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what was the capital city of the aztec empire	Tenochtitlan ( Spanish : Tenochtitlan , Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈmexiko tenotʃˈtitlan ) ( listen ) ) , originally known as México - Tenochtitlan ( Classical Nahuatl : Mēxihco - Tenōchtitlan ( meːˈʃíʔ. ko te. noːt͡ʃ. ˈtí. t͡ɬan ) ) , was a large Mexica city - state on an island in Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico . Founded on June 20 , 1325 , it was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521 .	Tenochtitlan	Tenochtitlan	tenochtitlan	Tenochtitlan ( Spanish : Tenochtitlan , Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈmexiko tenotʃˈtitlan ) ( listen ) ) , originally known as México - Tenochtitlan ( Classical Nahuatl : Mēxihco - Tenōchtitlan ( meːˈʃíʔ. ko te. noːt͡ʃ. ˈtí. t͡ɬan ) ) , was a large Mexica city - state on an island in Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico . Founded on June 20 , 1325 , it was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521 .	At its peak , it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas . It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Today , the ruins of Tenochtitlan are in the historic center of Mexico City . Tenochtitlan was one of two Nahua āltēpetl ( city - states ) on the island , the other being Tlatelolco . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 City plans 3.1 Marketplaces 3.2 Public buildings 3.3 Palaces of Moctezuma II 4 Social classes 5 History 5.1 The coming of Cortés 5.2 After the conquest 5.3 Ruins 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Traditionally , the name Tenochtitlan was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl ( ˈtetɬ ) ( `` rock '' ) and nōchtli ( ˈnoːtʃtɬi ) ( `` prickly pear '' ) and is often thought to mean , `` Among the prickly pears ( growing among ) rocks '' . However , one attestation in the late 16th - century manuscript known as `` the Bancroft dialogues '' suggest the second vowel was short , so that the true etymology remains uncertain . Geography ( edit ) The western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco . Tenochtitlan is the southern part of the main island ( under the red line ) . The northern part is Tlatelolco . Tenochtitlan covered an estimated 8 to 13.5 km ( 3.1 to 5.2 sq mi ) , situated on the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco . At the time of Spanish conquests , Mexico City comprised both Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco . The city extended from north to south , from the north border of Tlatelolco to the swamps , which by that time were gradually disappearing to the west ; the city ended more or less at the present location of Avenida Bucareli . The city was connected to the mainland by causeways leading to the north , south , and west . The causeways were interrupted by bridges that allowed canoes and other water traffic to pass freely . The bridges could be pulled away , if necessary , to defend the city . The city was interlaced with a series of canals , so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or via canoe . Lake Texcoco was the largest of five interconnected lakes . Since it formed in an endorheic basin , Lake Texcoco was brackish . During the reign of Moctezuma I , the `` levee of Nezahualcoyotl '' was constructed , reputedly designed by Nezahualcoyotl . Estimated to be 12 to 16 km ( 7.5 to 9.9 mi ) in length , the levee was completed circa 1453 . The levee kept fresh spring - fed water in the waters around Tenochtitlan and kept the brackish waters beyond the dike , to the east . Two double aqueducts , each more than 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) long and made of terracotta , provided the city with fresh water from the springs at Chapultepec . This was intended mainly for cleaning and washing . For drinking , water from mountain springs was preferred . Most of the population liked to bathe twice a day ; Moctezuma was said to take four baths a day . According to the context of Aztec culture in literature , the soap that they most likely used was the root of a plant called copalxocotl ( Saponaria americana ) , and to clean their clothes they used the root of metl ( Agave americana ) . Also , the upper classes and pregnant women washed themselves in a temazcalli , similar to a sauna bath , which is still used in the south of Mexico . This was also popular in other Mesoamerican cultures . City plans ( edit ) When we saw so many cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land we were amazed and said that it was like the enchantments ( ... ) on account of the great towers and cues and buildings rising from the water , and all built of masonry . And some of our soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream ? ( ... ) I do not know how to describe it , seeing things as we did that had never been heard of or seen before , not even dreamed about . -- Bernal Díaz del Castillo , The Conquest of New Spain The city was divided into four zones , or camps ; each camp was divided into 20 districts ( calpullis , Nahuatl calpōlli ) ; and each calpulli , or ' big house ' , was crossed by streets or tlaxilcalli . There were three main streets that crossed the city , each leading to one of the three causeways to the mainland of Tepeyac , Ixtapalpa , and Tlacopan . Bernal Díaz del Castillo reported that they were wide enough for ten horses . Surrounding the raised causeways were artificial floating gardens with canal waterways and gardens of plants , shrubs , and trees . The calpullis were divided by channels used for transportation , with wood bridges that were removed at night . The earliest European images of the city were woodcuts published in Augsburg around 1522 . Marketplaces ( edit ) The Tlatelolco Marketplace as depicted at The Field Museum , Chicago . Each calpulli ( from Classical Nahuatl calpōlli , Nahuatl pronunciation : ( kaɬˈpoːlːi ) , meaning `` large house '' ) had its own tiyanquiztli ( marketplace ) , but there was also a main marketplace in Tlatelolco -- Tenochtitlan 's sister city . Cortés estimated it was twice the size of the city of Salamanca with about 60,000 people trading daily . Bernardino de Sahagún provides a more conservative population estimate of 20,000 on ordinary days and 40,000 on feast days . There were also specialized markets in the other central Mexican cities . Public buildings ( edit ) A picture of Tenochtitlan and a model of the Templo Mayor . In the center of the city were the public buildings , temples , and palaces . Inside a walled square , 500 meters to a side , was the ceremonial center . There were about 45 public buildings , including : the Templo Mayor , which was dedicated to the Aztec patron deity Huitzilopochtli and the Rain God Tlaloc ; the temple of Quetzalcoatl ; the tlachtli ( ball game court ) with the tzompantli or rack of skulls ; the Sun Temple , which was dedicated to Tonatiuh ; the Eagle 's House , which was associated with warriors and the ancient power of rulers ; the platforms for the gladiatorial sacrifice ; and some minor temples . Outside was the palace of Moctezuma with 100 rooms , each with its own bath , for the lords and ambassadors of allies and conquered people . Also located nearby was the cuicalli , or house of the songs , and the calmecac . The city had great symmetry . All constructions had to be approved by the calmimilocatl , a functionary in charge of the city planning . Palaces of Moctezuma II ( edit ) The palace of Moctezuma II also had two houses or zoos , one for birds of prey and another for other birds , reptiles , and mammals . About 300 people were dedicated to the care of the animals . There was also a botanical garden and an aquarium . The aquarium had ten ponds of salt water and ten ponds of fresh water , containing various fish and aquatic birds . Places like this also existed in Texcoco , Chapultepec , Huaxtepec ( now called Oaxtepec ) , and Texcotzingo . Social classes ( edit ) Tenochtitlan can be considered the most complex society in Mesoamerica in regard to social stratification . The complex system involved many social classes . The macehualtin were commoners who lived outside the island city of Tenochtitlan . The pipiltin were noblemen who were relatives of leaders and former leaders , and lived in the confines of the island . Cuauhipiltin , or eagle nobles , were commoners who impressed the nobles with their martial prowess , and were treated as nobles . Teteuctin were the highest class , rulers of various parts of the empire , including the king . Tlacohtin were individuals who chose to enslave themselves to pay back a debt ; they were not slaves forever and were not treated as badly as typical slaves seen in other ancient civilizations worldwide . Finally , the pochteca were merchants who traveled all of Mesoamerica trading . The membership of this class was based on heredity . Pochteca could become very rich because they did not pay taxes , but they had to sponsor the ritual feast of Xocotl Huetzi from the wealth that they obtained from their trade expeditions . Status was displayed by location and type of house where a person lived . Ordinary people lived in houses made of reeds plastered with mud and roofed with thatch . People who were better off had houses of adobe brick with flat roofs . The wealthy had houses of stone masonry with flat roofs . They most likely made up the house complexes that were arranged around the inner court . The higher officials in Tenochtitlan lived in the great palace complexes that made up the city . Adding even more complexity to Aztec social stratification was the calpolli . Calpolli , meaning ' big house ' is a group of families related by either kinship or proximity . These groups consist of both elite members of Aztec society and commoners . Elites provided commoners with arable land and nonagricultural occupations , and commoners performed services for chiefs and gave tribute . History ( edit ) A Mexico City statue commemorating the foundation of Tenochtitlan . Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Mexican civilization of the Mexica people founded in 1325 . The state religion of the Mexica civilization awaited the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy : the wandering tribes would find the destined site for a great city whose location would be signaled by an eagle with a snake in its beak perched atop a ( Opuntia ) cactus . The Mexica saw this vision on what was then a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco , a vision that is now immortalized in Mexico 's coat of arms and on the Mexican flag . Not deterred by the unfavourable terrain , they set about building their city , using the chinampa system ( misnamed as `` floating gardens '' ) for agriculture and to dry and expand the island . A thriving culture developed , and the Mexica civilization came to dominate other tribes around Mexico . The small natural island was perpetually enlarged as Tenochtitlan grew to become the largest and most powerful city in Mesoamerica . Commercial routes were developed that brought goods from places as far as the Gulf of Mexico , the Pacific Ocean and perhaps even the Inca Empire . After a flood of Lake Texcoco , the city was rebuilt under the rule of Ahuitzotl in a style that made it one of the grandest ever in Mesoamerica . Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8 , 1519 . With an estimated population between 200,000 and 300,000 , many scholars believe Tenochtitlan to have been among the largest cities in the world at that time . Compared to the cities of Europe , only Paris , Venice and Constantinople might have rivaled it . It was five times the size of the London of Henry VIII . In a letter to the Spanish king , Cortés wrote that Tenochtitlan was as large as Seville or Córdoba . Cortes ' men were in awe at the sight of the splendid city and many wondered if they were dreaming . Although some popular sources put the number as high as 350,000 , the most common estimates of the population are of over 200,000 people . One of the few comprehensive academic surveys of Mesoamerican city and town sizes arrived at a population of 212,500 living on 13.5 km ( 5.2 sq mi ) , It is also said that at one time , Moctezuma had rule over an empire of almost five million people in central and southern Mexico because he had extended his rule to surrounding territories to gain tribute and prisoners to sacrifice to the gods . The coming of Cortés ( edit ) Further information : Fall of Tenochtitlan The Conquest of Tenochtitlan . When Cortés and his men arrived in Tenochtitlan , Moctezuma II , who precariously ruled over a large empire , chose to welcome Cortés as an honored guest , rather than risk a war which might quickly be joined by aggrieved indigenous people . Moctezuma may have feared that Cortés was the returning god Quetzalcoatl , because the Spanish arrival coincided with the close of an Aztec calendar cycle consistent with such a return . This claim is found in the Florenino Codex , among other early sources , and accepted as true in many later histories . However , some scholars doubt it . As Cortés approached the great city of Tenochtitlan , the natives put on many events . One particular event was the most important of them all , the celebration of Toxcatl . This event was when the most prominent warriors of altepetl would dance in front of a huge statue of Huitzilopochtli . The Spanish leader , Pedro de Alvarado , who was left in charge , worried that this would be the day that the natives would plan a surprise attack on them . He captured three natives and began to torture them until they confessed that this was indeed true . There was no proof that the natives would attack the Spaniards during this festival , however , Alvarado would plan an attack first by following an old maxim by deciding that the person who would attack first would be successful in this attack . During the festival , the Spaniards came heavily armed and closed off every exit surrounding the courtyard so that no one would escape . This would happen during their last days in Tenochtitlan. . Nobles lined each side along the buildings of the city 's main causeway , which extended about a league . Walking down the center came Moctezuma II , who had two lords at his side , one being his brother , the ruler of Iztapalapa . Cortés dismounted , and was greeted by the ruler and his lords , but was forbidden to touch him . Cortés gave him a necklace of crystals , placing it over his neck . They were then brought to a large house that would serve as their home for their stay in the city . Once they were settled , Moctezuma himself sat down and spoke with Cortés . The great ruler declared that anything that they needed would be theirs to have . He was thrilled to have visitors of such stature . Although the Spaniards were seeking gold , Moctezuma expressed that he had very little of the sort , but all of it was to be given to Cortés if he so desired it . Since arriving in Tenochtitlan , Cortés faced early trouble . Leaving a post in Vera Cruz , the officer left in charge received a letter from Qualpopoca , the leader of Almería , asking to become a vassal of the Spaniards . He requested that officers be sent to him so that he could confirm his submission . To reach the province , the officers would have to travel through hostile land . The officer in charge of Vera Cruz decided to send four officers to meet with Qualpopoca . When they arrived , they were captured and two were killed , the other two escaping through the woods . Upon their return to Vera Cruz , the officer in charge was infuriated , and so led troops to storm Almería . Here they learned that Moctezuma was supposedly the one who commanded the officers to be executed . Back in Tenochtitlan , Cortés detained Moctezuma and questioned him endlessly . Though no serious conclusions were made , this started the relationship between Moctezuma and the Spaniards on a bad note . After the conquest ( edit ) Cortés subsequently besieged Tenochtitlan for 75 days , causing the inhabitants utter famine , directed the systematic destruction and leveling of the city , and began its rebuilding , despite opposition , with a central area designated for Spanish use ( the traza ) . The outer Indian section , now dubbed San Juan Tenochtitlan , continued to be governed by the previous indigenous elite and was divided into the same subdivisions as before. . While the people of Tenochtitlan were celebrating the few Spaniards who were not able to escape and were killed , the city was in great ruins . The people of Tenochtitlan were exposed to diseases from their enemy . A citizen who was exposed to these diseases would not feel it for the first 10 days , then the disease would spread throughout the body , causing many sores the remaining days . This consisted of pain in the body and high fever . People were weak to the point that they could not move , nor be able to obtain food and water . They could n't cook or bury the remaining dead bodies from the conquest . The population of the people of Tenochtitlan began to starve and weaken . For the next 60 days , the amount of citizens that died , began to rise even higher . Ruins ( edit ) The ruins of the Templo Mayor . Tenochtitlan 's main temple complex , the Templo Mayor , was dismantled and the central district of the Spanish colonial city was constructed on top of it . The great temple was destroyed by the Spanish during the construction of a cathedral . The location of the Templo Mayor was rediscovered in the early 20th century , but major excavations did not take place until 1978 -- 1982 , after utility workers came across a massive stone disc depicting the nude dismembered body of the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui . This stone disc is 3.25 meters in diameter ( or 10.5 ft ) . These finds are held at the Templo Mayor Museum . Fundación de México ( The foundation of Mexico ) -- Tenochtitlán by Roberto Cueva del Río . The ruins , constructed over seven periods , were built on top of each other . The resulting weight of the structures caused them to sink into the sediment of Lake Texcoco . This resulted in the ruins now resting at an angle instead of horizontally . Mexico City 's Zócalo , the Plaza de la Constitución , is located at the site of Tenochtitlan 's original central plaza and market , and many of the original calzadas still correspond to modern city streets . The Aztec calendar stone was located in the ruins . This stone is 4 meters in diameter and weighs over 20 tons . It was once located half - way up the great pyramid . This sculpture was made around 1470 under the rule of King Axayacatl , the predecessor of Tizoc , and is said to tell the history of the Mexicas and a prophecy for the future . In August 1987 , archaeologists discovered a mix of 1,789 human bones five metres below street level in Mexico City . The burial dates back to the 1480s and lies at the foot of the main temple in the sacred ceremonial precinct of the Aztec capital . The bones are from children , teenagers and adults and a complete skeleton of a young woman was also found at the site . See also ( edit ) List of megalithic sites List of Mesoamerican pyramids History of Mexico City Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tenochtitlán , la capital azteca '' . www.historiang.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Frances Karttunen ( 1983 ) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl p. 225 , Texas linguistic series , University of Texas , Austin ISBN 978 - 0 - 2927 - 0365 - 0 ; OCLC 230535203 Jump up ^ Cortés , H . Jump up ^ Aguilar - Moreno , Manuel ( 2006 ) . Handbook to life in the Aztec world . Infobase Publishing . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5673 - 6 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Bernal Diaz Del Castillo , `` The Discovery And Conquest Of Mexico 1517 1521 '' , Edited by Genaro Garcia , Translated with an Introduction and Notes ? , pp. 269 -- , A.P. Maudslay , first pub 1928 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Coe , M. 2008 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , C. 1980 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper About the Country that the Spaniards Found in 1521 , Called Yucatan '' . World Digital Library . 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Coe , M. 2008 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Coe , M. 2008 , pp. 194 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Blainey , G. A Very Short History of the World , 2007 Jump up ^ Levy , Buddy ( 2008 ) . Conquistador : Hernán Cortés , King Montezuma , and the Last Stand of the Aztecs . Bantam Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0553384710 . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Douglas ; Chance , John K. ( 1981 ) . Latin American urbanization . CUP Archive . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 28175 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stannard , D. ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Smith ( 2005 ) , p. 411 Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla . `` Burying the White Gods : New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico , '' American Historical Review ( June 2003 ) Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla. 2006 . 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Cortés , H. 1520 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Stannard , D. 1992 , 214 . Jump up ^ `` The Colonial Spanish - American City : Urban Life in the Age of Atlantic Capitalism '' , Jay Kinsbruner , University of Texas Press , 2005 , p. 20 , ISBN 0 - 292 - 70668 - 5 Jump up ^ Stannard , D. 1992 , 109 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Camilla. 2006 , 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Snow , Dean R. ( 2010 ) . Archaeology of Native North America . Boston : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 615686 - 4 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 162 -- 167 ^ Jump up to : A.R Williams ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Venerable Bones '' . National Geographic . References ( edit ) Coe , Michael D. ( 2008 ) . Mexico : From the Olmecs to the Aztecs . New York , New York : Thames & Hudson . Cohen , Sara E. ( March 1972 ) . `` How the Aztecs Appraised Montezuma '' . Society for History Education : The History Teacher. 5 ( 3 ) : 21 -- 30 . Cortés , Hernán ( 1969 ) . Five Letters of Cortés to the Emperor . Morris J. Baynard ( ed. and trans . ) . Díaz del Castillo , Bernal ( 1963 ) ( 1632 ) . The Conquest of New Spain . Penguin Classics . J.M. Cohen ( trans . ) ( 6th printing ( 1973 ) ed . ) . Harmondsworth , England : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044123 - 9 . OCLC 162351797 . Smith , Michael E. ( May 2005 ) . `` City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Urban History . Beverley Hills , CA : SAGE Publications . 31 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 434 . doi : 10.1177 / 0096144204274396 . OCLC 1798556 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Soustelle , Jacques ( 1984 ) . La vida cotidiana de los aztecas en visperas de la conquista ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Economica . Stannard , David E. ( 1992 ) . American Holocaust : Columbus and the conquest of the New World . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . Walker , Charles ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the Ancient World . New York , New York : Crescent Books . Townsend , Camilla . Malintzin 's Choices : An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 2006 . Print . Further reading ( edit ) Calnek , Edward . `` Settlement Pattern and Chinampa Agriculture at Tenochtitlan . '' American Antiquity 37.1. ( 1973 ) 190 -- 95 . Calnek , Edward . `` El sistema de mercado en Tenochtitlan . '' In Economía política e ideología en el México prehispánico . Eds . Pedro Carrasco and Johanna Broda , pp. 97 -- 114 . Mexico City : Centro de Investigaciones Superiores del Instituto de Antropología e Historia , 1978 . Calnek , Edward . `` Tenochtitlan in the Early Colonial Period . '' Acts of the XLII International Congress of Americanists 8 , 1976 ( 1979 ) 35 -- 40 . Calnek , Edward . `` Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco : the Natural History of a City . '' In El Urbanismo en Mesoamérica / Urbanism in Mesoamerica , vol. 1 . edited by W.T. Sanders et al. , 149 -- 202 . Mexico City : Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ; University Park : Pennsylvania State University 2003 . Molina Montes , Augusto F. ( December 1980 ) . `` The building of Tenochtitlan '' . National Geographic . Vol. 158 no . 6 . pp. 753 -- 764 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Mundy , Barbara E. `` Mapping the Aztec Capital : the 1524 Nuremberg Map of Tenochtitlan , Its Sources and Meanings . '' Imago Mundi 50 ( 1998 ) , 1 -- 22 . Mundy , Barbara E. `` Place - Names in Mexico - Tenochtitlan . '' Ethnohistory 61 ( 2 ) Spring 2014 . 329 -- 355 . Mundy , Barbara E. The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan , the Life of Mexico City . Austin : University of Texas Press 2015 . Toussaint , Manuel , Federico Gómez de Orozco , and Justino Fernández , Planos de la Ciudad de México . XVI Congreso Internacional de Planificación y de la Habitación . Mexico City : Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1938 . Townsend , Richard F. State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan . Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archeology 20 . Washington D.C. , Dumbarton Oaks 1979 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tenochtitlan . 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what order should i watch the riddick movies in			The Chronicles of Riddick ( franchise )	the chronicles of riddick ( franchise )	The Chronicles of Riddick , also simply called Riddick , is a science fiction action media franchise created in 2000 by David Twohy spanning three live - action feature films , a direct - to - DVD animated film , two video games for PC and consoles , one motion comic , one mobile game , and two novelizations .	The series follows the adventures of antihero character Riddick ( either portrayed or voiced by Vin Diesel ) in the 28th century . The Chronicles of Riddick fictional universe was initially created with the release of Pitch Black , which was written by director Twohy , Ken Wheat , and his brother Jim Wheat . Since then Twohy has written and directed the two live action sequels and was involved in the development of the storyline of a number of the franchise 's offshoots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Pitch Black ( 2000 ) 1.2 The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) 1.3 Riddick ( 2013 ) 1.4 Furia 2 TV series 3 Characters 4 Additional media 4.1 Other films 4.1. 1 Pitch Black : Slam City ( 2000 ) 4.1. 2 Into Pitch Black ( 2000 ) 4.1. 3 The Chronicles of Riddick : Dark Fury ( 2004 ) 4.1. 4 Riddick : Blindsided ( 2013 ) 4.2 Video games 4.2. 1 Escape from Butcher Bay ( 2004 ) 4.2. 2 Assault on Dark Athena ( 2009 ) 4.2. 3 Riddick : The Merc Files ( 2013 ) 4.3 Novelizations 5 References 6 External links Films ( edit ) Role Films Pitch Black ( 2000 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Director David Twohy Producer ( s ) Tom Engelman Scott Kroopf Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Ted Field Samantha Vincent Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Jim Wheat Ken Wheat David Twohy Story by : Jim Wheat Ken Wheat David Twohy Composer ( s ) Graeme Revell Cinematographer ( s ) David Eggby Hugh Johnson David Eggby Editor ( s ) Rick Shane Tracy Adams Martin Hunter Dennis Virkler Tracy Adams Production company ( s ) Polygram Filmed Entertainment Interscope Communications Gramercy Pictures Radar Pictures One Race Films Distributor USA Films Universal Pictures Runtime 109 minutes 119 minutes Release date February 18 , 2000 June 11 , 2004 September 6 , 2013 Pitch Black ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pitch Black ( film ) The first installment of the franchise , Pitch Black , was a lower budget production compared to the later ones . The story involved Riddick being transported to prison on the Hunter Gratzner , a commercial cargo ship . When the spaceship is damaged in the wake of a comet and makes an emergency crash landing on an isolated desert planet , Riddick escapes . However , when flying creatures begin attacking all the survivors , Riddick joins forces with the others to escape the planet . After the release of the sequel titled The Chronicles of Riddick , in the hopes of building a franchise , this film has often been referred to as The Chronicles of Riddick : Pitch Black in subsequent home video re-releases . It received mixed reviews but today is considered a cult classic . The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Riddick The second feature film in the series , The Chronicles of Riddick was a considerably more expensive production and was more action oriented than its predecessor . It takes place five years after Pitch Black and involved Riddick 's meeting with Jack and Imam , survivors from the first film , his escape from the prison planet Crematoria , and his battle with the Necromonger fleet , which ended with the defeat of the Lord Marshal and Riddick taking his place . Critically it was n't received as well as the first film in the franchise , but the release of a director 's cut DVD received strong sales and a cult following . Riddick ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Riddick ( film ) Encouraged by high DVD sales and Vin Diesel 's newly restored box office success , David Twohy wrote a script for a third film in the Riddick series . The film was produced by Media Rights Capital and distributed by Universal , and was released on September 6 , 2013 . Karl Urban returned to reprise his role as Vaako from The Chronicles of Riddick . Katee Sackhoff and Matt Nable also joined the cast of the film . Reviews were mixed , but it was considered a moderate success at the box - office and an improvement over the previous film . Furia ( edit ) In January 2014 , Diesel announced on his Facebook page that Universal wishes to develop a fourth Riddick film , again prompted by robust DVD sales of the most recent film in the series . They were looking into Media Rights Capital or Legendary Pictures to co-finance it . Diesel announced on his Facebook page that the fourth film is titled Furia and will have an R rating . In April 2016 , Vin Diesel confirmed that he and writer - director David Twohy were developing a fourth Riddick movie titled The Chronicles of Riddick : Furia . In May 2016 , he explained that production on The Chronicles of Riddick : Furia may begin in early 2017 . In a video , Vin Diesel asked : `` Are you guys excited to hear about Furia ? Do you want to know where it all began with that dark character Riddick ? '' . David Twohy confirmed that the new film would be rated R . TV series ( edit ) Diesel announced on his Instagram account that both he and Twohy developed a TV series titled Merc City that will follow the Mercs and Bounty Hunters of the Riddick Universe . The posts did not elaborate on how , if at all , Merc City would be connected to the upcoming film . Characters ( edit ) Character Film Pitch Black ( 2000 ) The Chronicles of Riddick : Dark Fury ( 2004 ) ( Animated ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Richard B. Riddick Vin Diesel Jack B. Badd / Kyra Rhiana Griffith Alexa Davalos Abu ' Imam ' al - Walid Keith David Carolyn Fry Radha Mitchell William J. Johns Cole Hauser Paris P. Ogilvie Lewis Fitz - Gerald Sharon `` Shazza '' Montgomery Claudia Black John `` Zeke '' Ezekiel John Moore Greg Owens Simon Burke Alexander Toombs Nick Chinlund Junner Roger L. Jackson Antonia Chillingsworth Tress MacNeille Siberius Vaako Karl Urban Zhylaw / Lord Marshal Colm Feore Aereon Judi Dench Dame Vaako Thandie Newton Purifier Linus Roache The Guv Yorick van Wageningen Lajjun Kim Hawthorne Eve Logan Christina Cox Colonel R. `` Boss '' Johns Matthew Nable Santana Jordi Mollà Dahl Katee Sackhoff Diaz Dave Bautista Moss Bokeem Woodbine Lockspur Raoul Trujillo Vargas Conrad Pla Luna Nolan Gerard Funk Krone Andreas Apergis Richard B. Riddick ( Vin Diesel ) , more commonly known as Riddick , is the protagonist of the series . He is shown to be a highly skilled predator , extremely mobile and stealthy , has a vast knowledge of how to kill almost any humanoid in a variety of ways , is an extreme survivalist , and is notoriously hard to contain . He is also self - admittedly a dangerous convict and murderer , yet despite this , he is sometimes shown to perform moral or even atypically heroic actions , usually against his own better judgment and survivalist nature . Riddick is a Furyan , a member of a warrior race obliterated by a military campaign that left Furya desolate , and is one of the last of his kind . One of his most defining features are his eyes , a characteristic inherent in a certain caste of his species ( The Alpha - Furyans ) , although he implies in Pitch Black that they were `` shined '' by a back - alley surgical operation . This allows him to see in the dark with no difficulty at all , but also renders his eyes incredibly sensitive to concentrated light , therefore he wears tinted welding goggles for protection . Riddick was once a mercenary , then part of a security force , and later on a soldier . He is also an experienced pilot . Carolyn Fry ( Radha Mitchell ) , is a docking pilot for the commercial transport ship Hunter - Gratzner . She has a moment of moral weakness during the emergency landing attempt , intending to sacrifice the ship 's passenger section to save herself . A relationship develops between Fry and Johns , until she finds out who he really is . the group , now down to Riddick , Fry , Jack and Imam , finds shelter inside a cave not far from the settlement . Riddick leaves them there and takes the power cells to the dropship . Inside the cave , they discover bio-luminescent worms , which they stuff in bottles to use as light . Fry leaves the cave and finds Riddick powering up the ship , ready to leave without them . She pleads with him to help her rescue the others , but instead he just offers to take her with him . Eventually , Riddick has a change of heart , and they return for Imam and Jack and take them to the ship , but Riddick is separated from the group and wounded by the predators . Fry goes back to help Riddick but is killed after finding him . William J. Johns ( Cole Hauser ) is a war veteran and mercenary who was trusted to track down Riddick after he escaped from Slam City and the primary human antagonist of Pitch Black . He captured Riddick and brought him to Butcher Bay , but upon discovering that he could not get as much of a reward as he wanted , helped Riddick escape . The Johns Chase Log on the Pitch Black special features tells of the events afterward : Riddick stabs Johns and leaves him for dead . Johns becomes a morphine addict after having it prescribed to him because of the wound , and then chases Riddick down while also avoiding other mercenaries on Riddick 's trail . He eventually catches Riddick on the planet Aquila Major ( featured in the opening scene of Chronicles of Riddick ) by killing two children and threatening to kill two more unless Riddick surrenders . He gets a seat on the transport vessel Hunter Gratzner , which crashes onto Hades in Pitch Black . Abu `` Imam '' al - Walid ( Keith David ) is an Imam who was looking for New Mecca when the Hunter - Gratzner crashed in Pitch Black . He was traveling with three young boys and despite everything he went through , including the deaths of the boys , he never lost his faith and believed there was goodness in Riddick . Imam was one of the three survivors of the first movie along with Jack and Riddick . Jack B. Badd / Kyra ( Rhiana Griffith and Alexa Davalos ) is a character from the first three Riddick movies ( See above ) . In Pitch Black she went by the name Jack after the crash of the Hunter - Gratzner and pretended to be a boy so that everyone would take her seriously . Jack befriended Riddick and was enamoured by him . In Chronicles of Riddick , it is revealed that Riddick left her with Imam behind on Helion Prime . Wanting to find Riddick , she joined a mercenary crew , got caught and got sent to one of the worst prisons in existence : Crematoria . According to what she told Riddick later , she did what he said in an attempt to get the eye - shine like him : she killed a few people , got sent to a prison where it 's said you can never escape from but could n't find a doctor that could do an eye - shine . Siberius Vaako ( Karl Urban ) is a Necromonger Commander from The Chronicles of Riddick , serving as Zhylaw 's right - hand man . Though sent to kill Riddick , confused of his leader 's sudden fear , Vaako uses it as an excuse to get close enough to assassinate Zhylaw to become Lord Marshal . However , once the chance to kill Zhylaw presents itself , Riddick beats Vaako to the punch and becomes Lord Marshal . But when Riddick eventually renounces the title and gives it to him in exchange to for an escort to take him to Furya , unbeknownst to Vaako , instead of Furya , his lieutenant takes Riddick to the planet where Riddick takes place and tries to assassinate him as the lieutenant disagrees with what he perceives to be a weakness on the part of Vaako . Alexander Toombs ( Nick Chinlund ) is the mercenary from Chronicles of Riddick and Dark Fury . Toombs is shown to be highly arrogant and incompetent , failing to capture Riddick and having his ship stolen from him , and once again being humiliated during Riddick 's escape from Crematoria . Toombs was last seen locked inside the Crematoria kennels surrounded by vicious guard dog - creatures . His current status is unknown , but it can be assumed that he was never rescued and is most likely dead . Zhylaw or Lord Marshal ( Colm Feore ) is the main antagonist of Chronicles of Riddick . Before Riddick 's birth , Zhylaw consulted an Elemental seer , who told him that a Furyan male would be born that would kill him in the future . In retaliation , Zhylaw attacked Furya in an attempt to massacre all male children , going so far as to personally strangle newborn infants with their own umbilical cords . He strangled Riddick with his umbilical cord and believed him dead but Riddick actually survived . At some point , he traveled to the Underverse and afterwards returned not completely human . He is referred to by the Necromongers as the `` Holy Half - Dead '' and possesses powers such as incredible strength , the ability to pull souls from bodies and to separate his soul partially from his body and then pull his body where his soul is , resulting in a kind of super-speed that makes him hard to hit . Shirah ( Kristin Lehman ) is a Furyan seen in the Director 's Cut of The Chronicles of Riddick. and the video game The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay . Purifier ( Linus Roache ) was a member of the Necromonger fleet . It is revealed that he , too , was Furyan like Riddick , before being converted . When Riddick falls unconscious after fighting the Necromonger soldiers chasing him , the Purifier pulls him into the safety of the hangar and tells Riddick , `` We all began as something else '' . Regretting what he has done under a faith he did not believe in , the Purifier tells Riddick that the Furyan in him hopes that Riddick goes after the Lord Marshal , before committing suicide by walking into the sunlight of Crematoria . Pope Joe is a hermit , and former Bovine Veterinarian , that lives in the sewers of Butcher Bay . After Riddick retrieved his radio from the sewers , he heals Riddick , and is credited with giving him his `` eyeshine '' that he uses throughout the franchise to see in the dark , but is not believed to be the actual source . Additional Media ( edit ) Other films ( edit ) Pitch Black : Slam City ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Slam City is a short flash film prequel to Pitch Black by animator Brian Murray with David Twohy which had been available for download at the Pitch Black website . Slam City is in the form of an official , confidential prison record detailing Riddick 's arrival and escape from the Ursa Luna Slam City facility , in eleven hours and twenty - two minutes . Notably , it shows Riddick undergoing the surgery that gives him `` eyeshine '' -- the ability to see in the dark -- and paying for this with a pack of Kool cigarettes , as mentioned in Pitch Black . William J. Johns is seen at the end of the film and is charged with capturing Riddick . Into Pitch Black ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Into Pitch Black is a Sci - Fi channel special which aired before Pitch Black , and was about lawmen investigating Riddick 's past as well as an investigation into the crash of The Hunter Gratzner . It shows several inconsistencies with the official storyline of the other films and video games . There are five different sequences , that of the investigator , a psychiatrist evaluating Riddick , the alleged doctor who gave Riddick his trademark eyeshine , the team that investigated the disappearance of the Hunter - Gratzner , as well as various clips of the actual movie Pitch Black . The Chronicles of Riddick : dark Fury ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Riddick : Dark Fury Dark Fury , a made - for - DVD animated film , acts as a bridge between the live - action films of Pitch Black and The Chronicles of Riddick . It takes place shortly after Pitch Black and involves Riddick and the other two survivors of Pitch Black , Jack and Imam , and their run - in with a mercenary ship , as well as its captain who wishes to keep Riddick frozen as part of her collection of warriors from around the universe . It received mixed reviews . Riddick : Blindsided ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Riddick : Blindsided is a motion comic based on storyboarded scenes of the third film that did n't make the theatrical cut . It takes place shortly before the events of Riddick and bridges that film with the previous one . The director 's cut of Riddick reinserts most of the material covered in Blindsided back into the film . It was released online a month before the release of the third film to generate buzz and it is also included with the movie 's home video release . Video games ( edit ) Escape from Butcher Bay ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay Escape from Butcher Bay is a video game based on the Riddick series , released for the Xbox and Windows PC . It acts as a prequel to Pitch Black , and involves Riddick 's escape from the eponymous prison , Butcher Bay . The game was very well received and it is often listed among `` the greatest Xbox games of all time '' . Assault on dark Athena ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Riddick : Assault on Dark Athena Assault on Dark Athena is a video game for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Windows , and Mac OS X computers . It includes an enhanced remake of Escape from Butcher Bay , and covers events between the previous game and Pitch Black . Reviews were mostly positive . Riddick : the Merc Files ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Riddick : The Merc Files is a touch - based stealth action game for Android and iOS devices . It was developed by Gaming Corps , a game developer founded by some of the original developers of the previous Riddick games . Novelizations ( edit ) Pitch Black and The Chronicles of Riddick have received novelizations of their scripts , by Frank Lauria and Alan Dean Foster respectively . These expand on elements of the films , most notably Pitch Black providing character backstory for Riddick and The Chronicles of Riddick describing the Necromongers and their religion in greater detail . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` estimated budget '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Riddick ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Riddick ( 2011 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Twohy , David ( 2000 - 02 - 18 ) , Pitch Black , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 Jump up ^ Twohy , David ( 13 November 2007 ) . `` 11.13. 07 - THE STRIKE and THE NEXT RIDDICK '' . David Twohy News . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Kevin ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Diesel hit opens door for Riddick sequel '' . ottawasun.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Vin Diesel Promises Two More Riddick Sequels '' . MTV Movies Blog . MTV ( Viacom International Inc . ) . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Urban Returns to ' Riddick ' Franchise ! '' . BloodyDisgusting . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , James . ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Katee Sackhoff Joins Riddick '' . Empire ( EmpireOnline ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Universal Wants a ' Riddick ' Sequel , Says Vin Diesel . '' SlashFilm.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Riddick 4 : Furia Shoots in 2017 ; Is an R - Rated Origin Story '' . movieweb.com . May 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riddick 4 and TV Show Spinoff Announced by Vin Diesel '' . movieweb.com . December 2015 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Chronicles of Riddick , Special Features Jump up ^ The Making of Riddick : Blindsided . Vimeo . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riddick Blindsided Motion Comic HD . YouTube . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) . `` ' Riddick ' Gets ' Blindsided ' with Movie Prequel Motion Comic . '' HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( 2013 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Riddick and Riddick : The Complete Collection Hitting Blu - Ray and DVD in January . '' CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Riddick - The Merc Files '' . riddickthegame.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Chronicles of Riddick series at MobyGames ( hide ) The Chronicles of Riddick Films Pitch Black The Chronicles of Riddick Dark Fury Riddick Video games Escape from Butcher Bay Assault on Dark Athena Related articles Richard B. Riddick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Riddick_(franchise)&oldid=826367206 '' Categories : English - language films The Chronicles of Riddick ( franchise ) Action films by series Science fiction films by series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chronicles%20of%20Riddick%20%28franchise%29	2,468
what is the southern most point in canada	Middle Island is a small island , just 18.5 hectares ( 46 acres ) in size . It is the southernmost point of land in Canada , located at 41 ° 41'N , 82 ° 41 `` W ( 41.685 , - 82.684 ) , or about 41.7 degrees north latitude . It lies in Lake Erie , just south of Pelee Island , and is part of Point Pelee National Park . It forms part of the province of Ontario . The southernmost part of the island lies some 150 metres ( 164 yards ) from the U.S. maritime boundary . The distance to the northernmost point of land in Canada -- Cape Columbia , Ellesmere Island -- is 4,640 kilometres ( 2,883 miles ) .	Middle Island	Middle Island ( Lake Erie )	middle island ( lake erie )	Middle Island is a small island , just 18.5 hectares ( 46 acres ) in size . It is the southernmost point of land in Canada , located at 41 ° 41'N , 82 ° 41 `` W ( 41.685 , - 82.684 ) , or about 41.7 degrees north latitude . It lies in Lake Erie , just south of Pelee Island , and is part of Point Pelee National Park . It forms part of the province of Ontario . The southernmost part of the island lies some 150 metres ( 164 yards ) from the U.S. maritime boundary . The distance to the northernmost point of land in Canada -- Cape Columbia , Ellesmere Island -- is 4,640 kilometres ( 2,883 miles ) .	The southernmost point of Middle Island is at a latitude of North 41 ° 40'53 `` , which is at a slightly lower latitude than the southernmost point in Michigan and slightly farther south than downtown Chicago . Twenty - seven U.S. states lie all or partly north of this point , as do European cities such as Rome and Barcelona . Thirteen states are entirely north of this latitude ( Alaska , Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Wisconsin , Michigan , Vermont , New Hampshire , and Maine ) . California , albeit only its northernmost edge , is one of the states that lies partially north of Middle Island , as the California / Oregon border is at the 42nd parallel north . Oblique view of Middle Island Background ( edit ) There are no permanent settlements on Middle Island , as the entire island is a conservation area . The most common species are double - crested cormorants , though several others also nest there . The birds are so plentiful that in May 2008 , Parks Canada attempted to cull the number of cormorants from more than 4000 nests to between 400 and 800 . It once was the site of a lighthouse , built in 1872 but which fell into disuse by 1918 . The 15 - metre ( 49 ft ) pyramidal square tower burned sometime afterward , but its stone foundation is visible . Located in Canadian waters , and hence indisputably under Canadian sovereignty , the island was privately owned for years by various U.S. owners . Subsequently , Middle Island was purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada , and then donated to the Canadian national park system on September 6 , 2000 . Archaeological evidence from a study done in 1982 suggests human occupation dating from 1000 - 1500 A.D. , with one site containing remains that may date to 500 B.C. Others claim that the island has seen inhabitation for more than 10,000 years . Despite early rumours of burial mounds , none were found . The island is part of an archipelago across western Lake Erie , providing a natural migratory corridor for birds and other animals . It has also seen human migrations , mainly from the U.S. northward in the 19th century , including escaped slaves , prisoners of war and army deserters from the U.S. Civil War seeking asylum in mainland Ontario . Throughout the later decades of the 19th century , parts of Middle Island were used for growing grapes to be used in the production of wine , as was being done on Pelee Island . During Prohibition , the island was a way station for alcohol en route to the United States on the south shore of Lake Erie . Gangster Joe Roscoe acquired part of the island and built a seven - bedroom `` clubhouse '' that became the centre of rum - running activity . The hotel offered electricity , fireplaces , and a large screened - in porch with views of the lake . The basement held a casino , carved out of solid bedrock . In the years after 1933 , after the ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment to the United States Constitution resulted in the repeal of the Volstead Act , the hotel drew as many as 200 visitors a day in peak season . Its kitchen became known for pheasant dinners . Likely prior to the 1950s , there was an airstrip of about 275 metres ( 900 feet ) in length . The runway began and ended in water , and is now choked with vegetation . There was at one time a stately mansion on the island , rumoured to be a brothel some time after Prohibition . Only a remnant of the foundation remains . When purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada , the island had no physical improvements and had essentially become a nature preserve over the last ten years , hosting the occasional scientific visit , and curious boaters . Although part of Point Pelee National Park , Middle Island is not officially open to visitors . Interest in preserving the island prompted a 1982 study by Parks Canada , which recommended naming it a national natural landmark . Its ecological , historical , and aesthetic value led Essex County to include it on its list of Environmentally Sensitive Areas and an Area of Natural and Scientific Interest . A conservation group , Carolinian Canada Coalition , named Middle Island one of 38 critical unprotected sites in its effort to preserve remnants of Ontario 's southern forests . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Middle Island Point Pelee National Park of Canada '' . News Release . Archived from the original ( Web Page ) on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://barelybad.com/north_of_canada_map.htm Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : http://209.202.75.197/digi/pelee/english/index2.htm ^ Jump up to : `` TymstraY . Robert , ' ' Seasons : The Environment and Nature Magazine ' ' ( Autumn 1992 ) '' . Middlebass2.org. 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle Island ( Lake Erie ) . Point Pelee National Park official site Middle Island Joins Point Pelee National Park ( Parks Canada news release ) Carolinian Canada Coalition Middle Island 's Hidden Treasures National Atlas of Canada U.S. Census Bureau Mapping Site Coordinates : 41 ° 40 ′ 57 '' N 82 ° 41 ′ 4 '' W / 41.68250 ° N 82.68444 ° W / 41.68250 ; - 82.68444 Lake Erie Islands Ohio Ballast Island Buckeye Island Catawba Island Gibraltar Island Green Island Gull Island Johnson 's Island Kafralu Island Kelleys Island Lost Ballast Island Middle Bass Island Mouse Island North Bass Island Rattlesnake Island South Bass Island Starve Island Sugar Island Turtle Island ( OH / MI ) West Sister Island Ontario Big Chicken Island Chick Island East Sister Island Hen Island Little Chicken Island Middle Island Middle Sister Island Mohawk Island North Harbour Island Pelee Island Ryerson 's Island Second Island Snow Island Other Michigan Gard Island Indian Island Pennsylvania Presque Island New York Bird Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Island_(Lake_Erie)&oldid=822967039 '' Categories : Landforms of Essex County , Ontario Uninhabited islands of Ontario Lake islands of Ontario Islands of Lake Erie Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Esperanto Français 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 15 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20Island%20%28Lake%20Erie%29	2,469
where is the college softball world series played	The Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) is the final portion of the NCAA Division I Softball Championship for college softball in the United States . The tournament format consists of two four - team double - elimination brackets . The winners of each bracket then compete in a best - of - three series to determine the Division I WCWS National Champion . The WCWS takes place at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City . From 1969 to 1981 , the women 's collegiate softball championship was also known as the Women 's College World Series and was promoted as such . During 1969 -- 1979 , the series was played in Omaha , and in 1980 -- 1982 in Norman , Oklahoma . The NCAA held its first six Division I tournaments in Omaha in 1982 -- 1987 , followed by Sunnyvale , California in 1988 -- 1989 . The event has been held in Oklahoma City every year since then , except for 1996 in Columbus , Georgia .	Oklahoma City	Women 's College World Series	women's college world series	The Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) is the final portion of the NCAA Division I Softball Championship for college softball in the United States . The tournament format consists of two four - team double - elimination brackets . The winners of each bracket then compete in a best - of - three series to determine the Division I WCWS National Champion . The WCWS takes place at ASA Hall of Fame Stadium in Oklahoma City . From 1969 to 1981 , the women 's collegiate softball championship was also known as the Women 's College World Series and was promoted as such . During 1969 -- 1979 , the series was played in Omaha , and in 1980 -- 1982 in Norman , Oklahoma . The NCAA held its first six Division I tournaments in Omaha in 1982 -- 1987 , followed by Sunnyvale , California in 1988 -- 1989 . The event has been held in Oklahoma City every year since then , except for 1996 in Columbus , Georgia .	Softball was one of twelve women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the AIAW for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same twelve ( and other ) sports . The 1982 softball championship tournaments of both the AIAW and the NCAA were called `` Women 's College World Series . '' However , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA conquered the AIAW and usurped its authority and membership . Contents ( hide ) 1 Division I 1.1 NCAA 1.2 AIAW 1.3 NCAA team titles by school 1.4 AIAW team titles by school 1.5 Championships & appearances by school 1.6 Championships & appearances by conference 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Division I ( edit ) NCAA ( edit ) Year Champion Title Series Score Runner - up Tie - 3rd Tie - 5th Tie - 7th 1982 UCLA WCAA 2 -- 0 ( 8 inn ) Fresno State NorPac Cal St. Fullerton WCAA Arizona State WCAA Nebraska Big Eight Western Michigan MAC Creighton Gateway Oklahoma State Big Eight Texas A&M Southwest 2 -- 0 ( 12 inn ) Cal State Fullerton WCAA UCLA WCAA South Carolina Independent Louisiana Tech Southland Pacific NorPac Indiana Big Ten Missouri Big Eight 1984 UCLA WCAA 1 -- 0 ( 13 inn ) Texas A&M Southwest Northwestern Big Ten Nebraska Big Eight Adelphi Atlantic 10 Fresno State NorPac Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Utah State High Country 1985 2 -- 1 ( 9 inn ) Nebraska * Big Eight Cal St. Fullerton PCAA Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Adelphi Atlantic 10 Northwestern Big Ten Louisiana Tech Southland Utah High Country 1986 Cal State Fullerton PCAA 3 -- 0 Texas A&M Southwest California NorPac Indiana Big Ten Creighton Gateway Long Beach State PCAA Louisiana Tech Southland Northwestern Big Ten Texas A&M Southwest 4 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Cal St. Fullerton PCAA Nebraska Big Eight Central Michigan MAC Fresno State PCAA Arizona State Pac - 10 Florida State Metro 1988 UCLA Pac - 10 3 -- 0 Fresno State PCAA Arizona Pac - 10 Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Nebraska Big Eight Texas A&M Southwest Aldelphi Atlantic 10 Northern Illinois North Star 1989 1 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Oklahoma State Big Eight Cal Poly Pomona CCAA Oregon Pac - 10 South Carolina Metro Toledo MAC 1990 2 -- 0 Florida State Metro Oklahoma State Big Eight Long Beach State Big West UNLV Big West Arizona Pac - 10 Kent State MAC 1991 Arizona Pac - 10 5 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State Big West Long Beach State Big West Florida State Metro Missouri Big Eight UNLV Big West Utah WAC 1992 UCLA Pac - 10 2 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Fresno State Big West Massachusetts Atlantic 10 California Pac - 10 Long Beach State Big West Florida State ACC Kansas Big Eight 1993 Arizona Pac - 10 1 -- 0 UCLA Pac - 10 Southwestern Louisiana Sun Belt Oklahoma State Big Eight Cal St. Northridge WAC Connecticut Big East Florida State ACC Long Beach State Big West 1994 4 -- 0 Cal State Northridge WAC Oklahoma State Big Eight UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Utah WAC Illinois -- Chicago Mid-Con Missouri Big Eight 1995 UCLA * * Pac - 10 4 -- 2 Arizona Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten UNLV Big West Cal St. Fullerton Big West SW Louisiana Sun Belt Michigan Big Ten Princeton Ivy Arizona Pac - 10 6 -- 4 Washington Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten UCLA Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 SW Louisiana Sun Belt Michigan Big Ten Princeton Ivy 1997 10 -- 2 ( 5 inn ) UCLA Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Washington Pac - 10 Iowa Big Ten Michigan Big Ten Massachusetts Atlantic 10 South Carolina SEC 1998 Fresno State WAC 1 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Oklahoma State Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Nebraska Big 12 Massachusetts Atlantic 10 Texas Big 12 1999 UCLA Pac - 10 3 -- 2 Washington Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA Arizona Pac - 10 Fresno State WAC Arizona State Pac - 10 Southern Miss Conference USA 2000 Oklahoma Big 12 3 -- 1 UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Southern Miss Conference USA Alabama SEC Washington Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA 2001 Arizona Pac - 10 1 -- 0 UCLA Pac - 10 LSU SEC Stanford Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 Oklahoma Big 12 Iowa Big Ten Michigan Big Ten 2002 California Pac - 10 6 -- 0 Arizona Pac - 10 Arizona State Pac - 10 Florida State ACC Nebraska Big 12 UCLA Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Oklahoma Big 12 2003 UCLA Pac - 10 1 -- 0 ( 9 inn ) California Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Texas Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 Alabama SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt 3 -- 1 LSU SEC Stanford Pac - 10 Florida State ACC Oklahoma Big 12 Michigan Big Ten Washington Pac - 10 2005 * * * Michigan Big Ten 0 -- 5 5 -- 2 4 -- 1 ( 10 inn ) UCLA Pac - 10 Tennessee SEC Texas Big 12 Alabama SEC Arizona Pac - 10 California Pac - 10 DePaul Conference USA 2006 Arizona Pac - 10 8 -- 0 5 -- 0 Northwestern Big Ten Tennessee SEC UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona State Pac - 10 Texas Big 12 Alabama SEC Oregon State Pac - 10 2007 0 -- 3 1 -- 0 ( 10 inn ) 5 -- 0 Tennessee SEC Northwestern Big Ten Washington Pac - 10 Baylor Big 12 DePaul Big East Arizona State Pac - 10 Texas A&M Big 12 2008 Arizona State Pac - 10 3 -- 0 11 -- 0 Texas A&M Big 12 Alabama SEC Florida SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt UCLA Pac - 10 Arizona Pac - 10 Virginia Tech ACC 2009 Washington Pac - 10 8 -- 0 3 -- 2 Florida SEC Alabama SEC Georgia SEC Arizona Pac - 10 Michigan Big Ten Arizona State Pac - 10 Missouri Big 12 UCLA Pac - 10 6 -- 5 ( 8 inn ) 15 -- 9 Arizona Pac - 10 Georgia SEC Tennessee SEC Florida SEC Hawaii WAC Missouri Big 12 Washington Pac - 10 2011 Arizona State Pac - 10 14 -- 4 7 -- 2 Florida SEC Alabama SEC Baylor Big 12 California Pac - 10 Missouri Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Oklahoma State Big 12 2012 Alabama SEC 1 -- 4 8 -- 6 5 -- 4 Oklahoma Big 12 California Pac - 12 Arizona State Pac - 12 Oregon Pac - 12 LSU SEC South Florida Big East Tennessee SEC 2013 Oklahoma Big 12 5 -- 3 ( 12 inn ) 4 -- 0 Tennessee SEC Washington Pac - 12 Texas Big 12 Michigan Big Ten Florida SEC Arizona State Pac - 12 Nebraska Big Ten 2014 Florida SEC 5 -- 0 6 -- 3 Alabama SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Baylor Big 12 Oklahoma Big 12 Kentucky SEC LA - Lafayette Sun Belt Florida State ACC 2015 3 -- 2 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 Michigan Big Ten Auburn SEC LSU SEC UCLA Pac - 12 Alabama SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Tennessee SEC 2016 Oklahoma Big 12 3 -- 2 7 -- 11 ( 8 inn ) 2 -- 1 Auburn SEC Florida State ACC LSU SEC Michigan Big Ten Georgia SEC Alabama SEC UCLA Pac - 12 2017 7 - 5 ( 17 inn ) 5 - 4 Florida SEC Oregon Pac - 12 Washington Pac - 12 LSU SEC UCLA Pac - 12 Baylor Big 12 Texas A&M SEC * Nebraska 's runner - up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA . * * The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations . Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland , Australia midway through the 1995 season . After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship , Harding , the MVP of the tournament , returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit . Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding , the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns . * * * Beginning in 2005 , a best - of - three series determines the national championship . AIAW ( edit ) From 1969 -- 1972 , the DGWS ( forerunner organization of the AIAW ) recognized the WCWS , organized by the Amateur Softball Association , as the collegiate championship tournament . The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973 . Year Champion Title Series Game Score ( s ) Runner - up 1969 John F. Kennedy College 2 -- 0 Illinois State 1970 0 -- 2 7 -- 6 Southwest Missouri State 1971 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 Iowa State 1972 Arizona State 0 -- 1 8 -- 5 ( 11 inn ) University of Tokyo -- Nihon 1973 0 -- 4 4 -- 3 ( 16 inn ) Illinois State Southwest Missouri State 14 -- 7 Northern Colorado Nebraska Omaha 1 -- 11 6 -- 4 Northern Iowa 1976 Michigan State 3 -- 0 Northern Colorado 1977 Northern Iowa 0 -- 1 ( 9 inn ) 7 -- 0 Arizona 1978 UCLA 3 -- 0 Northern Colorado 1979 Texas Woman 's 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 UCLA 1980 Utah State 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Indiana 1981 1 -- 6 4 -- 3 Cal State Fullerton 1982 Texas A&M 4 -- 1 5 -- 3 ( 8 inn ) Oklahoma State Jump up ^ Officially named the `` AIAW Division I National Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ Officially named the `` AIAW College Softball World Series . '' NCAA team titles by school ( edit ) School Number Year Won UCLA 11 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 Arizona 8 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2000 , 2013 , 2016 , 2017 Arizona State 2008 , 2011 Texas A&M 1983 , 1987 Florida 2014 , 2015 Alabama 2012 Cal State Fullerton 1986 Fresno State 1998 Michigan 2005 Washington 2009 California 2002 * UCLA also won the 1995 title , but it has since been vacated by the NCAA ; see above . AIAW team titles by school ( edit ) From 1969 -- 1972 , the DGWS ( forerunner organization of the AIAW ) recognized the WCWS , organized by the Amateur Softball Association , as the collegiate championship tournament . The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973 . School Championships Years John F. Kennedy College ( Nebraska ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ( all DGWS ) Arizona State 1972 ( DGWS ) , 1973 Utah State 1980 , 1981 Florida State 1981 , 1982 ( both Slow Pitch ) ( Southwest ) Missouri State Nebraska Omaha Michigan State 1976 Northern Iowa 1977 UCLA 1978 Texas Woman 's 1979 Texas A&M 1982 Championships & appearances by school ( edit ) Color coded by current conference ; table is sortable Bold indicates team championship School Championships ( through 2017 ) Title Games ( through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( through 2017 ) UCLA 12 21 29 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Arizona 8 14 26 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 Arizona State 18 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1987 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 California 15 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1986 , 1992 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Oklahoma 5 15 1975 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Fresno State 5 12 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Michigan 13 1982 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Texas A&M 6 11 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 2007 , 2008 Washington 11 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Northern Colorado 0 11 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Oklahoma State 0 11 1977 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1982 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2011 South Carolina 0 0 11 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1989 , 1997 Alabama 11 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ( Southwest ) Missouri State 10 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 Nebraska -- Omaha 10 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 Nebraska 0 0 9 1970 , 1971 , 1982 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1998 , 2002 , 2013 Cal State -- Fullerton 8 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 1987 , 1995 Illinois State 0 8 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1976 , 1978 , 1981 Western Illinois 0 0 8 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 Florida State 0 0 9 1987 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2016 Florida 5 8 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Tennessee 0 7 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Missouri 0 0 7 1981 , 1983 , 1991 , 1994 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Cal Poly Pomona 0 0 7 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1989 Kansas 0 0 7 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1992 Michigan State 6 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1981 Louisiana -- Lafayette 0 0 6 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 2003 , 2008 , 2014 Oregon 0 0 6 1976 , 1980 , 1989 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Massachusetts 0 0 6 1974 , 1978 , 1980 , 1992 , 1997 , 1998 Long Beach State 0 0 5 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Northwestern 0 5 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 2006 , 2007 Texas 0 0 5 1998 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2013 Utah 0 0 5 1976 , 1982 , 1985 , 1991 , 1994 Creighton 0 0 5 1969 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1986 Wayne State ( Nebraska ) 0 0 5 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 Utah State 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 Northern Iowa 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 Indiana 0 1979 , 1980 , 1983 , 1986 DePaul 0 0 1999 , 2000 , 2005 , 2007 Iowa 0 0 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 LSU 0 0 5 2001 , 2004 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Oregon State 0 0 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 2006 Southern Illinois ( Carbondale ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1977 , 1978 South Dakota State 0 0 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 Luther College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 John F. Kennedy College ( Nebraska ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 Texas Woman 's University 1975 , 1978 , 1979 Baylor 0 0 2007 , 2011 , 2014 Louisiana Tech 0 0 1983 , 1985 , 1986 Adelphi ( New York ) 0 0 1984 , 1985 , 1988 UNLV 0 0 1990 , 1991 , 1995 Western Michigan 0 0 1980 , 1981 , 1982 Kearney State College ( Nebraska ) 0 0 1969 , 1970 , 1971 Minot State ( ND ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 , 1972 Emporia State ( Kansas ) 0 0 1971 , 1972 , 1979 Weber State ( Utah ) 0 0 1973 , 1974 , 1975 North Dakota State 0 0 1973 , 1974 , 1975 Iowa State 0 1971 , 1973 Cal State -- Northridge 0 1993 , 1994 Georgia 0 0 2009 , 2010 , 2016 Princeton 0 0 1995 , 1996 Southern Mississippi 0 0 1999 , 2000 Stanford 0 0 2001 , 2004 Central Michigan 0 0 1982 , 1987 Minnesota -- Duluth 0 0 1970 , 1971 Midland Lutheran ( Nebraska ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 New Mexico 0 0 1980 , 1981 Rutgers 0 0 1979 , 1981 Concordia ( Nebraska ) 0 0 1970 , 1971 Upper Iowa 0 0 1970 , 1971 Eastern Illinois 0 0 1971 , 1974 Central Missouri State 0 0 1971 , 1972 Ball State ( Indiana ) 0 0 1973 , 1975 Indiana State 0 0 1974 , 1976 East Stroudsburg State ( PA ) 0 0 1975 , 1976 Northern State ( SD ) 0 0 1975 , 1976 Texas -- Arlington 0 0 1976 , 1977 Cal State -- Sacramento 0 0 1976 , 1977 Minnesota 0 0 1976 , 1978 Auburn 0 0 2015 , 2016 Connecticut 0 0 1993 Hawaii 0 0 Illinois -- Chicago 0 0 1994 Kent State ( Ohio ) 0 0 1990 Kentucky 0 0 2014 Northern Illinois 0 0 1988 Pacific ( CA ) 0 0 South Florida 0 0 2012 Toledo 0 0 1989 Virginia Tech 0 0 2008 St. Petersburg Junior College ( FL ) 0 0 1969 Black Hills State College ( SD ) 0 0 1969 Midwestern College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1970 Parsons College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 Wartburg College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 Wisconsin State University -- Eau Claire 0 0 1971 South Dakota 0 0 1971 Southwest Baptist College ( MO ) 0 0 1971 Buena Vista College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 Simpson College ( Iowa ) 0 0 1971 University of Tokyo -- Nihon 0 1972 Keene State College ( NH ) 0 0 1972 Purdue University 0 0 1972 West Georgia College 0 0 Golden West College ( CA ) 0 0 Winona State College ( MN ) 0 0 Nassau Community College ( NY ) 0 0 Oregon College of Education 0 0 Northwest Missouri State 0 0 Ohio University 0 0 Mankato State ( MN ) 0 0 Tarkio College ( MO ) 0 0 1976 Northwestern Oklahoma State 0 0 1976 Mayville State College ( ND ) 0 0 1976 West Chester State College ( PA ) 0 0 1977 Springfield College ( Mass . ) 0 0 1977 Portland State ( Oregon ) 0 0 1978 Stephen F. Austin ( Texas ) 0 0 1978 Chapman College ( California ) 0 0 1979 New Mexico State 0 0 1981 Ohio State 0 0 1982 Rhode Island 0 0 1982 U.S. International University ( CA ) 0 0 1982 UCLA 's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska 's 1985 runner - up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted ^ Jump up to : NCAA WCWS participant in 1982 , when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name ^ Jump up to : AIAW WCWS participant in 1982 , when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name Championships & appearances by Conference ( edit ) This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women 's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 ( both Division I tournaments in 1982 -- AIAW and NCAA -- were called `` Women 's College World Series '' ) . Conference Championships ( Through 2017 ) Title Game / Series Appearances ( Through 2017 ) WCWS Appearances ( Through 2017 ) Pac - 12 23 36 82 SEC 10 40 Big 12 5 30 Big Ten 23 Big West 19 Big Eight 12 WAC 11 Atlantic 10 6 Southwest 5 ACC 9 Conference USA 5 Sun Belt 6 CCAA MAC Metro Southland Big East Ivy Missouri Valley Independent Summit League NorPac North Star WCAA 6 Notes Jump up ^ UCLA 's 1995 WCWS participation & title were vacated by the NCAA , and are not included in these figures ; see above . The Pac - 12 , which adopted its current name on July 1 , 2011 , retains all historical records from its years as the Pac - 10 . The conference had adopted the `` Pac - 10 '' name in 1978 , but did not begin sponsoring women 's sports until the 1986 -- 87 school year . Jump up ^ The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until July 1988 . Totals include all appearances by conference members under both names , but includes only appearances after the conference began sponsoring women 's sports in 1984 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Nebraska 's 1985 WCWS participation & title game appearance were vacated by the NCAA , and are not included in these totals . The Big Eight merged with four teams from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 in 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Conference is now defunct . Jump up ^ The Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) did not sponsor women 's sports until the 1990 -- 91 academic year , after absorbing the High Country Athletic Conference ( HCAC ) , a parallel women 's - only conference . The WAC maintains all historic records from the HCAC ; totals include Utah State 's 1984 and Utah 's 1985 appearances while in the HCAC . Jump up ^ Texas A&M won two titles , made four title game appearances and five WCWS appearances while they were still members of the Southwest Conference . This conference is now defunct . Texas A&M was a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996 , but left for the Southeastern Conference in July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Following the breakup of the Metro in 1991 by Florida State , South Carolina , Cincinnati , and Memphis , the Metro and its breakaway Great Midwest Conference reunified in 1995 as Conference USA . Jump up ^ Although the charter of the original Big East Conference was inherited by the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 Big East split , the current Big East Conference maintains all athletic records of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors . Jump up ^ Records include those of the former Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference when it was originally a women 's - only conference parallel to the MVC . In 1985 , after the MVC stopped sponsoring football , the Gateway took on football as its only men 's sport . In 1992 , the women 's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC , which maintains all historic records of Gateway women 's sports . The football side of the conference maintained the Gateway charter , first as the Gateway Football Conference and now the Missouri Valley Football Conference . Jump up ^ The Mid-Continent Conference adopted its current name of The Summit League in June 2007 . Jump up ^ The NorPac , in full the Northern Pacific Conference , was a women 's - only conference that operated from 1982 to 1986 . The conference disbanded when the then - Pac - 10 , home to five of the final seven NorPac members , began sponsoring women 's sports in 1986 -- 87 . The remaining two schools , which were members of the PCAA for men 's sports , moved their women 's sports to that conference . Jump up ^ The North Star Conference was a women 's - only conference that merged into the Mid-Continent Conference , now The Summit League , in 1992 . The Summit maintains all historic records of North Star sports . Jump up ^ The WCAA , in full the Western Collegiate Athletic Association , was a women 's - only conference that operated from 1981 to 1986 . Its final five members were all members of the conference known at the time as the Pac - 10 , and moved their women 's sports to that league . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I softball programs Women 's College World Series Most Outstanding Player College softball NCAA Division I Softball Championship NCAA Division II Softball Championship NCAA Division III Softball Championship AIAW Intercollegiate Women 's Softball Champions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mary L. Littlewood ( 1998 ) . Women 's Fastpitch Softball -- The Path to the Gold , An Historical Look at Women 's Fastpitch in the United States ( first ed . ) . National Fastpitch Coaches Association , Columbia , Missouri . pp. 145 , 208 . ISBN 0 - 9664310 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Grundy , Pamela & Shackelford , Susan ( 2005 ) . Shattering the Glass . The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 822 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Plummer , William ; Floyd , Larry C. ( 2013 ) . A Series Of Their Own : History Of The Women 's College World Series . Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , United States : Turnkey Communications Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9893007 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Starr , Mark ( June 12 , 1995 ) . `` No Credit For UCLA '' . Newsweek . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Montville , Leigh ( June 12 , 1995 ) . `` Ringer From Down Under '' . Sports Illustrated . External links ( edit ) NCAA softball webpage NCAA Division I Women 's College World Series 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Most Outstanding Players AIAW Women 's College World Series 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Most Outstanding Players National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I sports and championships Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( defunct ) National Collegiate women 's ice hockey championship NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Liga MX Femenil Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship NAIA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Championship Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) NAIA Softball Championship Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Women 's Cross Country Championship NAIA Women 's Golf Championship NAIA Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NAIA Women 's Tennis Championship NAIA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Volleyball Championship NAIA lacrosse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_College_World_Series&oldid=804115562 '' Categories : Women 's College World Series Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%2527s%20College%20World%20Series	2,470
