativ vocative Addressing someone 6 . šestý pád lokál locative Location 7 . sedmý pád instrumentál instrumental Being used for a task ; acting with someone ( or something ) Some Czech grammatical texts order the cases differently , grouping the nominative and accusative ( and the dative and locative ) together because those declension patterns are often identical ; this order accommodates learners with experience in other inflected languages , such as Latin or Russian . This order is nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental and vocative . Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case . The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical ( or metaphorical ) direction , or location , conveyed by it . For example , od ( from , away from ) and z ( out of , off ) assign the genitive case . Other prepositions take one of several cases , with their meaning dependent on the case ; na means `` onto '' or `` for '' with the accusative case , but `` on '' with the locative . Examples of declension patterns ( using prepositions ) for a few nouns with adjectives follow . Only one plural example is given , since plural declension patterns are similar across genders . Case Noun / adjective Big dog ( m . ) Small cat ( f . ) Hard wood ( n . ) Young dragons ( pl . ) Nom . velký pes ( big dog ) malá kočka ( small cat ) tvrdé dřevo ( hard wood ) mladí draci ( young dragons ) Gen . z velkého psa ( from the big dog ) z malé kočky ( from the small cat ) z tvrdého dřeva ( from the hard wood ) z mladých draků ( from the young dragons ) Dat . k velkému psovi ( to the big dog ) k malé kočce ( to the small cat ) ke tvrdému dřevu ( to the hard wood ) ke mladým drakům ( to the young dragons ) Acc . na velkého psa ( for the big dog ) na malou kočku ( for the small cat ) na tvrdé dřevo ( for the hard wood ) na mladé draky ( for the young dragons ) Voc . velký pse ! ( big dog ! ) malá kočko ! ( small cat ! ) tvrdé dřevo ! ( hard wood ! ) mladí draci ! ( young dragons ! ) Loc . o velkém psovi ( about the big dog ) o malé kočce ( about the small cat ) o tvrdém dřevě ( about the hard wood ) o mladých dracích ( about the young dragons ) Ins . s velkým psem ( with the big dog ) s malou kočkou ( with the small cat ) s tvrdým dřevem ( with the hard wood ) s mladými draky ( with the young dragons ) This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases : Czech : Nes - l js - em krabic - i do dom - u se sv - ým přítel - em . Gloss : carry - SG. M. PST be-1.SG box - SG. ACC into house - SG. GEN with own - SG. INS friend - SG. INS English : I carried the box into the house with my friend . Czech distinguishes three genders -- masculine , feminine , and neuter -- and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate . With few exceptions , feminine nouns in the nominative case end in - a , - e , or - ost ; neuter nouns in - o , - e , or - í , and masculine nouns in a consonant . Adjectives agree in gender and animacy ( for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural ) with the nouns they modify . The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension , but other effects include past - tense verb endings : for example , dělal ( he did , or made ) ; dělala ( she did , or made ) and dělalo ( it did , or made ) . Nouns are also inflected for number , distinguishing between singular and plural . Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case . The Czech koruna is an example of this feature ; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence , and declined as genitive for numbers five and up . English Czech one crown jedna koruna two crowns dvě koruny three crowns tři koruny four crowns čtyři koruny five crowns pět korun Numerical words decline for case and , for numbers one and two , for gender . Numbers one through five are shown below as examples , and have some of the most exceptions among Czech numbers . The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the demonstrative pronoun , to . 5 Nominative jeden ( male ) jedna ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Genitive jednoho ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednoho ( neuter ) dvou tří čtyř pěti Dative jednomu ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednomu ( neuter ) dvěma třem čtyřem pěti Accusative jednoho ( male an . ) jeden ( male in . ) jednu ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Locative jednom ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednom ( neuter ) dvou třech čtyřech pěti Instrumental jedním ( male ) jednou ( female ) jedním ( neuter ) dvěma třemi čtyřmi pěti Although Czech 's grammatical numbers are singular and plural , several residuals of dual forms remain . Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases : ruka ( hand ) -- ruce ( nominative ) ; noha ( leg ) -- nohama ( instrumental ) , nohou ( genitive / locative ) ; oko ( eye ) -- oči , and ucho ( ear ) -- uši . While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms , all plural forms are considered feminine ; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs . These forms are plural semantically , used for any non-singular count , as in mezi čtyřma očima ( face to face , lit . among four eyes ) . The plural number paradigms of these nouns are actually a mixture of historical dual and plural forms . For example , nohy ( legs ; nominative / accusative ) is a standard plural form of this type of noun . Verb conjugation ( edit ) Main articles : Czech conjugation and Morphological classification of Czech verbs See also : Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages Czech verb conjugation is less complex than noun and adjective declension because it codes for fewer categories . Verbs agree with their subjects in person ( first , second or third ) and number ( singular or plural ) , and are conjugated for tense ( past , present or future ) . For example , the conjugated verb mluvíme ( we speak ) is in the present tense and first - person plural ; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the infinitive mluvit by its ending , - íme . Typical of Slavic languages , Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects : perfective and imperfective . Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs -- for example , koupit ( perfective ) and kupovat ( imperfective ) . Although the verbs ' meaning is similar , in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing . This is distinct from past and present tense , and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses . Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense . The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways : by prefix or by suffix . In prefix pairs , the perfective verb has an added prefix -- for example , the imperfective psát ( to write , to be writing ) compared with the perfective napsat ( to write down , to finish writing ) . The most common prefixes are na - , o - , po - , s - , u - , vy - , z - and za - . In suffix pairs , a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem ; for example , the perfective verbs koupit ( to buy ) and prodat ( to sell ) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat . Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs ( iterative and frequentative forms ) , denoting repeated or regular action . The verb jít ( to go ) has the iterative form chodit ( to go repeatedly ) and the frequentative form chodívat ( to go regularly ) . Many verbs have only one aspect , and verbs describing continual states of being -- být ( to be ) , chtít ( to want ) , moct ( to be able to ) , ležet ( to lie down , to be lying down ) -- have no perfective form . Conversely , verbs describing immediate states of change -- for example , otěhotnět ( to become pregnant ) and nadchnout se ( to become enthusiastic ) -- have no imperfective aspect . Although Czech 's use of present and future tense is largely similar to that of English , the language uses past tense to represent the English present perfect and past perfect ; ona běžela could mean she ran , she has run or she had run . Conjugation of být in future tense Person Singular Plural 1 . budu budeme 2 . budeš budete 3 . bude budou In some contexts , Czech 's perfective present ( which differs from the English present perfect ) implies future action ; in others , it connotes habitual action . As a result , the language has a proper future tense to minimize ambiguity . The future tense does not involve conjugating the verb describing an action to be undertaken in the future ; instead , the future form of být ( as shown in the table at left ) is placed before the infinitive ( for example , budu jíst -- `` I will eat '' ) . This conjugation is not followed by být itself , so future - oriented expressions involving nouns , adjectives , or prepositions ( rather than verbs ) omit být . `` I will be happy '' is translated as Budu šťastný ( not Budu být šťastný ) . Conditional form of koupit ( to buy ) Person Singular Plural 1 . koupil / a bych koupili / y bychom 2 . koupil / a bys koupili / y byste 3 . koupil / a / o by koupili / y / a by The infinitive form ends in t ( archaically , ti ) . It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs ( for example , můžu tě slyšet -- `` I can hear you '' ) . Czech verbs have three grammatical moods : indicative , imperative and conditional . The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person ( or number ) categories : - Ø / - i / - ej for second - person singular , - te / - ete / - ejte for second - person plural and - me / - eme / - ejme for first - person plural . The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past - tense verb . This mood indicates possible events , expressed in English as `` I would '' or `` I wish '' . Most Czech verbs fall into one of five classes , which determine their conjugation patterns . The future tense of být would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings . Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below : Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Definition to carry to print to wander to suffer to do , to make Infinitive nést tisknout putovat trpět dělat 1st p. sg . nesu tisknu putuji trpím dělám 2nd p. sg . neseš tiskneš putuješ trpíš děláš 3rd p. sg . nese tiskne putuje trpí dělá 1st p. pl . neseme tiskneme putujeme trpíme děláme 2nd p. pl . nesete tisknete putujete trpíte děláte 3rd p. pl . nesou tisknou putují trpí dělají Irregular verbs Definition to be to want to eat to know Infinitive být chtít jíst vědět 1st p. sg . jsem chci jím vím 2nd p. sg . jsi chceš jíš víš 3rd p. sg . je chce jí ví 1st p. pl . jsme chceme jíme víme 2nd p. pl . jste chcete jíte víte 3rd p. pl . jsou chtějí jedí vědí Orthography ( edit ) The handwritten Czech alphabet Main article : Czech orthography See also : Czech Braille Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages . Its thirty - one graphemes represent thirty sounds ( in most dialects , i and y have the same sound ) , and it contains only one digraph : ch , which follows h in the alphabet . As a result , some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages . The characters q , w and x appear only in foreign words . The háček ( ˇ ) is used with certain letters to form new characters : š , ž , and č , as well as ň , ě , ř , ť , and ď ( the latter five uncommon outside Czech ) . The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above ( ʼ , an abbreviated háček ) because of their height . The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia . Unlike most European languages , Czech distinguishes vowel length ; long vowels are indicated by an acute accent or , occasionally with ů , a ring . Long u is usually written ú at the beginning of a word or morpheme ( úroda , neúrodný ) and ů elsewhere , except for loanwords ( skútr ) or onomatopoeia ( bú ) . Long vowels and ě are not considered separate letters in the alphabetical order . Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages , including English . Proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations are capitalized , and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages . Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages . The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point . When writing a long number , spaces between every three numbers ( e.g. between hundreds and thousands ) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts , but not in decimal places , like in English . The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567 , 8910 or 1 234 567 , 8910 . Ordinal numbers ( 1st ) use a point as in German ( 1 . ) . In proper noun phrases ( except personal names ) , only the first word is capitalized ( Pražský hrad , Prague Castle ) . Varieties ( edit ) Further information : Czech -- Slovak languages The main vernacular of Bohemia is `` Common Czech '' , based on the dialect of the Prague region . Other Bohemian dialects have become marginalized , while Moravian dialects remain more widespread , with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s . Common Czech ( edit ) The main Czech vernacular , spoken primarily in and around Prague but also throughout the country , is known as Common Czech ( obecná čeština ) . This is an academic distinction ; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with vernacular ( or incorrect ) Czech . Compared to standard Czech , Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution . Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century . It is usually defined as an interdialect used in common speech in Bohemia and western parts of Moravia ( by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the Czech Republic ) . Common Czech is not codified , but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard . Since the second half of the 20th century , Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected , as a consequence of media influence . Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians , businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations , but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media . Common Czech is characterized by quite regular differences from the standard morphology and phonology . These variations are more or less common among all Common Czech speakers : é usually replaced by ý / í : malý město ( small town ) , plamínek ( little flame ) , lítat ( to fly ) ; ý ( sometimes also í ) replaced by ej : malej dům ( small house ) , mlejn ( mill ) , plejtvat ( to waste ) , bejt ( to be ) -- as a consequence of the loss of the difference in the pronunciation of y / ý and i / í in the 15th century ; unified plural endings of adjectives : malý lidi ( small people ) , malý ženy ( small women ) , malý města ( small towns ) -- stand. : malí lidé , malé ženy , malá města ; unified instrumental ending - ma in plural : s těma dobrejma lidma , ženama , chlapama , městama ( with the good people , women , guys , towns ) -- stand. : s těmi dobrými lidmi , ženami , chlapy , městy . In essence , this form resembles the form of the dual , which was once a productive form , but now is almost extinct and retained in a lexically specific set of words . In Common Czech the ending became productive again around the 17th century , but used as a substitute for a regular plural form . prothetic v - added to most words beginning o - : votevřít vokno ( to open the window ) -- stand. : otevřít okno ; but ovoce not * vovoce ( fruit ) omitting of the syllabic - l in the masculine ending of past tense verbs : řek ( he said ) , moh ( he could ) , pích ( he pricked ) -- stand. : řekl , mohl , píchl . Example of declension ( with the comparison with the standard Czech ) : Masculine animate Masculine inanimate Feminine Neuter Sg . Nominative mladej člověk mladý člověk mladej stát mladý stát mladá žena mladá žena mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Genitive mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladýho státu mladého státu mladý ženy mladé ženy mladýho zvířete mladého zvířete Dative mladýmu člověkovi mladému člověku mladýmu státu mladému státu mladý ženě mladé ženě mladýmu zvířeti mladému zvířeti Accusative mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladej stát mladý stát mladou ženu mladou ženu mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Vocative mladej člověče ! mladý člověče ! mladej státe ! mladý státe ! mladá ženo ! mladá ženo ! mladý zvíře ! mladé zvíře ! Locative mladym člověkovi mladém člověkovi mladym státě mladém státě mladý ženě mladé ženě mladym zvířeti mladém zvířeti Instrumental mladym člověkem mladým člověkem mladym státem mladým státem mladou ženou mladou ženou mladym zvířetem mladým zvířetem Pl . Nominative mladý lidi mladí lidé mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Genitive mladejch lidí mladých lidí mladejch států mladých států mladejch žen mladých žen mladejch zvířat mladých zvířat Dative mladejm lidem mladým lidem mladejm státům mladým státům mladejm ženám mladým ženám mladejm zvířatům mladým zvířatům Accusative mladý lidi mladé lidi mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Vocative mladý lidi ! mladí lidé ! mladý státy ! mladé státy ! mladý ženy ! mladé ženy ! mladý zvířata ! mladá zvířata ! Locative mladejch lidech mladých lidech mladejch státech mladých státech mladejch ženách mladých ženách mladejch zvířatech mladých zvířatech Instrumental mladejma lidma mladými lidmi mladejma státama mladými státy mladejma ženama mladými ženami mladejma zvířatama mladými zvířaty mladý člověk -- young man / person , mladí lidé -- young people , mladý stát -- young state , mladá žena -- young woman , mladé zvíře -- young animal Bohemian dialects ( edit ) Further information : Chod dialect Apart from the Common Czech vernacular , there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialects , mostly in marginal rural areas . Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century , and by the early 1990s regional dialect use was stigmatized , associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect . Increased travel and media availability to dialect - speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to ( or add to their own dialect ) standard Czech . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Bohemian dialects : Nářečí středočeská ( Central Bohemian dialects ) Nářečí jihozápadočeská ( Southwestern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina chodská ( Chod subgroup ) Podskupina doudlebská ( Doudleby subgroup ) Nářečí severovýchodočeská ( Northeastern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina podkrknošská ( Krkonoše subgroup ) Bohemian dialects use a slightly different set of vowel phonemes to standard Czech . The phoneme / ɛː / is peripheral and is replaced by / iː / , and a second native diphthong / eɪ̯ / occurs , usually in places where standard Czech has / iː / . Moravian dialects ( edit ) Main article : Moravian dialects Further information : Lach dialects The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian ( moravština ) . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire , `` Bohemian - Moravian - Slovak '' was a language citizens could register as speaking ( with German , Polish and several others ) . Of the Czech dialects , only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office . As of 2011 , 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal ( speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages ) . Beginning in the sixteenth century , some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak ; the southeastern Moravian dialects , in particular , are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech . These dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages , using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Moravian dialects : Nářečí českomoravská ( Bohemian -- Moravian dialects ) Nářečí středomoravská ( Central Moravian dialects ) Podskupina tišnovská ( Tišnov subgroup ) Nářečí východomoravská ( Eastern Moravian dialects ) Podskupina slovácká ( Moravian Slovak subgroup ) Podskupina valašská ( Moravian Wallachian subgroup ) Nářečí slezská ( Silesian dialects ) Sample ( edit ) In a 1964 textbook on Czech dialectology , Břetislav Koudela used the following sentence to highlight phonetic differences between dialects : Standard Czech : Dej mouku ze mlýna na vozík . Common Czech : Dej mouku ze mlejna na vozejk . Central Moravian : Dé móku ze mléna na vozék . Eastern Moravian : Daj múku ze młýna na vozík . Silesian : Daj muku ze młyna na vozik . Slovak : Daj múku zm lyna na vozík . English : Put the flour from the mill into the cart . Mutual intelligibility ( edit ) Czech and Slovak have been considered mutually intelligible ; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages . Since the 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia , mutual intelligibility has declined for younger speakers , probably because Czech speakers now experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa . In phonetic differences , Czech is characterized by a glottal stop before initial vowels and Slovak by its less - frequent use of long vowels than Czech ; however , Slovak has long forms of the consonants r and l when they function as vowels . Phonemic differences between the two languages are generally consistent , typical of two dialects of a language . Grammatically , although Czech ( unlike Slovak ) has a fully productive vocative case , both languages share a common syntax . One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular ( when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak ) . The two lexicons are generally considered similar , with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology . Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech . The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th - century scholars who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' ( Čechoslované ) , believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and ( to a lesser extent ) Hungarians and other Slavs . During the First Czechoslovak Republic ( 1918 -- 1938 ) , although `` Czechoslovak '' was designated as the republic 's official language , both Czech and Slovak written standards were used . Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech , and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic . Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars , and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State ( which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II ) , literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech . When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed , Slovak developed somewhat on its own ( with Czech influence ) ; during the Prague Spring of 1968 , Slovak gained independence from ( and equality with ) Czech , due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation . Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , `` Czechoslovak '' has referred to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility . Vocabulary ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Czech origin Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic , Baltic and other Indo - European roots . Although most verbs have Balto - Slavic origins , pronouns , prepositions and some verbs have wider , Indo - European roots . Some loanwords have been restructured by folk etymology to resemble native Czech words ( hřbitov , `` graveyard '' and listina , `` list '' ) . Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods . Earlier loanwords , primarily from German , Greek and Latin , arrived before the Czech National Revival . More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and French , and also from Hebrew , Arabic and Persian . Many Russian loanwords , principally animal names and naval terms , also exist in Czech . Although older German loanwords were colloquial , recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture . During the nineteenth century , words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots ; `` music '' is muzyka in Polish and музыка ( muzyka ) in Russian , but in Czech it is hudba . Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages -- for example , robot ( from robota , `` labor '' ) and polka ( from polka , `` Polish woman '' or from `` půlka '' `` half '' ) . Sample text ( edit ) 1846 sample of printed Czech According to Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Czech : Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv . Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství . English : `` All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . '' See also ( edit ) Czech Republic portal Language portal Czech Centers Czech name Czech Sign Language Swadesh list of Slavic words Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Minahan . One Europe , many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups . Greenwood Press , 2000 . Page 200 . Jump up ^ Czech at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN Jump up ^ Ministry of Interior of Poland : Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Czech '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech language '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9 Jump up ^ http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/naughton/lit_to_1918.html . University of Oxford Jump up ^ http://slavic.ucla.edu/czech/czech-republic/ . University of California , Los Angeles ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , pp. 54 -- 56 Jump up ^ Liberman & Trubetskoi 2001 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Liberman & Trubetskoi 2001 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Piotrowski 2012 , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Tilman . `` Slovaks in Czechia -- Czechs in Slovakia '' ( PDF ) . University of Tübingen . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cerna & Machalek 2007 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 93 ^ Jump up to : Maxwell 2009 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Agnew 1994 , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Agnew 1994 , pp. 251 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2009 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Europeans and Their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Eurobarometer . June 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ van Parys , Jonathan ( 2012 ) . `` Language knowledge in the European Union '' . Language Knowledge . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Škrobák , Zdeněk . `` Language Policy of Slovak Republic '' ( PDF ) . Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hrouda , Simone J. `` Czech Language Programs and Czech as a Heritage Language in the United States '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 8 : Language '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov. 2000 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Languages of the U.S.A. '' ( PDF ) . U.S. English . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naughton , James . `` CZECH LITERATURE , 1774 TO 1918 '' . Oxford University . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dankovičová 1999 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Dankovičová 1999 , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` Psaní i -- y po písmenu c '' . Czech Language Institute . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Harkins 1952 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Dankovičová 1999 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Qualls 2012 , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Qualls 2012 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. v -- viii Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Short 2009 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Short 2009 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Uhlířová , Ludmila . `` SLOVOSLED NOMINÁLNÍ SKUPINY '' . Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 201 -- 205 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Komárek 2012 , p. 238 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Lukeš , Dominik ( 2001 ) . `` Gramatická terminologie ve vyučování - Terminologie a platonický svět gramatických idejí '' . DominikLukeš.net . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Rothstein & Thieroff 2010 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 136 -- 140 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hajičová 1986 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Wilson 2009 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Daneš , František ( 2003 ) . `` The present - day situation of Czech '' . Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tahal 2010 , pp. 245 - 253 Jump up ^ Komárek 2012 , pp. 179 -- 180 Jump up ^ Eckert 1993 , pp. 143 -- 144 ^ Jump up to : `` Map of Czech Dialects '' . Český statistický úřad ( Czech Statistical Office ) . 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Komárek 2012 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 , p. 714 Jump up ^ `` Tab . 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku , mateřského jazyka a pohlaví ( Population by Age , Mother Tongue , and Gender ) '' ( in Czech ) . Český statistický úřad ( Czech Statistical Office ) . March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 , p. 516 Jump up ^ Šustek , Zbyšek ( 1998 ) . `` Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka ( The question of codifying a written Moravian language ) '' ( in Czech ) . University of Tartu . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koudela 1964 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Short 2009 , p. 306 . ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Esposito 2011 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Esposito 2011 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Maxwell 2009 , pp. 101 -- 105 Jump up ^ Nábělková , Mira ( January 2007 ) . `` Closely - related languages in contact : Czech , Slovak , `` Czechoslovak '' `` . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mann 1957 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Mann 1957 , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Mathesius 2013 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Mann 1957 , pp. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` robot ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` polka ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Všeobecná deklarace lidských prav '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Information Centre Prague . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Agnew , Hugh LeCaine ( 1994 ) . Origins of the Czech National Renascence . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 8549 - 5 . Dankovičová , Jana ( 1999 ) . `` Czech '' . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ( 9th ed . ) . International Phonetic Association / Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63751 - 0 . Cerna , Iva ; Machalek , Jolana ( 2007 ) . Beginner 's Czech . Hippocrene Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 1156 - 9 . Chloupek , Jan ; Nekvapil , Jiří ( 1993 ) . Studies in Functional Stylistics . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1545 - 1 . Eckert , Eva ( 1993 ) . Varieties of Czech : Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics . Editions Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5183 - 490 - 1 . Esposito , Anna ( 2011 ) . Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment : The Processing Issues . Springer Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 25774 - 2 . Hajičová , Eva ( 1986 ) . Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics ( 9th ed . ) . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1527 - 7 . Harkins , William Edward ( 1952 ) . A Modern Czech Grammar . King 's Crown Press ( Columbia University ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 09937 - 0 . Komárek , Miroslav ( 2012 ) . Dějiny českého jazyka . Brno : Host . ISBN 978 - 80 - 7294 - 591 - 7 . Kortmann , Bernd ; van der Auwera , Johan ( 2011 ) . The Languages and Linguistics of Europe : A Comprehensive Guide ( World of Linguistics ) . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022025 - 4 . Koudela , Břetislav ; et al. ( 1964 ) . Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie ( in Czech ) . Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Liberman , Anatoly ; Trubetskoi , Nikolai S. ( 2001 ) . N.S. Trubetzkoy : Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2299 - 3 . Mann , Stuart Edward ( 1957 ) . Czech Historical Grammar . Helmut Buske Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 87118 - 261 - 7 . Mathesius , Vilém ( 2013 ) . A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis . De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3077 - 4 . Maxwell , Alexander ( 2009 ) . Choosing Slovakia : Slavic Hungary , the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism . Tauris Academic Studies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 074 - 3 . Naughton , James ( 2005 ) . Czech : An Essential Grammar . Routledge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28785 - 2 . Pansofia ( 1993 ) . Pravidla českého pravopisu ( in Czech ) . Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR . ISBN 978 - 80 - 901373 - 6 - 3 . Piotrowski , Michael ( 2012 ) . Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts . Morgan & Claypool Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60845 - 946 - 9 . Qualls , Eduard J. ( 2012 ) . The Qualls Concise English Grammar . Danaan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890000 - 09 - 7 . Rothstein , Björn ; Thieroff , Rolf ( 2010 ) . Mood in the Languages of Europe . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 0587 - 2 . Short , David ( 2009 ) . `` Czech and Slovak '' . In Bernard Comrie . The World 's Major Languages ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 305 -- 330 . Scheer , Tobias ( 2004 ) . A Lateral Theory of Phonology : What is CVCV , and why Should it Be ? , Part 1 . Walter De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017871 - 5 . Stankiewicz , Edward ( 1986 ) . The Slavic Languages : Unity in Diversity . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009904 - 1 . Sussex , Rolan ; Cubberley , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Slavic Languages . Cambridge Language Surveys . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29448 - 5 . Tahal , Karel ( 2010 ) . A grammar of Czech as a foreign language ( PDF ) . Factum . Wilson , James ( 2009 ) . Moravians in Prague : A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech . Peter Lang International Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 58694 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Czech edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Czech . For a list of words relating to Czech language , see the Czech language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Czech Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czech language . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Czech language . Ústav pro jazyk český -- Czech Language Institute , the regulatory body for the Czech language ( in Czech ) Czech National Corpus Czech Monolingual Online Dictionary Czech Translation Dictionaries ( Lexilogos ) Czech Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words ( from Wiktionary 's Swadesh - list appendix ) Basic Czech Phrasebook with Audio Pimsleur Czech Comprehensive Course Czech Republic articles History Unetice culture Boii Marcomanni Samo Great Moravia Přemyslid dynasty Lands of the Bohemian Crown Czech lands ( 1526 -- 1648 ) 1648 -- 1867 1867 -- 1918 Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Geography Czech lands Protected areas Regions Rivers Urban planning Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Judiciary Law enforcement Legal system LGBT history Military Parliament Political parties Economy Energy Koruna ( currency ) Oil and gas deposits Stock Exchange Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Religion Culture Art Coat of arms Cuisine Czech language Flag Literature Music Nationalism Panelák ( architectural style ) Philosophy Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Category Portal Languages of the Czech Republic Official language Czech Minority languages German Moravian Polish Romani Slovak Vietnamese Sign languages Czech Sign Language See also : Minority languages of Czech Republic Languages of Slovakia Official language Slovak Minority languages Bulgarian Croatian Czech German Hungarian Polish Romani Rusyn Ukrainian Sign languages Slovak Sign Language Slavic languages History Proto - Balto - Slavic Up to Proto - Slavic Proto - Slavic ( Accent ) Old Church Slavonic Modern languages Cyril and Methodius Cyrillic script Glagolitic alphabet West Slavic languages Czech Kashubian Polabian Middle Polish Old Polish Polish Pomeranian Slovak Slovincian Lower Sorbian Upper Sorbian East Slavic languages Belarusian Iazychie Old East Slavic Old Novgorodian Russian Ruthenian Ukrainian South Slavic languages Bulgarian Macedonian Serbo - Croatian Bosnian Croatian Montenegrin Serbian Slovene Constructed languages Church Slavonic Pan-Slavic language Interslavic Slovio Slavonic - Serbian Separate Slavic dialects and microlanguages Balachka Banat Bulgarian Burgenland Croatian Carpathian Rusyn Canadian Ukrainian Chakavian Cieszyn Silesian Czechoslovak Eastern Slovak Kajkavian Knaanic Lach Lesser Polish Masovian Masurian Moravian Molise Croatian Pannonian Rusyn Podhale Prekmurje Slovene Resian Shtokavian Silesian Slavic dialects of Greece Surzhyk Torlakian Trasianka West Polesian Historical phonology Slavic first palatalization Slavic second palatalization Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony Dybo 's law Havlík 's law Hirt 's law Illič - Svityč 's law Ivšić 's law Meillet 's law Pedersen 's law Ruki sound law Winter 's law Italics indicate extinct languages . 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who fought with germany in world war ii
World war II by country
world war ii by country
Nearly every country in the world participated in World War II , with the exception of a few countries that remained neutral . The Second World War pitted two alliances against each other , the Axis powers and the Allied powers . The leading Axis powers were Nazi Germany , the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan ; while the United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were the `` Big Four '' Allied powers .