which of the following has the same conservation status as the cheetah			Cheetah	cheetah	Former range Low density Medium density High density	Synonyms List ( show ) Acinonyx venator Brookes , 1828 Cynælurus jubata Mivart , 1900 C. jubatus Blanford , 1888 C. guttatus Hollister , 1911 Felis guttata Hermann , 1804 F. fearonii Smith , 1834 F. jubata Erxleben , 1777 F. jubatus Schreber , 1775 F. megaballa Heuglin , 1868 F. venatica Griffith , 1821 The cheetah / ˈtʃiːtə / ( Acinonyx jubatus ) is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae that occurs mainly in eastern and southern Africa and a few parts of Iran . The only extant member of the genus Acinonyx , the cheetah was first described by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1775 . The cheetah is characterised by a slender body , deep chest , spotted coat , a small rounded head , black tear - like streaks on the face , long thin legs and a long spotted tail . Its lightly built , slender form is in sharp contrast with the robust build of the big cats , making it more similar to the cougar . The cheetah reaches nearly 70 to 90 cm ( 28 to 35 in ) at the shoulder , and weighs 21 -- 72 kg ( 46 -- 159 lb ) . Though taller than the leopard , it is notably smaller than the lion . Typically yellowish tan or rufous to greyish white , the coat is uniformly covered with nearly 2,000 solid black spots . Cheetahs are active mainly during the day , with hunting their major activity . Adult males are sociable despite their territoriality , forming groups called `` coalitions '' . Females are not territorial ; they may be solitary or live with their offspring in home ranges . Carnivores , cheetah mainly prey upon antelopes and gazelles . They will stalk their prey to within 100 -- 300 metres ( 330 -- 980 ft ) , charge towards it and kill it by tripping it during the chase and biting its throat to suffocate it to death . The cheetah 's body is specialised for speed ; it is the fastest land animal . The speed of a hunting cheetah averages 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) during a sprint ; the chase is interspersed with a few short bursts of speed , when the animal can attain 112 km / h ( 70 mph ) , although this is disputed by more recent measurements . Cheetahs are induced ovulators , breeding throughout the year . Gestation is nearly three months long , resulting in a litter of typically three to five cubs ( the number can vary from one to eight ) . Weaning occurs at six months ; siblings tend to stay together for some time . Cheetah cubs face higher mortality than most other mammals , especially in the Serengeti region . Cheetahs inhabit a variety of habitats -- dry forests , scrub forests and savannahs . Thanks to its prowess at hunting , the cheetah was tamed and used to kill game at hunts in the past . The animal has been widely depicted in art , literature , advertising and animation . Classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , the cheetah has suffered a substantial decline in its historic range due to rampant hunting in the 20th century . Several African countries have taken steps to improve the standards of cheetah conservation . By late 2016 - early 2017 , the cheetah 's global population had fallen to approximately 7,100 individuals in the wild due to habitat loss , poaching , the illegal pet trade , and conflict with humans , with researchers suggesting that the animal be immediately reclassified as `` Endangered '' on the IUCN Red List . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Genetics 3.1 King cheetah 4 Characteristics 4.1 Anatomy 5 Ecology and behaviour 5.1 Social organisation 5.2 Home ranges and territories 5.3 Communication 5.3. 1 Vocalisations 5.3. 2 Other methods 5.3. 3 Display behaviour 5.4 Hunting and competitors 5.5 Speed and acceleration 5.5. 1 Adaptations 5.5. 2 Recorded values 5.6 Reproduction 5.7 Mortality 6 Distribution and habitat 6.1 Africa 6.2 Asia 7 Status and threats 8 Conservation measures 8.1 In Africa 8.2 In Asia 9 Interaction with human beings 9.1 Taming 9.2 In captivity 9.3 In culture 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology The vernacular name `` cheetah '' is derived from the Hindi word चीता ( cītā ) , which in turn comes from the Sanskrit word चित्रकायः ( citrakāyaḥ ) meaning `` bright '' or `` variegated '' . The first recorded use of this word has been dated back to 1610 . An alternative name for the cheetah is `` hunting leopard '' . The scientific name of the cheetah is Acinonyx jubatus . The generic name Acinonyx could have originated from the combination of two Greek words : akinetos means motionless , and onyx means claw . A rough translation of the word would be `` non-moving claws '' , a reference to the limited retractability ( capability of being drawn inside the paw ) of the claws of the cheetah relative to other cats ' . The specific name jubatus means `` maned '' in Latin , referring to the dorsal crest of this animal . Taxonomy Lynx Lynx rufus ( Bobcat ) L. canadensis ( Canadian lynx ) L. pardinus ( Iberian lynx ) L. lynx ( Eurasian lynx ) Puma Acinonyx jubatus ( Cheetah ) Puma concolor ( Cougar ) P. yagouaroundi ( Jaguarundi ) Felis Felis chaus ( Jungle cat ) F. nigripes ( Black - footed cat ) F. silvestris silvestris ( European wildcat ) F. margarita ( Sand cat ) F. silvestris lybica ( African wildcat ) F. catus ( Domestic cat ) The Puma lineage , depicted along with the Lynx and Felis lineages of the family Felidae The cheetah is the only extant species of the genus Acinonyx . It belongs to Felinae , the subfamily of Felidae that also includes lynxes , wildcats , and the puma . The species was first described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in his 1775 publication Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen . The cheetah 's closest relatives are the cougar ( Puma concolor ) and the jaguarundi ( P. yagouaroundi ) . These three species together form the Puma lineage , one of the eight lineages of Felidae . The sister group of the Puma lineage is a clade of smaller Old World cats that includes the genera Felis , Otocolobus and Prionailurus . Although the cheetah is an African cat , molecular evidence indicates that the three species of the Puma lineage evolved in North America two to three million years ago , where they possibly had a common ancestor during the Miocene . They possibly diverged from this ancestor 8.25 million years ago . The cheetah diverged from the puma and the jaguarundi around 6.7 million years ago . A genome study concluded that cheetahs experienced two genetic bottlenecks in their history , the first about 100,000 years ago and the second about 12,000 years ago , greatly lowering their genetic variability . These bottlenecks may have been associated with migrations across Asia and into Africa ( with the current African population founded about 12,000 years ago ) , and / or with a depletion of prey species at the end of the Pleistocene . Cheetah fossils found in the lower beds of the Olduvai Gorge site in northern Tanzania date back to the Pleistocene . The extinct species of Acinonyx are older than the cheetah , with the oldest known from the late Pliocene ; these fossils are about three million years old . These species include Acinonyx pardinensis ( Pliocene epoch ) , notably larger than the modern cheetah , and A. intermedius ( mid-Pleistocene period ) . While the range of A. intermedius stretched from Europe to China , A pardinensis spanned over Eurasia as well as eastern and southern Africa . A variety of larger cheetah believed to have existed in Europe fell to extinction around half a million years ago . Extinct North American cats resembling the cheetah had historically been assigned to Felis , Puma or Acinonyx . However , a phylogenetic analysis in 1990 placed these species under the genus Miracinonyx . Miracinonyx exhibited a high degree of similarity with the cheetah . However , in 1998 , a DNA analysis showed that Miracinonyx inexpectatus , M. studeri , and M. trumani ( early to late Pleistocene epoch ) , found in North America , are not true cheetahs ; in fact , they are close relatives of the cougar . Subspecies Subspecies ' range The five recognised subspecies of the cheetah are : Asiatic cheetah ( A. j. venaticus ) ( Griffith , 1821 ) : Also called the Iranian or Indian cheetah . Formerly occurred across the Middle East , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent . According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) , it is confined to Iran , and is thus the only surviving cheetah subspecies indigenous to Asia . It has been classified as Critically Endangered . A 2004 study estimated the total population at 50 to 60 . Later , a 2007 study gave the total population in Iran as 60 to 100 ; the majority of individuals were likely to be juveniles . The population has declined sharply since the mid-1970s . As of 2012 , only two captive individuals are known . Northwest African cheetah ( A. j. hecki ) ( Hilzheimer , 1913 ) : Also called the Saharan cheetah . Found in northwestern Africa ; the IUCN confirms its presence in only four countries : Algeria , Benin , Burkina Faso and Niger . Small populations are known to exist in the Ahaggar and Tassili N'Ajjer National Parks ( Algeria ) ; a 2003 study estimated a population of 20 to 40 individuals in Ahaggar National Park . In Niger , cheetahs have been reported from the Aïr Mountains , Ténéré , Termit Massif , Talak and Azaouak valley . A 1993 study reported a population of 50 from Ténéré . In Benin , the cheetah still survives in Pendjari National Park and W National Park . The status is obscure in Burkina Faso , where individuals may be confined to the southeastern region . With the total world population estimated at less than 250 mature individuals , it is listed as Critically Endangered . South African cheetah ( A. j. jubatus ) ( Schreber , 1775 ) : Also called the Namibian cheetah . The nominate subspecies and the most numerous of the cheetahs . Occurs in southern African countries such as Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Mozambique and Zambia . Went extinct from Lesotho and southern Congo - Kinshasa . Introduced in the Hlane Royal National Park of Swaziland and reintroduced in the Liwonde National Park of Malawi . Separated from the Asiatic cheetah nearly 0.32 -- 0.67 million years ago . In 2007 the population was roughly estimated at less than 5,000 to maximum 6,500 adult individuals . The South African cheetah populations are increasing in South Africa , Namibia and Botswana . Once thought to be extinct for 30 years , wild cheetahs were reported to persist Iona National Park in southwestern Angola for the first time in 2010 . Since 1999 , they suffered a massive decline in Zimbabwe , as well as in Mozambique following the civil wars during 1980 - 90s . Not listed by the IUCN . Sudan cheetah ( A. j. soemmeringii ) ( Fitzinger , 1855 ) : Also called the Central or Northeast African cheetah . Fragmented in the central and northeastern regions of the continent and the Horn of Africa . This subspecies was considered identical to the South African cheetah until a 2011 genetic analysis demonstrated significant differences between the two . Tanzanian cheetah ( A. j. raineyi syn . A. j. fearsoni ) ( Heller , 1913 ) : Also called the East African cheetah . Found in Kenya , Somalia , Tanzania , and Uganda . The total population in 2007 was estimated at 2,572 adults and independent adolescents . Significant populations occur in the Maasai Mara and the Serengeti ecoregions . Subspecies of the cheetah Asian cheetah South African cheetah Sudan cheetah Tanzanian cheetah Genetics The diploid number of chromosomes in the cheetah is 38 , the same as in most other felids ( though for the ocelot and the margay the number is 36 ) . A remarkable feature of the cheetah is its unusually low genetic variability in comparison to other felids . Consequently , individuals show considerable genetic similarity to one another , as illustrated by skin grafts , electrophoretic evidence and reproductive surveys . A prolonged period of inbreeding , following a genetic bottleneck during the last ice age , is believed to be the reason behind this anomaly . The consequences of such genetic uniformity might include a low sperm count , decreased sperm motility , deformed flagella , difficulty in captive breeding and susceptibility to disease . King cheetah King cheetah . Note the distinctive coat pattern . The king cheetah is a variety of cheetah with a rare mutation for cream - coloured fur marked with large , blotchy spots and three dark , wide stripes extending from their neck to the tail . In 1926 Major A. Cooper wrote about an animal he had shot near modern - day Harare . Describing the animal , he noted its remarkable similarity to the cheetah , but the body of this individual was covered with fur as thick as that of a snow leopard and the spots merged to form stripes . He suggested that it could be a cross between a leopard and a cheetah . After further similar animals were discovered , it was established they were similar to the cheetah in having non-retractable claws -- a characteristic feature of the cheetah . English zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock described it as a new species by the name of Acinonyx rex ( `` rex '' being Latin for `` king '' , the name translated to `` king cheetah '' ) ; However , he reverted from this in 1939 . English hunter - naturalist Abel Chapman considered it to be a colour morph of the spotted cheetah . Since 1927 the king cheetah has been reported five more times in the wild ; an individual was photographed in 1975 . In May 1981 two spotted sisters gave birth at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre ( South Africa ) , and each litter contained one king cheetah . Each sister had mated with a wild male from the Transvaal region ( where king cheetahs had been recorded ) . Further king cheetahs were later born at the Centre . They have been known to exist in Zimbabwe , Botswana and northern Transvaal . In 2012 the cause of this alternative coat pattern was found to be a mutation in the gene for transmembrane aminopeptidase Q ( Taqpep ) , the same gene responsible for the striped `` mackerel '' versus blotchy `` classic '' patterning seen in tabby cats . Hence , genetically the king cheetah is simply a variety of the common cheetah and not a separate species . This case is similar to that of the black panthers . The mutation is recessive , a reason behind the rareness of the mutation . As a result , if two mating cheetahs have the same gene , then a quarter of their offspring can be expected to be king cheetahs . Characteristics Cheetah portrait showing the black `` tear mark '' running from the corner of the eye down the side of the nose The cheetah is a felid with several distinctive features -- a slender body , deep chest , spotted pelage , a small rounded head , black tear - like streaks on the face , long thin legs and a long spotted tail . Its lightly built , slender form is in sharp contrast with the robust build of the big cats . The head - and - body length ranges from 112 -- 150 centimetres ( 44 -- 59 in ) . The cheetah reaches 70 -- 90 cm ( 28 -- 35 in ) at the shoulder , and weighs 21 -- 72 kilograms ( 46 -- 159 lb ) . Thus , it is clearly taller than the leopard , which stands nearly 55 -- 70 centimetres ( 22 -- 28 in ) at the shoulder . The weight range of the cheetah overlaps extensively with that of the leopard , which weighs 28 -- 65 kilograms ( 62 -- 143 lb ) . On the other hand , the cheetah is significantly shorter than the lion , whose average height is nearly 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Moreover , it is much lighter than the lion , among which females weigh 126 kilograms ( 278 lb ) and the much heavier males weigh 186 kilograms ( 410 lb ) . Based on measurements , the smallest cheetahs have been reported from the Sahara , northeastern Africa and Iran . A sexually dimorphic species , males are generally larger than females . The head is small and streamlined , adding to the agility of the cheetah . Saharan cheetah have narrow canine faces . Small , short , and rounded , the ears are marked by black patches on the back ; the edges and base of the ears are tawny . The high - set eyes have round pupils . The whiskers , shorter and fewer in number than those of other felids , are fine and inconspicuous . The pronounced tear streaks are unique to the cheetah . These streaks originate from the corner of the eyes and run down the nose to the mouth . Their role is obscure -- they may be serving as a shield for the eyes against the sun 's glare , a helpful feature as the cheetah hunts mainly during the day ; another purpose could be to define facial expressions . Close view of a cheetah . Note the light build , slender body , spotted coat and long tail . Basically yellowish tan or rufous to greyish white , the coat of the cheetah is uniformly covered with nearly 2,000 solid black spots . The upper parts are in stark contrast to the underbelly , which is completely white . Each spot measures nearly 3.2 -- 5.1 centimetres ( 1.3 -- 2.0 in ) across . Every cheetah has a unique pattern of spots on its coat ; hence , this serves as a distinct identity for each individual . Cheetah fur is short and often coarse . Fluffy fur covers the chest and the ventral side . Several colour morphs of the cheetah have been identified , including melanistic and albino forms . Black cheetah have been observed in Kenya and Zambia . In 1877 -- 1878 , English zoologist Philip Sclater described two partially albino specimens from South Africa . A ticked ( tabby ) cheetah was photographed in Kenya in 2012 . Juveniles are typically dark with long , loose , blue to grey hair . A short mane , about 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) long , on the neck and the shoulders , is all that remains of the cape in adults . The exceptionally long and muscular tail measures 60 -- 80 centimetres ( 24 -- 31 in ) , and ends in a bushy white tuft . While the first two - thirds of the tail are covered in spots , the final part is marked with four to six dark rings or stripes . The arrangement of the terminal stripes of the tail differs among individuals , but the stripe patterns of siblings are very similar . In fact , the tail of an individual will typically resemble its siblings ' to a greater extent than it resembles its mother 's or any other individual 's . The cheetah is often confused with the leopard and the cougar and can be distinguished by its small round spots in contrast to the leopard 's rosettes and the cougar 's plain coat ; in addition , the leopard lacks the tear streaks of the cheetah . The cougar possesses neither the tear streaks nor the spotted coat pattern of the cheetah . The serval has a form very similar to that of the cheetah but is significantly smaller . Moreover , it has a shorter tail and spots that fuse to form stripes on the back . Anatomy The skull of the cheetah is relatively short , and the sagittal crest is poorly developed . Being in the genus Acinonyx , the morphology of the cheetah differs notably from the big cats ( genus Panthera ) . The face and the jaw are unusually shortened and the sagittal crest is poorly developed , possibly to reduce weight and enhance speed . In fact , the skull resembles that of the smaller cats . Another point of similarity to the small cats is the long and flexible spine , in contrast to the stiff and short one of other large felids . A 2001 study of felid morphology stated that the truncation of the development of the middle phalanx bone in the cheetah at a relatively younger age than other felids could be a major reason for the peculiar morphology of the cheetah . Interestingly , the cheetah appears to show convergent evolution with canids in morphology as well as behaviour . For example , the cheetah has a relatively long snout , long legs and deep chest , tough foot pads and blunt , semi-retractable claws ; moreover , its hunting behaviour resembles that of canids . In the 2001 study , it was observed that the claws of cheetah have features intermediate between those of felids and the wolf . In the Puma lineage , the cheetah 's skull morphology is similar to that of the puma -- both have short , wide skulls -- while that of the jaguarundi is different . The cheetah has a total of 30 teeth ; the dental formula is 3.1. 3.1 3.1. 2.1 . The deciduous dentition is 3.1. 23.1. 2 . The sharp , narrow cheek teeth help in tearing flesh , whereas the small and flat canine teeth bite the throat of the prey to suffocate it . Males have slightly bigger heads with wider incisors and longer mandibles than females . The muscles between the skull and jaw are short , and thus do not allow the cheetah to open its mouth as much as other cats . Digitigrade animals , the cheetah have tough foot pads that make it convenient to run on firm ground . The hind legs are longer than the forelegs . The relatively longer metacarpals , metatarsals ( of the lower leg ) , radius , ulna , tibia , and fibula increase the length of each jump . The straightening of the flexible vertebral column also adds to the length . Cheetahs have a high concentration of nerve cells , arranged in a band in the centre of the eyes . This arrangement , called a `` visual streak '' , significantly enhances the sharpness of the vision . Among the felids , the visual streak is most concentrated and efficient in the cheetah . The nasal passages are short and large ; the smallness of the canines helps to accommodate the large nostrils . The cheetah is unable to roar due to the presence of a sharp - edged vocal fold within the larynx . The paws of the cheetah are narrower than those of other felids . The slightly curved claws lack a protective sheath and are weakly retractable ( semi-retractable ) . This is a major point of difference between the cheetah and the big cats , which have fully retractable claws , and a similarity to canids . Additionally , the claws of the cheetah are shorter as well as straighter than those of other cats . Absence of protection makes the claws blunt ; however , the large and strongly curved dewclaw is remarkably sharp . Ecology and behaviour Cheetahs rest in shade . A group of cheetahs Cheetahs are diurnal ( active mainly during the day ) , whereas the leopards , tigers , and lions are nocturnal ( active mainly at night ) ; diurnality allows better observation and monitoring of the animal . Hunting is the major activity throughout the day ; peaks are observed during dawn and dusk indicating crepuscular tendencies . Groups rest in grassy clearings after dusk , though males and juveniles often roam around at night . The cheetah is an alert animal ; individuals often inspect their vicinity at observation points such as elevations . Even while resting , they take turns at keeping a lookout . Social organisation Apart from the lion , the cheetah is the only cat that is gregarious ; however , female cheetahs tend to remain solitary . Tim Caro , of the University of California , Davis , identified the various social classes and their longevity . Pregnant and nursing females , a few adolescents , and males who have not joined any groups are typically solitary . Non-lactating females , their cubs , adolescent siblings , and several males will form their own groups . A loose association between individuals of the opposite sex can be observed during the breeding season . These social groups typically keep away from one another . Adult males are typically gregarious despite their territoriality , and may group together for life and form `` coalitions '' . These groups collectively defend their territories . In most cases , a coalition will comprise brothers born in the same litter who stayed together after weaning . However , if a cub is the only male in the litter , then two or three lone males may form a small group , or a lone male may join an existing group . Males in coalitions establish territories that ensure maximum access to females . Solitary males may or may not be territorial . Some males alternate between solitude and coalitions , whichever ensures encounters with a greater number of females . Although a coalition , due to its larger membership , demands a greater amount of resources than do the solitary males or their groups , the coalition has a greater chance of encountering and acquiring females for mating . Females are not territorial , and live alone or with their offspring . Juveniles form mixed - sex groups after weaning , but most of the young females stay back with their mother , with whom they do not show any significant interaction . Males eventually mature and try to acquire territories . Home ranges and territories Male marking his territory Female with her cubs Males in coalitions establish territories in locations that ensure maximum access to females . Males exhibit marking behaviour -- territories , termite mounds , trees , common tracks and junctions , and trees are marked by urine , faeces , and claw scratches . The sizes can be location specific . For example , territories range from 33 to 42 km ( 13 to 16 sq mi ) in the Serengeti , while in the Phinda Private Game Reserve , the size can be 57 to 161 km ( 22 to 62 sq mi ) . Territorial solitary males establish considerably larger territories , as large as 777 km ( 300 sq mi ) in the Serengeti or 1,390 km ( 540 sq mi ) in central Namibia . A 1987 study of the social organisation in males showed that territoriality depends on the size and age of the males and the membership of the coalition . It concluded that solitary as well as grouped males have a nearly equal chance of coming across females , but the males in coalitions are notably healthier and have better chances of survival than their solitary counterparts . In the Serengeti , only 4 % of the solitary males hold territories , while those who joined coalitions were far more successful . The average period for which territories are held is four months for singletons , seven - and - a-half months for pairs , and 22 months for trios . Males exhibit pronounced marking behaviour -- territories , termite mounds , trees , common tracks , and junctions are marked by urine , faeces , and claw scratches . Males marking their territory by urination stand less than a metre away from a tree or rock surface with the tail raised , pointing the penis either horizontally backward or 60 ° upward . Territorial clashes can take place between two coalitions , or coalitions and solitary males ; fights , however , are rarely gruesome . Another major reason for fights is to acquire dominance in the breeding season . These can even involve cannibalism . Unlike male and other felines , female cheetahs do not establish territories . Instead , they live in unguarded areas , known as `` home ranges '' . Though home ranges often overlap , there is hardly any interaction between the females . Females are regular visitors to male territories . The size of a home range depends mainly on the availability of prey . The greater the density of prey animals in an area , the smaller the home range of a female cheetah there . In areas with nomadic prey animals ( such as the Thomson 's gazelle in the Serengeti and the springbok in the Kalahari Desert ) , the home ranges cover hundreds of square kilometres . In contrast , home ranges are merely 100 -- 200 square kilometres ( 39 -- 77 sq mi ) large where sedentary prey , such as the impala in the Kruger National Park , is available . Communication Vocalisations The cheetah is a prominently vocal felid . They can not roar but instead purr . A wide variety of cheetah vocalisations have been identified by several terms , but most of these lack a detailed acoustic description , which makes it difficult to assess reliably which term denotes which sound . In 2010 Robert Eklund ( of the University of Göteborg , Sweden ) and colleagues published a detailed report on the purring of the cheetah and compared it with that observed in other felids . The cheetah purrs when content , or to greet known individuals . A characteristic of purring is that it is realised on both egressive and ingressive airstreams . Other vocalisations Eklund identified include : Growling : Often accompanied by hissing and spitting , the cheetah growls to show its annoyance , or when faced with danger . A study showed that growls consist of numerous short pulses with a combined duration of up to five seconds . Moaning or yowling : This is an escalated version of growling and is often combined with it . It is typically displayed when the danger increases . A study found that yowls could last as long as two seconds . Agonistic vocalisations : Eklund used this term as a reference to a combination of growls , moans , and hisses that is followed by spitting , a feature more conspicuous in cheetah than in other cats . In addition to spitting , the cheetah will hit the ground with its front paws . In a 1991 book , biologist R.D. Estes had enlisted , in addition to the aforementioned vocalisations , some other sounds made by the cheetah : Bleating : Similar to the meow of the domestic cat , the cheetah can bleat , and sometimes moan , when a larger predator deprives it of its prey . Chirping or stutter - barking : A cheetah chirps when excited ( for instance , when gathered around a kill ) . This vocalisation can also be used at social meetings , during courtship , or in attempting to find another ; the chirp of a mother searching for her cubs , which sounds more like the yelp of a dog than the chirp of a bird , can be heard up to 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) away . A study estimated the chirp 's total duration as 0.09 to 0.5 seconds . Churring : The purpose of this sound is similar to that of the chirp . It may resemble a growl . Zoologist Jonathan Kingdon considered the chirp of the cheetah as similar to the soft roar of the lion , and its churr as the latter 's loud roar . The churr , is staccato and has a shorter range than the chirp . A study showed that churrs comprise 3 to 15 separate pulses and last 0.1 to 1.3 seconds . Mother - cub vocalisations : Apart from chirping , mothers use some other sounds to interact with their cubs . A repeated ihn ihn is used to gather the cubs , while a prr prr is used to guide them on a journey . A low - pitched alarm call is used to warn the cubs to stand still in the presence of danger . Whirring : This sound is produced by cubs bickering over a kill ; the pitch rises with the intensity of the quarrel , and ends on a harsh note . Other methods Cheetahs grooming each other Scent plays a significant role in olfactory communication . Cheetahs often investigate urine - marked places ( territories or common landmarks ) for a long time by crouching on their forelegs and carefully smelling the place . Then the male will itself urinate there and sniff at its own scent before leaving . Other observing individuals will repeat the ritual . Females may also show marking behaviour but less prominently than the males . Females in oestrus will show maximum urine - marking , and her excrement can attract males from far off . Social meetings are marked by mutual sniffing in oral and genital areas , grooming one another , rubbing the cheeks , and face - licking . Further physical contact has not been observed . The tear streaks are a means of visual communication . The tear streaks combined with the black lips and the contrasting white fur give the face a striking appearance and form clear expressions when viewed from a close range . The ears and the face are obscure from a distance , and so are the expressions . On the other hand , the tail is quite conspicuous and is probably used by mothers to direct juveniles to follow them . Display behaviour Cheetahs engage in several displays during fights , hunting , or self - defence . Prior to a sprint , the cheetah will hold its head down , with aggression on its face , and approach the target in a stiff gait . The aggressive expression is maintained during the run . To defend itself or its prey , a cheetah will hold its body low to the ground , and produce a snarl with its mouth wide open , the eyes staring threateningly ahead and the ears folded backward . This may be accompanied by moans , hisses , and growls . In more severe cases , the ground is hit with the paws . Fights are characterised by biting , tearing out the fur and attempts at strangling on both sides . Hunting and competitors The cheetah is a carnivore that prefers medium - sized prey with a body mass ranging from 23 to 56 kg ( 51 to 123 lb ) . Blesbok , duiker , Grant 's gazelle , impala , reedbuck , springbok , and Thomson 's gazelle are some of the common targets of the cheetah . Other prey animals include the bat - eared fox , bushbuck , kudu , hartebeest , nyala , oribi , roan antelope , steenbok , sable antelope , and waterbuck ; they prey less frequently on African buffalo , gemsbok , giraffe , ostrich , warthog , wildebeest , and zebra . A study showed that a major proportion of the diet of Asiatic cheetahs consists of livestock ; local species such as chinkara , desert hare , goitered gazelle , ibex , rodents , and wild sheep are also hunted . Generally , only groups of cheetahs will attempt to kill large animals such as hartebeest , although mothers with young cubs will attempt to secure a large prey all by themselves . There are no records of cheetah killing human beings . The diet of a cheetah depends on the area in which it lives . For example , on the East African plains , its preferred prey is the Thomson 's gazelle , somewhat smaller than the cheetah . In contrast , in Kwa - Zulu Natal the preferred prey is the significantly larger nyala , males of which can weigh up to 130 kg ( 290 lb ) . They do , however , opt for young and adolescent targets , which make up about 50 % of the cheetah diet despite constituting only a small portion of the prey population . Tanzanian cheetah in pursuit of a Thomson 's gazelle A cheetah suffocating an impala by a throat bite Cheetahs defending springbok kill from a brown hyena Cheetahs hunt primarily throughout the day , but geographical variations exist . For instance , cheetahs in the Sahara and the Masai Mara hunt after sunset to escape the high temperatures of the day . In the Serengeti they hunt when the lions and hyenas are inactive . A study in Nairobi National Park ( Kenya ) showed that the success of the hunt depends on the species , age , sex , and habitat of the prey , and the size of the hunting herd or the efficiency of the hunting individual . Cheetahs hunt by vision rather than by scent . Prey is located from observation points or while roaming . Animals toward the edges of the herd are preferred . The cheetah will stalk their prey to within 100 -- 300 m ( 330 -- 980 ft ) ; it will try to approach it as closely as possible while concealing itself in cover , sometimes even up to 60 m ( 200 ft ) of the prey . The cheetah will crouch and move slowly while stalking , occasionally becoming motionless . The chase usually lasts less than a minute ; if the cheetah fails to make a kill quickly , it will give up . Cheetahs have an average hunting success rate of 40 to 50 % . Cheetahs kill their prey by tripping it during the chase ; the cheetah can use its strong dewclaw to knock the prey off its balance . To kill medium - to large - sized prey , the cheetah bites the prey 's throat to suffocate it to death . A bite on the back of the neck or the snout is enough to kill smaller prey . The prey is then taken to a shaded place ; the cheetah , highly exhausted after the chase , rests beside the kill and pants heavily for nearly five to 55 minutes . Groups of cheetah devour the kill peacefully , though minor growling may be observed . Cheetahs not involved in hunting will immediately start eating . Cheetah can consume large quantities of food . In a study at the Etosha National Park ( Namibia ) , the cheetah consumed as much as 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) within two hours and stayed close to the remains for 11 hours . Cheetah move their head from side to side so that the sharp carnassial teeth effectively tear the flesh , which can then be swallowed without chewing . They typically begin with the hindquarters , and then progress toward the abdomen and the spine . Rib bones are chewed on at the ends , and the limbs are not generally torn apart while eating . The cheetah , especially mothers with young cubs , are highly vigilant ; they need to remain on a lookout for large carnivores who might steal the prey or harm the cubs , and for any potential prey . In Africa , the cheetah will surrender its kill to sturdier carnivores such as lions , leopards , spotted and brown hyenas , and wild dogs . Cheetahs lose around 10 to 15 % of their kills to other predators ; the percentage was found to be as high as 50 % in a 1986 study . Cheetahs have rarely been observed to feed on the kills of other carnivores ; this may be due to vultures and spotted hyena adroitly capturing and consuming heavy carcasses within a short time . In Eurasia , in the past , the cheetah 's range overlapped not just with those of the lion , leopard and hyena , but also other carnivores , such as the tiger , wolf and bear . Speed and acceleration Adaptations The lightly built , streamlined , agile body of the cheetah makes it an efficient sprinter . The cheetah 's body is specialised for speed , and it is the fastest land animal . Estes describes the cheetah as the `` felid version of the greyhound '' , as both have similar morphology and the ability to reach tremendous speeds in a shorter time than other mammals . The thin and light body of the cheetah makes it well - suited to short , explosive bursts of speed , rapid acceleration , and an ability to execute extreme changes in direction while moving at speed . These adaptations account for much of the cheetah 's ability to catch fast - moving prey . The large nasal passages ensure fast flow of sufficient air , and the enlarged heart and lungs allow the enrichment of blood with oxygen in a short time . This allows cheetahs to rapidly regain their stamina after a chase . During a typical chase , their respiratory rate increases from 60 to 150 breaths per minute . While running , in addition to having good traction due to their semi-retractable claws , cheetahs use their tail as a rudder - like means of steering that enables them to make sharp turns , necessary to outflank antelopes that often change direction to escape during a chase . The protracted claws increase grip over the ground , while foot pads make the sprint more convenient over tough ground . The tight binding of the tibia and the fibula restrict rotation about the lower leg , thus stabilising the animal throughout the sprint ; the downside , however , is that this reduces climbing efficiency . The pendulum - like motion of the scapula increases the stride length and assists in shock absorption . The extension of the vertebral column can add as much as 76 cm ( 30 in ) to the length of a stride . During more than half of the time of the sprint , the animal has all four limbs in the air ; this also contributes to the stride length . It was previously believed that cheetah sprinting was limited due to excessive heat buildup but this has since been proven false . Cheetah body temperature naturally fluctuates between 37.3 and 39.5 ° C ( 99.1 and 103.1 ° F ) during the course of a day . After a run , a cheetah 's body temperature is well within the normal range at 38.4 ° C ( 101.1 ° F ) . The cheetah will run no more than 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) at the tremendous speeds of 80 to 112 km / h ( 50 to 70 mph ) ; very rarely do they run at these speeds as most chases are within 100 m ( 330 ft ) . Recorded values Play media Documentary video filmed at 1200 frames per second showing the movement of Sarah over a set run In general , the speed of a hunting cheetah averages 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) during a chase , interspersed with a few short bursts when the speed may vary between 104 and 120 km / h ( 65 and 75 mph ) ; the most reliable measurement of the typical speed during a short chase is 112 km / h ( 70 mph ) . However , this value of the maximum speed is disputed , with more recent measurements using solar - powered GPS collars in 367 hunts showing a maximum speed of 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) . The speeds attained by the cheetah may be only slightly greater than those achieved by the pronghorn 88.5 km / h ( 55.0 mph ) and the springbok 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) . Yet the cheetah has a greater probability of succeeding in the chase due to its exceptional acceleration -- it can attain a speed of 75 km / h ( 47 mph ) in just two seconds . One stride or jump of a galloping cheetah averages 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) . Similarly , the ability to change direction rapidly is pivotal in ensuring hunting success . Cheetahs typically walk at 3 -- 4 kilometres per hour ( 1.9 -- 2.5 mph ) . Speed and acceleration values for the hunting cheetah may be different from those for the non-hunting because , while engaged in the chase , the cheetah is more likely to be twisting and turning and may be running through vegetation . In 2012 an 11 - year - old cheetah from the Cincinnati Zoo named Sarah made a world record by running 100 m ( 330 ft ) in 5.95 seconds over a set run , during which she ran a recorded maximum speed of 98 km / h ( 61 mph ) . A study of five wild cheetahs ( three females , two males ) during hunting reported a maximum speed of 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) , with an average of 48 to 56 km / h ( 30 to 35 mph ) . Speed can be increased by almost 10 km / h ( 6 mph ) in a single stride . The average chase is 173 m ( 568 ft ) and the maximum ranges from 407 to 559 m ( 1,335 to 1,834 ft ) . Reproduction. A cheetah cub . Note the long , bluish grey hair on the nape , shoulders and back . Cheetahs breed throughout the year ; they are induced ovulators . Females become sexually mature at 21 to 22 months of age . Females are polyoestrus -- they have an oestrus ( `` heat '' ) cycle every 12 days ( this can vary from 10 to 20 days ) , each oestrus lasting one to three days . A female can give birth again after 17 to 20 months ; however , on the loss of a whole litter mothers can mate again . Urine - marking in males becomes more pronounced when a female in their vicinity comes into oestrus . Males fight among one another to secure access to the female ; even males in a coalition may show some aggression toward one another on approaching a female . One male eventually wins dominance over the others . Mating , observed mainly at night , begins with the male approaching the female , who lies down on the ground . No courtship behaviour is observed ; the male immediately secures hold of the female 's nape and copulation takes place . The pair then ignore each other and part ways . However , they meet and copulate a few more times within the next few days . Polyandrous , females can mate with several males . The mean number of motile sperm in a single ejaculation is nearly 25.3 million . Gestation is nearly three months long . The number of cubs born can vary from one to eight , though the common number is three to five . Birth takes place in a sheltered place such as thick vegetation . Each cub weighs nearly 150 -- 400 g ( 5.3 -- 14.1 oz ) at birth ; the eyes , shut at birth , open in 4 to 11 days . Newborn cubs can crawl and spit ; they can start walking by two weeks . Their nape , shoulders and back are thickly covered with long bluish grey hair . This downy underlying fur , called a `` mantle '' , gives them a Mohawk - type appearance ; this fur is shed as the cheetah grows older . A study noted that this mane gives a cheetah cub the appearance of the honey badger ; this could act as a camouflage in both animals . Cheetah cubs are highly vulnerable during the first few weeks of their life ; mothers keep their cubs hidden in dense vegetation for the first month . Cubs start following their mothers at six weeks . The mother frequently shifts the cubs to new locations . A study of play behaviour of cheetah cubs showed that cubs tend to play after nursing or while they are on the move with their mothers . Play involves plenty of agility ; attacks are seldom lethal . Playing cubs stay near their mothers . The study further revealed that while the cubs showed improvement in catching each other as they grew up , the ability to crouch and hide did not develop remarkably . Thus , it was suggested that play helps develop only certain aspects of predator defence . Weaning occurs at three to six months of age . The mother brings kills to her cubs ; the cubs might purr as the mother licks them clean after the meal . Cubs as young as six months try to capture small prey like hares and juvenile gazelles . However , they may have to wait until as long as 15 months of age to make a successful kill on their own . The offspring may stay with the mother for 13 to 20 months , associating with one another and feeding on kills together . After weaning , juveniles may form mixed - sex herds ; young females may stay back with their mother , but there is hardly any interaction between the mother and daughters . The females in the mixed - sex herd gradually move out as they near sexual maturity . In the Serengeti , average age of independence of 70 observed litters was 17.1 months . Young females had their first litters at the age of about 2.4 years and subsequent litters about 20 months later . The lifespan of wild cheetahs is 14 to 15 years for females ; their reproductive cycle typically ends by 12 years of age . Males generally live as long as 10 years . Mortality High mortality rates have been recorded in the Serengeti . In a 1994 study , nearly 77 % of litters died before eight weeks of birth , and nearly 83 % of those alive could not make it to adolescence ( 14 weeks ) . Lions emerged as the major predator of juveniles , accounting for nearly 78 % of the deaths . The study concluded that the survival rate of cubs till weaning was a mere 4.8 % . This was attributed to the open terrain of the region , which does not allow cheetahs to conceal themselves . Cheetah cubs face higher mortality than most other large mammals . It has been suggested that the significant lack of genetic diversity in cheetahs is a cause of poor quality and production of sperm , and birth defects such as cramped teeth , kinked tails , and bent limbs . Cheetahs do have low fertility rates , but they appear to have flourished for thousands of years with these low levels of genetic variance . Cheetah expert Laurie Marker points out that the high level of genetic uniformity would mean that if an infectious disease surfaced in a population , all of them have ( or lack ) the same level of immunity . In 1982 , 60 % of the cheetah population in the Wildlife Safari ( Oregon , United States ) died due to a peritonitis epidemic . Distribution and habitat The cheetah inhabits a variety of habitats . In Africa , it has been observed in dry forests , scrub forests , and savannahs . In prehistoric times , the cheetah was distributed throughout Asia , Africa , and Europe . Gradually , it vanished from Europe . Nearly 500 years ago , the cheetah was still common throughout Africa , though it avoided deserts and tropical forests . In Eurasia , Afghanistan , Iran , Iraq , Palestine , Syria , and the Ganga and Indus river valleys in South Asia sheltered large numbers of cheetahs . However , today the cheetah has been exterminated from the majority of its earlier range . The IUCN estimates that the total expanse of the range of the cheetah in earlier times was approximately 25,344,648 km ( 9,785,623 sq mi ) ; the range ( as of 2015 ) has since then reduced to 2,709,054 km ( 1,045,972 sq mi ) , a substantial decline of 89 % . Africa African cheetahs inhabit savannahs . The cheetah occurs mainly in eastern and southern Africa ; the range across the continent has declined to a mere 10 % of the historic expanse . The range in eastern Africa has reduced to 6 % of its original range , so that presently it is distributed in an area of 310,586 km ( 119,918 sq mi ) . In the Horn of Africa , the cheetah occurs in Ethiopia , Kenya , South Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . The range has not reduced as much in the southern part of the continent , where it occurs in an area of 1,223,388 km ( 472,353 sq mi ) , 22 % of its original range . Significant populations thrive in south - western Angola , Botswana , Malawi , south - western Mozambique , Namibia , northern South Africa , southern Zambia , and Zimbabwe . Very few isolated populations occur in the Sahara ; the population density in this region is as low as two to three individuals per 10,000 km ( 3,900 sq mi ) . They occur in very low numbers in northern and western Africa . The distribution of prey may influence habitat preferences ; in a study in the Kruger National Park , female cheetahs were found to spend a significant amount of time in woodlands , where impala occurred . It was suggested that though the forested area was unsuitable for hunting , the females preferred woodlands to encounter more impala . Male coalitions , on the other hand , shunned dense habitats and spent most of the time in open savannahs . An explanation given for this was that the coalitions prefer larger prey than impala . Though they do not prefer montane regions , cheetahs can occur at elevations as high as 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . An open area with some cover , such as diffused bushes , is probably ideal for the cheetah because it needs to stalk and pursue its prey over a distance , exploiting its speed . This also minimises the risk of encountering larger carnivores . Complete lack of cover , however , can be a cause of prey loss and mortality . Asia In the past , the cheetah ranged across vast stretches of Asia : from the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east , and as far north as the Caspian and Aral Seas . However , the cheetah has disappeared from the majority of its historic range , save for Iran and possibly a few areas in Afghanistan , the Indian subcontinent , and Turkmenistan . Status and threats Sudan cheetah in Chester Zoo The cheetah has been classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN ; it is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) and Appendix I of CITES ( Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ) . In 2014 the CITES Standing Committee recognised the cheetah as a `` species of priority '' in their strategies in northeastern Africa to counter wildlife trafficking . As of 2015 , the IUCN gives the total number of surviving individuals as nearly 6,700 . Regional estimates have been given as : 1,960 in eastern Africa ( as of 2007 ) ; 4,190 in southern Africa ( as of 2007 ) ; and 440 in western , central , and northern Africa ( as of 2012 ) . The southern half of the continent , therefore , is home to the largest number of cheetah. 29 sub-populations have been identified , of which most consist of no more than 500 individuals . A small population of 60 to 100 individuals was reported from Iran in 2007 . Populations are feared to be declining , especially those of adults . The cheetah is threatened by habitat loss through agricultural and industrial expansion ; moreover , the animal apparently requires a large area to live in as indicated by its low population densities . The cheetah appears to be less capable than the leopard of coexisting with humans . As such , human interference can disturb the activities , such as hunting and feeding , of cheetah . With 76 % of their range consisting of unprotected land , the cheetah are often targeted by farmers and pastoralists who attempt to protect their livestock . However , cheetahs typically do not prefer livestock for prey . Game hunters may also try to harm cheetah as these carnivores can deprive them of valuable game . Roadkill can be another threat , especially in areas where roads have been constructed near the natural habitat or protected areas . Cases of roadkill involving cheetahs have been reported from Kalmand , Tūrān , and Bafq . The threat is posed by infectious diseases is minor , given the low population densities and hence the minimal chance of infection . In 2016 , a report estimated that there are just 7,100 cheetahs in the wild and that they are rapidly heading towards extinction . The authors suggest an immediate re-categorisation of the species from vulnerable to endangered . Conservation measures The IUCN has recommended co-operation between countries across the cheetah 's range to minimise the conflict between cheetahs and human beings . A 2016 study showed that ecotourism can have a significantly positive impact on the conservation of the cheetah . Although the requirement of space for the habitat would have to be compromised in most cases , establishment of private reserves for cheetahs and ensuring the absence of predators and poachers could be a successful conservation measure . Additionally , the financial benefits accrued and the awareness generated can further aid the cause of the cheetah . At the same time , the animals should not be unnecessarily handled or disturbed , as cheetahs are particularly sensitive to human interference . In Africa The Range Wide Conservation Program for Cheetah and African Wild Dogs ( RWCP ) , the brainchild of Sarah Durant and Rosie Woodroffe ( of the Zoological Society of London ) , was started in 2007 with the primary aim of ensuring better conservation measures for the cheetah and the wild dog -- two species with very low population densities . A joint initiative by the ZSL , the Wildlife Conservation Society , and the IUCN Cat Specialist Group , the program has among its major goals a review of the conservation policies adopted by the South African countries , and study and action on illegal hunting and trade of the cheetah . In a 2007 publication , Durant emphasised the role of land management and improvement in connectivity across the range in cheetah conservation , in the lack of which the populations might face severe fragmentation . Benin ( 2014 ) , Botswana ( 2007 ) , Chad ( 2015 ) , Ethiopia ( 2010 ) , Kenya ( 2007 ) , Mozambique ( 2010 ) , Namibia ( 2013 ) , Niger ( 2012 ) , South Africa ( 2009 ) , South Sudan ( 2009 ) , Tanzania ( 2013 ) , Zambia ( 2009 ) , and Zimbabwe ( 2009 ) have formulated action plans for the conservation of the cheetah ( the years in which the workshops were held are given in brackets ) . In Asia Main article : Cheetah reintroduction in India Male Asiatic cheetah in northeastern Iran In the 20th century , the populations of cheetah in India saw a drastic fall . The last physical evidence of the cheetah in India was thought to be three individuals , all shot by the Maharajah of Surguja ( a man also noted for holding a record for shooting 1,360 tigers ) , in 1947 in eastern Madhya Pradesh , but a female was sighted in Koriya district , present - day Chhattisgarh , in 1951 . During the early 2000s , scientists from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( CCMB ) , Hyderabad , proposed a plan to clone Asiatic cheetahs obtained from Iran . India asked Iran to transport one live pair to India , or , if that was not possible , allow them to collect sperm and eggs of the cheetah pair in Iran itself . However , Iran rejected both proposals . In September 2009 , the then Minister of Environment and Forests , Jairam Ramesh , assigned the Wildlife Trust of India and the Wildlife Institute of India with the task of examining the potential of cheetah reintroduction in the nation . The report , submitted in 2010 , showed that the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh , and Shahgarh Landscape and Desert National Park in Rajasthan have a high potential to support reintroduced cheetah populations . These areas were found to be spacious ; of these four areas , the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary had the largest available area , 6,800 square kilometres ( 2,600 sq mi ) . Moreover , these were rich in prey availability . The Sanjay National Park , though comprising an area of 12.500 square kilometres ( 4.826 sq mi ) and having supported cheetah populations before the independence of India in 1947 , is no longer suitable for the cheetah due to low prey density and risks of poaching . In 2001 the Iranian government collaborated with the Cheetah Conservation Fund , the IUCN , Panthera , United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , and the Wildlife Conservation Society on the Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Project ( CACP ) to protect the natural habitat of the Asiatic cheetah and its prey , to ensure that development projects do not hamper its survival , and to highlight the plight of the Asiatic cheetah . Iran declared 31 August as National Cheetah Day in 2006 . Interaction with human beings Taming A hieroglyph from Deir el - Bahari depicting leashed cheetahs ( `` panthers '' ) The cheetah in general shows no hostility toward human beings , probably due to its sociable nature . This might be a reason why the cheetah can be easily tamed , as it has been since antiquity . Reliefs in the Deir el - Bahari temple complex tell of an expedition by Egyptians to the Land of Punt during the reign of the pharaoh Hatshepsut ( 1507 -- 1458 BC ) that fetched , among other things , animals called `` panthers '' for Egypt . Two types of `` panthers '' were depicted in these sculptures : leashed cheetahs , referred to as `` panthers of the north '' , and sturdy leopards , referred to as `` panthers of the south '' . During the New Kingdom ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ) , cheetahs were common pet animals for the royalty , who decorated the animals with beautiful collars and leashes . The Egyptians would use their dogs to bring the concealed prey out in the open , after which a cheetah would be set upon it to kill it . A Sumerian seal dating back to nearly 3000 BC , featuring a leashed animal resembling a cheetah , has fuelled speculation that the cheetah might have been first domesticated and used for hunting in Sumer ( Mesopotamia ) . However , Thomas T. Allsen ( of The College of New Jersey ) argues that the depicted animal might not be a cheetah given its largely dog - like features ; moreover , the background gives an impression of a montane area , which the cheetah does not typically inhabit . Giuliano de ' Medici depicted with a cheetah behind him on horseback . Painting by Benozzo Gozzoli . Mainly two kinds of theories have been put forth to explain the subsequent expansion of the cheetah into Asia , Europe , and the rest of Africa . Historians who accept the Sumerian origin of the domesticated cheetah -- such as Heinz F. Friederichs and Burchard Brentjes -- hold that the animal gradually spread out to central and northern Africa , from where it reached India . On the other hand , historians such as Frederick E. Zeuner accept the Egyptian origin and state that the cheetah gradually spread into central Asia , Iran , and India . In the third century AD , Roman author Claudius Aelianus wrote of tame panthers in India and `` smaller lions '' that would be used for tracking and hunting ; the account can not be very reliable as Roman , as well as Greek , literature is not generally clear in its references to different types of cats . Hunting with cheetahs became more prevalent toward the seventh century AD . In the Middle East , the cheetah would accompany the nobility to hunts in special seats behind saddles . Cheetahs continued to be associated with royalty and elegance in western Asia till as late as the 19th century . The first phase of taming would take several weeks , in which the cheetah would be kept tethered and made to get accustomed to human beings . Next , the cheetah would be tempted with food and trained to mount horses . Finally , its hunting instincts would be aroused by slaughtering animals before it . The whole process could take as long as a year to complete . In eastern Asia , the records are confusing as regional names for the leopard and the cheetah may be used interchangeably . The earliest depiction of cheetahs from eastern Asia dates back to the Tang dynasty ( 7th to 10th centuries AD ) ; paintings depict tethered cheetahs as well as cheetahs mounted on horses . Chinese emperors would use cheetahs , as well as caracals , as gifts . In the 13th and the 14th centuries , the Yuan rulers bought numerous caracals , cheetahs , and tigers from the western parts of the empire and Muslim merchants , in return for gold , silver , cash , and silk . According to the Ming Shilu , the subsequent Ming dynasty ( 14th to 17th centuries ) continued this practice . The cheetah gradually entered Eurasia toward the 14th century , though they never became as popular as they had in the Middle East . The Mughal ruler Akbar the Great ( 1556 -- 1605 ) is said to have kept as many as 1000 cheetahs . However , his son Jahangir wrote in his memoirs , Tuzk - e-Jahangiri , that only one of them gave birth to cubs . Mughal rulers trained cheetahs as well as caracals in a similar way as the West Asians , and used them to hunt game -- especially blackbuck . The rampant hunting severely affected the populations of wild animals . In captivity Mortality under captivity is generally high ; reasons include stillbirths , birth defects , cannibalism , hypothermia , neglect of cubs by mothers , and infectious diseases . A study comparing the health of captive and wild cheetahs noted that despite having similar genetic make - up , wild cheetahs are far healthier than their captive counterparts . The study identified possible stress factors such as restricted habitat and interaction with human beings and other carnivores , and recommended private and spacious areas for captive cheetahs . A study of diseases suffered by captive cheetahs in the period 1989 -- 92 in several North American zoos showed that hepatic veno - occlusive disease , a disease of the liver , had affected 82 % of the deceased cheetahs , caused nine deaths , and occurred in 51 % of living females . Chronic gastritis was detected in 91 % of the population . Glomerulosclerosis , a disease of the kidneys , emerged as another significant disease , affecting 84 % of the cheetahs ; another renal disease , nephrosclerosis , affected 39 % of the cheetahs . Feline infectious peritonitis caused two deaths . Pneumonia was a major cause for juvenile deaths . Another study concluded that excess of vitamin A in their diets could result in veno - occlusive disease in their livers . Moreover , cheetahs are poor breeders in captivity , while wild individuals are far more successful . In a 1992 study , females in Serengeti were found to have 95 % success rate in breeding . In contrast , only 20 % of the North American captive cheetahs bred successfully in 1991 . Studies have shown that in - vitro fertilisation in cheetah poses more difficulties than are faced in the case of other cats . In Culture Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian , 1523 The cheetah has been widely portrayed in a variety of artistic works . In Bacchus and Ariadne , an oil painting by the 16th - century Italian painter Titian , the chariot of the Greek god Dionysus ( Bacchus ) is depicted as being drawn by two cheetahs . The cheetahs in the painting were previously considered to be leopards . In 1764 English painter George Stubbs commemorated the gifting of a cheetah to George III by the English Governor of Madras , Sir George Pigot in his painting Cheetah with Two Indian Attendants and a Stag . The painting depicts a cheetah , hooded and collared by two Indian servants , along with a stag it was supposed to prey upon . The 1896 painting The Caress , by the 19th - century Belgian symbolist painter Fernand Khnopff , is a representation of the myth of Oedipus and the Sphinx . It portrays a creature with a woman 's head and a cheetah 's body ( often misidentified as a leopard 's ) . The Bill Thomas Cheetah American sports / racing car , a Chevrolet - based coupe first designed and driven in 1963 , was an attempt to challenge Carroll Shelby 's Shelby Cobra in American sports car competition of the 1960s era . Due to only two dozen or fewer chassis ever being built , with only a dozen of these being complete cars , the Cheetah was never homologated for competition beyond prototype status , with its production ending in 1966 . A variety of literature mentions the cheetah . In 1969 author Joy Adamson , of Born Free fame , wrote The Spotted Sphinx , a biography of her pet cheetah Pippa . Hussein , An Entertainment , a novel by Patrick O'Brian set in the British Raj period in India , illustrates the practice of royalty keeping and training cheetahs to hunt antelopes . The book How It Was with Dooms tells the true story of a family raising an orphaned cheetah cub named Dooms in Kenya . The 2005 film Duma was loosely based on this book . The cheetah has often been featured in marketing and animation . In 1986 Frito - Lay introduced the Chester Cheetah , an anthropomorphic cheetah , as the mascot for their Cheetos . The first release of Apple Inc. 's Mac OS X , the Mac OS X 10.0 , was code - named `` Cheetah '' ; the subsequent versions released before 2013 were all named after cats . The animated series ThunderCats had a character named `` Cheetara '' , an anthropomorphic cheetah , voiced by Lynne Lipton . Comic book superheroine Wonder Woman 's chief adversary is Dr. Barbara Ann Minerva , alias The Cheetah . 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Jump up ^ De Iongh , H.H. ; Bauer , H. ; Tumenta , P. ; Schoe , M. ; Sogbosossou , E. ; Gueye , M. ; Kirsten , I. ; Sillero - Zubiri , C. ( 2014 ) . `` National lion action plans and strategies in Benin , Cameroon and Senegal '' ( PDF ) . Cat News : 8 -- 11 . Jump up ^ `` National conservation action plan for cheetahs and African wild dog in Botswana '' . Department of National Parks , Botswana. 2009 : 1 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Activity report 2014 / 15 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group . 2015 . pp. 11 -- 2 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ National action plan for the conservation of cheetah and African wild dog in Ethiopia ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority . 2012 . p. 11 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Nhabanga , A. ; Purchase , G. ; Groom , R. ; Minkowski , K. ( 2011 ) . Regional conservation planning for cheetah and African wild dog in southern Africa : Mozambique as a success story ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Wildlife Conservation Society and Animal Health for the Environment and Development . pp. 1 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Plano de Acção Nacional para a Conservação da Chita ( Acinonyx jubatus ) e Mabeco ( Lycaon pictus ) em Moçambique ( Report ) ( in Portuguese ) . Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Agriculture , Republic of Mozambique. 2010 . pp. 1 -- 49 . Jump up ^ South African action plan for the conservation of cheetahs and African wild dogs ( PDF ) ( Report ) . IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group . 2009 . pp. 1 -- 87 . Jump up ^ National action plan for the conservation of cheetahs and African wild dogs in South Sudan ( PDF ) ( Report ) . South Sudan Wildlife Service . 2010 . pp. 10 -- 1 . Jump up ^ National action plan for the conservation of cheetah and African wild dog in Tanzania ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism , Tanzania. 2013 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` National conservation action plan for cheetah and African wild dog in Zambia '' ( PDF ) . Zambia Wildlife Authority . 2009 : 1 -- 39 . Jump up ^ National conservation action plan for cheetahs and African wild dogs in Zimbabwe ( Report ) . Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority . 2009 . pp. 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ `` The Sunday Tribune -- Spectrum '' . The Tribune ( India ) . 26 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Divyabhanusinh ( 1999 ) . The End of a Trail : the Cheetah in India . Banyan Books , New Delhi . Jump up ^ Bagla , P. ( 28 January 2003 ) . `` CCMB 's Iran hope for Asiatic cheetah '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Umanadh , J.B.S. ( 7 August 2011 ) . `` Iranian refusal an obstacle to clone cheetah '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ranjitsinh , M.K. ; Jhala , V.V. ( 2010 ) . Assessing the potential for reintroducing the cheetah in India ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Wildlife Trust of India and Wildlife Institute of India . pp. 1 -- 179 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Project ( CACP ) -- Phase II '' . UNDP in Iran . United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Karimi , N. ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Iran tries to save Asiatic cheetah from extinction '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Allred , A.P. ( 2005 ) . Cats ' Most Wanted : The Top 10 Book of Mysterious Mousers , Talented Tabbies , and Feline Oddities ( 1st ed . ) . Washington , D.C. ( USA ) : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1574 - 888 - 584 . Jump up ^ McCoy , G.L. ; Le Guyader , H. ( 2006 ) . The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification ( 1st ed . ) . Massachusetts , USA : Belknap Press of Harvard University . ISBN 978 - 0674 - 021 - 839 . Jump up ^ Quammen , D. ( 1998 ) . The Flight of the Iguana : A Sidelong View of Science and Nature ( 1st ed . ) . London , UK : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0684 - 836 - 263 . Jump up ^ Allsen , T.T. ( 2006 ) . The Royal Hunt in Eurasian history . Philadelphia , USA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3926 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kitchell Jr. , K.F. ( 2010 ) . Animals in the Ancient World from A to Z . London , UK : Routledge . pp. 28 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0415 - 392 - 433 . Jump up ^ Negi , S.S. ( 1994 ) . Indian Forestry through the Ages . New Delhi , India : Indus Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 8173 - 870 - 200 . Jump up ^ Rangarajan , M. , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife : Hunting and shooting . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New Delhi , India : Oxford University Press . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0195 - 645 - 927 . Jump up ^ Laurenson , M.K. ; Wielebnowski , N. ; Caro , T.M. ( 1995 ) . `` Extrinsic factors and juvenile mortality in cheetahs '' . Conservation Biology . 9 ( 5 ) : 1329 -- 31 . JSTOR 2387078 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995. 9051327. x-i1 . Jump up ^ Munson , L. ; Terio , K.A. ; Worley , M. ; Jago , M. ; Bagot - Smith , A. ; Marker , L. ( 2005 ) . `` Extrinsic factors significantly affect patterns of free ranging cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) populations '' . Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 41 ( 3 ) : 542 -- 8 . PMID 16244064 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 41.3. 542 . Jump up ^ Munson , L. ( 1993 ) . `` Diseases of captive cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) : results of the cheetah research council pathology survey , 1989 -- 1992 '' . Zoo Biology . 12 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 24 . doi : 10.1002 / zoo. 1430120110 . Jump up ^ Gosselin , S.J. ; Loudy , D.L. ; Tarr , M.J. ; Balistreri , W F. ; Setchell , K.D.R. ; Johnston , J.O. ; Kramer , L.W. ; Dresser , B.L. ( 1988 ) . `` Veno - occlusive disease of the liver in captive cheetah '' ( PDF ) . Veterinary Pathology. 25 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 57 . doi : 10.1177 / 030098588802500107 . Jump up ^ Marker , L. ; O'Brien , S.J. ( 1989 ) . `` Captive breeding of the cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) in North American zoos ( 1871 -- 1986 ) '' ( PDF ) . Zoo Biology . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1002 / zoo. 1430080103 . Jump up ^ Marker - Kraus , L. ; Grisham , J. ( 1993 ) . `` Captive breeding of cheetahs in North American Zoos : 1987 -- 1991 '' . Zoo Biology . 12 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 18 . doi : 10.1002 / zoo. 1430120104 . Jump up ^ Donoghue , A.M. ; Howard , J.G ; Byers , A.P. ; Goodrowe , K.L. ; Bush , M. ; Bloomer , E. ; Lukas , J. ; Stover , J. ; Snodgrass , K. ; Wildt , D.E. ( 1992 ) . `` Correlation of sperm viability with gamete interaction and fertilization in vitro in the cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) '' ( PDF ) . Biology of Reproduction. 46 ( 6 ) : 1047 -- 56 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod46. 6.1047 . Jump up ^ Wildt , D.E. ; Phillips , L.G. ; Simmons , L.G. ; Chakraborty , P.K. ; Brown , J.L. ; Howard , J.G. ; Teare , A. ; Bush , M. ( 1988 ) . `` A comparative analysis of ejaculate and hormonal characteristics of the captive male cheetah , tiger , leopard , and puma '' ( PDF ) . Biology of Reproduction. 38 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 55 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod38. 2.245 . Jump up ^ Tresidder , W. ( 1981 ) . `` The cheetahs in Titian 's Bacchus and Ariadne '' . The Burlington Magazine . 123 ( 941 ) : 481 -- 3 . JSTOR 880424 . Jump up ^ Fisher , M.H. ( 2004 ) . Counterflows to Colonialism : Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain 1600 -- 1857 . New Delhi , India : Permanent Black . ISBN 978 - 8178 - 240 - 770 . Jump up ^ Chattopadhyay , P. ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Edmunds , L. ( 2006 ) . Oedipus . Abingdon , UK : Routledge . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1134 - 331 - 284 . Jump up ^ The Cobra And The Cheetah : A Muscle Car Tale ( Part Two ) , Ronnie Schreiber , September 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ Duncan , J. ( 2002 ) . Ahead of their Time : A Biographical Dictionary of Risk - taking Women . Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 316 - 609 . Jump up ^ Towheed , S. ( 2007 ) . New Readings in the Literature of British India , c. 1780 -- 1947 . Stuttgart , Germany : Ibidem - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3898 - 216 - 739 . Jump up ^ `` How it was with Dooms -- a true story from Africa '' . New York . 30 ( 10 ) : 119 . 17 March 1997 . Jump up ^ Ebert , R. ( 2007 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2007 . Missouri , USA : Andrews McMeel Pub . pp. 195 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0740 - 761 - 577 . Jump up ^ Laskow , S. ( 20 August 2015 ) . `` The original Cheetos Mouse never had a chance once Chester Cheetah came along '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J.K. ( 2009 ) . American Advertising in Poland : A Study of Cultural Interactions since 1990 . North Carolina , USA : McFarland & Company . pp. 127 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3797 - 9 . Jump up ^ Moreau , S. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` The Evolution of Mac OS X '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , D. ( 2008 ) . The DC Comics Encyclopedia : The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe ( Updated and expanded ed . ) . New York , USA : Dorling Kindersley . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 1 . Further reading Great Cats , Majestic Creatures of the Wild , ed . John Seidensticker , illus . Frank Knight , ( Rodale Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 0 - 87857 - 965 - 6 Cheetah , Katherine ( or Kathrine ) and Karl Ammann , Arco Pub , ( 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 668 - 06259 - 2 . Science ( vol 311 , p. 73 ) Marker , L. ( 2002 ) . `` Aspects of Namibian cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) : biology , ecology and conservation strategies '' ( PDF ) . PhD . Thesis , Department of Zoology , University of Oxford . External links Wikispecies has information related to : Acinonyx jubatus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acinonyx jubatus . Wikinews has related news : Around 7,100 cheetahs remain , say experts Cheetah at the Encyclopedia of Life IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group : Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Conservation Fund De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust On the Chase With Cheetahs -- slideshow by Life magazine Fake Flies and Cheating Cheetahs : measuring the speed of a cheetah Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below ( hide ) Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis Wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Pantanal cat ( L. braccatus ) Colocolo ( L. colocolo ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Pampas cat ( L. pajeros ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Jaguarundi ( P. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae ( Skunks ) Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Fisher ( M. pennanti ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Animals portal Mammals portal Cats portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q23907 ADW : Acinonyx_jubatus EoL : 328680 Fossilworks : 224065 GBIF : 2435270 iNaturalist : 41955 ITIS : 183813 IUCN : 219 MSW : 14000006 NCBI : 32536 Species+ : 8935 LCCN : sh85022857 GND : 4193010 - 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what was the name of the mode invented in november 2013			X86 - 64	x86 - 64	x86 - 64 ( also known as x64 , x86_64 , AMD64 and Intel 64 ) is the 64 - bit version of the x86 instruction set . It supports vastly larger amounts ( theoretically , 2 bytes or 16 exabytes ) of virtual memory and physical memory than is possible on its 32 - bit predecessors , allowing programs to store larger amounts of data in memory . x86 - 64 also provides 64 - bit general - purpose registers and numerous other enhancements . x86 - 64 processors can boot in a fully backward compatible legacy mode , without 64 - bit support , for 16 - bit and 32 - bit x86 software that requires real mode , or in a compatibility mode that allows 64 - bit applications to coexist with 16 - and 32 - bit protected mode software if the 64 - bit system software supports them . Because the full x86 16 - bit and 32 - bit instruction sets remain implemented in hardware without any intervening emulation , these older executables can run with little or no performance penalty , while newer or recoded applications can take advantage of new features of the processor design to achieve performance improvements .	The original specification , created by AMD and released in 2000 , has been implemented by AMD , Intel and VIA . The AMD K8 processor was the first to implement the architecture ; this was the first significant addition to the x86 architecture designed by a company other than Intel . Intel was forced to follow suit and introduced a modified NetBurst family which was fully software - compatible with AMD 's design and specification . VIA Technologies introduced x86 - 64 in their VIA Isaiah architecture , with the VIA Nano . The x86 - 64 specification is distinct from the Intel Itanium architecture ( formerly IA - 64 ) , which is not compatible on the native instruction set level with the x86 architecture . Contents ( hide ) 1 AMD64 1.1 History 1.2 Implementations 1.3 Architectural features 1.4 Virtual address space details 1.4. 1 Canonical form addresses 1.4. 2 Page table structure 1.4. 3 Operating system limits 1.5 Physical address space details 1.6 Operating modes 1.6. 1 Long mode 1.6. 2 Legacy mode 2 Intel 64 2.1 History 2.2 Implementations 3 VIA 's x86 - 64 implementation 4 Differences between AMD64 and Intel 64 4.1 Recent implementations 4.2 Older implementations 5 Adoption 6 Operating system compatibility and characteristics 6.1 BSD 6.1. 1 DragonFly BSD 6.1. 2 FreeBSD 6.1. 3 NetBSD 6.1. 4 OpenBSD 6.2 DOS 6.3 Linux 6.4 macOS 6.5 Solaris 6.6 Windows 7 Video game consoles 8 Industry naming conventions 9 Licensing 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links AMD64 ( edit ) AMD64 logo History ( edit ) AMD64 was created as an alternative to the radically different IA - 64 architecture , which was designed by Intel and Hewlett Packard . Originally announced in 1999 while a full specification became available in August 2000 , the AMD64 architecture was positioned by AMD from the beginning as an evolutionary way to add 64 - bit computing capabilities to the existing x86 architecture , as opposed to Intel 's approach of creating an entirely new 64 - bit architecture with IA - 64 . The first AMD64 - based processor , the Opteron , was released in April 2003 . Implementations ( edit ) AMD 's processors implementing the AMD64 architecture include Opteron , Athlon 64 , Athlon 64 X2 , Athlon 64 FX , Athlon II ( followed by `` X2 '' , `` X3 '' , or `` X4 '' to indicate the number of cores , and XLT models ) , Turion 64 , Turion 64 X2 , Sempron ( `` Palermo '' E6 stepping and all `` Manila '' models ) , Phenom ( followed by `` X3 '' or `` X4 '' to indicate the number of cores ) , Phenom II ( followed by `` X2 '' , `` X3 '' , `` X4 '' or `` X6 '' to indicate the number of cores ) , FX , Fusion / APU and Ryzen / Epyc . Architectural features ( edit ) The primary defining characteristic of AMD64 is the availability of 64 - bit general - purpose processor registers ( for example , rax and rbx ) , 64 - bit integer arithmetic and logical operations , and 64 - bit virtual addresses . The designers took the opportunity to make other improvements as well . Some of the most significant changes are described below . 64 - bit integer capability All general - purpose registers ( GPRs ) are expanded from 32 bits to 64 bits , and all arithmetic and logical operations , memory - to - register and register - to - memory operations , etc. , can now operate directly on 64 - bit integers . Pushes and pops on the stack default to 8 - byte strides , and pointers are 8 bytes wide . Additional registers In addition to increasing the size of the general - purpose registers , the number of named general - purpose registers is increased from eight ( i.e. eax , ecx , edx , ebx , esp , ebp , esi , edi ) in x86 to 16 ( i.e. rax , rcx , rdx , rbx , rsp , rbp , rsi , rdi , r8 , r9 , r10 , r11 , r12 , r13 , r14 , r15 ) . It is therefore possible to keep more local variables in registers rather than on the stack , and to let registers hold frequently accessed constants ; arguments for small and fast subroutines may also be passed in registers to a greater extent . AMD64 still has fewer registers than many common RISC instruction sets ( which typically have 32 registers ) or VLIW - like machines such as the IA - 64 ( which has 128 registers ) . However , an AMD64 implementation may have far more internal registers than the number of architectural registers exposed by the instruction set ( see register renaming ) . Additional XMM ( SSE ) registers Similarly , the number of 128 - bit XMM registers ( used for Streaming SIMD instructions ) is also increased from 8 to 16 . Larger virtual address space The AMD64 architecture defines a 64 - bit virtual address format , of which the low - order 48 bits are used in current implementations . This allows up to 256 TB ( 2 bytes ) of virtual address space . The architecture definition allows this limit to be raised in future implementations to the full 64 bits , extending the virtual address space to 16 EB ( 2 bytes ) . This is compared to just 4 GB ( 2 bytes ) for the x86 . This means that very large files can be operated on by mapping the entire file into the process ' address space ( which is often much faster than working with file read / write calls ) , rather than having to map regions of the file into and out of the address space . Larger physical address space The original implementation of the AMD64 architecture implemented 40 - bit physical addresses and so could address up to 1 TB ( 2 bytes ) of RAM . Current implementations of the AMD64 architecture ( starting from AMD 10h microarchitecture ) extend this to 48 - bit physical addresses and therefore can address up to 256 TB of RAM . The architecture permits extending this to 52 bits in the future ( limited by the page table entry format ) ; this would allow addressing of up to 4 PB of RAM . For comparison , 32 - bit x86 processors are limited to 64 GB of RAM in Physical Address Extension ( PAE ) mode , or 4 GB of RAM without PAE mode . Larger physical address space in legacy mode When operating in legacy mode the AMD64 architecture supports Physical Address Extension ( PAE ) mode , as do most current x86 processors , but AMD64 extends PAE from 36 bits to an architectural limit of 52 bits of physical address . Any implementation therefore allows the same physical address limit as under long mode . Instruction pointer relative data access Instructions can now reference data relative to the instruction pointer ( RIP register ) . This makes position independent code , as is often used in shared libraries and code loaded at run time , more efficient . SSE instructions The original AMD64 architecture adopted Intel 's SSE and SSE2 as core instructions . These instruction sets provide a vector supplement to the scalar x87 FPU , for the single - precision and double - precision data types . SSE2 also offers integer vector operations , for data types ranging from 8bit to 64bit precision . This makes the vector capabilities of the architecture on par with those of the most advanced x86 processors of its time . These instructions can also be used in 32 - bit mode . The proliferation of 64 - bit processors has made these vector capabilities ubiquitous in home computers , allowing the improvement of the standards of 32 - bit applications . The 32 - bit edition of Windows 8 , for example , requires the presence of SSE2 instructions . SSE3 instructions and later Streaming SIMD Extensions instruction sets are not standard features of the architecture . No - Execute bit The No - Execute bit or NX bit ( bit 63 of the page table entry ) allows the operating system to specify which pages of virtual address space can contain executable code and which can not . An attempt to execute code from a page tagged `` no execute '' will result in a memory access violation , similar to an attempt to write to a read - only page . This should make it more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system via `` buffer overrun '' or `` unchecked buffer '' attacks . A similar feature has been available on x86 processors since the 80286 as an attribute of segment descriptors ; however , this works only on an entire segment at a time . Segmented addressing has long been considered an obsolete mode of operation , and all current PC operating systems in effect bypass it , setting all segments to a base address of zero and ( in their 32 bit implementation ) a size of 4 GB . AMD was the first x86 - family vendor to implement no - execute in linear addressing mode . The feature is also available in legacy mode on AMD64 processors , and recent Intel x86 processors , when PAE is used . Removal of older features A few `` system programming '' features of the x86 architecture were either unused or underused in modern operating systems and are either not available on AMD64 in long ( 64 - bit and compatibility ) mode , or exist only in limited form . These include segmented addressing ( although the FS and GS segments are retained in vestigial form for use as extra base pointers to operating system structures ) , the task state switch mechanism , and virtual 8086 mode . These features remain fully implemented in `` legacy mode '' , allowing these processors to run 32 - bit and 16 - bit operating systems without modifications . Some instructions that proved to be rarely useful are not supported in 64 - bit mode , including saving / restoring of segment registers on the stack , saving / restoring of all registers ( PUSHA / POPA ) , decimal arithmetic , BOUND and INTO instructions , and `` far '' jumps and calls with immediate operands . Virtual address space details ( edit ) Canonical form addresses ( edit ) Canonical address space implementations ( diagrams not to scale ) Current 48 - bit implementation 56 - bit implementation 64 - bit implementation Although virtual addresses are 64 bits wide in 64 - bit mode , current implementations ( and all chips known to be in the planning stages ) do not allow the entire virtual address space of 2 bytes ( 16 EB ) to be used . This would be approximately four billion times the size of virtual address space on 32 - bit machines . Most operating systems and applications will not need such a large address space for the foreseeable future , so implementing such wide virtual addresses would simply increase the complexity and cost of address translation with no real benefit . AMD therefore decided that , in the first implementations of the architecture , only the least significant 48 bits of a virtual address would actually be used in address translation ( page table lookup ) . In addition , the AMD specification requires that the most significant 16 bits of any virtual address , bits 48 through 63 , must be copies of bit 47 ( in a manner akin to sign extension ) . If this requirement is not met , the processor will raise an exception . Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as `` canonical form . '' Canonical form addresses run from 0 through 00007FFF'FFFFFFFF , and from FFFF8000'00000000 through FFFFFFFF'FFFFFFFF , for a total of 256 TB of usable virtual address space . This is still 65,536 times larger than the virtual 4 GB address space of 32 - bit machines . This feature eases later scalability to true 64 - bit addressing . Many operating systems ( including , but not limited to , the Windows NT family ) take the higher - addressed half of the address space ( named kernel space ) for themselves and leave the lower - addressed half ( user space ) for application code , user mode stacks , heaps , and other data regions . The `` canonical address '' design ensures that every AMD64 compliant implementation has , in effect , two memory halves : the lower half starts at 00000000'00000000 and `` grows upwards '' as more virtual address bits become available , while the higher half is `` docked '' to the top of the address space and grows downwards . Also , enforcing the `` canonical form '' of addresses by checking the unused address bits prevents their use by the operating system in tagged pointers as flags , privilege markers , etc. , as such use could become problematic when the architecture is extended to implement more virtual address bits . The first versions of Windows for x64 did not even use the full 256 TB ; they were restricted to just 8 TB of user space and 8 TB of kernel space . Windows did not support the entire 48 - bit address space until Windows 8.1 , which was released in October 2013 . Page table structure ( edit ) The 64 - bit addressing mode ( `` long mode '' ) is a superset of Physical Address Extensions ( PAE ) ; because of this , page sizes may be 4 KB ( 2 bytes ) or 2 MB ( 2 bytes ) . Long mode also supports page sizes of 1 GB ( 2 bytes ) . Rather than the three - level page table system used by systems in PAE mode , systems running in long mode use four levels of page table : PAE 's Page - Directory Pointer Table is extended from 4 entries to 512 , and an additional Page - Map Level 4 ( PML4 ) Table is added , containing 512 entries in 48 - bit implementations . In implementations providing larger virtual addresses , this latter table would either grow to accommodate sufficient entries to describe the entire address range , up to a theoretical maximum of 33,554,432 entries for a 64 - bit implementation , or be over ranked by a new mapping level , such as a PML5 . A full mapping hierarchy of 4 KB pages for the whole 48 - bit space would take a bit more than 512 GB of RAM ( about 0.195 % of the 256 TB virtual space ) . Operating system limits ( edit ) The operating system can also limit the virtual address space . Details , where applicable , are given in the `` Operating system compatibility and characteristics '' section . Physical address space details ( edit ) Current AMD64 processors support a physical address space of up to 2 bytes of RAM , or 256 TB . However , as of June 2010 , there were no known x86 - 64 motherboards that support 256 TB of RAM . The operating system may place additional limits on the amount of RAM that is usable or supported . Details on this point are given in the `` Operating system compatibility and characteristics '' section of this article . Operating modes ( edit ) Operating mode Operating sub-mode Operating system required Type of code being run Default address size Default operand size Supported typical operand sizes Register file size Typical GPR width Long mode 64 - bit mode 64 - bit operating system or boot loader 64 - bit code 64 bits 32 bits 8 , 16 , 32 , or 64 bits 16 registers per file 64 bits Compatibility mode 64 - bit operating system or boot loader 32 - bit protected mode code 32 bits 32 bits 8 , 16 , or 32 bits 8 registers per file 32 bits 64 - bit operating system 16 - bit protected mode code 16 bits 16 bits 8 , 16 , or 32 bits 8 registers per file 32 bits Legacy mode Protected mode 32 - bit operating system or boot loader , or 64 - bit boot loader 32 - bit protected mode code 32 bits 32 bits 8 , 16 , or 32 bits 8 registers per file 32 bits 16 - bit protected mode operating system or boot loader , or 32 - or 64 - bit boot loader 16 - bit protected mode code 16 bits 16 bits 8 , 16 , or 32 bits 8 registers per file 16 or 32 bits Virtual 8086 mode 16 - or 32 - bit protected mode operating system 16 - bit real mode code 16 bits 16 bits 8 , 16 , or 32 bits 8 registers per file 16 or 32 bits Real mode 16 - bit real mode operating system or boot loader , or 32 - or 64 - bit boot loader 16 - bit real mode code 16 bits 16 bits 8 , 16 , or 32 bits 8 registers per file 16 or 32 bits The traditional x87 FPU register stack is not included in the register file size extension in 64 - bit mode , compared with the XMM registers used by SSE2 , which did get extended . The x87 register stack is not a simple register file although it does allow direct access to individual registers by low cost exchange operations . Also note that 16 - bit code written for the 80286 and below can not use the 32 - bit general - purpose registers ( GPRs ) . 16 - bit code written for the 80386 and above can use 32 - bit GPRs , but defaults to using 16 - bit operands . State diagram of the x86 - 64 operating modes The architecture has two primary modes of operation , long mode and legacy mode . Long mode ( edit ) Main article : Long mode Long mode is the architecture 's intended primary mode of operation ; it is a combination of the processor 's native 64 - bit mode and a combined 32 - bit and 16 - bit compatibility mode . It is used by 64 - bit operating systems . Under a 64 - bit operating system , 64 - bit programs run under 64 - bit mode , and 32 - bit and 16 - bit protected mode applications ( that do not need to use either real mode or virtual 8086 mode in order to execute at any time ) run under compatibility mode . Real - mode programs and programs that use virtual 8086 mode at any time can not be run in long mode unless those modes are emulated in software . However , such programs may be started from an operating system running in long mode on processors supporting VT - x or AMD - V by creating a virtual processor running in the desired mode . Since the basic instruction set is the same , there is almost no performance penalty for executing protected mode x86 code . This is unlike Intel 's IA - 64 , where differences in the underlying instruction set means that running 32 - bit code must be done either in emulation of x86 ( making the process slower ) or with a dedicated x86 processor . However , on the x86 - 64 platform , many x86 applications could benefit from a 64 - bit recompile , due to the additional registers in 64 - bit code and guaranteed SSE2 - based FPU support , which a compiler can use for optimization . However , applications that regularly handle integers wider than 32 bits , such as cryptographic algorithms , will need a rewrite of the code handling the huge integers in order to take advantage of the 64 - bit registers . Legacy mode ( edit ) Legacy mode is the mode used by 16 - bit ( `` protected mode '' or `` real mode '' ) and 32 - bit operating systems . In this mode , the processor acts like a 32 - bit x86 processor , and only 16 - bit and 32 - bit code can be executed . Legacy mode allows for a maximum of 32 bit virtual addressing which limits the virtual address space to 4 GB . 64 - bit programs can not be run from legacy mode . Intel 64 ( edit ) Intel 64 is Intel 's implementation of x86 - 64 , used and implemented in various processors made by Intel . History ( edit ) Historically , AMD has developed and produced processors with instruction sets patterned after Intel 's original designs , but with x86 - 64 , roles were reversed : Intel found itself in the position of adopting the ISA which AMD had created as an extension to Intel 's own x86 processor line . Intel 's project was originally codenamed Yamhill ( after the Yamhill River in Oregon 's Willamette Valley ) . After several years of denying its existence , Intel announced at the February 2004 IDF that the project was indeed underway . Intel 's chairman at the time , Craig Barrett , admitted that this was one of their worst - kept secrets . Intel 's name for this instruction set has changed several times . The name used at the IDF was CT ( presumably for Clackamas Technology , another codename from an Oregon river ) ; within weeks they began referring to it as IA - 32e ( for IA - 32 extensions ) and in March 2004 unveiled the `` official '' name EM64T ( Extended Memory 64 Technology ) . In late 2006 Intel began instead using the name Intel 64 for its implementation , paralleling AMD 's use of the name AMD64 . The first processor to implement Intel 64 was the multi-socket processor Xeon code - named Nocona in June 2004 . In contrast , the initial Prescott chips ( February 2004 ) did not enable this feature . Intel subsequently began selling Intel 64 - enabled Pentium 4s using the E0 revision of the Prescott core , being sold on the OEM market as the Pentium 4 , model F. The E0 revision also adds eXecute Disable ( XD ) ( Intel 's name for the NX bit ) to Intel 64 , and has been included in then current Xeon code - named Irwindale . Intel 's official launch of Intel 64 ( under the name EM64T at that time ) in mainstream desktop processors was the N0 stepping Prescott - 2M . The first Intel mobile processor implementing Intel 64 is the Merom version of the Core 2 processor , which was released on July 27 , 2006 . None of Intel 's earlier notebook CPUs ( Core Duo , Pentium M , Celeron M , Mobile Pentium 4 ) implement Intel 64 . The Intel white paper `` 5 - Level Paging and 5 - Level EPT '' describe a mechanism , under development by Intel , that will allow Intel 64 processors to support 57 - bit virtual addresses , with an additional page table level . Implementations ( edit ) Intel 's processors implementing the Intel64 architecture include the Pentium 4 F - series / 5x1 series , 506 , and 516 , Celeron D models 3x1 , 3x6 , 355 , 347 , 352 , 360 , and 365 and all later Celerons , all models of Xeon since `` Nocona '' , all models of Pentium Dual - Core processors since `` Merom - 2M '' , the Atom 230 , 330 , D410 , D425 , D510 , D525 , N450 , N455 , N470 , N475 , N550 , N570 , N2600 and N2800 , and all versions of the Pentium D , Pentium Extreme Edition , Core 2 , Core i7 , Core i5 , and Core i3 processors . VIA 's x86 - 64 implementation ( edit ) VIA Technologies introduced their first implementation of the x86 - 64 architecture in 2008 after five years of development by its CPU division , Centaur Technology . Codenamed `` Isaiah '' , the 64 - bit architecture was unveiled on January 24 , 2008 , and launched on May 29 under the VIA Nano brand name . The processor supports a number of VIA - specific x86 extensions designed to boost efficiency in low - power appliances . It is expected that the Isaiah architecture will be twice as fast in integer performance and four times as fast in floating - point performance as the previous - generation VIA Esther at an equivalent clock speed . Power consumption is also expected to be on par with the previous - generation VIA CPUs , with thermal design power ranging from 5 W to 25 W. Being a completely new design , the Isaiah architecture was built with support for features like the x86 - 64 instruction set and x86 virtualization which were unavailable on its predecessors , the VIA C7 line , while retaining their encryption extensions . Differences between AMD64 and Intel 64 ( edit ) Although nearly identical , there are some differences between the two instruction sets in the semantics of a few seldom used machine instructions ( or situations ) , which are mainly used for system programming . Compilers generally produce executables ( i.e. machine code ) that avoid any differences , at least for ordinary application programs . This is therefore of interest mainly to developers of compilers , operating systems and similar , which must deal with individual and special system instructions . Recent implementations ( edit ) Intel 64 's BSF and BSR instructions act differently than AMD64 's when the source is zero and the operand size is 32 bits . The processor sets the zero flag and leaves the upper 32 bits of the destination undefined . AMD64 requires a different microcode update format and control MSRs ( model - specific registers ) while Intel 64 implements microcode update unchanged from their 32 - bit only processors . Intel 64 lacks some MSRs that are considered architectural in AMD64 . These include SYSCFG , TOP_MEM , and TOP_MEM2 . Intel 64 allows SYSCALL / SYSRET only in 64 - bit mode ( not in compatibility mode ) , and allows SYSENTER / SYSEXIT in both modes . AMD64 lacks SYSENTER / SYSEXIT in both sub-modes of long mode . In 64 - bit mode , near branches with the 66H ( operand size override ) prefix behave differently . Intel 64 ignores this prefix : the instruction has 32 - bit sign extended offset , and instruction pointer is not truncated . AMD64 uses 16 - bit offset field in the instruction , and clears the top 48 bits of instruction pointer . AMD processors raise a floating point Invalid Exception when performing an FLD or FSTP of an 80 - bit signalling NaN , while Intel processors do not . Intel 64 lacks the ability to save and restore a reduced ( and thus faster ) version of the floating - point state ( involving the FXSAVE and FXRSTOR instructions ) . Recent AMD64 processors have reintroduced limited support for segmentation , via the Long Mode Segment Limit Enable ( LMSLE ) bit , to ease virtualization of 64 - bit guests . When returning to a non-canonical address using SYSRET , AMD64 processors execute the general protection fault handler in privilege level 3 , while on Intel 64 processors it is executed in privilege level 0 . Older implementations ( edit ) Early AMD64 processors ( typically on Socket 939 and 940 ) lacked the CMPXCHG16B instruction , which is an extension of the CMPXCHG8B instruction present on most post-80486 processors . Similar to CMPXCHG8B , CMPXCHG16B allows for atomic operations on octal words . This is useful for parallel algorithms that use compare and swap on data larger than the size of a pointer , common in lock - free and wait - free algorithms . Without CMPXCHG16B one must use workarounds , such as a critical section or alternative lock - free approaches . Its absence also prevents 64 - bit Windows prior to Windows 8.1 from having a user - mode address space larger than 8 terabytes . The 64 - bit version of Windows 8.1 requires the instruction . Early AMD64 and Intel 64 CPUs lacked LAHF and SAHF instructions in 64 - bit mode . AMD introduced these instructions ( also in 64 - bit mode ) with their Athlon 64 , Opteron and Turion 64 revision D processors in March 2005 while Intel introduced the instructions with the Pentium 4 G1 stepping in December 2005 . The 64 - bit version of Windows 8.1 requires this feature . Early Intel CPUs with Intel 64 also lack the NX bit of the AMD64 architecture . This feature is required by all versions of Windows 8. x . Early Intel 64 implementations ( Prescott and Cedar Mill ) only allowed access to 64 GB of physical memory while original AMD64 implementations allowed access to 1 TB of physical memory . Recent AMD64 implementations provide 256 TB of physical address space ( and AMD plans an expansion to 4 PB ) , while some Intel 64 implementations could address up to 64 TB . Physical memory capacities of this size are appropriate for large - scale applications ( such as large databases ) , and high - performance computing ( centrally oriented applications and scientific computing ) . Adoption ( edit ) An area chart showing the representation of different families of microprocessors in the TOP500 supercomputer ranking list , from 1992 to 2014 . In supercomputers tracked by TOP500 , the appearance of 64 - bit extensions for the x86 architecture enabled 64 - bit x86 processors by AMD and Intel ( light olive with circles , and red with circles on the diagram provided in this section , respectively ) to replace most RISC processor architectures previously used in such systems ( including PA - RISC , SPARC , Alpha and others ) , as well as 32 - bit x86 ( green with dots and purple with dots on the diagram ) , even though Intel itself initially tried unsuccessfully to replace x86 with a new incompatible 64 - bit architecture in the Itanium processor . As of 2014 , the main non-x86 CPU architecture which is still used in supercomputing is the Power Architecture used by IBM POWER microprocessors ( blue with a diamond pattern on the diagram ) , with SPARC being far behind in numbers on TOP500 , while recently a Fujitsu SPARC64 VIIIfx based supercomputer without co-processors reached number one that is still in the top ten . Non-CPU architecture co-processors ( GPGPU ) have also played a big role in performance . Intel 's Xeon Phi coprocessors , which implement a subset of x86 - 64 with some vector extensions , are also used , along with x86 - 64 processors , in the Tianhe - 2 supercomputer . Operating system compatibility and characteristics ( edit ) The following operating systems and releases support the x86 - 64 architecture in long mode . BSD ( edit ) DragonFly BSD ( edit ) Preliminary infrastructure work was started in February 2004 for a x86 - 64 port . This development later stalled . Development started again during July 2007 and continued during Google Summer of Code 2008 and SoC 2009 . The first official release to contain x86 - 64 support was version 2.4 . FreeBSD ( edit ) FreeBSD first added x86 - 64 support under the name `` amd64 '' as an experimental architecture in 5.1 - RELEASE in June 2003 . It was included as a standard distribution architecture as of 5.2 - RELEASE in January 2004 . Since then , FreeBSD has designated it as a Tier 1 platform . The 6.0 - RELEASE version cleaned up some quirks with running x86 executables under amd64 , and most drivers work just as they do on the x86 architecture . Work is currently being done to integrate more fully the x86 application binary interface ( ABI ) , in the same manner as the Linux 32 - bit ABI compatibility currently works . NetBSD ( edit ) x86 - 64 architecture support was first committed to the NetBSD source tree on June 19 , 2001 . As of NetBSD 2.0 , released on December 9 , 2004 , NetBSD / amd64 is a fully integrated and supported port . 32 - bit code is still supported in 64 - bit mode , with a netbsd - 32 kernel compatibility layer for 32 - bit syscalls . The NX bit is used to provide non-executable stack and heap with per - page granularity ( segment granularity being used on 32 - bit x86 ) . OpenBSD ( edit ) OpenBSD has supported AMD64 since OpenBSD 3.5 , released on May 1 , 2004 . Complete in - tree implementation of AMD64 support was achieved prior to the hardware 's initial release because AMD had loaned several machines for the project 's hackathon that year . OpenBSD developers have taken to the platform because of its support for the NX bit , which allowed for an easy implementation of the W ^ X feature . The code for the AMD64 port of OpenBSD also runs on Intel 64 processors which contains cloned use of the AMD64 extensions , but since Intel left out the page table NX bit in early Intel 64 processors , there is no W ^ X capability on those Intel CPUs ; later Intel 64 processors added the NX bit under the name `` XD bit '' . Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) works on OpenBSD 's AMD64 port , starting with release 3.6 on November 1 , 2004 . DOS ( edit ) It is possible to enter long mode under DOS without a DOS extender , but the user must return to real mode in order to call BIOS or DOS interrupts . It may also be possible to enter long mode with a DOS extender similar to DOS / 4GW , but more complex since x86 - 64 lacks virtual 8086 mode . DOS itself is not aware of that , and no benefits should be expected unless running DOS in an emulation with an adequate virtualization driver backend , for example : the mass storage interface . Linux ( edit ) See also : Comparison of Linux distributions § Instruction set architecture support Linux was the first operating system kernel to run the x86 - 64 architecture in long mode , starting with the 2.4 version in 2001 ( preceding the hardware 's availability ) . Linux also provides backward compatibility for running 32 - bit executables . This permits programs to be recompiled into long mode while retaining the use of 32 - bit programs . Several Linux distributions currently ship with x86 - 64 - native kernels and userlands . Some , such as Arch Linux , SUSE , Mandriva , and Debian allow users to install a set of 32 - bit components and libraries when installing off a 64 - bit DVD , thus allowing most existing 32 - bit applications to run alongside the 64 - bit OS . Other distributions , such as Fedora , Slackware and Ubuntu , are available in one version compiled for a 32 - bit architecture and another compiled for a 64 - bit architecture . Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux allow concurrent installation of all userland components in both 32 and 64 - bit versions on a 64 - bit system . x32 ABI ( Application Binary Interface ) , introduced in Linux 3.4 , allows programs compiled for the x32 ABI to run in the 64 - bit mode of x86 - 64 while only using 32 - bit pointers and data fields . Though this limits the program to a virtual address space of 4 GB it also decreases the memory footprint of the program and in some cases can allow it to run faster . 64 - bit Linux allows up to 128 TB of virtual address space for individual processes , and can address approximately 64 TB of physical memory , subject to processor and system limitations . MacOS ( edit ) Mac OS X 10.4. 7 and higher versions of Mac OS X 10.4 run 64 - bit command - line tools using the POSIX and math libraries on 64 - bit Intel - based machines , just as all versions of Mac OS X 10.4 and 10.5 run them on 64 - bit PowerPC machines . No other libraries or frameworks work with 64 - bit applications in Mac OS X 10.4 . The kernel , and all kernel extensions , are 32 - bit only . Mac OS X 10.5 supports 64 - bit GUI applications using Cocoa , Quartz , OpenGL , and X11 on 64 - bit Intel - based machines , as well as on 64 - bit PowerPC machines . All non-GUI libraries and frameworks also support 64 - bit applications on those platforms . The kernel , and all kernel extensions , are 32 - bit only . Mac OS X 10.6 is the first version of macOS that supports a 64 - bit kernel . However , not all 64 - bit computers can run the 64 - bit kernel , and not all 64 - bit computers that can run the 64 - bit kernel will do so by default . The 64 - bit kernel , like the 32 - bit kernel , supports 32 - bit applications ; both kernels also support 64 - bit applications . 32 - bit applications have a virtual address space limit of 4 GB under either kernel . OS X 10.8 includes only the 64 - bit kernel , but continues to support 32 - bit applications . The 64 - bit kernel does not support 32 - bit kernel extensions , and the 32 - bit kernel does not support 64 - bit kernel extensions . macOS uses the universal binary format to package 32 - and 64 - bit versions of application and library code into a single file ; the most appropriate version is automatically selected at load time . In Mac OS X 10.6 , the universal binary format is also used for the kernel and for those kernel extensions that support both 32 - bit and 64 - bit kernels . Solaris ( edit ) See also : illumos Solaris 10 and later releases support the x86 - 64 architecture . For Solaris 10 , just as with the SPARC architecture , there is only one operating system image , which contains a 32 - bit kernel and a 64 - bit kernel ; this is labeled as the `` x64 / x86 '' DVD - ROM image . The default behavior is to boot a 64 - bit kernel , allowing both 64 - bit and existing or new 32 - bit executables to be run . A 32 - bit kernel can also be manually selected , in which case only 32 - bit executables will run . The isainfo command can be used to determine if a system is running a 64 - bit kernel . For Solaris 11 , only the 64 - bit kernel is provided . However , the 64 - bit kernel supports both 32 - and 64 - bit executables , libraries , and system calls . Windows ( edit ) x64 editions of Microsoft Windows client and server -- Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition -- were released in March 2005 . Internally they are actually the same build ( 5.2. 3790.1830 SP1 ) , as they share the same source base and operating system binaries , so even system updates are released in unified packages , much in the manner as Windows 2000 Professional and Server editions for x86 . Windows Vista , which also has many different editions , was released in January 2007 . Windows 7 was released in July 2009 . Windows Server 2008 R2 was sold in only x64 and Itanium editions ; later versions of Windows Server only offer an x64 edition . Versions of Windows for x64 prior to Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 offer the following : 8 TB of virtual address space per process , accessible from both user mode and kernel mode , referred to as the user mode address space . An x64 program can use all of this , subject to backing store limits on the system , and provided it is linked with the `` large address aware '' option . This is a 4096-fold increase over the default 2 GB user - mode virtual address space offered by 32 - bit Windows . 8 TB of kernel mode virtual address space for the operating system . As with the user mode address space , this is a 4096-fold increase over 32 - bit Windows versions . The increased space primarily benefits the file system cache and kernel mode `` heaps '' ( non-paged pool and paged pool ) . Windows only uses a total of 16 TB out of the 256 TB implemented by the processors because early AMD64 processors lacked a CMPXCHG16B instruction . Under Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 , both user mode and kernel mode virtual address spaces have been extended to 128 TB . These versions of Windows will not install on processors that lack the CMPXCHG16B instruction . The following additional characteristics apply to all x64 versions of Windows : Ability to run existing 32 - bit applications ( . exe programs ) and dynamic link libraries (. dlls ) using WoW64 if WoW64 is supported on that version . Furthermore , a 32 - bit program , if it was linked with the `` large address aware '' option , can use up to 4 GB of virtual address space in 64 - bit Windows , instead of the default 2 GB ( optional 3 GB with / 3GB boot option and `` large address aware '' link option ) offered by 32 - bit Windows . Unlike the use of the / 3GB boot option on x86 , this does not reduce the kernel mode virtual address space available to the operating system . 32 - bit applications can therefore benefit from running on x64 Windows even if they are not recompiled for x86 - 64 . Both 32 - and 64 - bit applications , if not linked with `` large address aware , '' are limited to 2 GB of virtual address space . Ability to use up to 128 GB ( Windows XP / Vista ) , 192 GB ( Windows 7 ) , 512 GB ( Windows 8 ) , 1 TB ( Windows Server 2003 ) , 2 TB ( Windows Server 2008 / Windows 10 ) , 4 TB ( Windows Server 2012 ) , or 24 TB ( Windows Server 2016 ) of physical random access memory ( RAM ) . LLP64 data model : `` int '' and `` long '' types are 32 bits wide , long long is 64 bits , while pointers and types derived from pointers are 64 bits wide . Kernel mode device drivers must be 64 - bit versions ; there is no way to run 32 - bit kernel mode executables within the 64 - bit operating system . User mode device drivers can be either 32 - bit or 64 - bit . 16 - bit Windows ( Win16 ) and DOS applications will not run on x86 - 64 versions of Windows due to removal of the virtual DOS machine subsystem ( NTVDM ) which relied upon the ability to use virtual 8086 mode . Virtual 8086 mode can not be entered while running in long mode . Full implementation of the NX ( No Execute ) page protection feature . This is also implemented on recent 32 - bit versions of Windows when they are started in PAE mode . Instead of FS segment descriptor on x86 versions of the Windows NT family , GS segment descriptor is used to point to two operating system defined structures : Thread Information Block ( NT_TIB ) in user mode and Processor Control Region ( KPCR ) in kernel mode . Thus , for example , in user mode GS : 0 is the address of the first member of the Thread Information Block . Maintaining this convention made the x86 - 64 port easier , but required AMD to retain the function of the FS and GS segments in long mode -- even though segmented addressing per se is not really used by any modern operating system . Early reports claimed that the operating system scheduler would not save and restore the x87 FPU machine state across thread context switches . Observed behavior shows that this is not the case : the x87 state is saved and restored , except for kernel mode - only threads ( a limitation that exists in the 32 - bit version as well ) . The most recent documentation available from Microsoft states that the x87 / MMX / 3DNow ! instructions may be used in long mode , but that they are deprecated and may cause compatibility problems in the future . Some components like Microsoft Jet Database Engine and Data Access Objects will not be ported to 64 - bit architectures such as x86 - 64 and IA - 64 . Microsoft Visual Studio can compile native applications to target either the x86 - 64 architecture , which can run only on 64 - bit Microsoft Windows , or the IA - 32 architecture , which can run as a 32 - bit application on 32 - bit Microsoft Windows or 64 - bit Microsoft Windows in WoW64 emulation mode . Managed applications can be compiled either in IA - 32 , x86 - 64 or AnyCPU modes . Software created in the first two modes behave like their IA - 32 or x86 - 64 native code counterparts respectively ; When using the AnyCPU mode however , applications in 32 - bit versions of Microsoft Windows run as 32 - bit applications , while they run as a 64 - bit application in 64 - bit editions of Microsoft Windows . Video Game consoles ( edit ) Both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and their successors incorporate AMD x86 - 64 processors , based on Jaguar microarchitecture . Firmware and games are written in the x86 - 64 codes , no legacy x86 codes are involved with them . Industry naming conventions ( edit ) Since AMD64 and Intel 64 are substantially similar , many software and hardware products use one vendor - neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations . AMD 's original designation for this processor architecture , `` x86 - 64 '' , is still sometimes used for this purpose , as is the variant `` x86_64 '' . Other companies , such as Microsoft and Sun Microsystems / Oracle Corporation , use the contraction `` x64 '' in marketing material . The term IA - 64 refers to the Itanium processor , and should not be confused with x86 - 64 , as it is a completely different instruction set . Many operating systems and products , especially those that introduced x86 - 64 support prior to Intel 's entry into the market , use the term `` AMD64 '' or `` amd64 '' to refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 . amd64 Most BSD systems such as FreeBSD , MidnightBSD , NetBSD and OpenBSD refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 under the architecture name `` amd64 '' . Some Linux distributions such as Debian , Ubuntu , and Gentoo refer to both AMD64 and Intel 64 under the architecture name `` amd64 '' . Microsoft Windows 's x64 versions use the AMD64 moniker internally to designate various components which use or are compatible with this architecture . For example , the environment variable PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE is assigned the value `` AMD64 '' as opposed to `` x86 '' in 32 - bit versions , and the system directory on a Windows x64 Edition installation CD - ROM is named `` AMD64 '' , in contrast to `` i386 '' in 32 - bit versions . Sun 's Solaris ' isalist command identifies both AMD64 - and Intel 64 - based systems as `` amd64 '' . Java Development Kit ( JDK ) : the name `` amd64 '' is used in directory names containing x86 - 64 files . x86_64 The Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection refers to 64 - bit architecture as `` x86_64 '' . Some Linux distributions , such as Fedora , openSUSE , and Arch Linux refer to this 64 - bit architecture as `` x86_64 '' . Apple macOS refers to 64 - bit architecture as `` x86 - 64 '' or `` x86_64 '' , as seen in the Terminal command arch and in their developer documentation . Breaking with most other BSD systems , DragonFly BSD refers to 64 - bit architecture as `` x86_64 '' . Haiku refers to 64 - bit architecture as `` x86_64 '' . Licensing ( edit ) x86 - 64 / AMD64 was solely developed by AMD . AMD holds patents on techniques used in AMD64 ; those patents must be licensed from AMD in order to implement AMD64 . Intel entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD , licensing to AMD their patents on existing x86 techniques , and licensing from AMD their patents on techniques used in x86 - 64 . In 2009 , AMD and Intel settled several lawsuits and cross-licensing disagreements , extending their cross-licensing agreements . See also ( edit ) AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture ( AGESA ) X32 ABI Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Various names are used for the instruction set . Prior to the launch , x86 - 64 and x86_64 were used , while upon the release AMD named it AMD64 . Intel initially used the names IA - 32e and EM64T before finally settling on `` Intel 64 '' for its implementation . Some in the industry , including Apple , use x86 - 64 and x86_64 , while others , notably Sun Microsystems ( now Oracle Corporation ) and Microsoft , use x64 . The BSD family of OSs and several Linux distributions use AMD64 , as does Microsoft Windows internally . Jump up ^ In practice , 64 - bit operating systems generally do not support 16 - bit applications , although modern versions of Microsoft Windows contain a limited workaround that effectively supports 16 - bit InstallShield and Microsoft ACME installers by silently substituting them with 32 - bit code . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Debian AMD64 FAQ '' . Debian Wiki . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` x86 - 64 Code Model '' . Apple . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : arch ( 1 ) -- Darwin and macOS General Commands Manual ^ Jump up to : Kevin Van Vechten ( 2006 - 08 - 09 ) . `` re : Intel XNU bug report '' . Darwin - dev mailing list . Apple Computer . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 05 . The kernel and developer tools have standardized on `` x86_64 '' for the name of the Mach - O architecture ^ Jump up to : `` Solaris 10 on AMD Opteron '' . Oracle . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft 64 - Bit Computing '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` AMD64 Port '' . Debian . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gentoo / AMD64 Project '' . Gentoo Project . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WOW64 Implementation Details '' . Jump up ^ `` ProcessorArchitecture Class '' . ^ Jump up to : AMD Corporation ( December 2016 ) . `` Volume 2 : System Programming '' ( PDF ) . AMD64 Architecture Programmer 's Manual . AMD Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Raymond Chen ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` If there is no 16 - bit emulation layer in 64 - bit Windows , how come certain 16 - bit installers are allowed to run ? '' . Jump up ^ IBM Corporation ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) . `` IBM WebSphere Application Server 64 - bit Performance Demystified '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 09 . Figures 5 , 6 and 7 also show the 32 - bit version of WAS runs applications at full native hardware performance on the POWER and x86 - 64 platforms . Unlike some 64 - bit processor architectures , the POWER and x86 - 64 hardware does not emulate 32 - bit mode . Therefore applications that do not benefit from 64 - bit features can run with full performance on the 32 - bit version of WebSphere running on the above mentioned 64 - bit platforms . Jump up ^ `` AMD Discloses New Technologies At Microporcessor Forum '' ( Press release ) . AMD . 1999 - 10 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` AMD Releases x86 - 64 Architectural Specification ; Enables Market Driven Migration to 64 - Bit Computing '' ( Press release ) . AMD . 2000 - 08 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 64 and IA - 32 Architectures Software Developer 's Manual , Volume 3A : System Programming Guide , Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . pp. 4 -- 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIOS and Kernel Developer 's Guide ( BKDG ) For AMD Family 10h Processors '' ( PDF ) . p. 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Physical address space increased to 48 bits . Jump up ^ `` Myth and facts about 64 - bit Linux '' ( PDF ) . March 2 , 2008 . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Physical address space increased to 48 bits Jump up ^ Shanley , Tom ( 1998 ) . Pentium Pro and Pentium II System Architecture . PC System Architecture Series ( Second ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . p. 445 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 30973 - 4 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Corporation . `` What is PAE , NX , and SSE2 and why does my PC need to support them to run Windows 8 ? '' . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memory Limits for Windows Releases '' . MSDN . Microsoft . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Opteron 6100 Series Motherboards '' . Supermicro Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Supermicro XeonSolutions '' . Supermicro Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Opteron 8000 Series Motherboards '' . Supermicro Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tyan Product Matrix '' . MiTEC International Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Barrett confirms 64 bit address extensions for Xeon . And Prescott . '' . The Inquirer. 2004 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Roundup of 64 - Bit Computing '' , from internetnews.com Jump up ^ `` Intel 64 Architecture '' . Intel . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - Level Paging and 5 - Level EPT '' ( PDF ) . Intel . May 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIA to launch new processor architecture in 1Q08 '' ( subscription required ) . DigiTimes . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Jon ( 2008 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Isaiah revealed : VIA 's new low - power architecture '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` VIA Launches VIA Nano Processor Family '' ( Press release ) . VIA. 2008 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` VIA Isaiah Architecture Introduction '' ( PDF ) . VIA. 2008 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wasson , Scott . `` 64 - bit computing in theory and practice '' . The Tech Report . The Tech Report . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 64 and IA - 32 Architectures Software Developer 's Manual Volume 2 ( 2A , 2B & 2C ) : Instruction Set Reference , A-Z '' ( PDF ) . Intel . September 2013 . pp. 4 -- 397 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 64 and IA - 32 Architectures Software Developer 's Manual Volume 2 ( 2A , 2B & 2C ) : Instruction Set Reference , A-Z '' ( PDF ) . Intel . September 2013 . pp. 4 -- 400 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How retiring segmentation in AMD64 long mode broke VMware '' . Pagetable.com. 2006 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` VMware and CPU Virtualization Technology '' ( PDF ) . VMWare . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 64 and IA - 32 Architectures Software Developer 's Manual Volume 2 ( 2A , 2B & 2C ) : Instruction Set Reference , A-Z '' ( PDF ) . Intel . September 2014 . pp. 4 -- 412 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AMD64 Architecture Programmer 's Manual Volume 3 : General - Purpose and System Instructions '' ( PDF ) . AMD . December 2016 . p. 417 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maged M. Michael . `` Practical Lock - Free and Wait - Free LL / SC / VL Implementations Using 64 - Bit CAS '' ( PDF ) . IBM . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ darwou ( August 20 , 2004 ) . `` Why is the virtual address space 4GB anyway ? '' . The Old New Thing . Microsoft . ^ Jump up to : `` System Requirements -- Windows 8.1 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 27 . To install a 64 - bit OS on a 64 - bit PC , your processor needs to support CMPXCHG16b , PrefetchW , and LAHF / SAHF . Jump up ^ `` Revision Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors '' , from AMD Jump up ^ `` AMD Turion 64 pictured up and running '' , from The Inquirer Jump up ^ `` Athlon 64 revision E wo n't work on some Nforce 3 / 4 boards '' , from The Inquirer Jump up ^ `` Intel 64 architecture increases the linear address space for software to 64 bits and supports physical address space up to 46 bits . '' on page Vol. 1 2 - 21 of Intel 64 and IA - 32 Architectures Software Developer 's Manual September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Statistics TOP500 Supercomputer Sites '' . Top500.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Xeon PhiTM Coprocessor Instruction Set Architecture Reference Manual '' ( PDF ) . Intel . September 7 , 2012 . section B. 2 Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor 64 bit Mode Limitations . Jump up ^ `` Intel Powers the World 's Fastest Supercomputer , Reveals New and Future High Performance Computing Technologies '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` cvs commit : src / sys / amd64 / amd64 genassym. c src / sys / amd64 / include asm. h atomic. h bootinfo. h coredump. h cpufunc. h elf. h endian. h exec. h float. h fpu. h frame. h globaldata. h ieeefp. h limits. h lock. h md_var. h param. h pcb. h pcb_ext. h pmap. h proc. h profile. h psl. h ... '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` AMD64 port '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` DragonFlyBSD : GoogleSoC2008 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Summer of Code accepted students '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` DragonFlyBSD : release24 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tutorial for entering protected and long mode from DOS Jump up ^ Andi Kleen ( June 26 , 2001 ) . `` Porting Linux to x86 - 64 '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2010 . Status : The kernel , compiler , tool chain work . The kernel boots and work on simulator and is used for porting of userland and running programs Jump up ^ Andi Kleen . `` Andi Kleen 's Page '' . This was the original paper describing the Linux x86 - 64 kernel port back when x86 - 64 was only available on simulators . Jump up ^ `` Arch64 FAQ '' . 2012 - 04 - 23 . You can either use the multilib packages or a i686 chroot . ^ Jump up to : Thorsten Leemhuis ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Kernel Log : x32 ABI gets around 64 - bit drawbacks '' . www.h-online.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` x32 -- a native 32 - bit ABI for x86 - 64 '' . linuxplumbersconf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` x32 - abi '' . Google Sites . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AMD64 Port '' . debian.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Mac OS X Xcode 2.4 Release Notes : Compiler Tools '' . Apple Inc. 2007 - 04 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Apple -- Mac OS X Leopard -- Technology -- 64 - bit '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X v10. 6 : Macs that use the 64 - bit kernel '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ John Siracusa . `` Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard : the Ars Technica review '' . Ars Technica LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X Technology '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Raises the Speed Limit with the Availability of 64 - Bit Editions of Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP Professional News Center '' . news.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A description of the x64 - based versions of Windows Server 2003 and of Windows XP Professional x64 Edition '' . Microsoft Support . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Server 2003 SP1 Administration Tools Pack '' . Microsoft Download Center . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` / LARGEADDRESSAWARE ( Handle Large Addresses ) '' . Visual Studio 2005 Documentation -- Visual C++ -- Linker Options . Microsoft . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . The / LARGEADDRESSAWARE option tells the linker that the application can handle addresses larger than 2 gigabytes . ^ Jump up to : Matt Pietrek ( May 2006 ) . `` Everything You Need To Know To Start Programming 64 - Bit Windows Systems '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chris St. Amand ( January 2006 ) . `` Making the Move to x64 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Behind Windows x86 - 64 's 44 - bit Virtual Memory Addressing Limit '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64 - bit programming for Game Developers '' . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memory Limits for Windows Releases '' . Microsoft . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Developer Network -- General Porting Guidelines ( 64 - bit Windows Programming ) Jump up ^ Microsoft Developer Network -- Data Access Road Map Jump up ^ Anand Lal Shimpi ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` The Xbox One : Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4 '' . Anandtech . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Tech Spec Test : Xbox One Vs. PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer. 2013 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ ProcessorArchitecture Fields Jump up ^ `` An example file from Linux 3.7. 8 kernel source tree displaying the usage of the term x86_64 '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2005 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ US 6877084 Jump up ^ US 6889312 Jump up ^ US 6732258 Jump up ^ `` Patent Cross License Agreement Between AMD and Intel '' . 2001 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` AMD Intel Settlement Agreement '' . Jump up ^ Stephen Shankland and Jonathan E. Skillings ( 2009 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Intel to pay AMD $1.25 billion in antitrust settlement '' . CNET . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` AMD and Intel Settle Their Differences : AMD Gets To Go Fabless '' . AnandTech . Archived from the original on 13 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) AMD 's AMD64 Developer Guides and Manuals x86 - 64 : Extending the x86 architecture to 64 - bits -- technical talk by the architect of AMD64 ( video archive ) , and second talk by the same speaker ( video archive ) AMD 's `` Enhanced Virus Protection '' Intel tweaks EM64T for full AMD64 compatibility Analyst : Intel Reverse - Engineered AMD64 Early report of differences between Intel IA32e and AMD64 Porting to 64 - bit GNU / Linux Systems , by Andreas Jaeger from GCC Summit 2003 . An excellent paper explaining almost all practical aspects for a transition from 32 - bit to 64 - bit . Tech Report article : 64 - bit computing in theory and practice Intel 64 Architecture Intel Software Network : `` 64 bits '' TurboIRC.COM tutorial of entering the protected and the long mode the raw way from DOS Seven Steps of Migrating a Program to a 64 - bit System Memory Limits for Windows Releases Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X86-64&oldid=802531437 '' Categories : Computer - related introductions in 2003 X86 architecture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64	2,472
when will star wars land be finished at disneyland	Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Concept art released in August 2015 Disneyland Coordinates 33 ° 48 ′ 50 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 33.814 ° N 117.92 ° W / 33.814 ; - 117.92 Status Under construction Opening date Summer 2019 Replaced Big Thunder Ranch Disney 's Hollywood Studios Coordinates 28 ° 21 ′ 14 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 40 '' W / 28.354 ° N 81.561 ° W / 28.354 ; - 81.561 Status Under construction Opening date Late Fall 2019 Replaced Streets of America General Statistics Theme Star Wars Area 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) Attractions Attractions 2 total	Summer 2019	Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge	star wars : galaxy's edge	Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge is an upcoming Star Wars - themed area being developed at both Disneyland Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California , as well as Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida . The Star Wars - themed area , or `` land , '' at each park will encompass 14 acres .	Announced in August 2015 , the lands are scheduled to open at both locations in 2019 , with the Disneyland version opening first . Walt Disney Imagineering executive Scott Trowbridge is supervising the development of the new land at both parks . Disney CEO Bob Iger announced on March 3 , 2016 , at the Disney shareholders meeting , that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Locations 3.1 Disneyland 3.2 Disney 's Hollywood Studios 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge was first publicly announced by The Walt Disney Company Chairman and CEO Bob Iger at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , though it did not have an official name at the time . According to Iger , it will be `` occupied by many inhabitants ; humanoids , aliens and droids ... the attractions , the entertainment , everything we create will be part of our storytelling . Nothing will be out of character or stray from the mythology . '' Bob Chapek , chairman of Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products , stated that the land `` will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you 've never seen before -- a gateway planet located on the outer rim , full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar . '' In an interview for the winter 2015 issue of the official Disney fan club publication Disney twenty - three , Trowbridge stated : `` ( O ) ur intent is to make it feel as if you just walked into one of the movies ... Bringing Star Wars to life in the physical world gives us the opportunity to play with a whole bunch of things we 've never done before ... to really engage all of the senses . What does that street feel like ? What does that animal smell like ? What does blue milk taste like ? '' Iger announced in March 2016 that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . In February 2017 , Iger stated that the lands are scheduled to open in 2019 at both Disneyland and Hollywood Studios . In July 2017 at the D23 Expo , Chapek revealed that the themed lands would be called Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge . Chapek also announced that Disneyland 's version will open first . In November 2017 , Trowbridge announced that the planet in the land is called Batuu . Batuu will appear in the novel Star Wars : Thrawn Alliances , scheduled for release on July 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 Trowbridge revealed that the name of the planet 's village is Black Spire Outpost . Design ( edit ) Walt Disney Imagineering designed the project in collaboration with the Lucasfilm Story Group , with Imagineer Scott Trowbridge supervising the project , Asa Kalama and Chris Beatty serving as executive creative directors , and Lucasfilm 's Pablo Hidalgo and designer Doug Chiang of Industrial Light & Magic involved as consultants . Together , the team decided to set the lands on a new planet , located within the Outer Rim of the Unknown Regions . Described as a `` remote frontier outpost '' , the planet Batuu has not previously appeared in other media , although it has existed within canon `` for thousands and thousands of years . '' The team chose to create a newly designed world instead of using an existing planet from the films such as Tatooine or Hoth , because those locations evoked a pre-existing familiarity with guests , with Trowbridge explaining , `` We wanted to build new Star Wars stories , new Star Wars destinations , but this time you could be in that story that required us to go to a new place . '' This used to be a vibrant trading port back in the old sub-lightspeed days , but now with advent of hyperspace , its prominence has kind of fallen and faded a little bit which has made it a great spot for those who did n't want to be on that kind of mainstream path . The smugglers , the bounty hunters , the rogue adventurers looking to crew up , the people who do n't want to be found -- basically all the interesting people . -- Supervising Imagineer Scott Trowbridge describing the featured planet The development team drew inspiration from real - world locations , including as Istanbul and Morocco , and traveled there to study the architecture , culture , and weather . The team also cited Ralph McQuarrie 's concept art for the original Star Wars trilogy as a basis for the aesthetic look of the land . The timeline is set after the events of Return of the Jedi , in the years leading up to the sequel trilogy , and will depict the rising presence of both the First Order and the Resistance . The Star Wars - themed land will have two new attractions : one will allow riders to control the Millennium Falcon , which will feature a `` customized secret mission '' , and the other will place guests into the middle of a battle between the First Order and the Resistance . Concept art depicts a full - size Millennium Falcon situated among alien buildings built into tall cliffs . The new planet is designed for guests to begin their own narrative . There will also be a version of a cantina . How riders perform on the Millennium Falcon will influence how they are treated at the cantina , adding to the immersive experience . According to the Disney Parks Blog , `` perform with skill and you may earn extra galactic credits , while bringing the ship back banged up could put you on the list of a bounty hunter . End up on Harkos 's list and you may face a problem if you show up at the local cantina ! '' In the marketplace in Black Spire Outpost there will be a toy stall that will be run by a Toydarian - an alien species that was seen on Tatooine in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . There will also be a creature stall . Locations ( edit ) Construction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in August 2017 Disneyland ( edit ) At Disneyland , Galaxy 's Edge is being built to the north of Frontierland , where Big Thunder Ranch and backstage areas were located . As a result of the expansion , Disney purchased nearby properties to relocate the office and warehouse space that was on the land . On January 11 , 2016 , several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed . Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently , including the multifunction event space , barbecue restaurant , and petting zoo . Other attractions closed temporarily , including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16 , 2017 , and Fantasmic ! reopened on July 17 , 2017 . The Disneyland Railroad , Mark Twain Riverboat , Sailing Ship Columbia , and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29 . The construction of Galaxy 's Edge resulted in a reconfigured route for the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America . A first look at how these changes would impact the park were revealed in January 2016 , when concept art was released depicting the northern bank of the river after construction was completed . Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( edit ) At Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Galaxy 's Edge is replacing the majority of the park 's Streets of America , including the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2 , 2016 , as well as the surrounding backlot facades , restaurants , and shops . Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction , Galaxy 's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land . The remaining operating portions of Streets of America ( containing Muppet * Vision 3D ) were left undisturbed and renamed as Grand Avenue , and Grand Park . The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel . See also ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a themed land at Universal Parks & Resorts in Orlando , Osaka , and Hollywood Pandora -- The World of Avatar , a themed land at Disney 's Animal Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ; Zumberg , Marianne ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Themed Lands Coming to Disney Parks , Says Bob Iger '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedicini , Sandra ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars land coming to Disney 's Hollywood Studios - Orlando Sentinel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` DISNEYLAND Paris is getting a huge £ 1.8 billion makeover '' . The Sun . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - Themed Lands Coming to Walt Disney World and Disneyland Resorts '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevil , Dewayne . `` Coming to Disney World : Tron , Guardians of the Galaxy ride , ' Star Wars ' hotel '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tomorrowland at Disneyland revamps with Season of the Force ahead of new ' Star Wars ' movie release '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Frye , Jim ( Winter 2015 ) . `` Chewie , We 're Home '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 7 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 23 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Hugo ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland to start building its ' Star Wars ' land in April '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , Scott ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Tours Gives Guests First Peek at Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Planet at Disney Parks '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Planet Will Be Introduced in New Novel '' . March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trowbridge , Scott ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Black Spire Outpost Revealed to be the Name of the Village in Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Seth ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About the ' Star Wars ' Disney Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tribou , Richard ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` New Disney Star Wars land details revealed at Star Wars Celebration '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Bryan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the creation of Disney 's ambitious and immersive Star Wars land '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hartwell , Chris ; Couch , Aaron ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Land : Millennium Falcon Ride Has Surprisingly High Stakes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plautz , Jessica . `` Get a Sneak Peek at the ' Star Wars ' Lands Coming to Disney Parks '' . Travel and Leisure . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald , Brady . `` 8 unanswered questions about Disneyland 's Star Wars Land '' . latimes.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Chuck . `` Disney World expansion to add ' Star Wars ' land '' . KNS . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ; Larsen , Peter ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : It 's official : ' Star Wars ' theme land coming to Disneyland '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` All there is to know about Star Wars Land that is coming in 2019 to Disney World and Disneyland '' . Disney by Age . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` 7 Things We Learned About Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge From The Galactic Nights Panel '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney buys Anaheim land , sparking expansion speculation '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Tracy ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland Closing Several Attractions on Monday Ahead of ' Star Wars ' Land Construction '' . ktla.com . Tribune Broadcasting . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niles , Robert ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Disneyland targets summer 2017 for Rivers of America return '' . Themeparkinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland favorites returning after hiatus amid ' Star Wars ' - themed land construction '' . abc7.com . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pimentel , Joseph ; Eades , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Concept art : How Disneyland 's Rivers of America will look after ' Star Wars ' land construction is finished '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knopp , JeniLynn ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` VIDEO : Star Wars area construction progressing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . insidethemagic.net . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Rachel ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` What 's closing at Disney World to make way for `` Star Wars '' Land `` . hellogiggles.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Studios attractions on their way out at Disney World '' . orlandosentinel.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Earffel Tower coming down , attractions closing at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Hollywood Studios : When a theme park is part construction zone '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Disney is opening an immersive Star Wars Hotel where each guest gets a storyline '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer . `` Plans Unveiled for Star Wars - Inspired Themed Resort at Walt Disney World '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney wants to build a Westworld for Star Wars fans '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Themed lands of Disney theme parks A Bug 's Land Animation Courtyard Africa Adventureland American Waterfront Arabian Coast Asia Buena Vista Street Cars Land Critter Country DinoLand U.S.A. Discovery Island Echo Lake Fantasyland Frontierland Front Lot Future World Frozen Land Grizzly Peak Grand Avenue Holidayland Hollywood Land Hollywood Boulevard Liberty Square Lost River Delta Main Street , U.S.A. Mediterranean Harbor Mermaid Lagoon Mickey 's Toontown Mysterious Island Mystic Point Marvel Land New Orleans Square Oasis Pandora -- The World of Avatar Paradise Pier Port Discovery Production Courtyard Pixar Place Pixar Pier Paradise Park Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Sunset Boulevard Tomorrowland Toon Studio Toy Story Land World Showcase Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . Circus Train Dumbo the Flying Elephant Fantasyland Theatre It 's a Small World King Arthur Carrousel Mad Tea Party Matterhorn Bobsleds Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Peter Pan 's Flight Pinocchio 's Daring Journey Pixie Hollow Sleeping Beauty Castle Snow White Grotto Snow White 's Scary Adventures Storybook Land Canal Boats Adventureland Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room Indiana Jones Adventure Jungle Cruise Tarzan 's Treehouse Tomorrowland Astro Orbitor Autopia Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters Disneyland Monorail Disneyland Railroad Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Space Mountain Space Mountain Ghost Galaxy Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars : Path Of The Jedi Frontierland Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Frontierland Shootin ' Exposition Golden Horseshoe Saloon Mark Twain Riverboat Sailing Ship Columbia New Orleans Square Disneyland Railroad Pirates of the Caribbean The Haunted Mansion Haunted Mansion Holiday Critter Country Splash Mountain Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Mickey 's Toontown Chip ' n Dale Treehouse Donald 's Boat Disneyland Railroad Gadget 's Go Coaster Goofy 's Playhouse Mickey 's House and Meet Mickey Minnie 's House Roger Rabbit 's Car Toon Spin Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Entertainment The Dapper Dans Fantasmic ! Halloween Screams Believe ... In Holiday Magic Disney 's Celebrate America Fantasy in the Sky : Special New Years Eve Countdown Pixar Play Parade Together Forever - A Pixar Nighttime Spectacular seasonal Other Partners Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions Echo Lake For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars : Path Of The Jedi Grand Avenue Muppet * Vision 3D Pixar Place Toy Story Midway Mania ! Animation Courtyard Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! Star Wars Launch Bay Voyage of the Little Mermaid Walt Disney Presents Sunset Boulevard Beauty and the Beast -- Live on Stage Fantasmic ! Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Entertainment Fantasmic ! Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Future areas and attractions Mickey & Minnie 's Runaway Railway Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Toy Story Land Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_Galaxy%27s_Edge&oldid=843571732 '' Categories : Under construction amusement attractions Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disneyland Disney 's Hollywood Studios Attractions based on Star Wars Proposed buildings and structures in the United States Space in amusement parks 2019 architecture Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%3A%20Galaxy%2527s%20Edge	2,473
formula for calculating angle between hour and minute hand			Clock angle problem	clock angle problem	Clock angle problems are a type of mathematical problem which involve finding the angles between the hands of an analog clock .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Math problem 1.1 Equation for the angle of the hour hand 1.2 Equation for the angle of the minute hand 1.2. 1 Example 1.3 Equation for the angle between the hands 1.3. 1 Example 1 1.3. 2 Example 2 1.4 When are the hour and minute hands of a clock superimposed ? 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Math problem ( edit ) Clock angle problems relate two different measurements : angles and time . The angle is typically measured in degrees from the mark of number 12 clockwise . The time is usually based on 12 - hour clock . A method to solve such problems is to consider the rate of change of the angle in degrees per minute . The hour hand of a normal 12 - hour analogue clock turns 360 ° in 12 hours ( 720 minutes ) or 0.5 ° per minute . The minute hand rotates through 360 ° in 60 minutes or 6 ° per minute . Equation for the angle of the hour hand ( edit ) θ hr = 0.5 ∘ × M Σ = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M_ ( \ Sigma ) = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) ) where : θ is the angle in degrees of the hand measured clockwise from the 12 H is the hour . M is the minutes past the hour . M is the number of minutes since 12 o'clock . M Σ = ( 60 × H + M ) ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ Sigma ) = ( 60 \ times H + M ) ) Equation for the angle of the minute hand ( edit ) θ min . = 6 ∘ × M ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( min . ) ) = 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M ) where : θ is the angle in degrees of the hand measured clockwise from the 12 o'clock position . M is the minute . Example ( edit ) The time is 5 : 24 . The angle in degrees of the hour hand is : θ hr = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × 5 + 24 ) = 162 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times 5 + 24 ) = 162 ^ ( \ circ ) ) The angle in degrees of the minute hand is : θ min . = 6 ∘ × 24 = 144 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ text ( min . ) ) = 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times 24 = 144 ^ ( \ circ ) ) Equation for the angle between the hands ( edit ) The angle between the hands can be found using the following formula : Δ θ = θ hr − θ min . = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) − 6 ∘ × M = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) − 0.5 ∘ × 12 × M = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H − 11 × M ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta \ theta & = \ vert \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) - \ theta _ ( \ text ( min . ) ) \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) - 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) - 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times 12 \ times M \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H - 11 \ times M ) \ vert \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where H is the hour M is the minute If the angle is greater than 180 degrees then subtract it from 360 degrees . Example 1 ( edit ) The time is 2 : 20 . Δ θ = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × 2 − 11 × 20 ) = 0.5 ∘ × ( 120 − 220 ) = 50 ∘ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta \ theta & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times 2 - 11 \ times 20 ) \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 120 - 220 ) \ vert \ \ & = 50 ^ ( \ circ ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Example 2 ( edit ) The time is 10 : 16 . Δ θ = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × 10 − 11 × 16 ) = 0.5 ∘ × ( 600 − 176 ) = 212 ∘ ( > 180 ∘ ) = 360 ∘ − 212 ∘ = 148 ∘ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta \ theta & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times 10 - 11 \ times 16 ) \ vert \ \ & = \ vert 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 600 - 176 ) \ vert \ \ & = 212 ^ ( \ circ ) \ \ ( > 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) \ \ & = 360 ^ ( \ circ ) - 212 ^ ( \ circ ) \ \ & = 148 ^ ( \ circ ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) When are the hour and minute hands of a clock superimposed ? ( edit ) In this graphical solution , T denotes time in hours ; P , hands ' positions ; and θ , hands ' angles in degrees . The red ( thick solid ) line denotes the hour hand ; the blue ( thin solid ) lines denote the minute hand . Their intersections ( red circles ) are when they align . Additionally , orange circles ( dash - dot line ) are when hands are in opposition , and pink circles ( dashed line ) are when they are perpendicular . The hour and minute hands are superimposed only when their angle is the same . θ min = θ hr ⇒ 6 ∘ × M = 0.5 ∘ × ( 60 × H + M ) ⇒ 12 × M = 60 × H + M ⇒ 11 × M = 60 × H ⇒ M = 60 11 × H ⇒ M = 5 . 45 _̄ × H ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ theta _ ( \ text ( min ) ) & = \ theta _ ( \ text ( hr ) ) \ \ \ Rightarrow 6 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times M& = 0.5 ^ ( \ circ ) \ times ( 60 \ times H + M ) \ \ \ Rightarrow 12 \ times M& = 60 \ times H + M \ \ \ Rightarrow 11 \ times M& = 60 \ times H \ \ \ Rightarrow M& = ( \ frac ( 60 ) ( 11 ) ) \ times H \ \ \ Rightarrow M& = 5. ( \ overline ( 45 ) ) \ times H \ end ( aligned ) ) ) H is an integer in the range 0 -- 11 . This gives times of : 0 : 00 , 1 : 05. 45 , 2 : 10. 90 , 3 : 16. 36 , 4 : 21. 81 , 5 : 27. 27 . 6 : 32. 72 , 7 : 38. 18 , 8 : 43. 63 , 9 : 49. 09 , 10 : 54. 54 , and 12 : 00 . ( 0. 45 minutes are exactly 27. 27 seconds . ) See also ( edit ) Clock position References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elgin , Dave ( 2007 ) . `` Angles on the Clock Face '' . Mathematics in School . The Mathematical Association . 36 ( 5 ) : 4 -- 5 . JSTOR 30216063 . External links ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20100615083701/http://delphiforfun.org/Programs/clock_angle.htm http://www.ldlewis.com/hospital_clock/ - extensive clock angle analysis https://web.archive.org/web/20100608044951/http://www.jimloy.com/puzz/clock1.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clock_angle_problem&oldid=804033402 '' Categories : Mathematics education Elementary mathematics Elementary geometry Mathematical problems Clocks Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் ไทย Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 08 : 19 . 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who has the longest winning streak in nascar			Winning streak ( sports )	winning streak ( sports )	In sports , a winning streak is consecutive sequence of won games , or won competitions . It can be applied to teams in team sports , and individuals in individual sports . In sports where teams or individuals represent groups such as countries or regions , those groups can also be said to have ' winning streaks ' if their representatives win consecutive games or competitions , even if the competitors are different . Streaks can also be applied to specific competitions : for example a competitor who wins an event in three consecutive Olympic Games has an Olympic winning streak , even if they have lost other competitions during the period .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Longest Streaks 2 Air sports 2.1 Aerobatic 2.1. 1 Team 3 Aquatic Sports 3.1 Diving 3.1. 1 Olympics 3.1. 1.1 Men 's 3.1. 1.1. 1 10m Platform 3.1. 1.1. 2 3m Springboard 3.1. 1.1. 3 Synchronized 10m Platform 3.1. 1.2 Women 's 3.1. 1.2. 1 10m Platform 3.1. 1.2. 2 3m Springboard 3.1. 1.2. 3 Synchronized 10m Platform 3.1. 1.2. 4 Synchronized 3m Springboard 3.1. 2 World Championships 3.1. 2.1 Men 's 3.1. 2.1. 1 1m Springboard 3.1. 2.1. 2 3m Springboard 3.1. 2.1. 3 10m Platform 3.1. 2.1. 4 Synchronized 3m Springboard 3.1. 2.1. 5 Synchronized 10m Platform 3.1. 2.2 Women 's 3.1. 2.2. 1 3m Springboard 3.1. 2.2. 2 10m Platform 3.1. 2.2. 3 Synchronized 3m Springboard 3.1. 2.2. 4 Synchronized 10m Platform 3.2 Swimming 3.2. 1 Overall 3.2. 1.1 Johnny Weissmuller 3.2. 1.2 Tamás Darnyi 3.2. 1.3 Roland Matthes 3.2. 1.4 Vladimir Salnikov 3.2. 1.5 Michael Phelps 3.2. 2 Olympics 3.2. 2.1 Men 's 3.2. 2.1. 1 100m Freestyle 3.2. 2.1. 2 400m Freestyle 3.2. 2.1. 3 1500m Freestyle 3.2. 2.1. 4 100m Backstroke 3.2. 2.1. 5 200m Backstroke 3.2. 2.1. 6 200m Breaststroke 3.2. 2.1. 7 100m Butterfly 3.2. 2.1. 8 200m Butterfly 3.2. 2.1. 9 200m Individual Medley 3.2. 2.1. 10 400m Individual Medley 3.2. 2.1. 11 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 2.1. 12 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 2.1. 13 4 × 100 m Medley Relay 3.2. 2.2 Women 's 3.2. 2.2. 1 100m Freestyle 3.2. 2.2. 2 400m Freestyle 3.2. 2.2. 3 800m Freestyle 3.2. 2.2. 4 100m Backstroke 3.2. 2.2. 5 200m Backstroke 3.2. 2.2. 6 200m Breaststroke 3.2. 2.2. 7 100m Butterfly 3.2. 2.2. 8 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 2.2. 9 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 2.2. 10 4 × 100 m Medley Relay 3.2. 3 World Championships ( 50m ) 3.2. 3.1 Men 's 3.2. 3.1. 1 50m Freestyle 3.2. 3.1. 2 400m Freestyle 3.2. 3.1. 3 1500m Freestyle 3.2. 3.1. 4 100m Backstroke 3.2. 3.1. 5 200m Backstroke 3.2. 3.1. 6 200m Breaststroke 3.2. 3.1. 7 100m Butterfly 3.2. 3.1. 8 200m Butterfly 3.2. 3.1. 9 200m Individual Medley 3.2. 3.1. 10 400m Individual Medley 3.2. 3.1. 11 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 3.1. 12 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 3.1. 13 4 × 100 m Medley Relay 3.2. 3.2 Women 's 3.2. 3.2. 1 100m Freestyle 3.2. 3.2. 2 200m Freestyle 3.2. 3.2. 3 800m Freestyle 3.2. 3.2. 4 200m Individual Medley 3.2. 3.2. 5 400m Individual Medley 3.2. 3.2. 6 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 4 World Championships ( 25m ) 3.2. 4.1 Men 's 3.2. 4.1. 1 400m Freestyle 3.2. 4.1. 2 1500m Freestyle 3.2. 4.1. 3 100m Backstroke 3.2. 4.1. 4 200m Backstroke 3.2. 4.1. 5 100m Butterfly 3.2. 4.1. 6 200m Butterfly 3.2. 4.1. 7 100m Individual Medley 3.2. 4.1. 8 200m Individual Medley 3.2. 4.1. 9 400m Individual Medley 3.2. 4.1. 10 4 × 100 m Medley Relay 3.2. 4.2 Women 's 3.2. 4.2. 1 800m Freestyle 3.2. 4.2. 2 200m Backstroke 3.2. 4.2. 3 100m Breaststroke 3.2. 4.2. 4 100m Butterfly 3.2. 4.2. 5 100m Individual Medley 3.2. 4.2. 6 400m Individual Medley 3.2. 4.2. 7 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay 3.2. 5 College ( United States ) 3.3 Synchronized Swimming 3.3. 1 Olympics 3.3. 1.1 Duet 3.3. 1.2 Team 3.3. 2 FINA World Aquatics Championships 3.3. 2.1 Team 3.4 Water Polo 3.4. 1 Men 's 4 Archery 4.1 Olympics 4.1. 1 Men 's 4.1. 1.1 Team 4.1. 2 Women 's 4.1. 2.1 Individual 4.1. 2.2 Team 4.2 World Outdoor Championships 4.2. 1 Men 's 4.2. 1.1 Recurve 4.2. 1.1. 1 Individual 4.2. 1.1. 2 Team 4.2. 1.2 Compound 4.2. 1.2. 1 Individual 4.2. 1.2. 2 Team 4.2. 2 Women 's 4.2. 2.1 Recurve 4.2. 2.1. 1 Individual 4.2. 2.1. 2 Team 4.3 World Indoor Championships 4.3. 1 Men 's 4.3. 1.1 Compound 4.3. 1.1. 1 Individual 4.3. 1.1. 2 Team 4.3. 1.2 Compound Junior 4.3. 1.2. 1 Team 4.3. 2 Women 's 4.3. 2.1 Compound 4.3. 2.1. 1 Team 4.3. 2.2 Compound Junior 4.3. 2.2. 1 Team 4.4 World Youth Championships 4.4. 1 Men 's 4.4. 1.1 Compound Junior 4.4. 1.1. 1 Individual 4.4. 1.2 Recurve Cadet 4.4. 1.2. 1 Individual 4.4. 1.3 Compound Cadet 4.4. 1.3. 1 Team 4.4. 2 Women 's 4.4. 2.1 Recurve Junior 4.4. 2.1. 1 Individual 4.4. 2.1. 2 Team 4.4. 2.2 Compound Junior 4.4. 2.2. 1 Individual 4.4. 2.2. 2 Team 4.4. 2.3 Recurve Cadet 4.4. 2.3. 1 Team 4.4. 2.4 Compound Cadet 4.4. 2.4. 1 Individual 4.4. 2.4. 2 Team 4.5 World Para Championships 4.5. 1 Men 's 4.5. 1.1 Recurve 4.5. 1.1. 1 Team Open 4.5. 1.1. 2 Individual Wheelchair / Visual Impairment 4.5. 1.2 Compound 4.5. 1.2. 1 Team Open 4.5. 1.2. 2 Individual Wheelchair / Visual Impairment 4.5. 2 Women 's 4.5. 2.1 Recurve 4.5. 2.1. 1 Individual Wheelchair / Visual Impairment 4.5. 2.2 Compound 4.5. 2.2. 1 Individual Open 4.6 World Field Championships 4.6. 1 Men 's 4.6. 1.1 Recurve 4.6. 1.2 Compound 4.6. 1.3 Barebow / Instinctive 4.6. 1.4 Team 4.6. 2 Women 's 4.6. 2.1 Barebow / Instinctive 4.6. 3 Junior Women 4.6. 3.1 Compound 4.7 World University Championships 4.7. 1 Men 's 4.7. 1.1 Recurve 4.7. 1.1. 1 Team 4.7. 1.2 Compound 4.7. 1.2. 1 Individual 4.7. 1.2. 2 Team 4.7. 2 Women 's 4.7. 2.1 Recurve 4.7. 2.1. 1 Individual 4.7. 2.1. 2 Team 4.7. 2.2 Compound 4.7. 2.2. 1 Individual 4.7. 2.2. 2 Team 4.7. 3 Mixed 4.7. 3.1 Compound Team 5 Athletics 5.1 Overall 5.1. 1 Men 's 400m Hurdles 5.1. 2 Long - distance running 5.1. 3 Men 's Long Jump 5.1. 4 Men 's Cross Country 5.1. 5 Women 's high jump 5.2 Olympics 5.2. 1 Men 's 5.2. 1.1 100m 5.2. 1.2 200m 5.2. 1.3 400m 5.2. 1.4 800m 5.2. 1.5 5000m 5.2. 1.6 10000m 5.2. 1.7 Marathon 5.2. 1.8 110m Hurdles 5.2. 1.9 400m Hurdles 5.2. 1.10 3000m Steeplechase 5.2. 1.11 4 × 100 m Relay 5.2. 1.12 4 × 400 m Relay 5.2. 1.13 50km Race Walk 5.2. 1.14 High Jump 5.2. 1.15 Pole Vault 5.2. 1.16 Long Jump 5.2. 1.17 Triple Jump 5.2. 1.18 Shot Put 5.2. 1.19 Discus Throw 5.2. 1.20 Hammer Throw 5.2. 1.21 Javelin throw 5.2. 1.22 Decathlon 5.2. 2 Women 's 5.2. 2.1 100m 5.2. 2.2 200m 5.2. 2.3 1500m 5.2. 2.4 5000m 5.2. 2.5 4 × 100 m Relay 5.2. 2.6 4 × 400 m Relay 5.2. 2.7 Shot Put 5.3 IAAF World Championships in Athletics 5.3. 1 Men 's 5.3. 1.1 100m 5.3. 1.2 200m 5.3. 1.3 400m 5.3. 1.4 800m 5.3. 1.5 1500m 5.3. 1.6 5000m 5.3. 1.7 10000m 5.3. 1.8 110m Hurdles 5.3. 1.9 400m Hurdles 5.3. 1.10 3000m Steeplechase 5.3. 1.11 4 × 100 m Relay 5.3. 1.12 4 × 400 m Relay 5.3. 1.13 Marathon 5.3. 1.14 20km Race Walk 5.3. 1.15 Pole Vault 5.3. 1.16 Long Jump 5.3. 1.17 Shot Put 5.3. 