Contents 1 National impacts 1.1 Afghanistan 1.2 Albania 1.3 Algeria 1.4 Andorra 1.5 Antigua and Barbuda 1.6 Argentina 1.7 Armenia 1.8 Australia 1.9 Austria 1.10 Azerbaijan 1.11 Bahamas 1.12 Bahrain 1.13 Bangladesh 1.14 Belarus 1.15 Belgium 1.15. 1 Belgian colonial empire 1.16 Benin 1.17 Bolivia 1.18 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.19 Brazil 1.20 British Borneo 1.21 Bulgaria 1.22 Burkina Faso 1.23 Cambodia 1.24 Cameroon 1.25 Canada 1.26 Caribbean Islands 1.27 Central African Republic 1.28 Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1.29 Chad 1.30 Chile 1.31 China 1.32 Colombia 1.33 Comoros 1.34 Costa Rica 1.35 Croatia 1.36 Cuba 1.37 Cyprus 1.38 Czech Republic 1.39 Czechoslovakia 1.39. 1 Slovak Republic ( Slovakia ) 1.40 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.41 Denmark 1.42 Djibouti 1.43 Dominican Republic 1.44 Dutch East Indies ( Indonesia ) 1.45 East Timor 1.46 Ecuador 1.47 Egypt 1.48 El Salvador 1.49 Eritrea 1.50 Estonia 1.51 Ethiopia 1.52 Fiji 1.53 Finland 1.54 France 1.54. 1 Free French Forces 1.54. 2 Vichy France 1.54. 3 Occupied France 1.55 Gabon 1.56 Georgia 1.57 Germany 1.57. 1 Austria 1.58 Ghana 1.59 Gibraltar 1.60 Greece 1.61 Guatemala 1.62 Guinea 1.63 Guyana 1.64 Haiti 1.65 Honduras 1.66 Hong Kong 1.67 Hungary 1.68 Iceland 1.69 India 1.69. 1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands ( Provisional Government of Free India ) 1.70 Indonesia 1.71 Iran 1.72 Iraq 1.73 Ireland 1.74 Italy 1.75 Ivory Coast 1.76 Jamaica 1.77 Japan 1.78 Kazakhstan 1.79 Kenya 1.80 Korea 1.81 Kyrgyzstan 1.82 Laos 1.83 Latin America 1.84 Latvia 1.85 Lebanon 1.86 Liberia 1.87 Libya 1.88 Liechtenstein 1.89 Lithuania 1.90 Luxembourg 1.91 Macedonia 1.92 Madagascar 1.93 Malaya 1.94 Malaysia 1.95 Mali 1.96 Malta 1.97 Manchukuo 1.98 Mauritania 1.99 Mauritius 1.100 Mengjiang 1.101 Mexico 1.102 Moldova 1.103 Monaco 1.104 Mongolia 1.105 Montenegro 1.106 Morocco 1.107 Nauru 1.108 Nepal 1.109 Netherlands 1.110 New Zealand 1.111 Newfoundland 1.112 Nicaragua 1.113 Niger 1.114 Nigeria 1.115 North Korea 1.116 Northern Rhodesia ( Zambia ) 1.117 Norway 1.118 Oman 1.119 Pakistan 1.120 Palestine 1.121 Panama 1.122 Paraguay 1.123 Peru 1.124 Philippines 1.125 Poland 1.126 Portugal 1.126. 1 Portuguese Macau 1.126. 2 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 1.127 Republic of the Congo 1.128 Romania 1.129 Russia 1.130 Samoa 1.131 San Marino 1.132 Saudi Arabia 1.133 Senegal 1.134 Serbia 1.135 Singapore 1.136 Slovakia 1.137 Slovenia 1.138 Somalia 1.139 South Africa 1.140 South Korea 1.141 South Sudan 1.142 Southern Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) 1.143 Soviet Union 1.143. 1 Armenian SSR ( Armenia ) 1.143. 2 Azerbaijan SSR ( Azerbaijan ) 1.143. 3 Byelorussian SSR ( Belarus ) 1.143. 4 Georgian SSR ( Georgia ) 1.144 Spain 1.145 Sri Lanka 1.146 St. Lucia 1.147 Sweden 1.148 Switzerland 1.149 Syria 1.150 Tajikistan 1.151 Thailand 1.152 Tonga 1.153 Transjordan 1.154 Trinidad and Tobago 1.155 Tunisia 1.156 Turkey 1.157 Turkmenistan 1.158 Ukraine 1.159 United Kingdom 1.159. 1 Channel Islands 1.159. 2 Isle of Man 1.160 United States 1.160. 1 American Samoa 1.161 Uruguay 1.162 Uzbekistan 1.163 Vatican City 1.164 Venezuela 1.165 Vietnam 1.166 Yemen 1.167 Yugoslavia 1.167. 1 Croatia 1.168 Zambia 1.169 Zimbabwe 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading National impacts ( edit ) The countries involved in or affected by World War II are listed here alphabetically , with a description of their role in the conflict . Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah The Kingdom of Afghanistan maintained its neutrality . It was neither invaded nor sent an invasion force from or to a foreign nation , and was relatively unaffected during the war . Albania ( edit ) See also : Albanian Kingdom ( 1943 -- 44 ) and Albanian resistance during World War II Albanian partisans , with their leader Enver Hoxha in the center , after the liberation of Tirana on November 17 , 1944 . After the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939 , 100,000 Italian soldiers and 11,000 Italian colonists who wanted to integrate Albania into the Italian Empire settled in the country . Initially the Albanian Fascist Party received support from the population , mainly because of the unification of Kosovo and other Albanian - populated territories with Albania proper after the conquest of Yugoslavia and Greece by the Axis in Spring 1941 . Benito Mussolini boasted in May 1941 to a group of Albanian fascists that he had achieved the Greater Albania long wanted by the Tirana nationalists . On June 22 , 1941 , Germany launched Operation Barbarossa and on June 28 Albania also declared war on the USSR . In October 1941 , small Albanian Communist groups established an Albanian Communist Party in Tirana of 130 members under the leadership of Enver Hoxha . In mid-1942 , however , party leaders increased their popularity by calling young people to fight for the liberation of their country from Italy . In September 1942 , the party organized the Albanian National Anti-Fascist Front , from a number of resistance groups , including several that were strongly anticommunist . They assembled a National Liberation Army . Germany occupied Albania in September 1943 , dropping paratroopers into Tirana before the Albanian guerrillas could take the capital , and soon drove the guerrillas into the hills and to the south . Berlin subsequently announced it would recognize the independence of a neutral Albania and organized an Albanian government , police , and military . Many Balli Kombëtar units and leaders collaborated . The partisans entirely liberated Albania from German occupation on November 29 , 1944 . The Albanian partisans also helped in the liberation of Kosovo and parts of Yugoslavia . Algeria ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Algeria After the Fall of France , Algeria , along with France 's other possessions in Africa , were under the control of Nazi Germany and Vichy France . On November 8 , 1942 the Allies launched a major offensive codenamed Operation Torch . Allied Forces landed and advanced south against an army of 60,000 Vichy troops . The Allies retook Morocco along with Algeria , establishing the liberation of northern Africa . During the War , large numbers of both Muslim and European Algerians served with the French Army . Algerian troops particularly distinguished themselves in the French Expeditionary Corps under General Juin during the Italian campaign of 1943 and in Operation Dragoon , the Allied invasion of southern France in 1944 . Andorra ( edit ) Technically , Andorra was still at war with Germany since World War I ( and would remain at war long after World War II , declaring peace in 1958 ) due to being left out of the Versailles Peace Conference . Nonetheless , Andorra remained politically neutral throughout the war but was used as a smuggling route by Axis Vichy French and Axis - aligned Spain personnel . Antigua and Barbuda ( edit ) See Caribbean Islands . Argentina ( edit ) Main articles : Military history of Argentina and Argentina in World War II During the period of World War II , Argentina was ruled by a coalition of conservative , radical and independent socialists ( Spanish : La Concordancia , i.e. : Concordance ) until 1943 and then by a de facto military government . Despite the sympathy of the government of Concordance for Great Britain , the country 's political tradition made the neutralist sentiments prevail . Many Argentines saw the war as a potential source of economic benefit by exporting to both sides . The military government of Edelmiro Julian Farrell finally gave in to international pressure , and Argentina joined other countries in Latin America and declared war on Germany and Japan , a month before the war in Europe ended ( 27 March 1945 ) . More than 750 Argentine volunteers fought in the British , South African and Canadian Air Forces . 164 ( Argentine - British ) Squadron RAF saw action in Northern France and Belgium . Nearly 4,000 Argentine volunteers fought on the Allied side . Australian troops of the British Commonwealth Forces man a front - line trench during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Armenia ( edit ) Armenia was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union in general , and its subsection on the Armenian SSR in particular . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Australia during World War II Australia was among the first countries to announce it was at war with Germany , on 3 September 1939 . The Prime Minister , Robert Menzies considered that the British declaration legally bound Australia , and he announced a state of war between Australia and Germany as a direct consequence of the British declaration . More than one million Australian men served in the war out of a total population of around seven million . Although it was ill - prepared for war , the Australian government soon dispatched squadrons and personnel to serve with the Royal Air Force . The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) commenced operations against Italy in June 1940 . Later that year the Australian Army entered the North Africa campaign and fought in Greece . German submarines and raiding ships operated in Australian waters throughout the war . After the outbreak of hostilities with Japan in late 1941 , Japanese aircraft launched a bombing attack on Darwin in February , and smaller Air raids on Australia , 1942 -- 43 . For the remainder of the war , the Australian war effort was concentrated in south - east Asia and the South West Pacific Area : they were involved from January 1942 in Malaya , the Dutch East Indies and the Australian territory of New Guinea . During mid-1942 Militia troops fought the Kokoda Track campaign , and the New Guinea campaign came to occupy the attention of most of the Australian armed forces until 1945 . Austria ( edit ) Austria was part of Germany during World War II . So see this article 's section on Germany in general , and its subsection on Austria in particular . Azerbaijan ( edit ) Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union in general , and its subsection on the Azerbaijan SSR in particular . Bahamas ( edit ) See Caribbean Islands . Bahrain ( edit ) Main article : History of Bahrain The Sheikh of Bahrain declared war on Germany on September 10 , 1939 . On October 19 1940 , four Italian planes bombed Bahrain to destroy oil refineries supplying the Allies . The raid caused minimal damage to the oil refineries but made the Allies increase the defense around Bahrain . Bangladesh ( edit ) Main articles : Bengal Famine of 1943 , India in World War II , and Indian Army during World War II Indian refugees flee Burma along the Prome Road from Rangoon to Mandalay and eventually on to India , January 1942 Bangladesh was part of India during World War II . The Bengal region suffered the Bengal famine of 1943 , a major famine in the Bengal Presidency in British India during World War II . The fall of Burma brought Bengal close to the war front ; the war 's impact fell more strongly on Bengal than elsewhere in India . An estimated 2.1 -- 3 million , out of a population of 60.3 million , died of starvation , malaria and other diseases aggravated by malnutrition , population displacement , unsanitary conditions and lack of health care . Millions were impoverished as the crisis overwhelmed large segments of the economy and social fabric . Historians have frequently characterised the famine as `` man - made '' , asserting that wartime colonial policies created and then exacerbated the crisis . Belarus ( edit ) Belarus was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union in general , and its subsection on the Byelorussian SSR in particular . Belgium ( edit ) Free Belgian soldiers training in England , 1942 Main article : Belgium in World War II Belgium declared its intention to remain neutral in the event of war in the lead up to the conflict . In May 1940 , Germany launched a surprise attack during its wider invasion of France , and although Belgian forces resisted the German invasion for 18 days , on 28 May 1940 , the Belgian army and its commander , King Leopold III , officially surrendered . The King , and much of his army , were incarcerated and remained imprisoned for the rest of the war . The elected government left for France , and then England , where it established a government in exile based in London and Free Belgian army . The country itself was placed under German military occupation , opposed by the resistance , which lasted until its liberation after September 1944 . During the course of the occupation , around 25,000 Belgian Jews were killed . Belgian colonial Empire ( edit ) The Belgian Colonial Empire , notably the Belgian Congo in World War II , remained loyal to the Allies despite the surrender and it played an important role as an economic asset , producing large amounts of important raw materials . Congolese troops also fought the Italians in East Africa . Benin ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : History of Bolivia Bolivia was one of many Latin American countries to declare war on Germany later on in the war , joining the Allies on 7 April 1943 . It was one of the two countries to declare war in 1943 , the other being Colombia . Shortly after war was declared , the President of Bolivia , Enrique Peñaranda , was overthrown in a coup . The new ruler , Gualberto Villarroel , had fascist and anti-Semitic leanings , but foreign pressure compelled him to remain at peace and to suppress his more extreme pro-Nazi supporters . Bolivian mines supplied needed tin to the Allies , but with no coastline , the landlocked country did not send troops or warplanes overseas . P - 47s carried the `` Senta a Pua ! '' emblem as nose art along with the national insignia of Brazil Bosnia and Herzegovina ( edit ) Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of Yugoslavia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Yugoslavia . Brazil ( edit ) See also : Brazilian Expeditionary Force and Vargas Era § World War II Brazilian poster announcing declaration of war , November 10 , 1943 Brazil was under its second civilian military dictatorship led by Getúlio Vargas , maintaining its official neutrality until 1941 , when it allowed US forces to use bases to patrol the South Atlantic . The United States built several airfields on Brazilian soil with the understanding that shortly after the war ended , they would be turned over to Brazil . In the wake of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the declarations of war of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy against the USA , in January 1942 at the 9th Pan-American Conference held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil helped to influence other American countries to cut diplomatic relations with Axis Powers . In retaliation , Germany and Italy extended their submarine warfare against them . In the first half of 1942 Axis submarines sank Brazilian merchant ships , and Brazilian naval forces chased and attacked these submarines . When seven merchant ships were sunk by the German Submarine U-507 , Vargas decided to make official the state of war against Germany and Italy . Northeastern Brazil hosted at Natal the largest single American air base outside of its own territory , and at Recife , the U.S. 4th Fleet Headquarter under Admiral Ingram 's command . The air base in Natal gave support to the North Africa campaign , and a route for USAAF airplanes to fly to India and China . Brazilian naval forces in the Battle of the Atlantic helped US and British Navies to patrol the South and Central Atlantic Ocean , combating Axis U-boats and raiders . In 1943 , Allied naval forces sunk most of the Axis submarines which were active in the West of the South Atlantic , the U-199 among them . After this intense campaign , the South Atlantic became a lost battle to Germany . After two years of preparation , a complete infantry Division ( about 25,000 troops , called the Brazilian Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) was sent in July 1944 to fight in the Italian campaign . They fought in the last two stages of the Italian campaign : the slow breakdown of the Gothic Line and the final Allied offensive in that front . British Borneo ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) and Japanese occupation of British Borneo Borneo was divided into five territories : four in the north under the British -- Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan ( island ) , and British North Borneo ( now Sabah ) ; and the remainder and bulk of the island to the south under the jurisdiction of the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . The Japanese invasion plan called for the British territories to be taken and held by the Imperial Japanese Army and the southern Dutch territory to be taken and held by the Imperial Japanese Navy . On 8 December 1941 , the Brooke government instructed that the oilfields at Miri and Seria and refinery at Lutong be quickly demolished . At dawn on 16 December , two Japanese landing units secured Miri and Seria with little resistance from British forces . A few hours later , Lutong was captured . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II Bulgaria was a German ally , signing the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941 , their main contribution being transit rights for German units involved against Yugoslavia and Greece . Bulgaria occupied portions of Greece and Yugoslavia to recreate the 19th century boundaries of Greater Bulgaria , but it did not participate in the Invasion of the Soviet Union . After the Communist - dominated Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944 of 9 September and the simultaneous arrival of Soviet troops , the Bulgarian government declared war on Germany . Bulgarian armies attacked the German positions in Yugoslavia . An armistice was signed with the Allies in Moscow on 28 October 1944 . After the Nazis fled Yugoslav territory , the Bulgarian Army continued its offensive in Hungary and Austria under the command of General Vladimir Stoychev . It withstood the Wehrmacht offensive on the Drava River . Bulgaria 's participation in World War II ended when its soldiers met British troops in Klagenfurt , Austria in May 1945 . Burkina faso ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Cambodia ( edit ) See Japanese invasion of French Indochina . Cameroon ( edit ) See French Equatorial Africa # History . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Canada during World War II At the time of World War II , Newfoundland , including Labrador , was not part of Canada . See Newfoundland section . On 10 September 1939 , Canada likewise declared war on Germany , the country 's first independent declaration of war and the beginning of Canada 's participation in the largest combined national effort in its history . Canada 's military was active in every theatre of war , though most battles occurred in Italy , Northwestern Europe , and the North Atlantic . Over the course of the war , 1.1 million Canadians served in the Army , Navy , and Air Force . Of these more than 45,000 lost their lives and another 54,000 were wounded . The financial cost was $ 21,786,077,519.13 , between the 1939 and 1950 fiscal years . By the end of the War , Canada had the world 's fourth largest air force , and third largest navy . As well , the Canadian Merchant Navy completed over 25,000 voyages across the Atlantic . Many Allied pilots trained in Canada during the war . Canadians also served in the militaries of various Allied countries . Canadian forces deployed to the United Kingdom in 1939 . One corps fought in the Italian campaign while the other fought in Northwest Europe beginning with the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 . The 1st Canadian Army ended the war on German soil with five Canadian divisions and a host of allied formations under direct command . During the war Canada was subject to direct attack when German U-boats penetrated its coastal waters and participated in the Battle of the St. Lawrence . It was the first attack on Canadian soil since the Fenian Raids . A lone Japanese submarine also surfaced and shelled a lighthouse at Estevan Point in British Columbia , although it did no damage . The war had significant cultural , political and economic effects on Canada , including the conscription crisis . However , the war effort not only strengthened the Canadian economy but further established Canada as a major actor on the world stage . Caribbean Islands ( edit ) Main article : History of the Caribbean At the outbreak of World War II , the United States assumed Britain 's defense responsibilities in the Caribbean . In September 1940 , the two countries agreed to the Lend - Lease Agreement ( also called the Bases - for - Destroyers Agreement ) . It involved the loan of forty out - of - date American destroyers in return for leasing , rent free for ninety - nine years , British naval and air bases on five British West Indian islands -- the Bahamas , Jamaica , Antigua , St. Lucia , and Trinidad and Tobago -- as well as British Guiana , Bermuda , Leeward Islands , Windward Islands , and Newfoundland . The Lend - Lease Agreement was signed formally in London on March 27 , 1941 . Under its terms , the United States established eleven military bases in the area ( and in Bermuda ) and quickly transformed five British colonies in the West Indies into outposts of Caribbean defense for use against German submarine warfare . After President Franklin D. Roosevelt designated the Caribbean as a coastal frontier , the Eastern Caribbean became the forward edge of American defense strategy during the war . American strategists at that time referred to the West Indies as `` the bulwark that we watch . '' The strategic significance of the Caribbean became evident during the war . More than 50 percent of the supplies sent to Europe and Africa from the United States were shipped from ports in the Gulf of Mexico . One year after the Pearl Harbor attack , the United States Caribbean Defense Command reached a total of 119,000 personnel , half of them stationed in Panama to protect the canal from Japanese attack . Although the expected Japanese attack did not come , the Germans inflicted massive damage on shipping in the Caribbean in 1942 . German submarines even slipped into the region 's small harbors to shell shore targets and to sink cargo ships at anchor . By the end of the year , U-boats operating in the Caribbean had sunk 336 ships , at least half of which were oil tankers , with a total weight of 1.5 million tons . Note that the Caribbean countries of Cuba , Dominican Republic , and Haiti have their own separate sections on this article . Central African Republic ( edit ) See French Equatorial Africa # History . Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) ( edit ) Main article : Ceylon in World War II Ceylon ( now known as Sri Lanka ) , was a British colony and a major Allied naval base . On 5 April 1942 , over 300 aircraft from Japanese carriers bombed the island . Winston Churchill called it `` the most dangerous moment '' of World War II , because the Japanese wished to replicate a grander success of the attack at Pearl Harbor . British ships , however , were moved to Addu Atoll , Maldives Islands . Nevertheless , the British lost an aircraft carrier , two cruisers , and two destroyers , while the Royal Air Force squadrons on Ceylon suffered severe losses . The Ceylon Garrison Artillery Regiment was stationed on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands , to defend it from Japanese attack . However , the regiment mutinied on the night of 8 May 1942 , intending to hand the islands over to the Japanese . The mutiny was suppressed and three of the Ceylonese soldiers were executed . Following the Cocos Islands Mutiny , no Ceylonese combat unit was deployed in front - line combat , although Supply & Transport Corps troops were used in rear areas in the Middle East . The defences of Sri Lanka were beefed up to three Allied army divisions because the island was strategically important , as a producer of rubber . Ceylonese in Japanese - occupied Malaya and Singapore were recruited by the Japanese for the Lanka Regiment of the Indian National Army , to fight against the Allies . They never actually saw action . Chad ( edit ) See French Equatorial Africa # History . Chile ( edit ) Main article : History of Chile Initially , Chile chose to remain neutral in the war , having close trading links with Germany . Later in the war , however , Chile distanced itself from the Axis powers , and the Chilean government took steps to dismiss pro-German military officers . An attempted Nazi - backed coup in September 1938 turned most of the Chilean population against the German community within Chile . Relations with Axis countries were broken and war was declared in 1943 . Throughout the duration of the war , Chile stationed navy ships around its territory of Easter Island to protect it from a potential Japanese attack against South America , and military presence was strengthened at the vital harbors of Antofagasta , Valparaíso and Puerto Montt . From 1943 to 1945 , the Chilean prison camp of Pisagua became the site of wartime internment for citizens of enemy nations when Chile entered World War II on the Allied side . China ( edit ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and his wife Madame Chiang with Lieutenant General Joseph Stilwell in 1942 , Burma The Republic of China had been fighting Japan intermittently since the 1931 Mukden Incident , when Japan annexed Manchuria . On 7 July 1937 , the Marco Polo Bridge Incident led the two countries to full - scale war . With this and a civil conflict between the Kuomintang ( KMT , Chinese Nationalist Party ) and the Communist Party of China , the Chinese Nationalist Government 's full attention was within its borders . However , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek still managed to send troops to Britain 's aid in Burma , in early 1942 . More than 1.5 million Japanese military personnel were bogged down in China with casualties estimated at 1.1 -- 1.9 million . At the start of the war the Chinese army had 2.6 million soldiers ; by end of the war it had grown to 5.7 million ( excluding communist soldiers ) . The war cooled China 's formerly warm relations with Germany ( see Sino - German cooperation ) , and following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , China formally joined the Allies and declared war on Germany on 9 December 1941 . Many of China 's urban centers , industrial resources , and coastal regions were occupied by Japan for most of the war . China suffered a large death toll from the war , both military and civilian . The Chinese Nationalist army suffered some 3.2 million casualties , and 17 million civilians died in the crossfire . After the war , China gained one of the permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council . After the war ended , the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Nationalists and the Communists . The Nationalist government was defeated by the Communists in 1949 and retreated to Taiwan , while the communist People 's Republic of China was established on the mainland . Colombia ( edit ) Main article : Colombia during World War II After the attack on Pearl Harbor , Colombia broke diplomatic relations with the Axis powers . Colombia provided the Allies with petroleum products . In 1943 , the German submarine U-505 destroyed a Colombian schooner , which caused Colombia to declare a `` status of belligerency '' against Germany on 26 November 1943 . The German ambassador left the country , and measures of control were implemented , including internment of German citizens in designated areas . Photographs and reconnaissance airplanes belonging to the Colombian - German company Scadta , which used to take aerial shots of Colombian and German cities , were also handed to the United States . Comoros ( edit ) See History of the Comoros # Colonial rule . Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : History of Costa Rica Costa Rica joined the Allies on 8 December 1941 . The leftist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia was hostile to Nazism and introduced numerous measures to decrease German influence in the country . Costa Rica declared war on Japan the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor , and on Germany and Italy shortly afterwards . Croatia ( edit ) Croatia was part of Yugoslavia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Yugoslavia in general , and its subsection on Croatia in particular . Cuba ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Cuba Cuba joined the Allies on 8 December 1941 , when it declared war on Japan . On 11 December , it also declared war on Germany and Italy . The United States naval station at Guantanamo Bay served as an important base for protecting Allied shipping in the Caribbean , and on 15 May 1943 , a Cuban warship sank the German submarine U-176 in waters near Havana . Cuba began to plan a conscription program in order to contribute troops , but this had not materialized by the end of the war . Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Cyprus Regiment The Cyprus Regiment was founded on 12 April 1940 , and made part of the British Army structure . It was mostly volunteers from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus , but also included other Commonwealth nationalities . About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Regiment . It included Infantry , Mechanical , Transport , and Pack Transport Companies . Cypriot mule drivers were the first colonial troops sent to the Western Front . They served in France , Ethiopia and Italy carrying equipment to areas inaccessible to vehicles . The regiment served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign ( Battle of Greece ) , North Africa ( Operation Compass ) , France , the Middle East and Italy . In the post war years and prior to its disbandment , the regiment served in Cyprus and the Middle East , including Palestine in 1945 -- 1948 . The Regiment was disbanded on 31 March 1950 . Czech Republic ( edit ) The Czech Republic was part of Czechoslovakia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Czechoslovakia . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Main article : German occupation of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia was dismembered by Nazi Germany , starting with Neville Chamberlain 's Munich Agreement with Hitler in 1938 and the German -- Italian Vienna Awards ( 1938 and 1940 ) . The Czech part ( western ) of the country became the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under state - President Emil Hácha , the newly separated Slovak Republic , a Nazi - dependent puppet regime , led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso was set up in Slovakia . Part of southern Slovakia , and Ruthenia were annexed by Hungary . Zaolzie was annexed by Poland , and annexed by the Germans 11 months later . From 1940 , a government - in - exile in London under former Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš was recognized as an Allied power . In April 1945 , the Red Army defeated the Germans and ousted Tiso 's government . Slovak Republic ( Slovakia ) ( edit ) The newly separated Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , led by Jozef Tiso was set up in Slovakia . Part of southern Slovakia and all of Ruthenia ( the former eastern end of Czechoslovakia ) was annexed by Hungary . Zaolzie was annexed by Poland , snatched from them by the Germans 11 months later , and returned to Czechoslovakia in 1945 by the Soviet Union . The Slovak National Uprising , commenced in August 1944 , was suppressed by German forces at the end of October ; partisans , however , continued fighting in the mountains until the war 's end . In April 1945 , the Red Army defeated the Germans and ousted Tiso 's government , annexing Carpathian Ruthenia to the USSR . Democratic Republic of the Congo ( edit ) The Democratic Republic of the Congo was part of Belgium 's colonial empire during World War II . So see this article 's section on Belgium in general , and its subsection on the Belgian colonial empire in particular ... Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Denmark in World War II Denmark officially remained neutral from the outbreak of the war . Germany invaded without declaration of war as part of Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , and overwhelmed Denmark in a few hours of fighting . On 10 May 1940 , the British invaded the Danish islands of Iceland and the Faroe Islands . The United States occupied Greenland , a position later supported by the Danish envoy in Washington , Henrik Kauffmann . Iceland , which was later transferred from British to American control , declared independence in 1944 . The Danish government remained in office in Copenhagen until 1943 and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact . On 29 August 1943 , the government resigned and dissolved , as a response to German demands for more concessions . Denmark was now under German military occupation . Civil affairs were handled by SS - general Werner Best . On 4 May 1945 , German forces in Denmark surrendered to the British army . Since the German commander of Bornholm refused to surrender to the Soviet Union , two local towns were bombed and the garrison forced to surrender . Bornholm remained under Soviet control until 1946 . Djibouti ( edit ) See East African Campaign ( World War II ) . Dominican Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic declared war on Germany and Japan following the attacks of Pearl Harbor and the Nazi declaration of war on the U.S. It did not directly contribute with troops , aircraft , or ships , however 112 Dominicans were integrated into the U.S. military and fought in the war . In addition , 27 Dominicans were killed when German submarines sank four Dominican - manned ships in the Caribbean . Dutch East Indies ( Indonesia ) ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of Indonesia and Dutch East Indies campaign The rich oil resources of the Dutch East Indies were arguably a prime objective of the Japanese military in its attack on the Allies from 7 December 1941 . The Royal Netherlands Navy and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army were part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian Command , until the Allied forces in the Netherlands East Indies were defeated by Japan in March 1942 . Some Dutch personnel and ships escaped to Australia , where they continued to fight the Japanese . The Dutch East Indies was occupied by the Japanese for the remainder of the war . East Timor ( edit ) See Portuguese Timor , which it was called at the time . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : History of Ecuador Ecuador was one of several South American nations to join the Allies late in the war ( joined against Germany on 2 February 1945 ) , allowing the United States use of Baltra Island as a naval base . Egypt ( edit ) Main article : Egypt during World War II Britain had unilaterally recognized the independence of Egypt in 1922 , but continued to occupy the country militarily , and to dominate its political and economic affairs . By the Anglo -- Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the British occupation was limited to the Suez Canal Zone , but it allowed British troops to re-occupy the rest of the country in time of war . The continued presence of British forces led to increased anti-British sentiment in the country . Egypt was seen by both the Allies and the Axis as of vital strategic importance because of the Suez Canal and Egypt 's central geographical location in the Arab world . Whilst Egypt remained officially neutral for most of the war , the Egyptian government engaged in secret negotiations with Germany about the prospect of Egypt 's joining the Axis should the British be defeated in the Western Desert . Many Egyptian politicians and army officers sought Axis support for removing the occupying British forces from the country . After British forces defeated initial Italian invasion of Egypt , Germany was compelled to enter the North African theatre to save Italian Libya . A series of German victories under General Erwin Rommel brought Axis forces within 160 kilometres ( 99 miles ) of Cairo , creating great expectation among Egyptian nationalists . However , British Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery 's victory at El - Alamein heralded the end of Axis advances in Egypt , and the eventual Axis defeat in North Africa . Nonetheless , King Farouk still resisted British pressure to declare war on Germany until 1945 . El Salvador ( edit ) Main article : History of El Salvador Left : José Castellanos Contreras help save thousands of Jews and Central Europeans by providing them with false Salvadoran citizenship papers . Right : The Coat of Arms of El Salvador was stamped on the certificates and were an effective symbol that help save anyone who obtained them . José Castellanos Contreras was a Salvadoran army colonel and diplomat who , while working as El Salvador 's Consul General for Geneva during World War II , and in conjunction with a Jewish - Hungarian businessman named György Mandl , helped save up to 40,000 Jews and Central Europeans from Nazi persecution by providing them with false papers of Salvadoran nationality . From 1931 to 1944 , El Salvador was ruled by Maximiliano Hernández Martínez , an admirer of Hitler and Mussolini . Nonetheless , the dictator declared war on both Japan ( 8 December 1941 ) and Germany ( 12 December 1941 ) shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor , due to El Salvador 's strong economic ties with the United States . Hernández removed Germans from the government and interned Japanese , German , and Italian nationals . The Second World War made Salvadorans weary of their dictatorship , and a general national strike in 1944 forced Hernández to resign and flee to Guatemala , he was later killed in Honduras by a vengeful Salvadoran citizen . Eritrea ( edit ) See East African Campaign ( World War II ) . Estonia ( edit ) Main article : Estonia in World War II The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union left Estonia in the Soviet sphere of interest . The Soviet Union threatened Estonia with war if Estonia did not agree with the mutual assistance pact , which required allowing the Soviet Union to build military bases into Estonia . Estonian government , convinced that winning a war against the Soviet Union was impossible , agreed on 28 September 1939 . The Soviets conducted a coup d'état with support of the Red Army in June 1940 , and a sham election was held under Soviet control . The new government took office and the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on 2 July 1940 . The puppet state was formally accepted into the Soviet Union on 6 August . Estonia was occupied by Germany in 1941 after war broke out between Germany and the Soviet Union . With the return of the Soviet Armed Forces , 70,000 Estonians joined the German side to fight the Soviets . The National Committee failed to restore the national government in September 1944 due to the Soviet reoccupation . Estonia remained a part of the USSR until 1991 . Ethiopia ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Ethiopia At the outbreak of the war , Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia was in exile in England trying in vain to obtain Allied support for his nation 's cause . The Ethiopian Patriots Movement had begun its guerrilla war against the occupying Italian forces the day Addis Ababa fell in May 1936 . Upon the emperor 's flight into exile , remnants of Ethiopia 's disbanded imperial army had transformed into guerrilla units . Urban city residents throughout the country formed underground movements to aid the Patriots as the overall population led a passive resistance campaign aimed at stifling Mussolini 's economic agenda for the region . As a result , the Italians were never able to successfully occupy and secure the entire country including the emperor 's relocated capital at Gore in the southwest . Throughout the occupation and into the beginning of the Second World War , the constant harassment of Italian columns and communication and supply lines reduced their fighting capabilities and their morale . A state of paranoia among Italian troops and civilians alike had sunk in as they became increasingly isolated from Rome . Fascist retaliation to Patriot attacks were brutal and often targeted the civilian population , which only further filled the ranks of the Patriots creating a cycle that led to the eventual demise of Mussolini 's Italian East Africa . Britain 's declaration of war against Italy reinvigorated the Patriot movement and paved the way for the final ousting of the Italians in Ethiopia and in the Horn of Africa . The Allied liberation campaign of Ethiopia began in the winter of 1940 . Emperor Haile Selassie , with the support and cooperation of the British , was transported to the Sudan to work alongside Major Orde Wingate to organize and lead the main Ethiopian Patriot divisions that had fled fascist - controlled Ethiopia upon news of Britain 's declaration of war . The East African Campaign was conducted by a largely multi-African force and consisted of Ethiopian , Eritrean , British , Sudanese , Kenyan , Rhodesian , South African , Indian , Nigerian , Ghanaian and Free French Forces . Within months , the liberation of Ethiopia was achieved , and on 5 May 1941 , five years to the day that the Emperor fled his capital , Haile Selassie was restored to his throne . The defeat of fascists in Ethiopia marked the first victory for the Allies in the Second World War and allowed for the remaining forces to be quickly moved up to Egypt to confront the Axis advance towards Cairo . Fiji ( edit ) Main article : Fiji in World War II Fiji was a British colony during World War II . The Fiji Defence Force served with New Zealand Army formations , under the Allied Pacific Ocean Areas command . The Fiji Infantry Regiment fought in the Solomon Islands Campaign against the Japanese . Fiji also constructed many facilities such as airfields for Allied bombing runs , barracks and training grounds . Finland ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Finland during World War II Finland was left to the Soviet sphere of interest in Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and when it refused to allow the Soviet Union to build bases on its territory , it was attacked by Soviet forces in the Winter War ( 30 November 1939 -- 13 March 1940 ) . After the war , Finland unsuccessfully sought protection from the United Kingdom and from Sweden to counter the continuing Soviet pressure , before turning to improving relations with Nazi Germany . This produced cooperation between the countries , which led three days after the start of Operation Barbarossa to a Soviet pre-emptive air attack on Finland , which started the Continuation War ( 25 June 1941 -- 4 September 1944 ) , in which Finland was a co-belligerent of Germany . The UK declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941 . Canada and New Zealand declared war on Finland on 7 December , as did Australia and South Africa the following day . To secure military support needed to stop the Vyborg -- Petrozavodsk Offensive coordinated with D - Day , the Ryti - Ribbentrop Agreement was signed on 26 June 1944 , in which Finnish and Nazi German relations became closest to an alliance . An armistice was signed after the Soviet offensive was fought to a standstill , and the Wehrmacht was retreating from the Baltic states . The treaty required Finland to expel all German troops , which led to the Lapland War ( 15 September 1944 -- 25 April 1945 ) . This was shortly before the complete surrender of Nazi forces all over Europe on 7 -- 8 May 1945 ( V-E Day ) . Complete peace with the UK and the USSR was concluded in the Paris Peace Treaties , 1947 . France ( edit ) Main article : France during World War II France was one of the original guarantors of Polish security and as such was one of the first countries to declare war on Germany . On May 10 1940 Germany began their attack on France . After six weeks of intense battling , on June 22 1940 following the Battle of France , the French government signed an armistice with Germany , leading to the foundation of Vichy France and the Free French Forces in exile . The leader of the Free French , Charles de Gaulle , took control of France in 1944 and the country ended the war as an ally . Free French forces ( edit ) Main articles : Free French Forces and Military history of France during World War II The Free French Forces ( FFF ) of the French Committee of National Liberation ( CFLN ) , a London - based exile group led by Charles de Gaulle , were formed in 1940 to maintain the French commitment to the Allies and liberate French territory occupied by Germany . Together with the French Resistance , they played a part in the Mediterranean Theatre and the liberation of western Europe , including France in 1944 . By 1943 , free France had a vast land ( but no war industry , it remained dependent on US aid ) . It regrouped with the Vichy authority that joined it and the interior resistance into fighting France . The CFLN took control of France in August and September 1944 . In 1944 , the FFF soldiers were about 560,000 . In 1945 , more than 1,300,000 . The Resistance ( forces of the interior ) , according to D.E. Eisenhower , played a role equal to 15 fighting divisions . The FFF and Resistance played a major role during the liberation of France . Vichy France ( edit ) Main article : Vichy France When France signed armistice agreements with Germany and Italy , the country was split into two parts , an occupied sector , and an unoccupied sector with a new government led by Philippe Pétain in Vichy , hence the name Vichy Regime . It remained officially neutral during the conflict but collaborated with Germany . Prime Minister Pierre Laval repeatedly sought to bring France closer to the Axis side , but was vetoed by Pétain . On several occasions Vichy forces were attacked by British and Free French forces , especially in French Africa . As a result of Vichy North Africa violating the terms of the 1940 armistice by calling a cease - fire following Operation Torch , the Germans occupied all of continental France in the fall of 1942 but allowed the Vichy government to continue operating . Vichy North Africa 's government and military led by François Darlan joined the Allies . After Darlan was assassinated , de Gaulle took power alongside Henri Giraud . Laval was executed for high treason after the war . Pétain was sentenced to death but his sentence was commuted . Occupied France ( edit ) Main article : German military administration in occupied France during World War II This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Occupied France was directly under German control . While Vichy France was a fascist client state under the leadership of Philippe Pétain , Occupied France was administered by a German military commander , Carl - Heinrich von Stülpnagel . Gabon ( edit ) See Battle of Gabon . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union in general , and its subsection on the Georgian SSR in particular . Germany ( edit ) Main article : Nazi Germany § World War II Nazi Germany , led by Adolf Hitler , was the primary Axis Power in the European Theatre . German forces instigated the war in September 1939 by invading Poland . Poland was divided with the Soviet Union . The Phony War ensued and in the spring of 1940 German forces invaded and conquered Denmark , Norway , France , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . Attempts to subdue the United Kingdom by air in the summer of 1940 failed and a planned invasion was called off . In the summer of 1941 Germany turned its forces east by invading the Soviet Union . The Eastern Front became the main theatre of war for the Germans . The invasion of the USSR had been delayed by campaigns in Greece and Yugoslavia , aimed at assisting floundering Italian forces . The Afrika Korps was similarly dispatched to the Western Desert to assist struggling Italian forces there , and German forces grew to an entire army group . Major defeats at Stalingrad in February 1943 and the destruction of Axis forces in North Africa shortly are commonly thought to be the war 's turning points . German forces fought on Sicily , and when Italy switched sides , German forces seized power , fighting a successful withdrawal and diverting Allied forces from Northwest Europe . Severe losses at Kursk in the summer of 1943 and during the Soviet summer offensives of 1944 shattered German fighting power , and Allied landings in Normandy and Southern France forced the Germans to fight on several fronts simultaneously . The surrender of the German forces between 4 May and 8 May 1945 , signaled the end of the war in Europe . German forces were very active at sea , primarily through its submarine force . The German air force provided effective tactical and logistical support until Allied air superiority was achieved by the middle of 1944 . Strategic use of airpower failed and despite heavy aerial bombardment ( and later , the V - 1 and V - 2 rockets ) of the United Kingdom , failed to achieve lasting results . Hitler 's war aims included the destruction of the Jews of Europe , and at the Wannsee Conference in early 1942 , a system of extermination was finalized which led to the Holocaust . Austria ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Austria Austria became a full part of Nazi Germany in 1938 among popular acclaim during the Anschluss . About 1.2 million Austrians served in all branches of the German armed forces during World War II . After the defeat of the Axis Powers , the Allies occupied Austria in four occupation zones set up at the end of World War II until 1955 , when the country again became a fully independent republic under the condition that it remained neutral . The four occupations zones were French , American , British , and Soviet , with Vienna also divided among the four powers . This paralleled the situation in post-war Germany . Ghana ( edit ) See East African Campaign ( World War II ) . Gibraltar ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Gibraltar during World War II The British overseas territory of Gibraltar has been a British fortress and bulwark for over 300 years . From the first days of World War II , the Rock became a pivot of the Mediterranean , Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa , was coordinated from the Rock . Operation Tracer , a top - secret mission in which six men were to be concealed inside a secret bunker inside the Rock of Gibraltar so that they could monitor enemy movements if the Rock was captured . Greece ( edit ) Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II and Axis occupation of Greece Greece initially resisted the Italian invasion of 28 October 1940 and pushed Mussolini 's forces back into Albania . Hitler reluctantly sent forces to bail out his ally and subdue Greece ( Operation Marita ) . The resulting Battle of Greece in April 1941 delayed the invasion of the Soviet Union , and the heavy losses of the German Fallschirmjäger over Crete effectively put a halt to large - scale German airborne operations . The government and the King fled the country to Egypt , from where they continued the fight . The occupation forces installed a series of puppet governments , which commanded little allegiance . A vigorous Resistance movement developed from 1942 on , dominated largely by the leftist National Liberation Front ( EAM ) . Throughout 1943 , the guerrillas liberated much of the country 's mountainous interior , establishing a free zone called `` Free Greece '' . After the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Germans took over the Italian zone , often accompanied by bloodshed , as the Italians tried to resist both them and the Allies trying to occupy Italian - held areas ( the Dodecanese Campaign ) . As Liberation approached , the Resistance became divided along political lines , and a mini civil war ensued . An agreement establishing a national unity government was reached in the May 1944 Lebanon conference , which eased tension somewhat . With the advance of the Red Army through Eastern Europe in summer 1944 , the German forces withdrew from the Greek mainland in October -- November 1944 , although many island garrisons were left behind and surrendered after the unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . The returning government in exile , backed by British forces , soon clashed with EAM forces in Athens , beginning the Greek Civil War ; a conflict that would last until 1949 and leave a divisive legacy . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : History of Guatemala § The `` Ten Years of Spring '' Guatemala initially stayed out of World War II , with President Jorge Ubico declaring the country 's neutrality on 4 September 1941 . This pronouncement was reinforced five days later with another declaration . Ubico implemented strong prohibitions on Nazi propaganda in Guatemala , which had one of Latin America 's largest German immigrant populations . Later , Guatemala moved into the Allied camp -- on 9 December 1941 , it declared war on Japan , and three days later , it declared war on Germany and Italy . Guinea ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Guyana ( edit ) See Caribbean Islands . Haiti ( edit ) Main article : History of Haiti § Renewed dictatorship Haiti remained neutral in World War II until the bombing of Pearl Harbor . Thus , in late 1941 , Haiti declared war on Japan ( 8 December ) , Germany ( 12 December ) , Italy ( 12 December ) , Bulgaria ( 24 December ) , Hungary ( 24 December ) and Romania ( 24 December ) . Out of these six Axis countries , only Romania reciprocated , declaring war on Haiti on the same day ( 24 December 1941 ) . Haiti gave food supplies to Allied forces and hosted a detachment of the United States Coast Guard but did not contribute troops , however five Haitians from the Haitian Air Force were integrated into the U.S. military ( Tuskegee Airmen division ) and fought in the war . The President of Haiti , Élie Lescot , introduced several unpopular emergency measures during the war , which critics claimed were designed to increase his power . Lescot was deposed the year after the war ended . Honduras ( edit ) Honduras was initially neutral in the war but joined the Allied side after the attack on Pearl Harbor . It declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941 , and on Germany and Italy five days later . It contributed food and raw materials to the Allied war effort and did send troops in which 150 of them died . German submarines also sank 3 Honduran ships throughout the war . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of the British but came under the control of the Japanese after the gruelling Battle of Hong Kong drew to a close on Christmas Day of 1941 . The Japanese turned many healthcare facilities into field hospitals to help injured soldiers returning from the Pacific theater . Strict food rations were also enforced and to keep the rations low many citizens were deported to China . By the end of the war Hong Kong 's population had fallen from 1,500,000 to a mere 600,000 . The territory was liberated in 1945 . Hungary ( edit ) Main article : Hungary during World War II Hungary was a significant German ally . It signed the Tripartite Pact on 20 November 1940 , and joined in the invasion of the Soviet Union the next year . When , in 1944 , the government of Regent Miklós Horthy wished to sign a ceasefire with the Allies , he was overthrown by the Nazis and replaced by a government run by the fascist Arrow Cross movement , which ruled the country until it was overrun by the Soviets in 1945 . Iceland ( edit ) Main articles : Iceland during World War II and Invasion of Iceland Iceland was a free state at the outbreak of war in personal union with the King of Denmark acting as head of state . After the German invasion of Denmark ( 1940 ) , Iceland lost all contact with the King . British forces invaded Iceland on 10 May 1940 , to secure bases for themselves and to deny Germany the same option . A small armed force was present , but obeyed orders not to resist the British . The British proceeded to arrest a number of German nationals , including the German consul , Werner Gerlach , and seize radio and telephone services . Iceland 's government formally protested the occupation , but provided the British with de facto cooperation . During the height of the occupation , 25,000 British soldiers were stationed in Iceland , compared to roughly 40,000 inhabitants of Reykjavík . On 7 July 1941 , control of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the USA . The U.S. was not yet at war , but Iceland needed to be denied to the Germans . Iceland experienced an economic boom during the occupation , since many Icelanders took jobs working for the foreigners , and some say that bretavinnan ( roughly , the British Jobs ) provided some of the successes of the post-war Icelandic economy . On 17 June 1944 , with American encouragement , Iceland became a permanently independent republic , and it cut all ties with Denmark . Despite being occupied , Iceland remained officially neutral throughout the duration of the Second World War . Icelandic air bases such as at Keflavík were important to the Allied fight against the German U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic . With its small population , Iceland was in no position to raise any armed forces . The close cooperation between the Americans and the Icelanders led to Iceland 's giving up neutrality and becoming a charter member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in 1949 . Iceland has not had any armed forces ( but see Cod Wars ) , but its contribution was bases for its allies : the American Air Force Base and Naval Air Station at Keflavík . India ( edit ) Main article : India in World War II The Indian Empire ( consisted of areas covered by present - day India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Burma ) , controlled by Britain during the war , was covered by Britain 's declaration of war . The 5th Infantry Division of India fought in the Sudan and Libya . The Division moved to Iraq to protect the oilfields , and to the Burma front , together with eight other Indian Divisions , and then occupied Malaya . In Java they disarmed the occupying Japanese garrison . The 4th Infantry Division of India fought in North Africa , Syria , Palestine and Cyprus before being sent into Italy . Together with the 8th and 10th Divisions it participated in the taking of Monte Cassino , after which it was moved to Greece . Over 6.8 million Indian citizens fought with the Indian Army , Royal Indian Air Force , and Royal Indian Navy , forming the largest army raised by voluntary enlistment . Part of India was occupied by Japanese forces during the war , and India suffered 1.5 million to 4 million civilian dead from famine in the Bengal region , as a result of circumstances resulting from the Japanese invasion of Burma . Over 96,000 Indian members of the armed forces were killed or went missing in action , and 74,354 were wounded during the war . Indian personnel received 2,000 awards for gallantry , including 31 Victoria Crosses . Some Indian nationalists used the opportunity of war as a time to fight the British . This led to considerable forces of Indians who decided to fight on the Axis side against the British , mostly POW 's captured in Singapore . About 40,000 Indians fought on the side of the Japanese in the Indian National Army , and about 1,000 more were recruited by Nazi Germany for the Tiger Legion . Andaman & Nicobar Islands ( Provisional government of Free India ) ( edit ) Main article : Invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II On 23 March 1942 , Japanese forces invaded the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . In December 1943 , the Japanese - sponsored Free India Movement ( Provisional Government of Free India ) was formed . The Andaman Islands were renamed Shaheed Islands , and the Nicobars were renamed Swaraj Islands . Andaman & Nicobar Islanders fought alongside the Japanese during this time . The islands were not reoccupied by the British until 6 October 1945 . Indonesia ( edit ) See Dutch East Indies , which it was called at the time . Iran ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran Soviet and British soldiers in Iran , following the Anglo - Soviet invasion , August 1941 During the start of the war the Allies demanded that Iran remove German nationals from their soil , fearing they might be Nazi spies or harm the British - owned oil facilities , but Reza Shah refused , stating that they had nothing to do with the Nazis . The Allies worried that Germany would look to neutral Iran for oil . Soon the Allies questioned themselves about Iranian neutrality and they gave Reza Shah a final warning to remove the German workers . He refused once again . In August 1941 , the British and Soviet troops invaded Iran ( Operation Countenance ) and , in September 1941 , forced Reza Shah Pahlavi to abdicate his throne . He was replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi , who was willing to enter the war on the side of the Allies . Iran became known as `` The Bridge of Victory '' . Iran provided a ' blue water ' supply route to the Soviet Union via the port of Bandar Abbas and a specially constructed railway route . The supply routes were known collectively as the Persian Corridor . Soviet political operatives known as `` agitprops '' infiltrated Iran and helped establish the Comintern affiliate Tudeh Party in early 1942 . The Soviet Union fomented revolts among the Azerbaijani and Kurdish peoples in Iran and soon formed the People 's Republic of Azerbaijan in December 1945 and the Kurdish People 's Republic not long after . Both were run by Soviet - controlled leaders . Soviet troops remained in Iran , following the January 1946 expiration of a wartime treaty providing for the presence of American , British and Soviet troops . Iraq ( edit ) Main article : History of Iraq Further information : Anglo - Iraqi War Iraq was important to Britain through its position on a route to India and the strategic oil supplies that it provided . After the ejection of the Ottoman Turks at the end of the First World War , these were protected by a significant Royal Air Force base at Habbaniya and the maintenance of sympathetic governments . Because of the United Kingdom 's weakness early in the war , Iraq backed away from its Anglo - Iraqi Alliance with the country . When the British High Command requested to send reinforcements to Iraq , the country 's Prime Minister , Nuri - es Said , allowed a small British force to land . Consequently , he was forced to resign after a pro-Axis coup under Rashid Ali in April 1941 . Later British requests to reinforce Iraq were denied by the new leadership . The new regime secretly began negotiations with the Axis Powers . The Nazis responded quickly and sent military aid by Luftwaffe aircraft to Baghdad via Syria . Indian troops consequently invaded in late April 1941 and reached Baghdad and RAF Habbaniyah in May . The Iraqi army attacked Habbaniyah but quickly capitulated and Rashid Ali fled the country . The United Kingdom urged Iraq to declare war on the Axis in 1942 . British forces remained to protect the vital oil supplies . Yet Iraq declared war on the Axis powers in 1943 after cutting diplomatic ties . The Iraqi army played a role in protecting the logistic routes of the Allies , especially the military aids to the Soviet Union which used to arrive from Basra , Baghdad and Ki rkuk . British and Indian operations in Iraq should be viewed in conjunction with events in neighbouring Syria and Persia . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : The Emergency ( Ireland ) Ireland remained neutral throughout the war , the only member of the British Commonwealth to do so . The Emergency Powers Act 1939 gave sweeping new powers to the government for the duration , including internment , censorship , and government control of the economy . Irish citizens were free to work abroad and join foreign militaries . By the end of the war , figures suggest that 50,000 men and women born in the State served in the British armed forces , although this estimate has risen considerably over the years . Internment of both Axis and Allied military took place in separate sections of the same camp . No. 1 Internment camp , built by the British pre-1922 , held republicans who had a suspected link to the I.R.A. In June 1940 British Major General Bernard Montgomery was tasked to make plans to invade Ireland in order to seize Cork and Cobh . Winston Churchill also made plans to invade to take the three former Treaty Ports . One Irishman , Brendan Finucane , the youngest Wing Commander and fighter ace in the RAF 's history , before the age of 22 achieved one of the highest kill rates in the Battle of Britain and in offensive operations over France . A total of roughly forty Irish people were killed in the Bombing of Dublin in World War II and County Carlow in apparently - accidental bombings by the Luftwaffe . The bombings have been cited as the result of either deliberate attacks , errors in navigation or British electronic countermeasures against the Luftwaffe . The decision to go ahead with the D - day landings was decided by an Atlantic ocean weather report from Blacksod Bay , County Mayo Ireland . Italy ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Italy during World War II Italy had completed conquests ( Ethiopia and Albania ) prior to its entry into World War II . After the initially successful campaigns of Nazi Germany , Italy joined in the war in June 1940 , planning to get a share of Allied territory with the defeat of France . Italy 's war effort went poorly , resulting in defeats in Greece and North Africa . The Allies started to invade Italy in the summer of 1943 and Mussolini 's government collapsed . The new royal government of Marshal Pietro Badoglio signed an armistice with the allies , but most of the country was quickly occupied by the Germans , who established a puppet government under Mussolini in the north , the Italian Social Republic ( also known as the Salò Republic , from its headquarters ) . Badoglio and King Victor Emmanuel III escaped to Brindisi without giving any order to the army , which was left in chaos and without leadership : some divisions surrendered to the Germans , other fought back on their own . The royal government remained in control of the south and declared war on Germany ; the military forces it still controlled joined the Allies in a position of co-belligerence . It was eventually re-established as the government of all of Italy shortly before the end of the war in the spring of 1945 , when partisan uprisings liberated northern Italy . Italy would become a member of NATO after the war , but lost the region of Istria and the Dalmatian city of Zadar to Yugoslavia , and all its colonies excluding Somalia . Ivory Coast ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Jamaica ( edit ) See Caribbean Islands . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Japan during World War II Japan was the leader of the Axis powers in the Pacific Theatre . Some people consider that World War II actually began with the invasion of China by Japan in 1937 . The war ended with the capitulation of Japan after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US . Although the US saw most action in the Pacific Theatre , the United Kingdom also had a role in Japan 's defeat , particularly in the Burma campaign . The USSR did not declare war on Japan until 9 August 1945 when it invaded Manchuria . Kazakhstan ( edit ) Kazakhstan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . Kenya ( edit ) Main article : Kenya in World War II During the war , Kenya was one of the single most important conscription grounds for the British Army in Africa . During the course of the war , 98,240 Kenyans were enlisted as Askaris into the King 's African Rifles ( KAR ) , representing 30 % of the unit 's total strength . The vast majority of soldiers from Kenya , of whom most were conscripted , were overwhelmingly African and the policy of racial segregation in the British Army meant that they were commanded by white officers and NCOs . Blacks were not able to rise above the rank of Warrant Officer . Kenyan soldiers served in the successful East African Campaign against the Italians , as well as the invasion of Vichy - held Madagascar and the Burma Campaign against the Japanese , alongside troops from west Africa . Kenyans also served in the Royal Navy and some individuals also served in the Royal Air Force . Korea ( edit ) Main articles : Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Korea under Japanese rule Korea was under Japanese rule as part of Japan 's 50 - year imperialist expansion ( 22 August 1910 ~ 15 August 1945 ) . Formally , Japanese rule ended on 2 September 1945 upon the Japanese defeat in World War II in 1945 . Independence movements during the colonial era included the March 1st Movement . Koreans created an official , formal government to prepare for independence . The Provisional Charter of Korea was declared on April 11 , 1919 , about a month after the March 1st Movement . Two days later , the Provisional Government of Republic of Korea was established . They created the Korean Liberation Army ( KLA ) on September 17 , 1940 and declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10 , 1941 . The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18 , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15 , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy oppositions against the United States military government in Korea after World War II . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15 , 1948 , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially . During World War II more than 100,000 Koreans were mandatorily drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army . After the surrender of Japan to the allied forces on August 15 , 1945 , Korea was jointly occupied by Soviet and American forces , with political disagreements leading to the separation of the peninsula into two independent nations . This eventually escalated into the Korean War . Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) Kyrgyzstan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . Laos ( edit ) Main article : History of Laos In 1945 the Japanese occupied Vientiane in April . King Sīsavāngvong was detained by the Japanese , but his son Crown Prince Savāngvatthanā called on all Laotians to resist the occupiers . Prince Phetxarāt , however , opposed this position , and thought that Lao independence could be gained by siding with the Japanese , who made him Prime Minister of Luang Phrabāng , though not of Laos as a whole . In practice the country was in chaos and Phetxarāt 's government had no real authority . Another Lao group , the Lao Sēri ( Free Lao ) , received unofficial support from the Free Thai movement in the Isan region . Thailand re-annexed a small portion of Laos following the conclusion of the French -- Thai War in 1941 . The territories were only returned to French sovereignty in October 1946 . Latin America ( edit ) Main article : Latin America during World War II Latvia ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Latvia during World War II After the conclusion of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , Latvia was compelled to accept Soviet garrisons . On 16 June 1940 , the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding that government be replaced and that unlimited number of Soviet troops be admitted . The government acceded to the demands , and Soviet troops occupied the country on June 17 . On August 5 , 1940 , Latvia was annexed into the USSR . The following year , USSR security agencies `` Sovietized '' Latvia , resulting in the deaths of between 35,000 and 50,000 residents of Latvia . After the outbreak of German - Soviet hostilities , Soviet forces were quickly driven out by German forces . Initially , the German forces were almost universally hailed as liberators , but Nazi occupation policies gradually changed that . Riga was retaken by Soviet forces on 13 October 1944 , and a major part of the German Army Group North ( Heersgruppe Nord ) was cut off in Kurzeme , the peninsula that forms the northwestern part of Latvia . There they locally raised Latvian units and formed the `` Kurland Fortress '' , which successfully held out until the end of the war . The first Latvian Police Battalions were formed in early 1943 , and the Latvian Waffen SS Volunteer Legion on 16 March 1943 . The German Occupation Government soon resorted to conscription , and Latvia became one of two countries ( the other was Estonia ) from where the Waffen SS soldiers were draftees . By 1 July 1944 , more than 110,000 men were under arms in German controlled units . The Latvian Legion consisted of 87,550 men , of them 31,446 serving in the 15th and 19th Waffen - Grenadier Divisions , 12,118 in Border Guard regiments , 42,386 in various Police Forces , and 1,600 in other units . 22,744 men served in units outside Legion such as Wehrmacht Auxiliaries . Some Latvian personnel took an active part during the Holocaust , working as part of both the Soviet and the Nazi occupation governments . Lebanon ( edit ) Main article : Lebanese Independence Day See also : History of Lebanon Lebanon , then under French rule , was controlled by the Vichy government after the fall of the French Third Republic . Most Lebanese people did not tolerate the Vichy government and the way it ruled , many Lebanese would mock and criticize the French soldiers for becoming Nazi Germany 's ally . Lebanon was invaded and occupied by Allied forces from Palestine during the Syria -- Lebanon Campaign . De Gaulle declared Lebanon independent on 22 November 1943 . In 1945 , Lebanon declared war on Germany and Japan . Liberia ( edit ) Main article : Liberia in World War II Liberia granted Allied forces access to its territory early in the war . It was used as a transit point for troops and resources bound for North Africa , particularly war supplies flown from Parnamirim ( near Natal ) in Brazil . Perhaps more importantly , it served as one of the Allies ' only sources of rubber during the war ; the plantations of Southeast Asia had been taken over by the Japanese . The importance of this resource led to significant improvement of Liberia 's transport infrastructure and a modernisation of its economy . Liberia 's strategic significance was emphasised when Franklin Roosevelt , after attending the Casablanca Conference , visited Liberia and met President Edwin Barclay . Despite its assistance to the Allies , Liberia was reluctant to end its official neutrality and did not declare war on Germany until 27 January 1944 . Libya ( edit ) See North African Campaign . Liechtenstein ( edit ) Main article : History of Liechtenstein § Liechtenstein during the World Wars Shortly following the end of World War I , Liechtenstein concluded a customs and monetary agreement with neighboring Switzerland . In 1919 , the close ties between the two nations were strengthened when Liechtenstein entrusted Switzerland with its external relations . At the outbreak of war , Prince Franz Josef II , who had ascended the throne only months before , promised to keep the principality out of the war and relied upon its close ties to Switzerland for its protection . Attempts to sway the government did occur . After an attempted coup in March 1939 , the National Socialist `` German National Movement in Liechtenstein '' was active but small . The organization , as well as any Nazi sympathies , virtually disappeared following the eruption of war . Lithuania ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of the Baltic states As a result of Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , Lithuania was occupied by the Red Army and forcibly annexed into the Soviet Union along with Latvia and Estonia , with no military resistance . Some Lithuanians sided with Germany after Hitler eventually invaded the Soviet Union in the hopes of restoring Lithuania 's independence . Some collaborators were involved in the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity . A Lithuanian division was formed in the Red Army . Luxembourg ( edit ) Main article : Luxembourg in World War II When Germany invaded France by way of the Low Countries in the spring of 1940 , Luxembourg , despite its neutrality , was quickly invaded and occupied ( despite attempts by the government to slow the advancing German forces ) , having put up little resistance and immediately surrendering . The Luxembourgeois government went into exile but never declared war on the Axis , and Luxembourg was effectively annexed by Germany . Luxembourg remained under German control until liberated by the Allies at the end of 1944 . Macedonia ( edit ) Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Yugoslavia . Madagascar ( edit ) See Madagascar in World War II . Malaya ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Malaya and Japanese occupation of Malaya Malaya was under British rule before the war began . It was occupied by Japan in 1942 through 1945 . The Malayan Communist Party became the backbone of the Malayan Peoples ' Anti-Japanese Army . Malaysia ( edit ) See British Borneo and Malaya , which merged after the war to form Malaysia . Mali ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Malta ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Malta ( World War II ) The tanker Ohio entering Grand Harbour after Operation Pedestal , 15 August 1942 . Malta was a British colony during World War II . The Legislative Council of Malta reaffirmed the people 's loyalty to Britain on 6 September 1939 . Between June 1940 and December 1942 , Malta became the besieged and battered arena for one of the most decisive struggles of World War II . The UK awarded the George Cross to the island of Malta in a letter dated 15 April 1942 , from King George VI to the island 's Governor William Dobbie : `` To honour her brave people , I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history '' . The fortitude of the population under sustained enemy air raids and a naval blockade , which almost saw them starved into submission , won widespread admiration , with some historians dubbing it The Mediterranean Stalingrad . The George Cross is woven into the Flag of Malta . Manchukuo ( edit ) Main article : Manchukuo Established in 1931 as a puppet state of Japan , the Empire of Manchukuo was led by Pu Yi , the last Emperor of China , who reigned as Emperor Kang De . The state remained a loyal ally to Japan until 1945 . In 1945 , the Soviet Union declared war on Japan , and Manchukuo was subsequently invaded and abolished . The former puppet state was returned to communist China . Mauritania ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Mauritius ( edit ) See History of Mauritius # British rule ( 1810 -- 1968 ) . Mengjiang ( edit ) Main article : Mengjiang Mengjiang was established in Inner Mongolia as a puppet state of Japan , and contributed troops which fought alongside the Japanese in China . It ceased to exist following the Soviet invasion in 1945 . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : History of Mexico See also : Manuel Ávila Camacho Originally built as the Italian tanker Lucífero , the Potrero del Llano had been seized in port by the Mexican government in April 1941 and renamed in honor of a region in Veracruz . It was attacked and crippled by the German submarine U-564 on 13 May 1942 . The attack killed 14 of 35 crewmen . On 20 May 1942 , a second tanker , Faja de Oro ( which was formerly the Italian Genoano , seized by Mexico one day after the Pearl Harbor attack ) was attacked and sunk by the German submarine U-160 , killing 10 of 37 crewmen , and the Mexican government was prompted to declare war on the Axis powers on 22 May 1942 . The Mexican Air Force 's Escuadrón Aéreo de Pelea 201 ( 201st Fighter Squadron ) served with the U.S. Fifth Air Force in the Philippines during the final year of the war . Moldova ( edit ) The Soviet Union controlled some of Moldova before World War II , and it took the rest of Moldova from Romania during World War II . So see this article 's sections on the Soviet Union and Romania . Monaco ( edit ) Main article : History of Monaco § 20th century While Prince Louis II 's sympathies were strongly pro-French , he tried to keep Monaco neutral during World War II , and he supported the Vichy France government of his old army colleague , Philippe Pétain . In 1943 , the Italian army invaded and occupied Monaco , setting up a fascist government administration . Shortly thereafter , following Mussolini 's collapse in Italy , the German army occupied Monaco and began the deportation of the Jewish population . Among them was René Blum , founder of the Ballet de l'Opera , who died in a Nazi extermination camp . Mongolia ( edit ) Main article : Mongolia in World War II During the war , Outer Mongolia -- officially the Mongolian People 's Republic -- was ruled by the communist government of Khorloogiin Choibalsan and was closely linked to the Soviet Union . Mongolia was considered a breakaway province of the Republic of China by most nations . Soviet -- Mongolian relations were formalised in a mutual assistance pact on 12 March 1936 . On 13 August 1937 , as part of their effort to support China in its war with Japan , the Soviets decided to station troops along Mongolia 's southern and southeastern frontiers . The arrival of the Soviet army coincided with a series of intensified terrors and purges ( the `` Great Terror '' ) . In his address to the Third Session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 May 1939 , Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov declared that `` we shall defend the frontiers of the Mongolian People 's Republic just as resolutely as our own border . '' The Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact of 13 April 1941 recognised the neutrality of Mongolia and its place with the Soviet sphere of influence . Its geographical situation it a buffer state between Japanese forces and the Soviet Union . In addition to keeping around 10 % of the population under arms , Mongolia provided supplies and raw materials to the Soviet military , and financed several units , and half million military trained horses . Mongolian troops took part in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in the summer of 1939 and in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 , both times as small part in Soviet - led operations against Japanese forces and their Manchu and Inner Mongolian allies . On 10 August 1945 , the Little Khural , the Mongolian parliament , issued a formal declaration of war against Japan . For Mongolia , the most important result of World War II was the recognition of its independence by China , as provided by the Yalta agreement . Montenegro ( edit ) Montenegro was part of Yugoslavia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Yugoslavia . Morocco ( edit ) Main article : History of Morocco § Opposition to European control Most of Morocco was a protectorate of France during World War II . When France was defeated , Morocco came under the control of the Vichy regime , and therefore was nominally on the side of the Axis powers , although an active resistance movement operated . In November 1942 , it was invaded by the Allies as part of Operation Torch . From that point , Moroccan volunteers ( the Goumier ) fought on the side of the Allies . A small area in northern Morocco , Spanish Morocco , was a Spanish protectorate and remained neutral throughout the war , as did the international city of Tangier . Nauru ( edit ) Main article : History of Nauru § World War II Nauru was administered by Australia under a League of Nations mandate . Nauru was shelled by a German surface raider in December 1940 , aiming to incapacitate its phosphate mining operations ( this action was probably the most distant military activity carried out by Germany during the entire war ) . Phosphates are important for making ammunition and fertilizers . Nauru was occupied by Japan from 1942 -- 45 , and was the target of shelling by American battleships and cruisers , and aerial bombing by the Allies . For example , Nauru was bombarded by the American battleships North Carolina , Washington , South Dakota , Indiana , Massachusetts , and the Alabama , on 8 December 1943 , and also bombed by U.S. Navy carrier airplanes on the same day . See the article on the Washington . Nepal ( edit ) Main articles : History of Nepal and Nepal in World War II Nepal declared war on Germany on 4 September 1939 , and offered Gurkha troops to the United Kingdom . Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Netherlands during World War II Like the Belgians , the Netherlands declared neutrality in 1939 . In May 1940 , the Netherlands was invaded after fierce resistance against the Nazis . Rotterdam and Middelburg were heavily bombed . The Dutch joined the Allies and contributed their surviving naval and armed forces to the defense of East Asia , in particular the Netherlands East Indies . Until their liberation in 1945 , the Dutch fought alongside the Allies around the globe , from the battles in the Pacific to the Battle of Britain . On the islands of Aruba and Curaçao ( Netherlands West Indies ) a large oil refinery was of major importance for the war effort in Europe , especially after D - day . As protection , a considerable U.S. military force was stationed on the island . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Military history of New Zealand during World War II New Zealand declared war on 3 September 1939 , backdating the date to the time of Britain 's declaration . `` With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future , we range ourselves without fear beside Britain . Where she goes , we go ; where she stands , we stand . We are only a small and young nation , but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny . '' New Zealand sent one Army division that served in Greece , North Africa , and Italy , and it offered a fair number of pilots and aircrew to the Royal Air Force in England . Royal New Zealand Navy warships fought in the South Atlantic , including in the Battle of Rio de la Plata in 1939 , before being called back to defend the homeland . New Zealand fought in the Pacific War through warships of the Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN ) , the Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF ) , and independent army brigades , such as on Vella Lavella . While New Zealand 's home islands were not attacked , the casualty rate suffered by the military was the worst per capita of all Commonwealth nations , except for Great Britain . In the South West Pacific theater , the RNZAF participated in a unique force , AirSols , in the Solomon Islands , consisting of squadrons from the U.S. Marine Corps , U.S. Navy , USAAF , and RNZAF , with occasional help from the Royal Australian Air Force . Newfoundland ( edit ) Main article : Dominion of Newfoundland § Second World War During World War II the Dominion of Newfoundland was governed directly by the United Kingdom . It joined the war on 4 September 1939 , declaring war on Germany . The defenses of Newfoundland , and the Newfoundland Home Guard forces , were integrated with the Canadian military , and both governments agreed to form a joint coastal defense organization . As part of the Anglo - American Destroyers for Bases Agreement , the United States was granted Air Force and U.S. Navy bases on Newfoundland 's territory . Newfoundlanders were encouraged to enlist in the large armed forces of the United Kingdom and of Canada . Over 3,200 Newfoundlanders enlisted in the Royal Navy . On 14 September 1939 , The Royal Navy requested 625 experienced fishermen or seamen for special service in the Northern Patrol , guarding the Atlantic shipping lanes . The Royal Artillery raised the 57th Newfoundland Field Regiment , which fought in North Africa and Italy , and the 59th Newfoundland Heavy Artillery , which fought in Normandy and northwestern Europe . Another 700 Newfoundlanders served in the Royal Air Force , most notably with the 125th Newfoundland Squadron . In all , some 15,000 Newfoundlanders saw active service , and thousands more were engaged in the hazardous duty of the Merchant Navy . Some 900 Newfoundlanders ( including at least 257 Merchant Mariners ) lost their lives in the conflict . Newfoundland might have been the only location in North America under direct attack by German forces when U-boats attacked four Allied ore carriers and the loading pier at Bell Island . The cargo ships S.S. Saganaga and S.S. Lord Strathcona were sunk by the German submarine U-513 on 5 September 1942 , and the S.S. Rosecastle and P.L.M. 27 were sunk by the German submarine U-518 on 2 November 1942 . However , Allied ships were sunk within sight of the North American shoreline ( inside the territorial waters ) , and teams of German saboteurs landed via U-boats in New York State and in Florida . Also , German troops were landed on Greenland and Labrador , Newfoundland to establish weather stations . Nicaragua ( edit ) Main article : History of Nicaragua § The Somoza Dynasty ( 1936 -- 1979 ) During the war , Nicaragua was ruled by Anastasio Somoza García , who had assumed the presidency after a military coup in 1937 . Somoza was an ally of the United States , and Nicaragua declared war on Japan immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Three days later , on 11 December , Nicaragua declared war on Germany and Italy , and , on 19 December , on Bulgaria , Romania , and Hungary . Out of these six Axis countries , only Romania reciprocated , declaring war on Nicaragua on the same day ( 19 December 1941 ) . Niger ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Nigeria ( edit ) See East African Campaign ( World War II ) . North Korea ( edit ) See Korea , which included North Korea and South Korea at the time . Northern Rhodesia ( Zambia ) ( edit ) Main article : Northern Rhodesia § Constitutional developments and World War Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) was a British colony . As such , it was covered by the British declaration of war . Northern Rhodesian units served in East Africa , Madagascar and Burma . Norway ( edit ) Main articles : Norwegian Campaign , Nortraship , Norwegian resistance movement , and Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany Norway was strategically important as a route for the transport of iron ore from Sweden to Germany , via Narvik . Both sides had designs on Scandinavia . Norwegian neutrality was compromised in the Altmark Incident . Norway remained neutral until it was invaded by Germany on 9 April 1940 , as part of Operation Weserübung . The Norwegian government fled the capital and after two months of fighting went to Britain and continued the fight in exile . The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission ( Nortraship ) was established in London in April 1940 to administer the merchant fleet outside German - controlled areas . Nortraship operated some 1,000 vessels and was the largest shipping company in the world . British politician , Philip Noel - Baker , Baron Noel - Baker commented after the war that `` Without the Norwegian merchant fleet , Britain and the allies would have lost the war . '' After the occupation , the Germans began producing heavy water in Norway . After commando raids and attacks by heavy bombers , the Germans decided to move heavy water supplies to Germany . The Allies maintained a deception of a planned invasion of Norway . As a result , additional German forces were held there to repel any attempts . In 1944 , Finnmark was liberated by the Soviet Union , and ( together with the northern parts of Troms ) totally destroyed by the retreating Nazis . German forces surrendered on 8 May 1945 . Norway declared war on Japan on 6 July 1945 , with reciprocal effect dating back to 7 December 1941 . The delay was because it had been impossible for the parliament to convene during the German occupation . Several hundred Norwegian sailors died when their ships were sunk by Japanese forces or during subsequent captivity . After the war , Norway became one of the founding members of NATO . Oman ( edit ) Main article : History of Oman § Early 20th century The Sultan of Oman declared war on Germany on September 10 , 1939 . During the Second World War , Great Britain recognised the strategic importance of Oman 's geographical location by expanding facilities throughout the country . A new airfield was built on Masirah Island , which , from 1943 onwards , housed No. 33 Staging Post . In 1943 , both Masirah and Ras Al - Hadd became Royal Air Force stations in their own right . Units of No. 2925 Squadron of the RAF Regiment guarded these bases while marine craft were based in Oman to perform air sea rescue duties . Pakistan ( edit ) Pakistan was part of India during World War II . So see this article 's section on the India . Palestine ( edit ) Main articles : Palestine Regiment and Jewish Brigade Palestine remained under the British Mandate system during the war . During the war , it acted as a location of hostilities , as a staging area for the British and a source of troops . In July 1940 , Italy began bombing Tel Aviv , Haifa and other coastal cities . Since Nazi Germany was seen as a greater threat , David Ben - Gurion directed the Jews in Palestine to set aside their grievances against the British stemming from the 1939 White Paper restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine , stating `` support the British as if there is no White Paper and oppose the White Paper as if there is no war '' . The Irgun also felt this way and many of its leaders were released from prison . The more radical branch of the Irgun disagreed and , on 17 July 1940 , it split under the leadership of Avraham Stern and became known as `` The National Military Organization in Israel '' as opposed to Irgun 's official name , `` The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel '' . It would later changed its name to Lehi , referred to by the British as the `` Stern Gang '' , as a completely separated militia . During the Syria -- Lebanon Campaign starting on 8 June 1941 , many volunteers from Palestine participated in the fighting , including Palmach units that had been attached to allied troops . It was during this campaign that Moshe Dayan , attached to the Australian 7th Division , lost an eye , requiring him to wear what would become his trademark eye - patch . In order to maintain the status quo ante bellum between the Jews and the Arabs , the British instated a policy of equal recruitment from both groups to the Palestine Regiment . However , due to the events of the 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine and the alliance of exiled former Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Mohammad Amin al - Husayni with Adolf Hitler , only one Arab volunteered for every three Jewish volunteers . On August 6 , 1942 , the policy was relinquished and the regiment was formed , containing three Jewish battalions and one Arab . The regiment was assigned mostly to guard duty in Egypt and North Africa . On 3 July 1944 , Britain agreed to allow the Jews to fight against the Nazis directly and not just in a supportive role . Thus the three Jewish battalions of the Palestine Regiment together with the 200th Field Regiment were reorganized under the aegis of the Jewish Brigade , which would see action in Italy . At the start of the war , approximately a thousand German nationals residing in Palestine known as Templers were deported by Britain to Australia , where they were held in internment camps until 1946 -- 47 . Although some had been registered members of the Nazi party and Nazi marches had taken place in their settlements , no evidence had been presented until 2007 that the majority supported Hitler . Although their property had been confiscated by the British authorities , the State of Israel chose to compensate them in 1962 . Panama ( edit ) Main article : History of Panama § Military coups and coalitions The small Panama Canal Zone was United States territory , and American forces from the U.S. Navy , U.S. Army , the USAAF ( at Howard Air Force Base ) , and Colombian forces helped inside the Canal Zone , guarded the Panama Canal from both ends . This Canal provided the United States and its Allies with the ability to move warships and troops rapidly between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . Since most of the American shipbuilding capability was on the East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico , the Canal was vital for moving new warships to the Pacific to fight the Imperial Japanese Navy . Paraguay ( edit ) Main article : History of Paraguay § Stroessner dictatorship , rise and fall Paraguay 's authoritarian government under Higinio Morínigo was sympathetic to the Axis powers early in the war ; the country 's large German community in particular were supporters of Nazism , as well as most of the Paraguayan population . Serious thought was given to joining the war on Germany 's side , but United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt avoided this by providing aid and military hardware in 1942 . Paraguay declared war on Germany on February 2 , 1945 , by which time the war was almost over and many Paraguayans joined the Brazilian air force for fighting the Axis Powers . Peru ( edit ) Main article : History of Peru § Reconstruction ( 1884 -- 1948 ) Peru broke off relations with the Axis on 24 January 1942 . Because of its ability to produce aviation fuel and its proximity to the Panama Canal , the oil refinery and port city of Talara , in northwest Peru , became an American air base . Although Peru did not declare war on Germany and Japan until 1945 ( Peru declared a `` state of belligerency '' ) , the Peruvian Navy patrolled the Panama Canal area . As many as 2,000 Peruvian citizens of Japanese descent were detained and sent to the United States under American orders as part of the Japanese American internment policy . Philippines ( edit ) See also : Military history of the Philippines during World War II In 1941 , the Philippine Commonwealth was a semi-independent commonwealth of the United States , with full Independence scheduled for 4 July 1946 . The Philippine Commonwealth Army was commanded by American General Douglas MacArthur , and the Philippines was one of the first countries invaded by the Empire of Japan ; combined Filipino and American forces maintained a stubborn resistance against the invasion . General MacArthur was ordered by the President to withdraw his headquarters to Australia , where he made his famous statement `` I came out of Bataan , and I shall return '' . The Americans in the Philippines surrendered at Corregidor , on 6 May 1942 . Despite the official surrender , there was a significant local resistance movement to the Japanese Occupation . Elements of the Philippine Army continued their activity and were able to free all but twelve of the then - fifty Provinces of the Philippines , whilst other groups such as the Hukbalahap were also involved . While in exile , President Manuel L. Quezon continued to represent the Philippines until his death from tuberculosis in 1944 . American forces under General MacArthur made their return in October 1944 , beginning with amphibious landing on Leyte . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Polish contribution to World War II The Second World War started in September 1939 , as Poland suffered an attack by Nazi Germany and later by the USSR . Many Polish troops and servicemen escaped the occupied country . They reorganized in France and took part in the Battle of France . Later Poles organized troops in the United Kingdom and were integrated into the forces of Britain with Polish pilots serving with distinction in the Battle of Britain . Poland was the only German - occupied country that never had any official collaboration with the Nazis . The Polish Resistance Movement was the largest anti-Nazi resistance in the whole Nazi - occupied Europe , and the only non-Communist resistance among the Slavic countries . It is remembered for its daring and brave methods of resisting occupation , often facing German forces in pitched battle . Polish armies also reformed in Soviet territory . The Polish - Jewish community was mostly exterminated in the Holocaust in Nazi - occupied Poland , while Poles themselves were considered to be a threat to the `` German race '' , and were classificated as `` subhumans '' . Millions of Poles were sent to concentration camps or were killed in other fashions in occupied Poland . German - occupied Poland was the only territory where any kind of help for Jews was punishable by death for the helper and his whole family . Even though , many Polish civilians risked their lives , and the lives of their families , to save the Jews from the Nazis . Moreover , Poles created `` Żegota '' -- the only organization in occupied Europe , entirely focused on helping the Jews . Portugal ( edit ) Main article : Portugal during World War II For the duration of World War II , Portugal was under the control of the dictator António de Oliveira Salazar . Early in September 1939 , Portugal proclaimed neutrality to avoid a military operation in Portuguese territory . This action was welcomed by Great Britain . Germany 's invasion of France brought the Nazis to the Pyrenees , which increased the ability of Hitler to bring pressures on Portugal and Spain . Following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union , which cut off their supply of tungsten metal , Germany sought tungsten from Portugal . Salazar attempted to limit their purchases , and in late 1941 , German U-boats attacked Portuguese ships . In January 1942 Salazar signed an agreement to sell tungsten to Germany . In June 1943 , Britain invoked the long - standing Anglo - Portuguese Alliance requesting the use of the Azores , to establish an air force and naval air base . Salazar complied at once . The Allies promised all possible aid in the event of a German attack and guaranteed the integrity of Portugal 's territorial possessions . In 1944 , Portugal declared a total embargo of tungsten shipments to Germany . Germany protested but did not retaliate . Lisbon became a safe - haven to a scattering of Jews from all over Europe . Jewish refugees from Central Europe were granted resident status . After the German invasion of France , Portugal allowed thousands of Jewish refugees to enter the country . As the war progressed , Portugal gave entry visas to people coming via rescue operations , on the condition that Portugal would only be used as a transit point . More than 100,000 Jews and other refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany into freedom via Lisbon . By the early 1940s , there were thousands of Jews arriving in Lisbon and leaving weeks later to other countries . Portuguese Macau ( edit ) Main article : Macau during World War II Although the Japanese military invaded and occupied the neighboring British colony of Hong Kong in 1941 , they initially avoided direct interference in the affairs of Macau . It remained neutral territory , belonging to Portugal , but Portuguese authorities lacked the ability to prevent Japanese activities in and around Macau . In 1943 , Japan ordered the government of Macau to accept Japanese advisors . The limited Portuguese military forces at Macau were disarmed , although Macau was never occupied . Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Timor In early 1942 , Portuguese authorities maintained their neutrality , in spite of warnings from the Australian and Dutch East Indies governments that Japan would invade . To protect their own positions in neighboring Dutch Timor , Australian and Dutch forces landed in Portuguese Timor and occupied the territory . There was no armed opposition from Portuguese forces or the civilian population . However , within a matter of weeks , Japanese forces landed but were unable to subdue substantial resistance , in the form of a guerrilla campaign launched by Allied commandos and continued by the local population . It is estimated that 40,000 -- 70,000 Timorese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during 1942 -- 45 . Republic of the Congo ( edit ) See French Equatorial Africa # History . Romania ( edit ) Main article : Romania during World War II Romania had its first involvement in the war in providing transit rights for members of the Polish government , its treasury , and many Polish troops in 1939 . During 1940 , threatened with Soviet invasion , Romania ceded territory to the Soviet Union , Hungary , and Bulgaria , and following an internal political upheaval , Romania joined the Axis . Subsequently , the Romanian army participated with over 600,000 men in the German - led invasion of the Soviet Union , with its forces taking part in the capture of Odessa , Sevastopol and ultimately suffering irrecoverable losses at Stalingrad . Romania was also a major source of oil for Nazi Germany via the Ploiești oil fields . With the entry of Soviet troops into Romania and a royal coup in August 1944 , a pro-Allied government was installed , and after Germany and Hungary declared war on Romania , the country joined the Allies as a co-belligerent for the remainder of the war . The total number of troops deployed against the Axis was 567,000 men in 38 army divisions . The Romanian Army was involved in the siege of Budapest and reached as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria . After the war , Romania forcibly became a people 's republic as the country fell under the Soviet sphere of influence and joined the Warsaw Pact . Russia ( edit ) Russia was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . Samoa ( edit ) Main article : History of Samoa Samoa declared war on Germany along with New Zealand , which administered all of Western Samoa under a League of Nations mandate . Prior to World War I , Samoa had been a German colony and was occupied by New Zealand in 1914 . Under the Treaty of Versailles , Germany relinquished its claims to the islands . Samoa sent many troops to fight with the New Zealand armed forces in the war . After the sinking of a Samoan food ship by a Japanese gunboat in 1940 , the Samoan government was forced to dispatch a light - gunned ship . HMS Fa'i was in action and sank seven ships , including the attacking gunboat . When the American armed forces entered Samoa , using it as a port , four midget submarines were spotted entering the capital Apia 's port . The Samoan home guard reacted by firing a fair number of rounds , resulting in the sinking of the Hirojimi and the Shijomiki . San Marino ( edit ) Main article : San Marino during World War II Ever since the times of Giuseppe Garibaldi , San Marino has maintained strong ties with the Italian state . Throughout the war , San Marino maintained its neutrality , although it did not remain unscathed from both sides . On 17 -- 20 September 1944 retreating German troops of the 278th Infantry Division fought the Battle of San Marino within the country against units of the 4th Indian Division . Allied victory was followed by a short occupation . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Main article : History of Saudi Arabia § 1900s to 1940s Saudi Arabia severed diplomatic contacts with Germany on 11 September 1939 , and with Japan in October 1941 . Although officially neutral , the Saudis provided the Allies with large supplies of oil . Diplomatic relations with the United States were established in 1943 . King Abdul Aziz Al - Saud was a personal friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The Americans were then allowed to build an air force base near Dhahran . On 28 February 1945 , Saudi Arabia declared war on Germany and Japan , but no military actions resulted from the declaration . Senegal ( edit ) See French West Africa in World War II . Serbia ( edit ) Serbia was part of Yugoslavia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Yugoslavia . Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Japanese occupation of Singapore Singapore was part of the Straits Settlements , a British Crown colony , and is in a strategic location for shipping routes connecting Asia to Europe . For these reasons , Japan invaded Singapore in the Battle of Singapore from 7 February to 14 February 1942 . The city was renamed Syonan and kept under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in September 1945 . Slovakia ( edit ) Slovakia was part of Czechoslovakia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Czechoslovakia in general , and its subsection on the Slovak Republic in particular . Slovenia ( edit ) Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia during World War II . So see this article 's section on Yugoslavia . Somalia ( edit ) See East African Campaign ( World War II ) . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Military history of South Africa during World War II As a member of the British Commonwealth , the Union of South Africa declared war on Germany shortly after the United Kingdom , on 6 September 1939 . Three South African infantry divisions and one armoured division fought under Allied commands in Europe and elsewhere , most notably in the North African campaign and the Italian campaign . Most of the South African 2nd Division was taken prisoner with the fall of Tobruk on 21 June 1942 . Under the Joint Air Training Scheme , part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan , South Africa trained 33,347 aircrews for the British Royal Air Force , South African Air Force and other Allied air forces . Only Canada trained more . South Korea ( edit ) See Korea , which included North Korea and South Korea at the time . South Sudan ( edit ) See East African Campaign ( World War II ) . Southern Rhodesia ( Zimbabwe ) ( edit ) Main article : Southern Rhodesia in World War II Southern Rhodesia ( modern - day Zimbabwe ) had been a self - governing British colony since 1923 . It was covered by the British declaration of war , but its colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war anyway . Southern Rhodesia 's white troops did not serve in a composite unit ( unlike their Australian , Canadian , or South African counterparts ) because they constituted a significant part of the settler population ; it was feared that the colony 's future might be placed in jeopardy if an all - Southern Rhodesian unit went into the field and suffered heavy casualties . Southern Rhodesians served in East Africa , Europe , North Africa , the Middle East and the Burma Campaign . A significant number of Southern Rhodesian troops , especially in the Rhodesian African Rifles , were black or mixed race . Their service has never been recognised by the ZANU -- PF government in Harare . Ian Smith , the future Prime Minister , like many of his white contemporaries , served under British command as a fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force . Soviet Union ( edit ) Main article : Soviet Union in World War II The Soviet Union 's participation in World War II began with the Battles of Khalkhin Gol against Japan , in Mongolia between May -- August , 1939 . Later that year , protected with the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , it invaded eastern Poland about three weeks after the Germans invaded the west of the country . During the next eleven months the Soviets occupied and annexed the Baltic states . The Soviet Union supported Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through the 1939 German -- Soviet Commercial Agreement and larger 1940 German -- Soviet Commercial Agreement with supplies of raw materials that were otherwise blocked by the British naval blockade . Following Finland 's refusal of Soviet demands for military bases and a territorial swap , the Soviet Union invaded on 30 November 1939 , in the Winter War . The Soviet Union also annexed Bessarabia , leading Romania to ally with Germany . On June 22 , 1941 , Nazi Germany launched a massive surprise attack on the Soviet Union . Despite its colossal losses , Soviets alone were responsible for 80 % of Germans WWII military casualties . Consequently , since most of the German forces were concentrated on the Eastern Front , USSR was able to push the Germans back once the Allies opened a second front in Europe . After an initial devastating advance , the Wehrmacht suffered its first defeat in war at Moscow . The Germans and their allies tried in 1942 to advance southward , to the Caucasus . After six months of fighting , at Stalingrad they suffered a pivotal defeat . In late 1943 , in the wake of Battle of Kursk , the Soviet Red Army gained the initiative with a series of major victories , culminating in the ultimate advance of Soviet forces into Eastern Europe during 1944 and over Germany in 1945 , concluded by the Battle of Berlin . The war against the USSR inflicted loss of lives ( both civilian and military ) , on a scale greater than any countries in the war . Following the end of the war in Europe and the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima , the USSR joined the war against Japan . The Soviet Union , as one of the main victors , gained one of the permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council . After the war , the Soviet sphere of influence was widened to cover most of Eastern Europe , formalized in the Warsaw Pact . The Soviet Union came to be considered one of the two superpowers of the Cold War . Armenian SSR ( Armenia ) ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Armenia Armenia was spared the devastation and destruction that wrought most of the western Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War of World War II . The Nazis never reached the South Caucasus . Armenia had a population of 1,320,000 at the beginning of the war in 1939 and an estimated 300,000 -- 500,000 Armenians served in the war , almost half of whom did not return . Armenian heroes of World War II on stamps : Bagramyan , Isakov , Babadzhanian , Khudyakov A total of 117 citizens of Armenia including 10 non ethnic Armenians were awarded Hero of the Soviet Union . Of these , 36 had been killed in action and were awarded this title posthumously. 27 Armenian soldiers and sergeants were also awarded the Order of Glory , and a total of 66,802 participants from Armenia were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union . Armenians living in the areas occupied regions of the Soviet Union formed partisan groups to combat the Germans . Over sixty Armenians were promoted to the rank of general , and with an additional four eventually achieving the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union . Hovhannes Bagramyan was both the first non-Slavic Marshal and commander to hold the position of front commander when he was assigned to be the commander of the First Baltic Front in 1943 . Admiral Ivan Isakov became the second Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union . Hamazasp Babadzhanian was the second of only two Chief Marshal of the Tank and Armored Troops . Sergei Khudyakov had been among the third to be Marshal of Aviation . Members of the Tamanyan Division marching under Brandenburg Gate after the fall of Berlin in May 1945 . Six special military divisions were formed in Soviet Armenia in 1941 -- 42 , partly because so many draftees from the republic could not understand Russian . These six divisions alone had more than 67,000 soldiers . Five of them , the 89th , 409th , 408th , 390th , and 76th Divisions , would have a distinguished war record , while the sixth was ordered to stay in Armenia to guard the republic 's western borders against a possible incursion by neighboring Turkey . The 89th Tamanyan Division , composed of ethnic Armenians , distinguished itself during the war . Led by Major General Nver Safaryan , it fought in the Battle of Berlin and entered Berlin . Many Armenian soldiers also served in two other multi-ethnic divisions . They came not only from Soviet Armenia , but also from the other Soviet republics and other countries with considerable Armenian minorities . The Armenian SSR provided weapons and rebuilt broken airplanes . Workers donated to the Defense Fund 216,000,000 rubles . Armenia , as a gift , sent to the front 45 wagons of provisions . Armenian communities in the Middle East and the West also donated considerable sums of money to the Soviet government to help construct a series of tanks for the Red Army . These tanks were named after David of Sasun , the hero of an Armenian medieval epic , and Marshal Bagramyan . Outside of Armenia and the Soviet Union , Missak Manouchian was one of the leaders of the French Resistance . He was captured and executed by the Nazis in 1944 , together with over 20 members of FTP - MOI Paris region led by Manouchian , and remains a much respected figure in modern French history . Decorated soldiers who fought in the United States Army include Ernest H. Dervishian ( recipient of the Medal of Honor ) , Harry Kizirian ( most decorated serviceman from Rhode Island and one of the most decorated marines of the war ) , and Victor Maghakian ( one of the most decorated American soldiers of the war ) . Brothers Noel Agazarian and Jack Agazarian both served in the British Royal Air Force , Noel was promoted to Flying Officer and participated in the Battle of Britain before being killed in action in 1941 , while Jack also became a field agent for the Secret Intelligence Service and was captured and executed in 1945 . Their sister , Monique Agazarian , became one of only 10 young women accepted into the Air Transport Auxiliary for ab initio pilot - training . Gevork Vartanian was an intelligence agent responsible for thwarting Operation Long Jump , and thus preventing the assassination of Joseph Stalin , Winston Churchill , and Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Tehran conference in 1943 . On the Axis side , the Armenische Legion was created within the Wehrmacht , which consisted mainly of Soviet prisoners of war , who had opted to fight for German forces rather than be sent to the Nazi POW camps or killed . The legion was led by former Defence Minister of Armenia General Drastamat Kanayan , who fought against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front . Kanayan was among the minority in the legion who volunteered , under the hope of freeing Armenia from Soviet control . The total number of Armenians serving in the German armed forces during the war reached 33,000 : 14,000 were placed in field battalions , while another 7,000 served in logistical and other non-combat units . The legion participated in the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula and the Caucasus . It did not take part in the Holocaust , on the contrary several Jewish soldiers captured as POWs were saved by some of the Armenians in the Legion . Several instances included Jews being sent to the battalion to evade detection by the Nazis . Towards the end of the war , many of the legion deserted , defected or revolted . In spite of Nazi Germany acknowledging the Armenians were an Indo - European ( or Aryan ) people , Adolf Hitler personally stated , `` I do n't trust the Armenians . '' There are still some 9,000 veterans of the war who live in Armenia . Azerbaijan SSR ( Azerbaijan ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan during World War II The monument to Azeri Major - General Azi Aslanov in Baku , who was awarded twice Hero of the Soviet Union . During World War II , Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The capital , Baku was the largest centre for the production of oil industry equipment before World War II . The oilfields became one of the main objectives of Hitler 's invasion of the Soviet Union , and the Battle of Stalingrad was fought for that objective . Mobilization affected all spheres of life . The oil workers extended their work to 12 - hour shifts , with no days off , no holidays , and no vacations until the end of the war . Baku became the primary strategic goal of Hitler 's 1942 Fall Blau offensive . The German army was at first stalled in the mountains of Caucasus , then decisively defeated at the Battle of Stalingrad and forced to retreat . Like the other people of the Caucasus , some Azerbaijanis joined the side of Germany . These units included : Aserbaidschanische Legion Freiwilligen - Stamm - Regiment 2 Azeri Waffen SS Volunteer Formations Byelorussian SSR ( Belarus ) ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Belarus during World War II During WWII , Belarus was part of the Soviet Union , as the Byelorussian SSR . Because of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union was lulled in to a false sense of security , and was invaded June 22 , 1941 . The Jewish inhabitants were rounded up by Einsatzgruppen , and slaughtered . Belarus was reclaimed during Operation Bagration in August 1944 . Georgian SSR ( Georgia ) ( edit ) Main articles : Georgia under the Soviet Union and Military history of Georgia Soviet leader Joseph Stalin Alexander Kartveli Although the Axis powers never penetrated the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Georgian SSR ) , Soviet Georgia contributed to the war effort almost 700,000 officers and soldiers ( about 20 % of the total 3.2 -- 3.4 million citizens mobilized ) , of which approximately 300,000 were killed . 137 Georgians were awarded Hero of the Soviet Union having been the most numerous recipients of this award in the Caucasus . The country was also a vital source of textiles as well as one of the most important manufacturers for warplanes of almost all Soviet types , including the Yak - 3 , LA - 5 and the LaGG - 3 . Aside from Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria , who served under the Soviet Union , other Georgians were involved : Zakaria Bakradze Valerian Tevzadze Jerzy Tumaniszwili Vasilij Shalvovich Kvachantiradze . Another distinguished sniper was Noah Adamia , a key figure in the Siege of Sevastopol ( 1941 -- 42 ) . Giorgi Abashvili Dimitri Amilakhvari Around 30,000 volunteers and emigrants , but also captured Georgian Soviet soldiers , chose to fight for the Germans , in such units as : Georgische Legion ( Georgian volunteers but also included volunteers from other peoples of the region ) Freiwilligen - Stamm - Regiment 1 ( Georgians volunteers ) SS - Waffengruppe Georgien ( Georgian volunteers ) I. Sonderverband Bergmann ( 2 Georgian , 1 Azeri and 2 North Caucasian battalions ) There were different reasons why these people joined the Axis . The captured Soviet soldiers were forced to switch sides , unless they wanted to get killed or end up in labor camps . Everyone who volunteered , did so because of Hitler 's promise that Georgia would become independent again from the Soviet Union and also allowed to redraw its old border lines , in case of Axis victory . That would have caused Georgia to become two times the size that it was . Shalva Loladze , leader of the Georgian rebels on Texel One Georgian battalion in the Netherlands ( 822nd Infantry Battalion ) staged what is described as Europe 's last battle of World War II . This event was the Georgian Uprising of Texel . When it became clear that the Germans were losing , the collaborationist Georgians of the `` Queen Tamar '' Battalion decided to switch sides . On 6 April 1945 , more than 400 German officers and soldiers were killed . After the failed attempt of the Georgians to take heavily fortified coastal batteries , a heavy counterattack led to fierce fighting . 565 Georgians , 117 Dutch inhabitants , and about 800 Germans died during this battle . Alexander Kartveli was an immigrant from Georgia who graduated aviation school in Paris and traveled to the United States to become one of the most influential aircraft designers in the world . His P - 47 Thunderbolt saw heavy service in US and allied airforces even after the war . Kartveli was one of the first designers to experiment on and implement jet engines into aircraft already in 1944 which later resulted in the creation of another iconic US aircraft , the Republic F - 84 Thunderjet , the second ever US jet fighter . Alexander Nadiradze who would later become one of the most important Soviet missile engineers , developed anti-tank shells during WW2 . He was also among the first scientists to research and implement early Soviet turbo jet engines . After being appointed chief of an OKB he took on various other projects . Nikoloz Muskhelishvili was a Soviet scientist whose theories and research in several fields contributed to the Soviet Union 's general advancement in the development of military hardware , especially during WW2 , and in the Cold War . Spain ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Relations of Members of the United Nations with Spain Wikisource has original text related to this article : Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini ya Adolf Hitler Main article : Spain in World War II The Franco government of Spain had risen to power as a result to a significant degree of Italian and German intervention and support . Spain , which was suffering the aftermath of the recently finished Spanish Civil War , did not join the war , and Franco and Hitler did not achieve an agreement about the terms of the Spanish participation . Despite its non-belligerency , Spain sent volunteers to fight alongside Germans against the Soviet Union in the form of the Blue Division . As the Allies emerged as possible victors , the regime became more neutral , at least in theory , finally declaring neutrality in July 1943 . Removal of Spanish troops from the Eastern Front was completed in March 1944 . Although it sought to avoid entering the war , Spain did make plans for defence of the country . Initially , the mass of the Spanish army was stationed in southern Spain in case of Allied attack from Gibraltar during 1940 and 1941 . However , Franco ordered the divisions to gradually redeploy in the Pyrenees in case of a possible German invasion of Spain as Axis interest in Gibraltar grew . By the time it became clear that the Allies were gaining the upper hand , Franco had amassed all his troops on the French border and was assured that the Allies did not wish to invade Spain . Sri Lanka ( edit ) See Ceylon , which it was called at the time . St. Lucia ( edit ) See Caribbean Islands . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Sweden during World War II Sweden maintained neutrality throughout the war , though some Swedish volunteers participated in the Winter War and in the Continuation War against the Soviet Union . After Denmark and Norway were invaded on 9 April 1940 , Sweden and the other remaining Baltic Sea countries became enclosed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union , then on friendly terms with each other as formalized in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . The lengthy fighting in Norway resulted in intensified German demands for indirect support from Sweden , demands that Swedish diplomats were able to fend off by reminding the Germans of the Swedes ' feeling of closeness to their Norwegian brethren . With the conclusion of hostilities in Norway this argument became untenable , forcing the Cabinet to give in to German pressure and allow continuous ( unarmed ) troop transports , via Swedish railroads , between Germany and Norway . At most there were more than 350,000 German soldiers in Norway . A considerable force was fighting from Finnmark ( Kirkenes port etc . ) against the Soviets near Murmansk . Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Switzerland during the World Wars Switzerland intended to be a neutral power during the war , but Axis threats and military mobilizations towards its borders prompted the Swiss military to prepare for war . Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , this country was completely mobilized within three days . Though a Nazi invasion of Switzerland , codenamed Operation Tannenbaum was planned for 1940 , the event never ultimately occurred because Hitler decided it would be a waste of resources at a time when he preferred to concentrate on the invasion of Britain . Unlike the Netherlands , Belgium , and other western European nations that had easily fallen under German war of movement , Switzerland had a strong military and mountainous terrain offering defenders the traditional value of high ground in mountain warfare . Despite its neutrality , Switzerland was not free of hostilities . Early in the war , Swiss fighters shot down several German aircraft for violating Swiss air space . Hundreds of aircraft on both sides landed in Switzerland , such as with battle damage , and were interned at Swiss airports and their crews held until the end of the war . Allied airmen were interned , in some cases , contrary to Swiss law , and some were reportedly subjected to abuse in internment camps . Several Swiss cities were accidentally bombed by both sides . In time , Switzerland was unofficially proclaimed its own side in the war because of its defensive and hostile nature towards both sides . Although the Swiss government was anti-Nazi , Swiss troops did not directly intervene in the European conflict . After the war , controversies arose over assets of the victims and perpetrators of the Holocaust kept in Swiss banks . Syria ( edit ) Main article : French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon Syria was under French control throughout the war . Following the French surrender in 1940 , this was the ' Vichy ' government , a puppet of the Nazi regime . Churchill had fears about the use of Syria to threaten Britain 's Iraqi oil supplies . These appeared to be substantiated when Luftwaffe supply flights to the new pro-German Iraqi regime ( under Rashid Ali ) refuelled in Damascus . In June 1941 , British and Free French forces invaded Syria , and after giving effective opposition , the Vichy forces surrendered in July 1941 . British occupation lasted until the end of the war . The province of İskenderun was given to Turkey to be kept neutral in the war . Tajikistan ( edit ) Tajikistan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . Thailand ( edit ) Main article : Thailand in World War II Thailand was nominally an ally of Japan at the beginning of the war . The country was ruled at first by Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram , a military dictator with nationalist leanings , under the Thai King . Thailand remained uninvolved when war broke out in Europe , but it took the opportunity of France 's defeat to settle historical claims to parts of French Indochina . The conflict between Thailand and the Vichy regime is known as the French -- Thai War . The December 1941 Japanese invasion of Thailand brought five hours of war after which Phibun surrendered and acquiesced , making the country a stepping - stone to open the Burma Campaign . Japanese victory in the Malayan Campaign made the Premier more enthusiastic about co-operation , and on 21 December , a formal `` alliance '' was concluded . At noon on 25 January 1942 , Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom . Some Thais supported the alliance , arguing that it was in the national interest , or that it was better to ally oneself with a victorious power . Others formed the Free Thai Movement to resist . Eventually , when the war turned against the Japanese , Phibun was forced to resign , and a Free Thai - controlled government was formed . On 16 August 1945 , Thailand rescinded its declarations of war . Tonga ( edit ) Main article : History of Tonga § Unification The Queen of Tonga , Salote Tupou III , put her island country 's resources at the disposal of Britain and was a loyal supporter of the Allied cause throughout the war . Transjordan ( edit ) Main article : History of Jordan § 1940s The Emirate of Transjordan was a British mandate territory , and the Transjordanian forces were under British command during the war . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) See Caribbean Islands . Tunisia ( edit ) See North African Campaign . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Single - party period of the Republic of Turkey § 1938 -- 1950 : İnönü ( National Chief ) Turkey was neutral until several months before the end of the war , at which point it joined the Allied powers . Prior to the outbreak of war , Turkey signed a Mutual Aid Pact with France and Britain in 1939 . After the German invasion of France , however , Turkey remained neutral , relying on a clause excusing them if military action might bring conflict with the USSR , which , after the division of Poland , Turkey feared . Then , in June 1941 , after neighboring Bulgaria joined the Axis and allowed Germany to move troops through to invade Yugoslavia and Greece , Turkey signed a treaty of friendship with Germany . Turkey was an important producer of chromite , which is a key ingredient in the manufacture of stainless steel and refractory brick , and Germany had limited access to it . The key issue in Turkey 's negotiations with both sides was the sale of chromite to Germany or to the Allies . The Allies had access to other sources and mainly bought the chromite in order to preclude its sale to Germany . Turkey halted its sales to Germany in April 1944 and broke off relations in August . Turkey declared war on the Axis powers in February 1945 , after the Allies made its invitation to the inaugural meeting of the United Nations ( along with the invitations of several other nations ) conditional on full belligerency . No Turkish troops ever saw combat . Turkmenistan ( edit ) Turkmenistan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II The United Kingdom was one of the original Allies , entering the war in 1939 to honour its guarantees to Poland . After the fall of France , the United Kingdom was the only Allied nation left in Europe until the invasion of Greece . It remained the only one of the Big Three in the war until 1941 when the Soviet Union was invaded . The United Kingdom was heavily engaged in the Western European , Atlantic , Mediterranean , African and South East Asian theatres , and was considered one of the Big Three during Allied conferences in the second half of the war . The United Kingdom maintained close ties with the nations of the British Empire , and the forces of those countries were often incorporated into British military operations . In Northern Ireland despite urgings from the Stormont government , conscription was never implemented due to Irish nationalist opposition , which echoed nationalist agitation against conscription during World War I . Channel Islands ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of the Channel Islands The Channel Islands are self - governing Crown dependencies off the coast of France , and were the only British territory to be occupied by Germany during the War . The islands are dependent on the United Kingdom for their defence and foreign relations . In 1940 , the British government demilitarised the islands , and they were subsequently occupied by German forces . Strong German defences were set up , but the Islands were not assaulted , except by occasional hit - and - run commando raids . German forces surrendered at the end of the war . Almost all the Jewish people fled the islands before the German occupation ; those who remained were deported to extermination camps . Isle of Man ( edit ) The Isle of Man is a self - governing Crown dependency external to the United Kingdom . Its foreign relations and defence , however , are the responsibility of the government of the UK . During the Second World War , the Isle of Man had a detention camp for Axis citizens and suspected sympathisers , including members of the British Union of Fascists and the Irish Republican Army . A naval base , radar network and training stations were also established on the island . United States ( edit ) See also : Military history of the United States during World War II The United States was neutral early in the fight , although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them . The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later . The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority , coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations . However , it also maintained a strong effort against Japan , being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater . The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy . After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war . Politically , the U.S. became a founding member of NATO , and hosts the United Nations in which it gained one of the permanent chairs on the Security Council . The war ended with the American atomic bombing of Japan . American Samoa ( edit ) Main article : History of American Samoa § Colonization by the United States American Samoa is an American territory and a U.S. Navy base , and was used during the war . Uruguay ( edit ) Main article : Uruguay during World War II Uruguay was neutral for most of World War II , although later joined the Allies . It declared its neutrality on September 4 , 1939 , although President Alfredo Baldomir was poorly disposed towards the Axis powers . Uruguay 's neutrality included a 500 - kilometre ( 310 mi ) exclusion zone extending from its coast , established as part of the Declaration of Panama . Neither side of the conflict acknowledged the exclusion zone , and in December , British warships and the German ship Admiral Graf Spee fought the Battle of the River Plate in the zone . This prompted a joint protest from several Latin American nations to both sides . ( Admiral Graf Spee took refuge in Uruguay 's capital , Montevideo , claiming sanctuary in a neutral port , but was later ordered out . ) In early 1942 , President Baldomir broke off diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers . On 15 February 1945 , near the end of the war , Uruguay dropped its neutrality and joined the Allies . Uzbekistan ( edit ) Uzbekistan was part of the Soviet Union during World War II . So see this article 's section on the Soviet Union . Vatican city ( edit ) Main article : Vatican City in World War II Vatican City , the smallest autonomous country in the world at 0.44 km ( 0.16 sq mi ) , remained unoccupied throughout the war and its small military did not engage in combat . Though Pope Pius XII allegedly supported resistance efforts in secret , issued public statements against racism , and attempted to broker peace before the outbreak of total war ; as Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli , he signed the very first treaty negotiated by Nazi Germany when it came to power in 1933 , the Reichskonkordat , on behalf of Pope Pius XI ( a treaty that remains in force today ) . The Vatican City was also bound by the Lateran Treaty with Italy , requiring the Vatican and the Holy See to remain political neutral , which Pius XII successfully sought to maintain throughout the war . Venezuela ( edit ) Main articles : History of Venezuela § Aborted road to gradual democracy , and Attack on Aruba After the attack on Pearl Harbor , Venezuela severed diplomatic relations with Italy , Germany , and Japan , and produced vast oil supplies for the Allies . It maintained a relative neutrality until the last years of war , when it finally declared war on Germany and the rest of the Axis countries . Vietnam ( edit ) See Japanese invasion of French Indochina . Yemen ( edit ) Main article : History of Yemen § Modern history The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , which occupied the northern portion of modern Yemen , followed an isolationist foreign policy under King Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed - Din . It formed an alliance with Italy in 1936 , and yet it remained neutral for the duration of the war . The southern portion of modern Yemen , known as the Aden Protectorate , was under British control . Yugoslavia ( edit ) Main article : World War II in Yugoslavia The Axis Powers occupied Yugoslavia in 1941 and created several puppet states and client states including the Independent State of Croatia , Nedić 's Serbia , and the Kingdom of Montenegro . Other parts of Yugoslavia were occupied directly . Yugoslavs opposing the Nazis soon started to organize resistance movements , the Partisans , led by Josip Broz Tito and Communist Party of Yugoslavia , and the monarchist Chetniks , led by Draža Mihailović . The two movements had conflicting goals , and the Chetniks started to collaborate with the Axis powers to fight against the Partisans . Communist Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia was convened on in Bihać in 1942 and in Jajce . Near the end of the war , Western governments attempted to reconcile the various sides , which led to the Tito - Šubašić Agreement in June 1944 . However , the Communist Party ruled the post-war state . After heavy bloodshed in a complex war , Yugoslavia was reestablished in 1945 , including areas previously ruled by Kingdom of Italy ( Istria and parts of Dalmatia ) . General Mihailović and many other royalists were rounded - up and executed by the Partisans . Mihailović was posthumously awarded the Legion of Merit by President Harry S. Truman for his resistance efforts throughout the war and for his role in Operation Halyard . Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Independent State of Croatia The Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , or NDH ) became a member of the Axis on 10 April 1941 and joined the Tripartite Pact on 15 June 1941 . The state was nominally a monarchy and a de facto Italian - German quasi-protectorate until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943 , after which it remained a de facto German quasi-protectorate until the German withdrawal near the end of the war . It had a government controlled by the fascist Ustaše movement . Its military fought alongside Axis troops ; mainly on anti-Partisan operations within the NDH . Volunteers from the NDH fought in Wehrmacht formations on the Eastern Front as the ' Croatian Legion ' for some time . The Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia remained engaged in battle a week after the capitulation of Germany on 8 May 1945 in an attempt to surrender to Allied forces rather than the Yugoslav Partisans . During the war they launched a campaign of genocide against Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia . They also had their own separate concentration camps , such as the Jasenovac death camp . Zambia ( edit ) See Northern Rhodesia , which it was called at the time . Zimbabwe ( edit ) See Southern Rhodesia , which it was called at the time . See also ( edit ) Diplomatic history of World War II Participants in World War I Declarations of war during World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sainsbury , Keith ( 1986 ) . The Turning Point : Roosevelt , Stalin , Churchill , and Chiang Kai - Shek , 1943 : The Moscow , Cairo , and Teheran Conferences . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Jan Josef Safarik . `` Air Aces : List of Argentine Participants '' . Math.fce.vutbr.cz . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Los argentinos que pelearon en la Segunda Guerra '' . Clarin . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , Australia '' . Info.dfat.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Aramco World : Air Raid ! A Sequel '' . archive.aramcoworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . line feed character in title = at position 21 ( help ) Jump up ^ Famine Inquiry Commission ( May 1945 ) . Report on Bengal ( PDF ) . New Delhi : Manager of Publications , Government of India Press . p. 103 . Jump up ^ Wesley F. Craven & James L. Cate ; The Army Air Forces in the World War II ; Office of US Air Force History 1983 ; page 69 Jump up ^ Maximiano , C.C. ; Bonalume N. , R. ( 2011 ) , Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II , Long Island City : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 9781849084833 Page 6 . Jump up ^ World Affairs ; American Peace Society ; Indiana University 1951 ; Volume 114 Jump up ^ Wesley F. Craven & James L. Cate ; 1983 Ibidem Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Loss listings '' of WWII German U-boats . Jump up ^ Barone , João ( 2013 ) 1942 : O Brasil e sua guerra quase desconhecida ( 1942 : Brazil and its almost forgotten war ) ( in Portuguese ) Rio de Janeiro , ISBN 8520933947 Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Carey , Alan C. ( 2004 ) Galloping Ghosts of the Brazilian Coast . Lincoln , NE USA : iUniverse , Inc. , ISBN 0595315275 Page 100 . Jump up ^ Wesley F. Craven & James L. Cate ; 1983 Ibidem Page 695 Jump up ^ Lochery , Neill . Brazil : The Fortunes of War , War II and the Making of Modern Brazil . Basic Books , 2014 ISBN 9780465039982 Parts 4 & 5 . Jump up ^ The Japanese Occupation of Borneo 1941 -- 1945 , Ooi Keat Gin , page 36 Jump up ^ CBC Archives , On This Day , Sept. 10 , 1939 Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum `` The Italian Campaign '' . Retrieved on : 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum `` Liberating Northwest Europe '' . Retrieved on : 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Canadian War Museum `` Counting the Cost '' . Retrieved on : 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Canadian Air Force Journal , Vol. 3 , No. 1 , `` World 's Fourth Largest Air Force ? '' Jump up ^ World War -- Willmott , H.P. et al. ; Dorling Kindersley Limited , London , 2004 , Page 168 Retrieved on : 17 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Veterans Affairs Canada `` The Historic Contribution of Canada 's Merchant Navy '' . Retrieved on : 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Stacey , C. `` World War II : Cost and Significance '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia online ( Historica ) . Revised by N. Hillmer . Retrieved on : 5 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caribbean Islands -- World War II '' . www.country-data.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ China and the United Nations Jump up ^ `` 112 dominicanos lucharon en la Segunda Guerra Mundial '' . hoy.com.do . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures from the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador '' . Travel.mongabay.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` CU People has been decommissioned '' . People.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leonard Mosley , Haile Selassie : the conquering lion ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Leonard Mosley , Haile Selassie : the conquering lion ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Chen , C. Peter . `` Fiji in World War II '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Polvinen ( 1964 ) Suomi suurvaltojen politiikassa 1941 -- 1944 p. 271 Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- World Wars : The Fall of France '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Tracer -- Stay Behind Cave '' . www.aboutourrock.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dr Erik Goldstein , Routledge , 2005 , Wars and Peace Treaties : 1816 to 1991 , p. 217 Jump up ^ Dr Erik Goldstein , Routledge , 2005 , Wars and Peace Treaties : 1816 to 1991 , p. 218 Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing '' . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Francis , Charles E ( 1997 ) . The Tuskegee Airmen : The Men who Changed a Nation . ISBN 9780828320290 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honduras participó activamente en la Segunda Guerra Mundial -- Diario La Tribuna '' . www.latribuna.hn ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chen , C. Peter . `` Hong Kong in World War II '' . WW2DB . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Iran / Azerbaijan '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History Ireland '' . historyireland.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Doherty : Irish Men and Women in the Second World War . Four Courts Press , Dublin. 1999 . Chapter I Jump up ^ `` K - Lines Internment Camp '' . The Curragh. 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ See Robert Fisk 's In Time of War : Ireland , Ulster and the Price of Neutrality , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1996 ) . London : Gill & Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7171 - 2411 - 8 -- ( 1st ed. was 1983 ) P. 241 . Cobh was to be attacked by the British 3rd Infantry Division so that the Cork Harbour could be used as a naval base for the anti-submarine war in the Atlantic , the plan was eventually dropped as one division was not considered enough of a force to reoccupy this part of the State . Jump up ^ Robert Fisk , In Time of War ( Gill and Macmillan ) 1983 ISBN 0 - 7171 - 2411 - 8 Page 242 Jump up ^ Stokes , Doug . Paddy Finucane , Fighter Ace : A Biography of Wing Commander Brendan E. Finucane , D.S.O. , D.F.C. and Two Bars . London : William Kimber & Co. Ltd. , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0279 - 6 . ( republished Somerton , Somerset , UK : Crécy Publishing , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 947554 - 22 - X ) page 193 - 194 Jump up ^ http://www.acesofww2.com/UK/aces/finucane/ An Irishman who became one of the most decorated Spitfire Ace 's . With the highest number of ' kills ' ( 32 ) , Finucane was the youngest Wing Commander in the RAF all before his 22nd birthday . Paddy was both the leader of his Squadron , and an inspirational leader to his pilots and ground crew . With his Shamrock crested Spitfire emblazoned with his initials , Paddy achieved one of the highest kill rates in RAF history . Jump up ^ See The War Room website for a listing of bombing attacks on Irish soil , available here Jump up ^ See Duggan p. 180 Duggan , John P. Herr Hempel at the German Legation in Dublin 1937 -- 1945 ( Irish Academic Press ) 2003 ISBN 0 - 7165 - 2746 - 4 Jump up ^ Killingray , David ( 2010 ) . Fighting for Britain : African Soldiers in the Second World War . Woodbridge , Suffolk : James Currey . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84701 - 015 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Robert ( 1993 ) . Quest for Equality : Asian Politics in East Africa , 1900 - 1967 . New Delhi : Orient Longman Limited . pp. 50 to 52 . ISBN 0 - 86311 - 208 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Koreans in the Japanese Imperial Army '' . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Over 2,000 Koreans forced into labor camp in Siberia '' ( in Korean ) . Koreaherald.com. 2010 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online ed . ) . 2006 . Jump up ^ see text of ultimatum ; text in Latvian : I. Grava - Kreituse ; I. Feldmanis ; J. Goldmanis ; A. Stranga ( 1995 ) . Latvijas okupācija un aneksija 1939 -- 1940 : Dokumenti un materiāli ( The Occupation and Annexation of Latvia : 1939 -- 1940 . Documents and Materials ) . Preses nams . pp. 340 -- 342 . Jump up ^ the exact figures are not known since Russia has not made the relevant documents public Jump up ^ `` Report of General Inspectorate of the Latvian Legion on Latvian nationals in German armed forces '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Andrew Ezergailis estimates the number of criminally guilty working for the German side , to be between 500 and 600 , with 1,000 being the high estimate . Ezergailis , Andrew . `` Introduction to `` The Holocaust in Latvia , 1941 -- 1944 : The Missing Center '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 : Malta gets George Cross for bravery '' . BBC News . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Malta , Article 3 '' . Government of Malta . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron '' . The Netherlands East Indies 1941 -- 1942 . 201st Mexican Fighter Squadron Jump up ^ Abramovici P. Un rocher bien occupé : Monaco pendant la guerre 1939 -- 1945 Editions Seuil , Paris 2001 , ISBN 2 - 02 - 037211 - 8 Jump up ^ Tsedendambyn Batbayar ( 2003 ) , `` The Japanese Threat and Stalin 's Policies Towards Outer Mongolia '' , Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia , 1895 -- 1945 , Li Narangoa and Robert B. Cribb , eds . ( London : Routledge Curzon ) , 188 . Jump up ^ Jan F. Triska and Robert M. Slusser ( 1962 ) , The Theory , Law , and Policy of Soviet Treaties ( Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press ) , 234 -- 35 . Jump up ^ For details of the campaign , see Pliev ( 1966 ) , `` The Soviet -- Mongolian Campaign Against Japan , August , 1945 '' , Central Asian Review 14 ( 4 ) : 306 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Christopher P. Atwood ( 1999 ) , `` Sino - Soviet Diplomacy and the Second Partition of Mongolia , 1945 -- 1946 '' , Mongolia in the Twentieth Century : Landlocked Cosmopolitan , Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin , eds . ( Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe ) , 147 . Jump up ^ McGibbon. , Ian . `` Second World War -- New Zealand 's involvement ' , '' . Te Ara -- the Encyclopedia of New Zealand , . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenny Williams . `` Newfoundlanders in the War : Royal Navy '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dr Erik Goldstein , Routledge , 2005 , Wars and Peace Treaties : 1816 to 1991 , p. 218 Jump up ^ `` Rhodesian Army '' . Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NRK TV -- Se I krig og kjærleik '' . nrk.no . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Knut Einar ; Terje Halvorsen ( 1990 ) . Norge i krig -- Frigjøring ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Aschehoug . p. 190 . ISBN 82 - 03 - 11423 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Greve , Tim ( 1990 ) . Norge i krig III -- Verdenskrig ( in Norwegian ) . Oslo : Aschehoug . p. 272 . ISBN 82 - 03 - 11418 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Adi ( 2007 - 03 - 17 ) . `` The nine lives of the Lorenz Cafe -- Haaretz Daily Newspaper Israel News '' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ See Alfredo Seiferheld 's `` Nazismo y Fascismo en el Paraguay '' ( in Spanish ) : http://www.portalguarani.com/836_alfredo_m_seiferheld_r/7114_nazismo_y_fascismo_en_el_paraguay_1936_1939__1985__por_alfredo_m_seiferheld.html . Jump up ^ Los pilotos paraguayos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial . Diario Última Hora ( in Spanish ) , November 29th , 2009 -- http://www.ultimahora.com/los-pilotos-paraguayos-la-segunda-guerra-mundial-n278340.html Jump up ^ `` Tydings - McDuffie Act '' . Britannica.com . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrzej Sławiński , Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII . Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz . Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association . Last accessed on March 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived February 11 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Becker , Captain Dave ( 1989 ) . Yellow Wings -- The Story of the Joint Air Training Scheme in World War 2 . Pretoria : The SAAF Museum . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Wood , JRT ( June 2005 ) . So Far And No Further ! Rhodesia 's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959 -- 1965 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4952 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ashley ( 2006 ) . The British Empire and the Second World War ( First ed . ) . London & New York : Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 4049 - 5 . ; MacDonald , John Forrest ( 1947 ) . The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939 -- 1945 . Salisbury : S R G Stationery Office . p. 39 . OCLC 568041576 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Article at The New York Times Feb. 21 , 2004 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Article at Der Spiegel , July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Churchhill memoirs , Molotov requests for second front . Jump up ^ `` The United States is well aware of the fact that the Soviet Union bears the weight of the fight . '' -- F.D. Roosevelt . Source : Correspondence of the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the U.S. Presidents and Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 -- 1945 , V. 2 . M. , 1976 , pp. 204 Jump up ^ `` Red Army decided the fate of German militarism '' . -- W. Churchill . Source : Correspondence of the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the U.S. Presidents and Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 -- 1945. , V. 2 . M. , 1976 , pp. 204 Jump up ^ `` he attack on the Third Reich was a joint effort . But it was not a joint effort of two equal parts . The lion 's share of victory in Europe can be awarded only to Stalin 's forces . '' -- N. Davis , Sunday Times , 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ David M. Glantz , Jonathan M. House , When Titans Clashed : How the Red Army Stopped Hitler , University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0700621210 Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) . Armenia The Survival of a Nation . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 355 -- 356 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 0210 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Armenian Contribution to the Allied Victory in the Second World War , 19 April 2005 ( in English ) '' . academia.edu . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` V - Day : Armenian leader attends WW II allies ' parade in Red Square '' . ArmeniaNow . May 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Armenian ) Khudaverdyan , Konstantin . `` Սովետական Միության Հայրենական Մեծ Պատերազմ , 1941 -- 1945 '' ( `` The Soviet Union 's Great Patriotic War , 1941 -- 1945 '' ) . Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia . Yerevan : Armenian Academy of Sciences , 1984 , pp. 542 -- 547 . Jump up ^ Demirjian 1996 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Monique Agazarian '' . The Independent . 22 March 1993 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gevork Vartanyan '' . The Telegraph . 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Gevork Vartanyan , who has died aged 87 , worked for Soviet intelligence for more than half a century and played an important part in thwarting a Nazi plot to assassinate Churchill , Stalin and President Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference in 1943 . Jump up ^ Auron , Yair ( 2003 ) . The Banality of Denial : Israel and the Armenian Genocide . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0834 - X . Jump up ^ Dallin , Alexander ( 1957 ) . German Rule in Russia : 1941 -- 1945 : A Study of Occupation Policies . New York : St Martin 's Press . pp. 229 , 251 . Jump up ^ `` Putin lays first stone to restore memorial to Georgian soldiers '' . rt.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia : Past , Present , Future ... '' tripod.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gachava , Nino . `` Georgian President Blasted Over Monument 's Demolition -- Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2010 '' . Rferl.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ John Pike ( 1941 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Tbilisi Aerospace Manufacturing '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Tbilisi Aerospace Manufacturing '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers Of Georgia At Polish Service '' . Conflicts.rem33.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Polish - Georgian veteran receives appointment as Admiral of the Polish Navy '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Vasilij Shalvovich Kvachantiradze ( 1907 -- 1950 ) -- Find A Grave Photos '' . findagrave.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Amilakhvari '' . Legion of the Lost . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dimitri Amilakhvari -- Slider '' . Enc.slider.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Georgia : Грузия . `` The French Foreign Battalion under Dmitri Amilakvari '' . Nukri.info . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , Steven J ( 2011 ) . The Atlantic Wall ( 2 ) : Belgium , The Netherlands , Denmark and Norway . Osprey Publishing . p. 57 . ISBN 1 - 78096 - 145 - 6 . Jump up ^ Georgian Legion ( 1941 -- 1945 ) ^ Jump up to : Luchtvaart en Oorlogsmuseum . `` The uprising of the Georgians -- VVV Texel '' . Texel.net . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland at War '' . Theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The World at War -- Diplomatic Timeline 1939 -- 1945 '' . worldatwar.net . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of NATO '' . North Atlantic Treaty Organization . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Thomas J. ( October 10 , 1952 ) . `` WORK COMPLETED ON U.N. BUILDINGS ; $68,000,000 Plant Finished -- Lie Announces a Plan to Reorganize Top Staff '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Charter of the United Nations : Chapter V : The Security Council '' . United Nations Security Council . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Martin Henry John Finch , A political economy of Uruguay since 1870 ( Springer , 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Miguel Tinker Salas , `` Staying the course : United States oil companies in Venezuela , 1945 -- 1958 . '' Latin American Perspectives 32.2 ( 2005 ) : 147 - 170 . Jump up ^ Dobroslav Pavlović , and Stevan K. Pavlowitch , Hitler 's new disorder : the Second World War in Yugoslavia ( Columbia University Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Robert McCormick , Croatia Under Ante Pavelic : America , the Ustase and Croatian Genocide ( IB Tauris ) , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Byfield , Judith A. `` Beyond Impact : Toward a New Historiography of Africa and World War II . '' in Thomas W. Zeiler , ed . A Companion to World War II ( 2012 ) vol 2 : 652 - 665 . Dear , I.C.B. and M.R.D. Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 1995 ) 1270pp Higham , Robin , Loyd E. Lee , Mark A. Stoler , eds . World War II in Europe , Africa , and the Americas , with General Sources : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1997 ) Lee , Loyd E. ed . World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War 's Aftermath , with General Themes : A Handbook of Literature and Research ( 1998 ) Leitz , Christian . Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe During the Second World War Packard , Jerrold M. 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what color do you wear on st joseph's day
Saint Joseph 's Day is also celebrated in other American communities with high proportions of Italians such as New York City ; Utica / Rome , NY , Syracuse , NY , Niagara Falls , NY , Buffalo , NY , Hawthorne , NJ , Hoboken , NJ , Jersey City , NJ ; Kansas City , MO ; and Chicago ; Gloucester , Mass. ; and Providence , Rhode Island , where observance ( which takes place just after Saint Patrick 's Day ) often is expressed through `` the wearing of the red '' , i.e. , wearing red clothing or accessories similar to the wearing of green on Saint Patrick 's Day . Saint Joseph 's Day tables may also be found in Rockford and Elmwood Park , Illinois .
red
Saint Joseph 's Day
saint joseph's day
Saint Joseph 's Day , 19 March , the Feast of Saint Joseph is in Western Christianity the principal feast day of Saint Joseph , husband of the Blessed Virgin Mary and legal father of Jesus Christ . It has the rank of a solemnity in the Roman Catholic Church . It is a feast or commemoration in the provinces of the Anglican Communion , and a feast or festival in the Lutheran Church . Saint Joseph 's Day is the Patronal Feast day for Poland as well as for Canada , persons named Joseph , Josephine , etc. , for religious institutes , schools and parishes bearing his name , and for carpenters . It is also Father 's Day in some Catholic countries , mainly Spain , Portugal , and Italy . It is a holiday of obligation for Roman Catholics , unless the particular Episcopal Conference has waived the obligation .