1.18 Discus Throw 5.3. 1.19 Hammer Throw 5.3. 1.20 Decathlon 5.3. 2 Women 's 5.3. 2.1 100m 5.3. 2.2 200m 5.3. 2.3 5000m 5.3. 2.4 10000m 5.3. 2.5 4 × 400 m Relay 5.3. 2.6 Race Walking 5.3. 2.7 Pole Vault 5.3. 2.8 Long Jump 5.3. 2.9 Shot Put 5.3. 2.10 Heptathlon 6 Auto racing 6.1 Formula One 6.1. 1 By driver 6.1. 2 By constructor 6.2 Sports car racing 6.2. 1 FIA GT1 World Championship 6.2. 2 IMSA GTP 6.2. 3 World Sportscar Championship 6.2. 4 24 Hours of Le Mans 6.2. 4.1 By driver 6.2. 4.2 By constructor 6.2. 4.3 By team 6.2. 4.4 By car 6.2. 4.5 By same car 6.3 IndyCar 6.4 World Rally Championship 6.5 NASCAR Cup Series 7 Basketball 7.1 FIBA 7.2 Olympics 7.3 NBA 7.4 College ( United States ) 7.4. 1 NCAA Women 's Division I 7.4. 1.1 All games 7.4. 1.2 Regular - season games only 7.4. 2 NCAA Women 's Division II 7.4. 3 NCAA Women 's Division III 7.4. 4 U Sports Women 's Basketball ( Canadian universities ) 7.4. 5 NCAA Men 's Division I 7.4. 5.1 All games 7.4. 5.2 Regular - season games only 7.4. 5.3 Home games 7.4. 6 NCAA Men 's Division II 7.4. 7 NCAA Men 's Division III 7.5 Greek League 7.5. 1 Greek Women 's Basketball League 7.5. 2 Greek Basket League 8 Bat - and - ball games 8.1 Baseball 8.1. 1 World Championships 8.1. 1.1 World Baseball Classic 8.1. 1.2 World Cup 8.1. 2 Major League Baseball 8.1. 2.1 By a team 8.1. 2.2 By a pitcher 8.1. 3 Minor League Baseball 8.1. 4 College ( United States ) 8.1. 4.1 NCAA Division I 8.1. 4.2 NCAA Division II 8.1. 4.3 NCAA Division III 8.1. 4.4 NAIA 8.2 Softball 8.2. 1 NJCAA 8.3 Cricket 8.3. 1 Test 8.3. 2 ODI 8.3. 3 World Cup 8.3. 4 Twenty20 International 8.3. 5 International Cricket ( All Forms ) 8.3. 6 Domestic or Club Twenty20 9 Boating 9.1 Canoeing 9.1. 1 Men 's 9.1. 1.1 C - 1 9.1. 1.2 C - 1 Team 9.1. 1.3 C - 2 9.1. 1.4 C - 2 Team 9.2 Kayaking 9.2. 1 Men 's 9.2. 1.1 K - 1 9.2. 1.2 K - 1 Team 9.2. 2 Women 's 9.2. 2.1 K - 1 9.2. 2.2 K - 1 Team 9.3 Rowing 9.3. 1 Men 's Coxless Pair 9.3. 2 Men 's Eights 9.3. 3 Men 's Coxless Pair 9.3. 4 Women 's Eights 9.4 Sailing 9.4. 1 America 's Cup 9.4. 2 Olympics 10 Bowling 11 Combat sports 11.1 Boxing 11.1. 1 Professional 11.1. 2 Olympics 11.1. 3 World Championship 11.2 Judo 11.3 Mixed Martial Arts 11.3. 1 Men 's 11.3. 2 Women 's 11.4 Professional wrestling 11.4. 1 World Championship Wrestling 11.4. 1.1 Singles Matches 11.4. 2 World Wrestling Entertainment 11.4. 2.1 Singles Matches at WrestleMania 11.5 Wrestling 11.5. 1 Olympics 11.5. 1.1 Men 's Freestyle 11.5. 1.2 Men 's Greco - Roman 11.5. 1.3 Women 's Freestyle 11.5. 2 World Championships 11.5. 2.1 Men 's Freestyle 11.5. 2.2 Men 's Greco - Roman 11.5. 2.3 Women 's Freestyle 11.5. 3 College ( USA ) 11.5. 4 High school ( USA ) 11.5. 5 Sumo 12 Cue sports 12.1 English billiards 12.1. 1 IBSF World Billiards Championship 12.1. 1.1 Timed 12.1. 1.2 Points 12.1. 2 World Billiards Championship 12.2 Pool 12.2. 1 WEPF Eight - ball Pool World Championship 12.2. 2 WPA World Nine - ball Championship 12.2. 2.1 Men 's 12.2. 2.2 Women 's 12.3 Snooker 12.4 Three - cushion billiards 12.4. 1 UMB World Three - cushion Championship 12.4. 2 CEB European Three - cushion Championship 13 Cycling 13.1 Men 's 13.1. 1 Road 13.2 Women 's 13.2. 1 Track 13.2. 2 Downhill 14 Darts 14.1 Men 's 14.2 Women 's 15 Equine sports 15.1 Dressage 15.2 Horse racing 15.2. 1 By a racehorse 15.2. 2 By a jockey 15.3 Show jumping 15.3. 1 Individual 16 Fencing 16.1 Women 's Foil 17 Football 17.1 Association football 17.1. 1 International 17.1. 2 National leagues 17.1. 2.1 Czechoslovak First League precursor 17.1. 2.2 Jordan League 17.1. 2.3 Portuguese Liga 17.1. 2.4 Argentine Primera División 17.1. 2.5 Croatian League 17.1. 2.6 Scottish Premier League 17.1. 2.7 Ukrainian Premier League 17.1. 2.8 Swedish League ( Allsvenskan ) 17.1. 2.9 Eredivisie 17.1. 2.10 Fußball - Bundesliga 17.1. 2.11 Serie A 17.1. 2.12 La Liga 17.1. 2.13 Chilean Primera División 17.1. 2.14 Major League Soccer 17.1. 2.15 Premier League 17.1. 2.16 Ligue 1 17.1. 2.17 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 17.1. 2.18 I - League 17.1. 2.19 A-League 17.1. 3 Unbeaten streaks 17.2 Australian rules football 17.2. 1 VFA / VFL 17.2. 2 WAFL 17.2. 3 SANFL 17.2. 4 VFL / AFL 17.3 Gridiron football 17.3. 1 American football 17.3. 1.1 National Football League 17.3. 1.2 College football 17.3. 2 Canadian football 17.3. 2.1 Canadian Football League 17.3. 2.2 Canadian Interuniversity Sport football 17.3. 2.3 IFAF World Championship 17.3. 3 Indoor American football 17.3. 3.1 Arena Football League 17.3. 3.2 AF2 17.3. 3.3 American Indoor Football Association 17.3. 3.4 United Indoor Football 17.4 Rugby league 17.4. 1 Representative 17.4. 2 Club 17.5 Rugby union 17.5. 1 Test matches 17.5. 2 Home test matches 18 Gaelic games 18.1 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 19 Golf 19.1 Men 's Major Championships 19.2 PGA Tour 19.3 LPGA Tour 20 Gymnastics 20.1 Men 20.2 Women 21 Handball 21.1 Women 's Team 22 Hockey 22.1 Ice hockey 22.1. 1 Olympics 22.1. 1.1 Men 's 22.1. 1.2 Women 's 22.1. 2 World Championships 22.1. 3 National Hockey League 22.1. 4 Canadian Hockey League 22.1. 5 American Hockey League 22.1. 6 NCAA Women 's Ice Hockey 22.1. 7 NCAA Men 's Ice Hockey 22.1. 8 Federal Hockey League 22.1. 9 Austrian Hockey League 22.1. 10 Elite Ice Hockey League 22.1. 11 British Columbia Hockey League 22.2 Roller Hockey 22.2. 1 Championship A 22.2. 2 Portuguese Primeira Divisão 22.3 Air Hockey 23 Lacrosse 23.1 College ( United States ) 23.2 National Lacrosse League 23.3 World Lacrosse Championship 24 Marbles 25 Mind sports 25.1 Chess 25.2 Memory 25.3 Pentamind 26 Racquet sports 26.1 Badminton 26.1. 1 Men 's 26.1. 1.1 Singles 26.1. 1.2 Doubles 26.1. 1.3 Team 26.1. 2 Women 's 26.1. 2.1 Singles 26.1. 2.2 Doubles 26.1. 2.3 Team 26.2 Racquetball 26.2. 1 Men 's 26.2. 2 Women 's 26.3 Squash 26.3. 1 College teams ( USA ) 26.4 Table Tennis 26.4. 1 Men 's 26.4. 1.1 Singles 26.4. 1.2 Doubles 26.4. 1.3 Team 26.4. 2 Women 's 26.4. 2.1 Singles 26.4. 2.2 Doubles 26.4. 2.3 Team 26.4. 3 Mixed Doubles 26.5 Tennis 26.5. 1 Top level amateur 26.5. 2 Professional 26.5. 2.1 Men 26.5. 3 Most consecutive game wins 26.5. 4 Overall consecutive set wins 26.5. 5 Single Tournament set wins 26.5. 6 Overall Consecutive match wins 26.5. 7 Consecutive match wins only on one surface 26.6 Clay courts 26.7 Grass courts 26.8 Hard courts 26.9 Indoor courts 26.9. 1 Women 26.9. 2 Wheelchair 26.9. 3 College ( USA ) 26.9. 3.1 NCAA Men 's Team 26.9. 3.2 NCAA Women 's Team 27 Rodeo 27.1 Bull Riding 28 Volleyball 28.1 Beach volleyball 28.2 Indoor Volleyball 28.2. 1 Men 's 28.2. 2 Women 's 28.3 College Volleyball ( USA ) 28.3. 1 Division I 28.3. 2 Division II 29 Weightlifting 29.1 Olympics 29.2 World Championships 30 Winter Sports 30.1 Biathlon 30.2 Curling 30.2. 1 Men 's Team 30.2. 2 Women 's Team 30.3 Figure skating 30.3. 1 Ladies 30.3. 2 Pairs 30.4 Luge 30.4. 1 Men 's Single 30.4. 2 Women 's Team 30.4. 3 Women 's Single 30.4. 4 Doubles 30.4. 5 Mixed Team Relay 30.5 Skiing 30.5. 1 Alpine skiing 30.5. 1.1 Alpine Skiing Combined 30.5. 1.1. 1 Women 's 30.5. 1.2 Downhill 30.5. 1.2. 1 Women 's 30.5. 1.3 Giant Slalom 30.5. 1.3. 1 Men 's 30.5. 1.4 Slalom 30.5. 1.4. 1 Men 's 30.5. 1.5 Super-G 30.5. 1.5. 1 Men 's 30.5. 1.5. 2 Women 's 30.5. 2 Freestyle skiing 30.6 Speed skating 30.6. 1 Long track 30.6. 2 Short track 31 See also 32 References Longest streaks ( edit ) The longest recorded winning streak in any professional sports is Pakistani Jahangir Khan 's 555 consecutive wins in squash from 1981 to 1986 . In the same sport , the Australian Heather McKay may hold a claim to an even longer winning streak , as she went unbeaten for 19 years , from 1962 to 1981 . However , an official tally of her wins may not exist . In 2013 , the Dutch wheelchair tennis player Esther Vergeer retired with an active 10 - year - long winning streak of 470 matches , including a streak of 250 consecutive sets won . Air sports ( edit ) Aerobatic ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FAI World Aerobatic Championships -- Russia Streak started 2001 Burgos , Spain Streak ended 2007 Burgos , Spain Aquatic sports ( edit ) Diving ( edit ) Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) 10m Platform ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Klaus Dibiasi Streak started 1968 Mexico City , Mexico Streak ended 1980 Moscow , Soviet Union 7 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1956 Melbourne , Australia 3m Springboard ( edit ) 11 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany Synchronized 10m Platform ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece Women 's ( edit ) 10m Platform ( edit ) 7 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1924 Paris , France Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy 3m Springboard ( edit ) 8 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy Synchronized 10m Platform ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia Synchronized 3m Springboard ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece World Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 1m Springboard ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- China Streak started 2007 Melbourne , Australia 3m Springboard ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Phil Boggs Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1982 Guayaquil , Ecuador He Chong Streak started 2009 Rome , Italy 6 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1994 Rome , Italy 10m Platform ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Greg Louganis Streak started 1978 West Berlin Streak ended 1991 Perth , Australia Synchronized 3m Springboard ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- China Streak started 2005 Montreal , Canada Synchronized 10m Platform ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2007 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 2013 Barcelona , Spain Women 's ( edit ) 3m Springboard ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Guo Jingjing Streak started 2001 Fukuoka , Japan Streak ended 2011 Shanghai , China 7 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- China Streak started 2001 Fukuoka , Japan 10m Platform ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- China Streak started 1986 Madrid , Spain Streak ended 1998 Perth , Australia Synchronized 3m Springboard ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 2001 Fukuoka , Japan Synchronized 10m Platform ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 2001 Fukuoka , Japan Swimming ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Johnny weissmuller ( edit ) Weissmuller never lost a swimming race during his entire amateur career , including three individual Olympic gold medals . He is purported to have told the other swimmers in his Olympic final that they could fight it out for second place . Tamás Darnyi ( edit ) Darnyi was undefeated his entire international career in both the 200m and 400m Individual medley races , lasting from 1985 to 1993 , though he did not hold the world record for the entirety of the period ( another person broke it in a race that Darnyi did not compete in . He later reclaimed the record ) . Roland matthes ( edit ) Matthes was undefeated in the 100 and 200 meter backstroke races from 1968 - 1974 , though he lost the world record in races he did not compete in during that span . He later lost both records for good at the end of his career when he earned a bronze in the 100m backstroke behind John Naber , who also set the world record in the 200m backstroke . Vladimir salnikov ( edit ) Salnikov won all 61 of his 1500m freestyle races from 1977 to 1986 . The streak ended when he finished fourth at the 1986 FINA World Championships . Michael Phelps ( edit ) Michael Phelps was undefeated in the finals of the 200m butterfly for ten years . Before the 2012 Olympics where he was defeated by Chad le Clos . The last time Phelps had lost the race was in 2002 when he lost to Olympic champion Tom Malchow at the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships . Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) 100m Freestyle ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1908 London , United Kingdom Streak ended 1932 Los Angeles , United States 400m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1932 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 1952 Helsinki , Finland 1500m Freestyle ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Australia Streak started 1992 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China 100m Backstroke ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States 200m Backstroke ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States 200m Breaststroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Japan Streak started 1928 Amsterdam , Netherlands Streak ended 1948 London , United Kingdom 100m Butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Michael Phelps Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games United States Streak started 1968 Mexico City , Mexico Streak ended 1980 Moscow , Soviet Union United States Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 200m Butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games United States Streak started 1968 Mexico City , Mexico Streak ended 1980 Moscow , Soviet Union United States Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia Streak ended 2012 London , United Kingdom 200m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Michael Phelps Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games Hungary Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia United States Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 400m Individual Medley ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2016 Rio de Janeiro , Brasil 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1964 Tokyo , Japan ( Inaugural Competition ) Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1992 Barcelona , Spain Note : excluding boycotted Moscow Olympics 4 × 100 m Medley Relay ( edit ) 14 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy ( Inaugural Competition ) Note : excluding boycotted Moscow Olympics Women 's ( edit ) 100m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- Dawn Fraser Streak started 1956 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 1968 Mexico City , Mexico 4 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1936 Berlin , Germany 400m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games United States Streak started 1924 Paris , France Streak ended 1936 Berlin , Germany United States Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany 800m Freestyle ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2004 Athens , Greece 100m Backstroke ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1976 Montreal , Canada 200m Backstroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- Krisztina Egerszegi Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- Hungary Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 200m Breaststroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 100m Butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1956 Melbourne , Australia ( Inaugural Competition ) Streak ended 1968 Mexico City , Mexico 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1988 Seoul , South Korea Note : excluding boycotted Moscow Olympics 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States ( Inaugural Competition ) Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China 4 × 100 m Medley Relay ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy ( Inaugural Competition ) Streak ended 1976 Montreal Canada World championships ( 50m ) ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 50m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- César Cielo Streak started 2009 Rome , Italy 400m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Ian Thorpe Streak started 1998 Perth , Australia Streak ended 2005 Montreal , Canada 5 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Australia Streak started 1994 Rome , Italy Streak ended 2007 Melbourne , Australia 1500m Freestyle ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Grant Hackett Streak started 1998 Perth , Australia Streak ended 2007 Melbourne , Australia 5 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Australia Streak started 1994 Rome , Italy Streak ended 2007 Melbourne , Australia 100m Backstroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Aaron Peirsol Streak started 2003 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2009 Rome , Italy 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- United States Streak started 2003 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2009 Rome , Italy 200m Backstroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Aaron Peirsol Streak started 2001 Fukuoka , Japan Streak ended 2007 Melbourne , Australia 8 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- United States Streak started 1998 Perth , Australia 200m Breaststroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Dániel Gyurta Streak started 2009 Rome , Italy 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Hungary Streak started 2009 Rome , Italy 100m Butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Michael Phelps Streak started 2007 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 2013 Barcelona , Spain 5 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- United States Streak started 2003 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2013 Barcelona , Spain 200m butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- Michael Phelps Streak started 2007 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 2013 Barcelona , Spain Note : he also won in 2001 and 2003 , but elected not to swim the race in the 2005 FINA World Championships . 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships United States Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1982 Guayaquil , Ecuador United States Streak started 2007 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 2013 Barcelona , Spain 200m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships Michael Phelps Streak started 2003 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2009 Rome , Italy Ryan Lochte Streak started 2009 Rome , Italy 400m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- United States Streak started 2007 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 2013 Barcelona , Spain 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 8 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 2001 Fukuoka , Japan 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2005 Montreal , Canada 4 × 100 m Medley Relay ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1998 Perth , Australia Women 's ( edit ) 100m Freestyle ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Championships -- East Germany Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1991 Perth , Australia 200m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1973 Belgrade , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1982 Guayaquil , Ecuador 800m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1991 Perth , Australia Streak ended 2001 Fukuoka , Japan 200m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships China Streak started 1991 Perth , Australia Streak ended 2001 Fukuoka , Japan United States Streak started 2005 Montreal , Canada Streak ended 2011 Shanghai , China 400m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- China Streak started 1991 Perth , Australia Streak ended 2001 Fukuoka , Japan 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at FINA World Aquatics Championships -- United States Streak started 2003 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2009 Rome , Italy World Championships ( 25m ) ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 400m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Yuri Prilukov Streak started 2004 Indianapolis , United States Streak ended 2010 Dubai , United Arab Emeirates 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Russia Streak started 2004 Indianapolis , United States Streak ended 2010 Dubai , United Arab Emeirates 1500m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Yuri Prilukov Streak started 2004 Indianapolis , United States Streak ended 2010 Dubai , United Arab Emeirates 4 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Australia Streak started 1993 Palma de Mallorca , Spain Streak ended 2000 Athens , Greece 100m Backstroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Cuba Streak started 1995 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Streak ended 2000 Athens , Greece 200m Backstroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2002 Moscow , Russia Streak ended 2008 Manchester , United Kingdom 100m Butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Lars Frölander Streak started 1997 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2002 Moscow , Russia 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Sweden Streak started 1997 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2002 Moscow , Russia 200m Butterfly ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Championships -- James Hickman Streak started 1997 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2006 Shanghai , China 5 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United Kingdom Streak started 1997 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2006 Shanghai , China 100m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Ryan Lochte Streak started 2008 Manchester , United Kingdom 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2008 Manchester , United Kingdom 200m Individual Medley ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Ryan Lochte Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China 4 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China 400m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships Matthew Dunn Streak started 1995 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Streak ended 2000 Athens , Greece Ryan Lochte Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China Streak ended 2012 2012 Istanbul , Turkey 3 consecutive titles at World Championships Australia Streak started 1995 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Streak ended 2000 Athens , Greece United States Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China Streak ended 2012 2012 Istanbul , Turkey 4 × 100 m Medley Relay ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2000 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2006 Shanghai , China Women 's ( edit ) 800m Freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Chen Hua Streak started 1999 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2004 Indianapolis , United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1999 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2004 Indianapolis , United States 200m Backstroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2002 Moscow , Russia Streak ended 2008 Manchester , United Kingdom 100m Breaststroke ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China Streak ended 2012 Istanbul , Turkey 100m Butterfly ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Jenny Thompson Streak started 1997 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2002 Moscow , Russia 3 consecutive titles at World Championships United States Streak started 1997 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2002 Moscow , Russia Australia Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China Streak ended 2012 Istanbul , Turkey 100m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Martina Moravcová Streak started 1999 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2004 Indianapolis , United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships Slovakia Streak started 1999 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2004 Indianapolis , United States Australia Streak started 2004 Indianapolis , United States Streak ended 2010 Dubai , United Arab Emirates 400m Individual Medley ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Yana Klochkova Streak started 1999 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2004 Indianapolis , United States 3 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Ukraine Streak started 1999 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2004 Indianapolis , United States 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships China Streak started 1993 Palma de Mallorca , Spain Streak ended 1999 Hong Kong , China Netherlands Streak started 2006 Shanghai , China Streak ended 2012 Istanbul , Turkey College ( United States ) ( edit ) 31 consecutive NCAA Men 's Division III titles -- Kenyon College Streak started 1980 Washington , Pennsylvania Streak ended 2011 Knoxville , Tennessee Synchronized Swimming ( edit ) Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Duet ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympics -- Russia Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia Team ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympics -- Russia Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia FINA World Aquatics Championships ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 8 consecutive gold medals at World Championships team titles -- Russia Streak started 1998 Perth , Australia Water Polo ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Summer Olympics Hungary Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia Streak ended 2012 London , England Great Britain Streak started 1908 London , England Streak ended 1924 Paris , France Archery ( edit ) Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- South Korea Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia Streak ended 2012 London , England Women 's ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- South Korea Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China Team ( edit ) 8 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- South Korea Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea ( Inaugural Team Competition ) World Outdoor Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Hans Deutgen Streak started 1947 Prague , Czechoslovakia Streak ended 1952 Brussels , Belgium 7 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Sweden Streak started 1947 Prague , Czechoslovakia Streak ended 1957 Prague , Czechoslovakia Team ( edit ) 13 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1957 Stockholm , Sweden Streak ended 1985 Seoul , South Korea Compound ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1995 Jakarta , Indonesia Streak ended 2001 Beijing , China Team ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2003 New York , United States Streak ended 2013 Belek , Turkey Women 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 1997 Victoria , Canada Streak ended 2007 Leipzig , Germany Team ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1959 Prague , Czechoslovakia Streak ended 1967 Amersfort , Netherlands World Indoor Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Compound ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships United States Streak started 1991 Oulu , Finland Streak ended 2001 Florence , Italy United States Streak started 1991 Nîmes , France Team ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1991 Nîmes , France Compound Junior ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2001 Florence , Italy Streak ended 2009 Rzeszów , Poland Women 's ( edit ) Compound ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2001 Florence , Italy Compound Junior ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2001 Florence , Italy Streak ended 2007 Izmir , Turkey World Youth Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Compound Junior ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1994 Roncegno , Italy Streak ended 2002 Nymburk , Czech Republic Recurve Cadet ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2008 Antalya , Turkey Streak ended 2013 Wuxi , China Compound Cadet ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2002 Nymburk , Czech Republic Streak ended 2009 Ogden , United States Women 's ( edit ) Recurve Junior ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 1994 Roncegno , Czech Republic Streak ended 2008 Antalya , Turkey Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2000 Belfort , France Streak ended 2008 Antalya , Turkey Compound Junior ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1996 Chula Vista , United States Streak ended 2002 Nymburk , Czech Republic Team ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2000 Belfort , France Streak ended 2011 Legnica , Poland Recurve Cadet ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2008 Antalya , Turkey Streak ended 2013 Wuxi , China Compound Cadet ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2008 Antalya , Turkey Streak ended 2013 Wuxi , China Team ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2006 Mérida , Mexico World Para Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Team Open ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2001 Nymburk , Czech Republic Streak ended 2009 Nymburk , Czech Republic Individual Wheelchair / Visual Impairment ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 1998 Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom Streak ended 2009 Nymburk , Czech Republic Compound ( edit ) Team Open ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2005 Massa Carrara , Italy Streak ended 2011 Turin , Italy Individual Wheelchair / Visual Impairment ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships Zdeněk Šebek Streak started 1998 Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom Streak ended 2003 Madrid , Spain Jeffrey Rhoden Fabry Streak started 2003 Madrid , Spain Streak ended 2009 Nymburk , Czech Republic 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships Czech Republic Streak started 1998 Stoke Mandeville , United Kingdom Streak ended 2003 Madrid , Spain United States Streak started 2003 Madrid , Spain Streak ended 2009 Nymburk , Czech Republic Women 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Individual Wheelchair / Visual Impairment ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Italy Streak started 1999 Christchurch , New Zealand Streak ended 2005 Massa Carrara , Italy Compound ( edit ) Individual Open ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Danielle Brown Streak started 2007 Cheongju , South Korea Streak ended 2013 Bangkok , Thailand 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United Kingdom Streak started 2005 Massa Carrara , Italy Streak ended 2013 Bangkok , Thailand World Field Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships United States Streak started 1969 Valley Forge , United States Streak ended 1976 Molndal , Sweden Sweden Streak started 1980 Palmerston North , New Zealand Streak ended 1988 Bolzano , Italy Compound ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2008 Llwynypia , United Kingdom Barebow / Instinctive ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Anders Rosenberg Streak started 1978 Geneva , Switzerland Streak ended 1984 Hyvinkää , Finland 5 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Sweden Streak started 1978 Geneva , Switzerland Streak ended 1988 Bolzano , Italy Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- France Streak started 1994 Vertus , France Streak ended 2000 Cortina , Italy Women 's ( edit ) Barebow / Instinctive ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Italy Streak started 1988 Bolzano , Italy Streak ended 1994 Vertus , France Junior Women ( edit ) Compound ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Sweden Streak started 2004 Plitvice , Croatia Streak ended 2010 Visegrád , Hungary World University Championships ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- Chinese Taipei Streak started 2004 Madrid , Spain Streak ended 2010 Shenzhen , China Compound ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2006 Viničné , Slovakia Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 1998 Taoyuan , Chinese Taipei Streak ended 2004 Madrid , Spain Women 's ( edit ) Recurve ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2008 Tainan , Chinese Taipei Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- South Korea Streak started 2008 Tainan , Chinese Taipei Compound ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2000 Madrid , Spain Streak ended 2006 Viničné , Slovakia Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2000 Madrid , Spain Streak ended 2006 Viničné , Slovakia Mixed ( edit ) Compound Team ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Archery Championships -- United States Streak started 2006 Viničné , Slovakia Athletics ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Men 's 400m hurdles ( edit ) 122 races -- Edwin Moses Streak started September 2 , 1977 Düsseldorf , West Germany Streak ended June 4 , 1987 Madrid , Spain ( second to Danny Harris ) Note : this streak included an Olympic gold medal and two improvements of his own world records . Long - distance running ( edit ) 75 races -- Emil Zátopek Streak started September 26 , 1948 ( 10,000 m race in Bucharest ) Streak ended July 11 , 1951 ( second place in a 3000 m race in Prague ) Men 's Long Jump ( edit ) 65 consecutive competitions -- Carl Lewis Ended by Mike Powell when he jumped his 8.95 m world record during the 1991 World Championships Men 's Cross Country ( edit ) 5 consecutive World Championships Paul Tergat Streak started 1995 Durham , United Kingdom Streak ended 2000 Vilamoura , Portugal Kenenisa Bekele Streak started 2002 Dublin , Ireland Streak ended 2007 Mombasa , Kenya Women 's high jump ( edit ) 140 to 150 competitions -- Iolanda Balaş Streak started December 1956 Streak ended June 1967 Note : this streak included 2 Olympic gold medals and 14 improvements of the world record . Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) 100m ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1932 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy 200m ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1932 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy 400m ( edit ) 7 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2012 London , United Kingdom 800m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games Great Britain Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1936 Berlin , Germany United States Streak started 1936 Berlin , Germany Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy 5000m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Finland Streak started 1924 Paris , France Streak ended 1948 London , United Kingdom 10000m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Ethiopia Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2012 London , United Kingdom Marathon ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Ethiopia Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany 110m Hurdles ( edit ) 9 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1932 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 1976 Montreal , Canada 400m Hurdles ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1936 Berlin , Germany Streak ended 1968 Mexico City , Mexico 3000m Steeplechase ( edit ) 9 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Kenya Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States 4 × 100 m Relay ( edit ) 8 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy 4 × 400 m Relay ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games United States Streak started 1956 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany United States Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 50km Race Walk ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Robert Korzeniowski Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Poland Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China High Jump ( edit ) 8 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1896 Athens , Greece Streak ended 1932 Los Angeles , United States Pole Vault ( edit ) 16 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1896 Athens , Greece Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany Long Jump ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Carl Lewis Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2000 , Sydney , Australia 8 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1924 Paris , France Streak ended 1964 Tokyo , Japan Triple Jump ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Viktor Saneyev Streak started 1968 Mexico City , Mexico Streak ended 1980 Moscow , Soviet Union 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Soviet Union Streak started 1968 Mexico City , Mexico Streak ended 1984 Los Angeles , United States Shot Put ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1948 London , United Kingdom Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany Discus Throw ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Al Oerter Streak started 1956 Melbourne , Australia Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany 5 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1952 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany Hammer Throw ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- John Flanagan Streak started 1900 Paris , France Streak ended 1912 Stockholm , Sweden 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1900 Paris , France Streak ended 1928 Amsterdam , Netherlands Javelin throw ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Jan Železný Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2004 Athens , Greece 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Czechoslovakia and then Czech Republic Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2004 Athens , Greece Decathlon ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1932 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 1964 Tokyo , Japan Women 's ( edit ) 100m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 200m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games East Germany Streak started 1972 Munich , West Germany Streak ended 1984 Los Angeles , United States United States Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 1996 Atlanta , United States 1500m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Soviet Union Streak started 1972 Munich , West Germany Streak ended 1984 Los Angeles , United States 5000m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Ethiopia Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 4 × 100 m Relay ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , United States Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 4 × 400 m Relay ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- United States Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Shot Put ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Olympic games -- Soviet Union Streak started 1952 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1968 Mexico City , Mexico IAAF World Championships in Athletics ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 100m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Carl Lewis Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Maurice Greene Streak started 1997 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships United States Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany United States Streak started 1997 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France Jamaica Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany 200m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Usain Bolt Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships United States Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany United States Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany Jamaica Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany 400m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Michael Johnson Streak started 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada 800m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Wilson Kipketer Streak started 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Kenya Streak started 1987 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Denmark Streak started 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada 1500m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Hicham El Guerrouj Streak started 1997 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2005 Helsinki , Finland 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Morocco Streak started 1997 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2005 Helsinki , Finland 5000m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Kenya Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1999 Seville , Spain 10000m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Haile Gebrselassie Streak started 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada Kenenisa Bekele Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2011 Daegu , South Korea 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Ethiopia Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2013 Moscow , Russia 110m Hurdles ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Greg Foster Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany 400m Hurdles ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2005 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 2011 Daegu , South Korea 3000m Steeplechase ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Moses Kiptanui Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1997 Athens , Greece Ezekiel Kemboi Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany 6 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Kenya Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France 4 × 100 m Relay ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden 4 × 400 m Relay ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2005 Helsinki , Finland Marathon ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Spain Streak started 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada Kenya Streak started 2007 Osaka , Japan Streak ended 2013 Moscow , Russia 20km Race Walk ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Jefferson Pérez Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Ecuador Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany Russia Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany Pole Vault ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Sergey Bubka Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1999 Seville , Spain 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Soviet Union Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Ukraine Streak started 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Streak ended 1999 Seville , Spain Note : Ukraine gained independence from Soviet Union in 1991 Long Jump ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Iván Pedroso Streak started 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships United States Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Cuba Streak started 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France Shot Put ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Werner Günthör Streak started 1987 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1995 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France Discus Throw ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Lars Riedel Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1999 Seville , Spain 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- East Germany then Germany Streak started 1987 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1999 Seville , Spain Hammer Throw ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Ivan Tsikhan Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Soviet Union Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Belarus Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany Decathlon ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships Dan O'Brien Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1997 Athens , Greece Tomáš Dvořák Streak started 1997 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships United States Streak started 1991 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1997 Athens , Greece Czech Republic Streak started 1997 Athens , Greece Streak ended 2003 Saint - Denis , France United States Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany Women 's ( edit ) 100m ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 1993 Stuttgart , Germany Streak ended 2001 Edmonton , Canada 200m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Allyson Felix Streak started 2005 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 2011 Daegu , South Korea 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships East Germany then Germany Streak started 1983 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1993 Stuttgart , Germany United States Streak started 2005 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 2011 Daegu , South Korea 5000m ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Ethiopia Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany 10000m ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Ethiopia Streak started 1999 Seville , Spain Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany 4 × 400 m Relay ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2007 Osaka , Japan Streak ended 2013 Moscow , Russia Race Walking ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Olga Kaniskina Streak started 2007 Osaka , Japan Streak ended 2013 Moscow , Russia 7 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Russia Streak started 2001 Edmonton , Canada Pole Vault ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Russia Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany Long Jump ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Brittney Reese Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- United States Streak started 2009 Berlin , Germany Shot Put ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Valerie ( Vili ) Adams Streak started 2007 Osaka , Japan 4 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- New Zealand Streak started 2007 Osaka , Japan Heptathlon ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Carolina Klüft Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany 3 consecutive gold medals at World Championships -- Sweden Streak started 2003 Saint - Denis , France Streak ended 2009 Berlin , Germany Auto racing ( edit ) Formula One ( edit ) By driver ( edit ) Further information : List of Formula One driver records § Most consecutive wins By constructor ( edit ) Further information : List of Formula One records § Most consecutive wins Sports car racing ( edit ) FIA GT1 World Championship ( edit ) 6 consecutive FIA GT Championship and ( from 2010 ) FIA GT1 World Championship team titles Vitaphone Racing Streak started 2005 Streak ended 2011 Note : all its titles was achieved with the same car ( Maserati MC12 ) IMSA GTP ( edit ) 8 wins -- Geoff Brabham and Nissan GTP ZX - Turbo chassis # 8801 `` Elvis '' Streak started April 10 , 1988 Streak ended September 4 , 1988 World Sportscar Championship ( edit ) 18 wins -- Porsche 956 Streak started 3 October 1982 Streak ended on 3 November 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans ( edit ) By driver ( edit ) Further information : List of 24 hours of Le Mans records § Most Consecutive Wins 2 By constructor ( edit ) Further information : List of 24 hours of Le Mans records § Most Consecutive Wins By team ( edit ) 5 consecutive wins -- Scuderia Ferrari Streak started 1960 Streak ended 1965 Joest Racing Streak started 2010 Streak ended 2015 By car ( edit ) 4 consecutive wins Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Streak started 1931 Streak ended 1935 Ford GT40 Streak started 1966 Streak ended 1970 Porsche 956 Streak started 1982 Streak ended 1986 Audi R18 Streak started 2011 Streak ended 2015 By same car ( edit ) Further information : List of 24 hours of Le Mans records § Consecutive wins by same car INDYCAR ( edit ) 4 wins -- Sébastien Bourdais Streak started April 9 , 2006 Streak ended on June 18 , 2006 NOTE : INDYCAR recognises streaks from AAA , USAC , CART , Champ Car World Series , and INDYCAR sanctioned races . World Rally Championship ( edit ) 9 consecutive World Championships -- Sébastien Loeb Streak started 2004 Streak ended 2012 , with Sébastien Loeb choosing to not enter most events in 2013 NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) 10 wins -- 1967 Richard Petty Note : Because of the post-1972 schedule overhaul , NASCAR will differentiate records from pre-1972 and post-1972 . The primary schedule overhaul eliminated midweek races , thus cutting the schedule from 48 to around 30 races ( 36 currently ) , and a minimum race distance ( first 250 miles ( 400 km ) , later shortened to 300 km ( 190 mi ) ) . Since many pre-1972 races were under 100 miles ( such as 62.5 mile races held in Islip , New York , and the current non-championship Budweiser Duel then being a championship race at 100 miles until 1967 ) , some NASCAR records are differentiated that way , similar to the NBA differentiating `` fewest points '' records with pre and post-1954 records , when the 24 - second shot clock was introduced . Post -- 1972 4 wins ( tie ) ( length of shortest race , in miles , in brackets ) : 1976 Cale Yarborough ( 216.8 ) 1981 Darrell Waltrip ( 250 ) 1987 Dale Earnhardt ( 250 ) 1991 Harry Gant ( 250 ) 1992 Bill Elliott ( 300 ) 1993 Mark Martin ( 220.5 ) 1998 Jeff Gordon ( 220.5 ) 2007 Jimmie Johnson ( 263 ) Note : In seven of the eight instances , at least one of the wins was in a 500 - mile race . Mark Martin 's 1993 streak ended at Darlington , where the Mountain Dew Southern 500 was stopped 16 laps early because of darkness . Basketball ( edit ) See also : Basketball winning streaks FIBA ( edit ) United States men 's national basketball team : 58 games from the 1992 Olympic Games to the 2002 FIBA World Championship . Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) 64 games -- 1936 - 1972 United States Streak started August 7 , 1936 ( defeated Spain , forfeit ) Streak ended September 9 , 1972 ( defeated by Soviet Union , 51 - 50 ) 7 Consecutive Men 's titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1936 Berlin , Germany Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany 6 Consecutive Women 's titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States NBA ( edit ) Main article : List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks 33 games -- 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers Streak started November 5 , 1971 ( defeated Baltimore Bullets , 110 -- 106 ) Streak ended January 7 , 1972 ( defeated by Milwaukee Bucks , 104 -- 120 ) College ( United States ) ( edit ) NCAA women 's Division I ( edit ) All games ( edit ) 111 games -- Connecticut Streak started November 23 , 2014 ( defeated Creighton 96 - 60 ) Streak ended March 31 , 2017 ( defeated by Mississippi State 64 - 66 ) Note : The Wayland Baptist College women 's basketball team achieved a winning streak of 131 games which started November 7 , 1953 and ended March 20 , 1958 ( defeated by Nashville Business School 42 - 46 ) . However , a national organizing structure for women 's intercollegiate basketball did not exist until the AIAW was established in 1971 ; the NCAA did not begin organizing women 's sports until 1981 . Wayland Baptist instead played in competitions sponsored by the Amateur Athletic Union . Regular - season games only ( edit ) By NCAA convention , the `` regular season '' does not include games in conference tournaments or in any national postseason tournament . 86 games -- Connecticut Active streak started November 23 , 2014 ( defeated Creighton 96 - 60 ) NCAA Women 's Division II ( edit ) 51 games -- Washburn University Streak started January 26 , 2005 Streak ended March 13 , 2006 ( defeated by Emporia State 61 - 59 in overtime ) NCAA Women 's Division III ( edit ) 88 games -- Washington ( MO ) Streak started February 20 , 1998 Streak ended January 16 , 2001 ( defeated by Fontbonne College 79 - 68 ) U sports women 's basketball ( Canadian universities ) ( edit ) 88 games -- Winnipeg ( MB ) Streak started October 24 , 1992 ( defeated the University of Alberta Golden Bears 75 - 53 ) . Streak ended December 2 , 1994 ( defeated by the University of Manitoba Bisons 62 - 64 ) . The Lady Wesmen would go on to a record 118 - 1 in the span from 1992 - 1995 , including 3 CIS ( now U Sports ) national basketball championships and beating several NCAA Women 's Division I programs in North American tournaments . NCAA Men 's Division I ( edit ) All games ( edit ) 88 games -- UCLA Streak started January 30 , 1971 ( defeated UC Santa Barbara 74 -- 61 ) Streak ended January 19 , 1974 ( defeated by Notre Dame 70 - 71 ) Regular - season games only ( edit ) By NCAA convention , the `` regular season '' does not include games in conference tournaments or in any national postseason tournament . 74 games -- UCLA This streak was a subset of UCLA 's overall winning streak of 88 games , with the same starting and ending dates . Home games ( edit ) 129 games -- Kentucky Streak started January 4 , 1943 ( defeated Fort Knox 64 - 30 ) Streak ended January 8 , 1955 ( defeated by Georgia Tech 59 -- 58 ) NCAA Men 's Division II ( edit ) 57 games -- Winona State University Streak started January 13 , 2006 Streak last win March 27 , 2007 NCAA Men 's Division III ( edit ) 60 games -- SUNY Potsdam Streak started first game of 1985 Season Streak last win March 14 , 1987 Greek League ( edit ) Greek Women 's Basketball League ( edit ) 105 games -- Athinaikos Streak started 2008 Streak ended 2013 Greek Basket League ( edit ) 80 games -- Aris Thessaloniki Streak started 1986 Streak ended 1988 Bat - and - ball games ( edit ) Baseball ( edit ) World Championships ( edit ) World Baseball Classic ( edit ) 2 consecutive titles -- Japan World Cup ( edit ) 9 consecutive titles -- Cuba Streak started 1984 Havana , Cuba Streak ended 2007 Taipei , Taiwan Major League Baseball ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks By a team ( edit ) 26 games -- New York Giants Streak started September 7 , 1916 ( defeated Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 1 ) Streak ended September 30 , 1916 ( defeated by Boston Braves , 3 -- 8 ) Note : The Giants tied the Pirates in the second game of a doubleheader 1 -- 1 on September 18 , 1916 . Major League Baseball excludes all games which end in ties from their official statistics . The longest winning streak in Major League Baseball that does not include a tie is 22 games , achieved by the Cleveland Indians in 2017 , which is also the longest winning streak in the American League . The National League record for consecutive wins without a tie is 21 games , by the 1935 Chicago Cubs . By a pitcher ( edit ) 24 consecutive winning decisions -- Carl Hubbell , New York Giants Streak started July 17 , 1936 ( defeated Pittsburgh Pirates , 6 -- 0 ) Streak ended May 30 , 1937 ( ended by Brooklyn Dodgers , 3 -- 10 ) Note : Hubbell 's streak was achieved in 27 games as he also pitched three no - decisions . In baseball , only losing decisions can end winning streaks by pitchers . Minor League Baseball ( edit ) 29 Games -- Salt Lake City Trappers of the Pioneer League Streak started June 25 , 1987 Streak ended July 26 , 1987 College ( United States ) ( edit ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) 34 consecutive games Texas Streak started February 18 , 1977 ( defeated Texas Wesleyan 3 -- 1 ) Streak ended March 26 , 1977 ( defeated by Rice 3 -- 4 ) Florida Atlantic Streak started February 19 , 1999 ( defeated Clemson 3 -- 0 ) Streak ended March 17 , 1999 ( defeated by Florida 9 -- 4 ) 22 consecutive post season games -- South Carolina Streak started June 22 , 2010 ( defeated Arizona State 11 - 4 ) Streak ended June 19 , 2012 ( Defeated by Arkansas 2 - 1 - 2nd - round game in 2012 CWS ) 12 consecutive College World Series games -- South Carolina Streak started June 22 , 2010 ( defeated Arizona State 11 - 4 ) Streak ended June 19 , 2012 ( Defeated by Arkansas 2 - 1 - 2nd - round game in 2012 CWS ) NCAA Division II ( edit ) 46 games -- 2000 Savannah State NCAA Division III ( edit ) 44 games -- 2008 Trinity College ( Connecticut ) NAIA ( edit ) 41 games -- 1990 Point Park College ( Pittsburgh , PA ) Softball ( edit ) 7 consecutive World Championships -- United States Streak started 1986 Auckland , New Zealand Streak ended 2012 Whitehorse , Yukon Territory , Canada College athletics in the United States NJCAA ( edit ) 88 straight games -- Butler Community College Streak started on March 3 , 2016 ( defeated Barton Community College 9 - 1 ) Streak ended on May 6 , 2017 ( defeated by Seward County Community College 6 - 5 ) Cricket ( edit ) Test ( edit ) 16 matches -- Australia Streak started October 17 , 1999 ( defeated Zimbabwe by 10 wickets at Harare ) ( scorecard ) Streak ended March 15 , 2001 ( lost to India by 171 runs at Calcutta ) ( scorecard ) Note : Australia equalled this record with another 16 wins in a row from December 2005 until January 2008 . ODI ( edit ) 21 matches -- Australia Streak started January 11 , 2003 ( defeated England by 7 runs at Hobart ) ( scorecard ) Streak ended May 25 , 2003 ( lost to West Indies by 31 runs at Port of Spain ) ( scorecard ) World Cup ( edit ) 26 matches -- Australia Streak started June 20 , 1999 ( defeated Pakistan by 8 wickets at Lord 's ) ( scorecard ) Streak ended March 19 , 2011 ( lost to Pakistan by 4 wickets at Colombo ) ( scorecard ) Twenty20 International ( edit ) 8 matches -- England Streak started May 6 , 2010 ( defeated Pakistan by 6 wickets at Bridgetown ) ( scorecard ) Streak ended January 14 , 2011 ( lost to Australia by 4 runs at Melbourne ) ( scorecard ) International Cricket ( All Forms ) ( edit ) 20 matches ( 17 ODIs and 3 tests ) -- Australia Streak started January 11 , 2003 ( defeated England by 7 runs in an ODI at Hobart ) ( scorecard ) Streak ended May 13 , 2003 ( lost to West Indies by 3 wickets in a test match at St John 's ) ( scorecard ) Domestic or Club Twenty20 ( edit ) 25 matches -- Sialkot Stallions ( Pakistan ) Streak started February 24 , 2006 ( defeated Lahore Eagles by 8 wickets at Karachi ) ( scorecard ) Streak ended October 14 , 2010 ( lost to Rawalpindi Rams by 13 runs at Lahore ) ( scorecard ) Boating ( edit ) Canoeing ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) C - 1 ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- Jon Lugbill Streak started 1979 Jonquière , Quebec , Canada Streak ended 1985 Augsburg , West Germany 6 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- United States Streak started 1979 Jonquière , Quebec , Canada Streak ended 1991 Tacen , Yugoslavia C - 1 Team ( edit ) 7 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- United States Streak started 1979 Jonquière , Quebec , Canada Streak ended 1993 Mezzana , Italy C - 2 ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- East Germany Streak started 1957 Augsburg , West Germany Streak ended 1967 Lipno , Czechoslovakia C - 2 Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships France Streak started 1987 Bourg St. - Maurice , France Streak ended 1993 Mezzana , Italy East Germany Streak started 1959 Geneva , Switzerland Streak ended 1965 Spittal an der Drau , Austria France Streak started 1949 Geneva , Switzerland Streak ended 1955 Tacen , Yugoslavia Kayaking ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) K - 1 ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- Richard Fox Streak started 1981 Bala , Wales , United Kingdom Streak ended 1987 Bourg St. - Maurice , France 3 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships Great Britain Streak started 1989 Savage River , Maryland , United States Streak ended 1995 Nottingham , England Great Britain Streak started 1981 Bala , Wales , United Kingdom Streak ended 1987 Bourg St. - Maurice , France West Germany Streak started 1953 Merano , Italy Streak ended 1959 Geneva , Switzerland K - 1 Team ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- East Germany Streak started 1957 Augsburg , West Germany Streak ended 1965 Spittal an der Drau , Austria Women 's ( edit ) K - 1 ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- Austria Streak started 1949 Geneva , Switzerland Streak ended 1955 Tacen , Yugoslavia K - 1 Team ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships -- East Germany Streak started 1955 Tacen , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1969 Bourg St. - Maurice , France Rowing ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's Coxless Pair ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Steve Redgrave Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia Note : gold medalist in Coxless Four at Sydney Olympics Men 's Eights ( edit ) 8 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- United States Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy Men 's Coxless Pair ( edit ) 15 consecutive major titles ( World Cups and World Championships ) -- Eric Murray , Hamish Bond Streak started 2009 Munich , Germany Women 's Eights ( edit ) 9 consecutive world titles ( Olympic Games and World Championships ) - United States Streak started 2006 Eton , England Sailing ( edit ) América 's Cup ( edit ) 25 Cups -- United States Streak started 1851 ( inaugural race ) , beating England Streak ended 1983 ( beaten by Australia II from Australia ) . Note : With 132 years , this is the longest winning streak ( in years ) in sports history . Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) 4 consecutive Olympic titles -- Ben Ainslie Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia 4 consecutive Olympic titles -- Paul Elvstrøm Streak started 1948 London , Britain Streak ended 1964 Tokyo , Japan Bowling ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at PBA World Championship Earl Anthony Streak started 1981 Streak ended 1984 Earl Anthony Streak started 1973 Streak ended 1976 Combat sports ( edit ) Boxing ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) 87 -- Julio César Chávez ( light welterweight ) Streak started February 5 , 1980 ( defeated Andres Felix ) ( Chávez 's first professional bout ) Streak ended September 10 , 1993 ( draw with Pernell Whitaker ) Note 1 : Included is the controversial win against Meldrick Taylor in March 1990 , which could have ended the streak at 68 wins Note 2 : After two more wins Chávez lost to Frankie Randall on 29 January 1994 to end an unbeaten streak of 90 matches . Longest unbeaten streaks : 103 -- Jimmy Wilde ( flyweight ) Streak started December 26 , 1910 ( defeated Les Williams ) ( Wilde 's first professional bout ) Streak ended January 25 , 1915 ( defeated by Tancy Lee ) Note : all fights were in the UK against boxers of the UK . The records for international fights are : 93 -- Pedro Carrasco ( lightweight ) Streak started April 22 , 1964 ( defeated Giuliano Scatolini ) Streak ended February 18 , 1972 ( defeated by Mando Ramos ) 91 -- Sugar Ray Robinson ( middleweight ) Streak started February 19 , 1943 ( defeated Jackie Wilson ) Streak ended July 10 , 1951 ( defeated by Randy Turpin ) Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) 3 consecutive Olympic gold medals László Papp Streak started 1948 London , United Kingdom Streak ended 1960 Rome , Italy Teófilo Stevenson Streak started 1972 Montreal , Canada Streak ended 1984 Los Angeles , United States ( boycotted by Cuba and also exceeded AIBA 's age limit ) Félix Savón Streak started 1992 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2004 , Athens , Greece 7 consecutive Olympic heavyweight titles -- Cuba Streak started 1972 Munich , West Germany Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China Note : excluding boycotted Los Angeles and Seoul Olympics World Championship ( edit ) 6 consecutive heavyweight World Championships -- Félix Savón Streak started 1986 Reno , Nevada , United States Streak ended 1999 Houston , Texas , United States Note : winner of 3 consecutive Olympic gold medals ( 1992 -- 2000 ) Judo ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Ryoko Tani Streak started 1993 Hamilton , Canada Streak ended 2005 Cairo , Egypt Mixed Martial Arts ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 31 fights Renan Barão Streak started April 19 , 2008 Streak ended May 24 , 2014 , UFC 173 28 fights Fedor Emelianenko Streak started April 6 , 2001 Streak ended June 26 , 2010 , Strikeforce : Fedor vs. Werdum Women 's ( edit ) 22 fights -- Megumi Fujii Streak started August 9 , 2004 Streak ended October 28 , 2010 , at Bellator 34 Longest unbeaten streak 37 fights ( 36 wins , 1 no contest ) -- Igor Vovchanchyn Streak started January 23 , 1996 Streak ended May 1 , 2000 Professional wrestling ( edit ) Since matches have predetermined outcomes , winning streaks in professional wrestling are orchestrated by the wrestling organizations . World Championship wrestling ( edit ) Singles matches ( edit ) `` 173 consecutive matches '' -- Bill Goldberg Streak started 1997 Dalton , Georgia Streak ended 1998 Washington , D.C. Note : While the tally of 173 matches was listed by World Championship Wrestling as the legitimate total , it is fictitious number . WCW inflated the win count to make Goldberg look more dominant . World Wrestling Entertainment ( edit ) Singles Matches at WrestleMania ( edit ) 21 consecutive matches -- The Undertaker , ( known as The Streak ) Streak started 1991 Los Angeles , California against Jimmy Snuka Streak ended 2014 New Orleans , Louisiana against Brock Lesnar Note : Included 1 win via disqualification ( 1993 ) . Wrestling ( edit ) Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's freestyle ( edit ) 3 consecutive Olympics titles ( tie ) Aleksandr Medved Streak started 1964 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1972 Munich , West Germany Artur Taymazov Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece 187 consecutive matches including 1964 Tokyo Olympics -- Osamu Watanabe Note : The only modern Olympian to go unbeaten throughout his entire career . 6 consecutive Men 's heavyweight Olympic titles -- USSR Streak started 1964 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1992 Barcelona , Spain Note : excluding boycotted Los Angeles Olympics Men 's Greco - Roman ( edit ) 13 years including 3 consecutive Olympics titles ( 1988 -- 1996 ) -- Alexander Karelin ( 2 ) Streak started 1988 Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia 6 consecutive Men 's heavyweight Olympic titles -- USSR Streak started 1972 Munich , West Germany Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia Note : excluding boycotted Los Angeles Olympics Women 's Freestyle ( edit ) 4 consecutive Olympics titles -- Kaori Icho Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece World Championships ( edit ) Men 's Freestyle ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Sergey Beloglazov ( 3 ) Streak started 1981 Skopje , Yugoslavia Streak ended 1989 Martigny , Switzerland 19 consecutive team titles at World Championships -- USSR Streak started 1967 New Delhi , India Streak ended 1993 Toronto , Canada Men 's Greco - Roman ( edit ) 9 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Alexander Karelin Streak started 1989 Martigny , Switzerland Streak ended 2000 Retired after Sydney Olympics Note : winner of 3 consecutive Olympic gold medals ( 1988 -- 1996 ) 21 consecutive team titles at World Championships -- USSR and Russia Streak started 1973 Tehran , Iran Streak ended 2001 Patras , Greece Women 's Freestyle ( edit ) 6 consecutive team titles at World Championships -- Japan Streak started 2002 Chalcis , Greece Streak ended 2009 Herning , Denmark College ( USA ) ( edit ) 159 matches -- Cael Sanderson , Iowa State Note : never lost a single NCAA match in entire collegiate career ( 1998 -- 2002 ) High school ( USA ) ( edit ) 459 consecutive matches -- Brandon High School , Brandon , Florida Streak started January 28 , 1974 Streak ended January 5 , 2008 Sumo ( edit ) 69 matches -- Futabayama Sadaji Streak started January 7 , 1936 Streak ended January 3 , 1939 ( ended by Akinoumi Setsuo ) Cue sports ( edit ) English billiards ( edit ) IBSF World Billiards Championship ( edit ) Timed ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles -- Pankaj Advani Streak started 2005 Malta Streak ended 2010 Maharashtra , India 3 consecutive titles -- India Streak started 2005 Malta Streak ended 2010 Maharashtra , India Points ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles -- Bob Marshall Streak started 1936 Johannesburg , South Africa Streak ended 1952 Calcutta , India 5 consecutive titles -- India Streak started 1981 Delhi , India Streak ended 1996 India World Billiards Championship ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles Joe Davis Streak started 1928 Streak ended 1933 Tom Newman Streak started 1924 Streak ended 1928 Melbourne Inman Streak started 1912 Streak ended 1920 31 consecutive titles -- England Streak started April 1892 Streak ended 1933 Pool ( edit ) WEPF Eight - ball Pool World Championship ( edit ) 13 consecutive titles -- England Streak started 2000 Blackpool , United Kingdom Streak ended 2013 Blackpool , United Kingdom VIPA League 9 Consecutive wins - Liam Gallagher ( also ended the streak of 12 by Andrew Akesson ) WPA World Nine - ball Championship ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles -- United States Streak started 1990 Bergheim , Germany Streak ended 1993 Königswinter , Germany Women 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles -- Allison Fisher Streak started 1996 Borlänge , Sweden Streak ended 1999 Alicante , Spain 3 consecutive titles China Streak started 2009 Shenyang , China Streak ended 2012 Shenyang , China United Kingdom Streak started 1996 Borlänge , Sweden Streak ended 1999 Alicante , Spain Snooker ( edit ) 15 consecutive titles at World Snooker Championship -- Joe Davis Streak started 1927 Birmingham , England Streak ended 1947 London , England 15 consecutive titles at World Snooker Championship -- England Streak started 1927 Birmingham , England Streak ended 1947 London , England Three - cushion billiards ( edit ) UMB World Three - cushion Championship ( edit ) 11 consecutive titles -- Raymond Ceulemans Streak started 1963 Neuss / Düsseldorf , Germany Streak ended 1974 Antwerpen , Belgium 11 consecutive titles at -- Belgium Streak started 1963 Neuss / Düsseldorf , Germany Streak ended 1974 Antwerpen , Belgium CEB European Three - cushion Championship ( edit ) 11 consecutive titles -- Raymond Ceulemans Streak started 1962 Streak ended 1973 22 consecutive titles at -- Belgium Streak started 1962 Streak ended 1984 Cycling ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Road ( edit ) 5 consecutive Tour de France -- Miguel Indurain Streak started 1991 Streak ended 1995 ( Note : The 7 consecutive Tour de France titles won by Lance Armstrong were stripped in 2012 following an investigation by the United States Anti-Doping Agency that found he had used and trafficked performance - enhancing drugs . The respective titles remain vacant to date . ) Women 's ( edit ) Track ( edit ) 5 consecutive Women 's sprint world championships -- Félicia Ballanger Streak started 1995 Bogotá , Colombia Streak ended 2000 Manchester , United Kingdom Note : winner of 3 Olympic gold medals in cycling 15 consecutive Women 's sprint world championships -- Soviet Union Streak started 1958 Paris , France Streak ended 1973 San Sebastian , Spain Downhill ( edit ) 10 consecutive rounds of the UCI Mountain Bike World Cup in women 's downhill -- Rachel Atherton Streak started 2015 Round 2 Fort William , Scotland Streak ended 2016 Round 5 Lenzerheide , Switzerland 8 consecutive UCI Mountain Bike World Championships in women 's downhill -- Anne - Caroline Chausson Streak started 1996 Cairns , Australia Streak ended 2004 Les Gets , France Darts ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 8 consecutive titles at PDC World Darts Championship -- Phil Taylor Streak started 1995 Purfleet , England Streak ended 2003 Purfleet , England 9 consecutive titles at PDC World Darts Championship -- England Streak started 1994 Purfleet , England Streak ended 2003 Purfleet , England 3 consecutive titles at BDO World Darts Championship -- Eric Bristow Streak started 1984 Stoke - on - Trent , England Streak ended 1987 Surrey , England 6 consecutive titles at BDO World Darts Championship -- England Streak started 1983 Stoke - on - Trent , England Streak ended 1989 Surrey , England Women 's ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at BDO World Darts Championship -- Trina Gulliver Streak started 2001 Surrey , England Streak ended 2008 Surrey , England 7 consecutive titles at BDO World Darts Championship -- England Streak started 2001 Surrey , England Streak ended 2008 Surrey , England Equine sports ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Dressage ( edit ) 7 consecutive Olympic Team titles -- Germany Streak started 1984 Los Angeles , USA Streak ended 2012 London , United Kingdom 9 consecutive World Championships -- Germany Streak started 1974 Copenhagen , Denmark Streak ended 2010 Lexington , Kentucky Horse racing ( edit ) By a racehorse ( edit ) 56 races -- Camarero Streak started April 19 , 1953 Streak ended August 1 , 1955 5 Connective horse of the year titles - Kelso By a jockey ( edit ) 12 races -- Gordon Richards Streak started October 3 , 1933 Streak ended October 5 , 1933 Show Jumping ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at Show Jumping World Championships -- West Germany - But by whom ? Streak started 1974 Hickstead , West Sussex , England Streak ended 1986 Aachen , Germany Fencing ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Women 's Foil ( edit ) 3 consecutive Olympic titles -- Valentina Vezzali Streak started 2000 Sydney , Australia Streak ended 2012 London , United Kingdom Football ( edit ) Association Football ( edit ) International ( edit ) 21 FIFA World Cup appearances -- Brazil Streak started 1930 , Uruguay ( Inaugural World Cup ) Note : Brazil is the only national football team to have played in every World Cup . 16 consecutive FIFA World Cup second round qualifications -- Germany Streak started 1954 , Switzerland 15 competitive games ( without friendlies ) -- Germany Streak started July 10 , 2010 ( defeated Uruguay , 3 -- 2 ) Streak ended June 28 , 2012 ( defeated by Italy , 1 -- 2 ) 15 games -- Spain Streak started June 26 , 2008 ( defeated Russia , 3 -- 0 ) Streak ended June 24 , 2009 ( defeated by United States , 0 -- 2 ) Note : Spain ( 7 February 2007 -- 24 June 2009 ) also shares with Brazil ( 16 December 1993 -- 21 January 1996 ) the unbeaten record of 35 games . Brazil 's loss at the 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup was by the under - 23 ( Olympic ) team , but is officially counted as a loss of the national team . Otherwise the Brazil national team would n't lose until 30 May 1997 ( 2 : 4 vs Norway ) , thus extending it to 45 games . July 22 , 1995 was the 1995 Copa América Final and the 27th match of their Unbeaten streak , even though Brazil lost the Final and thus the Match on Penalties , the Official record only counts it as a Draw since in normal time it finished at 1 - 1 . National leagues ( edit ) Note that teams may have drawn or even lost matches outside the indicated leagues during the streak periods . Czechoslovak First League precursor ( edit ) 51 games -- 1920 -- 1923 AC Sparta Prague Jordan League ( edit ) 32 games -- 2001 -- 2003 Al - Faisaly Portuguese Liga ( edit ) 29 games -- 1971 -- 1973 S.L. Benfica Argentine Primera División ( edit ) 28 games - 1918 / 1919 Racing Club Croatian League ( edit ) 28 games -- 2007 -- 2008 Dinamo Zagreb Scottish Premier League ( edit ) 25 games -- 2003 -- 2004 Celtic F.C. Ukrainian Premier League ( edit ) 24 games -- 2012 F.C. Shakhtar Donetsk Swedish League ( Allsvenskan ) ( edit ) 23 games -- 1949 - 1950 Malmö FF ( part of 49 games unbeaten streak ) Eredivisie ( edit ) 22 games -- 1987 -- 1988 PSV Eindhoven Fußball - Bundesliga ( edit ) 19 games -- 2013 -- 2014 Bayern Munich ( part of 53 games unbeaten streak with 46 wins and 7 draws , matchday 10 in 2012 - 13 to matchday 28 in 2013 - 14 ) Serie A ( edit ) 17 games -- 2006 -- 2007 Internazionale La Liga ( edit ) 16 games -- 2010 -- 2011 F.C. Barcelona The November 2015 to April 2016 39 - match streak was an unbeaten streak , not a winning streak , and included 6 draws 16 games -- 2016 Real Madrid ( started 2 March 2016 and ended 18 September 2016 ) last 12 games in 2015 / 16 season and first 4 games in 2016 / 17 season Real Madrid 's new streak is 40 games unbeaten Chilean Primera División ( edit ) 16 games -- 1963 -- 1964 Club Universidad de Chile Major League soccer ( edit ) 15 games -- Los Angeles Galaxy Streak started September 7 , 1997 Streak ended May 17 , 1998 Note : This streak was achieved when MLS used a shootout rule to eliminate tie games . Only one of those wins was achieved through a shootout . After the 1999 season , MLS abolished the shootout in favor of the international model of letting regular - season ties stand . Premier League ( edit ) 14 games -- Arsenal F.C. Streak started 10 February 2002 Streak ended 18 August 2002 Ligue 1 ( edit ) 16 games -- AS Monaco Streak started 25 February 2017 Streak ended 9 September 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A ( edit ) 12 games -- 1978 -- 1978 Guarani I - League ( edit ) 12 games -- 2015 - 2015 Mohun Bagan A.C. A-League ( edit ) 10 games -- Western Sydney Wanderers Streak started January 13 , 2013 Streak ended March 23 , 2013 Unbeaten streaks ( edit ) The three longest undefeated streaks in domestic top level leagues are : 108 games -- ASEC Mimosas , Ivory Coast , 1989 -- 19 June 1994 106 games -- FC Steaua București , Romania , 17 June 1986 -- 9 September 1989 85 games -- Espérance , Tunisia , 19 October 1997 -- 4 April 2001 Note : Steaua București played 16 domestic cup games during the streak , of which only the first was lost . Overall , after a cup loss to Dinamo Bucuresti on 25 June 1986 to their league loss on 9 September 1989 to Dinamo , Steaua was undefeated in 119 consecutive domestic games . Australian rules football ( edit ) VFA / VFL ( edit ) 49 wins -- 1914 - 19 North Melbourne WAFL ( edit ) 35 wins -- 1945 - 47 East Fremantle SANFL ( edit ) 30 wins -- 1913 - 15 Port Adelaide VFL / AFL ( edit ) 23 wins -- 1952 - 53 Geelong Gridiron Football ( edit ) American Football ( edit ) National Football League ( edit ) Consecutive games won ( regular season and playoffs ) 21 games -- New England Patriots Streak started October 5 , 2003 ( defeated Tennessee Titans , 38 -- 30 ) Streak ended October 31 , 2004 ( defeated by Pittsburgh Steelers , 20 -- 34 ) Consecutive regular season games won 23 games -- Indianapolis Colts Streak started November 2 , 2008 ( defeated New England Patriots , 18 -- 15 ) Streak ended December 27 , 2009 ( defeated by New York Jets , 15 -- 29 ) Consecutive home games won ( regular season and playoffs ) 29 games -- Green Bay Packers Streak started September 17 , 1995 ( defeated New York Giants , 14 - 6 ) Streak ended October 5 , 1998 ( defeated by Minnesota Vikings , 24 - 37 ) Consecutive regular season home games won 25 games -- Green Bay Packers Streak started September 17 , 1995 ( defeated New York Giants , 14 - 6 ) Streak ended October 5 , 1998 ( defeated by Minnesota Vikings , 24 - 37 ) Consecutive non-home games won ( regular season , playoffs , and Super Bowls ) 21 games -- San Francisco 49ers Streak started November 27 , 1988 ( defeated San Diego Chargers , 48 - 10 ) Streak ended September 2 , 1991 ( defeated by New York Giants , 14 - 16 ) Consecutive road games won ( regular season and playoffs ) 19 games -- San Francisco 49ers Streak started November 27 , 1988 ( defeated San Diego Chargers , 48 - 10 ) Streak ended September 2 , 1991 ( defeated by New York Giants , 14 - 16 ) Consecutive regular season road games won 18 games -- San Francisco 49ers Streak started November 27 , 1988 ( defeated San Diego Chargers , 48 - 10 ) Streak ended September 2 , 1991 ( defeated by New York Giants , 14 - 16 ) College Football ( edit ) Pre-NCAA 37 games -- Yale Bulldogs Streak started November 27 , 1890 ( defeated Princeton , 32 - 0 ) Streak ended November 30 , 1893 ( defeated by Princeton , 0 -- 6 ) Note : Prior to the formation of the NCAA collegiate teams played against a variety of amateur teams including local athletic clubs , YMCAs , and Indian schools as well as other colleges . Those victories are included in the win tally . NCAA Division I 47 games -- Oklahoma Sooners Streak started October 10 , 1953 ( defeated Texas , 19 -- 14 ) Streak ended November 16 , 1957 ( defeated by Notre Dame , 0 -- 7 ) Longest unbeaten streak 64 games ( 60 -- 0 -- 4 ) -- Washington Huskies Streak started November 28 , 1907 ( tied Idaho , 0 -- 0 ) Streak ended November 3 , 1917 ( defeated by California , 0 -- 27 ) NCAA Division II 40 games -- Grand Valley State Lakers Streak started August 27 , 2005 ( defeated Ferris State 30 -- 10 ) Streak ended December 8 , 2007 ( defeated by Northwest Missouri State , 16 -- 34 ) Note : This streak includes playoff games . NCAA Division III 55 games -- Mount Union Purple Raiders Streak started September 2 , 2000 ( defeated Allegheny , 48 -- 21 ) Streak ended December 20 , 2003 ( defeated by St. John 's ( MN ) , 6 -- 24 ) Note : This streak includes playoff games . Mount Union also holds the record for most consecutive regular season victories , winning 110 games between 1994 -- 2005 . Special Note : Linfield College holds the NCAA all - divisions record of 61 consecutive winning seasons , which began in 1956 and continues to this day . Canadian Football ( edit ) Canadian Football League ( edit ) 22 games -- Calgary Stampeders Streak started August 25 , 1948 Streak ended October 22 , 1949 Note : The streak only includes the regular season . It was also achieved back when the Stampeders played in the Western Interprovincial Football Union , which later became the Canadian Football League West Division . The CFL was not formally founded until 1958 , although the records of the WIFU and the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union in Eastern Canada ( forerunner to the Canadian Football League East Division ) were incorporated into the league . Canadian Interuniversity Sport football ( edit ) 21 games McMaster Marauders Streak started Sept. 25 , 2011 ( defeated Acadia Axemen 21 -- 18 ) Streak ended Nov. 23 , 2012 ( defeated by Laval Rouge et Or at the 48th Vanier Cup 14 - 37 ) Note : The streak also includes playoff games . IFAF World Championship ( edit ) Consecutive games won 11 games -- United States Streak started July 10 , 2007 ( defeated South Korea , 77 - 0 ) Last win July 18 , 2015 ( defeated Japan , 59 - 12 ) Note : This streak is still active . Consecutive titles won 3 Titles -- United States ( 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Indoor American Football ( edit ) Arena Football League ( edit ) Consecutive games won ( regular season and playoffs ) 18 wins -- Arizona Rattlers Streak started July 27 , 2013 ( defeated Iowa Barnstormers , 84 - 45 ) Streak ended June 27 , 2014 ( defeated by San Jose SaberCats , 33 - 62 ) Note : Throughout the duration of the above streak , the Arizona Rattlers also achieved the most consecutive regular season games won ( 15 wins ) . AF2 ( edit ) 24 wins -- Quad City Steamwheelers Streak started April 15 , 2000 ( defeated Tulsa Talons , 66 -- 27 ) Streak ended May 12 , 2001 ( defeated by Tulsa Talons , 47 -- 49 ) American Indoor Football Association ( edit ) Consecutive games won ( regular season and playoffs ) 16 wins -- Baltimore Mariners Streak started March 6 , 2010 ( defeated Harrisburg Stampede , 55 -- 48 ) Last win July 25 , 2010 ( defeated Wyoming Cavalry , 57 - 42 ) Note : The streak ended during the 2010 off - season ( team folded ) Consecutive regular season games won 15 wins -- Baltimore Mariners Streak started June 27 , 2009 ( defeated D.C. Armor , 70 -- 22 ) Last win June 26 , 2010 ( defeated Reading Express , 69 - 35 ) Note : The streak ended during the 2010 off - season ( team folded ) United Indoor Football ( edit ) 40 games -- Sioux Falls Storm Streak started July , 2005 Streak ended March 29 , 2008 ( defeated by Omaha Beef , 18 -- 34 ) Rugby league ( edit ) Representative ( edit ) Australian Kangaroos : 30 Test matches Queensland Maroons : 8 State of Origin series Club ( edit ) NSWRL Premierships - St. George Dragons - 11 Premierships from 1956 to 1966 also going undefeated in the year 1959 NSWRL Matches - Eastern Suburbs Roosters ( 19 ) - Apr 13th , 1975 - vs. Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles to Aug 23rd , 1975 - vs. Newtown Jets Super League Championships - Bradford Bulls ( 21 ) - Aug 24th , 1996 - vs. Paris Saint - Germain Rugby League to Aug 22nd , 1997 - vs. Paris St Germain Rugby Union ( edit ) Test matches ( edit ) All nations 24 matches -- Cyprus Streak began on 29 November 2008 with a 37 -- 3 win over Azerbaijan , in Baku , Azerbaijan . Streak ended on 15 November 2014 with a 39 -- 20 loss to Latvia , in Riga , Latvia . `` Tier 1 '' nations 18 matches -- New Zealand Streak began on 15 August 2015 with a 41 -- 13 win over Australia at Eden Park , Auckland , New Zealand . Streak ended on 5 November 2016 with a 40 -- 29 loss to Ireland at Soldier Field , Chicago , United States . 18 matches -- England Streak began on 10 October 2015 with a 60 -- 3 win over Uruguay at City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester , United Kingdom . Streak ended on 18 March 2017 with a 13 -- 9 loss to Ireland at Aviva Stadium , Dublin , Republic of Ireland . Home Test matches ( edit ) 47 consecutive matches -- New Zealand Streak began on 19 September 2009 with a 33 -- 6 win over Australia at Westpac Stadium , Wellington . Streak ended on 1 July 2017 with a 24 -- 21 loss to the British and Irish Lions at Westpac Stadium , Wellington . Gaelic games ( edit ) All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( edit ) 21 games -- Kilkenny Streak started 10 June 2006 Streak ended 5 September 2010 Golf ( edit ) Men 's major championships ( edit ) 4 consecutive wins -- Tiger Woods Streak started 2000 U.S. Open Streak ended 2001 Masters In 1930 , Bobby Jones won the 4 major championships that he , as an amateur , was eligible to enter - the U.S. Open , the Open Championship , the British Amateur Championship and the U.S. Amateur Championship . Woods won what is often designated an official Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam , holding all major championship trophies at one time , but not in the same year . PGA Tour ( edit ) 11 wins -- 1945 Byron Nelson LPGA Tour ( edit ) 5 wins 1978 -- Nancy Lopez 2004 - 2005 -- Annika Sörenstam Gymnastics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men ( edit ) 8 years undefeated in All - Around competition -- Kohei Uchimura Streak started at the 2009 World Championships Streak has not yet ended . As a result of this streak , Uchimura is widely referred to as `` King Kohei '' . 5 consecutive Men 's Team all - around titles at Olympic Games -- Japan Streak started 1960 Tokyo , Japan Streak ended 1980 Moscow , Soviet Union ( boycotted ) Women ( edit ) 10 consecutive Women 's Team all - around titles at Olympic Games -- Soviet Union and Unified Team Streak started 1952 Helsinki , Finland Streak ended 1996 Atlanta , United States Note : excluding boycotted Los Angeles Olympics Handball ( edit ) Women 's Team ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Women 's Handball Championship Russia Streak started 2005 Russia Streak ended 2011 Brazil Soviet Union Streak started 1982 Hungary Streak ended 1993 Norway Hockey ( edit ) Ice hockey ( edit ) Olympics ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals Canada Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany Soviet Union Streak started 1964 Innsbruck , Austria Streak ended 1980 Lake Placid , United States Women 's ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals -- Canada Streak started 2002 Salt Lake City , United States Most recent win 2014 Sochi , Russia World Championships ( edit ) 9 consecutive World Championships -- Soviet Union Streak started 1963 Stockholm , Sweden Streak ended 1972 Prague , Czechoslovakia National hockey League ( edit ) Longest Winning Streak by a Team 17 games -- Pittsburgh Penguins Streak started March 9 , 1993 ( defeated Boston Bruins , 3 -- 2 ) Streak ended April 14 , 1993 ( tied New Jersey Devils , 6 -- 6 ) Note : This 6 - 6 tie ended the regular season . Pittsburgh won an additional three games to start the 1993 playoffs before losing for the first time in 21 games on April 25 , 1993 to New Jersey , 1 -- 4 . Longest Winning Streak By a Goaltender 17 games -- Gilles Gilbert , Boston Bruins Streak started 1975 Streak ended 1976 Longest Unbeaten Streak by a Team 35 Games -- Philadelphia Flyers Streak started October 14 , 1979 ( defeated Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 3 ) Streak ended January 7 , 1980 ( defeated by Minnesota North Stars , 1 -- 7 ) Note : The 35 - game stretch included 10 ties . Canadian hockey League ( edit ) Longest Winning Streak 25 games ( tie ) : - Kitchener Rangers ( Ontario Hockey League ) Streak started Jan. 11 , 1984 Streak ended Mar. 16 , 1984 - Sorel Éperviers ( Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ) Streak started Nov. 23 , 1973 Streak ended Jan. 27 , 1974 Longest Undefeated Streak 31 games -- London Knights ( Ontario Hockey League ) Streak started Sept. 23 , 2004 Streak ended Dec. 12 , 2004 Note : The 31 - game stretch included 2 ties . American Hockey League ( edit ) Consecutive Regular Season Games Won 32 games -- Norfolk Admirals Streak started Feb 10 , 2012 ( defeated Adirondack Phantoms 2 - 0 ) Streak ended Oct 27 , 2012 ( defeated by St. John 's IceCaps 2 - 3 ) Consecutive Games Won ( Regular Season and Playoffs ) 29 games -- Norfolk Admirals Streak started Feb 10 , 2012 ( defeated Adirondack Phantoms 2 - 0 ) Streak ended Apr 21 , 2012 ( defeated by Manchester Monarchs 2 - 5 ) ( Note : The Norfolk Admirals franchise had their affiliation agreement with the Tampa Bay Lightning end after the 2011 - 12 AHL season , losing its entire roster of players in the process . It began a new affiliation with the Anaheim Ducks and the active 28 - game streak carried over into the 2012 - 13 season despite the change ) NCAA Women 's Ice Hockey ( edit ) 62 games -- Minnesota Golden Gophers Streak started February 17 , 2012 Streak ended November 17 , 2013 NCAA Men 's Ice Hockey ( edit ) 43 games -- Bemidji State University Streak started November 8 , 1983 Streak ended January 1 , 1985 Bemidji State also holds the national collegiate records for most wins in an unbeaten season ( 31 - 0 - 0 in 1983 - 1984 ) Federal Hockey League ( edit ) 21 games -- New York Aviators Streak started Dec. 31 , 2010 ( defeated Danbury Whalers 8 -- 1 ) Streak ended February 25 , 2011 ( defeated by Danbury Whalers 1 -- 4 ) Austrian Hockey League ( edit ) 17 games -- EC KAC Streak started Oct. 8 , 2010 Streak ended Dec. 10 , 2010 Elite Ice Hockey League ( edit ) 22 games -- Cardiff Devils Streak started October 30 , 2010 ( defeated Hull Stingrays , 7 -- 4 ) Streak ended January 16 , 2011 ( defeated by Dundee Stars , 1 -- 2 ) British Columbia Hockey League ( edit ) 42 games -- Penticton Vees Streak started November 11 , 2011 ( defeated Trail Smoke Eaters , 7 -- 2 ) Streak ended March 10 , 2012 ( defeated by Prince George Spruce Kings , 2 -- 5 ) Roller Hockey ( edit ) Championship A ( edit ) 5 consecutive gold medals at FIRS Roller Hockey World Cup -- Spain Streak started 2005 San Jose , California , United States Portuguese Primeira Divisão ( edit ) 10 consecutive Portuguese championships - Futebol Clube do Porto Streak started season 2001 / 02 Air Hockey ( edit ) 9 consecutive world championships -- Tim Weissman Streak started 1989 Streak ended 1994 30 consecutive world championships -- United States Streak started 1978 Streak ended 1999 Lacrosse ( edit ) College ( United States ) ( edit ) Pre-NCAA - Men 45 games -- Navy Streak started 1916 ( defeats Harvard 6 - 3 ) Streak ended May 19 , 1923 ( tied Syracuse 2 - 2 ) NCAA Division I - Men 42 games -- Cornell Streak started March 20 , 1976 ( defeats Adelphi 24 - 8 ) Streak ended May 27 , 1978 ( defeated by Johns Hopkins 15 - 8 in the National Championship ) NCAA Division I - Women 43 games -- Maryland Streak started March 7 , 2000 ( defeats Towson 17 - 4 ) Streak ended March 1 , 2002 ( defeated by Duke 9 - 8 ) NCAA Division III - Men 69 games -- Salisbury Streak started April 17 , 2003 ( defeats Mary Washington 17 - 5 ) Streak ended May 21 , 2006 ( defeated by Cortland St. 13 - 12 ( OT ) in the National Championship ) NJCAA - Men 107 games -- Onondaga Streak started March 30 , 2010 ( defeats Broome 19 - 2 ) Streak ended March 12 , 2016 ( defeated by Nassau 10 - 9 ) Men 's Collegiate Lacrosse Association 33 games -- Sonoma State University Streak started February 2002 Streak ended April 2003 National Lacrosse League ( edit ) 22 games -- Buffalo Bandits Streak started Feb. 8 , 1992 Streak ended Feb. 5 , 1994 World Lacrosse Championship ( edit ) Men 's Lacrosse 38 games -- United States Streak started June 18 , 1982 ( defeated Canada , 23 - 12 ) Streak ended July 22 , 2006 ( defeated by Canada , 10 - 15 ) Women 's Lacrosse 15 game -- United States Streak started April 27 , 1997 ( defeated Wales , 13 - 2 ) Streak ended June 26 , 2005 ( tied Australia , 7 - 7 ) Marbles ( edit ) 12 consecutive titles at British and World Marbles Championship -- Toucon Terribles Streak started 1964 West Sussex , England Streak ended 1976 West Sussex , England Mind sports ( edit ) Chess ( edit ) 25 games -- Wilhelm Steinitz Streak started 1873 Streak ended 1882 Memory ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at the World Memory Championship Dominic O'Brien Streak started 1999 London , England Streak ended 2002 London , England Dominic O'Brien Streak started 1995 London , England Streak ended 1998 London , England Pentamind ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at the Mind Sports Olympiad -- Demis Hassabis Streak started 1998 London , England Streak ended 2002 Loughborough , England Racquet sports ( edit ) Badminton ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) 7 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 2006 Madrid , Spain Doubles ( edit ) 3 consecutive titles at World Championships China Streak started 2009 Hyderabad , India Streak ended 2013 Guangzhou , China Indonesia Streak started 1993 Birmingham , England Streak ended 1999 Copenhagen , Denmark Team ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at the World Team Championships China Streak started 2004 Jakarta , Indonesia Indonesia Streak started 1994 Jakarta , Indonesia Streak ended 2004 Jakarta , Indonesia Women 's ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) 8 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 2001 Seville , Spain Streak ended 2013 Guangzhou , China Doubles ( edit ) 11 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1997 Glasgow , United Kingdom 5 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Team ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at the World Team Championships -- China Streak started 1998 Hong Kong , China Streak ended 2010 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Racquetball ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 137 matches -- Kane Waselenchuk Streak started January 2009 Streak ended January 15 , 2012 ( defeated by Rocky Carson ) Women 's ( edit ) 152 matches , 37 tournaments - Paola Longoria Streak started May 1 , 2011 Streak ended October 19 , 2014 Squash ( edit ) 555 matches -- Jahangir Khan Streak started 1981 ( defeated Geoff Hunt ) Streak ended 1986 ( defeated by Ross Norman ) Note : This is the longest winning streak in sports history ( in number of wins ) . NB : Heather McKay ( Australia ) may hold a claim to having the longest winning streak as she went unbeaten for 19 years ( 1962 -- 1981 ) NB : Will L. may hold a claim to having the longest VISA streak as he went unbeaten for 6 weeks before facing Liam Gallagher ( 2016 - 2016 ) College teams ( usa ) ( edit ) 252 team meets -- Trinity College Bantams Squash Team Streak started February 1998 Streak ended January 18 , 2012 ( defeated by Yale ) Considered the longest winning streak in the history of varsity intercollegiate sports in the United States . Table tennis ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Men 's ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) 4 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Viktor Barna Streak started 1932 Prague , Czechoslovakia Streak ended 1936 Prague , Czechoslovakia 6 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Hungary Streak started 1930 , Berlin , Germany Streak ended 1936 Prague , Czechoslovakia Doubles ( edit ) 10 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1993 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2013 Paris , France 5 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea ( Inaugural Competition ) Notes : The doubles events were replaced by team events in 2008 Beijing Olympics . Team ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 2001 Osaka , Japan 2 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 2008 Beijing , China ( Inaugural Competition ) Women 's ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Angelica Rozeanu ( 4 ) Streak started 1950 Budapest , Hungary Streak ended 1956 Tokyo , Japan 8 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea ( Inaugural Competition ) 10 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1995 , Tianjin , China Doubles ( edit ) 6 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Mária Mednyánszky and Anna Sipos Streak started 1930 Berlin , Germany Streak ended 1936 Prague , Czechoslovakia 13 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1989 , Dortmund , Germany 4 consecutive titles at Olympics Games -- China Streak started 1992 Barcelona , Spain Notes : The doubles events were replaced by team events in 2008 Beijing Olympics . Team ( edit ) 8 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1993 Gothenburg , Sweden Streak ended 2010 Moscow , Russia 2 consecutive titles at Olympic Games -- China Streak started 2008 Beijing , China ( Inaugural Competition ) Mixed Doubles ( edit ) 11 consecutive titles at World Championships -- China Streak started 1991 Chiba City , Japan Streak ended 2013 Paris , France Tennis ( edit ) Top level amateur ( edit ) 182 matches -- Suzanne Lenglen Streak started after August 19 , 1921 ( withdrew with whooping cough during match to Molla Mallory at the 1921 U.S. National Championships ) Streak ended May 1926 ( withdrew from 1926 Wimbledon Championships after missing the opening of a third - round match ) The withdrawal in the match to Mallory in 1921 ended a 112 - match winning streak . Between 1919 and 1938 Helen Wills Moody amassed a 398 -- 35 match record , including a winning streak of at least 158 matches , during which she did not lose a set . Professional ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Most consecutive game wins ( edit ) 25 games - 1993 Sergi Bruguera Overall consecutive set wins ( edit ) 39 sets - 1980 Björn Borg Single Tournament set wins ( edit ) 41 sets - Björn Borg , French Open Streak started in 1979 Streak ended in 1981 Overall consecutive match wins ( edit ) 46 matches -- Guillermo Vilas ( Open era record ) Vilas won his 46 consecutive matches all on clay courts . Streak started July 11 , 1977 ( defeated Alvin Gardener in Kitzbühel ) Streak ended Oct 1 , 1977 ( defeated by Ilie Năstase in Aix en Provence ) Consecutive match wins only on one surface ( edit ) Clay courts ( edit ) 81 matches -- Rafael Nadal Grass courts ( edit ) 65 matches -- Roger Federer Hard courts ( edit ) 56 matches -- Roger Federer Indoor courts ( edit ) 66 matches -- Ivan Lendl Women ( edit ) 74 matches -- Martina Navratilova Streak started February 1984 ( defeated Nancy Yeargin ) Streak ended December 1984 ( defeated by Helena Suková ) Note : Chris Evert currently holds the record for the longest winning streak on clay courts ( 125 matches ) , that is also the longest winning streak on single surface ( male or female ) . 10 consecutive US Open women 's doubles titles -- Margaret Osborne duPont Streak started 1941 Streak ended 1951 Wheelchair ( edit ) 470 matches -- Esther Vergeer Streak started January 30 , 2003 Last win September 2012 Note : The streak ended on February 12 , 2013 when Vergeer retired from wheelchair tennis with her winning streak intact . College ( usa ) ( edit ) NCAA Men 's team ( edit ) 137 Matches -- University of Miami Streak started 1957 after loss to Presbyterian , March 23 , 1957 Streak ended April 3 , 1964 with 5 - 4 loss to Princeton ( Note : Miami had won 72 consecutive matches prior to the streak and had a 59 match streak before that . Between 1949 - 1964 Miami won 268 of 270 matches ) Home Winning Streak -- Ohio State University Streak started on April 5 , 2003 . Currently 200 matches . NCAA Women 's Team ( edit ) 89 Matches -- Stanford University Streak started 2003 Streak ended 2007 Rodeo ( edit ) 8 consecutive PRCA World All - Around Champion titles at the National Finals Rodeo -- Trevor Brazile Streak started 2006 Las Vegas , Nevada , United States Bull Riding ( edit ) 309 buckoffs - Red Rock Streak started 1979 ended 1987 17 connective qualified rides - Silvano Alves Volleyball ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Beach volleyball ( edit ) 112 match wins , 19 tournament wins -- Misty May - Treanor and Kerri Walsh , United States Streak started August 24 , 2007 ( defeated Ania Ruiz and Yarleen Santiago ; 21 - 11 , 21 - 9 ) Streak ended August 31 , 2008 ( defeated by Elaine Youngs and Nicole Branagh ; 19 - 21 , 21 - 10 , 23 - 25 ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games -- Misty May - Treanor and Kerri Walsh Streak started 2004 Athens , Greece Indoor Volleyball ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at FIVB Volleyball World Championship Brazil Streak started 2002 Argentina Italy Streak started 1990 Brazil Streak ended 2002 Argentina Women 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at FIVB Volleyball World Championship -- Soviet Union Streak started 1952 Soviet Union Streak ended 1962 Soviet Union 4 consecutive gold medals at FIVB Volleyball World Cup -- Cuba Streak started 1989 Japan Streak ended 2003 Japan 3 consecutive gold medals at Summer Olympics -- Cuba Streak started 1992 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2004 Athens , Greece College Volleyball ( USA ) ( edit ) Division I ( edit ) 109 matches -- Penn State women 's volleyball Streak started September 21 , 2007 ( 5 ) Streak ended September 11 , 2010 by Stanford ( 28 -- 26 , 25 -- 12 , 25 -- 18 ) in Gainesville , Florida Note : winner of 4 consecutive NCAA championships ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Division II ( edit ) 75 matches -- Concordia University , Saint Paul women 's volleyball Streak started August 29 , 2008 vs UC San Diego in 3 - 1 win ( 6 ) Streak ended September 3 , 2010 by Grand Valley State in an 0 - 3 loss ( 7 ) Note : winner of 6 consecutive NCAA championships ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Weightlifting ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Olympics ( edit ) 3 consecutive Olympic gold medals Naim Süleymanoğlu Streak started 1988 Seoul , South Korea Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia Pyrros Dimas Streak started 1992 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2004 Athens , Greece Kakhi Kakhiashvili Streak started 1992 Barcelona , Spain Streak ended 2004 Athens , Greece Halil Mutlu Streak started 1996 Atlanta , United States Streak ended 2008 Beijing , China 7 consecutive heavyweight Olympic titles -- Soviet Union Streak started 1960 Rome , Italy Streak ended 1992 Barcelona , Spain Note : excluding boycotted Los Angeles Olympics 6 consecutive super heavyweight Olympic titles -- Soviet Union Streak started 1972 Munich , West Germany ( Inaugural Competition ) Streak ended 2000 Sydney , Australia Note : excluding boycotted Los Angeles Olympics World Championships ( edit ) 8 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Vasiliy Alekseyev Streak started 1970 Columbus , USA Streak ended 1978 Gettysburg , USA Winter sports ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled List of winning streaks at the Olympics . ( Discuss ) ( August 2016 ) Biathlon ( edit ) 8 consecutive women 's relay World Championships -- USSR Streak started 1984 Chamonix , France Streak ended 1993 Borovets , Bulgaria Curling ( edit ) Men 's Team ( edit ) 6 consecutive gold medals at World Curling Championships -- Canada Streak started 1959 Falkirk , Perth & Edinburgh , Scotland Streak ended 1965 Perth , Scotland 3 consecutive gold medals at Winter Olympics -- Canada Streak started 2006 Turin , Italy Women 's Team ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at World Curling Championships -- Canada Streak started 1984 Perth , Scotland Streak ended 1988 Glasgow , Scotland Figure skating ( edit ) 3 consecutive Olympic gold medals Sonja Henie Streak started 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland Streak ended 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland Irina Rodnina Streak started 1972 Sapporo , Japan Streak ended 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia Gillis Grafström Streak started 1920 Antwerp , Belgium Streak ended 1932 Lake Placid , USA Ladies ( edit ) 10 consecutive titles at World Figure Skating Championships -- Sonja Henie Streak started 1927 Oslo , Norway Streak ended 1937 London , England Pairs ( edit ) 10 consecutive titles at World Figure Skating Championships -- Irina Rodnina Streak started 1969 Colorado Springs , USA Streak ended 1979 Vienna , Austria -- won by Tai Babilonia and Randy Gardner Note : winner of three consecutive Olympic titles from 1972 to 1980 10 consecutive titles at European Figure Skating Championships -- Irina Rodnina Streak started 1969 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , West Germany Streak ended 1979 Zagreb , Yugoslavia -- won by Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakhrai 12 consecutive Olympic titles -- USSR , Unified Team and Russia Streak started 1964 Innsbruck , Austria -- Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov Streak ended 2010 Vancouver , Canada -- won by Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo Note : this streak includes a win reduced to a draw after the 2002 Olympics . 14 consecutive titles at World Figure Skating Championships -- USSR Streak started 1965 Colorado Springs , USA Streak ended 1979 Vienna , Austria 17 consecutive titles at European Figure Skating Championships -- USSR Streak started 1965 Moscow , USSR Streak ended 1982 Lyon , France Luge ( edit ) Men 's Single ( edit ) 3 consecutive men 's singles World Championships -- Germany Streak started 2007 Igls , Austria Streak ended 2011 Cesana , Italy Women 's Team ( edit ) 105 consecutive women 's World Cup races -- Germany ( 8 ) Streak started December 6 , 1997 Igls , Austria Streak ended February 12 , 2011 Paramonovo , Russia Women 's Single ( edit ) 11 consecutive women 's singles World Championships -- Germany Streak started 1995 Lillehammer , Norway Streak ended 2009 Lake Placid , United States Doubles ( edit ) 5 consecutive double 's World Championships -- East Germany Streak started 1981 Hammarstrand , Sweden Streak ended 1990 Calgary , Alberta , Canada Mixed Team Relay ( edit ) 10 consecutive mixed team relay World Championships -- Germany Streak started 2000 St. Moritz , Switzerland Skiing ( edit ) Alpine skiing ( edit ) Alpine Skiing Combined ( edit ) Women 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Winter Olympics -- Austria Streak started 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland Streak ended 1992 Albertville , France Downhill ( edit ) Women 's ( edit ) 11 consecutive wins in FIS World Cup -- Annemarie Moser - Pröll , Austria Streak started December 1972 Streak ended January 1974 Giant Slalom ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 14 consecutive wins in FIS World Cup -- Ingemar Stenmark , Sweden Streak started March 18 , 1978 Streak ended January 21 , 1980 3 consecutive gold medals at Winter Olympics -- Austria Streak started 1998 Nagano , Japan Streak ended 2010 Vancouver , Canada Slalom ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Winter Olympics -- Austria Streak started 1952 Oslo , Norway Streak ended 1968 Grenoble , France Super-G ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) 4 consecutive gold medals at Winter Olympics -- Norway Streak started 2002 Salt Lake City , United States Women 's ( edit ) 3 consecutive gold medals at Winter Olympics -- Austria Streak started 2006 Turin , Italy Freestyle skiing ( edit ) 16 consecutive wins in FIS World Cup moguls skiing ( individual and dual moguls ) -- Hannah Kearney , United States Streak started Jan. 22 , 2011 Lake Placid , United States Streak ended Feb. 19 , 2012 by Audrey Robichaud Speed skating ( edit ) Long track ( edit ) 53 consecutive 5000 m races -- Hjallis Andersen ( 9 ) Streak started 19 March 1949 Tromsø , Norway Streak ended 2 January 1954 Bislett Stadion in Oslo , Norway ( fall ) 15 consecutive 10000m World Championships -- Netherlands Streak started 1996 by Gianni Romme in Hamar , Norway ( first time contested ) Last win 2013 by Jorrit Bergsma in Sochi , Russia 9 consecutive men 's all - round World Championships -- Netherlands Streak started 1995 by Rintje Ritsma in Baselga di Pinè , Italy Streak ended 2004 by Chad Hedrick in Hamar , Norway 4 consecutive men 's all - round World Championships -- Sven Kramer ( twice ) Streak started 2007 Heerenveen , Netherlands Streak ended 2011 Calgary , Canada ( Kramer did not participate due to injury ) Kramer also won the 2012 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 championships . 15 consecutive women 's all - round World Championships -- Soviet Union Streak started 1952 by Khalida Shchegoleyeva in Kokkola , Finland Streak ended 1967 by Stien Kaiser in Deventer , Netherlands 5 consecutive women 's all - round World Championships -- Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Streak started 1995 Savalen , Norway Streak ended 2000 by Claudia Pechstein in Milwaukee , United States Niemann - Stirnemann also won the championships from 1991 to 1993 . Short track ( edit ) 5 consecutive titles at World Championships -- Viktor Ahn Streak started 2003 Warsaw , Poland Columbus , USA Streak ended 2008 Gangneung , South Korea 83 consecutive world cup , world championship , and Olympic 500 m races -- Wang Meng ( 10 ) Streak started September 30 , 2005 Hangzhou , China Streak ended February 8 , 2009 Sofia , Bulgaria ( fall in semifinals ) Note : Wang Meng also has the longest Short Track Speed Skating World Cup winning streak with six wins on the 500 m between 2005 and 2010 See also ( edit ) Losing streak ( sport ) Perfect season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Rothenberg , Unbeaten Since 2003 , Wheelchair Champ Retires , New York Times , February 12 , 2013 Jump up ^ Win Streaks at Association of Road Racing Statisticians website Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : King Carl had long , golden reign '' . Espn.go.com. 1961 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ The estimate ranges from 140 ( Guinness Book of records before 1990 ) to 150 ( same publication after that ) . She herself mentions a 142 competition streak . Jump up ^ Michael J. Fuller . `` Mulsanne 's Corner : 1988 - 1990 Nissan GTP ZX - T '' . Mulsannescorner.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` FIA World Championship for Drivers '' . WRC.com . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programme 2013 '' . www.sebastienloeb.com . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Argentina defeats NBA - laden Team USA - USA Today , 4 September 2002 Jump up ^ http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v2sum.pdf Jump up ^ `` TOP 10 TEAMS IN NBA HISTORY 1971 - 72 Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` UConn Huskies ' NCAA - record winning streak : 107 and counting '' . espn.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Before UConn , Before U.C.L.A. , There Was Wayland Baptist '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/w_basketball_RB/2014/DII.pdf Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/w_basketball_RB/2014/DIII.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.halloffame.mb.ca/honouredmembers/inductee.php?id=461&criteria_sort=name ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Men 's Basketball Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kentucky Herald - Leader Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/2014/D2.pdf Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/2014/D3.pdf Jump up ^ `` Athinaikos enters the Guinness book of records '' . eurobasket.com . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Τέλος στο ρεκόρ Γκίνες του Αθηναϊκού ! '' . sentragoal.gr . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Club Records and Statistics '' . arisbc.gr . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants Timeline '' . SFGiants.com . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 NCAA Baseball Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://butlergrizzlies.com/sports/sball/2015-16/releases/20160303ta35o5 Jump up ^ http://butlergrizzlies.com/sports/sball/2016-17/releases/20170507y9c9xr Jump up ^ Venkatramani , V. , The Roar , `` Highlights from our record WC streak '' , 9th March 2011 , Retrieved March 27th 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN Cricinfo Combined Test , ODI and T20I records , team records , Most consecutive wins , Retrieved 27th March 2011 . Jump up ^ ESPN Cricinfo Twenty20 matches , team records , most consecutive wins , Retrieved 27th March 2011 . Jump up ^ The official World Rowing Database Longest Winning Streaks by rower , Retrieved 4th September 2013 . Jump up ^ The United States women make really fast eights at worldrowing.com Jump up ^ `` Rowing Videos , Photos , News , Events , Records '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Julio César Chávez 's record at BoxRec.com Jump up ^ Historic boxing statistics at theboxinghistorian.com Archived November 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wilde 's record at BoxRec.com Jump up ^ Pedro Carrasco 's record at BoxRec.com Jump up ^ Sugar Ray Robinson 's record at BoxRec.com Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE alumni profile '' . WWE . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Conner , Floyd ( 2000 ) . `` Gridiron Grapplers '' . Football 's Most Wanted ( 1st ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Potomac Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 309 - 1 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scherer , Dave ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Is WWE dissing Undertaker , pushing Dean , Goldberg 's streak and more '' . PWInsider . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alvarez & R.D. Reynolds . The Death Of WCW . Toronto : ECW Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 661 - 4 . As it turned out , in a lame effort to make his streak appear more meaningful , the company had started to add imaginary numbers to the total . This had the exact opposite of its intended effect ... fans figured out that the streak number had become fiction . Jump up ^ Kevin PowersPage 11 of 11March 06 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) . `` 10 great streaks that came to an end '' . WWE.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Joe Smith RivalsHigh . `` Rivals.com - 34 - year winning streak halted '' . Highschool.rivals.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Florida high school wrestling team 's streak ends after 459 straight victories '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Thoroughbred Times '' . Thoroughbred Times . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Spain matches , ratings and points exchanged '' . Eloratings.net . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Member Association - Brazil '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ 1995 Copa América Final Jump up ^ Sparta Prague reportedly won at least 51 consecutive games between 1920 and 1923 , but the records for the games in Czechoslovakia at that time are not conclusive . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Graham ( 2008 - 02 - 22 ) . `` The Longest Winning Streaks in Football History '' . Soccerlens . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Al - Faysali 's series of 32 matches unbeaten ( all wins ! ) in the Jordan League at Rec. Sport. Soccer Jump up ^ Al - Faisaly appears to have a 32 or 33 game overall winning streak from 20 August 2001 to 30 June 2002 , including matches played in the Jordan League , Jordan FA Cup , Jordan Super Cup , and Jordan Shield Cup ( 1 ) , but according to Guinness the team entered a tournament during this time where they drew or lost a game before withdrawing from it Jump up ^ `` Металлург Д -- Шахтер : рекорды поднимают планки : 11.11. 12 '' . Shakhtar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smitt , Rikard ( 2009 ) . Ända sen gamla dagar ... Project Management AB . ISBN 978 - 91 - 633 - 5767 - 1 . pp. 273 -- 274 . ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ Bayern 's records this season ( so far ) at uefa.com Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2614946-5-of-the-longest-winning-runs-in-world-football Jump up ^ http://www.fcbarcelona.com/web/english/noticies/futbol/temporada10-11/01/29/n110129115418.html '' Jump up ^ http://la.galaxy.mlsnet.com/news/team_news.jsp?ymd=20071017&content_id=123994&vkey=news_lag&fext=.jsp&team=t106 Jump up ^ http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/article/monaco-tear-apart-marseille.htm Jump up ^ `` Guarani tem a maior sequência de vitórias na história do Brasileirão '' . Futebolinterior.com.br . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bagan 's unbeaten run continues '' . The Hindu . 2015 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/football/wanderers-surpass-longest-winning-streak-as-bottom-placed-wellington-makes-leader-leader-work/story-fnddhv0x-1226594285054 Jump up ^ Unbeaten in the Domestic League at The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation website Jump up ^ Steaua 's series of 104 matches unbeaten in the Divizia A at the RSSSF website Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://static.psbin.com/8/s/tziza0frrck584/Year_by_Year_Results.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Official 2012 NCAA Division I Football Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NCAA Football Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 117 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.gohuskies.com/photos/schools/wash/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/WASH_FB_Records.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ottawacitizen.com/sports/football/grey-cup-2012/Rouge+their+revenge+defeat+Marauders/7603827/story.html Jump up ^ http://wc2007.info/777/game4_e.html ^ Jump up to : `` Test matches : Most consecutive wins '' . ESPN Scrum . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 : Boston goalie Gilles Gilbert extends his NHL - record '' . Chicago Tribune . February 29 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.chl.ca/page/longest-winning-streak Jump up ^ http://www.chl.ca/page/longest-undefeated-streak Jump up ^ http://www.norfolkadmirals.com/pressbox.php?id=game_summary Jump up ^ http://hamptonroads.com/2012/06/admirals-parent-club-switches-affiliation-syracuse Jump up ^ http://www.wvec.com/my-city/norfolk/Norfolk-Admirals--159931485.html Jump up ^ Minnesota Golden Gophers women 's ice hockey Jump up ^ http://www.erstebankliga.at/8f234634abc92fd30763c1e63b89d9bf.html?arrSave%5bArticleID%5d=6126 Jump up ^ http://suseagulls.com/sports/mlax/index Jump up ^ http://onondagalazers.com/schedule.aspx?schedule=42&mobile=skip&print=true&version=1 Jump up ^ http://laxmagazine.com/college_men/juco/2015-16/news/031216_nassau_ends_onondaga_streak_at_107_games Jump up ^ http://www.uslacrosse.org/portals/1/documents/pdf/team-usa/mnt-media-guide.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.uslacrosse.org/portals/1/documents/pdf/team-usa/wnt-media-guide.pdf Jump up ^ John Otis , Self - Taught Racquetball Player Is in a Class by Himself , New York Times , February 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ http://mexico.cnn.com/deportes/2014/10/19/la-mexicana-paola-longoria-ve-caer-su-invicto-de-41-meses-en-raquetbol Jump up ^ Anne Bello , Yale Men Defeat Trinity Squash , Ending Record - Breaking Streak , January 18 , 2012 , at collegesquashassociation.com . Jump up ^ Bud Collins , Suzanne Lenglen , in `` The Bud Collins History of Tennis '' , New Chapter Press , 2010 , ISBN 0942257707 Jump up ^ Tonald Atkin , Suzan Lenglen , at wimbledon.com Jump up ^ Billie Jean King with Cynthia Starr ( 1988 ) . We Have Come a Long Way : The Story of Women 's Tennis . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 034625 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Guillermo Vilas 1977 playing activity at atpworldtour.com Jump up ^ `` Penn State 's win streak ends at 109 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . 2010 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Netherlands also won 12 of the 15 silver medals over this period Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winning_streak_(sports)&oldid=801050783 '' Categories : Sports terminology Playoff streaks Terminology used in multiple sports Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles that may be too long from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles to be split from August 2016 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning%20streak%20%28sports%29	2,475
who played jessica in man from snowy river	The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . The film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly .	Sigrid Thornton	The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film )	the man from snowy river ( 1982 film )	The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian drama film based on the Banjo Paterson poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' . The film had a cast including Kirk Douglas in a dual role as the brothers Harrison ( a character who appeared frequently in Paterson 's poems ) and Spur , Jack Thompson as Clancy , Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig , Sigrid Thornton as Harrison 's daughter Jessica , Terence Donovan as Jim 's father Henry Craig , and Chris Haywood as Curly .	Both Burlinson and Thornton later reprised their roles in the 1988 sequel , The Man from Snowy River II , which was released by Walt Disney Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Awards and nominations 6 Soundtrack 7 Box office 8 Legacy 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) When Jim Craig and his father Henry are discussing their finances , a herd of wild horses called the Brumby mob passes by , and Henry wants to shoot the black stallion leader , but Jim convinces his father to capture and sell them . The next morning the mob reappears and Henry is accidentally killed . Before Jim can inherit the station , a group of mountain men tell him that he must first earn the right -- and to do so he must go to the lowlands and work . Jim meets an old friend called Spur , a one - legged miner . Jim then gets a job on a station owned by Harrison , Spur 's brother , on a recommendation by Harrison 's friend . Meanwhile , Clancy appears at Spur 's mine and the two discuss their pasts and futures . Clancy goes to Harrison 's station to lead a cattle muster . At dinner , Harrison tells Clancy that `` he has no brother '' when referring to Spur . Harrison organizes a round - up of his cattle , but Jim is not allowed to go . While the others are gone , Harrison 's daughter Jessica asks Jim to help her break in a prize colt . The mob appears again , and Jim unsuccessfully gives chase to the valuable horse . When Harrison returns , he sends Jim to bring back 20 strays . Later , Harrison learns of Jim 's actions and tells Jessica that Jim will be fired and that she will be sent to a women 's college . Impulsively , she rides off into the mountains where she is caught in a storm . Spur , meanwhile , finally strikes a large gold deposit . Jim finds Jessica 's horse and rescues her . She tells him that he 's going to be fired , but he still leaves to return the cattle . Jessica is surprised at meeting Spur , her uncle , whom she had never been told about . She is also confused when Spur mistakes her for her dead mother and refuses to tell her anything about his past . After returning , Jessica learns that Spur and Harrison both fell in love with her mother , Matilda . Matilda declared that the first to make his fortune would be her husband . Spur went looking for gold , while Harrison bet his life savings on a horse race . Harrison became rich overnight when the horse he bet on won . Having made his fortune , Harrison wed Matilda , but she died while delivering Jessica . Harrison is grateful to Jim for returning his daughter , but he becomes angry when Jim says he loves her . As Jim leaves , a prized colt is let loose by a farmhand in the hope that Jim will be blamed . Later , while camping out , Spur tells Jim that he will inherit his father 's share of the mine . Clancy joins them and informs them of the colt , but Jim refuses to retrieve the animal . Meanwhile , Harrison offers a reward of ₤ 100 , attracting riders and fortune - hunters from every station in the area . Clancy does eventually show , accompanied by Jim , whom Harrison finally allows to join the hunt . Several riders have accidents in pursuit and even Clancy is unable to contain the Brumby mob . The riders give up when the mob descends a seemingly impassable grade . However , Jim goes forward and returns the horses to Harrison 's farm . Harrison offers him the reward but he refuses . Having cleared his name , Jim would like to return some day for the horses and , looking at Jessica , `` anything else that 's mine . '' He rides back up to the mountain country , knowing that he has earned his right to live there . Cast ( edit ) Tom Burlinson as Jim Craig Sigrid Thornton as Jessica Harrison Kirk Douglas as Harrison / Spur Terence Donovan as Henry Craig Tommy Dysart as Mountain Man Bruce Kerr as Man in Street David Bradshaw as Banjo Paterson Jack Thompson as Clancy Tony Bonner as Kane June Jago as Mrs. Bailey Chris Haywood as Curly Kristopher Steele as Moss Gus Mercurio as Frew Howard Eynon as Shorry Lorraine Bayly as Rosemary Hume Production ( edit ) Craig 's Hut undergoing reconstruction in 2007 According to Geoff Burrowes , the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie . Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay . All three men had worked together in television ; another former TV colleague , Simon Wincer , became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget . The screenplay contains numerous references to Banjo Paterson , aside from using his poem `` The Man from Snowy River '' as the source material and his inclusion as a character in the film . For example , the numerous references to the late Matilda are likely a reference to the song `` Waltzing Matilda '' , which was written by Paterson . In addition , the melody for `` Waltzing Matilda '' can be heard near the end of the film . A Bible Passage from Genesis 30 : 27 , which talks about cattle , goats , and sheep is read aloud in a scene in the middle of the film . Burt Lancaster and Robert Mitchum were considered for the dual role of Harrison and Spur before Kirk Douglas was cast in the roles . The movie was not shot in the actual Snowy Mountains but in the Victorian High Country near Mansfield , Victoria , where Burrowes ' wife 's family had lived for several generations , which was logistically easier . Tom Burlinson has confirmed that it was definitely him who rode the horse over the side of the mountain for the `` terrible descent '' during the dangerous ride -- commenting that he had been asked about this numerous times , and that he became known as `` The Man from Snowy River '' because of his ride . Remarkably , Burlinson had never ridden a horse before being cast in the film and the `` terrible descent '' was a one - take shot at full gallop down the cliff face . Burlinson performed all of his own stunts in the film . The Craigs ' Hut building was a permanent fixture created for the film . Located in Clear Hills , east of Mount Stirling , Victoria , the popular 4WD and hiking landmark was destroyed on 11 December 2006 in bushfires . The hut has since been rebuilt . The film was selected for preservation as part of the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia 's Kodak / Atlab Cinema Collection Restoration Project . Reception ( edit ) The film `` was released to a fair degree of critical acclaim '' and `` moviegoers found it to be a likable and highly entertaining piece of filmmaking that made no effort to hide its Australian roots , despite the presence of American star Kirk Douglas in one of the principal roles . '' The film has a rating of 80 % on film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes . One review of the movie comments : The Australian film industry has been responsible for many decent films for decades ( and some utter crap , of course ) , but the percentage with international appeal is quite small . That is changing , and it is films such as The Man From Snowy River that have ensured ongoing interest . The film was inspired by the ' Banjo ' Paterson poem of the same name , and stars numerous respected local talents and a Hollywood big name star in Kirk Douglas , playing two roles . The two standouts of this film are the majestic mountain scenery , and the final chase scenes with that awe - inspiring horse ride down the mountainside . The film stars many big names and familiar faces including Gus Mercurio ( Paul 's father ) , Lorraine Bayley ( The Sullivans ) , Tony Bonner ( Skippy ) and Chris Haywood . The sets and costumes are also great , the script is strong , and the various threads that run through the film are well handled . Box office ( edit ) Kirk Douglas later sued Burrowes for a share of the profits . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1982 AFI Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Won 1982 Montreal World Film Festival Award for Most Popular Film -- ( awarded to George T. Miller ) Won 1984 APRA Award for Best Original Music Score -- ( awarded to Bruce Rowland ) Nominated for 1982 AFI Award for Best Achievement in Sound Nominated for 1983 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film Australia Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack ) Bruce Rowland composed the music for the film . He also composed the music for the sequel . 2000 Summer Olympics -- Bruce Rowland composed a special Olympics version of The Man from Snowy River `` Main Title '' for the Olympic Games , which were held in Sydney . The CD of the music for the Sydney Olympics includes the Bruce Rowland 's special Olympic version of the main title . Bruce Rowland composed special arrangements of some of the film soundtrack music for the 2002 musical version of The Man from Snowy River , The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular . Box office ( edit ) The Man from Snowy River grossed $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia . Legacy ( edit ) As indicated by its box office takings , The Man from Snowy River gained a very large audience , popularizing the story and Banjo Paterson 's poem . Since 1995 the story has been re-enacted at The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival in Corryong , Victoria . Jack Thompson who played Clancy in the film has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including Clancy of the Overflow and The Man from Snowy River on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David Stratton , The Avocado Plantation : Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry , Pan MacMillan , 1990 , pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ `` LIFE STYLE Man From Snowy River -- ' a remarkable movie ' . '' . The Canberra Times ( ACT : 1926 - 1995 ) . ACT : National Library of Australia . 26 January 1983 . p. 20 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young actors tipped for plum roles . '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly ( 1933 -- 1982 ) . National Library of Australia . 19 November 1980 . p. 32 Supplement : FREE Your TV Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIDE THE HIGH COUNTRY . '' . Filmnews ( Sydney , NSW : 1975 -- 1995 ) . Sydney , NSW : National Library of Australia . 1 September 1982 . p. 8 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ON THE SET OF ' THE MAN FROM SNOWY RIVER ( ? ) . '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly ( 1933 - 1982 ) . 1933 - 1982 : National Library of Australia . 6 May 1981 . p. 16 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ How The Hell Did We Get Here ? -- The Baby Boomers Guide to the Movies Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , 11 December 2006 , Bushfires ravage iconic Craig 's Hut Jump up ^ http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/manfromsnowyriver.php Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/man_from_snowy_river/ Jump up ^ http://www.dvd.net.au/review.cgi?review_id=3982 The Man From Snowy River ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ `` Douglas has been paid , says producer . '' . The Canberra Times ( ACT : 1926 - 1995 ) . ACT : National Library of Australia . 30 August 1983 . p. 15 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Film Victoria - Australian Films at the Australian Box Office Jump up ^ The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival Jump up ^ `` The Bush Poems of A.B. ( Banjo ) Paterson at Fine Poets '' External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) The Man from Snowy River on IMDb The Man from Snowy River at the TCM Movie Database The Man from Snowy River at AllMovie The Man from Snowy River on australianscreen online The Man from Snowy River at the National Film and Sound Archive The Man from Snowy River Fan Site at manfromsnowyriver.net The Man from Snowy River at Oz movies AACTA Award for Best Original Music Score 1975 -- 2000 The Cars That Ate Paris and The Great McCarthy -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1975 ) Not awarded ( 1976 ) The Picture Show Man -- Peter Best ( 1977 ) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith -- Bruce Smeaton ( 1978 ) Mad Max -- Brian May ( 1979 ) Manganinnie -- Peter Sculthorpe ( 1980 ) Fatty Finn -- Rory O'Donoghue and Grahame Bond ( 1981 ) The Man from Snowy River -- Bruce Rowland ( 1982 ) Phar Lap -- Bruce Rowland ( 1983 ) Street Hero -- Garth Porter and Bruce Smeaton ( 1984 ) Rebel -- Ray Cook , Chris Neal , Peter Best , Billy Byers , Bruce Rowland ( 1985 ) Young Einstein -- William Motzing and Martin Armiger ( 1986 ) The Tale of Ruby Rose -- Paul Schütze ( 1987 ) The Lighthorsemen -- Mario Millo ( 1988 ) Dead Calm -- Graeme Revell ( 1989 ) The Big Steal -- Phil Judd ( 1990 ) Dingo -- Michel Legrand and Miles Davis ( 1991 ) Romper Stomper -- John Clifford White ( 1992 ) The Piano -- Michael Nyman ( 1993 ) Traps -- Douglas Stephen Rae ( 1994 ) Hotel Sorrento -- Nerida Tyson - Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Banjo Paterson 's `` The Man from Snowy River '' - the Poem and its adaptations Films The Man from Snowy River ( 1920 silent ) The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 sequel ) Stage Musical The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 musical ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 DVD film of the musical ) CD Recordings The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film soundtrack ) Return to Snowy River ( 1988 film soundtrack ) The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( 2002 original cast recording ) Television The Man from Snowy River ( 1993 TV series ) Films directed by George T. Miller The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) The Aviator ( 1985 ) Cool Change ( 1986 ) Les Patterson Saves the World ( 1987 ) The NeverEnding Story II : The Next Chapter ( 1990 ) A Mom for Christmas ( 1990 ) In the Nick of Time ( 1991 ) Over the Hill ( 1992 ) Frozen Assets ( 1992 ) Gross Misconduct ( 1993 ) Andre ( 1994 ) Zeus and Roxanne ( 1997 ) Tidal Wave : No Escape ( 1997 ) Robinson Crusoe ( 1997 ) Cybermutt ( 2002 ) Attack of the Sabretooth ( 2005 ) Prey ( 2009 ) The Films of Geoff Burrowes The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) Anzacs ( 1985 ) ( TV mini series ) Cool Change ( 1985 ) Running from the Guns ( 1987 ) Backstage ( 1988 ) The Man from Snowy River II ( 1988 ) Run ( 1991 ) Bruce Rowland The Man from Snowy River ( soundtracks and music ) The Man from Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1982 film ) Return to Snowy River ( soundtrack of the 1988 sequel film The Man from Snowy River II ) Special Olympics version of the main theme from The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 film ) for the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony The Man from Snowy River : Arena Spectacular ( soundtrack of the 2002 stage musical ) Other soundtracks Phar Lap ( soundtrack ) All the Rivers Run ( soundtrack ) The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(1982_film)&oldid=798106384 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s drama films 1980s Western ( genre ) films 20th Century Fox films Australian drama films Australian films Australian Western ( genre ) films Directorial debut films Films about horses Films based on poems Films based on works by Australian writers Films directed by George T. Miller Films set in colonial Australia Films set in Victoria ( Australia ) The Man from Snowy River Hidden categories : Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20from%20Snowy%20River%20%281982%20film%29	2,476
when does the second jurassic world come out	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Colin Trevorrow Derek Connolly Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard B.D. Wong James Cromwell Ted Levine Justice Smith Geraldine Chaplin Daniella Pineda Toby Jones Rafe Spall Isabella Sermon Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English	June 22 , 2018	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom	jurassic world : fallen kingdom	Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is an upcoming American science fiction adventure film directed by J.A. Bayona . The film is a sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) and is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . The film features Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returning as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar , located off Central America 's Pacific Coast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in England and Hawaii .	Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , and B.D. Wong will reprise their roles from the previous film , with James Cromwell , Ted Levine , Justice Smith , Geraldine Chaplin , Daniella Pineda , Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Isabella Sermon joining the cast . Jeff Goldblum will reprise his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the original film and its 1997 sequel . Universal Pictures has scheduled the film to be released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) After the demise of the Jurassic World theme park on Isla Nublar , the dinosaurs roam freely on the island for four years until a volcanic eruption threatens their existence . Claire Dearing ( Bryce Dallas Howard ) , the former park manager , has now founded the Dinosaur Protection Group , an organization dedicated to saving the dinosaurs . She recruits Owen Grady ( Chris Pratt ) , a former dinosaur trainer who worked at the park , to help her rescue the remaining dinosaurs from the island . Owen also attempts to locate Blue , the last remaining of the four raptors he trained , but he and Claire discover a conspiracy that endangers both humanity and the dinosaurs . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady , a Navy veteran and former dinosaur trainer . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing , the former park manager for Jurassic World , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group in order to evacuate the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu , the former head geneticist at Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . James Cromwell as Benjamin Lockwood , John Hammond 's partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Ted Levine Justice Smith as a young scientist and a member of the Dinosaur Protection Group . Geraldine Chaplin Daniella Pineda as a member of the Dinosaur Protection Group . Toby Jones Rafe Spall as Eli Mills Isabella Sermon Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm , an expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He 's more like a cameo - he does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Kevin Layne as a submarine pilot Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow hinted that Chris Pratt and Omar Sy could reprise their roles for the next film and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt is signed on for future films in the series , as is Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left story possibilities open for the sequel 's director that could potentially allow the film to take place in a different location , rather than on an island . Trevorrow hinted that the next film could involve dinosaurs being used by other companies for non-entertainment purposes , possibly in agriculture , medicine , and war : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Studios to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing together . That same month , Trevorrow hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production ( edit ) On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film is scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date . It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island . That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard confirmed that the script was being written . That same month , it was also announced that the film will be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . In October 2015 , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . That month , Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By that time , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could be a candidate to direct the film after he left the World War Z sequel . In March 2016 , it was reported that London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . On April 21 , 2016 , it was confirmed that filming would take place at a UK studio . In May 2016 , Trevorrow said , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' In July 2016 , it was confirmed that the film 's working title is Ancient Futures , and that production will begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . That same month , Marshall confirmed that the film was in full pre-production , with storyboards being designed and filming expected to begin in early spring 2017 . In September 2016 , Trevorrow announced that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow said that the film will feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and also denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . That same month , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . In October 2016 , Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' That month , Bayona stated that he compares the sequel to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . In November 2016 , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back . '' Later that month , Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film , while Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer . In 2017 , Trevorrow announced that the original T. rex from the first film and Jurassic World will be once again returning for this film , while a leak stated that the sequel would center around Blue , the last surviving raptor from Jurassic World , and Owen stopping her from being used for violence . Writing ( edit ) Trevorrow and Connolly began work on the script and devised the basic story during a road trip that they took in June 2015 , immediately after the release of Jurassic World . Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . In September 2015 , Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Michael Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and its sequel , The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Marshall said that Bayona had incorporated his own ideas into the film 's script , but stated that it is essentially the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . In September 2016 , Trevorrow said that the film would be based on concepts from the novels and would include dialogue from the first novel . Trevorrow also stated that the story would be heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' Jeff Goldblum later had dialogue from the novel version of his character added into the film 's script . Casting ( edit ) In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . On November 7 , 2016 , Toby Jones and Rafe Spall were reported to be in discussions about joining the cast for unspecified roles . By that time , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . On December 1 , 2016 , it was reported that Justice Smith had signed on to portray the role of a young scientist . Jones and Spall were also confirmed to have joined the film at that point . In January 2017 , Daniella Pineda was cast in an unspecified lead role . In February 2017 , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in unspecified roles , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . On April 25 , 2017 , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming ( edit ) Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . A majority of filming in England was to take place at Pinewood Studios . Production also took place in Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Animatronics were used to depict many of the dinosaurs . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England . Later that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England . Scenes were scheduled to be filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . Goldblum began filming his scenes on the same day . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 9 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes at Pinewood Studios , and concluded his shoot on the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Filming in Hawaii began on June 13 , 2017 . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole . Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard were seen on the ocean beach during filming of Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . Release ( edit ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for release on June 22 , 2018 , with an early release in the United Kingdom on June 7 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . Licensing partners include Mattel , Lego , and Funko , which are expected to create toys based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , is scheduled to be released simultaneously with the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . 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Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Making waves ! Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard struggle through the surf as they film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom in Hawaii '' . Daily Mail . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blain , Louise ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Life finds a way . Jurassic World Evolution might just be the game that the movies deserve '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar J.A. Bayona Films directed The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Television Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=821843627 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films American films American adventure films American science fiction films American sequel films Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Dinosaur films Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Upcoming adventure films Upcoming science fiction films Upcoming sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films scored by Michael Giacchino Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 23 : 22 . 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what's the latest season of rupaul's drag race	Season Premiere Date Finale Date Winner Runner ( s ) - up Miss Congeniality Winner Prizes February 2 , 2009 March 23 , 2009 BeBe Zahara Benet Nina Flowers $20,000 , courtesy of the V&S Group ( producers of Absolut Vodka ) and MAC Cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks A photo - spread in Paper magazine A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels February 1 , 2010 April 26 , 2010 Tyra Sanchez Raven Pandora Boxx $25,000 A lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of NYXCosmetics.com Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks A one - year contract with LGBT public relations firm Project Publicity A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels January 24 , 2011 May 2 , 2011 Raja Manila Luzon Yara Sofia $75,000 A lifetime supply of Kryolan make - up Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels January 30 , 2012 April 30 , 2012 Sharon Needles Chad Michaels Phi Phi O'Hara Latrice Royale $100,000 A lifetime supply of NYX cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 5 January 28 , 2013 May 6 , 2013 Jinkx Monsoon Alaska Roxxxy Andrews Ivy Winters $100,000 A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 6 February 24 , 2014 May 19 , 2014 Bianca Del Rio Adore Delano Courtney Act BenDeLaCreme $100,000 A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 7 March 2 , 2015 June 1 , 2015 Violet Chachki Ginger Minj Pearl Katya $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 8 March 7 , 2016 May 16 , 2016 Bob the Drag Queen Kim Chi Naomi Smalls Cynthia Lee Fontaine $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 9 March 24 , 2017 June 23 , 2017 Sasha Velour Peppermint Valentina $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown and sceptre from Shandar Fashion Accessories & Shoes 10 March 22 , 2018 June 28 , 2018 Aquaria Eureka Kameron Michaels Monét X Change $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown and scepter from Fierce Drag Jewels	10	RuPaul 's Drag Race	rupaul's drag race	RuPaul 's Drag Race is an American reality competition television series produced by World of Wonder for Logo TV and , beginning with the ninth season , VH1 . The show documents RuPaul in the search for `` America 's next drag superstar . '' RuPaul plays the role of host , mentor , and head judge for this series , as contestants are given different challenges each week . RuPaul 's Drag Race employs a panel of judges , including RuPaul , Michelle Visage , Ross Mathews , Carson Kressley , and a host of other guest judges , who critique contestants ' progress throughout the competition . The title of the show is a play on drag queen and drag racing , and the title sequence and song `` Drag Race '' both have a drag - racing theme .	RuPaul 's Drag Race has spanned ten seasons and inspired the spin - off shows RuPaul 's Drag U and RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars . The show has become the highest - rated television program on Logo TV , and airs internationally , including in Australia , Canada , UK , The Netherlands , and Israel . The show earned RuPaul two consecutive Emmys ( 2016 and 2017 ) for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program . The show itself was awarded as an Outstanding Reality Program at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards . It has been nominated for 4 Critics ' Choice Television Award including Best Reality Series -- Competition and Best Reality Show Host for RuPaul , and was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Make - up for a Multi-Camera Series or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) . In January 2018 , casting began for season eleven . Contents 1 Format 1.1 Mini challenges 1.2 Maxi challenges 1.3 Judging 1.4 Untucked 2 Contestants 3 Seasons 3.1 Season 1 ( 2009 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2010 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2012 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2013 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2018 ) 3.11 Season 11 4 Music 4.1 Runway 4.2 The Covergurlz & Covergurlz 2 4.3 Other music 5 Related media 6 DVD releases 7 Awards and nominations 8 Criticism 9 International broadcast 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) Casting calls are announced online , where prospective contestants submit audition tapes in hopes of being cast . All contestants selected must be 21 years of age or older at the time of taping . RuPaul plays several roles in the show : host , coach , and judge . USA Today 's Lifeline explains : `` RuPaul the drag queen will be the final word in judging and eliminations , while RuPaul the man will offer guidance to contestants for each challenge . '' RuPaul 's Drag Race uses progressive elimination to reduce the number of drag queens in the competition from the initial field of fourteen contestants ( the maximum a season has started with ) down to the final three or four , who will compete in the final challenge . In Seasons 1 , 2 , and 3 , the contestants were narrowed down to a final two , with a winner being selected the final episode . Each episode ( with the exception of the casting special , `` recap '' episode , and reunion special ) follows a format consisting of a mini challenge , a main challenge , a runway walk ( where the contestants model fashion on a runway , usually with a theme based on the main challenge ) , the judging panel , a lipsync battle , and the elimination of a contestant . There have been some exceptions to episodes , including double - elimination episodes , no - elimination episodes , disqualifications of a contestant , and the removal of a contestant due to an injury . Mini challenges ( edit ) In the mini challenge , each contestant is asked to perform a different task with varying requirements and time limitations . Certain mini challenges are repeated from season to season . For instance , the first mini challenge of the first six seasons is a photo shoot with the photographer Mike Ruiz that includes some kind of special twist ( such as being doused with water while in full drag , having a high - powered fan turned on during the shoot , or being photographed while jumping on a trampoline ) . Another recurring mini challenge is dedicated to `` reading , '' a drag term for making insulting observations about one 's peers for comedic effect . The winner of a mini challenge is sometimes rewarded with some kind of advantage in the main challenge . Though most episodes have a mini challenge , select episodes do not and progress straight to the main challenge . Maxi challenges ( edit ) The requirements of the maxi challenge vary across each episode , and can be individual or group challenges , and initially grant immunity to the winner in the next challenge ( until RuPaul announces the discontinuation of that policy mid-season ) . However , as of season 6 , immunity is no longer granted to challenge winners . The winner of the maxi challenge also receives a `` special '' prize for their win . In the past , challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing , vacations , cruises , and quality cosmetic items . The final maxi challenge of every season up to season 8 is where the contestants star in RuPaul 's music video . The goal of each maxi challenge involves a new theme and outcome . Contestants are often asked to design and construct a custom outfit , sometimes incorporating unconventional materials . Other challenges focus on the contestants ' ability to present themselves on camera , perform with music , or perform humorously . Some challenges become a tradition across seasons , such as the Snatch Game . Judging ( edit ) Judges on RuPaul 's Drag Race Judge Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 RuPaul Main Merle Ginsberg Main Guest Santino Rice Main Guest Michelle Visage Main Billy B Main Ross Mathews Guest Main Carson Kressley Main Beginning with the seventh season , Michelle Visage , Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley are the staple judges alongside RuPaul . Visage joined the show at the start of season 3 , while Mathews and Kressley joined at the start of season 7 , and each joins RuPaul and Visage on alternate episodes . Past fixtures on the panel include Merle Ginsberg , who was a regular judge in the first two seasons , and Santino Rice , who held his position from the first season until the conclusion of the sixth . Until season 8 , Rice was the only person , apart from RuPaul , to take part in every season of the show , serving as a main judge for seasons one through six , and all stars 1 , and guest judging for season seven . In certain instances , Rice was absent and replacement judging has been provided by make - up artist Billy Brasfield ( better known as Billy B ) , Mike Ruiz , Jeffrey Moran ( Absolut Vodka marketing executive ) , or Lucian Piane . However , due to Brasfield 's numerous appearances in seasons three and four , including appearing in the Reunited episodes both seasons , Rice and Billy B are considered to have been alternates for the same seat at the judges table throughout the two seasons . Prior to the grande finale , the three main judges are joined by two celebrity guest judges each week . Guest judges have included Pam Tillis , Paula Abdul , Pamela Anderson , Eve , Ariana Grande , Neil Patrick Harris , Kathy Griffin , Debbie Harry , Khloé Kardashian , La Toya Jackson , Adam Lambert , Demi Lovato , Bob Mackie , Rose McGowan , Olivia Newton - John , Rebecca Romijn , Gigi Hadid , Sharon Osbourne , Dan Savage , John Waters , Michelle Williams , Candis Cayne , Martha Wash , Natalie Cole , Dita Von Teese , Niecy Nash , Debbie Reynolds , Vanessa Williams , Wilmer Valderrama , The Pointer Sisters , Trina , Leah Remini , The B - 52 's , Kesha , Shania Twain , Graham Norton , Christina Aguilera , and Lady Gaga . The judges each provide their opinion on the contestants ' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which queen is the episode 's winner and which two had the weakest performances . The day before judging , the contestants are all provided with a song to which they must learn the lyrics . The contestants deemed as being the bottom two must `` lip sync for their lives '' to the song in a final attempt to impress RuPaul . After the lip sync , RuPaul alone decides who stays and who leaves . RuPaul describes the qualities the contestants must have to be crowned the winner of the show as `` Charisma , Uniqueness , Nerve , and Talent ... These are people who have taken adversity and turned it into something that is beautiful and something powerful . '' The phrase `` charisma , uniqueness , nerve , and talent '' is used repeatedly on the show , the acronym of which is CUNT . On the first All Stars season , `` synergy '' was added to provide an explanation behind the contestants being sorted into teams ( expanding the acronym into CUNTS ) . Untucked ( edit ) The first season of Drag Race was accompanied by a seven - episode web series , titled Under the Hood of RuPaul 's Drag Race . LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race . In this companion series , RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants ' conversation in the green room , replays pertinent moments from Drag Race , and airs deleted footage . Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010 , Logo reformatted Under the Hood , increased its production budget , moved it from the web to television , and re-titled it to RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked . Logo broadcast an episode of Untucked after each episode of Drag Race . Untucked replaces the basic green room of Under the Hood with two decorated rooms that were until season 6 sponsored by Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions , Inc. : the Interior Illusions Lounge and the Gold Bar . FormDecor sponsored the Lounge for season 6 . These two backstage areas allow for separated group conversation . At the start of the seventh season of the Drag Race , Untucked reverted to a webseries , as part of the World of Wonder YouTube page . Instead of two decorated rooms , Untucked was moved back to the one room , an empty backstage space that connects to the main stage and work room , with couches for contestants to chat on . The newly renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show , documenting them packing their belongings and leaving the set . The webseries format continued for the eighth and ninth season . For the show 's tenth season , Untucked returned to television , where it airs on VH1 during the 30 minute time slot after the 90 minute episode airs . Contestants ( edit ) Main article : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race contestants Contestants of any sexual orientation or gender identity are accepted , although most contestants to date have been gay men . Transgender women are also eligible to compete and have become more common as seasons have progressed . Sonique , a season two contestant , became the first openly transgender contestant ; she came out as transgender during the Season 2 reunion special . Monica Beverly Hillz , from season five , became the first transgender woman to reveal her status during the competition . Other transgender contestants have begun transitioning after their elimination . Carmen Carrera , a season three contestant , announced her transition during an episode of ABC 's Primetime : What Would You Do ? Season 4 contestant Kenya Michaels announced her own transition via Facebook and Twitter . Other transgender contestants include Stacy Layne Matthews , Jiggly Caliente , Gia Gunn , and Peppermint . Peppermint is the first drag race contestant to have been out as a transgender woman prior to the airing of of her season , but after filming . Although transgender women have competed in the show , none of the contestants had come out as transgender prior to being casted on the show . All transgender contestants have come out as transgender either during the course of the competition , or after their respective season had ended . RuPaul has stated that transgender women contrast with his view of what the art of drag is defined by . Seasons ( edit ) Season Premiere Date Finale Date Winner Runner ( s ) - up Miss Congeniality Winner Prizes February 2 , 2009 March 23 , 2009 BeBe Zahara Benet Nina Flowers $20,000 , courtesy of the V&S Group ( producers of Absolut Vodka ) and MAC Cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks A photo - spread in Paper magazine A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels February 1 , 2010 April 26 , 2010 Tyra Sanchez Raven Pandora Boxx $25,000 A lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of NYXCosmetics.com Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks A one - year contract with LGBT public relations firm Project Publicity A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels January 24 , 2011 May 2 , 2011 Raja Manila Luzon Yara Sofia $75,000 A lifetime supply of Kryolan make - up Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels January 30 , 2012 April 30 , 2012 Sharon Needles Chad Michaels Phi Phi O'Hara Latrice Royale $100,000 A lifetime supply of NYX cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 5 January 28 , 2013 May 6 , 2013 Jinkx Monsoon Alaska Roxxxy Andrews Ivy Winters $100,000 A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 6 February 24 , 2014 May 19 , 2014 Bianca Del Rio Adore Delano Courtney Act BenDeLaCreme $100,000 A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 7 March 2 , 2015 June 1 , 2015 Violet Chachki Ginger Minj Pearl Katya $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 8 March 7 , 2016 May 16 , 2016 Bob the Drag Queen Kim Chi Naomi Smalls Cynthia Lee Fontaine $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 9 March 24 , 2017 June 23 , 2017 Sasha Velour Peppermint Valentina $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown and sceptre from Shandar Fashion Accessories & Shoes 10 March 22 , 2018 June 28 , 2018 Aquaria Eureka Kameron Michaels Monét X Change $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown and scepter from Fierce Drag Jewels Season 1 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) BeBe Zahara Benet The first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , later referred as The Lost Season , premiered in the United States on February 2 , 2009 , on Logo . Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics , was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign , joined the Logo Drag Race tour , and won a cash prize of $20,000 . One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul 's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show 's official website . The results were announced in early September 2008 . The contestant to win this honor was Nina Flowers from Bayamón , Puerto Rico ( currently residing in Denver , Colorado ) . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Cover Girl '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet , with Nina Flowers winning Miss Congeniality . In late 2013 , Logo re-aired the first season , which was titled RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Lost Season Ru - Vealed , and featured commentary from RuPaul Season 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 2 ) Tyra Sanchez For season two , the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve , and the prizes were slightly modified : a lifetime supply of Nyx Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com , an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity , be featured an LA Eyeworks campaign , join the Logo Drag Race tour , and a cash prize of $25,000 . A new tradition of writing a farewell message in lipstick on the workstation mirror was started by the first eliminated queen of the season , Shangela Laquifa Wadley . The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is `` Jealous of My Boogie '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . Each week 's episode is followed by a behind - the - scenes show , RuPaul 's Drag Race Untucked . The winner of the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Tyra Sanchez , with Pandora Boxx winning Miss Congeniality . On December 6 , 2011 , Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program . Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 3 ) Raja This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge 's table and Billy Brasfield ( better known as Billy B ) , Mike Ruiz , and Jeffrey Moran ( courtesy of Absolut Vodka ) filling in for Santino Rice 's absence during several episodes . Billy B , celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation , appeared as a judge in five episodes . Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes , and Jeffrey Moran for one , Moran only appearing for promotional reasons . Due to Billy B 's continued appearances , he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table . Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season , Shangela ; an episode with no elimination ; and a contestant , Carmen Carrera , being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior . A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to `` Champion '' while the song playing during the credits is `` Main Event '' , both from RuPaul 's album Champion . As with the previous season , each week 's episode was followed by a behind - the - scenes show , RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Raja , with Yara Sofia winning Miss Congeniality . On December 6 , 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program . Season 4 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 4 ) Sharon Needles The fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on January 30 , 2012 , with cast members announced November 13 , 2011 . The winner of season four will headline Logo 's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka , wins a one - of - a-kind trip , a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics , a cash prize of $ 100,000 , and the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' Like the last season , Santino Rice & Billy B ( Billy Brasfield ) , celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation , shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively , Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed . Both judges appeared side - by - side in the audience during the `` Reunited '' episode . The winner of the fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Sharon Needles , with Latrice Royale winning Miss Congeniality . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Glamazon '' and the song played during the credits was `` The Beginning '' , both from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . Season 5 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 5 ) Jinkx Monsoon The fifth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on January 28 , 2013 , with a 90 - minute premiere episode . It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen . Season five 's winner walked away with the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics , a one - of - a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel , a headlining spot on Logo 's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100,000 . Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel . The theme song playing during the runway every episode is `` I Bring the Beat '' , while the song playing during the credits is `` The Beginning '' , both songs are from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . The winner of the fifth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Jinkx Monsoon , with Ivy Winters winning Miss Congeniality . Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 6 ) Bianca Del Rio The sixth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing February 24 , 2014 . Like the fifth season , the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' . For the first time in the show 's history , the season premiere was split into two episodes ; the fourteen queens are split into two groups and the seven queens into each group compete against each other before being united as one group for the third episode . Santino Rice and Michelle Visage are back as judges at the panel . Two new pit crew members , Miles Moody and Simon Sherry - Wood , joined Jason Carter and Shawn Morales . The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions , Inc. were not sponsors for the show , more specifically for the Untucked episodes . The Interior Illusions Lounge is now simply known as the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge . The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was `` Sissy That Walk '' while the song playing during the credits is `` Dance With U '' , both from the album Born Naked . The winner of the sixth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Bianca Del Rio , with BenDeLaCreme winning Miss Congeniality . Season 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 7 ) Violet Chachki The seventh season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on March 2 , 2015 . Returning judges included RuPaul and Michelle Visage , while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley . Mathews and Kressley were both present for the season premiere and then took turns sharing judging responsibilities . Shawn Morales , a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry - Wood , a member in the sixth season , did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg . Like the previous two seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race , the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The season premiere debuted with a live and same - day viewership of 348,000 , a 20 % increase from the previous season . On March 20 , 2015 , it was announced that LogoTV had given the series an early renewal for an eighth season . The winner of the seventh season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Violet Chachki , with Katya winning Miss Congeniality . Season 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 8 ) Bob the Drag Queen On January 14 , 2016 , it was announced that the cast for the eighth season will be revealed during the 2016 New Now Next Honors on February 1 , 2016 , followed by the season premiere on March 7 , 2016 . The first episode celebrated the 100th taping of the show , and the 100th drag queen to enter the work room . Michelle Visage returned as a main judge , while Carson Kressley and Ross Mathews returned as rotating main judges . Similar to the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , the season featured 12 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the eighth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Bob the Drag Queen , with Cynthia Lee Fontaine winning Miss Congeniality . Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 9 ) Sasha Velour On February 2 , 2017 , the cast for the ninth season was announced . On March 1 , 2017 , it was announced that the ninth season would premiere on March 24 , the ninth season features 14 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The ninth season aired on VH1 , with encore presentations continuing to air on Logo . This season featured the return of Cynthia Lee Fontaine , who previously participated in the series ' eighth season . The ninth season featured a top four in the finale episode , as opposed to the top three , which was previously established in the fourth season . The winner of the ninth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Sasha Velour . Valentina won Miss Congeniality . Season 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 10 ) Aquaria On April 13 , 2017 , VH1 renewed the series for a tenth season . The season began airing on March 22 , 2018 . Eureka O'Hara , who was removed from the ninth season due to injury , returned to the show after she accepted an open invitation . The tenth season of Drag Race premiered ; alongside the televised return of Untucked . On this season , 14 contestants are again competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the tenth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Aquaria . Monét X Change won Miss Congeniality . Season 11 ( edit ) On June 13 , 2018 , VH1 renewed the series , alongside Untucked , for an eleventh season . Music ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul discography Almost all music used in the series comes from RuPaul 's albums : Champion , Glamazon , Born Naked , Realness , Butch Queen , and American . Exceptions are songs used during the lip - sync portion of the show . Runway ( edit ) Songs used while the contestants walk the runway have been : `` Cover Girl '' from Champion ( season 1 ) `` Jealous of My Boogie '' ( Gomi & RasJek Mix ) from Jealous of My Boogie - The RuMixes ( season 2 ) `` Champion '' ( DJ BunJoe 's Olympic Mix ) from Champion ( season 3 ) `` Glamazon '' from Glamazon ( season 4 ) `` I Bring the Beat '' from Glamazon ( season 5 ) `` Sissy That Walk '' from Born Naked ( season 6 -- 7 ) `` The Realness '' from Realness ( season 8 ) Unreleased remix of `` Category Is ... '' ( season 9 ) `` Snapshot '' from Remember Me : Essential , Vol. 1 ( season 10 ) The CoverGurlz & CoverGurlz 2 ( edit ) RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album , in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog , would be released . The album , titled RuPaul Presents : The CoverGurlz , was released on January 28 , 2014 Similar to Season 6 , each of the season 7 's contestants covered a song that was previously recorded by RuPaul . The album is titled RuPaul Presents : CoverGurlz2 and was released on February 3 , 2015 . The album also features the single `` New York City Beat '' , a song by RuPaul featuring Michelle Visage . Other music ( edit ) Five promotional singles have been released from the show 's respective casts . The first single , titled `` Can I Get an Amen '' , was released in 2013 , and featured the eight remaining contestants of the season 5 cast . `` Can I Get an Amen '' was a parody of the charity single `` We Are the World '' , and featured Alaska , Alyssa Edwards , Coco Montrese , Detox , Ivy Winters , Jade Jolie , Jinkx Monsoon , and Roxxxy Andrews . The second single to surface from the show was a rap song titled `` Oh No She Better Do n't , '' and was released in 2014 . The single featured the remaining nine contestants of the season 6 cast : Adore Delano , BenDeLaCreme , Bianca Del Rio , Courtney Act , Darienne Lake , Joslyn Fox , Laganja Estranja , Milk , and Trinity K. Bonet . The third single , `` Read U Wrote U '' , was released in 2016 . It featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars 2 ; Alaska , Katya , Detox & Roxxxy Andrews . `` Read U Wrote U '' is the most successful of the Drag Race promotional singles , peaking at number 29 on the Dance and Electronic Charts . The fourth single , `` Category Is '' , featured the top 4 contestants from season 9 ; Peppermint , Sasha Velour , Trinity Taylor , & Shea Couleé . It was released on iTunes on April 20 , 2018 . The fifth single , `` Kitty Girl '' , featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars Season 3 ; Kennedy Davenport , Shangela , Bebe Zahara Benet & Trixie Mattel . It charted at number 99 on the UK Singles Chart giving RuPaul his first UK chart entry in 20 years . The sixth single , `` American '' , featured the top 4 contestants from Season 10 ; Aquaria , Asia O'Hara , Eureka O'Hara & Kameron Michaels . Following Drag Race , many contestants from the show have delved into music careers , with some garnering significant success . Albums released by the shows alumni include PG - 13 , by season 4 winner Sharon Needles ; Two Birds and One Stone , both by All Stars 3 winner Trixie Mattel ; Till Death Do Us Party , by season 6 runner - up Adore Delano ; and Call My Life by season 10 contestant Blair St. Clair . Related Media ( edit ) RuPaul 's Drag U ( 2010 -- 2012 ) RuPaul 's Drag U is a spin - off that ran from 2010 to 2012 . In each episode , three women are paired with former Drag Race contestants ( `` Drag Professors '' ) , who give them drag makeovers and help them to access their `` inner divas '' . Since each episode was taped in Los Angeles over a period of one month , most of the professors were queens living in Southern California . RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars ( 2012 -- ) RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars is a recurring miniseries in which past contestants compete for a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . The show 's format is similar to that of RuPaul 's Drag Race , with challenges and a panel of judges . The first All Stars started six months after the conclusion of Drag Race 's fourth season . 12 queens from the first four seasons competed over the six episodes . The second All Stars competition aired in 2016 , a few months after the season eight finale . This season featured ten queens , selected from the second through to the seventh season , competing in 8 episodes , with a special reunion episode . The third All Stars season was announced in August 2017 , and the cast was revealed during a VH1 television special , which aired on October 20 , 2017 . Ten queens selected from the first through ninth season competed over the course of 8 episodes . The Switch ( 2015 -- ) The Switch is a licensed glocalization of Drag Race that premiered in October 2015 on Chilean television channel Mega . As in Drag Race , queens compete in `` mini challenges '' and a main challenge , and are evaluated by a panel of judges . Similarly to Drag Race , The Switch requires contenstants to lip sync , dance , and perform impersonations . Drag Race Thailand ( 2018 -- ) In October 2017 , it was announced that Kantana Group had acquired the rights to produce its own version of Drag Race . Season 1 of Drag Race Thailand was met with successful ratings on Thai television . It was later announced that the first season will premiere in the United States in May 2018 . The first season also made stirs in the Asian LGBT community , the most prominent of which was a campaign to establish versions of Drag Race in the Philippines and Taiwan as well , two of the most LGBT - accepting nations in all of Asia . Brazilian localization ( 2018 ) In August 2017 , a Brazilian version of the show was announced . It is scheduled to air in late 2018 . Beyond Belief ( TBD ) In April 2013 , RuPaul confirmed that he plans to executive - produce a spin - off of Drag Race that stars season - five contestant Alyssa Edwards . Alyssa Edwards has confirmed that the spin - off 's title is Beyond Belief , and that his dance company in Mesquite , Texas is the setting . British localization ( TBD ) In April 2014 , chat show host and television presenter Jonathan Ross told the Daily Star that a UK version of the show was being planned , fronted by Jodie Harsh instead of RuPaul . Ross said , `` I 've been working with Jodie on a UK version of RuPaul 's Drag Race . Unfortunately , we have had to take a break because of some family issues . But we 're hoping to pick it up again in the near future . I am definitely serving ' middle - aged - realness ! ' '' RuPaul has since explained , `` I think that because truTV has brought all the seasons of Drag Race to the UK I think that that might be something that will happen much sooner ... . I think that people will fall so in love with the show , I think that the hunger and the thirst for a UK version will probably happen . That 's my prediction . '' To coincide with TruTV airing new seasons of the show in the UK , RuPaul hosted a competition to find a UK Ambassador for RuPaul 's Drag Race with judges Jonathan Ross and Katie Price in May 2015 . The Vivienne , a drag queen from Liverpool , won the competition and created vlogs to accompany Drag Race episodes on truTV as well as visiting the set for the eighth season of Drag Race in the US . Feature film ( TBD ) In August 2015 , RuPaul revealed that a movie featuring all of the contestants was in the works . `` We 've got a director for it , we 've got a light script , but it just needs a little more retooling and scheduling . '' DVD releases ( edit ) Season Release date Special features Discs December 6 , 2011 Bonus scenes Interviews with contestants Extended reunion moments December 6 , 2011 Bonus scenes Interviews with contestants Extended reunion moments June 26 , 2012 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked Episodes of Drag Ya Later with Jon & John 5 5 June 10 , 2013 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked 5 6 October 21 , 2014 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked 5 7 June 8 , 2016 Bonus scenes RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Ru - les Episodes of Whatcha Packin ' 8 July 29 , 2016 Bonus scenes Episodes of Whatcha Packin ' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by RuPaul 's Drag Race RuPaul 's Drag Race has been nominated for 23 Emmy Awards , and won four . It has also been nominated for nine Reality Television Awards , winning three , and nominated for six NewNowNext Awards , winning three . Criticism ( edit ) RuPaul 's Drag Race has been criticized for appearing to favor glamorous drag queens over comedic or camp queens . For example , Popbytes commented Drag Race has been accused numerous times of keeping some of the more unpleasant but feminine queens in the competition for the sake of keeping the drama high . However , Common Sense Media commented , `` RuPaul 's Drag Race combines the fashion design drama of Project Runway with the modeling excitement of America 's Next Top Model to create an entertainingly voyeuristic glimpse into the performance art world of drag queens . There 's plenty of over-the - top stuff , but rather than simply treating drag performers as people to be laughed at and / or scorned , the show also focuses on the hard work and talent that goes into drag performances . '' Entertainment Weekly cited the elimination of comedian and eventual season two fan favorite Pandora Boxx as the season 's most controversial . In March 2014 , Drag Race sparked controversy over the use of the term `` She - male '' in the season 6 Mini-challenge `` Female or She - male ? '' . Logo has since removed the episode from all platforms and has addressed the allegations of transphobia by removing the `` You 've got she - mail '' intro from new episodes of the series . This was replaced with , `` She done already done had herses ! '' Host RuPaul has additionally come under fire for comments made in an interview with The Guardian , in which he stated he would `` probably not '' allow a transgender contestant to compete on Drag Race . RuPaul compared transgender drag performers to doping athletes on his Twitter , and has since apologized . Season nine winner Sasha Velour has expressed her disagreement via Twitter , stating `` My drag was born in a community full of trans women , trans men , and gender non-conforming folks doing drag . That 's the real world of drag , like it or not . I thinks it 's fabulous and I will fight my entire life to protect and uplift it '' . International broadcast ( edit ) Australia : In Australia , lifestyle channel LifeStyle YOU regularly shows and re-screens seasons 1 - 7 , including Untucked . In addition , free - to - air channel SBS2 began screening the first season on August 31 , 2013 . On March 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Stan will fast track season 9 ( including Untucked ) . Additionally , Stan streams all episodes from seasons 1 - 10 . Brazil : In January 2011 , VH1 Brasil aired season 2 followed by season 1 , season 3 , and season 4 . The season 7 was aired on the Multishow cable network every Monday at 11 : 30pm in August 2015 . The season 8 was premiered on April 2017 in Comedy Central . Only season 8 -- 9 is available on Netflix . Canada : The series airs on OutTV in Canada at the same time as the US airing . Unlike Logo , OutTV continues to broadcast Untucked immediately after each Drag Race episode . Finland : In 2010 , Finnish channel TVViisi aired the second season , and during fall 2018 Sub will broadcast the show starting from the sixth season , following with the All Stars - seasons . Germany : During summer 2009 , TIMM -- a former gay television channel from Germany -- aired the first season every Friday night . TLC aired seasons two to six , before the rights for the show went to Netflix . The streaming service has released the show since season seven onwards . Hungary : In Hungary , the show aired on FEM3 channel as RuPaul -- Drag Queen leszek ! ( `` RuPaul -- I 'll be Drag Queen ! '' ) . Ireland : In Ireland , season 2 to season 8 of the programme were available on Netflix ; As of the release of Season 10 , only seasons 8 & 9 are available . Netflix has started airing season 10 episodes one day after they air in the USA . Latin America : In January 2011 , VH1 Latin America aired season 2 followed by season 1 , season 3 , and season 4 . The season 8 was premiered on April 2017 in Comedy Central . Spain : On 19 September 2016 , free - to - air channel TEN began screening the series from season 5 . Sweden : Season 8 of the series currently airs on OutTV on Thursdays at 20 : 00 . The Philippines : Season 3 was aired on the ABS - CBN - owned Velvet cable network every Tuesday at 11 pm with RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked , airing directly after the show . Season 4 started airing on April 17 , 2012 on the same network . UK : E4 aired season 1 in 2009 , followed by season 2 in 2010 . Since its success on Netflix in the UK , TruTV acquired the broadcast rights for all eight seasons of the show including Untucked episodes . In June 2015 , TruTV started airing two episodes of the show a week , starting with season 4 , followed by All Stars , then season 5 . As of May 2018 , the series airs on VH1 UK Monday - Thursday at 11pm , beginning with All Stars series 3 . Thailand : Seasons 2 -- 8 are available to stream on LINE TV . See also ( edit ) LGBT culture in New York City Paris is Burning Pose ( TV series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Scarlett ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` '' RuPaul 's Drag Race `` ! '' . Right TV . Right TV . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Mainstream Is Jumping the Shark '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 11 : Now Casting ! '' . WOWPresents YouTube Channel . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul Leads Hopefuls in ' Drag Race . ' '' . USA Today . December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ep. 16 , Episode 16 , Season 3 : Reunited ! '' . Logo TV . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's Drag Race Insider Clip ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` WOW TV '' . Wow.wowtv.tv . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . 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Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Gets Season 9 Premiere Date -- and a New Network ! '' . TVGuide . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` VH1 Renews RuPaul 's Drag Race , Picks Up Ricky Martin Reality Series -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Drag Race 's Surprise Eliminee : ' I 'm Definitely Going Back ' for Season 10 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race season 10 and Untucked will sashay to VH1 in March '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Drag Race Renewed for Season 11 '' . TVLine . United States . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . 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what events lead to the eruption of mt. st. helens			1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	1980 eruption of mount st. helens	On May 18 , 1980 , a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens , a volcano located in Skamania County , in the State of Washington . The eruption ( a VEI 5 event ) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California . It has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes , caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain 's north slope .	An earthquake at 8 : 32 : 17 a.m. PDT ( UTC − 7 ) on Sunday , May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , creating the largest landslide ever recorded . This allowed the partly molten , high - pressure gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to suddenly explode northwards toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock , overtaking the avalanching face . An eruption column rose 80,000 feet ( 24 km ; 15 mi ) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states . At the same time , snow , ice and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted , forming a series of large lahars ( volcanic mudslides ) that reached as far as the Columbia River , nearly 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the southwest . Less severe outbursts continued into the next day , only to be followed by other large , but not as destructive , eruptions later that year . Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons . Approximately 57 people were killed directly , including innkeeper Harry R. Truman , photographers Reid Blackburn and Robert Landsburg , and geologist David A. Johnston . Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland , causing over a billion U.S. dollars in damage ( $3.03 billion in 2017 dollars ) , thousands of animals were killed , and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side . At the time of the eruption , the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad , but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service . The area was later preserved , as it was , in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument . Mount St. Helens from Monitor Ridge showing the cone of devastation , the huge crater open to the north , the post-eruption lava dome inside and Crater Glacier surrounding the lava dome . The small photo on the left was taken from Spirit Lake before the eruption and the small photo on the right was taken after the eruption from approximately the same place . Spirit Lake can also be seen in the larger image , as well as two other Cascade volcanoes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Build - up to the eruption 2 Landslide and eruption 3 Pyroclastic flows 3.1 Initial lateral blast 3.2 Lateral blast result 3.3 Later flows 4 Ash column 5 Ash properties 5.1 Chemical composition 5.2 Index of refraction 6 Mudslides flow downstream 7 Aftermath 7.1 Direct results 7.1. 1 Disputed death toll 7.2 Ash damage and removal 7.3 Cost 8 Later eruptions 8.1 1980 -- 1991 8.2 2004 -- 2008 9 Summary table 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Build - up to the eruption ( edit ) Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980 . Several small earthquakes , apparently beginning on March 15 , indicated that magma may have begun moving below the volcano . On March 20 , at 3 : 45 p.m. Pacific Standard Time ( all times will be in PST or PDT ) , a shallow magnitude 4.2 earthquake ( the initial reading was 4.1 ) , centered below the volcano 's north flank , signaled the volcano 's violent return from 123 years of hibernation . A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25 , reaching peak levels in the next two days , including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale . A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater were recorded during those two days . USGS photo showing a pre-avalanche eruption on April 10 Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April , and eight per day the week before May 18 . Initially there was no direct sign of eruption , but small earthquake - induced avalanches of snow and ice were reported from aerial observations . At 12 : 36 p.m. on March 27 , phreatic eruptions ( explosions of steam caused by magma suddenly heating groundwater ) ejected and smashed rock from within the old summit crater , excavating a new crater 250 feet ( 75 m ) wide and sending an ash column about 7,000 feet ( 2,100 m ) into the air . By this date a 16,000 - foot - long ( 4,900 m ) eastward - trending fracture system had also developed across the summit area . This was followed by more earthquake swarms and a series of steam explosions that sent ash 10,000 to 11,000 feet ( 3,000 to 3,400 m ) above their vent . Most of this ash fell between 3 and 12 miles ( 5 and 19 km ) from its vent , but some was carried 150 miles ( 240 km ) south to Bend , Oregon , or 285 miles ( 459 km ) east to Spokane , Washington . Photo showing the cryptodome on April 27 A second , new crater and a blue flame were observed on March 29 . The flame was visibly emitted from both craters and was probably created by burning gases . Static electricity generated from ash clouds rolling down the volcano sent out lightning bolts that were up to 2 miles ( 3 km ) long . Ninety - three separate outbursts were reported on March 30 , and increasingly strong harmonic tremors were first detected on April 1 , alarming geologists and prompting Governor Dixy Lee Ray to declare a state of emergency on April 3 . Governor Ray issued an executive order on April 30 creating a `` red zone '' around the volcano ; anyone caught in this zone without a pass faced a $500 fine or six months in jail . This precluded many cabin owners from visiting their property . By April 7 the combined crater was 1,700 feet long by 1,200 ft wide and 500 ft deep ( 520 × 370 × 150 m ) . A USGS team determined in the last week of April that a 1.5 - mile - diameter ( 2.4 km ) section of St. Helens ' north face was displaced outward by at least 270 feet ( 82 m ) . For the rest of April and early May this bulge grew by 5 to 6 feet ( 1.5 to 1.8 m ) per day , and by mid-May it extended more than 400 feet ( 120 m ) north . As the bulge moved northward , the summit area behind it progressively sank , forming a complex , down - dropped block called a graben . Geologists announced on April 30 that sliding of the bulge area was the greatest immediate danger and that such a landslide might spark an eruption . These changes in the volcano 's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the volcano by 0.03 cubic miles ( 0.13 km ) by mid-May . This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface . Because the intruded magma remained below ground and was not directly visible , it was called a cryptodome , in contrast to a true lava dome exposed at the surface . On May 7 , eruptions similar to those in March and April resumed , and over the next days the bulge approached its maximum size . All activity had been confined to the 350 - year - old summit dome and did not involve any new magma . A total of about 10,000 earthquakes were recorded prior to the May 18 event , with most concentrated in a small zone less than 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) directly below the bulge . Visible eruptions ceased on May 16 , reducing public interest and consequently the number of spectators in the area . Mounting public pressure then forced officials to allow 50 carloads of property owners to enter the danger zone on May 17 to gather whatever property they could carry . Another trip was scheduled for 10 a.m. the next day . Because that next day was Sunday , more than 300 loggers would not be working in the area . By the time of the climactic eruption , dacite magma intruding into the volcano had forced the north flank outward nearly 500 feet ( 150 m ) and heated the volcano 's groundwater system , causing many steam - driven explosions ( phreatic eruptions ) . Landslide and eruption ( edit ) Sequence of events on May 18 . Lakes nearest to Mount St. Helens have been partly covered with felled trees for more than thirty years . This photograph was taken in 2012 . As May 18 dawned , Mount St. Helens ' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month . The rate of bulge movement , sulfur dioxide emission , and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption . USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of the volcano : as of 6 a.m. , Johnston 's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity . Sound of the eruption of Mount St. Helens , as heard from 140 miles away Amateur recording of a series of booms produced by the eruption , as heard from the town of Newport , Oregon ( audio filtered and amplified ) . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Suddenly , at 8 : 32 a.m. , a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide , approximately 7 -- 20 seconds ( about 10 seconds seems most reasonable ) after the shock . The landslide , the largest in recorded history , travelled at 110 to 155 miles per hour ( 177 to 249 km / h ) and moved across Spirit Lake 's west arm . Part of it hit a 1,150 - foot - high ( 350 m ) ridge about 6 miles ( 10 km ) north . Some of the slide spilled over the ridge , but most of it moved 13 miles ( 21 km ) down the North Fork Toutle River , filling its valley up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) deep with avalanche debris . An area of about 24 square miles ( 62 km ) was covered , and the total volume of the deposit was about 0.7 cubic miles ( 2.9 km ) . North Fork Toutle River valley filled with landslide deposits Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist , who was camping 11 miles ( 18 km ) away from the blast . Rosenquist , his party and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) short of his location . Most of St. Helens ' former north side became a rubble deposit 17 miles ( 27 km ) long , averaging 150 feet ( 46 m ) thick ; the slide was thickest at 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) below Spirit Lake and thinnest at its western margin . Thousands of trees were torn from the surrounding hillside after the lake was sloshed 800 feet ( 240 m ) up the hillside . All the water in Spirit Lake was temporarily displaced by the landslide , sending 600 - foot - high ( 180 m ) waves crashing into a ridge north of the lake , adding 295 feet ( 90 m ) of new avalanche debris above the old lakebed , and raising its surface level by about 200 feet . As the water moved back into its basin , it pulled with it thousands of trees felled by a super-heated wall of volcanic gas and searing ash and rock that had overtaken the landslide seconds before . More than three decades after the eruption , mats of floating dead trees remain on Spirit Lake and nearby St. Helens Lake ; the mats change position with the wind . Pyroclastic flows ( edit ) Initial lateral blast ( edit ) The ash cloud produced by the eruption , as seen from the village of Toledo , Washington , 35 miles ( 56 km ) away , northwest from Mount St. Helens . The cloud was roughly 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide and 15 miles ( 24 km ) high . Computer graphic showing the May 18 landslide ( green ) being overtaken by the initial pyroclastic flow ( red ) . The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens ' neck to much lower pressure , causing the gas - charged , partially molten rock and high - pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started . Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide , blasting rock debris northward . The resulting blast laterally directed the pyroclastic flow of very hot volcanic gases , ash and pumice formed from new lava , while the pulverized old rock hugged the ground , initially moving at 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) but quickly accelerating to 670 mph ( 1,080 km / h ) , and it might have briefly passed the speed of sound . Pyroclastic flow material passed over the moving avalanche and spread outward , devastating a fan - shaped area 23 miles across by 19 miles long ( 37 km × 31 km ) . In total about 230 square miles ( 600 km ) of forest was knocked down , and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow - down zone . At its vent the lateral blast probably did not last longer than about 30 seconds , but the northward - radiating and expanding blast cloud continued for about another minute . Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam , creating a larger , secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia , Montana , Idaho , and Northern California . Yet many areas closer to the eruption ( Portland , Oregon , for example ) did not hear the blast . This so - called `` quiet zone '' extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption 's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers and , to a lesser extent , local topography . Later studies indicated that one - third of the 0.045 cubic miles ( 0.19 km ) of material in the flow was new lava , and the rest was fragmented , older rock . Lateral blast result ( edit ) Photographer Reid Blackburn 's car after the eruption Many trees in the Direct blast zone were snapped off at their bases and the earth was stripped and scorched . Residual lateral blast effects in the channelized blast zone , some thirty years after the eruption . Damage ranged from scorched earth , through tree trunks snapped at various heights , to more superficial effects . The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens ' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone . The near - supersonic lateral blast , loaded with volcanic debris , caused devastation as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano . The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into three roughly concentric zones : Direct blast zone , the innermost zone , averaged about 8 miles ( 13 km ) in radius , an area in which virtually everything , natural or artificial , was obliterated or carried away . For this reason , this zone also has been called the `` tree - removal zone '' . The flow of the material carried by the blast was not deflected by topographic features in this zone . The blast released energy equal to 24 Megatons of TNT . Channelized blast zone , an intermediate zone , extended out to distances as far as 19 miles ( 31 km ) from the volcano , an area in which the flow flattened everything in its path and was channeled to some extent by topography . In this zone , the force and direction of the blast are strikingly demonstrated by the parallel alignment of toppled large trees , broken off at the base of the trunk as if they were blades of grass mown by a scythe . This zone was also known as the `` tree - down zone '' . Channeling and deflection of the blast caused strikingly varied local effects that still remained conspicuous after some decades . Where the blast struck open land directly , it scoured it , breaking trees off short and stripping vegetation and even topsoil , thereby delaying revegetation for many years . Where the blast was deflected so as to pass overhead by several metres , it left the topsoil and the seeds it contained , permitting faster revegetation with scrub and herbaceous plants , and later with saplings . Trees in the path of such higher - level blasts were broken off wholesale at various heights , whereas nearby stands in more sheltered positions recovered comparatively rapidly without conspicuous long - term harm . Seared zone , also called the `` standing dead '' zone , the outermost fringe of the impacted area , a zone in which trees remained standing but were singed brown by the hot gases of the blast . By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims , it was still as hot as 360 ° C ( 680 ° F ) and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris . Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day 's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation while several died from burns . Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material . Volcanologist David A. Johnston was one of those killed , as was Reid Blackburn , a National Geographic photographer . Robert Landsburg , another photographer , was killed by the ash cloud . He was able to protect his film with his body , and the surviving photos provided geologists with valuable documentation of the historic eruption . Later flows ( edit ) Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of preexisting volcanic rocks . The resulting deposits formed a fan - like pattern of overlapping sheets , tongues and lobes . At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption , and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cubic miles ( 210,000,000 m ) . The flow deposits were still at about 300 to 420 ° C ( 572 to 788 ° F ) two weeks after they erupted . Secondary steam - blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic - flow deposits , at the south shore of Spirit Lake , and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River . These steam - blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows , and at least one occurred a year later , on May 16 , 1981 . Ash column ( edit ) Ash cloud from Mt St Helens as captured by the GOES 3 weather satellite at 15 : 45 UTC As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing , a huge ash column grew to a height of 12 miles ( 19 km ) above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours . Near the volcano , the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning , which in turn started many forest fires . During this time , parts of the mushroom - shaped ash - cloud column collapsed , and fell back upon the earth . This fallout , mixed with magma , mud and steam , sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens ' flanks . Later , slower flows came directly from the new north - facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash . Some of these hot flows covered ice or water which flashed to steam , creating craters up to 65 feet ( 20 m ) in diameter and sending ash as much as 6,500 feet ( 2,000 m ) into the air . Strong high - altitude wind carried much of this material east - northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed of about 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) . By 9 : 45 a.m. it had reached Yakima , Washington , 90 miles ( 140 km ) away , and by 11 : 45 a.m. it was over Spokane , Washington . A total of 4 to 5 inches ( 100 to 130 mm ) of ash fell on Yakima , and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon where visibility was reduced to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) of ash fell . Continuing eastward , St. Helens ' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10 : 15 p.m. and was seen on the ground in Denver , Colorado , the next day . In time , ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma , and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 2 weeks . During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity , about 540,000,000 tons of ash fell over an area of more than 22,000 square miles ( 57,000 km ) . The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about 0.3 cubic miles ( 1.3 km ) . The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about 0.05 cubic miles ( 210,000,000 m ) of solid rock , or about 7 % of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche . By around 5 : 30 p.m. on May 18 , the vertical ash column declined in stature , but less severe outbursts continued through the next several days . Ash properties ( edit ) Generally , given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions , a certain variation of the ash type will occur , as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption . The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception , and hence the ash properties have large variations . Chemical composition ( edit ) The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be approximately 65 % silicon dioxide , 18 % aluminium oxide , 5 % ferric oxide , 4 % each calcium oxide and sodium oxide and 2 % magnesium oxide . Trace chemicals were also detected , their concentrations varying as shown : 0.05 -- 0.09 % chlorine , 0.02 -- 0.03 % fluorine , and 0.09 -- 0.3 % sulfur . Index of refraction ( edit ) The index of refraction , a number used in physics to describe how light propagates through a particular substance , is an important property of volcanic ash . This number is complex having both real and imaginary parts , the real part indicating how light disperses and the imaginary part indicating how light is absorbed by the substance . It is known that the silicate particles have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light . However , there is a spectrum of colors associated with samples of volcanic ash , from very light to dark gray . This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light . In the case of Mount St. Helens , the ash settled in three main layers on the ground : the bottom layer was dark gray and was found to be abundant in older rocks and crystal fragments the middle layer consisted of a mixture of glass shards and pumice the top layer was ash consisting of very fine particles For example , when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index k of stratospheric ash from 15 km and 18 km from the volcano it has been discovered that they have similar values around 700 nm ( around 0.009 ) , while they differ significantly around 300 nm . Here , the 18 km ( k was found to be around 0.009 ) sample was much more absorbent than the 15 km sample ( k was found to be around 0.002 ) . Mudslides flow downstream ( edit ) Mudline next to Muddy River from the 1980 lahars The hot , exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain 's glaciers along with most of the overlying snow . As in many previous St. Helens ' eruptions , this created huge lahars ( volcanic mudflows ) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain , and which started to move as early as 8 : 50 a.m. Lahars travelled as fast as 90 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) while still high on the volcano but progressively slowed to about 3 miles per hour ( 4.8 km / h ) on the flatter and wider parts of rivers . Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River , Pine Creek and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River . Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir , which rose 2.6 feet ( 0.79 m ) by noon to accommodate the nearly 18,000,000 cubic yards ( 14,000,000 m ) of additional water , mud and debris . Glacier and snow melt mixed with tephra on the volcano 's northeast slope to create much larger lahars . These mudflows traveled down the north and south forks of the Toutle River and joined at the confluence of the Toutle forks and the Cowlitz River near Castle Rock , Washington , at 1 : 00 p.m. Ninety minutes after the eruption , the first mudflow had moved 27 miles ( 43 km ) upstream where observers at Weyerhaeuser 's Camp Baker saw a 12 - foot - high ( 4 m ) wall of muddy water and debris pass . Near the confluence of the Toutle 's north and south forks at Silver Lake , a record flood stage of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) was recorded . A large but slower - moving mudflow with a mortar - like consistency was mobilized in early afternoon at the head of the Toutle River north fork . By 2 : 30 p.m. the massive mudflow had destroyed Camp Baker , and in the following hours seven bridges were carried away . Part of the flow backed up for 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) soon after entering the Cowlitz River , but most continued downstream . After traveling 17 miles ( 27 km ) further , an estimated 3,900,000 cubic yards ( 3,000,000 m ) of material were injected into the Columbia River , reducing the river 's depth by 25 feet ( 8 m ) for a 4 - mile ( 6 km ) stretch . The resulting 13 - foot ( 4.0 m ) river depth temporarily closed the busy channel to ocean - going freighters , costing Portland , Oregon an estimated five million US dollars . Ultimately more than 65 million cubic yards ( 50 million cubic metres ) of sediment were dumped along the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers . Aftermath ( edit ) Direct results ( edit ) Map showing 1980 eruption deposits The May 18 , 1980 , event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States . Approximately fifty - seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses , 47 bridges , 15 miles ( 24 km ) of railways and 185 miles ( 298 km ) of highway were destroyed ; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility , and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash . U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape . A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction . However , their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost . A second eruption occurred the next day ( see below ) , but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that . The eruption ejected more than 1 cubic mile ( 4.2 km ) of material . A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash , pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented , older rock . The removal of the north side of the mountain ( 13 % of the cone 's volume ) reduced Mount St. Helens ' height by about 1,280 feet ( 390 m ) and left a crater 1 to 2 miles ( 2 to 3 km ) wide and 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) deep with its north end open in a huge breach . Mount St. Helens one day before the eruption , photographed from the Johnston ridge Mount St. Helens four months after the eruption , photographed from approximately the same location as the earlier picture More than 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber was damaged or destroyed , mainly by the lateral blast . At least 25 % of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980 . Downwind of the volcano , in areas of thick ash accumulation , many agricultural crops , such as wheat , apples , potatoes and alfalfa , were destroyed . As many as 1,500 elk and 5,000 deer were killed , and an estimated 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings died when their hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they swam through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators after reservoir levels were lowered along the Lewis River to accommodate possible mudflows and flood waters . In total Mount St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy , 7 of which were a direct result of the blast . This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima . Disputed death toll ( edit ) There is a minor controversy in regard to the exact death toll . The figure most commonly cited is fifty - seven . However , there are two points of dispute . The first point regards two officially listed victims , Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer . They were reported missing after the explosion . In the aftermath , investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well . However , they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing , and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was n't the one who had done so . Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the same Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing , the names remain listed among the presumed dead . The second point regards three missing people who are not officially listed as victims : Robert Ruffle , Steven Whitsett and Mark Melanson . Cowlitz County Emergency Services Management lists them as `` Possibly Missing -- Not on ( the official ) List '' . According to Melanson 's brother , in October 1983 , Cowlitz County officials told his family that Melanson `` is believed ( ... ) a victim of the May 18 , 1980 , eruption '' and that after years of searching , the family eventually decided `` he 's buried in the ash '' . Taking these two points of dispute into consideration , the direct death toll could be as low as fifty - five or as high as sixty . When combined with the four indirect victims mentioned earlier , those numbers range from fifty - nine to sixty - four . Ash damage and removal ( edit ) Map of ash distribution over the United States The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation , sewage disposal , and water treatment systems . Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall , closing many highways and roads . Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half . Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks , as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility . Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures . Fine - grained , gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal - combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment . The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters , and scratched moving surfaces . Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers , which in turn caused power blackouts . Removing and disposing of the ash was a monumental task for some Eastern Washington communities . State and federal agencies estimated that over 2,400,000 cubic yards ( 1,800,000 m ) of ash , equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight , were removed from highways and airports in Washington . The ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima . The need to remove ash quickly from transport routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites . Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills ; others created dump sites wherever expedient . To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps , the surfaces of some disposal sites were covered with topsoil and seeded with grass . In Portland , the mayor eventually threatened businesses with fines if they failed to remove the ash from their parking lots . Cost ( edit ) One of the 200 houses destroyed by the eruption A refined estimate of $1.1 billion ( $2.74 billion in 2007 dollars ) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress . A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress , of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency . There were also indirect and intangible costs of the eruption . Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption , and then returned to near - normal levels once timber - salvaging and ash - cleanup operations were underway . Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption . Several months after May 18 , a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems , even though they had coped successfully during the crisis . Counties in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such people . Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a nearly crippling blow to tourism , an important industry in Washington . Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens -- Gifford Pinchot National Forest area , but conventions , meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption . The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering , however , proved only temporary . Mount St. Helens , perhaps because of its reawakening , has regained its appeal for tourists . The United States Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano 's devastation . Later eruptions ( edit ) St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980 . Through early 1990 at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred . The volcano remains active , with smaller , dome - building eruptions continuing into 2008 . 1980 -- 1991 ( edit ) Eruption on July 22 , 1980 An eruption occurred on May 25 , 1980 , at 2 : 30 a.m. that sent an ash column 9 miles ( 14 km ) into the atmosphere . The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity and occurred during a rainstorm . Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west , lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon . Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris , lahars and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption . At 7 : 05 p.m. on June 12 , a plume of ash billowed 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) above the volcano . At 9 : 09 p.m. a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about 10 miles ( 16 km ) skyward . This event caused the Portland area , previously spared by wind direction , to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival . A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor , growing to a height of 200 feet ( 61 m ) and a width of 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) within a week . A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet . The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area , heightened earthquake activity , and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide . The first hit at 5 : 14 p.m. as an ash column shot 10 miles ( 16 km ) and was followed by a faster blast at 6 : 25 p.m. that pushed the ash column above its previous maximum height in just 7.5 minutes . The final explosion started at 7 : 01 p.m. and continued for over two hours . When the relatively small amount of ash settled over eastern Washington , the dome built in June was gone . The growing third dome on October 24 , 1980 Seismic activity and gas emission steadily increased in early August , and on August 7 at 4 : 26 p.m. , an ash cloud slowly expanded 8 miles ( 13 km ) into the sky . Small pyroclastic flows came through the northern breach and a weaker outpouring of ash rose from the crater . This continued until 10 : 32 p.m. when a second large blast sent ash high into the air , proceeding due north . A second dacite dome filled this vent a few days later . Two months of repose were ended by an eruption lasting from October 16 to 18 . This event obliterated the second dome , sent ash 10 miles ( 16 km ) in the air and created small , red - hot pyroclastic flows . A third dome began to form within 30 minutes after the final explosion on October 18 , and within a few days , it was about 900 feet ( 270 m ) wide and 130 feet ( 40 m ) high . In spite of the dome growth next to it , a new glacier formed rapidly inside the crater . All of the post-1980 eruptions were quiet dome - building events , beginning with the December 27 , 1980 , to January 3 , 1981 , episode . By 1987 the third dome had grown to be more than 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) wide and 800 feet ( 240 m ) high . Further eruptions occurred over a few months between 1989 and 1991 . Plume of volcanic ash and steam in October 2004 eruption 2004 -- 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens The 2004 -- 08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano . Starting in October 2004 there was a gradual building of a new lava dome . The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption . This activity lasted until January 2008 . Summary table ( edit ) Eruption summary May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens Elevation of summit : Before eruption : 9,677 ft ( 2,950 m ) After eruption : 8,363 ft ( 2,549 m ) Total removed : 1,314 ft ( 401 m ) Crater dimensions : East - West : 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km ) North - South : 1.8 mi ( 2.9 km ) Depth : 2,084 ft ( 635 m ) Crater floor elevation : 6,279 ft ( 1,914 m ) Eruption Date : May 18 , 1980 Time of initial blast : 8 : 32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time ( UTC − 7 ) Eruption trigger : A magnitude 5.1 earthquake about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) beneath the volcano Landslide and debris avalanche Area covered : 23 sq mi ( 60 km ) Volume : ( uncompacted deposits ) 0.67 cu mi ( 2.8 km ) Depth of deposit : Buried North Fork Toutle River to average depth of 150 ft ( 46 m ) with a maximum depth of 600 ft ( 183 m ) Velocity : 70 to 150 mph ( 113 to 241 km / h ) Lateral blast Area covered : 230 sq mi ( 596 km ) ; reached 17 mi ( 27 km ) northwest of the crater Volume of deposit : ( uncompacted deposits ) 0.046 cu mi ( 0.19 km ) Depth of deposit : From about 3 ft ( 1 m ) at volcano to less than 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at blast edge Velocity : At least 300 mph ( 483 km / h ) Temperature : As high as 660 ° F ( 349 ° C ) Energy release : 24 megatons thermal energy ( 7 by blast , rest through release of heat ) Trees blown down : 4,000,000,000 board feet ( 9,400,000 m ) of timber ( enough to build about 300,000 two - bedroom homes ) Human fatalities : 55 - 60 ( direct ) ; 4 ( indirect ) ; 59 - 64 ( total ) Lahars Velocity : About 10 to 25 mph ( 16 to 40 km / h ) and over 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) on steep flanks of volcano Damaged : 27 bridges , nearly 200 homes . Blast and lahars destroyed more than 185 mi ( 298 km ) of highways and roads and 15 mi ( 24 km ) of railways . Effects on Cowlitz River : Reduced carrying capacity at flood stage at Castle Rock from 76,000 cu ft ( 2,200 m ) per second to less than 15,000 cu ft ( 420 m ) per second . Effects on Columbia River : Reduced channel depth from 40 to 14 ft ( 12 to 4 m ) ; stranded 31 ships in upstream ports Eruption column and cloud Height : Reached about 80,000 ft ( 24,400 m ) in less than 15 minutes Downwind extent : Spread across U.S. in 3 days ; circled Earth in 15 days Volume of ash : ( based on uncompacted deposits ) 0.26 cu mi ( 1.1 km ) Ash fall area : Detectable amounts of ash covered 22,000 sq mi ( 57,000 km ) Ash fall depth : 10 in ( 25 cm ) at 10 mi ( 16 km ) downwind ( ash and pumice ) 1 in ( 2.5 cm ) at 60 mi ( 97 km ) downwind 0.5 in ( 1.3 cm ) at 300 mi ( 482.8 km ) downwind Pyroclastic flows Area covered : 6 sq mi ( 16 km ) ; reached as far as 5 mi ( 8 km ) north of crater Volume and depth : ( volume based on uncompacted deposits ) 0.029 cu mi ( 0.12 km ) ; multiple flows 3 to 30 ft ( 1 to 9 m ) thick ; cumulative depth of deposits reached 120 ft ( 37 m ) in places Velocity : Estimated at 50 to 80 mph ( 80 to 130 km / h ) Temperature : At least 1,300 ° F ( 700 ° C ) Other Wildlife : The Washington State Department of Game estimated nearly 7,000 big game animals ( deer , elk and bear ) perished as well as all birds and most small mammals . Many burrowing rodents , frogs , salamanders and crawfish managed to survive because they were below ground level or water surface when the disaster struck . Fisheries : The Washington Department of Fisheries estimated that 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings were killed when hatcheries were destroyed . Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when forced to swim through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators as reservoir levels along the Lewis River were kept low to accommodate possible mudflows and flooding . Brantley and Myers , 1997 , Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 1996 : USGS Fact Sheet 070 -- 97 , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 ; and Tilling , Topinka , and Swanson , 1990 , Eruption of Mount St. Helens -- Past , Present , and Future : USGS General Interest Publication , accessed 2007 - 06 - 05 . Table compiled by Lyn Topinka , USGS / CVO , 1997 See also ( edit ) Cascade Volcanoes -- High Cascades . List of Cascade volcanoes Geology of the Pacific Northwest Pacific Ring of Fire The Eruption of Mount St. Helens ! ( 1980 film ) -- documentary movie about the eruption . Notes ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document : `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1998 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . p. 294 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine ( May 18 , 2005 ) . `` Explosive Lessons of 25 Years Ago '' . The Washington Post . p . A03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Helens Eruption - giph.io '' . giph.io . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Those who lost their lives because of the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens '' ( PDF ) . KGW news . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ As given by `` Inflation Calculator '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey ( Special Interest Publication ) . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) . Jump up ^ Gorney , Cynthia ( March 31 , 1980 ) . `` The Volcano : Full Theater , Stuck Curtain ; Hall Packed for Volcano , But the Curtain Is Stuck '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 15 -- 21 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Ray , Dewey ( March 27 , 1980 ) . `` Oregon volcano may be warming up for an eruption '' . Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 22 -- 28 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : March 29 -- April 4 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens cabin owners angry at ban '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . May 17 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : April 5 -- 11 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reawakening and Initial Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . 1997 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 3 -- 9 , 1980 '' . USGS. 2001 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity : May 10 -- 17 , 1980 '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.V. ; Heiken , G. ; Hulen , J. ( 1997 ) . Volcanoes : Crucibles of Change . Princeton University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01213 - X . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Robert Coenraads ( 2006 ) . `` Natural Disasters and How We Cope '' , p. 50 . Millennium House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 921209 - 11 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , H.E. ; Lichte , F.E. ( 1980 ) . `` Chemical composition of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 7 ( 11 ) : 949 -- 952 . doi : 10.1029 / GL007i011p00949 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , E.M. ( 1981 ) . `` Measurement of the Imaginary Part of the Refractive Index Between 300 and 700 Nanometers for Mount St. Helens Ash '' . Science . 211 ( 4484 ) : 836 -- 838 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 211.4484. 836 . Jump up ^ `` What were the effects on people when Mt St Helens erupted ? '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patty Murray ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` 25th Anniversary of the Mount St. Helens Eruption '' . Congressional Record -- Senate . U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. S5252 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy ( June 26 , 1988 ) . `` Trees Return to St. Helens , But Do They Make a Forest ? '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Lienau . `` To Touch a Volcano : A Filmmaker 's Story of Survival '' . Global Net Productions . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000 , Fact Sheet 036 - 00 '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Slape , Leslie ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Mountain Mystery : Some wonder if fewer people died in 1980 eruption '' . The Daily News . Longview , Washington . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mt . St Helens Victims '' . The Columbian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Painter , John Jr . The 1980s . The Oregonian , December 31 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis '' . Minneapolisfed.org . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` He Remembers the Year the Mountain Blew ( 1980 ) '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Fire Mountains of the West ( 1988 ) , p. 213 . References ( edit ) Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes . Missoula , MT : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 220 - 3 . Tilling , Robert I. ; Topinka , Lyn & Swanson , Donald A. ( 1990 ) . `` Eruptions of Mount St. Helens : Past , Present , and Future '' . The Climactic Eruption of May 18 , 1980 . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . ( adapted public domain text ) Klimasauskas , Ed ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Precursory Activity '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Topinka , Lyn . Mount St. Helens : A General Slide Set , Cascades Volcano Observatory , U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved on 2007 - 05 - 10 Further reading ( edit ) `` Eruption of Mount St. Helens '' . National Geographic . Vol. 159 no . 1 . January 1981 . pp. 3 -- 65 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Findley , Rowe ( December 1981 ) . `` Mount St. Helens Aftermath '' . National Geographic . Vol. 160 no . 6 . pp. 713 -- 733 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . `` List of victims '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 15 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) List of victims with biographical details USGS : Mount St. Helens 1980 Debris Avalanche Deposit USDA Forest Service : Mount St. Helens VolcanoCam Pre-1980 Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens , Washington USGS : Before , During , and After May 18 , 1980 Video approximation of the first seconds of the May 18 eruption from Gary Rosenquist 's photos on YouTube Boston.com -- The Big Picture -- 30 years later The short film Eruption of Mount St. Helens , 1980 ( 1981 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film This place in time : The Mount St. Helens story ( 1984 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Aerial pictures of the July 22nd , 1980 secondary eruption News reports at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager massif Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak State of Washington Olympia ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Census - designated places Federal lands Indian reservations History Geography Earthquakes People Music Parks Highways Symbols Tourist attractions Society Cannabis Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Politics Government Law Governors Legislature Legislative districts Senate House Legislative initiatives Popular initiatives Congressional delegation Congressional districts City governments State agencies Agriculture Archaeology and Historic Preservation Commerce Corrections Early Learning Ecology Employment Security Enterprise Services Financial Institutions Fish and Wildlife Health Higher Education Coordinating Board Information Services Labor and Industries Licensing Liquor and Cannabis Board Military Natural Resources Parks Institute for Public Policy Public Stadium Authority Public Disclosure Commission Retirement Systems Revenue Services for the Blind Social and Health Services Transportation Utilities and Transportation Regions Western Kitsap Peninsula Long Beach Peninsula Olympic Peninsula Puget Sound San Juan Islands Skagit Valley Eastern / Inland Central Washington Columbia Plateau Methow Valley Okanogan Country Palouse Yakima Valley Shared Cascade Range Columbia Gorge Columbia River Largest cities Seattle Spokane Tacoma Vancouver Bellevue Kent Everett Renton Yakima Federal Way Spokane Valley Kirkland Bellingham Kennewick Auburn Pasco Marysville Lakewood Redmond Shoreline Richland Metropolitan areas Greater Seattle Greater Spokane Tri-Cities Wenatchee metropolitan area Greater Portland and Vancouver Counties Adams Asotin Benton Chelan Clallam Clark Columbia Cowlitz Douglas Ferry Franklin Garfield Grant Grays Harbor Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas Klickitat Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan Pacific Pend Oreille Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens Thurston Wahkiakum Walla Walla Whatcom Whitman Yakima Modern history of Oregon ( 1890 -- present ) Topics Tax revolt Governors Bottle Bill Centennial Tokens `` Roll On , Columbia , Roll On '' Meier & Frank Willamette Industries Direct Legislation League Events USS Oregon Lewis & Clark Expo Oregon land fraud scandal Lookout Air Raids Columbus Day Storm Exploding whale 1977 NBA Finals 1980 eruption of Mt . St. Helens Rajneeshee bioterror attack Rajneeshee assassination plot New Carissa oil spill Willamette Valley Flood Places Bonneville Dam Celilo Falls Copperfield Fort Stevens Harbor Drive Kaiser Shipyards Shanghai tunnels Vanport Politicians Victor G. Atiyeh George Chamberlain David B. Frohnmayer Neil Goldschmidt Mark Hatfield Nan Wood Honeyman Tom McCall Douglas McKay Charles McNary Wayne Morse Maurine Neuberger Norma Paulus Barbara Roberts James H. Weaver Other Oregonians Terry Baker Pietro Belluschi Gert Boyle Abigail Scott Duniway James A. Fee Matt Groening Ken Kesey Phil Knight Ursula K. Le Guin Hall S. Lusk Brian McMenamin Bill Naito Steve Prefontaine Jack Ramsay Henry Weinhard History of Oregon 's native peoples of Oregon to 1806 of pioneers in Oregon of Oregon in modern times Coordinates : 46 ° 12 ′ 01 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 46.20028 ° N 122.18667 ° W / 46.20028 ; - 122.18667 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens&oldid=833102779 '' Categories : 1980 in Idaho 1980 in Montana 1980 in Oregon 1980 in Washington ( state ) 1980 natural disasters in the United States 20th - century volcanic events Cascade Volcanoes Gifford Pinchot National Forest History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Mount St. Helens Natural disasters in Washington ( state ) Volcanism of Washington ( state ) Landslides in 1980 May 1980 events Megatsunamis Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 17 : 51 . 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where was spiderman born (city and state)			Spider - Man	spider - man	Spider - Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer - editor Stan Lee and writer - artist Steve Ditko , and first appeared in the anthology comic book Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) in the Silver Age of Comic Books . The character is conceived as an orphan within the Marvel Universe named Peter Parker being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben in New York City after his parents Richard and Mary Parker were killed in a plane crash . Lee and Ditko depicted the character as having to deal with the normal struggles of adolescence and financial issues with a large array of supporting characters such as J. Jonah Jameson , Daily Bugle editor and smear campaigner of Spider - Man and classmates such as Flash Thompson , Harry Osborn and romantic interests , Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson . His origin story depicts him as being bitten by an radioactive spider and spider related power and abilities , such as the ability to cling to most surfaces , shoot spider - webs using wrist - mounted devices of his own invention , which he calls `` web - shooters '' , and react to danger quickly with his `` spider - sense '' , enabling him to combat his many variety of superpowered foes such as Doctor Octopus , Green Goblin and Venom . Also within the origin , Spider - Man originally uses this power for stardom but after letting a burglar escape who is responsible for shooting his uncle , he learns to use his power responsibly .	When Spider - Man first appeared in the early 1960s , teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist . The Spider - Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker , the high school student from Queens behind Spider - Man 's secret identity and with whose `` self - obsessions with rejection , inadequacy , and loneliness '' young readers could relate . While Spider - Man had all the makings of a sidekick , unlike previous teen heroes such as Bucky and Robin , Spider - Man had no superhero mentor like Captain America and Batman ; he thus had to learn for himself that `` with great power there must also come great responsibility '' -- a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider - Man story but later retroactively attributed to his guardian , the late Uncle Ben . Marvel has featured Spider - Man in several comic book series , the first and longest - lasting of which is titled The Amazing Spider - Man . Over the years , the Peter Parker character has developed from shy , nerdy New York City high school student to troubled but outgoing college student , to married high school teacher to , in the late 2000s , a single freelance photographer . In the 2010s , he joins the Avengers , Marvel 's flagship superhero team . Spider - Man 's nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012 -- 2014 , following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die . Separately , Marvel has also published books featuring alternate versions of Spider - Man , including Spider - Man 2099 , which features the adventures of Miguel O'Hara , the Spider - Man of the future ; Ultimate Spider - Man , which features the adventures of a teenaged Peter Parker in an alternate universe ; and Ultimate Comics Spider - Man , which depicts the teenager Miles Morales , who takes up the mantle of Spider - Man after Ultimate Peter Parker 's supposed death . Miles is later brought into mainstream continuity , where he works alongside Peter . Spider - Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes . As Marvel 's flagship character and company mascot , he has appeared in countless forms of media , including several animated and live action television series , syndicated newspaper comic strips , and in a series of films . The character was first portrayed in live action by Danny Seagren in Spidey Super Stories , a The Electric Company skit which ran from 1974 to 1977 . In films , Spider - Man has been portrayed by actors Tobey Maguire ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Andrew Garfield ( 2012 -- 2014 ) , and Tom Holland , who has portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2016 . Reeve Carney starred as Spider - Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark . Spider - Man has been well received as a superhero and comic book character , and he is often ranked as one of the most popular comic book characters of all time , alongside DC Comics ' most famous superheroes , Batman , Superman , and Wonder Woman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Creation and development 1.2 Commercial success 2 Character synopsis 2.1 Fictional character biography 2.2 Personality and themes 2.3 Powers , skills , and equipment 2.4 Supporting characters 2.4. 1 Enemies 3 Other versions 4 Cultural influence 4.1 Reception 4.2 Real - life comparisons 5 In other media 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Publication history Further information : List of Spider - Man titles Creation and development Richard Wentworth a.k.a. the Spider in the pulp magazine The Spider . Stan Lee stated that it was the name of this character that inspired him to create a character that would become Spider - Man . In 1962 , with the success of the Fantastic Four , Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea . He said the idea for Spider - Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books , and the desire to create a character with whom teens could identify . In his autobiography , Lee cites the non-superhuman pulp magazine crime fighter the Spider as a great influence , and in a multitude of print and video interviews , Lee stated he was further inspired by seeing a spider climb up a wall -- adding in his autobiography that he has told that story so often he has become unsure of whether or not this is true . Although at the time teenage superheroes were usually given names ending with `` boy '' , Lee says he chose `` Spider - Man '' because he wanted the character to age as the series progressed , and moreover felt the name `` Spider - Boy '' would have made the character sound inferior to other superheroes . At that time Lee had to get only the consent of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman for the character 's approval . In a 1986 interview , Lee described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodman 's objections . Goodman eventually agreed to a Spider - Man tryout in what Lee in numerous interviews recalled as what would be the final issue of the science - fiction and supernatural anthology series Amazing Adult Fantasy , which was renamed Amazing Fantasy for that single issue , # 15 ( cover - dated August 1962 , on sale June 5 , 1962 ) . In particular , Lee stated that the fact that it had already been decided that Amazing Fantasy would be cancelled after issue # 15 was the only reason Goodman allowed him to use Spider - Man . While this was indeed the final issue , its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing and that `` The Spiderman ( sic ) ... will appear every month in Amazing . '' Regardless , Lee received Goodman 's approval for the name Spider - Man and the `` ordinary teen '' concept , and approached artist Jack Kirby . As comics historian Greg Theakston recounts , Kirby told Lee about an unpublished character on which he had collaborated with Joe Simon in the 1950s , in which an orphaned boy living with an old couple finds a magic ring that granted him superhuman powers . Lee and Kirby `` immediately sat down for a story conference '' , Theakston writes , and Lee afterward directed Kirby to flesh out the character and draw some pages . Steve Ditko would be the inker . When Kirby showed Lee the first six pages , Lee recalled , `` I hated the way he was doing it ! Not that he did it badly -- it just was n't the character I wanted ; it was too heroic '' . Lee turned to Ditko , who developed a visual style Lee found satisfactory . Ditko recalled : One of the first things I did was to work up a costume . A vital , visual part of the character . I had to know how he looked ... before I did any breakdowns . For example : A clinging power so he would n't have hard shoes or boots , a hidden wrist - shooter versus a web gun and holster , etc ... I was n't sure Stan would like the idea of covering the character 's face but I did it because it hid an obviously boyish face . It would also add mystery to the character ... Although the interior artwork was by Ditko alone , Lee rejected Ditko 's cover art and commissioned Kirby to pencil a cover that Ditko inked . As Lee explained in 2010 , `` I think I had Jack sketch out a cover for it because I always had a lot of confidence in Jack 's covers . '' In an early recollection of the character 's creation , Ditko described his and Lee 's contributions in a mail interview with Gary Martin published in Comic Fan # 2 ( Summer 1965 ) : `` Stan Lee thought the name up . I did costume , web gimmick on wrist & spider signal . '' At the time , Ditko shared a Manhattan studio with noted fetish artist Eric Stanton , an art - school classmate who , in a 1988 interview with Theakston , recalled that although his contribution to Spider - Man was `` almost nil '' , he and Ditko had `` worked on storyboards together and I added a few ideas . But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own ... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands . '' Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) first introduced the fictional character . It was a gateway to commercial success for the superhero and inspired the launch of The Amazing Spider - Man comic book . Cover art by penciller Jack Kirby and inker Steve Ditko . Kirby disputed Lee 's version of the story , and claimed Lee had minimal involvement in the character 's creation . According to Kirby , the idea for Spider - Man had originated with Kirby and Joe Simon , who in the 1950s had developed a character called the Silver Spider for the Crestwood Publications comic Black Magic , who was subsequently not used . Simon , in his 1990 autobiography , disputed Kirby 's account , asserting that Black Magic was not a factor , and that he ( Simon ) devised the name `` Spider - Man '' ( later changed to `` The Silver Spider '' ) , while Kirby outlined the character 's story and powers . Simon later elaborated that his and Kirby 's character conception became the basis for Simon 's Archie Comics superhero the Fly . Artist Steve Ditko stated that Lee liked the name Hawkman from DC Comics , and that `` Spider - Man '' was an outgrowth of that interest . Simon concurred that Kirby had shown the original Spider - Man version to Lee , who liked the idea and assigned Kirby to draw sample pages of the new character but disliked the results -- in Simon 's description , `` Captain America with cobwebs '' . Writer Mark Evanier notes that Lee 's reasoning that Kirby 's character was too heroic seems unlikely -- Kirby still drew the covers for Amazing Fantasy # 15 and the first issue of The Amazing Spider - Man . Evanier also disputes Kirby 's given reason that he was `` too busy '' to draw Spider - Man in addition to his other duties since Kirby was , said Evanier , `` always busy '' . Neither Lee 's nor Kirby 's explanation explains why key story elements like the magic ring were dropped ; Evanier states that the most plausible explanation for the sudden change was that Goodman , or one of his assistants , decided that Spider - Man as drawn and envisioned by Kirby was too similar to the Fly . Author and Ditko scholar Blake Bell writes that it was Ditko who noted the similarities to the Fly . Ditko recalled that , `` Stan called Jack about the Fly '' , adding that `` ( d ) ays later , Stan told me I would be penciling the story panel breakdowns from Stan 's synopsis '' . It was at this point that the nature of the strip changed . `` Out went the magic ring , adult Spider - Man and whatever legend ideas that Spider - Man story would have contained '' . Lee gave Ditko the premise of a teenager bitten by a spider and developing powers , a premise Ditko would expand upon to the point he became what Bell describes as `` the first work for hire artist of his generation to create and control the narrative arc of his series '' . On the issue of the initial creation , Ditko states , `` I still do n't know whose idea was Spider - Man '' . Kirby noted in a 1971 interview that it was Ditko who `` got Spider - Man to roll , and the thing caught on because of what he did '' . Lee , while claiming credit for the initial idea , has acknowledged Ditko 's role , stating , `` If Steve wants to be called co-creator , I think he deserves ( it ) '' . He has further commented that Ditko 's costume design was key to the character 's success ; since the costume completely covers Spider - Man 's body , people of all races could visualize themselves inside the costume and thus more easily identify with the character . Commercial success A few months after Spider - Man 's introduction , publisher Goodman reviewed the sales figures for that issue and was shocked to find it was one of the nascent Marvel 's highest - selling comics . A solo ongoing series followed , beginning with The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 ( cover - dated March 1963 ) . The title eventually became Marvel 's top - selling series with the character swiftly becoming a cultural icon ; a 1965 Esquire poll of college campuses found that college students ranked Spider - Man and fellow Marvel hero the Hulk alongside Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons . One interviewee selected Spider - Man because he was `` beset by woes , money problems , and the question of existence . In short , he is one of us . '' Following Ditko 's departure after issue # 38 ( July 1966 ) , John Romita , Sr. replaced him as penciler and would draw the series for the next several years . In 1968 , Romita would also draw the character 's extra-length stories in the comics magazine The Spectacular Spider - Man , a proto - graphic novel designed to appeal to older readers . It only lasted for two issues , but it represented the first Spider - Man spin - off publication , aside from the original series ' summer annuals that began in 1964 . An early 1970s Spider - Man story led to the revision of the Comics Code . Previously , the Code forbade the depiction of the use of illegal drugs , even negatively . However , in 1970 , the Nixon administration 's Department of Health , Education , and Welfare asked Stan Lee to publish an anti-drug message in one of Marvel 's top - selling titles . Lee chose the top - selling The Amazing Spider - Man ; issues # 96 -- 98 ( May -- July 1971 ) feature a story arc depicting the negative effects of drug use . In the story , Peter Parker 's friend Harry Osborn becomes addicted to pills . When Spider - Man fights the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn , Harry 's father ) , Spider - Man defeats the Green Goblin , by revealing Harry 's drug addiction . While the story had a clear anti-drug message , the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval . Marvel nevertheless published the three issues without the Comics Code Authority 's approval or seal . The issues sold so well that the industry 's self - censorship was undercut and the Code was subsequently revised . In 1972 , a second monthly ongoing series starring Spider - Man began : Marvel Team - Up , in which Spider - Man was paired with other superheroes and villains . From that point on there have generally been at least two ongoing Spider - Man series at any time . In 1976 , his second solo series , Peter Parker , the Spectacular Spider - Man began running parallel to the main series . A third series featuring Spider - Man , Web of Spider - Man , launched in 1985 to replace Marvel Team - Up . The launch of a fourth monthly title in 1990 , the `` adjectiveless '' Spider - Man ( with the storyline `` Torment '' ) , written and drawn by popular artist Todd McFarlane , debuted with several different covers , all with the same interior content . The various versions combined sold over 3 million copies , an industry record at the time . Several limited series , one - shots , and loosely related comics have also been published , and Spider - Man makes frequent cameos and guest appearances in other comic series . In 1996 The Sensational Spider - Man was created to replace Web of Spider - Man . In 1998 writer - artist John Byrne revamped the origin of Spider - Man in the 13 - issue limited series Spider - Man : Chapter One ( December 1998 -- October 1999 ) , similar to Byrne 's adding details and some revisions to Superman 's origin in DC Comics ' The Man of Steel . At the same time the original The Amazing Spider - Man was ended with issue # 441 ( November 1998 ) , and The Amazing Spider - Man was restarted with vol. 2 , # 1 ( January 1999 ) . In 2003 Marvel reintroduced the original numbering for The Amazing Spider - Man and what would have been vol. 2 , # 59 became issue # 500 ( December 2003 ) . When primary series The Amazing Spider - Man reached issue # 545 ( December 2007 ) , Marvel dropped its spin - off ongoing series and instead began publishing The Amazing Spider - Man three times monthly , beginning with # 546 -- 548 ( all January 2008 ) . The three times monthly scheduling of The Amazing Spider - Man lasted until November 2010 when the comic book was increased from 22 pages to 30 pages each issue and published only twice a month , beginning with # 648 -- 649 ( both November 2010 ) . The following year , Marvel launched Avenging Spider - Man as the first spinoff ongoing series in addition to the still twice monthly The Amazing Spider - Man since the previous ones were cancelled at the end of 2007 . The Amazing series temporarily ended with issue # 700 in December 2012 , and was replaced by The Superior Spider - Man , which had Doctor Octopus serve as the new Spider - Man , having taken over Peter Parker 's body . Superior was an enormous commercial success for Marvel , and ran for 31 - issue before the real Peter Parker returned in a newly relaunched The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 in April 2014 . Character synopsis Fictional character biography The spider bite that gave Peter Parker his powers . Amazing Fantasy # 15 , art by Steve Ditko . In Forest Hills , Queens , New York , Midtown High School student Peter Parker is a science - whiz orphan living with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May . As depicted in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) , he is bitten by a radioactive spider ( erroneously classified as an insect in the panel ) at a science exhibit and `` acquires the agility and proportionate strength of an arachnid '' . Along with super strength , Parker gains the ability to adhere to walls and ceilings . Through his native knack for science , he develops a gadget that lets him fire adhesive webbing of his own design through small , wrist - mounted barrels . Initially seeking to capitalize on his new abilities , Parker dons a costume and , as `` Spider - Man '' , becomes a novelty television star . However , `` He blithely ignores the chance to stop a fleeing thief , ( and ) his indifference ironically catches up with him when the same criminal later robs and kills his Uncle Ben . '' Spider - Man tracks and subdues the killer and learns , in the story 's next - to - last caption , `` With great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' Despite his superpowers , Parker struggles to help his widowed aunt pay rent , is taunted by his peers -- particularly football star Flash Thompson -- and , as Spider - Man , engenders the editorial wrath of newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson . As he battles his enemies for the first time , Parker finds juggling his personal life and costumed adventures difficult . In time , Peter graduates from high school , and enrolls at Empire State University ( a fictional institution evoking the real - life Columbia University and New York University ) , where he meets roommate and best friend Harry Osborn , and girlfriend Gwen Stacy , and Aunt May introduces him to Mary Jane Watson . As Peter deals with Harry 's drug problems , and Harry 's father is revealed to be Spider - Man 's nemesis the Green Goblin , Peter even attempts to give up his costumed identity for a while . Gwen Stacy 's father , New York City Police detective captain George Stacy is accidentally killed during a battle between Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus ( # 90 , November 1970 ) . In issue # 121 ( June 1973 ) , the Green Goblin throws Gwen Stacy from a tower of either the Brooklyn Bridge ( as depicted in the art ) or the George Washington Bridge ( as given in the text ) . She dies during Spider - Man 's rescue attempt ; a note on the letters page of issue # 125 states : `` It saddens us to say that the whiplash effect she underwent when Spidey 's webbing stopped her so suddenly was , in fact , what killed her . '' The following issue , the Goblin appears to kill himself accidentally in the ensuing battle with Spider - Man . Working through his grief , Parker eventually develops tentative feelings toward Watson , and the two `` become confidants rather than lovers '' . A romantic relationship eventually develops , with Parker proposing to her in issue # 182 ( July 1978 ) , and being turned down an issue later . Parker went on to graduate from college in issue # 185 , and becomes involved with the shy Debra Whitman and the extroverted , flirtatious costumed thief Felicia Hardy , the Black Cat , whom he meets in issue # 194 ( July 1979 ) . The Amazing Spider - Man # 252 ( May 1984 ) : The black costume debute that returned from Secret Wars that brought controversy to many fans . The suit would later be essentially be revealed as a symbiote and paved the way for the creation of Venom . Cover art by Ron Frenz and Klaus Janson . From 1984 to 1988 , Spider - Man wore a black costume with a white spider design on his chest . The new costume originated in the Secret Wars limited series , on an alien planet where Spider - Man participates in a battle between Earth 's major superheroes and villains . He continues wearing the costume when he returns , starting in The Amazing Spider - Man # 252 . The change to a longstanding character 's design met with controversy , `` with many hardcore comics fans decrying it as tantamount to sacrilege . Spider - Man 's traditional red and blue costume was iconic , they argued , on par with those of his D.C. rivals Superman and Batman . '' The creators then revealed the costume was an alien symbiote which Spider - Man is able to reject after a difficult struggle , though the symbiote returns several times as Venom for revenge . Parker proposes to Watson a second time in The Amazing Spider - Man # 290 ( July 1987 ) , and she accepts two issues later , with the wedding taking place in The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 21 ( 1987 ) . It was promoted with a real - life mock wedding using models , including Tara Shannon as Watson , with Stan Lee officiating at the June 5 , 1987 , event at Shea Stadium . However , David Michelinie , who scripted based on a plot by editor - in - chief Jim Shooter , said in 2007 , `` I did n't think they actually should ( have gotten ) married ... I had actually planned another version , one that was n't used . '' In a controversial storyline , Peter becomes convinced that Ben Reilly , the Scarlet Spider ( a clone of Peter created by his college professor Miles Warren ) is the real Peter Parker , and that he , Peter , is the clone . Peter gives up the Spider - Man identity to Reilly for a time , until Reilly is killed by the returning Green Goblin and revealed to be the clone after all . In stories published in 2005 and 2006 ( such as `` The Other '' ) , he develops additional spider - like abilities including biological web - shooters , toxic stingers that extend from his forearms , the ability to stick individuals to his back , enhanced Spider - sense and night vision , and increased strength and speed . Peter later becomes a member of the New Avengers , and reveals his civilian identity to the world , increasing his already numerous problems . His marriage to Mary Jane and public unmasking are later erased in another controversial storyline `` One More Day '' , in a Faustian bargain with the demon Mephisto that results in several other adjustments to the timeline , including the resurrection of Harry Osborn and the return of Spider - Man 's traditional tools and powers . That storyline came at the behest of editor - in - chief Joe Quesada , who said , `` Peter being single is an intrinsic part of the very foundation of the world of Spider - Man '' . It caused unusual public friction between Quesada and writer J. Michael Straczynski , who `` told Joe that I was going to take my name off the last two issues of the ( story ) arc '' but was talked out of doing so . At issue with Straczynski 's climax to the arc , Quesada said , was ... that we did n't receive the story and methodology to the resolution that we were all expecting . What made that very problematic is that we had four writers and artists well underway on ( the sequel arc ) `` Brand New Day '' that were expecting and needed `` One More Day '' to end in the way that we had all agreed it would ... The fact that we had to ask for the story to move back to its original intent understandably made Joe upset and caused some major delays and page increases in the series . Also , the science that Joe was going to apply to the retcon of the marriage would have made over 30 years of Spider - Man books worthless , because they never would have had happened ... ( I ) t would have reset way too many things outside of the Spider - Man titles . We just could n't go there ... Following the `` reboot '' , Parker 's identity was no longer known to the general public ; however , he revealed it to other superheroes. and others have deduced it . Parker 's Aunt May marries J. Jonah Jameson 's father , Jay Jameson . Parker became an employee of the think - tank Horizon Labs . In issue # 700 , the dying supervillain Doctor Octopus swaps bodies with Parker , who remains as a presence in Doctor Octopus 's mind , prompting a two - year storyline in the series The Superior Spider - Man in which Peter Parker is absent and Doctor Octopus is Spider - Man . Peter eventually regains control of his body . Following Peter Parker 's return , The Amazing Spider - Man was relaunched in April 2014 , with Peter Parker becoming a billionaire after the formation of Parker Industries . In December 2014 , following the Death of Wolverine comic book , Spider - Man became the new headmaster of the Jean Grey School and began appearing more prominently in X-Men stories , taking Wolverine 's role in the comic Wolverine and the X-Men . Personality and themes `` People often say glibly that Marvel succeeded by blending super hero adventure stories with soap opera . What Lee and Ditko actually did in The Amazing Spider - Man was to make the series an ongoing novelistic chronicle of the lead character 's life . Most super heroes had problems no more complex or relevant to their readers ' lives than thwarting this month 's bad guys ... Parker had far more serious concern in his life : coming to terms with the death of a loved one , falling in love for the first time , struggling to make a living , and undergoing crises of conscience . '' Comics historian Peter Sanderson As one contemporaneous journalist observed , `` Spider - Man has a terrible identity problem , a marked inferiority complex , and a fear of women . He is anti-social , ( sic ) castration - ridden , racked with Oedipal guilt , and accident - prone ... ( a ) functioning neurotic '' . Agonizing over his choices , always attempting to do right , he is nonetheless viewed with suspicion by the authorities , who seem unsure as to whether he is a helpful vigilante or a clever criminal . Notes cultural historian Bradford W. Wright , Spider - Man 's plight was to be misunderstood and persecuted by the very public that he swore to protect . In the first issue of The Amazing Spider - Man , J. Jonah Jameson , publisher of the Daily Bugle , launches an editorial campaign against the `` Spider - Man menace . '' The resulting negative publicity exacerbates popular suspicions about the mysterious Spider - Man and makes it impossible for him to earn any more money by performing . Eventually , the bad press leads the authorities to brand him an outlaw . Ironically , Peter finally lands a job as a photographer for Jameson 's Daily Bugle . The mid-1960s stories reflected the political tensions of the time , as early 1960s Marvel stories had often dealt with the Cold War and Communism . As Wright observes , From his high - school beginnings to his entry into college life , Spider - Man remained the superhero most relevant to the world of young people . Fittingly , then , his comic book also contained some of the earliest references to the politics of young people . In 1968 , in the wake of actual militant student demonstrations at Columbia University , Peter Parker finds himself in the midst of similar unrest at his Empire State University ... Peter has to reconcile his natural sympathy for the students with his assumed obligation to combat lawlessness as Spider - Man . As a law - upholding liberal , he finds himself caught between militant leftism and angry conservatives . Powers , skills , and equipment Main article : Spider - Man 's powers and equipment A bite from a radioactive spider triggers mutations in Peter Parker 's body , granting him superpowers . In the original Lee - Ditko stories , Spider - Man has the ability to cling to walls , superhuman strength , a sixth sense ( `` spider - sense '' ) that alerts him to danger , perfect balance and equilibrium , as well as superhuman speed and agility . The character was originally conceived by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko as intellectually gifted , but later writers have depicted his intellect at genius level . Academically brilliant , Parker has expertise in the fields of applied science , chemistry , physics , biology , engineering , mathematics , and mechanics . With his talents , he sews his own costume to conceal his identity , and he constructs many devices that complement his powers , most notably mechanical web - shooters to help navigate and trap his enemies along with a spider - signal as an flashlight and an warning beacon to criminals . Supporting characters Main article : List of Spider - Man supporting characters Spider - Man characters The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 cover featuring a collage of Spider - Man 's supporting characters . Variant cover of The Amazing Spider - Man ( vol. 3 ) # 1 depicting the heads of various Spider - Man villains in the background . Art by Kevin Maguire . Spider - Man has had a large range of supporting characters introduced in the comics that are essential in the issues and storylines that star him . After his parents died , Peter Parker was raised by his loving aunt , May Parker , and his uncle and father figure , Ben Parker . After Uncle Ben is murdered by a burglar , Aunt May is virtually Peter 's only family , and she and Peter are very close . J. Jonah Jameson is depicted as the publisher of the Daily Bugle and is Peter Parker 's boss and as a harsh critic of Spider - Man , always saying negative things about the superhero in the newspaper . Despite his role as Jameson 's publishing editor and confidant Robbie Robertson is always depicted as a supporter of both Peter Parker and Spider - Man . Eugene `` Flash '' Thompson is commonly depicted as Parker 's high school tormentor and bully , but in later comic issues he becomes a friend to Peter . Meanwhile , Harry Osborn , son of Norman Osborn , is most commonly recognized as Peter 's best friend but has also been depicted sometimes as his rival in the comics . Peter Parker 's romantic interests range between his first crush , the fellow high - school student Liz Allan , to having his first date with Betty Brant , the secretary to the Daily Bugle newspaper publisher J. Jonah Jameson . After his breakup with Betty Brant , Parker eventually falls in love with his college girlfriend Gwen Stacy , daughter of New York City Police Department detective captain George Stacy , both of whom are later killed by supervillain enemies of Spider - Man . Mary Jane Watson eventually became Peter 's best friend and then his wife . Felicia Hardy , the Black Cat , is a reformed cat burglar who had been Spider - Man 's sole superhuman girlfriend and partner at one point . Enemies Main article : List of Spider - Man enemies Writers and artists over the years have established a rogues gallery of supervillains to face Spider - Man . In comics and in other media . As with the hero , the majority of the villains ' powers originate with scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology , and many have animal - themed costumes or powers . Examples are listed down below in the ordering of their original chronological appearance : Indicates a group team . Supervillain name / Supervillain team name Notable alter ego / group member First appearance Creator Chameleon Dmitri Anatoly Nikolayevich The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 ( March 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Vulture Adrian Toomes The Amazing Spider - Man # 2 ( May 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Doctor Octopus Doctor Otto Gunther Octavius The Amazing Spider - Man # 3 ( July 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Sandman William Baker / Flint Marko The Amazing Spider - Man # 4 ( September 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Lizard Dr. Curt Connors The Amazing Spider - Man # 6 ( November 1963 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Electro Maxwell Dillon The Amazing Spider - Man # 9 ( February 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Mysterio Quentin Beck The Amazing Spider - Man # 13 ( June 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Green Goblin Norman Osborn Harry Osborn The Amazing Spider - Man # 14 ( July 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Kraven the Hunter Sergei Kravinoff The Amazing Spider - Man # 15 ( August 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Sinister Six List of members The Amazing Spider - Man annual # 1 ( 1964 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Scorpion Mac Gargan The Amazing Spider - Man # 20 ( January 1965 ) Stan Lee Steve Ditko Rhino Aleksei Mikhailovich Sytsevich The Amazing Spider - Man # 41 ( October 1966 ) Stan Lee John Romita , Sr . Shocker Herman Schultz The Amazing Spider - Man # 46 ( March 1967 ) Stan Lee John Romita , Sr . Kingpin Wilson Fisk The Amazing Spider - Man # 50 ( July 1967 ) Stan Lee John Romita , Sr . Morbius Michael Morbius The Amazing Spider - Man # 101 ( January 1971 ) Roy Thomas Gil Kane Jackal Miles Warren The Amazing Spider - Man # 129 ( February 1974 ) Gerry Conway Ross Andru Black Cat Felicia Hardy The Amazing Spider - Man # 194 ( July 1979 ) Marv Wolfman Keith Pollard Hydro - Man Morris Bench The Amazing Spider - Man # 212 ( January 10 , 1981 ) Denny O'Neil John Romita , Jr . Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley The Amazing Spider - Man # 238 ( March 1983 ) Roger Stern John Romita Sr . Venom Eddie Brock The Amazing Spider - Man # 300 ( May 1988 ) David Michelinie Todd McFarlane Carnage Cletus Kasady The Amazing Spider - Man # 361 ( April 1992 ) David Michelinie Erik Larsen Mark Bagley Unlike a lot of well known rivalries in comics book depictions , Spider - Man is cited to have more than one archenemy and it can be debated or disputed as to which one is worse : ^ Doctor Octopus is regarded as one of Spider - Man 's worst enemies and archenemy . He has been cited as the man Peter might have become if he had not been raised with a sense of responsibility . He is infamous for defeating him the first time in battle and for almost marrying Peter 's Aunt May . He is the core leader of the Sinister Six and has also referred himself as the `` Master Planner '' . ( `` If This Be My Destiny ... ! '' ) Later depictions revealed him in Peter Parker 's body where he was the titular character for a while . ^ Norman Osborn using the Green Goblin alias is as commonly described as Spider - Man 's archenemy . Mostly after he is the first villain to uncover the hero 's true identity , being responsible for setting up the death of Spider - Man 's girlfriend in one of the most famous Spider - Man stories of all time which helped end the Silver Age of Comic Books and begin the Bronze Age of Comic Books . He was thought to be dead after that but writers help bring him back from the 1990s and he returned to plague Spider - Man once more in the comic books ( such as being involved of the killing of Aunt May ) and other heroes ( such as the Avengers ) . He is also an enemy of Spider - Man sometimes just as himself and not just only as his Goblin persona . ^ Another character commonly described as an archenemy is Venom . Eddie Brock as Venom is commonly described as the mirror version or the evil version of Spider - Man in many ways . Venom 's goals is usually depicted as trying to ruin Spider - Man 's life and mess with Spider - Man 's head when it comes to targeting enemies . Venom is cited as being one of the most popular Spider - Man villains . This popularity has led him to be an established iconic character of his own with own comic book stories . Other versions Main article : Alternative versions of Spider - Man The various Spider - Men that appear in the `` Spider - Verse '' . Art by Gabriele Dell'Otto . Within the Marvel Universe there exists a multiverse with many variations of Spider - Men . An early character included in the 1980 's is the fictional anthropomorphic funny animal parody of Spider - Man in pig form named Spider - Ham ( Peter Porker ) . Many imprints of Spider - Men were created like the futuristic version of Spider - Man in Marvel 2099 named Miguel O'Hara . In Marvel Comics 2 imprint , Peter marries Mary Jane and has a daughter named Mayday Parker who carries on Spider - Man 's legacy and Marvel Noir has a 1930 's version of Peter Parker . Other themed versions exist within the early 2000 's such as an Marvel Mangaverse version and an Indian version from Spider - Man : India named Pavitr Prabhakar . Ultimate Spider - Man was a popular modern retelling of Peter Parker . The version of Parker would later be depicted as being killed off and replaced by an Afro - Latino Spider - Man named Miles Morales . The storyline `` Spider - Verse '' brought back many alternate takes on Spider - Man and introduced many new inspired ones such as an alternate world where Gwen Stacy gets bitten by a radioactive spider instead along with a British themed version named Spider - UK called Brian Braddock from Captain Britain Corps . Cultural influence In The Creation of Spider - Man , comic book writer - editor and historian Paul Kupperberg calls the character 's superpowers `` nothing too original '' ; what was original was that outside his secret identity , he was a `` nerdy high school student '' . Going against typical superhero fare , Spider - Man included `` heavy doses of soap - opera and elements of melodrama '' . Kupperberg feels that Lee and Ditko had created something new in the world of comics : `` the flawed superhero with everyday problems '' . This idea spawned a `` comics revolution '' . The insecurity and anxieties in Marvel 's early 1960s comic books such as The Amazing Spider - Man , The Incredible Hulk , and X-Men ushered in a new type of superhero , very different from the certain and all - powerful superheroes before them , and changed the public 's perception of them . Spider - Man has become one of the most recognizable fictional characters in the world , and has been used to sell toys , games , cereal , candy , soap , and many other products . Spider - Man has become Marvel 's flagship character , and has often been used as the company mascot . When Marvel became the first comic book company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991 , the Wall Street Journal announced `` Spider - Man is coming to Wall Street '' ; the event was in turn promoted with an actor in a Spider - Man costume accompanying Stan Lee to the Stock Exchange . Since 1962 , hundreds of millions of comics featuring the character have been sold around the world . Spider - Man is the world 's most profitable superhero . In 2014 , global retail sales of licensed products related to Spider - Man reached approximately $1.3 billion . Comparatively , this amount exceeds the global licensing revenue of Batman , Superman , and the Avengers combined . U.S. President Barack Obama pretending to be webbed up by a boy dressed in a Spider - Man costume inside the White House Spider - Man joined the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1987 to 1998 as one of the balloon floats , designed by John Romita Sr. , one of the character 's signature artists . A new , different Spider - Man balloon float is scheduled to appear from at least 2009 to 2011 . When Marvel wanted to issue a story dealing with the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the company chose the December 2001 issue of The Amazing Spider - Man . In 2006 , Spider - Man garnered major media coverage with the revelation of the character 's secret identity , an event detailed in a full page story in the New York Post before the issue containing the story was even released . In 2008 , Marvel announced plans to release a series of educational comics the following year in partnership with the United Nations , depicting Spider - Man alongside UN Peacekeeping Forces to highlight UN peacekeeping missions . A BusinessWeek article listed Spider - Man as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional characters in American comics . Rapper Eminem has cited Spider - Man as one of his favorite comic book superheroes . In 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United States decided Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment , LLC , a case concerning royalties on a patent for an imitation web - shooter . The opinion for the Court , by Justice Elena Kagan , included several Spider - Man references , concluding with the statement that `` with great power there must also come -- great responsibility '' . Reception The culmination of nearly every superhero that came before him , Spider - Man is the hero of heroes . He 's got fun and cool powers , but not on the god - like level of Thor . He 's just a normal guy with girlfriend problems and money issues , so he 's more relatable than playboy billionaire Iron Man . And he 's an awkward teenager , not a wizened adult like Captain America . Not too hot and not too cold , Spider - Man is just right . IGN staff on placing Spider - Man as the number one hero of Marvel . Spider - Man was declared the number one superhero on Bravo 's Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens , and Villains TV series in 2005 . Empire magazine placed him as the fifth - greatest comic book character of all time . Wizard magazine placed Spider - Man as the third greatest comic book character on their website . In 2011 , Spider - Man placed third on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time , behind DC Comics characters Superman and Batman . and sixth in their 2012 list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . In 2014 , IGN identified Spider - Man the greatest Marvel Comics character of all time . A 2015 poll at Comic Book Resources named Spider - Man the greatest Marvel character of all time . IGN described him as the common everyman that represents many normal people but also noting his uniqueness compared to many top - tiered superheroes with his many depicted flaws as a superhero . IGN noted that despite being one of the most tragic superheroes of all time that he is `` one of the most fun and snarky superheroes in existence . '' Empire noted and praised that despite the many tragedies that Spider - Man faces that he retains his sense of humour at all times with his witty wisecracks . The magazine website aspraised the depiction of his `` iconic '' superhero poses describing it as `` a top artist 's dream '' . George Marston of Newsarama placed Spider - Man 's origin story as the greatest origin story of all time opining that `` Spider - Man 's origin combines all of the most classic aspects of pathos , tragedy and scientific wonder into the perfect blend for a superhero origin . '' Real - life comparisons Real - life people who have been compared to Spider - Man for their climbing feats include : In 1981 , skyscraper - safety activist Dan Goodwin , wearing a Spider - Man suit , scaled the Sears Tower in Chicago , Illinois , the Renaissance Tower in Dallas , Texas , and the John Hancock Center in Chicago , Illinois . Alain Robert , nicknamed `` Spider - Man '' , is a rock and urban climber who has scaled more than 70 tall buildings using his hands and feet , without using additional devices . He sometimes wears a Spider - Man suit during his climbs . In May 2003 , he was paid approximately $18,000 to climb the 312 - foot ( 95 m ) Lloyd 's building to promote the premiere of the movie Spider - Man on the British television channel Sky Movies . `` The Human Spider '' , alias Bill Strother , scaled the Lamar Building in Augusta , Georgia in 1921 . In Argentina , criminals that climb buildings and trespass into private property through the open balconies are said to use the `` Spider - Man method '' ( in Spanish , `` Hombre Araña '' ) . In other media Spider - Man in film Tobey Maguire ( left ) , Andrew Garfield ( center ) , and Tom Holland ( right ) have portrayed Spider - Man in film . Main article : Spider - Man in other media Further information : Spider - Man in film , Spider - Man in television , Spider - Man in literature , and List of Spider - Man video games Spider - Man has appeared in comics , cartoons , films , video games , coloring books , novels , records , and children 's books . On television , he first starred in the ABC animated series Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 1970 ) ; Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 - 1977 ) on PBS ; and the CBS live action series The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 1979 ) , starring Nicholas Hammond . Other animated series featuring the superhero include the syndicated Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 1982 ) , Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 1983 ) , Fox Kids ' Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) , The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 2009 ) , and Ultimate Spider - Man ( 2012 - 2017 ) . A tokusatsu series featuring Spider - Man was produced by Toei and aired in Japan . It is commonly referred to by its Japanese pronunciation `` Supaidā - Man '' . Spider - Man also appeared in other print forms besides the comics , including novels , children 's books , and the daily newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider - Man , which debuted in January 1977 , with the earliest installments written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita , Sr. Spider - Man has been adapted to other media including games , toys , collectibles , and miscellaneous memorabilia , and has appeared as the main character in numerous computer and video games on over 15 gaming platforms . Spider - Man was featured in a trilogy of live - action films directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero . The first Spider - Man film of the trilogy was released on May 3 , 2002 ; followed by Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) and Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) . A third sequel was originally scheduled to be released in 2011 , however Sony later decided to reboot the franchise with a new director and cast . The reboot , titled The Amazing Spider - Man , was released on July 3 , 2012 ; directed by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield as the new Spider - Man . It was followed by The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) . In 2015 , Sony and Disney made a deal for Spider - Man to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tom Holland made his debut as Spider - Man in the MCU film Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , before later starring in Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) ; directed by Jon Watts . Holland has been confirmed to reprise his role as Spider - Man for the upcoming Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . A Broadway musical , Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark , began previews on November 14 , 2010 at the Foxwoods Theatre on Broadway , with the official opening night on June 14 , 2011 . The music and lyrics were written by Bono and The Edge of the rock group U2 , with a book by Julie Taymor , Glen Berger , Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa . Turn Off the Dark is currently the most expensive musical in Broadway history , costing an estimated $70 million . In addition , the show 's unusually high running costs are reported to be about $1.2 million per week . See also List of Spider - Man storylines List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts Notes Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87305 - 2 . He goes further in his biography , claiming that even while pitching the concept to publisher Martin Goodman , `` I ca n't remember if that was literally true or not , but I thought it would lend a big color to my pitch . '' CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press interview with Stan Lee , quoted in The Steve Ditko Reader by Greg Theakston ( Pure Imagination , Brooklyn , NY ; ISBN 1 - 56685 - 011 - 8 ) , p. 12 ( unnumbered ) . `` He gave me 1,000 reasons why Spider - Man would never work . Nobody likes spiders ; it sounds too much like Superman ; and how could a teenager be a superhero ? Then I told him I wanted the character to be a very human guy , someone who makes mistakes , who worries , who gets acne , has trouble with his girlfriend , things like that . ( Goodman replied , ) ' He 's a hero ! He 's not an average man ! ' I said , ' No , we make him an average man who happens to have super powers , that 's what will make him good . ' He told me I was crazy '' . Jump up ^ Ditko , Steve ( 2000 ) . Roy Thomas , ed . Alter Ego : The Comic Book Artist Collection . TwoMorrows Publishing . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 06 - 3 . `` ' Stan said a new Marvel hero would be introduced in # 15 ( of what became titled Amazing Fantasy ) . He would be called Spider - Man . Jack would do the penciling and I was to ink the character . ' At this point still , Stan said Spider - Man would be a teenager with a magic ring which could transform him into an adult hero -- Spider - Man . I said it sounded like the Fly , which Joe Simon had done for Archie Comics . Stan called Jack about it but I do n't know what was discussed . I never talked to Jack about Spider - Man ... Later , at some point , I was given the job of drawing Spider - Man ' '' . Jump up ^ Jack Kirby in `` Shop Talk : Jack Kirby '' , Will Eisner 's Spirit Magazine # 39 ( February 1982 ) : `` Spider - Man was discussed between Joe Simon and myself . It was the last thing Joe and I had discussed . We had a strip called ' The Silver Spider . ' The Silver Spider was going into a magazine called Black Magic . Black Magic folded with Crestwood ( Simon & Kirby 's 1950s comics company ) and we were left with the script . I believe I said this could become a thing called Spider - Man , see , a superhero character . I had a lot of faith in the superhero character that they could be brought back ... and I said Spider - Man would be a fine character to start with . But Joe had already moved on . So the idea was already there when I talked to Stan '' . Jump up ^ Simon , Joe , with Jim Simon . The Comic Book Makers ( Crestwood / II , 1990 ) ISBN 1 - 887591 - 35 - 4 . `` There were a few holes in Jack 's never - dependable memory . For instance , there was no Black Magic involved at all ... Jack brought in the Spider - Man logo that I had loaned to him before we changed the name to The Silver Spider . Kirby laid out the story to Lee about the kid who finds a ring in a spiderweb , gets his powers from the ring , and goes forth to fight crime armed with The Silver Spider 's old web - spinning pistol . Stan Lee said , ' Perfect , just what I want . ' After obtaining permission from publisher Martin Goodman , Lee told Kirby to pencil - up an origin story . Kirby ... using parts of an old rejected superhero named Night Fighter ... revamped the old Silver Spider script , including revisions suggested by Lee . But when Kirby showed Lee the sample pages , it was Lee 's turn to gripe . He had been expecting a skinny young kid who is transformed into a skinny young kid with spider powers . Kirby had him turn into ... Captain America with cobwebs . He turned Spider - Man over to Steve Ditko , who ... ignored Kirby 's pages , tossed the character 's magic ring , web - pistol and goggles ... and completely redesigned Spider - Man 's costume and equipment . In this life , he became high - school student Peter Parker , who gets his spider powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider ... Lastly , the Spider - Man logo was redone and a dashing hyphen added '' . Jump up ^ Mondello , Salvatore ( March 2004 ) . `` Spider - Man : Superhero in the Liberal Tradition '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . X ( 1 ) : 232 -- 238 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1976. 1001_232. x ... a teenage superhero and middle - aged supervillains -- an impressive rogues ' gallery ( that ) includes such memorable knaves and grotesques as the Vulture ... References Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 434 Jump up ^ Spider - Man # 91 Jump up ^ The Spectacular Spider - Man # 257 Jump up ^ Sensational Spider - Man # 27 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 36 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 - 151 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 529 Jump up ^ `` What If ? Vol 2 # 31 ^ Jump up to : Wright , Bradford W. ( 2001 ) . Comic Book Nation . Johns Hopkins Press : Baltimore . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Ethan ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Peter Parker to return from death in ' Amazing Spider - Man ' # 1 this April '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Why Spider - Man is popular '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Brett ( October 2010 ) . `` Spidey Super Stories '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 23 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official ! Andrew Garfield to Play Spider - Man ! '' . Comingsoon.net . July 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Cast Announced for Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark '' . Broadway.com . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87305 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : DeFalco , Tom ; Lee , Stan ( 2001 ) . O'Neill , Cynthia , ed . Spider - Man : The Ultimate Guide . New York : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 7946 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 3 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Amazing Fantasy ( Marvel , 1962 series ) at the Grand Comics Database : `` 1990 copyright renewal lists the publication date as June 5 , 1962 '' ; `` ( T ) he decision to cancel the series had not been made when it went to print , since it is announced that future issues will include a Spider - Man feature . '' Jump up ^ `` Important Announcement from the Editor ! '' , Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) , reprinted at Sedlmeier , Cory , ed. ( 2007 ) . Amazing Fantasy Omnibus . Marvel Publishing . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 0785124580 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Theakston , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Steve Ditko Reader . Brooklyn , NY : Pure Imagination . ISBN 1 - 56685 - 011 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ditko , Steve ( 2000 ) . Roy Thomas , ed . Alter Ego : The Comic Book Artist Collection . TwoMorrows Publishing . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 06 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Deposition of Stan Lee '' . Los Angeles , California : United States District Court , Southern District of New York : `` Marvel Worldwide , Inc. , et al. , vs. Lisa R. Kirby , et al . '' . December 8 , 2010 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Ditko interview ( Summer 1965 ) . `` Steve Ditko -- A Portrait of the Master '' . Comic Fan # 2 ( Larry Herndon ) via Ditko.Comics.org ( Blake Bell , ed . ) . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Additional , February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon , Joe ( 2011 ) . Joe Simon : My Life in Comics . London , UK : Titan Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 930 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Evanier , Mark ; Gaiman , Neil ( 2008 ) . Kirby : King of Comics . Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9447 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bell , Blake . Strange and Stranger : The World of Steve Ditko ( 2008 ) . Fantagraphic Books. p. 54 - 57 . Jump up ^ Skelly , Tim . `` Interview II : ' I created an army of characters , and now my connection to them is lost . ' '' ( Initially broadcast over WNUR - FM on `` The Great Electric Bird '' , May 14 , 1971 . Transcribed and published in The Nostalgia Journal # 27 . ) Reprinted in The Comics Journal Library Volume One : Jack Kirby , George , Milo ed . May 2002 , Fantagraphics Books . p. 16 Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathon . In Search of Steve Ditko , BBC 4 , September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1991 ) . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saffel , Steve . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon ( Titan Books , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 , `` A Not - So - Spectacular Experiment '' , p. 31 Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man was a proven hit , so Marvel decided to expand the wall - crawler 's horizons with a new Spider - Man title ... Its first issue featured Spidey teaming up with the Human Torch against the Sandman in a Christmas tale written by Roy Thomas with art by Ross Andru . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0762437723 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1980s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man swung into the pages of an all - new ongoing series in this first issue by writer Louise Simonson and penciler Greg LaRocque . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1990s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Todd McFarlane was at the top of his game as an artist , and with Marvel 's release of this new Spidey series he also got the chance to take on the writing duties . The sales of this series were nothing short of phenomenal , with approx . 2.5 million copies eventually printing , including special bagged editions and a number of variant covers . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Thomas ( August 22 , 2000 ) . `` John Byrne : The Hidden Story '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Thomas ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Marvel 500s : How Many Are There ? '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schedeen , Jesse ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Avenging Spider - Man # 1 Review '' . IGN . j2 Global . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IGN : SDCC 10 : Spider - Man : The End of Brand New Day '' . IGN . j2 Global . July 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bremmer , Robyn ; Morse , Ben ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` The Next Big Thing : Spider - Man : Big Time '' . Marvel.com . Marvel Comics / Marvel Entertainment ( The Walt Disney Company ) . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Parker Resurrected in Slott 's Amazing Spider - Man '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Henry ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Back from the brain dead , Peter Parker returns to ' Spider - Man ' comics '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kempton , Sally , `` Spiderman 's ( sic ) Dilemma : Super-Anti - Hero in Forest Hills '' , The Village Voice , April 1 , 1965 ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . Amazing Fantasy 15 ( August 1962 ) , New York City , New York : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Daniels , Les . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1991 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 9 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Saffel , Steve . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon ( Titan Books , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . `` Spider - Man '' ; `` Spider - Man vs. The Chameleon '' ; `` Duel to the Death with the Vulture ; `` The Uncanny Threat of the Terrible Tinkerer ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 1 - 2 ( March , May 1963 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Amazing Spider - Man , The ( Marvel , 1963 Series ) at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( a ) . `` The Menace of the Molten Man ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 28 ( September 1965 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , John ( a ) . `` The Birth of a Super-Hero ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 42 ( November 1966 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 27 Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , John ( p ) , Mickey Demeo ( i ) . `` Spider - Man No More ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 50 ( July 1967 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Kane , Gil ( p ) , Giacoia , Frank ( i ) . `` The Spider or the Man ? '' The Amazing Spider - Man 100 ( September 1971 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Saffel , p. 60 Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 65 , states , `` In the battle that followed atop the Brooklyn Bridge ( or was it the George Washington Bridge ? ) ... '' On page 66 , Saffel reprints the panel of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , page 18 , in which Spider - Man exclaims , `` The George Washington Bridge ! It figures Osborn would pick something named after his favorite president . He 's got the same sort of hangup for dollar bills ! '' Saffel states , `` The span portrayed ... is the GW 's more famous cousin , the Brooklyn Bridge ... To address the contradiction in future reprints of the tale , though , Spider - Man 's dialogue was altered so that he 's referring to the Brooklyn Bridge . But the original snafu remains as one of the more visible errors in the history of comics . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Marvel Universe , p. 84 , notes , `` ( W ) hile the script described the site of Gwen 's demise as the George Washington Bridge , the art depicted the Brooklyn Bridge , and there is still no agreement as to where it actually took place . '' Jump up ^ Saffel , p. 65 Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Kane , Gil ( p ) , Romita , John ( i ) . `` The Night Gwen Stacy Died '' The Amazing Spider - Man 121 ( June 1973 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Sanderson , Marvel Universe , p. 85 Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Spring 2006 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died ' : The End of Innocence and the ' Last Gasp of the Silver Age ' '' . International Journal of Comic Art . 8 ( 1 ) : 208 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , Marvel Universe , p. 83 Jump up ^ Shooter , Jim ( w ) , Zeck , Michael ( p ) , Beatty , John , Abel , Jack , and Esposito , Mike ( i ) . `` Invasion '' Marvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars 8 ( December 1984 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Leupp , Thomas . `` Behind the Mask : The Story of Spider - Man 's Black Costume '' Archived June 27 , 2010 , at WebCite , ReelzChannel.com , 2007 , n.d. WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Simonson , Louise ( w ) , LaRocque , Greg ( p ) , Mooney , Jim and Colletta , Vince ( i ) . `` ' Til Death Do Us Part ! '' Web of Spider - Man 1 ( April 1985 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gross , Michael ( June 2 , 1987 ) . `` Spider - Man to Wed Model '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saffel , p. 124 Jump up ^ Shooter , Jim and Michelinie , David ( w ) , Ryan , Paul ( p ) , Colletta , Vince ( i ) . `` The Wedding '' The Amazing Spider - Man Annual 21 ( 1987 ) , New York City , New York : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Life of Reilly '' . GreyHaven Magazine . NewComicsReviews.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Millar , Mark ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Vines , Dexter ( i ) . `` Civil War '' Civil War 2 ( August 2006 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Weiland , Jonah . `` The ' One More Day ' Interviews with Joe Quesada , Pt. 1 of 5 '' , Newsarama , December 28 , 2007 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Straczynski , J. Michael ( w ) , Quesada , Joe ( p ) , Miki , Danny ( i ) . `` One More Day Part 4 '' The Amazing Spider - Man 545 ( December 2007 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Weiland , Jonah . `` The ' One More Day ' Interviews with Joe Quesada , Pt. 2 of 5 '' , Newsarama , December 31 , 2007 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ New Avengers # 51 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 600 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 648 Jump up ^ The Superior Spider - Man # 1 - 29 Jump up ^ The Superior Spider - Man # 30 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Peter Parker to return from death in ' Amazing Spider - Man ' # 1 this April '' . Daily News . New York City . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All - New Marvel NOW ! Q&A : Amazing Spider - Man '' . Marvel . January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man and The X-Men ( 2014 - Present ) '' . Marvel Comics . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter . Marvel Universe : The Complete Encyclopedia of Marvel 's Greatest Characters ( Harry N. Abrams , New York , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8109 - 8171 - 8 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Daniels , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Gresh , Lois H. , and Robert Weinberg . `` The Science of Superheroes '' ( John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 471 - 02460 - 0 ( preview ) Jump up ^ Kiefer , Kit ; Couper - Smartt , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . Marvel Encyclopedia Volume 4 : Spider - Man . New York : Marvel Comics . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 1304 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan , Origins of Marvel Comics ( Simon and Schuster / Fireside Books , 1974 ) p. 137 ^ Jump up to : DeFalco , Tom ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1960s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas . `` The 10 Greatest SPIDER - MAN Villains of ALL TIME ! '' . Newsarama . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim . `` ARCHRIVALS : SPIDER - MAN VS THE VULTURE '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Scmidlin. `` 10 Spider - Man Villains ( And Combinations ) Deserving Of The Big Screen ( 7 . The Vulture ) '' . What Culture ! . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . `` He 's been one of Spider - Man 's most frequent and iconic antagonists ever since his first appearance in issue 2 of The Amazing Spider - Man . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 92 : `` Introduced in the lead story of The Amazing Spider - Man # 2 and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko , the Vulture was the first in a long line of animal - inspired super-villains that were destined to battle everyone 's favorite web - slinger . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 93 : `` Dr. Octopus shared many traits with Peter Parker . They were both shy , both interested in science , and both had trouble relating to women ... Otto Octavius even looked like a grown up Peter Parker . Lee and Ditko intended Otto to be the man Peter might have become if he had n't been raised with a sense of responsibility . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Spider - Man Versus Doctor Octopus '' The Amazing Spider - Man 3 ( July 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . In this installment , Stan Lee and Steve Ditko introduced Sandman -- a super villain who could turn his entire body into sand with a single thought . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Nothing Can Stop ... The Sandman ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 4 ( September 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Face - to - Face With ... the Lizard ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 6 ( November 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . The Amazing Spider - Mans sixth issue introduced the Lizard . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` The Man Called Electro ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 9 ( February 1964 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Electro charged into Spider - Man 's life for the first time in another ( Stan ) Lee and ( Steve ) Ditko effort that saw Peter Parker using his brilliant mind to outwit a foe . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` The Menace of ... Mysterio ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 13 ( June 1964 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . The Amazing Spider - Man # 13 saw ( Stan ) Lee and ( Steve ) Ditko return to the creation of new super villains . This issue marked the debut of Mysterio , a former special effects expert named Quentin Beck . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Albert , Aaron . `` Green Goblin Profile '' . About.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beard , Jim . `` SPIDER - MAN 3 : THE SPIDER & THE GOBLIN '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man 's arch nemesis , the Green Goblin , as introduced to readers as the ' most dangerous foe Spidey 's ever fought . ' Writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko had no way of knowing how true that statement would prove to be in the coming years . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . ( Stan ) Lee and ( Steve ) Ditko 's newest villain , Kraven the Hunter , debuted in this issue . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Ditko , Steve ( p ) , Ditko , Steve ( i ) . `` Kraven the Hunter ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 15 ( August 1964 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , Eve . `` Who Are the Sinister Six ? -- An Introduction to Spider - Man 's Supervillain Group '' . Collider . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spidey faced his first true team of super villains in an oversized 73 - pages extravaganza written by ( Stan ) Lee with art by ( Steve ) Ditko . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Spider - Man felt the Scorpion 's sting for the first time in another Stan Lee and Steve Ditko collaboration . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( p ) , Esposito , Mike ( i ) . `` The Horns of the Rhino ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 41 ( October 1966 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Now it was time for ( John Romita , Sr . ) to introduce a new Spidey villain with the help of ( Stan ) Lee . Out of their pooled creative energies was born the Rhino , a monstrous behemoth trapped in a durable rhinoceros suit . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( p ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( i ) . `` The Sinister Shocker ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 46 ( March 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . ( Stan ) Lee and ( John ) Romita 's second major Spidey villain appeared in the form of the Shocker , a criminal equipped with vibration - projecting gauntlets . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 122 : `` Stan Lee wanted to create a new kind of crime boss . Someone who treated crime as if it were a business ... He pitched this idea to artist John Romita and it was Wilson Fisk who emerged in The Amazing Spider - Man # 50 . '' Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( w ) , Romita , Sr. , John ( p ) , Esposito , Mike ( i ) . `` Spider - Man No More ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 50 ( July 1967 ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Although he made his debut in the previous issue , it was in this ( Stan ) Lee and ( John ) Romita tale ( The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 ) that the Kingpin -- real name Wilson Fisk -- really left his mark on organized crime . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yehl , April , Schedeen , Jesse . `` Top 25 Spider - Man villains : Part 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . In the first issue of The Amazing Spider - Man to be written by someone other than Stan Lee ... Thomas also managed to introduce a major new player to Spidey 's life -- the scientifically created vampire known as Morbius . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gross , Edward ( 2002 ) . Spider - Man Confidential : From Comic Icon to Hollywood Hero . ISBN 0786887222 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1970s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Writer Gerry Conway and artist Ross Andru introduced two major new characters to Spider - Man 's world and the Marvel Universe in this self - contained issue . Not only would the vigilante known as the Punisher go on to be one of the most important and iconic Marvel creations of the 1970s , but his instigator , the Jackal , would become the next big threat in Spider - Man 's life . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 107 : `` Spider - Man was n't exactly sure what to think about his luck when he met a beautiful new thief on the prowl named the Black Cat , courtesy of a story by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Keith Pollard . '' Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ; Schedeen , Jesse . `` Top 25 Spider - Man Villains : Part 1 '' . IGN . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1980s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . In this issue , award - winning writer Denny O'Neil , with collaborator John Romita , Jr. , introduced Hydro - Man . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` AMAZING SPIDER - MAN ( 1963 ) # 212 '' . Marvel . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Manning `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 133 : `` Writer Roger Stern and artists John Romita , Jr. and John Romita , Sr. introduced a new -- and frighteningly sane -- version of the ( Green Goblin ) concept with the debut of the Hobgoblin . '' Jump up ^ David and Greenberger , pp. 68 - 69 : `` Writer Roger Stern is primarily remembered for two major contributions to the world of Peter Parker . One was a short piece entitled ' The Kid Who Collects Spider - Man ' ... ( his ) other major contribution was the introduction of the Hobgoblin . '' Jump up ^ Greenberg , Glenn ( August 2009 ) . `` When Hobby Met Spidey '' . Back Issue ! ( 35 ) . TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 10 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venom is the 33rd greatest comic book character '' . Empire.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 169 : `` In this landmark installment ( issue # 298 ) , one of the most popular characters in the wall - crawler 's history would begin to step into the spotlight courtesy of one of the most popular artists to ever draw the web - slinger . '' Jump up ^ Comics Creators on Spider - Man , pg 148 , Tom DeFalco . ( Titan Books , 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Venom is number 22 on greatest comic book villain of all time '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carnage is number 90 on greatest comic book villain of all time '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cowsill , Alan ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1990s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . Dorling Kindersley . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . Artist Mark Bagley 's era of The Amazing Spider - Man hit its stride as Carnage revealed the true face of his evil . Carnage was a symbiotic offspring produced when Venom bonded to psychopath Cletus Kasady . '' CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michelinie , David ( w ) , Bagley , Mark ( p ) , Emberlin , Randy ( i ) . `` Carnage : Part One '' The Amazing Spider - Man 361 ( April 1992 ) Jump up ^ Papageorgiou , Solon. `` 10 facts about Batman , Spider - Man , Iron Man you did n't know '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Aaron . `` Top ten comic book archenemies '' . About.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hanks , Henry . `` Events in landmark ' Spider - Man ' issue have fans in a frenzy '' . CNN . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian . `` 50 Greatest Friends and Foes of Spider - Man : Villains # 1 - 3 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ULTIMATE SPIDER - MAN writer talks about Spidey 's new Amazing Friends and lays the Osborns to rest once and for all Marvel.com News '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Love is in the air as Marvel. com 's Secret Cabal picks the greatest Marvel romances of all in time for Valentine 's Day Marvel.com News '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua , Schedeen , Jess . `` Top 25 Spider - Man Villain : Part 5 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Norman Osborn is number 13 on greatest comic book villain of all time '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man villains tournament : Championship '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shutt , Craig ( August 1997 ) . `` Villain Turned Hero : Venom '' . Wizard ( 72 ) . p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbrook , James . `` The Greatest Spider - Men of All Time , Ranked '' . io9 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Oddest Marvel Characters '' . Time . 2009 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Best SPIDER - MEN Of All Time '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bryan ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Remembering the First -- and Forgotten -- Latino Spider - Man '' . Fox News Latino . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ong , Benjamin ; Kean Pang ( 16 July 2008 ) . `` Remembering When West Has Met East '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Half - black , half - Hispanic Spider - Man revealed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Slott Details the Unexpected Origins of Spider - Gwen and Spider - Punk '' . ComicBookResources.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kupperberg , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Creation of Spider - Man . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0763 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fleming , James R. ( 2006 ) . `` Review of Superman on the Couch : What Superheroes Really Tell Us about Ourselves and Our Society . By Danny Fingeroth '' . ImageText . University of Florida . ISSN 1549 - 6732 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex . illustrated by Joseph Michael Linsner . Weiser . p. 139 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man Weaving a spell '' . Screen India . 2002 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Lauren ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Superhero Is More Lucrative Than Batman And The Avengers Combined '' . io9 . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Which Superhero Earns $1.3 Billion a Year ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Returning to Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Paradede '' , Associated Press via WCBS ( AM ) , August 17 , 2009 Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Spurlock , J. David , and John Romita . John Romita Sketchbook . ( Vanguard Productions : Lebanon , N.J. 2002 ) ISBN 1 - 887591 - 27 - 3 , p. 45 : Romita : `` I designed the Spider - Man balloon float . When we went to Macy 's to talk about it , Manny Bass was there . He 's the genius who creates all these balloon floats . I gave him the sketches and he turned them into reality '' . Jump up ^ Yarbrough , Beau ( September 24 , 2001 ) . `` Marvel to Take on World Trade Center Attack in `` Amazing Spider - Man '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Spider - Man Removes Mask at Last '' . BBC . Retrieved September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brady , Matt ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` New York Post Spoils Civil War # 2 '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lane , Thomas ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Can Spider - Man help UN beat evil ? '' . BBC . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pisani , Joseph ( June 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Smartest Superheroes '' . Business Week Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Johnathan ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : Eminem Talks New Album , Book '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Fun Facts We Learned From Eminem 's Genius Annotations '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Patrick ( June 22 , 2015 ) , `` Justice Elena Kagan Had Some Fun Writing About Spider - Man '' , Mother Jones , retrieved June 23 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Super Heroes , Vixens , and Villains Episode Guide 2005 -- Ultimate Super Villains '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters '' . Empire Online . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 200 comic book characters '' . Wizard . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ; Lakes , Jeff . `` Top 25 Best Marvel Superheroes -- IGN -- Page 5 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Conin , Brian ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Top 50 Marvel Characters 3 - 1 Page 2 of 2 Comics Should Be Good @ CBR '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marston , George . `` The 10 Best Superhero Origin Stories of ALL TIME ! '' . Newsarama.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscraper Defense '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jocelyn ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Recalls 1921 climb of ' human spider ' '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : un robo con la modalidad `` hombre araña '' en un departamento de Belgrano '' ( Video : a theft with the `` Spider - Man '' method at a Belgrano apartment ) ( in Spanish ) . Infobae . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Un `` hombre araña '' asaltó y violó a una profesora de gimnasia '' ( A `` Spider - man '' raped and stole from a gym teacher ) ( in Spanish ) . Clarín . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man ( 1967 ) '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Spider - Man '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Romita Interview '' . www.keefestudios.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Spider - Man 4 ' Scrapped ; Sam Rami & Tobey Maguire & Cast Out ; Franchise Reboot for 2012 '' . Deadline.com . January 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Spider - Man '' Film Gets Reboot ; Sam Raimi , Tobey Maguire Out `` . Zap2It.com . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tobey Maguire and Sam Raimi part ways with Spider - Man franchise Jump up ^ `` Andrew Garfield & Marc Webb Return For ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' '' . Huffington Post . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Garfield relishes web - swinging in ' Amazing Spider - Man 2 ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` It 's Official : Spider - Man Enters the Marvel Cinematic Universe ! '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brett ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Movie Gets Official Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their ' Spider - Man ' Star and Director '' ( Press release ) . Marvel.com . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Downey , Jr . Confirms Spider - Man Character in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' On FB Live '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 - US . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lustig , Jay . `` Spider - Man : Turn off the Dark '' . New Jersey On - Line . January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Reeve Carney , Jennifer Damiano , Patrick Page to Star in Spider - Man ; Performances Begin in November '' Archived May 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com , August 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` SpidermanBroadway.Marvel.com '' . Spidermanonbroadway.marvel.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Troubled Spider - Man Turn Off the Dark Delays Broadway Opening Again '' Archived January 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com . January 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Could Spider - Man the Musical be the ' biggest disaster in Broadway history ' ? '' . The Week . August 13 , 2010 ( updated November 4 , 2010 ) . External links Find more aboutSpider - Manat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Spider - Man at the Marvel Universe wiki Official website Official website for kids Spider - Man at the Comic Book DB Spider - Man at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . SpiderFan Spider - Man at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The science of Spider - Man , Cosmos The physics of Spider - man 's webs , Wired Spider - Man physics : How real is the superhero , Wired Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature ‎ novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Category Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Black Cat Sally Avril Betty Brant Cloak and Dagger Martha Connors Billy Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Ezekiel Vin Gonzales Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Kenny McFarlane Max Modell Harry Osborn Aunt May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Uncle Ben Parker Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Sarah Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Leo Zelinsky Neutral characters Anti-Venom Cardiac Morbius , the Living Vampire Prowler Puma Punisher Rocket Racer Silver Sable Toxin Costumed allies Captain America Daredevil Deadpool Fantastic Four Human Torch Hulk Iron Man Spider - Woman ( Jessica Drew ) Thor Wolverine Antagonists Central rogues gallery Black Cat Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hammerhead Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Tombstone Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Group teams Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Sinister Six List of members Spider - Slayer List of Spider - Slayers Sinister Syndicate Regular crossover villains Beetle Abner Jenkins Leila Davis Janice Lincoln Boomerang Doctor Doom Doppleganger Juggernaut Magneto Mephisto Ringer Scarecrow Speed Demon Swarm Vermin Recurring antagonists Big Man Frederick Foswell Big Wheel Burglar Calypso Carrion Crime Master Cyclone Demogoblin Richard Fisk Foreigner Gibbon Gog Grey Goblin Grim Hunter Grizzly Human Fly Hypno - Hustler Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Jonas Harrow Kangaroo Living Brain Looter Man - Wolf Kraven the Hunter ( Ana Kravinoff ) Kraven the Hunter ( Alyosha Kravinoff ) Lady Octopus Man Mountain Marko Menace Mendel Stromm Mister Negative Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Overdrive Rose Scorcher Scorpia Shathra Shriek Silvermane Sin Eater Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spot Stegron Styx and Stone Tarantula Tinkerer Walrus White Rabbit Will o ' the Wisp Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Girl Spider - UK Spider - Ham Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man Noir Spider - Man ( Marvel Mangaverse ) Spider - Man ( Pavitr Prabhakar ) Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) Ultimate Marvel Spider - Man Miles Morales Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom In other media Firestar Gentleman Spider - Man ( 1994 tv series ) characters The Spectacular Spider - Man characters Other topics Goblin Symbiotes Slingers Spider - Man publications and storylines Current series The Amazing Spider - Man issues Ben Reilly : The Scarlet Spider Peter Parker : The Spectacular Spider - Man Spider - Gwen Venom Former series Amazing Fantasy Avenging Spider - Man Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man Marvel Team - Up / Spider - Man Team - Up Peter Parker : Spider - Man The Sensational Spider - Man vol. 1 Marvel Knights Spider - Man / The Sensational Spider - Man vol. 2 Spider - Man and Zoids Spider - Man Family / The Amazing Spider - Man Family Spider - Man 's Tangled Web Spider - Man Unlimited Spidey The Superior Foes of Spider - Man The Superior Spider - Man Superior Spider - Man Team - Up Untold Tales of Spider - Man Web of Spider - Man Webspinners : Tales of Spider - Man Limited series Spider - Man : Chapter One ( 1998 ) Spider - Man : Blue ( 2002 ) Spider - Man / Black Cat : The Evil that Men Do ( 2002 ) Trouble ( 2003 ) Venom vs. Carnage ( 2004 ) Spider - Man : House of M ( 2005 ) Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four ( 2007 ) Spider - Man : With Great Power ( 2008 ) Astonishing Spider - Man & Wolverine ( 2010 ) Spider - Man and the X-Men ( 2014 ) Outside continuity Marvel Adventures Spider - Man Spider - Gwen Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man Noir Spider - Man Noir : Eyes Without a Face Spider - Man : India Spider - Man : The Manga Spider - Man J Spidey Super Stories Spider - Girl Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane Spider - Man : Reign Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 series ) Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Crossovers Superman vs. The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1976 ) Superman and Spider - Man ( 1981 ) Spider - Man 2099 Meets Spider - Man ( 1995 ) Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds ( 1995 ) Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Spider - Men ( 2012 ) Spider - Verse ( 2014 ) Storylines `` If This Be My Destiny ... ! '' ( 1965 ) `` Spider - Man No More ! '' ( 1967 ) `` Green Goblin Reborn ! '' ( 1971 ) `` The Six Arms Saga '' ( 1971 ) `` The Night Gwen Stacy Died '' ( 1973 ) `` Nothing Can Stop the Juggernaut ! '' ( 1982 ) `` The Kid Who Collects Spider - Man '' ( 1984 ) `` Secret Wars '' ( 1984 ) `` Alien Costume Saga '' ( 1984 ) `` The Death of Jean DeWolff '' ( 1985 ) `` The Wedding ! '' ( 1987 ) `` Kraven 's Last Hunt '' ( 1987 ) `` Torment '' ( 1990 ) `` Invasion of the Spider - Slayers '' ( 1992 ) `` Maximum Carnage '' ( 1993 ) `` Clone Saga '' ( 1994 ) `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' ( 1995 ) `` Identity Crisis '' ( 1998 ) `` The Gathering of Five '' and `` The Final Chapter '' ( 1998 ) `` Flowers for Rhino '' ( 2001 ) `` The Other '' ( 2005 ) `` Back in Black '' ( 2007 ) `` One More Day '' ( 2007 ) `` Brand New Day '' ( 2008 ) `` New Ways to Die '' ( 2008 ) `` Spidey Meets the President ! '' ( 2009 ) '' `` The Gauntlet '' and `` Grim Hunt '' ( 2009 ) `` One Moment in Time '' ( 2010 ) `` Big Time '' ( 2010 ) `` Spider - Island '' ( 2011 ) `` Ends of the Earth '' ( 2012 ) `` Dying Wish '' ( 2012 ) `` Spider - Verse '' ( 2014 ) `` Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy '' ( 2016 ) Other The Amazing Spider - Man # 129 Astonishing Spider - Man Marvel Tales Ultimate Spider - Man story arcs Ultimate Spider - Man and X-Men Categories Titles Storylines Spider - Man in popular media Television Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) episodes Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 -- 79 ) Spider - Woman ( 1979 -- 80 ) Spider - Man ( 1981 -- 82 ) The Capture of Captain America Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends ( 1981 -- 83 ) episodes characters Spider - Man ( 1994 -- 98 ) episodes characters Spider - Man Unlimited ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man ( 2008 -- 09 ) episodes characters Ultimate Spider - Man / Spider - Man : Web Warriors / Spider - Man VS . Sinister 6 ( 2012 -- 17 ) episodes Spider - Man ( 2017 ) Film Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Live performances Spider - Man 's wedding Spider - Man Live ! 