19 March was dedicated to Saint Joseph in several Western calendars by the 10th century , and this custom was established in Rome by 1479 . Pope Pius V extended its use to the entire Roman Rite by his Apostolic Constitution Quo primum ( 14 July 1570 ) . Originally a double of the second class and a feast of precept , it was re-raised to be of precept in 1917 after having this status intermittently lost , and consequently also raised to its current rank of double of the first class ( now called a solemnity ) , having become in the meantime the rank common to all remaining general feasts of precept . Since 1969 , Episcopal Conferences may , if they wish , transfer it to a date outside Lent . Even if it occurs inside Lent on the usual date of March 19 , it is still observed as a Solemnity of a Saint - this is one of the few times during Lent the Gloria may be said or sung , the vesture is changed from the purple or violet of Lent to white and / or gold ( as it would be for such a solemnity normally ) , the Collect and the Eucharistic Prayer 's Preface and other prayers are from the Solemnity and not Lent , the hymns are more joyful , and the Creed is said . However , the Alleluia is still not used , the Tract being used instead , per Lenten regulations . Between 1870 and 1955 , an additional feast was celebrated in honor of Saint Joseph as Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Patron of the Universal Church , the latter title having been given to him by Pope Pius IX . Originally celebrated on the third Sunday after Easter with an octave , after Divino Afflatu of Saint Pius X ( see Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X ) , it was moved to the preceding Wednesday ( because Wednesday was the day of the week specifically dedicated to St. Joseph , St. John the Baptist and local patrons ) . The feast was also retitled The Solemnity of Saint Joseph . This celebration and its accompanying octave were abolished during the modernisation and simplification of rubrics under Pope Pius XII in 1955 . At the same time , Pope Pius XII established an additional Feast of `` St. Joseph the Worker '' , to be celebrated on 1 May , in order to coincide with the celebration of International Workers ' Day ( May Day ) in many countries . Until this time , 1 May had been the Feast of the Apostles Saint Philip and James , but that Feast was then moved to the next free day , 11 May ( and again to 3 May , in 1969 , having become free in the meantime ) . In the new calendar published in 1969 , the Feast of Saint Joseph The Worker , which at one time occupied the highest possible rank in the Church calendar , was reduced to an optional Memorial , the lowest rank for a saint 's day . The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Saint Joseph on the Sunday after Christmas . Popular customs among Christians of various liturgical traditions observing Saint Joseph 's Day are attending Mass or the Divine Service , wearing red - coloured clothing , carrying dried fava beans that have been blessed , and assembling home altars dedicated to Saint Joseph . Contents 1 Christian traditions 1.1 Italy 1.2 Malta 1.3 Spain 1.4 Poland 1.5 The Philippines 1.6 United States of America 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Christian traditions ( edit ) Part of a series on Josephology of the Catholic Church Saint Joseph ( c. 1640 ) by Guido Reni . General articles Saint Joseph Holy Family marriage Saint Joseph 's dreams Saint Joseph 's Day Prayers and devotions Prayer Novena Chaplet Scapular Cord Organisations Sisters of St. Joseph Josephite Fathers Oblates of St. Joseph Papal documents Quamquam pluries Redemptoris custos Catholicism portal March 19 always falls during Lent , and traditionally it is a day of abstinence . This explains the custom of Saint Joseph tables being covered with meatless dishes . If the feast day falls on a Sunday other than Palm Sunday , it is observed on the next available day , usually Monday , March 20 , unless another solemnity ( e.g. , a church 's patronal saint ) falls on that day . Since 2008 , if Saint Joseph 's Day falls during Holy Week , it is moved to the closest possible day before 19 March , usually the Saturday before Holy Week . This change was announced by the Congregation for Divine Worship in Notitiae March -- April , 2006 ( 475 - 476 , page 96 ) in order to avoid occurrences of the feasts of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation both being moved to just after the Easter octave . This decision does not apply to those using the 1962 Missal according to the provisions of Summorum Pontificum ; when that missal is used , its particular rubrics , which require the feast to be transferred to the next available date after 19 March , must be observed . In practice , the 1962 rubrics lead to the observance of St. Joseph 's Day on the Tuesday following Low Sunday , as the Feast of the Annunciation ( which must also be transferred in years when its assigned date , 25 March , falls during either Holy Week or the octave of Easter ) is observed on the Monday after Low Sunday . Italy ( edit ) In Sicily , where Saint Joseph is regarded by many as their Patron saint , and in many Italian - American communities , thanks are given to Saint Joseph ( San Giuseppe in Italian ) for preventing a famine in Sicily during the Middle Ages . According to legend , there was a severe drought at the time , and the people prayed for their patron saint to bring them rain . They promised that if God answered their prayers through Joseph 's intercession , they would prepare a large feast to honor him . The rain did come , and the people of Sicily prepared a large banquet for their patron saint . The fava bean was the crop which saved the population from starvation and is a traditional part of Saint Joseph 's Day altars and traditions . Giving food to the needy is a Saint Joseph 's Day custom . In some communities it is traditional to wear red clothing and eat a Neapolitan pastry known as a zeppola ( created in 1840 by Don Pasquale Pinatauro in Napoli ) on Saint Joseph 's Day . Maccu di San Giuseppe is a traditional Sicilian dish that consists of various ingredients and maccu that is prepared on this day . Maccu is a foodstuff and soup that dates to ancient times which is prepared with fava beans as a primary ingredient . Upon a typical Saint Joseph 's Day altar , people place flowers , limes , candles , wine , fava beans , specially prepared cakes , breads , and cookies ( as well as other meatless dishes ) , and zeppole . Foods are traditionally served containing bread crumbs to represent saw dust since Joseph was a carpenter . Because the feast occurs during Lent , traditionally no meat was allowed on the celebration table . The altar usually has three tiers , to represent the Trinity . On the Sicilian island of Lipari , the Saint Joseph legend is modified somewhat , and says that sailors returning from the mainland encountered a fierce storm that threatened to sink their boat . They prayed to Saint Joseph for deliverance , and when they were saved , they swore to honor the saint each year on his feast day . The Liparian ritual is somewhat changed , in that meat is allowed at the feast . Some villages like Avola used to burn wood and logs in squares on the day before Saint Joseph , as thanksgiving to the Saint . In Belmonte Mezzagno this is currently still performed every year , while people ritually shout invocations to the Saint in local Sicilian language . This is called `` A Vampa di San Giuseppe '' ( the Saint Joseph 's bonfire ) . Spectacular celebrations are also held in Bagheria . Joseph is even celebrated twice a year , the second time being held especially for people from Bagheria who come back for summer vacation from other parts of Italy or abroad . In Italy , March 19 is also Father 's Day . Malta ( edit ) In Malta , the set date for the celebration of Saint Joseph is March 19 , but can be moved if necessary to fit into the Lent and Easter season . This has been a day of remembrance in Malta since the 10th century A.D. . Most businesses shut down for this day for all the celebrations that occur . The main celebrations are held in Mdina , which is the `` old capital '' of Malta in the suburbs of the city of Rabat . There are three main events that occur for this day . One of them being special masses in honor of Saint Joseph . Then it follows with colorful processions with music bands in the streets and fireworks at night . The main procession takes place in the evening with the statue of St. Joseph being carried to the church of Saint Mary of Jesus . The statue represents a high level of workmanship for the figure Joseph had in Jesus ' life . Also , this is one of the public holidays in Malta , known as Jum San Ġużepp . People celebrate mass in the morning , and in the afternoon go for a picnic . It is a liturgical feast that occurs on a Sunday in summer . However , the city of Rabat celebrates the traditional Maltese feast where in the evening a procession is also held with the statue of Saint Joseph . On this day also the city of Żejtun celebrates the day , known as Jum il - Kunsill ( Zejtun Council 's Day ) , till 2013 was known as Jum iż - Żejtun ( Zejtun 's Day ) . During this day a prominent person from Żejtun is given the Żejtun Honour ( Ġieħ iż - Żejtun ) . In the past years the Żejtun Parish Church has celebrated these feast days with a procession with the statue of Saint Joseph . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Falles In Spain , Saint Joseph 's Day is their version of Father 's Day , which is called El Dia del Padre . In some parts of Spain it is celebrated as Falles . They feel that St. Joseph is a good example of what a father figure should be like , which is why they connect these two days . Since Spain does correlate this day with Father 's Day , it is tradition for children to cook their fathers breakfast or even give small gifts . It is a `` meatless affair '' , because it occurs during the Lenten season . Some symbols to represent this day include Jesus holding carpenter tools , baby Jesus , and a staff with lilies . A few things to do on this day to celebrate are attending a special church service , visiting different cathedrals , joining Valencia 's Falla Festival , and exploring the city , museums and art galleries . The Falla Festival runs for 5 days and ends on March 19 in remembrance of Saint Joseph . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , it is necessary to celebrate Imienien or Namesday , the feast day of one 's patron saint ; celebrating Saint Joseph 's Day is a part of this . Polish families celebrate this day with a Saint Joseph 's table in their house that is decorated with red and white for Poland and Saint Joseph . These tables set up in their house include holy cards and candles all around and meatless food in which they call a `` festive fast '' because it is Lent season . To represent and honor Saint Joseph , Poland has hymns they made . A few of the hymns are Duszo moja , O Jozefie Ukochany , and Szczesliwy , Kto Sobie Patrona . The Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , some families maintain the ritual of holding a banquet for the Holy Family . An old man , a young lady , and a small boy , often chosen from among the poor , are honoured as representations of Saint Joseph , the Blessed Virgin Mary , and the Child Jesus , respectively . The three , sometimes dressed like the santo ( traditional saint image ) they each represent , are seated around a table set with the family 's best silverware and china , and served a variety of courses . Hymns are sung while they are literally spoonfed by senior members of the host family and inportant guests . The Novena to Saint Joseph is also recited at a nearby temporary altar . The hosts and other participants then seek blessings from the `` Holy Family '' by paying obeisance to the three individuals ( or images of the holy personages they represent ) , either through kissing icons in the hands of the trio or performing mano , all while genuflecting before them . The now - fed `` Holy Family '' are lastly given donations ( monetary or in kind ) , which they split amongst themselves , as a thank - you gift after the ceremony . United States of america ( edit ) Traditional Saint Joseph 's Altar in New Orleans In New Orleans , Louisiana , which was a major port of entry for Sicilian immigrants during the late 19th century , the Feast of Saint Joseph is a citywide event . Both public and private Saint Joseph 's altars are traditionally built . The altars are usually open to any visitor who wishes to pay homage . The food is generally distributed to charity after the altar is dismantled . There are also parades in honor of Saint Joseph and the Italian population of New Orleans which are similar to the many marching clubs and truck parades of Mardi Gras and Saint Patrick 's Day . Tradition in New Orleans also holds that by burying a small statue of Saint Joseph upside down in the front yard of a house , that house will sell more promptly . In addition to the above traditions , some groups of Mardi Gras Indians stage their last procession of the season on the Sunday nearest to Saint Joseph 's Day otherwise known as `` Super Sunday , '' after which their costumes are dismantled . Saint Joseph 's Day is also celebrated in other American communities with high proportions of Italians such as New York City ; Utica / Rome , NY , Syracuse , NY , Niagara Falls , NY , Buffalo , NY , Hawthorne , NJ , Hoboken , NJ , Jersey City , NJ ; Kansas City , MO ; and Chicago ; Gloucester , Mass. ; and Providence , Rhode Island , where observance ( which takes place just after Saint Patrick 's Day ) often is expressed through `` the wearing of the red '' , i.e. , wearing red clothing or accessories similar to the wearing of green on Saint Patrick 's Day . Saint Joseph 's Day tables may also be found in Rockford and Elmwood Park , Illinois . Americans of Polish ancestry , especially those in the Midwest and New England , who have the name Joseph celebrate Saint Joseph 's Day ( Dzien Swietego Jozefa ) as an imieniny . As a symbol of ethnic pride , and in solidarity with their Italian counterparts , Polish Catholic parishes often hold Saint Joseph 's Day feasts known as Saint Joseph 's Tables or Saint Joseph 's altars , and display statues and holy cards of Saint Joseph . As the day falls during Lent , these are meatless feasts . In the Mid-Atlantic regions , Saint Joseph 's Day is traditionally associated with the return of anadromous fish , such as striped bass , to their natal rivers , such as the Delaware . Saint Joseph 's Day is also the day when the swallows are traditionally believed to return to Mission San Juan Capistrano after having flown south for the winter . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Calendar of saints References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Prayerbook Society of Canada Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Calendarium Romanum ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Latin original of Divino Afflatu ; English translation Jump up ^ Calendarium Romanum ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969 ) , p. 92 Jump up ^ Jankowski , Nicole ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Move Over , St. Patrick : St. Joseph 's Feast Is When Italians Parade : The Salt : NPR '' . NPR . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Non-Stop New York 's Italianissimo : La Festa di San Giuseppe NYC - Style ^ Jump up to : Clarkson , Janet ( 2013 ) . Food History Almanac . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 262 . ISBN 144222715X . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Project - St. Joseph 's Day Altars '' . houstonculture.org . Jump up ^ `` Feast of St Joseph 2018 and 2019 -- Public Holidays Malta '' . Public Holidays Malta . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` St Joseph 's Day 2018 and 2019 -- Public Holidays Spain '' . Public Holidays Spain . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gunkel , Ann / David . `` Polish Easter Traditions * St. Joseph 's Day / Dzien Sw . Jozefa , March 19 '' . annhetzelgunkel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://flavoursofiloilo.blogspot.com/2014/03/feast-of-san-jose-traditions-rituals.html?m=1 Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph 's Day Altars '' . neworleansonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Mardi Gras Indians Super Sunday around St. Joseph 's Day '' . mardigrasneworleans.com . Jump up ^ St. Joseph 's Day celebration sets the table for sharing , Chicago Sun - Times Jump up ^ Pisano , Maryanne , `` St. Joseph 's Day feast table raises money for charity '' , Sun Times , March 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ Barbara Rolek . `` St. Joseph 's Day in Poland - How St. Joseph 's Day Is Celebrated in Poland - Dzien Swietego Jozefa '' . About.com Food . Jump up ^ `` Signature Events - Mission San Juan Capistrano '' . missionsjc.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Joseph 's Day . 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2,366
how did the german policy of unrestricted submarine warfare affect the united states
Unrestricted submarine warfare
unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning , as opposed to attacks per prize rules ( also known as `` cruiser rules '' ) . Prize rules call for submarines to surface and search merchantmen and place crews in `` a place of safety '' ( for which lifeboats did not qualify , except under particular circumstances ) before sinking them , unless the ship showed `` persistent refusal to stop ... or active resistance to visit or search '' . The Germans disregarded the law during the First World War following the British introduction of Q - ships with concealed deck guns , and in the most dramatic episode sank Lusitania in 1915 in a few minutes because they believed it was carrying war munitions . The U.S. demanded it stop , and Germany did so . Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff , chief of the Admiralty staff , argued successfully in early 1917 to resume the attacks and thus starve the British . The German high command realized the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare meant war with the United States but calculated that American mobilization would be too slow to stop a German victory on the Western Front .
Following Germany 's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare on February 1 , 1917 , countries tried to limit or even abolish submarines . Instead , the London Naval Treaty required submarines to abide by prize rules . These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen but having them report contact with submarines ( or raiders ) made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the prize rules . This rendered the restrictions on submarines effectively useless . While such tactics increase the combat effectiveness of the submarine and improve its chances of survival , some regard them as a breach of the rules of war , especially when employed against neutral vessels in a war zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Instances 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources Instances ( edit ) There have been four major campaigns of unrestricted submarine warfare : The U-boat campaign of World War I , waged intermittently by Germany between 1915 and 1918 against Britain and her allies . One of the most famous acts was on May 7 , 1915 when U-boat U-20 deliberately torpedoed the British Cunard luxury liner RMS Lusitania . Germany 's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 , together with the Zimmermann Telegram , brought the United States into the war on the British side . It was also a casus belli for the entry of Brazil into the war in 1917 . The Battle of the Atlantic during World War II . Between 1939 and 1945 , it was waged between Germany and the Allies and from 1940 to 1943 between Italy and the Allies . The Baltic Sea Campaigns on the Eastern Front , during World War II between 1941 and 1945 , especially from 1942 . Waged by Germany and the USSR against each other , primarily in the Baltic Sea . The Pacific War during World War II , between 1941 and 1945 , waged by the United States against Japan . The four cases were attempts to impose a naval blockade on countries , especially those heavily dependent on merchant shipping to supply their war industries and feed their populations ( such as Britain and Japan ) , even though the countries waging the unrestricted submarine warfare were unable to institute a typical naval blockade . See also ( edit ) Submarine warfare Defensively equipped merchant ship Commerce raiding Tonnage war Arabic pledge Sussex pledge Tsushima Maru War Order No. 154 Laconia incident Laconia Order List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines Baralong incidents Karl Dönitz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Holwitt , Joel I. `` Execute Against Japan '' , Ph. D. dissertation , Ohio State University , 2005 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Holwitt , p. 92 : quoting Article 22 of the London Naval Treaty . Jump up ^ Holwitt , p. 93 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27218532 Jump up ^ Dirk Steffen , `` The Holtzendorff Memorandum of 22 December 1916 and Germany 's Declaration of Unrestricted U-boat Warfare . '' Journal of Military History 68.1 ( 2004 ) : 215 - 224 . excerpt Jump up ^ See The Holtzendorff Memo ( English translation ) with notes ^ Jump up to : Holwitt , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Stockton Naval War College , p. 324 ( retrieved 9 July 2017 ) ; Holwitt , pp. 76 - 77 ; Zabecki , David T. `` Doenitz : A Defense '' , pp. 48 - 49 , at Google Books ( retrieved 9 July 2017 ) ; Dönitz , Karl . Memoirs : Ten Years and Twenty Days ; von der Poorten , Edward P . The German Navy in World War II ( T.Y. Crowell , 1969 ) ; Milner , Marc . North Atlantic Run : the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys ( Vanwell Publishing , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Holwitt , p. 294 , for instance . Holwitt , however , persistently refuses to acknowledge armed merchantmen are not protected , and most of the merchantmen sunk by both sides in World War II were armed . See Blair , Silent Victory passim ; Parillo , pp. 114 - 115 ; Zabecki , p. 71 , at Google Books ( retrieved 9 July 2017 ) ; Assmann , Kurt . `` Why U-Boat Warfare Failed '' in Foreign Affairs '' Vol. 28 , No. 4 ( July 1950 ) , pp. 659 - 670 . Available online at jstor.org ; Wilson , George Grafton . `` Armed Merchant Vessels and Submarines '' in The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 24 , No. 2 ( Apr. , 1930 ) , pp. 337 - 339 . Available online at jstor.org ; Sources ( edit ) Ronzitti , Natalino ( 1988 ) . The Law of Naval Warfare : A Collection of Agreements and Documents With Commentaries . Martinus Nijhoff . ISBN 978 - 90 - 247 - 3652 - 2 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2003 ) . World War I. Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 9627 - 0 . U-boats Battle of the Atlantic ( World War I ) Battle of the Atlantic ( World War II ) Mediterranean ( World War I ) Mediterranean ( World War II ) Operation Regenbogen Operation Deadlight U-boat lists Types Regions German Successful Never deployed Austro - Hungarian Foreign captured Uncompleted projects Commanders Successful Knight 's Cross recipients Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Wolfpacks List of wolfpacks of World War II Blücher Borkum Dränger Eisbär Eisteufel Endrass Hai Hartmann Hecht Kiebitz Kreuzotter Leuthen Lohs Pfadfinder Pfeil Prien Raubgraf Rösing Rossbach Schill Schlieffen Seewolf Steinbrinck Siegfried Streitaxt Tümmler Vorwärts Weddigen West Wolf Major engagements Convoy SC 7 Convoy PQ 17 Battle of the St. Lawrence Convoy ONS 5 Black May Bismarck chase U-boat flotillas World War I II III IV Flanders Kurland Pola Constantinople World War II 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . Capital ships sunk World War I HMS Britannia HMS Cornwallis French battleship Danton HMS Formidable Gaulois Russian battleship Peresvet HMS Majestic Italian battleship Regina Margherita HMS Russell French battleship Suffren HMS Triumph World War II HMS Ark Royal HMS Barham HMS Courageous HMS Eagle HMS Royal Oak Technology Sonar Depth charge Hedgehog Leigh light Q - ship Snorkel Elektroboot Concepts Submarine warfare Intensified submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_submarine_warfare&oldid=820830665 '' Categories : Submarine warfare Military strategy Military doctrines U-boat Campaign ( World War I ) World War II crimes Naval warfare tactics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 21 : 26 . 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2,367
where did merle go in the walking dead
Merle Dixon is a fictional character from the horror drama television series The Walking Dead , which airs on AMC in the United States . He was created by series developer Frank Darabont and portrayed by Michael Rooker . The character was first introduced in the first season as a Southern redneck hunter who has a younger brother , Daryl . He is misogynistic and racist , which causes tensions between him and his group of survivors . Following an encounter with series protagonist Rick Grimes , Merle disappears and joins the community of Woodbury , Georgia , where he becomes the right - hand man of the Governor . He becomes caught in the conflict between the Governor and Rick , especially when nobody in Rick 's group wants him in the group , except for Daryl .
the community of Woodbury , Georgia
Merle Dixon
merle dixon
Merle Dixon is a fictional character from the horror drama television series The Walking Dead , which airs on AMC in the United States . He was created by series developer Frank Darabont and portrayed by Michael Rooker . The character was first introduced in the first season as a Southern redneck hunter who has a younger brother , Daryl . He is misogynistic and racist , which causes tensions between him and his group of survivors . Following an encounter with series protagonist Rick Grimes , Merle disappears and joins the community of Woodbury , Georgia , where he becomes the right - hand man of the Governor . He becomes caught in the conflict between the Governor and Rick , especially when nobody in Rick 's group wants him in the group , except for Daryl .
The character 's introduction garnered negative reviews from professional critics , but fan response was positive . When the character reappears in the third season , reviewers began to have more favorable views towards him . Merle is an original character in the television series and shares no counterpart in the comic books . He is also a main character in the 2013 video game The Walking Dead : Survival Instinct , which focuses on him and Daryl during the early days of the zombie apocalypse . Rooker made guest appearances as Merle in the series ' first and second seasons , before he was upgraded to a series regular for the third season , where he lost a significant amount of weight in preparation for the role . Rooker was among the cast members who were awarded the Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series 1.1 Fictional character biography 1.1. 1 Season 1 1.1. 2 Season 2 1.1. 3 Season 3 2 Development and reception 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Television series ( edit ) Fictional character biography ( edit ) Merle is the older brother of Daryl Dixon . Having no mother and a neglectful and abusive father , Merle raised Daryl when not incarcerated in juvenile detention . Though the length of time and military occupational specialty are not stated , Merle served in the United States Marine Corps , where at some point he mouthed off to a non-commissioned officer and subsequently punched five of his teeth out . According to Shane and Daryl , Merle was a drug dealer before the outbreak . He is also shown to have been a drug user ( e.g. , in `` Guts '' and `` This Sorrowful Life '' ) . Season 1 ( edit ) Merle first appears in the episode `` Guts '' , along with a group of survivors who had traveled into Atlanta to scavenge for supplies . While atop a department store roof , Merle begins firing a rifle at walkers on the street while the group demands that he stop . Merle gets into a physical altercation with T - Dog ( IronE Singleton ) after Merle calls him a nigger , and subsequently beats T - Dog in a brief , intense fight . After momentarily announcing himself leader of the group , Merle is blind - sided by Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , who punches him and handcuffs him to a pipe before Merle can fight back . Merle is put under T - Dog 's watch while the other survivors attempt to find a way out of the city . When the survivors do find a way out , T - Dog attempts to save Merle , but accidentally drops the handcuff keys into a vent ; this forces him to abandon Merle on the roof . Before T - Dog flees , he chains the rooftop door shut to prevent walkers from getting Merle . In the next episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , as walkers begin to invade the building and reach the chained rooftop door , Merle struggles until he notices a hacksaw by the spilled toolbox the others had left behind . He uses his belt to reach the hacksaw and ultimately cuts off his own hand to escape , as the hacksaw blade was too dull to cut through the handcuffs . Rick and the group return to the camp and explain to Daryl that they abandoned Merle . Daryl , T - Dog , Rick and Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) decide to return to Atlanta to retrieve him as well as a bag of weapons Rick dropped downtown . Returning to the department store roof , the four see that Merle has severed his own hand with a dull hacksaw . In the next episode `` Vatos '' , the four find evidence that Merle survived the self - mutilation by cauterizing the wound . They follow Merle 's blood - trail through the department store but are unable to find him . Back outside , they discover their truck has been taken . Rick feels that the truck might have been stolen by Merle during his escape . Season 2 ( edit ) Merle appears as a hallucination to Daryl . Merle remains missing throughout the second season . He only appears in the episode `` Chupacabra '' , wherein Merle taunts and mocks Daryl in a hallucination for giving up on searching for him and reminds Daryl that he is in a group that had left Merle for dead on the rooftop . Merle also berates Daryl for a perceived weakness that Merle blames on the time Daryl has spent with the group . Season 3 ( edit ) In the episode `` Walk with Me '' , Merle is found to be living in Woodbury , where he has earned the status of the Governor 's right - hand man . He has fashioned a knife attachment onto the stump where his hand used to be . He has been hoping to find his brother , Daryl , since his own separation from the group . While investigating an incident involving a crashed helicopter , Merle and a group of survivors from Woodbury encounter Michonne and fellow Atlanta survivor Andrea , and bring them back to Woodbury , along with the sole survivor of the helicopter crash . In the episode `` Killer Within '' , Andrea gives Merle directions to the last location where she had seen Daryl . Merle is noticeably kept in line by the Governor , a sharp contrast to his nature in the Atlanta group . In the episode `` Hounded '' , Merle allows Michonne to leave Woodbury at the Governor 's orders , but in the next episode , `` Say the Word '' , the Governor sends Merle to lead a posse to hunt down Michonne . He wounds her and she kills members of the posse , but when Michonne escapes into the red zone , Merle calls off the hunt , reporting to the Governor that he killed her . Later on , Merle runs into Glenn and Maggie from the Atlanta group . He asks them to take him to Daryl . They refuse , so he holds Maggie hostage and demands Glenn drive them to Woodbury . In the episode `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' , Merle unsuccessfully tortures Glenn to obtain the location of the group , including beating Glenn and leaving him locked in a room with a walker and tied to a chair . In the episode `` Made to Suffer '' , Rick 's group infiltrates Woodbury and rescues Glenn and Maggie , Michonne attacks the Governor ; furious at losing an eye and his reanimated daughter to a woman Merle reported as dead , he publicly accuses Merle of treason and reveals that he has captured Daryl . In the episode `` The Suicide King '' , the Governor orders Merle and Daryl to fight to the death , but they are saved by Rick and Maggie , who attack Woodbury . When Merle begins to insult the group , Rick knocks him out . Rick 's group decides not to include Merle because of his attitude and his transgressions against Maggie and Glenn , but Daryl opts to leave the group to join Merle , refusing to leave his brother behind again . Merle and Daryl spend time fending for themselves in the woods . In the episode `` Home '' , they come across a family being attacked by walkers and Merle half - heartedly assists in Daryl 's efforts to rescue them . Merle then attempts to rob them , but Daryl points his crossbow at him and lets the family drive off before walking off on his own . Merle follows and they get into a physical confrontation , where the depth of their father 's abuse is shown when Merle inadvertently exposes scars on Daryl 's back . Merle realizes that his leaving home resulted in Daryl becoming the target of their father 's abuse . It is also revealed that the brothers had originally planned to rob the Atlanta group . Daryl then leaves to go back to the prison , despite Merle 's claims that the group will never accept him . The brothers arrive at the prison at the tail - end of an assault by the Governor and his men , who have crashed a truck through the prison gate and unleashed a horde of walkers onto the prison grounds . Merle and Daryl save Rick from attacking walkers . In the episode `` I Ai n't a Judas '' , Merle is promptly locked inside a prison cell , where he shares what he knows about Woodbury and the Governor with the group . He bonds with Hershel and apologizes to Michonne , claiming his attack on her was simply following the Governor 's orders . Later , Merle , hearing Beth 's singing , walks into the cell block where he and Rick share an antagonizing look from across the room . In the episode `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' , Merle unsuccessfully tries to get the prison group to attack the Governor after fighting Glenn . He later tries to get Michonne to join him with his mission . In the penultimate season three episode `` This Sorrowful Life '' , Rick confides in Merle , Daryl , and Hershel that the Governor promises to leave the prison alone if they hand over Michonne . Rick plans to do as the Governor requests , and asks Merle to help deliver Michonne to the meeting place at noon . Merle , knowing that Rick will not go through with it , traps and ties up Michonne . However , after he and Michonne talk about personal matters , he lets her go and returns her katana , telling her he has something to do alone . He starts drinking whiskey before using loud music to lure a group of walkers to the exchange site where the Governor is waiting to ambush whoever will show up . The music also distracts the Governor 's henchmen while Merle secretly takes cover , intent on killing the Governor both for revenge and to prevent him from killing anyone else at the prison , mainly Daryl . After shooting several of the henchmen , Merle is caught and beaten by Martinez and two other men and then , injured and winded , fights one - on - one with the Governor . The Governor gets the upper hand and bites off two of Merle 's fingers . A wounded Merle then yells that he will not beg for mercy before the Governor shoots him in the chest with a pistol . Later on , Daryl , who left the prison to track down Merle and Michonne after Rick noticed them missing , finds Michonne unhurt and continues on to the exchange site , where he sees a reanimated Merle eating Ben 's corpse . Daryl breaks down in tears and pushes his reanimated brother away more than once before stabbing him repeatedly in the head , killing him for good . Development and reception ( edit ) Actor Michael Rooker described his thoughts on the role : `` Merle is a survivor of the Zombie Apocalypse . And you can tell when you first meet him that even before all the shit went down he was kind of an asshole . We do n't play a lot of it up in our portrayal but he 's the kind of person where you 're not really sure if he should be in charge ... if he would be a good leader or not , though he certainly thinks he is . '' Merle was one of a number of characters introduced in the second episode of the series , `` Guts '' . Kirkman was pleased with Rooker 's performance , retorting that it was `` ' The Michael Rooker Show ' for one solid episode . '' I actually got a chance to hang out with him and he 's a totally awesome guy . He always plays bad guys and psychos and it 's weird , because he 's this really boisterous , friendly guy . But yeah , his character is very important to the life of the show . He 's a completely original character that was never in the comic . He 's kind of the first human that they come across where it 's like , ' Hey , this guy 's really dangerous . ' Also Michael Rooker likes to ad - lib . He got us over our cursing limit a couple of times . I think it was a bit of a pain in the a -- for the post production people . Eric Goldman of IGN disliked the introduction of Merle , calling him `` ridiculous '' . Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club commented that `` Merle is a huge sore thumb in the middle of the episode : behaving like no one in his situation ever would , his character seems to exist for no other reason than to cause dramatically convenient trouble . '' In his review of the next episode , `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , Pierce notes that even though `` Merle is a racist asshole who might have gotten everyone killed , in a world where the only real distinction is between the living and the dead , leaving him to be torn apart leaves a bit of a bad taste in everyone 's mouth . '' Rooker confirmed his appearance in the second - season episode `` Chupacabra '' at the 2011 Aliens to Zombies Convention at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood , California . `` Nobody expected this level of Merle worship , '' he articulated . `` He 's such an out - there , crazy , anything goes kind of guy . There 's an uncertainty about Merle -- like he 'll come back when you least expect it . He 's the boogeyman , and viewers love that suspense . The number one question I 'm asked is , ' When is your character coming back ? ' I ca n't say when , but I promise it 'll be a wild ride . '' Writer Robert Kirkman insisted that Rooker was a delight during production , and hoped that he would regularly appear on The Walking Dead . Rooker initially estimated that he lost 20 pounds preparing for his return in the third season , and later tallied he had lost 28 pounds . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , commented that `` Merle was a terrible character , all dumb hick stereotypes and bluster '' but that in his return in the season 's third episode `` Walk with Me '' , `` while still unquestionably a son of a bitch , is easier to take , less overtly awful , and more imposing '' . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall commented that the Woodbury scenes in the next episode `` Killer Within '' `` continue to demonstrate the pull a man like the Governor would have over Merle '' , but Zack Handlen 's review of the episode for The A.V. Club noted that Merle 's interactions with the Governor introduce some tension between them . In his review of the episode `` Hounded '' , Handlen notes that Merle 's motivations `` seem to shift a bit to justify whatever the story needs him to do . But that 's probably intentional ; for all the Governor 's calm planning , Merle is a hothead , an asshole who thinks he 's a leader , and so he 's going to keep making impulse decisions until one of those decisions gets him killed . '' Erik Kain , for Forbes magazine , described the Governor 's betrayal of Merle in the mid-season finale `` Made to Suffer '' as a surprise he did n't see coming , while Zack Handlen 's review of the episode called the betrayal `` almost too perfectly designed ( ... ) It 's not completely unbelievable ; it 's just not as believable , or intense , as it should have been . '' In his review of the third season 's mid-season premiere episode `` The Suicide King '' , Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` I think The Walking Dead has sort of bungled the reintroduction of Merle Dixon . It was always a stretch that Merle would just happen to find the Grimes Gang again , considering the sheer lonely expanse in the new zombie - infested world . '' Zack Handlen called the episode 's opening `` a decent sequence '' which put the cliffhanger 's high stakes aside , partly because Merle and Daryl made it out alive . Eric Goldman at IGN specifically praised the performance of Michael Rooker in `` This Sorrowful Life '' , the final appearance of Merle . Zack Handlen called the episode 's last scene `` a good one , and it leads to the terrific final confrontation between Daryl and zombie Merle that makes up for a lot '' . Handlen commented : `` I 'm not sure I buy or even understand Merle 's change of heart , given how inconsistent the character has been . In his conversations with Michonne , we 're being sold the idea that he 's deeply conflicted about all the murdering he 's done , and that he 's had something like a change of heart since joining the prison group . Which does n't really fit into anything , although at least now Merle 's gradual integration with the main ensemble makes a little more sense ; he was n't supposed to be a monster , just a messed up asshole who eventually had enough regrets to try and do the right thing . There 's no background for this , and no real depth to Merle apart from Michael Rooker 's performance ( and Rooker is almost single - handedly responsible for any consistency the character ever had ) . '' He also felt that with Merle letting Michonne go , `` it 's nice to have a character actually behave better than you were expecting them to for once . And everything else with Merle from then on is great , from the scene with him drinking whiskey and using rock music to attract a herd of walkers , to his ambush of the Woodbury group that was waiting to ambush Rick , to the fight with the Governor . And , of course , the last bit , with Daryl finally finding his brother after it 's too late to save him . While the show so often struggles with finding emotion or resonance in its conversations ( ... ) there are still wordless exchanges like this , with Daryl sobbing as he stabs Merle again and again and again . There 's no real complexity to what 's happening , and no mystery , but it 's powerful regardless , inspiring fear and pity for both characters , and ending the hour on a high note . '' See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirk 2013 . Jump up ^ Keetley 2014 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Haworth , Drew . `` Terminal Reality 's The Walking Dead : Norman Reedus is Daryl Dixon '' . Playstation. Blog . SCEA , LLC . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Luke . `` Norman Reedus and Michael Rooker Voicing Activision 's New Walking Dead Game '' . GameNGuide . G&G . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Belluomini , Lance . `` Left Behind : Is It Morally Acceptable To Abandon Merle Dixon '' . In Robichaud , Christopher . The Walking Dead and Philosophy : Shotgun . Machete . Reason . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34668 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker interview ( Merle Dixon on `` The Walking Dead '' ) `` . The Desk of Brian . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Comic book series creator Robert Kirkman talks about last night 's ' Guts ' - y episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` Guts '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Guts '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tell It To The Frogs '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Karlin , Susan ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : Michael Rooker on the return of Merle Dixon '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Writer Robert Kirkman talks about tonight 's episode , ' Chupacabra ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 3 : Michael Rooker Confirms His Return as Merle '' . Daily Dead . March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( CONTAINS SPOILERS ) The Making of Episode 303 , Walk With Me : Inside The Walking Dead The Walking Dead ( October 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Walk with Me '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' The Walking Dead ' - ' Killer Within ' : Hard labor '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Killer Within '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hounded ' '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Midseason Finale Review : Made To Suffer '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Made to Suffer ' '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : No Bullets in Me '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Suicide King '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` This Sorrowful Life '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Handlen , Zack ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Keetley , Dawn ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Keetley , Dawn . `` We 're All Infected '' : Essays on AMC 's The Walking Dead and the Fate of the Human . McFarland . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0786476282 . Kirk , Chris ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead , Season 3 '' . Slate . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Merle Dixon on IMDb ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merle_Dixon&oldid=805975225 '' Categories : Fictional amputees Fictional bikers Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional drug dealers Fictional mercenaries Fictional methamphetamine users Fictional murderers Fictional torturers Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Fictional zombies and revenants The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 20 : 57 . 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when is the chain rule used in differentiation
Chain rule
chain rule
In calculus , the chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more functions . That is , if f and g are functions , then the chain rule expresses the derivative of their composition f ∘ g ( the function which maps x to f ( g ( x ) ) ) in terms of the derivatives of f and g and the product of functions as follows :
( f ∘ g ) ′ = ( f ′ ∘ g ) ⋅ g ′ . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g ) ' = ( f ' \ circ g ) \ cdot g ' . ) This may equivalently be expressed in terms of the variable . Let F = f ∘ g , or equivalently , F ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) for all x . Then one can also write F ′ ( x ) = f ′ ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle F ' ( x ) = f ' ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) . ) The chain rule may be written in Leibniz 's notation in the following way . If a variable z depends on the variable y , which itself depends on the variable x , so that y and z are therefore dependent variables , then z , via the intermediate variable of y , depends on x as well . The chain rule then states , d z d x = d z d y ⋅ d y d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dz ) ( dx ) ) = ( \ frac ( dz ) ( dy ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) . ) The two versions of the chain rule are related ; if z = f ( y ) ( \ displaystyle z = f ( y ) ) and y = g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle y = g ( x ) ) , then d z d x = d z d y ⋅ d y d x = f ′ ( y ) g ′ ( x ) = f ′ ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dz ) ( dx ) ) = ( \ frac ( dz ) ( dy ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) = f ' ( y ) g ' ( x ) = f ' ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) . ) In integration , the counterpart to the chain rule is the substitution rule . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 One dimension 2.1 First example 2.2 Statement 2.3 Further examples 2.3. 1 Absence of formulas 2.3. 2 Composites of more than two functions 2.3. 3 Quotient rule 2.3. 4 Derivatives of inverse functions 2.4 Higher derivatives 2.5 Proofs 2.5. 1 First proof 2.5. 2 Second proof 2.5. 3 Third proof 2.6 Proof via infinitesimals 3 Higher dimensions 3.1 Example 3.2 Higher derivatives of multivariable functions 4 Further generalizations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The chain rule seems to have first been used by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . He used it to calculate the derivative of a + b z + c z 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( a + bz + cz ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) as the composite of the square root function and the function a + b z + c z 2 ( \ displaystyle a + bz + cz ^ ( 2 ) ) . He first mentioned it in a 1676 memoir ( with a sign error in the calculation ) . The common notation of chain rule is due to Leibniz . Guillaume de l'Hôpital used the chain rule implicitly in his Analyse des infiniment petits . The chain rule does not appear in any of Leonhard Euler 's analysis books , even though they were written over a hundred years after Leibniz 's discovery . One dimension ( edit ) First example ( edit ) Suppose that a skydiver jumps from an aircraft . Assume that t seconds after his jump , his height above sea level in meters is given by g ( t ) = 4000 − 4.9t . One model for the atmospheric pressure at a height h is f ( h ) = 101 325 e . These two equations can be differentiated and combined in various ways to produce the following data : g ′ ( t ) = − 9.8t is the velocity of the skydiver at time t . f ′ ( h ) = − 10.1325e is the rate of change in atmospheric pressure with respect to height at the height h and is proportional to the buoyant force on the skydiver at h meters above sea level . ( The true buoyant force depends on the volume of the skydiver . ) ( f ∘ g ) ( t ) is the atmospheric pressure the skydiver experiences t seconds after his jump . ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( t ) is the rate of change in atmospheric pressure with respect to time at t seconds after the skydiver 's jump and is proportional to the buoyant force on the skydiver at t seconds after his jump . The chain rule gives a method for computing ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( t ) in terms of f ′ and g ′ . While it is always possible to directly apply the definition of the derivative to compute the derivative of a composite function , this is usually very difficult . The utility of the chain rule is that it turns a complicated derivative into several easy derivatives . The chain rule states that , under appropriate conditions , ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( t ) = f ′ ( g ( t ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g ) ' ( t ) = f ' ( g ( t ) ) \ cdot g ' ( t ) . ) In this example , this equals ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( t ) = ( − 10.1325 e − 0.0001 ( 4000 − 4.9 t 2 ) ) ⋅ ( − 9.8 t ) . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g ) ' ( t ) = ( \ big ( ) ( \ mathord ( - ) ) 10.1325 e ^ ( - 0.0001 ( 4000 - 4.9 t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ big ) ) \ cdot ( \ big ( ) ( \ mathord ( - ) ) 9.8 t ( \ big ) ) . ) In the statement of the chain rule , f and g play slightly different roles because f ′ is evaluated at g ( t ) whereas g ′ is evaluated at t . This is necessary to make the units work out correctly . For example , suppose that we want to compute the rate of change in atmospheric pressure ten seconds after the skydiver jumps . This is ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( 10 ) and has units of pascals per second . The factor g ′ ( 10 ) in the chain rule is the velocity of the skydiver ten seconds after his jump , and it is expressed in meters per second . f ′ ( g ( 10 ) ) is the change in pressure with respect to height at the height g ( 10 ) and is expressed in pascals per meter . The product of f ′ ( g ( 10 ) ) and g ′ ( 10 ) therefore has the correct units of pascals per second . It is not possible to evaluate f anywhere else . For instance , because the 10 in the problem represents ten seconds , the expression f ′ ( 10 ) represents the change in pressure at a height of ten seconds , which is nonsense . Similarly , because g ′ ( 10 ) = − 98 meters per second , the expression f ′ ( g ′ ( 10 ) ) represents the change in pressure at a height of − 98 meters per second , which is also nonsense . However , g ( 10 ) is 3020 meters above sea level , the height of the skydiver ten seconds after his jump . This has the correct units for an input to f . Statement ( edit ) The simplest form of the chain rule is for real - valued functions of one real variable . It says that if g is a function that is differentiable at a point c ( i.e. the derivative g ′ ( c ) exists ) and f is a function that is differentiable at g ( c ) , then the composite function f ∘ g is differentiable at c , and the derivative is ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( c ) = f ′ ( g ( c ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( c ) . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g ) ' ( c ) = f ' ( g ( c ) ) \ cdot g ' ( c ) . ) The rule is sometimes abbreviated as ( f ∘ g ) ′ = ( f ′ ∘ g ) ⋅ g ′ . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g ) ' = ( f ' \ circ g ) \ cdot g ' . ) If y = f ( u ) and u = g ( x ) , then this abbreviated form is written in Leibniz notation as : d y d x = d y d u ⋅ d u d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) = ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) . ) The points where the derivatives are evaluated may also be stated explicitly : d y d x x = c = d y d u u = g ( c ) ⋅ d u d x x = c . ( \ displaystyle \ left. ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) \ right _ ( x = c ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) \ right _ ( u = g ( c ) ) \ cdot \ left. ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) \ right _ ( x = c ) . ) Further examples ( edit ) Absence of formulas ( edit ) It may be possible to apply the chain rule even when there are no formulas for the functions which are being differentiated . This can happen when the derivatives are measured directly . Suppose that a car is driving up a tall mountain . The car 's speedometer measures its speed directly . If the grade is known , then the rate of ascent can be calculated using trigonometry . Suppose that the car is ascending at 6999694444444444444 ♠ 2.5 km / h . Standard models for the Earth 's atmosphere imply that the temperature drops about 7002279649999999999 ♠ 6.5 ° C per kilometer ascended ( called the lapse rate ) . To find the temperature drop per hour , we apply the chain rule . Let the function g ( t ) be the altitude of the car at time t , and let the function f ( h ) be the temperature h kilometers above sea level . f and g are not known exactly : For example , the altitude where the car starts is not known and the temperature on the mountain is not known . However , their derivatives are known : f ′ is 3002349999999999999 ♠ − 6.5 ° C / km , and g ′ is 6999694444444444444 ♠ 2.5 km / h . The chain rule says that the derivative of the composite function is the product of the derivative of f and the derivative of g . This is 3002349999999999999 ♠ − 6.5 ° C / km ⋅ 6999694444444444444 ♠ 2.5 km / h = 3002548611111111111 ♠ − 16.25 ° C / h . One of the reasons why this computation is possible is because f ′ is a constant function . This is because the above model is very simple . A more accurate description of how the temperature near the car varies over time would require an accurate model of how the temperature varies at different altitudes . This model may not have a constant derivative . To compute the temperature change in such a model , it would be necessary to know g and not just g ′ , because without knowing g it is not possible to know where to evaluate f ′ . Composites of more than two functions ( edit ) The chain rule can be applied to composites of more than two functions . To take the derivative of a composite of more than two functions , notice that the composite of f , g , and h ( in that order ) is the composite of f with g ∘ h . The chain rule says that to compute the derivative of f ∘ g ∘ h , it is sufficient to compute the derivative of f and the derivative of g ∘ h . The derivative of f can be calculated directly , and the derivative of g ∘ h can be calculated by applying the chain rule again . For concreteness , consider the function y = e sin ⁡ x 2 . ( \ displaystyle y = e ^ ( \ sin ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This can be decomposed as the composite of three functions : y = f ( u ) = e u , u = g ( v ) = sin ⁡ v = sin ⁡ x 2 , v = h ( x ) = x 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) y& = f ( u ) = e ^ ( u ) , \ \ u& = g ( v ) = \ sin v = \ sin ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) , \ \ v& = h ( x ) = x ^ ( 2 ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Their derivatives are : d y d u = f ′ ( u ) = e u = e sin ⁡ x 2 , d u d v = g ′ ( v ) = cos ⁡ v = cos ⁡ x 2 , d v d x = h ′ ( x ) = 2 x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) & = f ' ( u ) = e ^ ( u ) = e ^ ( \ sin ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , \ \ ( \ frac ( du ) ( dv ) ) & = g ' ( v ) = \ cos v = \ cos ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) , \ \ ( \ frac ( dv ) ( dx ) ) & = h ' ( x ) = 2x. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The chain rule says that the derivative of their composite at the point x = a is : ( f ∘ g ∘ h ) ′ ( a ) = f ′ ( ( g ∘ h ) ( a ) ) ⋅ ( g ∘ h ) ′ ( a ) = f ′ ( ( g ∘ h ) ( a ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( h ( a ) ) ⋅ h ′ ( a ) = ( f ′ ∘ g ∘ h ) ( a ) ⋅ ( g ′ ∘ h ) ( a ) ⋅ h ′ ( a ) . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g \ circ h ) ' ( a ) = f ' ( ( g \ circ h ) ( a ) ) \ cdot ( g \ circ h ) ' ( a ) = f ' ( ( g \ circ h ) ( a ) ) \ cdot g ' ( h ( a ) ) \ cdot h ' ( a ) = ( f ' \ circ g \ circ h ) ( a ) \ cdot ( g ' \ circ h ) ( a ) \ cdot h ' ( a ) . ) In Leibniz notation , this is : d y d x = d y d u u = g ( h ( a ) ) ⋅ d u d v v = h ( a ) ⋅ d v d x x = a , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) = \ left. ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) \ right _ ( u = g ( h ( a ) ) ) \ cdot \ left. ( \ frac ( du ) ( dv ) ) \ right _ ( v = h ( a ) ) \ cdot \ left. ( \ frac ( dv ) ( dx ) ) \ right _ ( x = a ) , ) or for short , d y d x = d y d u ⋅ d u d v ⋅ d v d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) = ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( du ) ( dv ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( dv ) ( dx ) ) . ) The derivative function is therefore : d y d x = e sin ⁡ x 2 ⋅ cos ⁡ x 2 ⋅ 2 x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) = e ^ ( \ sin ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) \ cdot 2x . ) Another way of computing this derivative is to view the composite function f ∘ g ∘ h as the composite of f ∘ g and h . Applying the chain rule to this situation gives : ( f ∘ g ∘ h ) ′ ( a ) = ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( h ( a ) ) ⋅ h ′ ( a ) = f ′ ( g ( h ( a ) ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( h ( a ) ) ⋅ h ′ ( a ) . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g \ circ h ) ' ( a ) = ( f \ circ g ) ' ( h ( a ) ) \ cdot h ' ( a ) = f ' ( g ( h ( a ) ) ) \ cdot g ' ( h ( a ) ) \ cdot h ' ( a ) . ) This is the same as what was computed above . This should be expected because ( f ∘ g ) ∘ h = f ∘ ( g ∘ h ) . Sometimes it is necessary to differentiate an arbitrarily long composition of the form f 1 ∘ f 2 ∘ ... ∘ f n − 1 ∘ f n ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) \ circ f_ ( 2 ) \ circ \ dotso \ circ f_ ( n - 1 ) \ circ f_ ( n ) ) . In this case , define f a ... b = f a ∘ f a + 1 ∘ ... ∘ f b − 1 ∘ f b ( \ displaystyle f_ ( a ... b ) = f_ ( a ) \ circ f_ ( a + 1 ) \ circ \ dotso \ circ f_ ( b - 1 ) \ circ f_ ( b ) ) where f a ... a = f a ( \ displaystyle f_ ( a ... a ) = f_ ( a ) ) and f a ... b ( x ) = x ( \ displaystyle f_ ( a ... b ) ( x ) = x ) when b < a ( \ displaystyle b < a ) . Then the chain rule takes the form D f 1 ... n = ( D f 1 ∘ f 2 ... n ) ( D f 2 ∘ f 3 ... n ) ... ( D f n − 1 ∘ f n ... n ) D f n = ∏ k = 1 n ( D f k ∘ f ( k + 1 ) ... n ) ( \ displaystyle Df_ ( 1 ... n ) = ( Df_ ( 1 ) \ circ f_ ( 2 ... n ) ) ( Df_ ( 2 ) \ circ f_ ( 3 ... n ) ) \ dotso ( Df_ ( n - 1 ) \ circ f_ ( n ... n ) ) Df_ ( n ) = \ prod _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left ( Df_ ( k ) \ circ f_ ( ( k + 1 ) ... n ) \ right ) ) or , in the Lagrange notation , f 1 ... n ′ ( x ) = f 1 ′ ( f 2 ... n ( x ) ) f 2 ′ ( f 3 ... n ( x ) ) ... f n − 1 ′ ( f n ... n ( x ) ) f n ′ ( x ) = ∏ k = 1 n f k ′ ( f ( k + 1 ... n ) ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ... n ) ' ( x ) = f_ ( 1 ) ' \ left ( f_ ( 2 ... n ) ( x ) \ right ) \ ; f_ ( 2 ) ' \ left ( f_ ( 3 ... n ) ( x ) \ right ) \ ; \ dotso \ ; f_ ( n - 1 ) ' \ left ( f_ ( n ... n ) ( x ) \ right ) \ ; f_ ( n ) ' ( x ) = \ prod _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) f_ ( k ) ' \ left ( f_ ( ( k + 1 ... n ) ) ( x ) \ right ) ) Quotient rule ( edit ) See also : Quotient rule The chain rule can be used to derive some well - known differentiation rules . For example , the quotient rule is a consequence of the chain rule and the product rule . To see this , write the function f ( x ) / g ( x ) as the product f ( x ) 1 / g ( x ) . First apply the product rule : d d x ( f ( x ) g ( x ) ) = d d x ( f ( x ) ⋅ 1 g ( x ) ) = f ′ ( x ) ⋅ 1 g ( x ) + f ( x ) ⋅ d d x ( 1 g ( x ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) \ right ) & = ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ left ( f ( x ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ( x ) ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = f ' ( x ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ( x ) ) ) + f ( x ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ( x ) ) ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) To compute the derivative of 1 / g ( x ) , notice that it is the composite of g with the reciprocal function , that is , the function that sends x to 1 / x . The derivative of the reciprocal function is − 1 / x . By applying the chain rule , the last expression becomes : f ′ ( x ) ⋅ 1 g ( x ) + f ( x ) ⋅ ( − 1 g ( x ) 2 ⋅ g ′ ( x ) ) = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) − f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) g ( x ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle f ' ( x ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ( x ) ) ) + f ( x ) \ cdot \ left ( - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot g ' ( x ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( f ' ( x ) g ( x ) - f ( x ) g ' ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) which is the usual formula for the quotient rule . Derivatives of inverse functions ( edit ) Main article : Inverse functions and differentiation Suppose that y = g ( x ) has an inverse function . Call its inverse function f so that we have x = f ( y ) . There is a formula for the derivative of f in terms of the derivative of g . To see this , note that f and g satisfy the formula f ( g ( x ) ) = x . ( \ displaystyle f ( g ( x ) ) = x . ) Because the functions f ( g ( x ) ) and x are equal , their derivatives must be equal . The derivative of x is the constant function with value 1 , and the derivative of f ( g ( x ) ) is determined by the chain rule . Therefore , we have : f ′ ( g ( x ) ) g ′ ( x ) = 1 . ( \ displaystyle f ' ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) = 1 . ) To express f ′ as a function of an independent variable y , we substitute f ( y ) for x wherever it appears . Then we can solve for f ′ . f ′ ( g ( f ( y ) ) ) g ′ ( f ( y ) ) = 1 f ′ ( y ) g ′ ( f ( y ) ) = 1 f ′ ( y ) = 1 g ′ ( f ( y ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) f ' ( g ( f ( y ) ) ) g ' ( f ( y ) ) & = 1 \ \ f ' ( y ) g ' ( f ( y ) ) & = 1 \ \ f ' ( y ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( g ' ( f ( y ) ) ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For example , consider the function g ( x ) = e . It has an inverse f ( y ) = ln y . Because g ′ ( x ) = e , the above formula says that d d y ln ⁡ y = 1 e ln ⁡ y = 1 y . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ) ( dy ) ) \ ln y = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( e ^ ( \ ln y ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( y ) ) . ) This formula is true whenever g is differentiable and its inverse f is also differentiable . This formula can fail when one of these conditions is not true . For example , consider g ( x ) = x . Its inverse is f ( y ) = y , which is not differentiable at zero . If we attempt to use the above formula to compute the derivative of f at zero , then we must evaluate 1 / g ′ ( f ( 0 ) ) . f ( 0 ) = 0 and g ′ ( 0 ) = 0 , so we must evaluate 1 / 0 , which is undefined . Therefore , the formula fails in this case . This is not surprising because f is not differentiable at zero . Higher derivatives ( edit ) Faà di Bruno 's formula generalizes the chain rule to higher derivatives . Assuming that y = f ( u ) and u = g ( x ) , then the first few derivatives are : d y d x = d y d u d u d x d 2 y d x 2 = d 2 y d u 2 ( d u d x ) 2 + d y d u d 2 u d x 2 d 3 y d x 3 = d 3 y d u 3 ( d u d x ) 3 + 3 d 2 y d u 2 d u d x d 2 u d x 2 + d y d u d 3 u d x 3 d 4 y d x 4 = d 4 y d u 4 ( d u d x ) 4 + 6 d 3 y d u 3 ( d u d x ) 2 d 2 u d x 2 + d 2 y d u 2 ( 4 d u d x d 3 u d x 3 + 3 ( d 2 u d x 2 ) 2 ) + d y d u d 4 u d x 4 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) & = ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) \ \ ( 4pt ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) & = ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( du ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ ( 4pt ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 3 ) y ) ( dx ^ ( 3 ) ) ) & = ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 3 ) y ) ( du ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 3 ) + 3 \ , ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( du ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 3 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ \ ( 4pt ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 4 ) y ) ( dx ^ ( 4 ) ) ) & = ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 4 ) y ) ( du ^ ( 4 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 4 ) + 6 \ , ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 3 ) y ) ( du ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( du ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( 4 \ , ( \ frac ( du ) ( dx ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 3 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + 3 \ , \ left ( ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) + ( \ frac ( dy ) ( du ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 4 ) u ) ( dx ^ ( 4 ) ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Proofs ( edit ) First proof ( edit ) One proof of the chain rule begins with the definition of the derivative : ( f ∘ g ) ′ ( a ) = lim x → a f ( g ( x ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) x − a . ( \ displaystyle ( f \ circ g ) ' ( a ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) ( \ frac ( f ( g ( x ) ) - f ( g ( a ) ) ) ( x-a ) ) . ) Assume for the moment that g ( x ) does not equal g ( a ) for any x near a . Then the previous expression is equal to the product of two factors : lim x → a f ( g ( x ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) g ( x ) − g ( a ) ⋅ g ( x ) − g ( a ) x − a . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) ( \ frac ( f ( g ( x ) ) - f ( g ( a ) ) ) ( g ( x ) - g ( a ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( g ( x ) - g ( a ) ) ( x-a ) ) . ) When g oscillates near a , then it might happen that no matter how close one gets to a , there is always an even closer x such that g ( x ) equals g ( a ) . For example , this happens for g ( x ) = x sin ( 1 / x ) near the point a = 0 . Whenever this happens , the above expression is undefined because it involves division by zero . To work around this , introduce a function Q as follows : Q ( y ) = ( f ( y ) − f ( g ( a ) ) y − g ( a ) , y ≠ g ( a ) , f ′ ( g ( a ) ) , y = g ( a ) . ( \ displaystyle Q ( y ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) ( \ frac ( f ( y ) - f ( g ( a ) ) ) ( y-g ( a ) ) ) , &y \ neq g ( a ) , \ \ f ' ( g ( a ) ) , &y = g ( a ). \ end ( cases ) ) ) We will show that the difference quotient for f ∘ g is always equal to : Q ( g ( x ) ) ⋅ g ( x ) − g ( a ) x − a . ( \ displaystyle Q ( g ( x ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( g ( x ) - g ( a ) ) ( x-a ) ) . ) Whenever g ( x ) is not equal to g ( a ) , this is clear because the factors of g ( x ) − g ( a ) cancel . When g ( x ) equals g ( a ) , then the difference quotient for f ∘ g is zero because f ( g ( x ) ) equals f ( g ( a ) ) , and the above product is zero because it equals f ′ ( g ( a ) ) times zero . So the above product is always equal to the difference quotient , and to show that the derivative of f ∘ g at a exists and to determine its value , we need only show that the limit as x goes to a of the above product exists and determine its value . To do this , recall that the limit of a product exists if the limits of its factors exist . When this happens , the limit of the product of these two factors will equal the product of the limits of the factors . The two factors are Q ( g ( x ) ) and ( g ( x ) − g ( a ) ) / ( x − a ) . The latter is the difference quotient for g at a , and because g is differentiable at a by assumption , its limit as x tends to a exists and equals g ′ ( a ) . It remains to study Q ( g ( x ) ) . Q is defined wherever f is . Furthermore , because f is differentiable at g ( a ) by assumption , Q is continuous at g ( a ) . g is continuous at a because it is differentiable at a , and therefore Q ∘ g is continuous at a . So its limit as x goes to a exists and equals Q ( g ( a ) ) , which is f ′ ( g ( a ) ) . This shows that the limits of both factors exist and that they equal f ′ ( g ( a ) ) and g ′ ( a ) , respectively . Therefore , the derivative of f ∘ g at a exists and equals f ′ ( g ( a ) ) g ′ ( a ) . Second proof ( edit ) Another way of proving the chain rule is to measure the error in the linear approximation determined by the derivative . This proof has the advantage that it generalizes to several variables . It relies on the following equivalent definition of differentiability at a point : A function g is differentiable at a if there exists a real number g ′ ( a ) and a function ε ( h ) that tends to zero as h tends to zero , and furthermore g ( a + h ) − g ( a ) = g ′ ( a ) h + ε ( h ) h . ( \ displaystyle g ( a + h ) - g ( a ) = g ' ( a ) h+ \ varepsilon ( h ) h . ) Here the left - hand side represents the true difference between the value of g at a and at a + h , whereas the right - hand side represents the approximation determined by the derivative plus an error term . In the situation of the chain rule , such a function ε exists because g is assumed to be differentiable at a . Again by assumption , a similar function also exists for f at g ( a ) . Calling this function η , we have f ( g ( a ) + k ) − f ( g ( a ) ) = f ′ ( g ( a ) ) k + η ( k ) k . ( \ displaystyle f ( g ( a ) + k ) - f ( g ( a ) ) = f ' ( g ( a ) ) k+ \ eta ( k ) k . ) The above definition imposes no constraints on η ( 0 ) , even though it is assumed that η ( k ) tends to zero as k tends to zero . If we set η ( 0 ) = 0 , then η is continuous at 0 . Proving the theorem requires studying the difference f ( g ( a + h ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) as h tends to zero . The first step is to substitute for g ( a + h ) using the definition of differentiability of g at a : f ( g ( a + h ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) = f ( g ( a ) + g ′ ( a ) h + ε ( h ) h ) − f ( g ( a ) ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( g ( a + h ) ) - f ( g ( a ) ) = f ( g ( a ) + g ' ( a ) h+ \ varepsilon ( h ) h ) - f ( g ( a ) ) . ) The next step is to use the definition of differentiability of f at g ( a ) . This requires a term of the form f ( g ( a ) + k ) for some k . In the above equation , the correct k varies with h . Set k = g ′ ( a ) h + ε ( h ) h and the right hand side becomes f ( g ( a ) + k ) − f ( g ( a ) ) . Applying the definition of the derivative gives : f ( g ( a ) + k h ) − f ( g ( a ) ) = f ′ ( g ( a ) ) k h + η ( k h ) k h . ( \ displaystyle f ( g ( a ) + k_ ( h ) ) - f ( g ( a ) ) = f ' ( g ( a ) ) k_ ( h ) + \ eta ( k_ ( h ) ) k_ ( h ) . ) To study the behavior of this expression as h tends to zero , expand k . After regrouping the terms , the right - hand side becomes : f ′ ( g ( a ) ) g ′ ( a ) h + ( f ′ ( g ( a ) ) ε ( h ) + η ( k h ) g ′ ( a ) + η ( k h ) ε ( h ) ) h . ( \ displaystyle f ' ( g ( a ) ) g ' ( a ) h+ ( f ' ( g ( a ) ) \ varepsilon ( h ) + \ eta ( k_ ( h ) ) g ' ( a ) + \ eta ( k_ ( h ) ) \ varepsilon ( h ) ) h . ) Because ε ( h ) and η ( k ) tend to zero as h tends to zero , the first two bracketed terms tend to zero as h tends to zero . Applying the same theorem on products of limits as in the first proof , the third bracketed term also tends zero . Because the above expression is equal to the difference f ( g ( a + h ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) , by the definition of the derivative f ∘ g is differentiable at a and its derivative is f ′ ( g ( a ) ) g ′ ( a ) . The role of Q in the first proof is played by η in this proof . They are related by the equation : Q ( y ) = f ′ ( g ( a ) ) + η ( y − g ( a ) ) . ( \ displaystyle Q ( y ) = f ' ( g ( a ) ) + \ eta ( y-g ( a ) ) . ) The need to define Q at g ( a ) is analogous to the need to define η at zero . Third proof ( edit ) Carathéodory 's alternative definition of the differentiability of a function can be used to give an elegant proof of the chain rule . Under this definition , a function f is differentiable at a point a if and only if there is a function q , continuous at a and such that f ( x ) − f ( a ) = q ( x ) ( x − a ) . There is at most one such function , and if f is differentiable at a then f ' ( a ) = q ( a ) . Given the assumptions of the chain rule and the fact that differentiable functions and compositions of continuous functions are continuous , we have that there exist functions q , continuous at g ( a ) and r , continuous at a and such that , f ( g ( x ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) = q ( g ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) − g ( a ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( g ( x ) ) - f ( g ( a ) ) = q ( g ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) - g ( a ) ) ) and g ( x ) − g ( a ) = r ( x ) ( x − a ) . ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) - g ( a ) = r ( x ) ( x-a ) . ) Therefore , f ( g ( x ) ) − f ( g ( a ) ) = q ( g ( x ) ) r ( x ) ( x − a ) , ( \ displaystyle f ( g ( x ) ) - f ( g ( a ) ) = q ( g ( x ) ) r ( x ) ( x-a ) , ) but the function given by h ( x ) = q ( g ( x ) ) r ( x ) is continuous at a , and we get , for this a ( f ( g ( a ) ) ) ′ = q ( g ( a ) ) r ( a ) = f ′ ( g ( a ) ) g ′ ( a ) . ( \ displaystyle ( f ( g ( a ) ) ) ' = q ( g ( a ) ) r ( a ) = f ' ( g ( a ) ) g ' ( a ) . ) A similar approach works for continuously differentiable ( vector - ) functions of many variables . This ideology of factoring also allows a unified approach to stronger forms of differentiability , when the derivative is required to be Lipschitz , Holder , etc . Differentiation itself can be viewed as the polynomial remainder theorem ( the little Bezout , or factor theorem ) , generalized to an appropriate class of functions . Proof via infinitesimals ( edit ) If y = f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle y = f ( x ) ) and x = g ( t ) ( \ displaystyle x = g ( t ) ) then choosing infinitesimal Δ t ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta t \ not = 0 ) we compute the corresponding Δ x = g ( t + Δ t ) − g ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x = g ( t+ \ Delta t ) - g ( t ) ) and then the corresponding Δ y = f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta y = f ( x+ \ Delta x ) - f ( x ) ) , so that Δ y Δ t = Δ y Δ x Δ x Δ t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ Delta y ) ( \ Delta t ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ Delta y ) ( \ Delta x ) ) ( \ frac ( \ Delta x ) ( \ Delta t ) ) ) and applying the standard part we obtain d y d t = d y d x d x d t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( dy ) ( dx ) ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( dt ) ) ) which is the chain rule . Higher dimensions ( edit ) The simplest generalization of the chain rule to higher dimensions uses the total derivative . The total derivative is a linear transformation that captures how the function changes in all directions . Fix differentiable functions f : R → R and g : R → R and a point a in R. Let D g denote the total derivative of g at a and D f denote the total derivative of f at g ( a ) . These two derivatives are linear transformations R → R and R → R , respectively , so they can be composed . The chain rule for total derivatives says that their composite is the total derivative of f ∘ g at a : D a ( f ∘ g ) = D g ( a ) f ∘ D a g , ( \ displaystyle D_ ( \ mathbf ( a ) ) ( f \ circ g ) = D_ ( g ( \ mathbf ( a ) ) ) f \ circ D_ ( \ mathbf ( a ) ) g , ) or for short , D ( f ∘ g ) = D f ∘ D g . ( \ displaystyle D ( f \ circ g ) = Df \ circ Dg . ) The higher - dimensional chain rule can be proved using a technique similar to the second proof given above . Because the total derivative is a linear transformation , the functions appearing in the formula can be rewritten as matrices . The matrix corresponding to a total derivative is called a Jacobian matrix , and the composite of two derivatives corresponds to the product of their Jacobian matrices . From this perspective the chain rule therefore says : J f ∘ g ( a ) = J f ( g ( a ) ) J g ( a ) , ( \ displaystyle J_ ( f \ circ g ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) ) = J_ ( f ) ( g ( \ mathbf ( a ) ) ) J_ ( g ) ( \ mathbf ( a ) ) , ) or for short , J f ∘ g = ( J f ∘ g ) J g . ( \ displaystyle J_ ( f \ circ g ) = ( J_ ( f ) \ circ g ) J_ ( g ) . ) That is , the Jacobian of a composite function is the product of the Jacobians of the composed functions ( evaluated at the appropriate points ) . The higher - dimensional chain rule is a generalization of the one - dimensional chain rule . If k , m , and n are 1 , so that f : R → R and g : R → R , then the Jacobian matrices of f and g are 1 × 1 . Specifically , they are : J g ( a ) = ( g ′ ( a ) ) , J f ( g ( a ) ) = ( f ′ ( g ( a ) ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) J_ ( g ) ( a ) & = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) g ' ( a ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) , \ \ J_ ( f ) ( g ( a ) ) & = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) f ' ( g ( a ) ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The Jacobian of f ∘ g is the product of these 1 × 1 matrices , so it is f ′ ( g ( a ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( a ) , as expected from the one - dimensional chain rule . In the language of linear transformations , D ( g ) is the function which scales a vector by a factor of g ′ ( a ) and D ( f ) is the function which scales a vector by a factor of f ′ ( g ( a ) ) . The chain rule says that the composite of these two linear transformations is the linear transformation D ( f ∘ g ) , and therefore it is the function that scales a vector by f ′ ( g ( a ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( a ) . Another way of writing the chain rule is used when f and g are expressed in terms of their components as y = f ( u ) = ( f ( u ) , ... , f ( u ) ) and u = g ( x ) = ( g ( x ) , ... , g ( x ) ) . In this case , the above rule for Jacobian matrices is usually written as : ∂ ( y 1 , ... , y k ) ∂ ( x 1 , ... , x n ) = ∂ ( y 1 , ... , y k ) ∂ ( u 1 , ... , u m ) ∂ ( u 1 , ... , u m ) ∂ ( x 1 , ... , x n ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , y_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ partial ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , x_ ( n ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , y_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ partial ( u_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , u_ ( m ) ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ( u_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , u_ ( m ) ) ) ( \ partial ( x_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , x_ ( n ) ) ) ) . ) The chain rule for total derivatives implies a chain rule for partial derivatives . Recall that when the total derivative exists , the partial derivative in the ith coordinate direction is found by multiplying the Jacobian matrix by the ith basis vector . By doing this to the formula above , we find : ∂ ( y 1 , ... , y k ) ∂ x i = ∂ ( y 1 , ... , y k ) ∂ ( u 1 , ... , u m ) ∂ ( u 1 , ... , u m ) ∂ x i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , y_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , y_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ partial ( u_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , u_ ( m ) ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ( u_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , u_ ( m ) ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) . ) Since the entries of the Jacobian matrix are partial derivatives , we may simplify the above formula to get : ∂ ( y 1 , ... , y k ) ∂ x i = ∑ l = 1 m ∂ ( y 1 , ... , y k ) ∂ u l ∂ u l ∂ x i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , y_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( \ ell = 1 ) ^ ( m ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ( y_ ( 1 ) , \ ldots , y_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ partial u_ ( \ ell ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial u_ ( \ ell ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) . ) More conceptually , this rule expresses the fact that a change in the x direction may change all of g through g , and any of these changes may affect f . In the special case where k = 1 , so that f is a real - valued function , then this formula simplifies even further : ∂ y ∂ x i = ∑ l = 1 m ∂ y ∂ u l ∂ u l ∂ x i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( \ ell = 1 ) ^ ( m ) ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial u_ ( \ ell ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial u_ ( \ ell ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) . ) This can be rewritten as a dot product . Recalling that u = ( g , ... , g ) , the partial derivative ∂ u / ∂ x is also a vector , and the chain rule says that : ∂ y ∂ x i = ∇ y ⋅ ∂ u ∂ x i . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) = \ nabla y \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( u ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) . ) Example ( edit ) Given u ( x , y ) = x + 2y where x ( r , t ) = r sin ( t ) and y ( r , t ) = sin ( t ) , determine the value of ∂ u / ∂ r and ∂ u / ∂ t using the chain rule . ∂ u ∂ r = ∂ u ∂ x ∂ x ∂ r + ∂ u ∂ y ∂ y ∂ r = ( 2 x ) ( sin ⁡ ( t ) ) + ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 2 r sin 2 ⁡ ( t ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial r ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial x ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial x ) ( \ partial r ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial y ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial r ) ) = ( 2x ) ( \ sin ( t ) ) + ( 2 ) ( 0 ) = 2r \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( t ) , ) and ∂ u ∂ t = ∂ u ∂ x ∂ x ∂ t + ∂ u ∂ y ∂ y ∂ t = ( 2 x ) ( r cos ⁡ ( t ) ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 sin ⁡ ( t ) cos ⁡ ( t ) ) = ( 2 r sin ⁡ ( t ) ) ( r cos ⁡ ( t ) ) + 4 sin ⁡ ( t ) cos ⁡ ( t ) = 2 ( r 2 + 2 ) sin ⁡ ( t ) cos ⁡ ( t ) = ( r 2 + 2 ) sin ⁡ ( 2 t ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial t ) ) & = ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial x ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial x ) ( \ partial t ) ) + ( \ frac ( \ partial u ) ( \ partial y ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial t ) ) \ \ & = ( 2x ) ( r \ cos ( t ) ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 \ sin ( t ) \ cos ( t ) ) \ \ & = ( 2r \ sin ( t ) ) ( r \ cos ( t ) ) + 4 \ sin ( t ) \ cos ( t ) \ \ & = 2 ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ) \ sin ( t ) \ cos ( t ) \ \ & = ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ) \ sin ( 2t ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Higher derivatives of multivariable functions ( edit ) Main article : Faà di Bruno 's formula § Multivariate version Faà di Bruno 's formula for higher - order derivatives of single - variable functions generalizes to the multivariable case . If y = f ( u ) is a function of u = g ( x ) as above , then the second derivative of f ∘ g is : ∂ 2 y ∂ x i ∂ x j = ∑ k ( ∂ y ∂ u k ∂ 2 u k ∂ x i ∂ x j ) + ∑ k , l ( ∂ 2 y ∂ u k ∂ u l ∂ u k ∂ x i ∂ u l ∂ x j ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) \ partial x_ ( j ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( k ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial u_ ( k ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) u_ ( k ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) \ partial x_ ( j ) ) ) \ right ) + \ sum _ ( k , \ ell ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial u_ ( k ) \ partial u_ ( \ ell ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial u_ ( k ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( i ) ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial u_ ( \ ell ) ) ( \ partial x_ ( j ) ) ) \ right ) . ) Further generalizations ( edit ) All extensions of calculus have a chain rule . In most of these , the formula remains the same , though the meaning of that formula may be vastly different . One generalization is to manifolds . In this situation , the chain rule represents the fact that the derivative of f ∘ g is the composite of the derivative of f and the derivative of g . This theorem is an immediate consequence of the higher dimensional chain rule given above , and it has exactly the same formula . The chain rule is also valid for Fréchet derivatives in Banach spaces . The same formula holds as before . This case and the previous one admit a simultaneous generalization to Banach manifolds . In abstract algebra , the derivative is interpreted as a morphism of modules of Kähler differentials . A ring homomorphism of commutative rings f : R → S determines a morphism of Kähler differentials Df : Ω → Ω which sends an element dr to d ( f ( r ) ) , the exterior differential of f ( r ) . The formula D ( f ∘ g ) = Df ∘ Dg holds in this context as well . The common feature of these examples is that they are expressions of the idea that the derivative is part of a functor . A functor is an operation on spaces and functions between them . It associates to each space a new space and to each function between two spaces a new function between the corresponding new spaces . In each of the above cases , the functor sends each space to its tangent bundle and it sends each function to its derivative . For example , in the manifold case , the derivative sends a C - manifold to a C - manifold ( its tangent bundle ) and a C - function to its total derivative . There is one requirement for this to be a functor , namely that the derivative of a composite must be the composite of the derivatives . This is exactly the formula D ( f ∘ g ) = Df ∘ Dg . There are also chain rules in stochastic calculus . One of these , Itō 's lemma , expresses the composite of an Itō process ( or more generally a semimartingale ) dX with a twice - differentiable function f . In Itō 's lemma , the derivative of the composite function depends not only on dX and the derivative of f but also on the second derivative of f . The dependence on the second derivative is a consequence of the non-zero quadratic variation of the stochastic process , which broadly speaking means that the process can move up and down in a very rough way . This variant of the chain rule is not an example of a functor because the two functions being composed are of different types . See also ( edit ) Integration by substitution Leibniz integral rule Quotient rule Triple product rule Product rule Automatic differentiation , a computational method that makes heavy use of the chain rule to compute exact numerical derivatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Omar Hernández Rodríguez and Jorge M. López Fernández ( 2010 ) . `` A Semiotic Reflection on the Didactics of the Chain Rule '' ( PDF ) . The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast. 7 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 321 -- 332 . ISSN 1551 - 3440 . Jump up ^ Apostol , Tom ( 1974 ) . Mathematical analysis ( 2nd ed . ) . Addison Wesley . Theorem 5.5 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Stephen ( 1991 ) . `` The Derivative á la Carathéodory '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 98 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 44 . JSTOR 2324035 . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Leibniz rule '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Weisstein , Eric W. `` Chain Rule '' . MathWorld . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chain_rule&oldid=834065753 '' Categories : Differentiation rules Theorems in calculus Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing proofs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,369
who sang its so easy to fall in love
It 's So Easy ! ( The Crickets song )
it's so easy! ( the crickets song )
`` It 's So Easy ! '' is a rock - and - roll song written by Buddy Holly and Norman Petty . It was originally released as a single in 1958 by the Crickets , which failed to chart . it was the final release by the Crickets when Holly was still in the band .
A cover version of the song by Linda Ronstadt in 1977 was a Top Five hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Paul McCartney controls the publishing rights to the song through MPL Communications . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Crickets version 1.1 Background 2 Linda Ronstadt version 2.1 Background 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Other versions 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links The Crickets version ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The song was recorded by Holly and the Crickets from June to August 1958 at Norman Petty 's studio in Clovis , New Mexico . Holly lip - synched to recordings of `` It 's So Easy ! '' and his song `` Heartbeat '' on the television program American Bandstand on October 28 , 1958 . The Crickets recorded `` It 's So Easy ! '' for Brunswick Records , which released it as a 45 - rpm single in 1958 . It did not chart . The B - side was `` Lonesome Tears '' . Tommy Allsup played the lead guitar parts on both recordings . Linda Ronstadt version ( edit ) `` It 's So Easy '' Single by Linda Ronstadt from the album Simple Dreams B - side `` Lo Siento Mi Vida '' Released September 20 , 1977 Format 7 - inch single Genre Rock Length 2 : 27 Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Buddy Holly Norman Petty Producer ( s ) Peter Asher Linda Ronstadt singles chronology `` Blue Bayou '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's So Easy '' ( 1977 ) `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' ( 1978 ) `` Blue Bayou '' ( 1977 ) `` It 's So Easy '' ( 1977 ) `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' ( 1978 ) Background ( edit ) Linda Ronstadt recorded `` It 's So Easy '' in 1977 for her album Simple Dreams , produced by Peter Asher . Her recording was released as a single by Asylum Records in the autumn of that year . It hit the Billboard Top Five simultaneously with her recording of `` Blue Bayou '' . It also reached number 9 in Canada and number 11 in the United Kingdom . Ronstadt 's version was used in the 2005 film Brokeback Mountain . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 78 ) Peak position Belgium Canada 9 Denmark 6 Germany 47 Netherlands 13 New Zealand 11 Switzerland 6 UK 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 37 U.S. Billboard Country 81 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada 107 Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Canada 178 Switzerland 26 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 90 Other versions ( edit ) Bobby Vee , the Astronauts , Skeeter Davis , the Trashmen , Connie Francis , Hank Marvin , Mike Berry and the Outlaws , P.J. Proby , and Chris Spedding recorded cover versions of the song . The Beatles performed the song at the 1969 Let It Be sessions . Denny Laine released it as a 45 - rpm single ( EMI 2523 ) , produced by Paul McCartney , in 1976 . Gary Busey performed the song in the 1978 film The Buddy Holly Story . Waylon Jennings and the Crickets also recorded it , as did Zooey Deschanel . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song in 1987 for the episode `` Theodore Lucks Out '' of thetelevison series Alvin and the Chipmunks . Paul McCartney recorded two versions of the song for a 75th anniversary tribute to Buddy Holly in 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Original versions of It 's So Easy ! written by Buddy Holly , Norman Petty '' . SecondHandSongs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Song artist 414 - Linda Ronstadt '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/Linda-Ronstadt/It's-So-Easy-483 Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/Linda-Ronstadt/It's-So-Easy-483 Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/Linda-Ronstadt/It's-So-Easy-483 Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2776 Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/Linda-Ronstadt/It's-So-Easy-483 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 -- Volume 28 , No. 11 , December 31 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 78 -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 1978 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swiss Year - End Charts , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Sources ( edit ) Amburn , Ellis ( 1996 ) . Buddy Holly : A Biography . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 14557 - 6 . Bustard , Anne ( 2005 ) . Buddy : The Story of Buddy Holly . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4223 - 9302 - 4 . Dawson , Jim ; Leigh , Spencer ( 1996 ) . Memories of Buddy Holly . Big Nickel Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 936433 - 20 - 2 . Gerron , Peggy Sue ( 2008 ) . Whatever Happened to Peggy Sue ? Togi Entertainment . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9800085 - 0 - 0 . Goldrosen , John ( 1975 ) . Buddy Holly : His Life and Music . Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 85947 - 018 - 0 . Goldrosen , John ; Beecher , John ( 1996 ) . Remembering Buddy : The Definitive Biography . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80715 - 7 . Gribbin , John ( 2009 ) . Not Fade Away : The Life and Music of Buddy Holly . London : Icon Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84831 - 034 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Buddy Holly The Crickets Singles `` Love Me '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Words of Love '' `` Peggy Sue '' ( b / w `` Everyday '' ) `` Oh , Boy ! '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` I 'm Gonna Love You Too '' `` Maybe Baby '' `` Rave On '' `` Think It Over '' `` Early in the Morning '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Heartbeat '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' ( b / w `` Raining in My Heart '' ) `` Peggy Sue Got Married '' ( b / w `` Crying , Waiting , Hoping '' ) `` True Love Ways '' `` Bo Diddley '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' `` Love is Strange '' Studio albums The `` Chirping '' Crickets Buddy Holly That 'll Be The Day Compilation albums The Buddy Holly Story The Buddy Holly Story , Vol. 2 Reminiscing Showcase Holly in the Hills Giant 20 Golden Greats For the First Time Anywhere Words of Love Greatest Hits Down the Line : Rarities Memorial Collection Tribute albums Not Fade Away ( Remembering Buddy Holly ) Rave On Buddy Holly Listen to Me : Buddy Holly Related Buddy Holly discography List of songs Bob `` Bobby '' Montgomery María Elena Holly ( wife ) Norman Petty The Day The Music Died ( 1959 plane crash ) The Buddy Holly Story Buddy -- The Buddy Holly Story `` Buddy Holly '' ( song ) Book Linda Ronstadt Stone Poneys albums The Stone Poneys featuring Linda Ronstadt Evergreen , Volume 2 Linda Ronstadt , Stone Poneys and Friends , Vol . III Studio albums Hand Sown ... Home Grown Silk Purse Linda Ronstadt Do n't Cry Now Heart Like a Wheel Prisoner in Disguise Hasten Down the Wind Simple Dreams Living in the USA Mad Love Get Closer What 's New Lush Life For Sentimental Reasons Canciones de Mi Padre Cry Like a Rainstorm , Howl Like the Wind Mas Canciones Frenesí Winter Light Feels Like Home Dedicated to the One I Love We Ran A Merry Little Christmas Hummin ' to Myself Collaborations Trio Santiago Trio II Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions Adieu False Heart Compilations Different Drum Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume 2 The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt Mi Jardin Azul : Las Canciones Favoritas Duets Hit singles `` Different Drum '' `` Long , Long Time '' `` You 're No Good '' `` When Will I Be Loved '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Love Is a Rose '' `` The Tracks of My Tears '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Poor Poor Pitiful Me '' `` Tumbling Dice '' `` Back in the U.S.A. '' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' `` Just One Look '' `` Alison '' `` How Do I Make You '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Ca n't Let Go '' `` I Knew You When '' `` What 's New ? '' `` Somewhere Out There `` Do n't Know Much '' `` All My Life '' `` When Something Is Wrong With My Baby '' `` Walk On '' Related topics Discography Mr. Plow Book The Crickets Buddy Holly Jerry Allison Joe B. Mauldin Niki Sullivan Earl Sinks Glen Hardin Jerry Naylor Sonny Curtis Studio albums The `` Chirping '' Crickets In Style With the Crickets Compilation albums 20 Golden Greats Words of Love Singles `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Oh , Boy ! '' ( b / w `` Not Fade Away '' ) `` Maybe Baby '' `` Think It Over '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Love 's Made a Fool of You '' `` More Than I Can Say '' ( b / w `` Baby My Heart '' ) `` Peggy Sue Got Married '' `` I Fought the Law '' `` Do n't Ever Change `` From Me to You '' `` ( They Call Her ) La Bamba '' `` My Rockin ' Days '' ( b / w `` Lovesick Blues '' ) Related Norman Petty Brunswick Records Coral Records Philips Records The Picks David Box Tommy Allsup Joe Osborn Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_So_Easy!_(The_Crickets_song)&oldid=793058723 '' Categories : 1958 singles 1977 singles Buddy Holly songs Brunswick Records singles Linda Ronstadt songs Song recordings produced by Peter Asher Songs written by Buddy Holly Songs written by Norman Petty 1958 songs Asylum Records singles Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2017 , at 10 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,370
who played clancy lyall in band of brothers
Clancy Lyall
clancy lyall
World War II
Operation Overlord Operation Market Garden Battle of the Bulge Western Allied invasion of Germany Korean War Suk Chon Battle of Yongju Munsan - ni Awards Bronze Star ( 2 ) Purple Heart ( 3 ) Army Good Conduct Medal American Campaign Medal Relations Isabel Lyall ( 2nd wife from 1971 to 2012 ) Violet M Spence ( 1st wife from 1946 to 1971 ) Clarence Odell `` Clancy '' Lyall ( October 14 , 1925 -- March 19 , 2012 ) served with Easy Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , in the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army during World War II . This unit would be popularized in the mini-series Band of Brothers based on the book by the same name . Clancy later served in the 82nd Airborne Division in post-war Germany and in 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ( 1 ) -- The Rakkasans -- in the Korean War . He also served in Indochina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Military service 2.1 World War II 2.2 Korean War 2.3 Indo - China 3 Later years 4 Awards and decorations 5 Military Unit Insignia 6 References 7 Works Cited 8 External links 9 Additional works Early years ( edit ) Clancy Lyall was born in Orange , Texas . His father , Arthur Edward Lyall , who worked on ships transporting oil from the United States to Scotland , was a Scot . His mother , Beulah , was a full - blooded Cherokee Indian from Oklahoma . His father met his mother on a trip to the US after wanting to see the native peoples in Oklahoma . They married and Beulah eventually moved to Orange Texas to set up a farm . Clancy was raised for a time with his maternal Grandfather on the reservation while the farm was being built . Once the farm was completed Clancy attended a one - room school and worked on his parents ' 120 acre farm in Orange until they moved to Pennsylvania in 1939 . In the summers he would also cross the Sabine river to work in Louisiana , earning some money by picking Spanish moss for use as mattress batting . The skills he learned from the Cajuns in how to survive in the swamps would prove useful in his later military career as did the hunting and tracking skills taught to him by his Cherokee grandfather . Clancy also hunted cougar to bring in extra money for the family . Military service ( edit ) World War II ( edit ) Clancy enlisted in the Army in November 1942 at Fort Indiantown Gap , Pennsylvania . He received basic training at Camp Blanding , Florida . He then moved to Fort Benning for parachute training . Clancy shipped overseas to England later in 1943 where he was assigned as an instructor for A Stage of the Airborne School at Chilton - Foliat . In March 1944 he was transferred to Headquarters Company , 2d Battalion , 506PIR , heavy weapons platoon . He jumped into Normandy on June 6 , 1944 as part of the Airborne component of Operation Overlord . He landed near Sainte - Mère - Église , two to three miles from his intended drop zone and fought with Company B , 508PIR , 82d Airborne Division , for the first few days before making his way back to the 506th . On June 13 he was bayoneted in the stomach while fighting in Carentan , France , and was evacuated to England for recovery . In Shifty Powers ' biography , while recounting this incident , Clancy is described as , `` a goodhearted farm boy from Texas . '' In August he was officially transferred to Company E , 2d Battalion , 506PIR . A fellow soldier and author of his own World War II experiences , David Kenyon Webster also took note of Clancy and described him as , `` very young , likable , and chatty . '' Webster also recorded their Platoon Sergeant Floyd Talbert 's view of Clancy as , `` a bright and eager younger brother who ... would turn into a great soldier . '' Introduced with Clancy was Mike Massaconi , who Clancy would call his closest buddy during the war . In September 1944 , Clancy jumped in the daring but doomed Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands . He was wounded in the leg in fighting there in October . Clancy recovered from his wound and returned to his unit now located at Mourmelon , France . In December they were moved to the front in Belgium and fought in Bastogne , Belgium into January 1945 . During the fighting there he was wounded a third time . It happened on the day after Christmas - December 26 , 1944 . He was wounded in the head . It was bandaged up and he was further treated for his wound in a building . It would be the only time he saw the inside of a building during the entire Bastogne campaign . Easy Company , 506 PIR Zell am See , Austria . June , 1945 . He took part in the fighting at Hagenau , in Alsace . In Germany they liberated a Nazi concentration camp at Landsberg near Memmingen , Bavaria . It was one of the most difficult moments of the war . Men wept at what they saw in the camps . He remained with `` Easy Company '' in Austria through the end of the war . He was among those who took Berchtesgaden and Hitler 's Eagle 's Nest in the closing days of World War II and was with the 506th in Zell am See . He reenlisted in 1945 . He was transferred to the 82nd Airborne in Frankfurt , Germany . He served there through 1948 . On January 12 , 1946 , he marched in the Victory Parade in New York City . He married his first wife Violet that same year . He was stationed in Germany while the Nuremberg Trials took place . During this time he found and took in a former German paratrooper and his wife . He shared his own living quarters with them . He also provided a stamp book he had found in Berchtesgaden , which listed names of those who joined the Nazi party , to the judges there . In 1949 , he received Recondo training , which ultimately included six weeks of Commando training in the UK . Korean War ( edit ) In 1950 Clancy was assigned to the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ( 2 ) . Serving in the Korean War , he made two combat jumps -- one at Sukchon in October 1950 , and one at Musan - ni in March 1951 . The primary purpose of the Sukchon jump was to intercept retreating North Korean forces and free American POWs . Indo - china ( edit ) In March 1954 , Clancy saw firsthand the unfolding of the siege of the French Foreign Legion in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . He was assigned as an adviser and intelligence gatherer for the French forces positioned there . He evaded the closing ring of Việt Minh besiegers , escaping a few weeks before the French fortifications fell in May of the same year . Clancy 's escape culminated under the cover of darkness with a painfully slow belly crawl across the flood plain which took him down to the banks of the Nam Yum River . The several hundred yard crawl took a few hours to complete . The current of the river carried Lyall silently downstream to his freedom . In the late 1950s , Clancy was reassigned back to the reactivated 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . Clancy retired from the service in 1959 after an injury from a training jump . He had made four combat jumps in two wars . Later years ( edit ) After leaving the service , Clancy initially worked for a carpet firm . He moved to Florida where he worked for Carvel Ice Cream as a marketing director . He remarried in 1971 . He eventually moved to Lexington Park , Maryland . Clancy had six children , nine grandchildren and one great grandchild . He continued to be very active in the service to his community and to fellow veterans . Among numerous positions he held , he was VFW Commander Post 2632 , American Legion Vice Commander , Lions Club President , President of Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge , and member of Southern Maryland Veterans Advisory Board . In 2005 , Clancy was recognized as Native American by a chief of the Cherokee Nation and given the name `` Silver Eagle . '' In 2008 , he traveled to Kuwait with several other fellow E / 506 veterans in coordination with Valor Studios and the USO to show their appreciation for the US troops serving there . He died in the morning of March 19 , 2012 , at age 86 at St. Mary 's Hospital in Leonardtown , Maryland . He was buried at Evergreen Memorial Gardens in Great Mills , Maryland on March 24 , 2012 . A compilation of some interview sessions by Belgian journalist Ronald Ooms about Clancy 's life were transcribed into book form and published after his death . The draft was approved by Lyall before his passing and his story was published by Pneuma Springs Publishing in the UK in 2013 . In early March 2012 an unnamed US - based publishing company was interested in the story but negotiations ended abruptly shortly after Clancy 's passing . Forrest Guth , Clancy Lyall and Amos Taylor in Kuwait , 2008 . Awards and decorations ( edit ) His list of authorized medals and decorations are : Combat Infantryman Badge Master Parachutist Badge with four jump stars Bronze Star with one `` V '' for Valor device and one Oak Leaf Cluster Purple Heart with two Oak Leaf Clusters Joint Service Commendation Medal Good Conduct Medal with bronze clasp with three loops American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal European - African - Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrow device ( airborne assault ) and four campaign stars World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal Croix de guerre with palm War Cross ( Belgium ) with palm National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal with two service stars Korea Defense Service Medal United Nations Korea Medal Vietnam Service Medal with one service star Belgian World War II Service Medal Presidential Unit Citation with one Oak Leaf Cluster Army Meritorious Unit Commendation Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation Battle of the Bulge Commemorative Medal : Bastogne World War II French Normandy Commemorative Medal French Liberation Medal Dutch Commemorative War Cross World War II 50th Anniversary of Austrian Liberation Commemorative Medal World War II 60th Anniversary Medal Military Unit Insignia ( edit ) 101st Airborne Division shoulder sleeve insignia 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment shoulder sleeve insignia 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team shoulder sleeve insignia 82nd Airborne Division shoulder sleeve insignia Ranger tab First Allied Airborne Army Special Forces ( United States Army ) shoulder sleeve insignia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Van de Wal , Peter . `` Biographical webpages for Clancy Lyall '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Brotherton , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clancy Lyall Obituary '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Brotherton , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Men of Easy Company : Who is who - Clancy Lyall '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Filip . `` Official Homepage of WWII E-Co and Korean War Veteran Clancy Lyall '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , p. 117 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , Shifty 's War , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Brotherton , p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Holocaust Encyclopedia : 101st Airborne '' . ^ Jump up to : Leibe , p . A-12 . Jump up ^ WWII Army Enlistment Records : on - line NARA Archival Database Jump up ^ Brotherton , p. 195 - 6 . Jump up ^ Williams , Filip . `` Official Homepage of WWII E-Co and Korean War Veteran Clancy Lyall '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 299 - 300 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Guy ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Local War Hero Clancy Lyall Dies '' . The County Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Nation recognition of Clancy Lyall , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Valor Studios , Inc . '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Find A Grave : Clancy Lyall '' . Jump up ^ DeAngelis , Frank . `` Clancy Lyall 's Shadow box '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 23 . Biography portal United States Army portal World War II portal Works cited ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1992 ) . Band of Brothers : Easy Company , 506th Regiment , 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler 's Eagle 's Nest . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780743464116 . Brotherton , Marcus ( 2009 ) . We Who Are Alive and Remain : Untold Stories from The Band of Brothers . Berkley Caliber . ISBN 0743464117 . Brotherton , Marcus ( 2011 ) . Shifty 's War : The Authorized Biography of Sergeant Darrell ' Shifty ' Powers , the Legendary Sharpshooter from the Band of Brothers . Berkley Caliber . ISBN 9780425240977 . Leibe , Paul C. ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Four Southern Maryland veterans look back at World War II '' . The Enterprise . St. Mary 's County Maryland . p . A-12 . Leonard , Guy ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Local War Hero Clancy Lyall Dies '' . The County Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Van de Wal , Peter . `` Clancy Lyall Interview '' . Biographical webpages for Clancy Lyall . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Webster , David K. ( 2001 ) . Parachute Infantry : An American Paratrooper 's Memoir of D - Day and the Fall of the Third Reich . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0743216458 . Williams , Filip . `` Official Homepage of WWII E-Co and Korean War Veteran Clancy Lyall '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Peter Van de Wal 's Biographical webpages for Clancy Lyall Official Homepage of WWII E-Co and Korean War Veteran Clancy Lyall Men of Easy Company : Who is who - Clancy Lyall Silver Eagle Blog for Official Biography of Clancy Lyall Congressional Record November 16 , 2004 : Tribute to Clancy Lyall Congressional Record March 29 , 2012 : Remembering MSG Clarence O. Lyall Southern Maryland News : `` Lyall Brought Legacy of Military Service to Parades and Posterity '' CLARENCE `` CLANCY '' LYALL short biography Clancy Lyall Obituary retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 The County Times : `` Local War Hero Clancy Lyall Dies '' Autobiographical entry on D - Day , Normandy and beyond website Marcus Brotherton Tribute to Clancy Lyall WWW.ARMY.MIL `` WWII vet recognizes his unit 's esprit de corps in basic training graduates '' The Baynet.com `` WW II Veteran , Parade Organizer Passes Away '' Lancaster Online `` Remembering Dick Winters : WWII hero dies at 92 '' `` Find A Grave : Clancy Lyall '' `` Cherokee Nation recognition of Clancy Lyall , 2005 '' The Lost Evidence : The Battle of the Bulge -- Conditions in the Ardennes USA Today `` War - what it is good for '' The Baynet.com `` Leonardtown 's Veterans Day Parade is the State 's Largest '' retrieved 2013 - 11 - 01 Additional works ( edit ) Alexander , Larry ( 2010 ) . In The Footsteps of the Band of Brothers : A Return to Easy Company 's Battlefields with Sergeant Forrest Guth . New American Library , A Penguin Group ( NAL Calibre ) . ISBN 9780451229915 . Flanagan Jr. , USA ( Ret. , LT. Gen. E.M. ( 1997 ) . The Rakkasans : The Combat History of the 187th Airborne Infantry . Presidio . ISBN 0891416048 . Ooms , Ronald ( 2013 ) . Silver Eagle : the official biography of `` Band of Brothers '' veteran Clancy Lyall . Pneuma Springs Publishing . ISBN 1782282645 . ( hide ) Band of Brothers ( book ) ( miniseries ) Military units E Company , 506th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) 506th Infantry Regiment 101st Airborne Division Notable personnel Lynn Compton William Guarnere Edward Heffron Lewis Nixon Robert Sink Ronald Speirs Richard Winters David Kenyon Webster Robert `` Popeye '' Wynn Other E Company members Albert Blithe Robert Brewer Norman Dike Forrest Guth Dewitt Lowrey Clancy Lyall Donald Malarkey Earl `` One Lung '' McClung John `` Jack '' McGrath Alton More Edwin Pepping Frank Perconte Darrell `` Shifty '' Powers Mike Ranney Paul Rogers Ed Shames Wayne `` Skinny '' Sisk Robert Burr Smith Amos J. Taylor Ed Tipper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Lyall&oldid=799667413 '' Categories : 1925 births 2012 deaths American people of Cherokee descent American people of Scottish descent American military personnel of World War II People from Orange , Texas United States Army soldiers American military personnel of the Korean War Operation Overlord people Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 03 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy%20Lyall
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who did the original version of handbags and gladrags
In November 1967 , singer Chris Farlowe was the first to release a version of the song , produced by Mike d'Abo . It became a # 33 hit in the United Kingdom for Immediate Records . This arrangement of the song featured Dave Greenslade 's piano blues - scale riff . The song was included as track 13 ( of 14 ) on Farlowe 's 1969 album The Last Goodbye .
Chris Farlowe
Handbags and Gladrags
handbags and gladrags
`` Handbags and Gladrags '' is a song written in 1967 by Mike d'Abo , who was then the lead singer of Manfred Mann . D'Abo describes the song as `` saying to a teenage girl that the way to happiness is not through being trendy . There are deeper values . ''
The original demo tape of the original version of the song was discovered in 2004 in a closet belonging to Mo Foster . It was amongst a collection of studio recordings d'Abo had recorded in the late 1960s and early 1970s . The collection , including the demo recording , was eventually released on the Angel Air label under the title of Hidden Gems & Treasured Friends . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chris Farlowe version 2 Rod Stewart version 3 Chase version 4 Stereophonics version 4.1 Release and reception 4.2 Track listing 4.3 Personnel 4.4 Charts and certifications 4.4. 1 Weekly charts 4.4. 2 Certifications 5 The Office theme song 6 Version release history 7 References 8 External links Chris Farlowe version ( edit ) In November 1967 , singer Chris Farlowe was the first to release a version of the song , produced by Mike d'Abo . It became a # 33 hit in the United Kingdom for Immediate Records . This arrangement of the song featured Dave Greenslade 's piano blues - scale riff . The song was included as track 13 ( of 14 ) on Farlowe 's 1969 album The Last Goodbye . Rod Stewart version ( edit ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' Single by Rod Stewart from the album An Old Raincoat Wo n't Ever Let You Down B - side `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' Released 1972 Length 4 : 24 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Mike d'Abo Producer ( s ) Lou Reizner Rod Stewart singles chronology `` Dirty Old Town '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Dirty Old Town '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) In 1969 , Rod Stewart recorded a version for the album An Old Raincoat Wo n't Ever Let You Down . This version of the song was arranged by Mike d'Abo , who also played piano on the recording . The song failed to garner significant sales or airplay in the United States , but when it was re-released as a single in 1972 , it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at 42 in March . In 1993 , he recorded a live version of the song during his session for MTV Unplugged . This version was included on the album Unplugged ... and Seated . When introducing the song on the 2004 live recording of One Night Only ! Rod Stewart Live at Royal Albert Hall , Stewart asked the audience to recall who `` else did it '' and then stated `` I did it first ! '' Although it was never a hit single for Stewart in the UK , in recognition of its renewed popularity following its use for television series The Office and Stereophonics returning it to the charts , he performed `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( backed by Phil Collins on drums ) as his only song at the Party at the Palace in 2002 . The original record arrangement includes a `` plaintive oboe phrasing '' . Chase version ( edit ) In 1971 , Bill Chase and his jazz / rock fusion group Chase recorded a version as a single . It was included on their 1971 debut album Chase . It was sung by Ted Piercefield . Stereophonics version ( edit ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' Single by Stereophonics from the album Just Enough Education to Perform B - side `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` How ? '' Released December 3 , 2001 Format CD vinyl cassette Recorded 2001 Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 46 Label V2 Songwriter ( s ) Mike d'Abo Producer ( s ) Laurie Latham Stereophonics Stereophonics singles chronology `` Step on My Old Size Nines '' ( 2001 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 2001 ) `` Vegas Two Times '' ( 2002 ) `` Step on My Old Size Nines '' ( 2001 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 2001 ) `` Vegas Two Times '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` Handbags and Gladrags '' on YouTube In 2001 , Welsh rock band Stereophonics released a version of the song on single . It was subsequently added to their previous album 's re-release Just Enough Education to Perform as track seven and on their first compilation album as the final track . The band originally recorded their version as a demo `` for a laugh '' , but after the record company heard it they saw the potential of it being a single and subsequently had it commissioned as one . Despite receiving criticism it became one of their most successful singles : in Ireland it peaked at number three and was certified gold in the UK . Release and reception ( edit ) The song was released as a single on 3 December 2001 . Five different releases were made available to the public , this included : two CDs , maxi - CD , vinyl and cassette . The first CD released included two more covers , Ewan MacColl 's `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' and John Lennon 's `` How ? '' . The second CD contained a live version of `` Caravan Holiday '' and `` Nice to be Out '' , both from Just Enough Education to Perform . The 7 '' vinyl only had `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' for a b - side , as did the cassette format . The maxi - CD includes all five songs but not the live version of `` Handbags and Gladrags '' . Following on from the `` Mr. Writer '' critical backlash , the song received a negative review from Drowned in Sound reviewer Anita Bhagwandas . Bhagwandas described it as the `` final drop in the Stereophonics ' inevitable descent into pop mediocrity '' and criticised the group for `` selling out . '' Track listing ( edit ) CD 1 No . Title Lyrics Length 1 . `` Handbags and Gladrags '' d'Abo 2 . `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Ewan MacColl 3 . `` How ? '' John Lennon CD 2 No . Title Lyrics Length 1 . `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( Live acoustic version ) d'Abo 2 . `` Caravan Holiday '' ( Live acoustic version ) Kelly Jones 3 . `` Nice to be Out '' ( Live acoustic version ) Jones 7 '' vinyl No . Title Lyrics Length 1 . `` Handbags and Gladrags '' d'Abo 2 . `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' MacColl Maxi - CD No . Title Lyrics Length 1 . `` Handbags and Gladrags '' d'Abo 2 . `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' MacColl 3 . `` How ? '' Lennon 4 . `` Caravan Holiday '' ( Live acoustic version ) Jones 5 . `` Nice to be Out '' ( Live acoustic version ) Jones Cassette No . Title Lyrics Length 1 . `` Handbags and Gladrags '' d'Abo 2 . `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' MacColl Personnel ( edit ) Stereophonics Kelly Jones -- lead vocals , guitar Richard Jones -- bass guitar Stuart Cable -- drums Additional Scott James -- guitar Jools Holland 's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra Technical Production -- Laurie Latham , Stereophonics Engineering -- Latham Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 - 2002 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 57 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone The Office theme song ( edit ) In 2000 , a version of `` Handbags and Gladrags '' was specifically arranged by Big George as the theme song on the BBC series The Office . Three versions were recorded : a short , instrumental piece as the opening titles theme a short , vocal piece as the closing titles theme an alternative full studio version Both vocal versions feature the vocal performance of Waysted vocalist Fin Muir . In Series One , Episode Four , a version performed by Ricky Gervais ( in character as David Brent ) was featured over the end credits . Version release history ( edit ) Year Artist Type 1967 Chris Farlowe Single 1967 Double Feature Single 1968 Love Affair Album 1969 Kate Taylor Album & single 1969 The Rationals Album ( CREWE CR - 1334 ) 1969 Rod Stewart Album 1971 Chase Album & single 1971 Gary Burton Album 1971 Jimmy Witherspoon Album 1973 Jon English Single Mike D'Abo Album Chris Farlowe Album ( Live recording ) 1977 Kirka Babitzin Album Mary Coughlan Album Rod Stewart Album ( Acoustic recording ) 2001 Stereophonics Single 2002 Rod Stewart Album ( Live recording ) 2003 Manfred Mann Album Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Album 2005 Chris Farlowe Album ( Live recording ) 2005 Dark One Lite Album 2007 Engelbert Humperdinck Album 2007 Waysted Album 2007 Jonathan Sass Album 2008 Jackie Trent Album 2008 Ol ' Cheeky Bastards Album 2008 Karl Jenkins Album References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goodman , Chris ( 9 February 2003 ) . `` From Gladrags to Riches '' . Sunday Express . Express Newspapers . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Hidden Gems & Treasured Friends '' . Angel Air Records . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Farlowe - Handbags And Gladrags / Everyone Makes A Mistake - Immediate - UK - IM 065 '' . 45cat . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Goodbye - Chris Farlowe Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Butler , Jackie ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` A Special Audience with Mike d'Abo '' . Western Morning News . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Just Enough Education To Perform ( Extra Tracks ) '' . Stereophonics . Amazon.com. 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decade in the Sun : Best of Stereophonics '' . Stereophonics . Amazon.com. 10 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Handbags and Gladrags ' - Stereophonics keyboardist Tony Kirkham '' . BIMM . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Handbags & Gladrags '' . The Stereophonics Ltd. 3 December 2001 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stereophonics -- Handbags And Gladrags '' . Discogs . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stereophonics -- Handbags And Gladrags ( Acoustic CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stereophonics -- Handbags And Gladrags '' . Discogs . Retrieved 1 April 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stereophonics -- Handbags And Gladrags '' . Discogs . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Handbags & Gladrags ( CASSETTE ) '' . Stereophonics . Amazon.com. 2001 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bhagwandas , Anita ( 19 November 2001 ) . `` Stereophonics Handbags and Gladrags '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved 1 April 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Decade in the Sun ( CD ) . Stereophonics . V2 Records . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Stereophonics -- Handbags and Gladrags '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Handbags and Gladrags '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Stereophonics -- Handbags and Gladrags '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards - Search by parameters '' . BPI. 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Note : `` Stereophonics '' has to be searched manually . External links ( edit ) Trilogy Rock : Mike D'Abo Interview ( 2009 ) Jon English Discography Studio albums Wine Dark Sea ( 1973 ) It 's All a Game ( 1974 ) Hollywood Seven ( 1976 ) Minutes To Midnight ( 1977 ) Words Are Not Enough ( 1978 ) Calm Before the Storm ( 1980 ) In Roads ( 1981 ) Jokers and Queens ( with Marcia Hines ) ( 1982 ) Some People ... ( with The Foster Brothers ) ( 1982 ) Dark Horses ( 1987 ) Live albums Beating the Boards ( 1982 ) The Rock Show ( 2012 ) Soundtracks & Cast recordings Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1972 ) Ned Kelly ( 1974 ) Against the Wind ( 1978 ) Street Hero ( 1984 ) Paris ( 1990 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1994 ) Buskers and Angels ( 2000 ) Compilation albums English History ( 1979 ) Modern English : 16 Great Hits ( 1983 ) The Best of Jon English ( 1993 ) English History II ( 2001 ) Mot Alle Vindar -- Six Ribbons ( 2007 ) Legends -- Jon English ( 2008 ) Six Ribbons - The Ultimate Collection ( 2011 ) History ( 2016 ) Singles `` Handbags and Gladrags '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Lovin ' Arms '' `` Hollywood Seven '' `` Behind Blue Eyes '' `` Six Ribbons '' `` Get Your Love Right '' `` Hot Town '' `` Straight from the Heart '' `` Josephine ( Too Many Secrets ) '' `` Stand By Me '' Film , TV & Theare Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1972 ) Matlock Police ( 1975 ) Against the Wind ( 1978 ) Touch and Go ( 1980 ) All Together Now ( 1991 -- 93 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1994 ) The Mikado ( 1996 ) HMS Pinafore ( 1997 ) Walk the Talk ( 2000 ) Time Trackers ( 2007 ) Awards Logie Awards of 1979 Best New Talent Countdown Awards of 1979 Most Popular Male Performer Green Room Awards of 1983 Male Actor in a Leading Role Mo Awards of 1983 -- 85 Entertainer of the Year ARIA Music Awards of 1991 Best Soundtrack Related articles Sebastian Hardie `` You 're Not Alone ( Australian Olympians song ) '' Countdown Spectacular ( 2006 ) Stereophonics Kelly Jones Richard Jones Adam Zindani Jamie Morrison Stuart Cable Javier Weyler Studio albums Word Gets Around Performance and Cocktails Just Enough Education to Perform You Gotta Go There to Come Back Language . Sex . Violence . Other ? Pull the Pin Keep Calm and Carry On Graffiti on the Train Keep the Village Alive Scream Above the Sounds Live albums Live from Dakota Compilations and EPs Live from London EP Decade in the Sun : Best of Stereophonics Singles `` Local Boy in the Photograph '' `` More Life in a Tramps Vest '' `` A Thousand Trees '' `` Traffic '' `` The Bartender and the Thief '' `` Just Looking '' `` Pick a Part That 's New '' `` I Would n't Believe Your Radio '' `` Hurry Up and Wait '' `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Mr. Writer '' `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Step on My Old Size Nines '' `` Handbags and Gladrags '' `` Vegas Two Times '' `` Madame Helga '' `` Maybe Tomorrow '' `` Since I Told You It 's Over '' `` Moviestar '' `` Dakota '' `` Superman '' `` Devil '' `` Rewind '' `` It Means Nothing '' `` My Friends '' `` You 're My Star '' `` Innocent '' `` Could You Be the One ? '' `` In a Moment '' `` Indian Summer '' `` Graffiti on the Train '' `` We Share the Same Sun '' `` C'est la Vie '' `` I Wanna Get Lost with You '' `` Song for the Summer '' `` White Lies '' `` Mr and Mrs Smith '' `` All in One Night '' `` Caught by the Wind '' `` What 's All The Fuss About ? '' Concert videos Live at Cardiff Castle Performance and Cocktails : Live at Morfa Stadium A Day at the Races Promotional films Call Us What You Want but Do n't Call Us in the Morning Language . Sex . Violence . Other ? Rewind Decade in the Sun : Best of Stereophonics Tours Graffiti on the Train Tour Related articles Discography Songs Awards and Nominations Music of Cardiff Category : Stereophonics The Office ( UK series ) Episodes Christmas specials David Brent : Life on the Road Characters David Brent Gareth Keenan Dawn Tinsley Tim Canterbury Keith Bishop Chris Finch Jennifer Taylor - Clarke Neil Godwin Elements `` Free Love Freeway '' Foregone Conclusion Worldwide versions Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Handbags_and_Gladrags&oldid=840888673 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1970 singles 1972 singles 1973 singles 2001 singles 2002 singles Songs written by Mike d'Abo Manfred Mann songs Rod Stewart songs Stereophonics songs Jon English songs The Office Theme music 1967 songs Immediate Records singles Mercury Records singles V2 Records singles Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2,372
what is typical of the symbols of horse racing as a global subculture
Culture of Canada
culture of canada
The culture of Canada is a term that embodies the artistic , culinary , literary , humour , musical , political and social elements that are representative of Canada and Canadians . Throughout Canada 's history , its culture has been influenced by European culture and traditions , especially British and French , and by its own indigenous cultures . Over time , elements of the cultures of Canada 's immigrant populations have become incorporated into mainstream Canadian culture . The population has also been influenced by American culture because of a shared language , proximity , television and migration between the two countries .
Canada is often characterized as being `` very progressive , diverse , and multicultural '' . Canada 's federal government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration . Canada 's culture draws from its broad range of constituent nationalities , and policies that promote a just society are constitutionally protected . Canadian Government policies -- such as publicly funded health care ; higher and more progressive taxation ; outlawing capital punishment ; strong efforts to eliminate poverty ; an emphasis on cultural diversity ; strict gun control ; and most recently , legalizing same - sex marriage -- are social indicators of Canada 's political and cultural values . Canadians identify with the country 's institutions of health care , military peacekeeping , the National park system and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Canadian government has influenced culture with programs , laws and institutions . It has created crown corporations to promote Canadian culture through media , such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) and the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) , and promotes many events which it considers to promote Canadian traditions . It has also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content in many media using bodies like the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development of Canadian culture 1.1 Historical influences 1.2 Evolution of legislation 1.3 Values 1.4 Identity 1.5 Nationalism and protectionism 2 Symbols 3 Humour 4 Arts 4.1 Visual arts 4.2 Literature 4.3 Theatre 4.4 Television 4.5 Film 4.6 Music 4.7 Video games 5 Media 6 Sport 7 Cuisine 8 Outside views 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Development of Canadian culture ( edit ) Historical influences ( edit ) Main articles : Canadians and History of Canada Fur traders at work as depicted in 1777 by Claude J. Sauthier For thousands of years Canada was inhabited by indigenous peoples from a variety of different cultures and of several major linguistic groupings . Although not without conflict and bloodshed , early European interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations in what is now Canada were arguably peaceful . First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada , particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in the exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade . Combined with late economic development in many regions , this comparably nonbelligerent early history allowed indigenous Canadians to have a lasting influence on the national culture ( see : The Canadian Crown and Aboriginal peoples ) . Over the course of three centuries , countless North American Indigenous words , inventions , concepts , and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use . Many places in Canada , both natural features and human habitations , use indigenous names . The name `` Canada '' itself derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning `` village '' or `` settlement '' . The name of Canada 's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term `` adawe '' meaning `` to trade '' . A Canadian war bond poster that depicts an industrious beaver a national symbol of Canada The French originally settled New France along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean and Saint Lawrence River during the early part of the 17th century . Themes and symbols of pioneers , trappers , and traders played an important part in the early development of French Canadian culture . The British conquest of New France during the mid-18th century brought 70,000 Francophones under British rule , creating a need for compromise and accommodation . The migration of 40,000 to 50,000 United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) brought American colonial influences . Following the War of 1812 a large wave of Irish , Scottish and English settlers arrived in Upper Canada and Lower Canada . The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the First World War and Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism ; however , in 1917 and 1944 , conscription crises highlighted the considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones . As a result of the First and Second World Wars , the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority . Canada until the 1940s saw itself in terms of English and French cultural , linguistic and political identities , and to some extent aboriginal . Legislative restrictions on immigration ( such as the Continuous journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act ) that had favoured British , American and other European immigrants ( such as Dutch , German , Italian , Polish , Swedish and Ukrainian ) were amended during the 1960s , resulting in an influx of diverse people from Asia , Africa , and the Caribbean . By the end of the 20th century , immigrants were increasingly Chinese , Indian , Vietnamese , Jamaican , Filipino , Lebanese and Haitian . As of 2006 , Canada has grown to have thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each , of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller numbers . 16.2 % of the population self identify as a visible minority . The Canadian public as - well as the major political parties support immigration . The Dr. Sun Yat - Sen Classical Chinese Garden in Vancouver 's Chinatown is the first full - size Chinese or `` scholars '' garden built outside of China Canada has also evolved to be religiously and linguistically diverse , encompassing a wide range of dialects , beliefs and customs . The 2011 Canadian census reported a population count of 33,121,175 individuals of whom 67.3 % identify as being Christians ; of these , Catholics make up the largest group , accounting for 38.7 percent of the population . The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada ( accounting for 6.1 % of Canadians ) , followed by Anglicans ( 5.0 % ) , and Baptists ( 1.9 % ) . About 23.9 % of Canadians declare no religious affiliation , including agnostics , atheists , humanists , and other groups . The remaining are affiliated with non-Christian religions , the largest of which is Islam ( 3.2 % ) , followed by Hinduism ( 1.5 % ) , Sikhism ( 1.4 % ) Buddhism ( 1.1 % ) and Judaism ( 1.0 % ) . English and French are the first languages of approximately 60 % and 20 % of the population ; however in 2011 , nearly 6.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue . Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese ( mainly Cantonese with 1,072,555 first - language speakers ) ; Punjabi ( 430,705 ) ; Spanish ( 410,670 ) ; German ( 409,200 ) ; and Italian ( 407,490 ) . Evolution of legislation ( edit ) Main articles : Official bilingualism in Canada , Human rights in Canada , and Multiculturalism in Canada French Canada 's early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries , and this was preserved by the Quebec Act of 1774 , which allowed Roman Catholics to hold offices and practice their faith . In 1867 , the Constitution Act was thought to meet the growing calls for Canadian autonomy while avoiding the overly strong decentralization that contributed to the Civil War in the United States . The compromises reached during this time between the English - and French - speaking Fathers of Confederation set Canada on a path to bilingualism which in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity . The English and French languages have had limited constitutional protection since 1867 and full official status since 1969 . Section 133 of the Constitution Act of 1867 ( BNA Act ) guarantees that both languages may be used in the Parliament of Canada . Canada adopted its first Official Languages Act in 1969 , giving English and French equal status in the government of Canada . Doing so makes them `` official '' languages , having preferred status in law over all other languages used in Canada . Monument to Multiculturalism , by Francesco Pirelli in Toronto . Prior to the advent of the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 and its successor the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 , the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of civil rights and this issue was typically of limited concern to the courts . Canada since the 1960s has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people . For example , in 1995 , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Egan v. Canada that sexual orientation should be `` read in '' to Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , a part of the Constitution of Canada guaranteeing equal rights to all Canadians . Following a series of decisions by provincial courts and the Supreme Court of Canada , on July 20 , 2005 , the Civil Marriage Act ( Bill C - 38 ) received Royal Assent , legalizing same - sex marriage in Canada . Canada thus became the fourth country to officially sanction same - sex marriage worldwide , after The Netherlands , Belgium , and Spain . Furthermore , sexual orientation was included as a protected status in the human - rights laws of the federal government and of all provinces and territories . Today , Canada has a diverse makeup of ethnicities and nationalities and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation or a single national myth . In Quebec , cultural identity is strong , and many French - speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture and other French Canadian cultures . However , as a whole , Canada is in theory , a cultural mosaic -- a collection of several regional , aboriginal , and ethnic subcultures . Celtic ( Scottish and Irish ) influences have allowed survival of non-English dialects in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland ; Canada 's Pacific trade has also brought a large Chinese influence into British Columbia and other areas . Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Trudeau , and is enshrined in Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . In parts of Canada , especially the major cities of Montreal , Vancouver , Ottawa and Toronto , multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm in many urban communities . Values ( edit ) Main article : Canadian values Canadian values are the commonly shared ethical and human values of Canada . The major political parties have claimed explicitly that they uphold these values , but use generalities to specify them . Justin Trudeau after taking office as Prime Minister in 2015 tried to redefine what it means to be Canadian , saying that Canada lacks a core identity but does have shared values : There is no core identity , no mainstream in Canada ... There are shared values -- openness , respect , compassion , willingness to work hard , to be there for each other , to search for equality and justice . Those qualities are what make us the first postnational state . Numerous scholars , beginning with Seymour Martin Lipset in the 1940s , have tried to identify , measure and compare them with other countries , especially the United States . However , there are critics who say that such a task is practically impossible . Identity ( edit ) Main article : Canadian identity The maple leaf is the symbol most associated with Canadian identity . Canada 's large geographic size , the presence of a significant number of indigenous peoples , the conquest of one European linguistic population by another and relatively open immigration policy have led to an extremely diverse society . As a result , the issue of Canadian identity remains under scrutiny . Journalist and author Richard Gwyn has suggested that `` tolerance '' has replaced `` loyalty '' as the touchstone of Canadian identity . Journalist and professor Andrew Cohen wrote in 2007 : The Canadian Identity , as it has come to be known , is as elusive as the Sasquatch and Ogopogo . It has animated -- and frustrated -- generations of statesmen , historians , writers , artists , philosophers , and the National Film Board ... Canada resists easy definition . -- Andrew Cohen , The Unfinished Canadian : The People We Are The question of Canadian identity was traditionally dominated by three fundamental themes : first , the often conflicted relations between English Canadians and French Canadians stemming from the French Canadian imperative for cultural and linguistic survival ; secondly , the generally close ties between English Canadians and the British Empire , resulting in a gradual political process towards complete independence from the imperial power ; and finally , the close proximity of English - speaking Canadians to the United States . In the 20th century , immigrants from African , Caribbean and Asian nationalities have shaped the Canadian identity , a process that continues today with the ongoing arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non-British or non-French backgrounds , adding the theme of multiculturalism to the debate . Much of the debate over contemporary Canadian identity is argued in political terms , and defines Canada as a country defined by its government policies , which are thought to reflect deeper cultural values . Nationalism and protectionism ( edit ) Main articles : Canadian nationalism , Quebec nationalism , and Canadian cultural protectionism Quebec 's National Holiday ( French : La Fête nationale du Québec ) is celebrated annually on June 24 , St. John the Baptist Day In general , Canadian nationalists are highly concerned about the protection of Canadian sovereignty and loyalty to the Canadian State , placing them in the civic nationalist category . It has likewise often been suggested that anti-Americanism plays a prominent role in Canadian nationalist ideologies . A unified , bi-cultural , tolerant and sovereign Canada remains an ideological inspiration to many Canadian nationalists . Alternatively French Canadian nationalism and support for maintaining French Canadian culture would inspire Quebec nationalists , many of whom were supporters of the Quebec sovereignty movement during the late - 20th century . Cultural protectionism in Canada has , since the mid-20th century , taken the form of conscious , interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production . Sharing a large border and ( for the majority ) a common language with the United States , Canada faces a difficult position in regard to American culture , be it direct attempts at the Canadian market or the general diffusion of American culture in the globalized media arena . While Canada tries to maintain its cultural differences , it also must balance this with responsibility in trade arrangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . Symbols ( edit ) Main articles : National symbols of Canada and Canadian royal symbols One of the national symbols of Canada , the beaver is depicted on the Canadian five - cent piece and was on the first Canadian postage stamp , c. 1859 . Official symbols of Canada include the maple leaf , beaver , and the Canadian Horse . Many official symbols of the country such as the Flag of Canada have been changed or modified over the past few decades to ' Canadianize ' them and de-emphasise or remove references to the United Kingdom . Other prominent symbols include the Canada goose , common loon and more recently , the totem pole and inuksuk . Symbols of the Canadian monarchy continue to be featured in , for example , the Arms of Canada , the armed forces , and the prefix Her Majesty 's Canadian Ship . The designation Royal remains for institutions as varied as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Royal Winnipeg Ballet . During unification of the forces in the 1960s , a renaming of the branches took place , resulting in the abandonment of `` royal designations '' of the navy and air force . On August 16 , 2011 , the Government of Canada announced that the name `` Air Command '' was re-assuming the air force 's original historic name , Royal Canadian Air Force ; `` Land Command '' was re-assuming the name Canadian Army ; and `` Maritime Command '' was re-assuming the name Royal Canadian Navy . These name changes were made to better reflect Canada 's military heritage and align Canada with other key Commonwealth of Nations whose militaries use the royal designation . Humour ( edit ) Main article : Canadian humour Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian Identity . There are several traditions in Canadian humour in both English and French . While these traditions are distinct and at times very different , there are common themes that relate to Canadians ' shared history and geopolitical situation in the Western Hemisphere and the world . Various trends can be noted in Canadian comedy . One trend is the portrayal of a `` typical '' Canadian family in an ongoing radio or television series . Other trends include outright absurdity , and political and cultural satire . Irony , parody , satire , and self - deprecation are arguably the primary characteristics of Canadian humour . Just for Laughs Festival in Montreal , Québec at the Saint - Denis Theatre . The beginnings of Canadian radio comedy date to the late 1930s with the debut of The Happy Gang , a long - running weekly variety show that was regularly sprinkled with corny jokes in between tunes . Canadian television comedy begins with Wayne and Shuster , a sketch comedy duo who performed as a comedy team during the Second World War , and moved their act to radio in 1946 before moving on to television . Second City Television , otherwise known as SCTV , Royal Canadian Air Farce , This Hour Has 22 Minutes , The Kids in the Hall and more recently Trailer Park Boys are regarded as television shows which were very influential on the development of Canadian humour . Canadian comedians have had great success in the film industry and are amongst the most recognized in the world . Humber College in Toronto and the École nationale de l'humour in Montreal offer post-secondary programmes in comedy writing and performance . Montreal is also home to the bilingual ( English and French ) Just for Laughs festival and to the Just for Laughs Museum , a bilingual , international museum of comedy . Canada has a national television channel , The Comedy Network , devoted to comedy . Many Canadian cities feature comedy clubs and showcases , most notable , The Second City branch in Toronto ( originally housed at The Old Fire Hall ) and the Yuk Yuk 's national chain . The Canadian Comedy Awards were founded in 1999 by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence , a not - for - profit organization . Arts ( edit ) Visual Arts ( edit ) Main article : Canadian art The Jack Pine , by Tom Thomson , 1916 . Oil on canvas , in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada Indigenous artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state . Like the peoples that produced them , indigenous art traditions spanned territories that extended across the current national boundaries between Canada and the United States . The majority of indigenous artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads . Canadian sculpture has been enriched by the walrus ivory , muskox horn and caribou antler and soapstone carvings by the Inuit artists . These carvings show objects and activities from the daily life , myths and legends of the Inuit . Inuit art since the 1950s has been the traditional gift given to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government . The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends . During the mid-19th century , Cornelius Krieghoff , a Dutch - born artist in Quebec , painted scenes of the life of the habitants ( French - Canadian farmers ) . At about the same time , the Canadian artist Paul Kane painted pictures of indigenous life in western Canada . A group of landscape painters called the Group of Seven developed the first distinctly Canadian style of painting . All these artists painted large , brilliantly colored scenes of the Canadian wilderness . Since the 1930s , Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles . Emily Carr became famous for her paintings of totem poles in British Columbia . Other noted painters have included the landscape artist David Milne , the painters Jean - Paul Riopelle , Harold Town and Charles Carson and multi-media artist Michael Snow . The abstract art group Painters Eleven , particularly the artists William Ronald and Jack Bush , also had an important impact on modern art in Canada . Government support has played a vital role in their development enabling visual exposure through publications and periodicals featuring Canadian art , as has the establishment of numerous art schools and colleges across the country . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Canadian literature Canadian literature is often divided into French - and English - language literatures , which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain , respectively . Canada 's early literature , whether written in English or French , often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature , frontier life , and Canada 's position in the world , for example the poetry of Bliss Carman or the memoirs of Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill . These themes , and Canada 's literary history , inform the writing of successive generations of Canadian authors , from Leonard Cohen to Margaret Atwood . By the mid-20th century , Canadian writers were exploring national themes for Canadian readers . Authors were trying to find a distinctly Canadian voice , rather than merely emulating British or American writers . Canadian identity is closely tied to its literature . The question of national identity recurs as a theme in much of Canada 's literature , from Hugh MacLennan 's Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) to Alistair MacLeod 's No Great Mischief ( 1999 ) . Canadian literature is often categorized by region or province ; by the socio - cultural origins of the author ( for example , Acadians , indigenous peoples , LGBT , and Irish Canadians ) ; and by literary period , such as `` Canadian postmoderns '' or `` Canadian Poets Between the Wars . '' Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards . In 1992 , Michael Ondaatje became the first Canadian to win the Man Booker Prize for The English Patient . Margaret Atwood won the Booker in 2000 for The Blind Assassin and Yann Martel won it in 2002 for the Life of Pi . Carol Shields 's The Stone Diaries won the Governor General 's Awards in Canada in 1993 , the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , and the 1994 National Book Critics Circle Award . In 2013 , Alice Munro was the first Canadian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as `` master of the modern short story '' . Munro is also a recipient of the Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work , and three - time winner of Canada 's Governor General 's Award for fiction . Theatre ( edit ) Main article : Theatre of Canada Canada has had a thriving stage theatre scene since the late 1800s . Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the summer months , especially the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford , Ontario , and the Shaw Festival in Niagara - on - the - Lake , Ontario . The Famous People Players are only one of many touring companies that have also developed an international reputation . Canada also hosts one of the largest fringe festival the Edmonton International Fringe Festival . A 1904 postcard showing the Grand Opera House and Majestic Theatre , Adelaide Street , in the current Toronto Theatre District . Canada 's largest cities host a variety of modern and historical venues . The Toronto Theatre District is Canada 's largest , as well as being the third largest English - speaking theatre district in the world . In addition to original Canadian works , shows from the West End and Broadway frequently tour in Toronto . Toronto 's Theatre District includes the venerable Roy Thomson Hall ; the Princess of Wales Theatre ; the Tim Sims Playhouse ; The Second City ; the Canon Theatre ; the Panasonic Theatre ; the Royal Alexandra Theatre ; historic Massey Hall ; and the city 's new opera house , the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts . Toronto 's Theatre District also includes the Theatre Museum Canada . Montreal 's theatre district ( `` Quartier des Spectacles '' ) is the scene of performances that are mainly French - language , although the city also boasts a lively anglophone theatre scene , such as the Centaur Theatre . Large French theatres in the city include Theatre Saint - Denis , Theatre du Nouveau Monde , and EXcentris . Quebec City is the permanent home to the world renowned Robert LePage theatre , opera and experimental artist . Vancouver is host to , among others , the Vancouver Fringe Festival , the Arts Club Theatre Company , Carousel Theatre , Bard on the Beach , Theatre Under the Stars and Studio 58 . It also home of Vancouver Theatresports League , the improvisational theatre company , world - known for providing an impetus for the present worldwide interest in theatresports at Expo in 1986 . Calgary is home to Theatre Calgary , a mainstream regional theatre ; Alberta Theatre Projects , a major centre for new play development in Canada ; the Calgary Animated Objects Society ; and One Yellow Rabbit , a touring company . There are three major theatre venues in Ottawa ; the Ottawa Little Theatre , originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913 , is the longest - running community theatre company in Ottawa . Since 1969 , Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre , a major performing - arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra , the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra and Opera Lyra Ottawa . Established in 1975 , the Great Canadian Theatre Company specializes in the production of Canadian plays at a local level . Television ( edit ) Main article : Television in Canada CBC 's English - language master control point , the Canadian Broadcasting Centre , in Toronto Canadian television , especially supported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , is the home of a variety of locally produced shows . French - language television , like French Canadian film , is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language , and likewise supports a host of home - grown productions . The success of French - language domestic television in Canada often exceeds that of its English - language counterpart . In recent years nationalism has been used to prompt products on television . The I Am Canadian campaign by Molson beer , most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian , infused domestically brewed beer and nationalism . Canada 's television industry is in full expansion as a site for Hollywood productions . Since the 1980s , Canada , and Vancouver in particular , has become known as Hollywood North . The American TV series Queer as Folk was filmed in Toronto . Canadian producers have been very successful in the field of science fiction since the mid-1990s , with such shows as The X-Files , Stargate SG - 1 , Highlander : The Series , the new Battlestar Galactica , My Babysitter 's A Vampire , Smallville , and The Outer Limits , all filmed in Vancouver . The CRTC 's Canadian content regulations dictate that a certain percentage of a domestic broadcaster 's transmission time must include content that is produced by Canadians , or covers Canadian subjects . These regulations also apply to US cable television channels such as MTV and the Discovery Channel , which have local versions of their channels available on Canadian cable networks . Similarly , BBC Canada , while showing primarily BBC shows from the United Kingdom , also carries Canadian output . Film ( edit ) Main articles : Cinema of Canada and Cinema of Quebec A number of Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood significantly contributed to the creation of the motion picture industry in the early days of the 20th century . Over the years , many Canadians have made enormous contributions to the American entertainment industry , although they are frequently not recognized as Canadians . Standard Theatre , 482 Queen Street West , Toronto , 1906 Canada has developed a vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well - known films , actors , and auteurs . In fact , this eclipsing may sometimes be creditable for the bizarre and innovative directions of some works , such as auteurs Atom Egoyan ( The Sweet Hereafter , 1997 ) and David Cronenberg ( The Fly , Naked Lunch , A History of Violence ) and the avant - garde work of Michael Snow and Jack Chambers . Also , the distinct French - Canadian society permits the work of directors such as Denys Arcand and Denis Villeneuve , while First Nations cinema includes the likes of Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner . At the 76th Academy Awards , Arcand 's The Barbarian Invasions became Canada 's first film to win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . James Cameron is a very successful Canadian filmmaker , having been nominated for and received many Academy Awards . The National Film Board of Canada is ' a public agency that produces and distributes films and other audiovisual works which reflect Canada to Canadians and the rest of the world ' . Canada has produced many popular documentaries such as The Corporation , Nanook of the North , Final Offer , and Canada : A People 's History . The Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) is considered by many to be one of the most prevalent film festivals for Western cinema . It is the première film festival in North America from which the Oscars race begins . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of Canada Ottawa Jazz Festival inside Rideau Centre , 2008 The music of Canada has reflected the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the country . Indigenous , the French , and the British have all made historical contributions to the musical heritage of Canada . The country has produced its own composers , musicians and ensembles since the mid-1600s . From the 17th century onward , Canada has developed a music infrastructure that includes church halls ; chamber halls ; conservatories ; academies ; performing arts centres ; record companys ; radio stations , and television music - video channels . The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries . Canadian rock has had a considerable impact on the development of modern popular music and the development of the most popular subgenres . Patriotic music in Canada date back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism , preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years . The earliest known song , `` The Bold Canadian '' , was written in 1812 . The national anthem of Canada , O Canada adopted in 1980 , was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec , the Honourable Théodore Robitaille , for the 1880 St. Jean - Baptiste Day ceremony . Calixa Lavallée wrote the music , which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe - Basile Routhier . The text was originally only in French , before English lyrics were written in 1906 . Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) . The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada 's music industry awards , the Juno Awards , which were first awarded in a ceremony during the summer of 1970 . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Video gaming in Canada Canada has one of the largest video - game industries in terms of employment numbers , right behind the USA and Japan , with 16,000 employees , 348 companies , and a direct annual economic impact of nearly $2 billion . Canada has grown from a minor player in the video - games industry to a major industry player . In part , this prominence is made possible by a large pool of university - educated talent and a high quality of life , but favourable government policies towards digital media companies also play a role in making Canada an attractive location for game development studios . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in Canada Aboriginal Peoples Television Network headquarters in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Canada has a well - developed media sector , but its cultural output -- particularly in English films , television shows , and magazines -- is often overshadowed by imports from the United States . Television , magazines , and newspapers are primarily for - profit corporations based on advertising , subscription , and other sales - related revenues . Nevertheless , both the television broadcasting and publications sectors require a number of government interventions to remain profitable , ranging from regulation that bars foreign companies in the broadcasting industry to tax laws that limit foreign competition in magazine advertising . The promotion of multicultural media in Canada began in the late 1980s as the multicultural policy was legislated in 1988 . In the Multiculturalism Act , the federal government proclaimed the recognition of the diversity of Canadian culture . Thus , multicultural media became an integral part of Canadian media overall . Upon numerous government reports showing lack of minority representation or minority misrepresentation , the Canadian government stressed separate provision be made to allow minorities and ethnicities of Canada to have their own voice in the media . Sport ( edit ) See also : Sports in Canada Sports in Canada consists of a variety of games . Although there are many contests that Canadians value , the most common are ice hockey , box lacrosse , Canadian football , basketball , soccer , curling , baseball and ringette . All but curling and soccer are considered domestic sports as they were either invented by Canadians or trace their roots to Canada . Ice Hockey being played at McGill University , in Montreal , 1884 . Ice hockey , referred to as simply `` hockey '' , is Canada 's most prevalent winter sport , its most popular spectator sport , and its most successful sport in international competition . It is Canada 's official national winter sport . Lacrosse , a sport with indigenous origins , is Canada 's oldest and official summer sport . Canadian football is Canada 's second most popular spectator sport , and the Canadian Football League 's annual championship , the Grey Cup , is the country 's largest annual sports event . While other sports have a larger spectator base , association football , known in Canada as soccer in both English and French , has the most registered players of any team sport in Canada , and is the most played sport with all demographics , including ethnic origin , ages and genders . Professional teams exist in many cities in Canada -- with a trio of teams in North America 's top pro league , Major League Soccer -- and international soccer competitions such as the FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro and the UEFA Champions League attract some of the biggest audiences in Canada . Other popular team sports include curling , street hockey , cricket , rugby league , rugby union , softball and Ultimate frisbee . Popular individual sports include auto racing , boxing , karate , kickboxing , hunting , Sport shooting , fishing , cycling , golf , hiking , horse racing , ice skating , skiing , snowboarding , swimming , triathlon , disc golf , water sports , and several forms of wrestling . A scene at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver seconds after Team Canada won gold in men 's ice hockey . As a country with a generally cool climate , Canada has enjoyed greater success at the Winter Olympics than at the Summer Olympics , although significant regional variations in climate allow for a wide variety of both team and individual sports . Great achievements in Canadian sports are recognized by Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame , while the Lou Marsh Trophy is awarded annually to Canada 's top athlete by a panel of journalists . There are numerous other Sports Halls of Fame in Canada . Cuisine ( edit ) A small sampling of Canadian foods . Clockwise from top left : Montreal - style smoked meat , maple syrup , poutine , Nanaimo bar , butter tart , peameal bacon Main article : Canadian cuisine Canadian cuisine varies widely depending on the region . The former Canadian prime minister Joe Clark has been paraphrased to have noted : `` Canada has a cuisine of cuisines . Not a stew pot , but a smorgasbord . '' There are considerable overlaps between Canadian food and the rest of the cuisine in North America , many unique dishes ( or versions of certain dishes ) are found and available only in the country . Common contenders for the Canadian national food include poutine and butter tarts . Other popular Canadian made foods include indigenous fried bread bannock , French tourtière , Kraft Dinner , ketchup chips , date squares , back bacon , and the caesar cocktail . Canada is the birthplace and world 's largest producer of maple syrup . The three earliest cuisines of Canada have First Nations , English , and French roots , with the traditional cuisine of English Canada closely related to British and American cuisine , while the traditional cuisine of French Canada has evolved from French cuisine and the winter provisions of fur traders . With subsequent waves of immigration in the 18th and 19th century from Central , Southern , and Eastern Europe , and then from Asia , Africa and Caribbean , the regional cuisines were subsequently augmented . The Jewish immigrants to Canada during the late 1800s also play a significant role to foods in Canada . The Montreal - style bagel and Montreal - style smoked meat are both food items originally developed by Jewish communities living in Montreal . Outside views ( edit ) In a 2002 interview with the Globe and Mail , Aga Khan , the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims , described Canada as `` the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe '' , citing it as `` a model for the world '' . A 2007 poll ranked Canada as the country with the most positive influence in the world . 28,000 people in 27 countries were asked to rate 12 countries as either having a positive or negative worldwide influence . Canada 's overall influence rating topped the list with 54 per cent of respondents rating it mostly positive and only 14 per cent mostly negative . The United States is home to a number of perceptions about Canadian culture , due to the countries ' partially shared heritage and the relatively large number of cultural features common to both the US and Canada . For example , the average Canadian may be perceived as more reserved than his or her American counterpart . Canada and the United States are often inevitably compared as sibling countries , and the perceptions that arise from this oft - held contrast have gone to shape the advertised worldwide identities of both nations : the United States is seen as the rebellious child of the British Crown , forged in the fires of violent revolution ; Canada is the calmer offspring of the United Kingdom , known for a more relaxed national demeanour . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Music of Canada portal Sport in Canada portal Canadian politics portal Television in Canada portal Book : Canada Canadiana Canadian folklore Culture of Alberta Culture of Manitoba Culture of Saskatchewan Culture of Quebec History of free speech in Canada Public holidays in Canada List of Canadians References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sana Loue ; Martha Sajatovic ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Immigrant Health . Springer . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5655 - 2 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Magocsi ; Multicultural History Society of Ontario ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Canada 's Peoples . University of Toronto Press . pp. 1186 -- 1187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 2938 - 6 . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( 1999 ) . Economic and cultural transition towards a learning city : the case of Jena . OECD Publishing . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 17015 - 5 . Jump up ^ Christopher Ricks ; Leonard Michaels ( 1990 ) . The State of the language . University of California Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05906 - 1 . Jump up ^ Anne - Marie Mooney Cotter ( 2011 ) . Culture clash : an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 1936 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wayland , Shara ( 1997 ) . `` Immigration , Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada '' ( PDF ) . University of Toronto Department of Political Science . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 6 , 2011 . 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'' , The Gazette ( Montreal ) Also published as `` Canadian cuisine a smorgasbord of regional flavours '' Jump up ^ Trillin , Calvin ( November 23 , 2009 ) , `` Canadian Journal , ' Funny Food ' '' , The New Yorker : 68 -- 70 Jump up ^ Wong , Grace ( October 2 , 2010 ) , Canada 's national dish : 740 calories -- and worth every bite ? , CNN Jump up ^ Sufrin , Jon ( April 22 , 2010 ) , `` Is poutine Canada 's national food ? Two arguments for , two against '' , Toronto Life , archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ Baird , Elizabeth ( June 30 , 2009 ) , `` Does Canada Have a National Dish ? '' , Canadian Living Jump up ^ DeMONTIS , RITA ( June 21 , 2010 ) , `` Canadians butter up to this tart '' , Toronto Sun Jump up ^ Jennifer Andrews ( 2015 ) . `` 34 Uniquely Canadian Foods ( Other Than Poutine ) '' . Ricotta & Radishes . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maple Syrup . '' Archived September 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Ontario Ministry of Agriculture , Food and Rural Affairs . Accessed July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Civitello ( 2011 ) . Cuisine and Culture : A History of Food and People . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 401 -- 402 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 40371 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gail Simmons ( 2012 ) . Talking with My Mouth Full : My Life as a Professional Eater . Hyperion . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0415 - 7 . Jump up ^ Linda A. White ; Richard Simeon ( 2009 ) . The Comparative Turn in Canadian Political Science . UBC Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1428 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stackhouse , John ; Martin , Patrick ( February 2 , 2002 ) , `` Canada : ' A model for the world ' '' , The Globe and Mail , Toronto , p . F3 , retrieved June 29 , 2009 , Canada is today the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe , without any doubt in my mind ... That is something unique to Canada . It is an amazing global human asset Jump up ^ `` Canada -- A Good Influence on the World '' . Canadavisa.com . March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Americans and Canadians - The North American Not - so - odd Couple '' . Pew Research Center . 2004 . Jump up ^ Mercer Human Res Consulting , Inc. ( 2009 ) . The Global Manager 's Guide to Living and Working Abroad : Western Europe and the Americas : Western Europe and the Americas . ABC - CLIO . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35884 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Myths that Made Canada '' . SeacoastNH.com . As I Please ( column ) . March 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mel Atkey ( 2006 ) . Broadway North : The Dream of a Canadian Musical Theatre . Dundurn . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 2120 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canada Bart Beaty ; Derek Briton ; Gloria Filax ( 2010 ) . How Canadians Communicate III : Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture . Athabasca University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897425 - 59 - 6 . David Carment ; David Bercuson ( 2008 ) . The World in Canada : Diaspora , Demography , and Domestic Politics . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7455 - 7 . Dominique Clément ( 2009 ) . Canada 's Rights Revolution : Social Movements and Social Change , 1937 -- 82 . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 5843 - 4 . David H. Flaherty ; Frank E. Manning ( 1993 ) . Beaver Bites Back ? . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 6429 - 9 . Anne Howells ( 2004 ) . Where are the voices coming from ? : Canadian culture and the legacies of history . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1623 - 1 . Mark Kearney ; Randy Ray ( 2009 ) . The Big Book of Canadian Trivia . Dundurn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 77070 - 614 - 9 . Kearney , Mark ; Ray , Randy ( 1999 ) . Great Canadian Book of Lists . Dundurn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88882 - 213 - 0 . Andrew Podnieks ( 2006 ) . A Canadian Saturday Night : Hockey and the Culture of a Country . Greystone Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926812 - 05 - 2 . David Morton Rayside ; Clyde Wilcox ( 2011 ) . Faith , Politics , and Sexual Diversity in Canada and the United States . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 2009 - 7 . Nelson Wiseman ( 2011 ) . In Search of Canadian Political Culture . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4061 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Canada . 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what's the name of the last star wars movie
Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Original trilogy Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand George Lucas Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Prequel trilogy Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Sequel trilogy Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams
Star Wars
star wars
Trilogies :
Original trilogy : IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy : I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Sequel trilogy : VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) IX ( 2019 ) Anthology films : Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Animated film : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) TV films : Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Television series Untitled live - action series ( 2019 ) Animated series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) Games Role - playing List of role - playing games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) Star Wars radio dramas Original music Music of Star Wars Miscellaneous Toys Star Wars toys Theme park attractions Star Wars theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films released ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $7.5 billion , making Star Wars the third highest - grossing film series . Spin - off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , theme park attractions and lands , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US $4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , was to retain the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , was to own permanent rights for the original 1977 film and was to continue to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . On December 14 , 2017 , the Walt Disney Company announced its pending acquisition of 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights for A New Hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1 A New Hope 2.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.2 Prequel trilogy 2.2. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.2. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.2. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.3 The Clone Wars 2.4 Sequel trilogy 2.4. 1 The Force Awakens 2.4. 2 The Last Jedi 2.4. 3 Episode IX 2.5 Anthology films 2.5. 1 Rogue One 2.5. 2 Solo 2.5. 3 Untitled Anthology film 2.5. 4 Future 2.6 Future trilogy 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Untitled Star Wars series 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Video games 3.5 Multimedia projects 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Themes 4.1 Comparisons with historical events 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Industry 5.2 Fan works 5.3 Academia 6 Merchandising 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force ( Star Wars ) and List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and space travel is common . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` the Force '' . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi , who harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Original trilogy Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand George Lucas Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Prequel trilogy Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Sequel trilogy Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams Standalone films Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching and Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Warner Bros . Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur & Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Solo : A Star Wars Story May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Phil Lord & Christopher Miller Ron Howard Lawrence Kasdan & Jon Kasdan George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies . His work in the original film earned him Academy Award nominations , for best director , screenplay and film . In 2014 , Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise . Original trilogy `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . In 1971 , Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films . In 1973 , American Graffiti was completed , and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas . Months later , Lucas started work on his second film , by starting the script draft , The Journal of the Whills told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress , this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes , before evolving into the script of the original film . Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9 - part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights , to ensure all the movies would be made . Tom Pollock , then Lucas ' lawyer writes : `` So in the negotiations that were going on , we drew up a contract with Fox 's head of business affairs Bill Immerman , and me . We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights . Not all the ( merchandising rights ) that came later , mind you ; just the sequel rights . And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie . '' Lucas was offered $50,000 to write , another $50,000 to produce , and $50,000 to direct the film . Later the offer was increased . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The sequels were all self - financed by Lucasfilm . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as `` Episode V '' and `` Episode VI '' respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy , who reprised their characters in supporting roles on the sequel trilogy ; from left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . Cosplays of bounty hunter Boba Fett ( left ) and Sith lord Darth Vader ( right ) , antagonist characters in the original trilogy ( Fett has been digitally inserted into all director cuts of A New Hope since 1997 ) . Vader 's backstory became a central plot point in Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the basis of the prequel trilogy . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` The Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequels as novels . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film , as well as its merchandise sales , and Lucas desire to create an independent film - making center . Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 . But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster 's work , knowing a sequel would be allowed more budget . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . Also adding that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Obi - Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Lawrence Kasdan co-wrote The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens and Solo : A Star Wars Story . Ralph McQuarrie 's sketches and conceptual art defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy , including the definitive designs of characters like Darth Vader , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca and sets like the Death Star , Dagobah , Bespin . Right : Ben Burtt created many of the iconic sound effects of the franchise , among them lightsaber sounds , the beeps of R2 - D2 , and Chewbacca 's growls . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . After the success of the original film , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . It was similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan also insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke -- and in the second script , the `` revised rough draft '' , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequels . Prequel trilogy John Williams composed the scores for the original trilogy , the prequel trilogy , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films , such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics . Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . By 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that Lucas would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but now he saw that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would also be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , Anakin is reunited with Padmé , now serving as the Senator of Naboo , and they fall in love despite Anakin 's obligations to the Jedi Order . At the same time , the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic , led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems , led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . Sequel trilogy Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Over the years , Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of the exaggerations stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure , further rationalizing that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having plot outlines a sequel trilogy of ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) , which would continue the story after 1983 's Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Lucasfilm and George Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years , insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six - part series , and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005 . Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars film in 2008 , while promoting it , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy , became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg will write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , has been hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film was released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Production on Episode IX is scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character 's role . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Fisher 's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018 . Anthology films On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One Warwick Davis , left , and Anthony Daniels , right , both have appeared in films across all trilogies , as well as in the anthology films . Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all theatrical films released to date , as well as voicing all animated appearances of the character . The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans , ending directly before Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm also announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 , and the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Solo Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan , and his son Jon Kasdan . The film also stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , and also Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement . While his first Star Wars film , Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) and as director of Willow ( 1988 ) . Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I : The Phantom Menace , though Howard declined , saying , `` George , you should do it ! '' . The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Untitled anthology film A third Anthology film will be released in 2020 . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars standalone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of Fantastic Four . It was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , and it was rumored that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett . Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about , but confirmed that the film Josh Trank left was a different film from the Han Solo spin - off . Future In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , albeit for a spin - off film on the character , should he be approached , wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . Fans showed interest in the idea ; a fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert ( which starred McGregor ) became viral and widely praised by fans . The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter despite there being only rumors of the film 's production . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest and rumors . Days before the airing of the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' ( where Obi - Wan appeared ) , McGregor again stated his interest in starring in a solo film , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . Joel Edgerton , who played Luke Skywalker 's step - uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made . Edgerton also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask , in the rumored Boba Fett film . Additional reports stated Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett , as well as Jedi Master Yoda . In 2015 , director Guillermo Del Toro pitched an idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt , and in 2017 , it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio . Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu , insisting that his character survived his death . Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live - action film , with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role . Temuera Morrison has also expressed interest in portraying clone Captain Rex . Ian McDiarmid has also expressed interest in returning as Emperor Palpatine . However , Lucasfilm still has not given an official confirmation on any of the rumored projects . Future trilogy In November 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson , the writer / director of The Last Jedi , would be working on a new trilogy . The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker - focused films in favor of focusing on new characters . On the same day , Disney announced that a live - action Star Wars television series was also in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service . In other media Main article : Star Wars expanded universe From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni , supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . An 11 - minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production , with Lucas even including it as an special feature on a 2011 Blu - ray release ( making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release ) . The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . Nelvana , the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series . Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . After the release of Attack of the Clones , Cartoon Network animated and aired Star Wars : Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith , as the series featured event set between those films . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company , Lucasfilm Animation , and used it to create his first in - house Star Wars CGI - animated series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name , and set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series ( albeit ignoring it ) . While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 , Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film , as part of the canon . All series released after would also be part of the canon . In 2014 , Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels , the next CGI - animated series . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and also helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars . Another animated series debuted in 2017 , Star Wars Forces of Destiny focused in the female characters of the franchise . Untitled Star Wars series Since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies , the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . In November 2017 , Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney 's upcoming digital streaming service , due to launch in 2019 . It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars ( ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas ) . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn , author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster , whom followed it with sequel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , which Lucas decided no to film . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . Timothy Zahn 's bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . Though Thrawn was designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were also serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Audio dramas Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . The production used John Williams ' original film score , along with Ben Burtt 's sound effects . The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 , adapting the original 1977 film into 13 - episodes . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles . The overwhelming success , led to a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982 . Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars , reprising his role as Lando Calrissian . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 - episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . In 1982 , Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game , Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , for the Atari 2600 . It was followed in 1983 by Atari 's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars , which used vector graphics and was based on the `` Death Star trench run '' scene from the 1977 film . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , used more traditional raster graphics , with the following game The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) returning to the 1983 's arcade game vector graphics , but recreating the `` Battle of Hoth '' scene instead . Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s , which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games . In 1993 , LucasArts released Star Wars : X-Wing , the first self - published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it also featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game ' Star Wars : Jedi Challenges ' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset , a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017 . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions Title Park ( s ) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) -- Operating Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) -- Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) -- Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) -- Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 11 ) -- Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) -- Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) -- Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) -- Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) -- Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) -- Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) -- Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) -- Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) -- Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) -- Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Disneyland 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Under construction Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Hollywood Studios TBA N / A Proposed Themes See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events See also : Star Wars and History Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms also resemble some historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) and Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow laden Eastern Front ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact also made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate . Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films , switching the focus of Hollywood - made films from deep , meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict , themes and irony to sprawling special - effects - laden blockbusters , as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways . Before Star Wars , special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s . The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state - of - the - art special effects in the late 1970s . Along with Jaws , Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry , where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important . It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan - fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan - fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan - fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . Academia As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known , educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource . For example , a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story - telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio / visual scenery to enhance their performance . Others have used the films to encourage second - level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers . Similarly , psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology . Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1,000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Star Wars music Star Wars : Evolution of the lightsaber duel The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes ^ Jump up to : Until 2020 References Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff In the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney developing live - action Star Wars TV series '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Detrick , Paul ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Star Wars Economy is Bigger Than You Think '' . Reason . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mickey meets ' Star Wars ' : Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10 - K Filing '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . November 20 , 2013 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm was to retain the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode IV , which were owned by a third - party studio . All of the films were distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films were to revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode IV , for which these distribution rights were to be retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Additional Wayback Machine archive , December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Case Of The ' Return Of The Jedi ' Director '' . September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Galuppo , Mia ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - Action Mulan , A Wrinkle in Time , and More Disney Movies Have Set Release Dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` An Architect Of Hollywood 's Greatest Deal Recalls How George Lucas Won Sequel Rights '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Force Behind ' Star Wars ' : How George Lucas Built an Empire '' . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars plot summary '' . Ruined Endings . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Starkiller '' . Jedi Bendu . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph McQuarrie 's Most Memorable Masterpieces - StarWars.com '' . August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Kasdan '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Episode III Release Dates Announced '' . Star Wars . April 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Insider '' . Star Wars Insider ( 45 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 380 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary `` Within a Minute '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2005 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Director George Lucas Takes a Look Back -- and Ahead '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hamill talks Star Wars 7 , 8 and 9 ! '' . Movieweb . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas talks on Star Wars sequels 7 , 8 & 9 '' . Killer Movies . September 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mr. Showbiz . `` George Lucas ( Star Wars : Episode I ) '' . Industry Central . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Will Lucas Extend His Star Wars Story Beyond Return of the Jedi ? '' . Cinematical . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Done With ' Star Wars ' Fanboys , Talks ' Red Tails ' '' . The Huffington Post . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for Billion ; New ' Star Wars ' Movie Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Arndt to write screenplay for Star Wars : episode VII '' , Star Wars Jump up ^ `` MASTER FILMMAKING TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR STAR WARS : EPISODE VII '' . Star Wars . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite J.J. Abrams to Direct Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Star Wars . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Set to Direct Next ' Star Wars ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Calvin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Shadowlocked . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Rian Johnson to Write , Direct Episode VIII '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Rian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's old info , I have n't been involved in writing IX '' . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . starwars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevets , Stephen ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' wraps production , Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels turn to Twitter as Star Wars Celebration 2016 nears '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' production update : Filming wraps ; Big party in London with cast and crew '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Adam Driver does n't think there should be a trailer '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Jyotirupa ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date , News & Update : Filming Will Begin In 2017 , Scene Will Be Shot In Real Outer Space ? '' . GameNGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How will Carrie Fisher 's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia ? '' . Telegraph . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' : What Does Her Death Mean for ' Episode IX ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new ' Family Guy ' shows , ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm : Carrie Fisher wo n't be digitally recreated '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desborough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : The ' Sky 's the Limit ' for Disney 's Spinoff Opportunities '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim '' . Star Wars.com. April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Antonghy ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery standalone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` As Rogue One looms , Lucasfilm develops secret plans for new Star Wars movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE - A STAR WARS STORY : John Knoll - Overall VFX Supervisor & Chief Creative Officer - Industrial Light & Magic - The Art of VFXThe Art of VFX '' . www.artofvfx.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ROGUE ONE WILL BE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM '' . IGN . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spin Off ' Rogue One ' ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Wars Rebels Easter Eggs and Connections in Rogue One - StarWars.com '' . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps In to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiClaudio , Dennis ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ron Howard could have saved us from The Phantom Menace , but chose not to '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auty , Dan ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Han Solo , Boba Fett Spinoff Movies Get New Details '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Stephanie ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger Talks ' Star Wars ' Plans Through 2020 '' . Moviefone . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . 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StarWars.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Lenovo , Disney launch ' Star Wars ' Jedi aurgmented reality game that lets you use a real Lightsaber '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed '' . LucasArts . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Force Unleashed Sells 1.5 Million Units Worldwide in Under One Week '' . StarWars.com . September 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones '' . Time . 2002 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . The people give their democracy to a dictator , whether it 's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler . Ultimately , the general population goes along with the idea ... That 's the issue I 've been exploring : how did the Republic turn into the Empire ? ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( documentary ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ James Dyer ( 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danesi , Marcel ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : Introductory Perspectives . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2002 ) . Using the Force : Creativity , Community , and Star Wars Fans . New York ( u.a. ) : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . 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' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 2000 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 ( 1st paperback print . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bigsby , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84132 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . 2005 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Susan Hatters ; Hall , Ryan C.W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : The Light Side of the Force '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 725 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0340 - y . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ryan C.W. ; Friedman , Susan Hatters ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : the Use of Star Wars ' Dark Side in Teaching '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 726 -- 732 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0337 - 6 . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trading Cards '' . Starwarscards.net . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Promotional Trading Card List '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . Official website Facebook page Official YouTube channel Wookieepedia : a Star Wars Wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Animation The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- ) Detours ( unaired ) Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other The Making of Star Wars ( 1977 ) From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga ( 1983 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Other Mos Eisley Cantina Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Bink Otauna Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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