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what industry was able to grow because of steam power			Steam power during the Industrial Revolution	steam power during the industrial revolution	Improvements to the steam engine were some of the most important technologies of the Industrial Revolution , although steam did not replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution . From Englishman Thomas Newcomen 's atmospheric engine , of 1712 , through major developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt , the steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings , not just in mining , where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings . Early mills had run successfully with water power , but by using a steam engine a factory could be located anywhere , not just close to water . Water power varied with the seasons and was not always available .	In 1775 Watt formed an engine - building and engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton . The partnership of Boulton & Watt became one of the most important businesses of the Industrial Revolution and served as a kind of creative technical centre for much of the British economy . The partners solved technical problems and spread the solutions to other companies . Similar firms did the same thing in other industries and were especially important in the machine tool industry . These interactions between companies were important because they reduced the amount of research time and expense that each business had to spend working with its own resources . The technological advances of the Industrial Revolution happened more quickly because firms often shared information , which they then could use to create new techniques or products . From mines to mills , steam engines found many uses in a variety of industries . The introduction of steam engines improved productivity and technology , and allowed the creation of smaller and better engines . After Richard Trevithick 's development of the high - pressure engine , transport - applications became possible , and steam engines found their way into boats , railways , farms and road vehicles . Steam engines are an example of how changes brought by industrialization led to even more changes in other areas . The development of the stationary steam engine was a very important early element of the Industrial Revolution , however it should be remembered that for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man - power for driving small machines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thomas Savery 's steam pump 2 Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine 3 James Watt 's steam engines 4 Development after Watt 4.1 The Corliss Engine 5 Major Applications 5.1 Blast furnace power 5.2 Moving from Water to Steam Power 5.3 The Steamboat 5.3. 1 Steamboat and Water Transport 5.4 Railroad 6 References Thomas Savery 's steam pump ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Savery The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London the first engine , which he called the `` Miner 's Friend '' since he intended it to pump water from mines . Early versions used a soldered copper boiler which burst easily at low steam pressures . Later versions with iron boiler were capable of raising water about 46 meters ( 150 feet ) . The Savery engine had no moving parts other than hand - operated valves . The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray , thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level ; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder , forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level . The engine was used as a low - lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works , but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions . Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine ( edit ) Main article : Newcomen atmospheric engine Newcomen 's atmospheric steam engine The first practical mechanical steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 . Newcomen apprently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery , but as the latter had taken out a very wide - ranging patent , Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him , marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent . Newcomen 's engine appears to have been based on Papin 's experiments carried out 30 years earlier , and employed a piston and cylinder , one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston . Steam just above atmospheric pressure ( all that the boiler could stand ) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity - induced upstroke ; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum ; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder , raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity - actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft . The engine 's downward power stroke raised the pump , priming it and preparing the pumping stroke . At first the phases were controlled by hand , but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self - acting . A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread to France , Germany , Austria , Hungary and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s , the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . James Watt 's steam engines ( edit ) Main article : Watt steam engine A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt . With the close collaboration of Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably , the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and , most importantly , a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber . These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five , saving 75 % on coal costs . The Newcomen engine could not , at the time , be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel , although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780 . However , by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor , parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful . By 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp . An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp . This was still only a small fraction of the total power generating capacity in Britain by waterwheels ( 120,000 hp ) and by windmills ( 15,000 hp ) ; however , water and wind power were seasonably variable . Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp . Development after Watt ( edit ) The development of machine tools , such as the lathe , planing and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . In the early 19th century after the expiration of the Boulton & Watt patent in 1800 , the steam engine underwent great increases in power due to the use of higher pressure steam which Watt had always avoided because of the danger of exploding boilers , which were in a very primitive state of development . Until about 1800 , the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained portative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Further decrease in size due to use of higher pressure came towards the end of the 18th Century when the Cornish engineer , Richard Trevithick and the American engineer , Oliver Evans , independently began to construct higher pressure ( about 40 pounds per square inch ( 2.7 atm ) ) engines which exhausted into the atmosphere , although Arthur Wolf working at the Meux Brewery in London was already experimenting with higher pressure steam , in his efforts to save coal . This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact and light enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . Trevithick was a man of versatile talents , and his activities were not confined to small applications . Trevithick developed his large Cornish boiler with an internal flue from about 1812 . These were also employed when upgrading a number of Watt pumping engines , by this time Arthur Wolf had already produced high pressure engines whilst working at Meux brewery in London , in his efforts to improve efficiency , thus saving coal.as he had been trained by Joseph Bramah in the art of quality control , which resulted in him becoming chief engineer at Harveys of Hayle in Cornwall , by far the largest and leading manufacturer of steam engines in the world . The Corliss engine ( edit ) Main article : Corliss steam engine The Corliss Engine displayed at the International Exhibition of Arts , Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine of 1876 The last major improvement to the steam engine was the Corliss engine . Named after its inventor , George Henry Corliss , this stationary steam engine was introduced to the world in 1849 . The engine boasted a number of desired features , including fuel efficiency ( lowering cost of fuel by a third or more ) , low maintenance costs , 30 % higher rate of power production , high thermal efficiency , and the ability to operate under light , heavy , or varying loads while maintaining high velocity and constant speed . While the engine was loosely based on existing steam engines keeping the simple piston - flywheel design , the majority of these features were brought about by the engine 's unique valves and valve gears . Unlike most engines employed during the era that were using mainly slide - valve gears , Corliss created his own system that used a wrist plate to control a number of different valves . Each cylinder was equipped with four valves , with exhaust and inlet valves at both ends of the cylinder . Through a precisely tuned series of events opening and closing these valves , steam is admitted and released at a precise rate allowing for linear piston motion . This provided the engine 's most notable feature , the automatic variable cut - off mechanism . This mechanism is what allowed the engine to maintain a set speed in response to varying loads without losing efficiency , stalling , or being damaged . Using a series of cam gears , which could adjust valve timing ( essentially acting as a throttle ) , the engine 's speed and horsepower was adjusted . This proved extremely useful for most of the engine 's applications . In the textile industry , it allowed for production at much higher speeds while lowering the likelihood that threads would break . In metallurgy , the extreme and abrupt variations of load experienced in rolling mills were also countered by the technology . These examples demonstrate that the Corliss engine was able to lead to much higher rates of production , while preventing costly damages to machinery and materials . It was referred to as `` the most perfect regulation of speed . '' Corliss kept a detailed record of the production , collective horsepower , and sales of his engines up until the patent expired . He did this for a number of reasons , including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights , maintenance and upgrade details , and especially as data used to extend the patent . With this data , a more clear understanding of the engine 's influence is provided . By 1869 , nearly 1200 engines had been sold , totaling 118,500 horsepower . Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss 's patent , bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000 . This relatively small number of engines produced 15 % of the United States ' total 1.2 million horsepower . The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100 , while the mean for all steam engines ( including Corliss engines ) was 30 . Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower . Many were convinced of the Corliss engine 's benefits , but adoption was slow due to patent protection . When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870 , it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector . By the end of the 19th century , the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector , where it made up only 10 % of the sector 's engines , but produced 46 % of the horsepower . The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large - scale operations in rolling mills . Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced , destroyed , or repurposed , but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source . Major applications ( edit ) Blast furnace power ( edit ) In the mid 1750s the steam engine was applied to the water power - constrained iron , copper and lead industries for powering blast bellows . These industries were located near the mines , some of which were using steam engines for mine pumping . Steam engines were too powerful for leather bellows , so cast iron blowing cylinders were developed in 1768 . Steam powered blast furnaces achieved higher temperatures , allowing the use of more lime in iron blast furnace feed . ( Lime rich slag was not free - flowing at the previously used temperatures . ) With a sufficient lime ratio , sulfur from coal or coke fuel reacts with the slag so that the sulfur does not contaminate the iron . Coal and coke were cheaper and more abundant fuel . As a result , iron production rose significantly during the last decades of the 18th century . Moving from water to steam power ( edit ) Water power , the world 's preceding supply of power , continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity . The steam engine , however , provided many benefits that could n't be realized by relying solely on water power , allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations ' dominant power source ( rising from 5 % to 80 % of the total power in the US from 1838 - 1860 ) . While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit ( with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills ) , others favor the potential for agglomeration . Steam engines made it possible to easily work , produce , market , specialize , viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways , and live in communities that were n't geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams . Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens . By promoting the agglomeration of individuals , local markets were established and often met with impressive success , cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized , the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place , finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive , direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization , and labor and capital were in rich supply . In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power , population growths were even seen to increase . These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale , further validating the economic importance of the steam engine . The steamboat ( edit ) Main article : Steamboat This period of economic growth , which was ushered in by the introduction and adoption of the steamboat , was one of the greatest ever experienced in the United States . Around 1815 , steamboats began to replace barges and flatboats in the transport of goods around the United States . Prior to the steamboat , rivers were generally only used in transporting goods from east to west , and from north to south as fighting the current was very difficult and often impossible . Non-powered boats and rafts were assembled up - stream , would carry their cargo down stream , and would often be disassembled at the end of their journey ; with their remains being used to construct homes and commercial buildings . Steamboat on the Yukon River Following the advent of the steamboat , the United States saw an incredible growth in the transportation of goods and people , which was key in westward expansion . Prior to the steamboat , it could take between three and four months to make the passage from New Orleans to Louisville , averaging twenty miles a day . With the steamboat this time was reduced drastically with trips ranging from twenty - five to thirty - five days . This was especially beneficial to farmers as their crops could now be transported elsewhere to be sold . The steamboat also allowed for increased specialization . Sugar and Cotton were shipped up north while goods like poultry , grain and pork were shipped south . Unfortunately , the steamboat also aided in the internal slave trade . With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system . The natural river system had features that either was n't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher . Some obstacles included rapids , sand bars , shallow waters and waterfalls . To overcome these natural obstacles , a network of canals , locks and dams were constructed . This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers . The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves , and the goods they transported . These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries , along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers . Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient . Steamboat and water transport ( edit ) After the first steamboat was invented and achieved a number of successful trials , it was quickly adopted and led to an even quicker change in the way of water transport . In 1814 , the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals , but over the course of the following 20 years that number exploded to more than 1200 . The steamboat 's role as a major transportation source was secured . The transport sector saw enormous growth following the steam engine 's application , leading to major innovations in canals , steamboats , and railroads . The steamboat and canal system revolutionized trade of the United States . As the steamboats gained popularity , enthusiasm grew for the building of canals . In 1816 , the US had only 100 miles of canals . This needed to change , however , as the potential increase in traded goods from east to west convinced many that canals were a necessary connection between the Mississippi - Ohio waterways with the Great Lakes . Railroad ( edit ) The use of steam engines on railroads proved to be extraordinary in the fact that now you could have large amounts of goods and raw materials delivered to cities and factories alike . Trains could deliver these to places far away at a fraction of the cost traveling by wagon . Railroad tracks , which were already in use in mines and various other situations , became the new means of transportation after the first locomotive was invented . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenkins , Ryhs ( 1971 ) ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Cambridge ( 1st ) , Books for Libraries Press ( 2nd ) : The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780836921670 Jump up ^ Hulse , David H : The Early Development of the Steam Engine ; TEE Publishing , Leamington Spa , UK , 1999 ISBN 1 - 85761 - 107 - 1 Jump up ^ Hills , Rev. Dr. Richard ( 2006 ) , James Watt Vol 3 : Triumph through Adversity , 1785 - 819 , Ashbourne , Derbyshire , England : Landmark Publishing , p. 217 , ISBN 1 - 84306 - 045 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ James Watt Monopolist ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis ( 1979 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the US , 1780 - 1930 , Vol I . The University Press of Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Nathan ; Trajtenberg , Manuel ( 2004 ) . `` A General Purpose Technology at Work : The Corliss Steam Engine in the late 19th Century US '' . The Journal of Economic History . 64 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 99 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1780 - 1930 , Vol. II : Steam Power . Charlottesville : The University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Tribe , J ( 1903 ) . Compound Corliss Engines . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Milwaukee , Tribe . Jump up ^ Burn , D.L. ( January 1931 ) . `` The Genesis of American Engineering Competition , 1850 - 1870 '' . Economic History Review . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , F.F. ( 1892 ) . Power and Speed in Cotton Mills , Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Northeast Cotton Manufacturers Association . Boston . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , G.H. ( 1870 ) . In the Matter of the Petition of George H. Corliss for an Extension of His letters Patent for Improvements in Steam Engines . Providence : Providence Press Company . ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , W.P. ( 1880 ) . Reports on the Water - power of the United States : Statistics of Power and Machinery Employed in Manufactures . 10th U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , M. `` Corliss Engine Group Gear Mechanisms Corliss Steam Engine '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Tylecote , R.F. ( 1992 ) . A History of Metallurgy , Second Edition . London : Maney Publishing , for the Institute of Materials . ISBN 978 - 0901462886 . Jump up ^ Atack , J ; Bateman , F ; Weiss , T ( 1980 ) . `` The Regional Diffusion and Adoption of the Steam Engine in American Manufacturing '' . The Journal of Economic History . 40 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 308 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700108216 . Jump up ^ Fenichel , A.H. ( 1966 ) . `` Growth and Diffusion of Power in Manufacturing 1839 - 1919 . In Output , Employment and Productivity in the United States after 1800 '' . National Bureau of Economic Research , Studies in Income and Wealth. 30 : 443 -- 478 . Jump up ^ Atack , J ( 1979 ) . `` Fact in Fiction ? Relative Costs of Steam and Water Power : A Simulation Approach '' . Explorations in Economic History . 16 : 409 -- 437 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 79 ) 90029 - 9 . Jump up ^ Temin , P ( June 1966 ) . `` Steam and Waterpower in the Early Nineteenth Century '' . Journal of Economic History . Jump up ^ Krugman , P ( 1991 ) . Geography and Trade . MIT Press . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , David ( 1982 ) . The Ohio River ; Gateway to Settlement . Indiana Historical Society . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Camfield , Gregg . `` Economic Development ; Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' . Mark Twain 's Mississippi . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hedeen , Jane . `` The Economic Impact of the Steamboat '' ( PDF ) . http://indianahistory.org . Indiana Historical Society . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Williams , L.A. ( 1882 ) . History of the Ohio Falls Cities and their Counties : With illustrations and bibliographical sketches . Cleveland : L.A. Williams and Company . p. 220 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` History of Steamboat on the Mississippi River '' . http://www.mississippiriverinfo.com/history-of-steamboats-on-the-Mississippi-river/ . Mississippi River Cruises . External link in website = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) General The Growth of the Steam - engine . Robert H. Thurston , A.M. , C.E. , New York : D. Appleton and Comithcmpany , 1878 . Burstall , Aubrey F. ( 1965 ) . A History of Mechanical Engineering . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52001 - X . Hills , Richard L. ( 1989 ) . Power from Steam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45834 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_power_during_the_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=827704567 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Steam power Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 06 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who had the rights to the krays book	Our Story is an autobiographical book by Ronnie and Reggie Kray with Fred Dinenage . It was first released in 1988 by Sidgwick & Jackson , and in paperback on 8 September 1989 by Pan Books .	Sidgwick & Jackson\|Pan Books	Our story ( book )	our story ( book )	Our Story is an autobiographical book by Ronnie and Reggie Kray with Fred Dinenage . It was first released in 1988 by Sidgwick & Jackson , and in paperback on 8 September 1989 by Pan Books .	Synopsis ( edit ) Our Story is an autobiography by the Kray Twins , assisted by their ghostwriter , first published in 1988 . The twins were notorious East End underworld gang leaders during the `` swinging '' sixties . This book tells their story from their humble beginnings in Bethnal Green to their life imprisonment in 1969 , largely in their own words . The hardback and the Pan paperback versions contain 16 pages of black and white photographs of the twins and their friends , associates and enemies / victims . The book 's Foreword and its `` A Final Word '' are authored by Fred Dinenage . Thirteen Chapters are ghostwritten with the twins , jointly and individually . Reg and Ron Kray are credited as the authors of : 1 . Memories of an East End Childood ; 2 . Crime and Punishment ; and 8 . The Women We Loved . Reg nominally authors : 3 . The Swinging Sixties ; 6 . The Last Supper - the Killing of Jack McVitie ; 9 . Life in Parkhurst ; 11 . Life in Gartree ; and 13 . Just a Thought . Ron nominally authors : 4 . The Killing of George Cornell ; 5 . The Truth about the Mad Axman ( i.e. Frank Mitchell ) ; 7 . The Trial and the Traitors ; 10 . Life in Broadmoor ... ' Without my drugs I go mad ' ; and 12 . Poetry and Painting . According to a later edition , Ron Kray died in Broadmoor Hospital in 1995 , while Reg was released on compassionate grounds in 2000 , only to die of cancer in that October . Reg Kray approached their ghostwriter Dinenage to help them tell their story , because Reggie had admired the journalist 's Television South 's sports and documentary programmes . Notes ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Original hardback book details This article about a biographical or autobiographical book on crime is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Story_(book)&oldid=704880132 '' Categories : 1989 books British books Non-fiction crime books Organized crime memoirs Works about the Kray twins Biography book stubs Crime book stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2015 All articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2016 , at 04 : 15 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Story%20%28book%29	2,480
the archaeological survey of india(asi) in it's current form established in			Archaeological Survey of India	archaeological survey of india		This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Archaeological Survey of India Abbreviation ASI Formation 1861 Headquarters 24 Tilak Marg , New Delhi , India - 110001 Region served India Parent organisation Ministry of Culture , Government of India Budget ₹ 974.56 crore ( US $140 million ) ( 2018 - 2019 ) Website asi.nic.in The Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) is a Government of India ( Ministry of Culture ) organisation responsible for archaeological research and the conservation and preservation of cultural monuments in the country . It was founded in 1861 by the British Raj . ASI ( archaeology ) as well as BSI ( botany ) , FSI ( forests ) , FiSI ( fisheries ) , GSI ( geology ) , IIEE ( ecology ) , NIO ( oceanography ) , RGCCI ( Census of India ) , SI ( cartography ) and ZSI ( zoology ) are key national survey organisations of India . Contents 1 Formation of the ASI 2 1885 -- 1901 3 1901 -- 1947 4 1947 -- 1956 5 Organisation 5.1 Circles 5.2 Directors - General 6 Museums 7 Library 8 Publications 9 State government archaeological departments 10 Criticism 11 In popular culture 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Formation of the ASI ( edit ) Alexander Cunningham Armed with the knowledge of Brahmi , Alexander Cunningham , a protégé of Prinsep , carried out a detailed survey of the Buddhist monuments which lasted for over half a century . Inspired by early amateur archaeologists like the Italian military officer , Jean - Baptiste Ventura , Cunningham excavated stupas across the length and breadth of India . While Cunningham funded many of his early excavations himself , in the long run , he realised the need for a permanent body to oversee archaeological excavations and the conservation of Indian monuments and used his stature and influence in India to lobby for an archaeological survey . While his attempt in 1848 did not meet with success , the Archaeological Survey of India was eventually formed in 1861 by a statute passed into law by Lord Canning with Cunningham as the first Archaeological Surveyor . The survey was suspended briefly between 1865 and 1871 due to lack of funds but restored by Lord Lawrence the then Viceroy of India . In 1871 , the Survey was revived as a separate department and Cunningham was appointed as its first Director - General . To this day , Alexander Cunningham is revered as the `` Father of Indian Archaeology '' . 1885 -- 1901 ( edit ) Cunningham retired in 1885 and was succeeded as Director General by James Burgess . Burgess launched a yearly journal The Indian Antiquary ( 1872 ) and an annual epigraphical publication Epigraphia Indica ( 1882 ) as a supplement to the Indian Antiquary . The post of Director General was permanently suspended in 1889 due to a funds crunch and was not restored until 1902 . In the interim period , conservation work in the different circles was carried out by the superintendents of the individual circles . 1901 -- 1947 ( edit ) The post of Director General was restored by Lord Curzon in 1902 . Breaking with tradition , Curzon chose a 26 - year - old professor of classical studies at Cambridge named John Marshall to head the survey . Marshall served as Director General for a quarter of a century and during his long tenure , he replenished and invigorated the survey whose activities were fast dwindling into insignificance . Marshall established the post of Government epigraphist and encouraged epigraphical studies . The most significant event of his tenure was , however , the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization at Harappa and Mohenjodaro in 1921 . The success and scale of the discoveries made ensured that the progress made in Marshall 's tenure would remain unmatched . Marshall was succeeded by Harold Hargreaves in 1928 . Hargreaves was succeeded by Daya Ram Sahni , supervisor of Marshall 's excavation of Harappa in 1921 − 22 , who in 1931 , became the first Indian Director General of the survey . Sahni was succeeded by J.F. Blakiston and K.N. Dikshit both of whom had participated in the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro . In 1944 , a British archaeologist and army officer , Mortimer Wheeler took over as Director General . Wheeler served as Director General till 1948 and during this period he excavated the Iron Age site of Arikamedu and the Stone age sites of Brahmagiri , Chandravalli and Maski in South India . Wheeler founded the journal Ancient India in 1946 and presided over the partitioning of ASI 's assets during the Partition of India and helped establish an archaeological body for the newly formed Pakistan . 1947 -- 1956 ( edit ) Wheeler was succeeded by N.P. Chakravarti in 1948 . The National Museum was inaugurated in New Delhi on 15 August 1949 to house the artifacts displayed at the Indian Exhibition in the United Kingdom . Madho Sarup Vats and Amalananda Ghosh succeeded Chakravarti . Ghosh 's tenure which lasted until 1968 is noted for the excavations of Indus Valley sites at Kalibangan , Lothal and Dholavira . The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act was passed in 1958 bringing the archaeological survey under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture . Ghosh was succeeded by B.B. Lal who conducted archaeological excavations at Ayodhya to investigate whether a Ram Temple preceded the Babri Masjid . During Lal 's tenure , the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act ( 1972 ) was passed recommending central protection for monuments considered to be `` of national importance '' . Lal was succeeded by M.N. Deshpande who served from 1972 to 1978 and B.K. Thapar who served from 1978 to 1981 . On Thapar 's retirement in 1981 , archaeologist Debala Mitra was appointed to succeed him - she was the first woman Director General of the ASI . Mitra was succeeded by M.S. Nagaraja Rao , who had been transferred from the Karnataka State Department of Archaeology . Archaeologists J.P. Joshi and M.C. Joshi succeeded Rao . M.C. Joshi was the Director General when the Babri Masjid was demolished in 1992 triggering Hindu - Muslim violence all over India . As a fallout of the demolition , Joshi was dismissed in 1993 and controversially replaced as Director General by Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer Achala Moulik , a move which inaugurated a tradition of appointing bureaucrats of the IAS instead of archaeologists to head the survey . The tradition was finally brought to an end in 2010 when Gautam Sengupta an archaeologist , replaced K.M Srivastava an IAS officer as Director General. He was again succeeded by Pravin Srivastava , another IAS officer . Srivastava 's successor and the present incumbent , Rakesh Tiwari is also a professional archaeologist . Organisation ( edit ) The Archaeological Survey of India is an attached office of the Ministry of Culture . Under the provisions of the AMASR Act of 1958 , the ASI administers more than 3650 ancient monuments , archaeological sites and remains of national importance . These can include everything from temples , mosques , churches , tombs , and cemeteries to palaces , forts , step - wells , and rock - cut caves . The Survey also maintains ancient mounds and other similar sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation . The ASI is headed by a Director General who is assisted by an Additional Director General , two Joint Directors General , and 17 Directors . Circles ( edit ) The ASI is divided into a total of 27 circles each headed by a Superintending Archaeologist . Each of the circles are further divided into sub-circles . The circles of the ASI are : Agra Aurangabad Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Dehra Dun Delhi Dharwad Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Jodhpur Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Nagpur Patna Raipur Ranchi Sarnath Shimla Srinagar Thrissur Vadodara The ASI also administers two `` mini-circles '' at Leh and Hampi . Directors - General ( edit ) The Survey has had 29 Directors - General thus far . Its founder , Alexander Cunningham served as Archaeological Surveyor between 1861 and 1865 . 1871 − 1885 Alexander Cunningham 1886 − 1889 James Burgess 1902 − 1928 John Marshall 1928 − 1931 Harold Hargreaves 1931 − 1935 Daya Ram Sahni 1935 − 1937 J.F. Blakiston 1937 − 1944 K.N. Dikshit 1944 − 1948 Mortimer Wheeler 1948 − 1950 N.P. Chakravarti 1950 − 1953 Madho Sarup Vats 1953 − 1968 Amalananda Ghosh 1968 − 1972 B.B. Lal 1972 − 1978 M.N. Deshpande 1978 − 1981 B.K. Thapar 1981 − 1983 Debala Mitra 1984 − 1987 M.S. Nagaraja Rao 1987 − 1989 J.P. Joshi 1989 − 1993 M.C. Joshi 1993 − 1994 Achala Moulik 1994 − 1995 S.K. Mahapatra 1995 − 1997 B.P. Singh 1997 − 1998 Ajai Shankar 1998 − 2001 S.B. Mathur 2001 − 2004 K.G. Menon 2004 − 2007 C. Babu Rajeev 2009 − 2010 K.N. Srivastava 2010 − 2013 Gautam Sengupta 2013 − 2014 Pravin Srivastava 2014 − 2017 Rakesh Tewari 2017 - present Usha Sharma Museums ( edit ) India 's first museum was established by the Asiatic Society in Calcutta in 1814 . Much of its collection was passed on to the Indian Museum , which was established in the city in 1866 . The Archaeological Survey did not maintain its own museums until the tenure of its third director - general , John Marshall . He initiated the establishment of various museums at Sarnath ( 1904 ) , Agra ( 1906 ) , Ajmer ( 1908 ) , Delhi Fort ( 1909 ) , Bijapur ( 1912 ) , Nalanda ( 1917 ) and Sanchi ( 1919 ) . The ASI 's museums are customarily located right next to the sites that their inventories are associated with `` so that they may be studied amid their natural surroundings and not lose focus by being transported '' . A dedicated Museums Branch was established in 1946 by Mortimer Wheeler , which now maintains a total of 44 museums spread across the country . Library ( edit ) The ASI maintains a Central Archaeological Library in the Archaeological Survey of India headquarters building in Tilak Marg , Mandi House , New Delhi . Established in 1902 , its collection numbers more than 100,000 books and journals . The library is also a repository of rare books , plates , and original drawings . The Survey additionally maintains a library in each of its circles to cater to local academics and researchers . Publications ( edit ) The day - to - day work of the survey was published in a series of periodical bulletins and reports . The periodicals and archaeological series published by the ASI are : Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum : It consists of a series of seven volumes of inscriptions discovered and deciphered by archaeologists of the survey . Founded in 1877 by Alexander Cunningham , a final revised volume was published by E. Hultzsch in 1925 . Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy The first volume of the Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy was brought out by the epigraphist E. Hultzsch in 1887 . The bulletin has not been published since 2005 . Epigraphia Indica : Epigraphia Indica was first published by the then Director General , J. Burgess in 1888 as a supplementary to The Indian Antiquary . Since then , a total of 43 volumes have been published . The last volume was published in 1979 . An Arabic and Persian supplement to the Epigraphia Indica was also published from 1907 to 1977 . South Indian Inscriptions The first volume of South Indian Inscriptions was edited by E. Hultzsch and published in 1890 . A total of 27 volumes were published till 1990 . The early volumes are the main source of historical information on the Pallavas , Cholas and Chalukyas . Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India : It was the primary bulletin of the ASI . The first annual report was published by John Marshall in 1902 - 03 . The last volume was published in 1938 - 39 . It was replaced by `` Indian Archaeology : A Review '' . Ancient India : The first volume of Ancient India was published in 1946 and edited by Sir Mortimer Wheeler as a bi-annual and converted to an annual in 1949 . The twenty second and last volume was published in 1966 . Indian Archaeology : A Review : Indian Archaeology : A Review is the primary bulletin of the ASI and has been published since 1953 - 54 . It replaced the Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India . State Government Archaeological departments ( edit ) Apart from the ASI , archaeological work in India and conservation of monuments is also carried out in some states by state government archaeological departments . Most of these bodies were set up by the various princely states before independence . When these states were annexed to India after independence , the individual archaeological departments of these states were not integrated with the ASI . Instead , they were allowed to function as independent bodies . Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums ( formed in 1972 by upgrading the cell that was earlier under the education department ) Orissa State Archaeology Department ( 1965 ) Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums Karnataka State Department of Archaeology ( 1885 ) Kerala State Archaeology Department ( formed in 1959 by merging Travancore State Archaeology Department ( est 1910 ) and Cochin State Archaeology Department ( est 1925 ) ) Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department ( 1961 ) Criticism ( edit ) In 2013 , a Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) report found that at least 92 centrally protected monuments of historical importance across the country which have gone missing without a trace . The CAG could physically verify only 45 % of the structures ( 1,655 out of 3,678 ) . The CAG report said that the ASI did not have reliable information on the exact number of monuments under its protection . The CAG recommended that periodic inspection of each protected monument should be done by a suitably ranked officer . The Culture ministry accepted the proposal . Author and IIPM Director Arindam Chaudhuri said that since the ASI is unable to protect the country 's museums and monuments so they should be professionally maintained by private companies or through the public - private - partnership ( PPP ) model . In May 2018 , the Supreme Court of India said that the ASI was not properly discharging its duty in maintaining the World Heritage Site of Taj Mahal and asked the Government of India to consider whether some other agency be given the responsibility to protect and preserve it . In popular Culture ( edit ) The fictional character Kakababu , in Sunil Gangopadhyay 's famed Kakababu series , is an ex-Director of the Archaeological Survey of India . See also ( edit ) List of World Heritage Sites in India Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance Delhi Archaeological Society Survey of India , India 's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying . Geological Survey of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Budget proposes to hike Culture Ministry funding by 3.82 per cent '' . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monuments '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organisation '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Circles '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In major bureaucratic reshuffle , 35 secretaries , additional secretaries named '' . livemint.com/. 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Asiatic Society '' . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Museums '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central Archaeological Library '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 92 ASI - protected monuments missing - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pioneer , The . `` India 's monumental mess '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Survey of India failed , explore tasking Taj Mahal upkeep to another body : SC to Centre - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Stamp ( 2 values ) issued by India Post in 2011 Archaeological Survey of India , official website World Heritage Site , All Tentative Sites , Here is an overview of all tentative lists , last updated January 2007 . World Heritage , Tentative Lists , State : India . Dholavira : a Harappan City , Disstt , Kachchh , Gujarat , India , India ( Asia and the Pacific ) , Date of Submission : 03 / 07 / 1998 , Submission prepared by : Archaeological Survey of India , Coordinates : 23 ° 53'10 '' N , 70 ° 11'03 '' E , Ref. : 1090 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Archaeological Survey of India . Archaeological Survey of India Director - Generals Sir Alexander Cunningham James Burgess Sir John Marshall Harold Hargreaves Daya Ram Sahni J.F. Blakiston K.N. Dikshit Sir Mortimer Wheeler N.P. Chakravarti Madho Sarup Vats Amalananda Ghosh B.B. Lal M.N. Deshpande B.K. Thapar Debala Mitra M.S. Nagaraja Rao J.P. Joshi M.C. Joshi Achala Moulik S.K. Mahapatra B.P. Singh Ajai Shankar S.B. Mathur K.G. Menon C. Babu Rajeev K.N. Srivastava Gautam Sengupta Pravin Srivastava Rakesh Tewari See also Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department Survey of India Geological Survey of India BNF : cb13196717q ( data ) GND : 25827 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0004 1765 940X LCCN : n80067323 SUDOC : 035567562 VIAF : 139591045 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&oldid=844856343 '' Categories : Executive branch of the Indian government National archaeological organisations Archaeological Survey of India Organizations established in 1861 1861 establishments in the British Empire Organisations based in Delhi Ministry of Culture ( India ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 16 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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poulton v the london and south western railway			Wakelin v London & South Western Railway Co.	wakelin v london & south western railway co.	Wakelin is the best Wakelin v London and South Western Railway Co. ( 1886 ) was a case heard by the House of Lords regarding Personal Injury and Negligence . The case was between Wakelin and the London and South Western Railway Co . Lord Watson concluded that a defendant 's liability must be in the first place where `` some negligent act or omission on the part of the company or their servants which materially contributed to the injury or death complained of . Mere allegation or proof that the company were guilty of negligence is altogether irrelevant ; they might be guilty of many negligent acts or omissions , which might possibly have occasioned injury to somebody , but had no connection whatever with the injury for which redress is sought , and therefore the plaintiff must allege and prove , not merely that they were negligent , but that their negligence caused or materially contributed to the injury . ''	Which simply put is to say that it must be proven that the defendant 's negligence directly caused said injury and not that the negligence was simply related to said injury . Later uses of the ruling ( edit ) The ruling was used in Canadian Coloured Cotton Mills Co. v Kervin , 29 S.C.R. 478 , a case heard by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1886 . Which ruled that `` The plaintiffs are not entitled to a verdict at common law as the case can not be distinguished from Wakelin v London & South Western Railway Co '' . References ( edit ) See section Wakelin - v - London and South Western Railway Co ( 1886 ) 12 App Cas 41 csc.lexum.umontreal.ca Law Core subjects Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Deed Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort Other subjects Agricultural law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws Labour Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Media law Military law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Space law Sports law Tax law Transport law Trust law Women in law Sources of law Charter Constitution Custom Divine right Human rights Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law making Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Statutory law Statute Act of Parliament Act of Congress ( US ) Legal systems Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Hindu law Jain law Jewish law Sharia Roman law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Natural law International legal theory Principle of legality Rule of law Sociology Jurisprudence Adjudication Administration of justice Criminal justice Court - martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit / Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict Legal institutions Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal Index Outline Portal This article relating to law in the United Kingdom , or its constituent jurisdictions , is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wakelin_v_London_%26_South_Western_Railway_Co&oldid=803416720 '' Categories : House of Lords cases 1886 in case law 1886 in British law Railway litigation in 1886 London and South Western Railway United Kingdom law stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use British English from June 2017 English law articles needing infoboxes All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakelin%20v%20London%20%2526%20South%20Western%20Railway%20Co	2,482
who are the living presidents of the united states	George H.W. Bush , born ( 1924 - 06 - 12 ) June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 ) ; in office 1989 -- 1993 Jimmy Carter , born ( 1924 - 10 - 01 ) October 1 , 1924 ( age 93 ) ; in office 1977 -- 1981 Donald Trump , born ( 1946 - 06 - 14 ) June 14 , 1946 ( age 71 ) ; in office 2017 -- George W. Bush , born ( 1946 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1946 ( age 71 ) ; in office 2001 -- 2009 Bill Clinton , born ( 1946 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1946 ( age 71 ) ; in office 1993 -- 2001 Barack Obama , born ( 1961 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) ; in office 2009 -- 2017	George H.W. Bush\|Jimmy Carter\|Donald Trump\|George W. Bush\|Bill Clinton\|Barack Obama	Living presidents and vice presidents of the United States	living presidents and vice presidents of the united states	This article chronicles the number of living presidents and vice presidents of the United States at each moment in United States history since the presidency and vice presidency were established in 1789 . The following tables include all persons who have taken either the presidential oath of office , or the vice presidential oath of office . ( Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included . ) Currently there are six living presidents ( the incumbent , Donald Trump , plus five former presidents ) , and seven living vice presidents ( the incumbent , Mike Pence , plus six former vice presidents ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline of living presidents 2 Current , most , and fewest living presidents 3 Living presidents gallery 4 Timeline of living vice presidents 5 Current , most , and fewest living vice presidents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Timeline of living presidents ( edit ) Number of presidents alive at each moment in United States history ( hide ) 1 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) Starting and ending events Living presidents Time span 1789 - 04 - 30 ! 1797 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Apr 30 , 1789 Mar 4 , 1797 1st inauguration of George Washington Inauguration of John Adams + 1 + 2 7003286500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 308 days 1797 - 03 - 04 ! 1799 - 12 - 14 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1797 Dec 14 , 1799 Inauguration of John Adams Death of George Washington + 2 − 1 2 21 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days 1799 - 12 - 14 ! 1801 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Dec 14 , 1799 Mar 4 , 1801 Death of George Washington 1st inauguration of Thomas Jefferson − 1 + 3 7002445000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 80 days 1801 - 03 - 04 ! 1809 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1801 Mar 4 , 1809 1st inauguration of Thomas Jefferson 1st inauguration of James Madison + 3 + 4 2 32 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1809 - 03 - 04 ! 1817 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1809 Mar 4 , 1817 1st inauguration of James Madison 1st inauguration of James Monroe + 4 + 5 3 432 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1817 - 03 - 04 ! 1825 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1817 Mar 4 , 1825 1st inauguration of James Monroe Inauguration of John Quincy Adams + 5 + 6 4 5432 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1825 - 03 - 04 ! 1826 - 07 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1825 Jul 4 , 1826 Inauguration of John Quincy Adams Death of Thomas Jefferson + 6 − 3 5 65432 7002487000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 122 days 1826 - 07 - 04 ! 1826 - 07 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 4 , 1826 Jul 4 , 1826 Death of Thomas Jefferson Death of John Adams − 3 − 2 4 6542 0 ! 5 ⁄ hours 1826 - 07 - 04 ! 1829 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 4 , 1826 Mar 4 , 1829 Death of John Adams 1st inauguration of Andrew Jackson − 2 + 7 3 654 7002974000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 243 days 1829 - 03 - 04 ! 1831 - 07 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1829 Jul 4 , 1831 1st inauguration of Andrew Jackson Death of James Monroe + 7 − 5 4 7654 7002852000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 122 days 1831 - 07 - 04 ! 1836 - 06 - 28 ! From : To : Jul 4 , 1831 Jun 28 , 1836 Death of James Monroe Death of James Madison − 5 − 4 3 764 7003182100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 360 days 1836 - 06 - 28 ! 1837 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 28 , 1836 Mar 4 , 1837 Death of James Madison Inauguration of Martin Van Buren − 4 + 8 2 76 7002249000000000000 ♠ 249 days 1837 - 03 - 04 ! 1841 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1837 Mar 4 , 1841 Inauguration of Martin Van Buren Inauguration of William Henry Harrison + 8 + 9 3 876 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1841 - 03 - 04 ! 1841 - 04 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1841 Apr 4 , 1841 Inauguration of William Henry Harrison Death of William Henry Harrison Inauguration of John Tyler + 9 − 9 + 10 4 9876 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 days 1841 - 04 - 04 ! 1845 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Apr 4 , 1841 Mar 4 , 1845 Death of William Henry Harrison Inauguration of John Tyler Inauguration of James K. Polk − 9 + 10 + 11 4 10 876 7003143000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 334 days 1845 - 03 - 04 ! 1845 - 06 - 08 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1845 Jun 8 , 1845 Inauguration of James K. Polk Death of Andrew Jackson + 11 − 7 5 11 10 876 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 days 1845 - 06 - 08 ! 1848 - 02 - 23 ! From : To : Jun 8 , 1845 Feb 23 , 1848 Death of Andrew Jackson Death of John Quincy Adams − 7 − 6 4 11 10 86 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days 1848 - 02 - 23 ! 1849 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Feb 23 , 1848 Mar 4 , 1849 Death of John Quincy Adams Inauguration of Zachary Taylor − 6 + 12 3 11 10 8 7002375000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 9 days 1849 - 03 - 04 ! 1849 - 06 - 15 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1849 Jun 15 , 1849 Inauguration of Zachary Taylor Death of James K. Polk + 12 − 11 4 12 11 10 8 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 days 1849 - 06 - 15 ! 1850 - 07 - 09 ! From : To : Jun 15 , 1849 Jul 9 , 1850 Death of James K. Polk Death of Zachary Taylor Inauguration of Millard Fillmore − 11 − 12 + 13 3 12 10 8 7002389000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 24 days 1850 - 07 - 09 ! 1853 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 9 , 1850 Mar 4 , 1853 Death of Zachary Taylor Inauguration of Millard Fillmore Inauguration of Franklin Pierce − 12 + 13 + 14 3 13 10 8 7002969000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 238 days 1853 - 03 - 04 ! 1857 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1853 Mar 4 , 1857 Inauguration of Franklin Pierce Inauguration of James Buchanan + 14 + 15 4 14 13 10 8 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1857 - 03 - 04 ! 1861 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1857 Mar 4 , 1861 Inauguration of James Buchanan 1st inauguration of Abraham Lincoln + 15 + 16 5 15 14 13 10 8 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1861 - 03 - 04 ! 1862 - 01 - 18 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1861 Jan 18 , 1862 1st inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Death of John Tyler + 16 − 10 6 16 15 14 13 10 8 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days 1862 - 01 - 18 ! 1862 - 07 - 24 ! From : To : Jan 18 , 1862 Jul 24 , 1862 Death of John Tyler Death of Martin Van Buren − 10 − 8 5 16 15 14 13 8 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days 1862 - 07 - 24 ! 1865 - 04 - 15 ! From : To : Jul 24 , 1862 Apr 15 , 1865 Death of Martin Van Buren Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Inauguration of Andrew Johnson − 8 − 16 + 17 4 16 15 14 13 7002996000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 265 days 1865 - 04 - 15 ! 1868 - 06 - 01 ! From : To : Apr 15 , 1865 Jun 1 , 1868 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Inauguration of Andrew Johnson Death of James Buchanan − 16 + 17 − 15 4 17 15 14 13 7003114300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 47 days 1868 - 06 - 01 ! 1869 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 1 , 1868 Mar 4 , 1869 Death of James Buchanan 1st inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant − 15 + 18 3 17 14 13 7002276000000000000 ♠ 276 days 1869 - 03 - 04 ! 1869 - 10 - 08 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1869 Oct 8 , 1869 1st inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant Death of Franklin Pierce + 18 − 14 4 18 17 14 13 7002218000000000000 ♠ 218 days 1869 - 10 - 08 ! 1874 - 03 - 08 ! From : To : Oct 8 , 1869 Mar 8 , 1874 Death of Franklin Pierce Death of Millard Fillmore − 14 − 13 3 18 17 13 7003161200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 151 days 1874 - 03 - 08 ! 1875 - 07 - 31 ! From : To : Mar 8 , 1874 Jul 31 , 1875 Death of Millard Fillmore Death of Andrew Johnson − 13 − 17 2 18 17 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days 1875 - 07 - 31 ! 1877 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 31 , 1875 Mar 4 , 1877 Death of Andrew Johnson Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes − 17 + 19 1 18 7002582000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 216 days 1877 - 03 - 04 ! 1881 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1877 Mar 4 , 1881 Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes Inauguration of James A. Garfield + 19 + 20 2 19 18 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1881 - 03 - 04 ! 1881 - 09 - 19 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1881 Sep 19 , 1881 Inauguration of James A. Garfield Assassination of James A. Garfield Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur + 20 − 20 + 21 3 20 19 18 7002199000000000000 ♠ 199 days 1881 - 09 - 19 ! 1885 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Sep 19 , 1881 Mar 4 , 1885 Assassination of James A. Garfield Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur 1st inauguration of Grover Cleveland − 20 + 21 + 22 3 21 19 18 7003126200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 166 days 1885 - 03 - 04 ! 1885 - 07 - 23 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1885 Jul 23 , 1885 1st inauguration of Grover Cleveland Death of Ulysses S. Grant + 22 − 18 4 22 21 19 18 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 days 1885 - 07 - 23 ! 1886 - 11 - 18 ! From : To : Jul 23 , 1885 Nov 18 , 1886 Death of Ulysses S. Grant Death of Chester A. Arthur − 18 − 21 3 22 21 19 7002483000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 118 days 1886 - 11 - 18 ! 1889 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Nov 18 , 1886 Mar 4 , 1889 Death of Chester A. Arthur Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison − 21 + 23 2 22 19 7002837000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 106 days 1889 - 03 - 04 ! 1893 - 01 - 17 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1889 Jan 17 , 1893 Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison Death of Rutherford B. Hayes + 23 − 19 3 23 22 19 7003141500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 319 days 1893 - 01 - 17 ! 1897 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jan 17 , 1893 Mar 4 , 1897 Death of Rutherford B. Hayes 1st inauguration of William McKinley − 19 + 25 2 23 22 7003150700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 46 days 1897 - 03 - 04 ! 1901 - 03 - 13 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1897 Mar 13 , 1901 1st inauguration of William McKinley Death of Benjamin Harrison + 25 − 23 3 25 23 22 7003146900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 9 days 1901 - 03 - 13 ! 1901 - 09 - 14 ! From : To : Mar 13 , 1901 Sep 14 , 1901 Death of Benjamin Harrison Assassination of William McKinley 1st inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt − 23 − 25 + 26 2 25 22 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 days 1901 - 09 - 14 ! 1908 - 06 - 24 ! From : To : Sep 14 , 1901 Jun 24 , 1908 Assassination of William McKinley 1st inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt Death of Grover Cleveland − 25 + 26 − 22 2 26 22 7003247500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 284 days 1908 - 06 - 24 ! 1909 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 24 , 1908 Mar 4 , 1909 Death of Grover Cleveland Inauguration of William Howard Taft − 22 + 27 1 26 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days 1909 - 03 - 04 ! 1913 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1909 Mar 4 , 1913 Inauguration of William Howard Taft 1st inauguration of Woodrow Wilson + 27 + 28 2 27 26 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1913 - 03 - 04 ! 1919 - 01 - 06 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1913 Jan 6 , 1919 1st inauguration of Woodrow Wilson Death of Theodore Roosevelt + 28 − 26 3 28 27 26 7003213400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 308 days 1919 - 01 - 06 ! 1921 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jan 6 , 1919 Mar 4 , 1921 Death of Theodore Roosevelt Inauguration of Warren G. Harding − 26 + 29 2 28 27 7002788000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 57 days 1921 - 03 - 04 ! 1923 - 08 - 02 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1921 Aug 2 , 1923 Inauguration of Warren G. Harding Death of Warren G. Harding 1st inauguration of Calvin Coolidge + 29 − 29 + 30 3 29 28 27 7002881000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 151 days 1923 - 08 - 02 ! 1924 - 02 - 03 ! From : To : Aug 2 , 1923 Feb 3 , 1924 Death of Warren G. Harding 1st inauguration of Calvin Coolidge Death of Woodrow Wilson − 29 + 30 − 28 3 30 28 27 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 days 1924 - 02 - 03 ! 1929 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Feb 3 , 1924 Mar 4 , 1929 Death of Woodrow Wilson Inauguration of Herbert Hoover − 28 + 31 2 30 27 7003185600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 29 days 1929 - 03 - 04 ! 1930 - 03 - 08 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1929 Mar 8 , 1930 Inauguration of Herbert Hoover Death of William Howard Taft + 31 − 27 3 31 30 27 7002369000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 4 days 1930 - 03 - 08 ! 1933 - 01 - 05 ! From : To : Mar 8 , 1930 Jan 5 , 1933 Death of William Howard Taft Death of Calvin Coolidge − 27 − 30 2 31 30 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days 1933 - 01 - 05 ! 1933 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jan 5 , 1933 Mar 4 , 1933 Death of Calvin Coolidge 1st inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt − 30 + 32 1 31 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 days 1933 - 03 - 04 ! 1945 - 04 - 12 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1933 Apr 12 , 1945 1st inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1st inauguration of Harry S. Truman + 32 − 32 + 33 2 32 31 7003442200000000000 ♠ 12 years , 39 days 1945 - 04 - 12 ! 1953 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Apr 12 , 1945 Jan 20 , 1953 Death of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1st inauguration of Harry S. Truman 1st inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower − 32 + 33 + 34 2 33 31 7003284000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 283 days 1953 - 01 - 20 ! 1961 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1953 Jan 20 , 1961 1st inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower Inauguration of John F. Kennedy + 34 + 35 3 34 33 31 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1961 - 01 - 20 ! 1963 - 11 - 22 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1961 Nov 22 , 1963 Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1st inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson + 35 − 35 + 36 4 35 34 33 31 7003103600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 306 days 1963 - 11 - 22 ! 1964 - 10 - 20 ! From : To : Nov 22 , 1963 Oct 20 , 1964 Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1st inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson Death of Herbert Hoover − 35 + 36 − 31 4 36 34 33 31 7002333000000000000 ♠ 333 days 1964 - 10 - 20 ! 1969 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Oct 20 , 1964 Jan 20 , 1969 Death of Herbert Hoover 1st inauguration of Richard Nixon − 31 + 37 3 36 34 33 7003155300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 92 days 1969 - 01 - 20 ! 1969 - 03 - 28 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1969 Mar 28 , 1969 1st inauguration of Richard Nixon Death of Dwight D. Eisenhower + 37 − 34 4 37 36 34 33 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 days 1969 - 03 - 28 ! 1972 - 12 - 26 ! From : To : Mar 28 , 1969 Dec 26 , 1972 Death of Dwight D. Eisenhower Death of Harry S. Truman − 34 − 33 3 37 36 33 7003136900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 273 days 1972 - 12 - 26 ! 1973 - 01 - 22 ! From : To : Dec 26 , 1972 Jan 22 , 1973 Death of Harry S. Truman Death of Lyndon B. Johnson − 33 − 36 2 37 36 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days 1973 - 01 - 22 ! 1974 - 08 - 09 ! From : To : Jan 22 , 1973 Aug 9 , 1974 Death of Lyndon B. Johnson Inauguration of Gerald Ford − 36 + 38 1 37 7002564000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 199 days 1974 - 08 - 09 ! 1977 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Aug 9 , 1974 Jan 20 , 1977 Inauguration of Gerald Ford Inauguration of Jimmy Carter + 38 + 39 2 38 37 7002895000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 164 days 1977 - 01 - 20 ! 1981 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1977 Jan 20 , 1981 Inauguration of Jimmy Carter 1st inauguration of Ronald Reagan + 39 + 40 3 39 38 37 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1981 - 01 - 20 ! 1989 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1981 Jan 20 , 1989 1st inauguration of Ronald Reagan Inauguration of George H.W. Bush + 40 + 41 4 40 39 38 37 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1989 - 01 - 20 ! 1993 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1989 Jan 20 , 1993 Inauguration of George H.W. Bush 1st inauguration of Bill Clinton + 41 + 42 5 41 40 39 38 37 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1993 - 01 - 20 ! 1994 - 04 - 22 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1993 Apr 22 , 1994 1st inauguration of Bill Clinton Death of Richard Nixon + 42 − 37 6 42 41 40 39 38 37 7002457000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 92 days 1994 - 04 - 22 ! 2001 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Apr 22 , 1994 Jan 20 , 2001 Death of Richard Nixon 1st inauguration of George W. Bush − 37 + 43 5 42 41 40 39 38 7003246500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 273 days 2001 - 01 - 20 ! 2004 - 06 - 05 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 2001 Jun 5 , 2004 1st inauguration of George W. Bush Death of Ronald Reagan + 43 − 40 6 43 42 41 40 39 38 7003123200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 137 days 2004 - 06 - 05 ! 2006 - 12 - 26 ! From : To : Jun 5 , 2004 Dec 26 , 2006 Death of Ronald Reagan Death of Gerald Ford − 40 − 38 5 43 42 41 39 38 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days 2006 - 12 - 26 ! 2009 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Dec 26 , 2006 Jan 20 , 2009 Death of Gerald Ford 1st inauguration of Barack Obama − 38 + 44 4 43 42 41 39 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days 2009 - 01 - 20 ! 2017 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 2009 Jan 20 , 2017 1st inauguration of Barack Obama Inauguration of Donald Trump + 44 + 45 5 44 43 42 41 39 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 2017 - 01 - 20 ! ! From : To : Jan 20 , 2017 ( Present ) Inauguration of Donald Trump + 45 6 45 44 43 42 41 39 7002404000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 39 days Starting and ending events Living presidents Time span 1 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) 22 indicates Grover Cleveland , who was both the 22nd and 24th president . Current , Most , and fewest living presidents ( edit ) Living presidents as of February 28 , 2018 ( from oldest to youngest ) : George H.W. Bush , born ( 1924 - 06 - 12 ) June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 ) ; in office 1989 -- 1993 Jimmy Carter , born ( 1924 - 10 - 01 ) October 1 , 1924 ( age 93 ) ; in office 1977 -- 1981 Donald Trump , born ( 1946 - 06 - 14 ) June 14 , 1946 ( age 71 ) ; in office 2017 -- George W. Bush , born ( 1946 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1946 ( age 71 ) ; in office 2001 -- 2009 Bill Clinton , born ( 1946 - 08 - 19 ) August 19 , 1946 ( age 71 ) ; in office 1993 -- 2001 Barack Obama , born ( 1961 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) ; in office 2009 -- 2017 There have been four time periods with six living presidents , the incumbent and five former presidents : March 1861 to January 1862 -- Martin Van Buren , John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln January 1993 to April 1994 -- Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , G. H. W. Bush , and Bill Clinton ( six consecutive presidents ) January 2001 to June 2004 -- Ford , Carter , Reagan , G. H. W. Bush , Clinton , and G. W. Bush ( six consecutive presidents ) January 2017 to the present day -- Carter , G. H. W. Bush , Clinton , G. W. Bush , Barack Obama and Donald Trump There have been six time periods when the incumbent president was the only living president , having no living predecessors : April 1789 to March 1797 -- George Washington , who , being the first president , had no predecessors December 1799 to March 1801 -- John Adams , after the death of his only predecessor , George Washington July 1875 to March 1877 -- Ulysses S. Grant , after the death of his last living predecessor , Andrew Johnson June 1908 to March 1909 -- Theodore Roosevelt , after the death of his last living predecessor , Grover Cleveland January 1933 to March 1933 -- Herbert Hoover , after the death of his last living predecessor , Calvin Coolidge January 1973 to August 1974 -- Richard Nixon , after the death of his last living predecessor , Lyndon Johnson Notably , Richard Nixon is the only person to have been both the only living U.S. president ( from January 1973 to August 1974 ) and one of six living presidents ( from January 1993 to April 1994 ) . Living presidents gallery ( edit ) There have been several gatherings of all the living presidents . Below are photographs of groups of persons who , at one time or another , comprised all living presidents ( although several of these photographs were taken prior to or after the time period in which the persons depicted were the only living presidents ) . 1877 to 1881 ( from left ) : Grant Hayes 1881 to 1881 ( from left ) : Grant Hayes Garfield 1893 to 1897 ( from left ) : B. Harrison Cleveland 1901 to 1901 ( from left ) : McKinley Cleveland 1909 to 1913 ( from left ) : T. Roosevelt Taft 1919 to 1921 ( from left ) : Wilson Taft 1924 to 1929 ( from left ) : Taft Coolidge 1929 to 1930 ( from left ) : Taft Coolidge Hoover 1930 to 1933 ( from left ) : Coolidge Hoover 1933 to 1945 ( from left ) : Hoover F. D. Roosevelt 1945 to 1953 ( from left ) : Truman Hoover 1953 to 1961 ( from left ) : Truman Hoover Eisenhower 1964 to 1969 ( from left ) : L. B. Johnson Truman Eisenhower 1969 to 1969 ( from left ) : Eisenhower L. B. Johnson Nixon Truman 1972 to 1973 ( from left ) : Nixon L. B. Johnson 1974 to 1977 ( from left ) : Nixon Ford 1977 to 1981 ( from left ) : Carter Ford Nixon 1981 to 1989 ( from left ) : Reagan Ford Carter Nixon 1989 to 1993 ( from left ) : Ford Nixon G. H. W. Bush Reagan Carter 1994 to 2001 ( from left ) : Clinton G. H. W. Bush Reagan Carter Ford 2004 to 2006 ( from left ) : G. H. W. Bush Carter Ford G. W. Bush Clinton 2006 to 2009 ( from left ) : G. H. W. Bush G. W. Bush Clinton Carter 2009 to 2017 ( from left ) : G. H. W. Bush Obama G. W. Bush Clinton Carter Timeline of living vice presidents ( edit ) Number of vice presidents alive at each moment in United States history ( hide ) 1 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) Starting and ending events Living vice presidents Time span 1789 - 04 - 21 ! 1797 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Apr 21 , 1789 Mar 4 , 1797 1st VP inauguration of John Adams VP inauguration of Thomas Jefferson + 1 + 2 7003287400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 317 days 1797 - 03 - 04 ! 1801 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1797 Mar 4 , 1801 VP inauguration of Thomas Jefferson VP inauguration of Aaron Burr + 2 + 3 2 21 7003146000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1801 - 03 - 04 ! 1805 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1801 Mar 4 , 1805 VP inauguration of Aaron Burr 1st VP inauguration of George Clinton + 3 + 4 3 321 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1805 - 03 - 04 ! 1812 - 04 - 20 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1805 Apr 20 , 1812 1st VP inauguration of George Clinton Death of George Clinton + 4 − 4 4 4321 7003260400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 47 days 1812 - 04 - 20 ! 1813 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Apr 20 , 1812 Mar 4 , 1813 Death of George Clinton VP inauguration of Elbridge Gerry − 4 + 5 3 321 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 days 1813 - 03 - 04 ! 1814 - 11 - 23 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1813 Nov 23 , 1814 VP inauguration of Elbridge Gerry Death of Elbridge Gerry + 5 − 5 4 5321 7002629000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 264 days 1814 - 11 - 23 ! 1817 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Nov 23 , 1814 Mar 4 , 1817 Death of Elbridge Gerry 1st VP inauguration of Daniel D. Tompkins − 5 + 6 3 321 7002832000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 101 days 1817 - 03 - 04 ! 1825 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1817 Mar 4 , 1825 1st VP inauguration of Daniel D. Tompkins 1st VP inauguration of John C. Calhoun + 6 + 7 4 6321 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1825 - 03 - 04 ! 1825 - 06 - 17 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1825 Jun 17 , 1825 1st VP inauguration of John C. Calhoun Death of Daniel D. Tompkins + 7 − 6 5 76321 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 days 1825 - 06 - 17 ! 1826 - 07 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 17 , 1825 Jul 4 , 1826 Death of Daniel D. Tompkins Death of Thomas Jefferson − 6 − 2 4 7321 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days 1826 - 07 - 04 ! 1826 - 07 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 4 , 1826 Jul 4 , 1826 Death of Thomas Jefferson Death of John Adams − 2 − 1 3 731 0 ! 5 ⁄ hours 1826 - 07 - 04 ! 1833 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 4 , 1826 Mar 4 , 1833 Death of John Adams VP inauguration of Martin Van Buren − 1 + 8 2 73 7003243500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 243 days 1833 - 03 - 04 ! 1836 - 09 - 14 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1833 Sep 14 , 1836 VP inauguration of Martin Van Buren Death of Aaron Burr + 8 − 3 3 873 7003129000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 194 days 1836 - 09 - 14 ! 1837 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Sep 14 , 1836 Mar 4 , 1837 Death of Aaron Burr VP inauguration of Richard Mentor Johnson − 3 + 9 2 87 7002171000000000000 ♠ 171 days 1837 - 03 - 04 ! 1841 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1837 Mar 4 , 1841 VP inauguration of Richard Mentor Johnson VP inauguration of John Tyler + 9 + 10 3 987 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1841 - 03 - 04 ! 1845 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1841 Mar 4 , 1845 VP inauguration of John Tyler VP inauguration of George M. Dallas + 10 + 11 4 10 987 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1845 - 03 - 04 ! 1849 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1845 Mar 4 , 1849 VP inauguration of George M. Dallas VP inauguration of Millard Fillmore + 11 + 12 5 11 10 987 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1849 - 03 - 04 ! 1850 - 03 - 31 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1849 Mar 31 , 1850 VP inauguration of Millard Fillmore Death of John C. Calhoun + 12 − 7 6 12 11 10 987 7002392000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 27 days 1850 - 03 - 31 ! 1850 - 11 - 19 ! From : To : Mar 31 , 1850 Nov 19 , 1850 Death of John C. Calhoun Death of Richard Mentor Johnson − 7 − 9 5 12 11 10 98 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 days 1850 - 11 - 19 ! 1853 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Nov 19 , 1850 Mar 4 , 1853 Death of Richard Mentor Johnson VP inauguration of William R. King − 9 + 13 4 12 11 10 8 7002836000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 105 days 1853 - 03 - 04 ! 1853 - 04 - 18 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1853 Apr 18 , 1853 VP inauguration of William R. King Death of William R. King + 13 − 13 5 13 12 11 10 8 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 days 1853 - 04 - 18 ! 1857 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Apr 18 , 1853 Mar 4 , 1857 Death of William R. King VP inauguration of John C. Breckinridge − 13 + 14 4 12 11 10 8 7003141600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 320 days 1857 - 03 - 04 ! 1861 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1857 Mar 4 , 1861 VP inauguration of John C. Breckinridge VP inauguration of Hannibal Hamlin + 14 + 15 5 14 12 11 10 8 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1861 - 03 - 04 ! 1862 - 01 - 18 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1861 Jan 18 , 1862 VP inauguration of Hannibal Hamlin Death of John Tyler + 15 − 10 6 15 14 12 11 10 8 7002320000000000000 ♠ 320 days 1862 - 01 - 18 ! 1862 - 07 - 24 ! From : To : Jan 18 , 1862 Jul 24 , 1862 Death of John Tyler Death of Martin Van Buren − 10 − 8 5 15 14 12 11 8 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 days 1862 - 07 - 24 ! 1864 - 12 - 31 ! From : To : Jul 24 , 1862 Dec 31 , 1864 Death of Martin Van Buren Death of George M. Dallas − 8 − 11 4 15 14 12 11 7002891000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 160 days 1864 - 12 - 31 ! 1865 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Dec 31 , 1864 Mar 4 , 1865 Death of George M. Dallas VP inauguration of Andrew Johnson − 11 + 16 3 15 14 12 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 days 1865 - 03 - 04 ! 1869 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1865 Mar 4 , 1869 VP inauguration of Andrew Johnson VP inauguration of Schuyler Colfax + 16 + 17 4 16 15 14 12 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1869 - 03 - 04 ! 1873 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1869 Mar 4 , 1873 VP inauguration of Schuyler Colfax VP inauguration of Henry Wilson + 17 + 18 5 17 16 15 14 12 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1873 - 03 - 04 ! 1874 - 03 - 08 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1873 Mar 8 , 1874 VP inauguration of Henry Wilson Death of Millard Fillmore + 18 − 12 6 18 17 16 15 14 12 7002369000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 4 days 1874 - 03 - 08 ! 1875 - 05 - 17 ! From : To : Mar 8 , 1874 May 17 , 1875 Death of Millard Fillmore Death of John C. Breckinridge − 12 − 14 5 18 17 16 15 14 7002435000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 70 days 1875 - 05 - 17 ! 1875 - 07 - 31 ! From : To : May 17 , 1875 Jul 31 , 1875 Death of John C. Breckinridge Death of Andrew Johnson − 14 − 16 4 18 17 16 15 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 days 1875 - 07 - 31 ! 1875 - 11 - 22 ! From : To : Jul 31 , 1875 Nov 22 , 1875 Death of Andrew Johnson Death of Henry Wilson − 16 − 18 3 18 17 15 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 days 1875 - 11 - 22 ! 1877 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Nov 22 , 1875 Mar 4 , 1877 Death of Henry Wilson VP inauguration of William A. Wheeler − 18 + 19 2 17 15 7002468000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 102 days 1877 - 03 - 04 ! 1881 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1877 Mar 4 , 1881 VP inauguration of William A. Wheeler VP inauguration of Chester A. Arthur + 19 + 20 3 19 17 15 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1881 - 03 - 04 ! 1885 - 01 - 13 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1881 Jan 13 , 1885 VP inauguration of Chester A. Arthur Death of Schuyler Colfax + 20 − 17 4 20 19 17 15 7003141100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 315 days 1885 - 01 - 13 ! 1885 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jan 13 , 1885 Mar 4 , 1885 Death of Schuyler Colfax VP inauguration of Thomas A. Hendricks − 17 + 21 3 20 19 15 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 days 1885 - 03 - 04 ! 1885 - 11 - 25 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1885 Nov 25 , 1885 VP inauguration of Thomas A. Hendricks Death of Thomas A. Hendricks + 21 − 21 4 21 20 19 15 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 days 1885 - 11 - 25 ! 1886 - 11 - 18 ! From : To : Nov 25 , 1885 Nov 18 , 1886 Death of Thomas A. Hendricks Death of Chester A. Arthur − 21 − 20 3 20 19 15 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 days 1886 - 11 - 18 ! 1887 - 06 - 04 ! From : To : Nov 18 , 1886 Jun 4 , 1887 Death of Chester A. Arthur Death of William A. Wheeler − 20 − 19 2 19 15 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 days 1887 - 06 - 04 ! 1889 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 4 , 1887 Mar 4 , 1889 Death of William A. Wheeler VP inauguration of Levi P. Morton − 19 + 22 1 15 7002639000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 273 days 1889 - 03 - 04 ! 1891 - 07 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1889 Jul 4 , 1891 VP inauguration of Levi P. Morton Death of Hannibal Hamlin + 22 − 15 2 22 15 7002852000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 122 days 1891 - 07 - 04 ! 1893 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jul 4 , 1891 Mar 4 , 1893 Death of Hannibal Hamlin VP inauguration of Adlai Stevenson I − 15 + 23 1 22 7002609000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 243 days 1893 - 03 - 04 ! 1897 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1893 Mar 4 , 1897 VP inauguration of Adlai Stevenson I VP inauguration of Garret Hobart + 23 + 24 2 23 22 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1897 - 03 - 04 ! 1899 - 11 - 21 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1897 Nov 21 , 1899 VP inauguration of Garret Hobart Death of Garret Hobart + 24 − 24 3 24 23 22 7002992000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 262 days 1899 - 11 - 21 ! 1901 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Nov 21 , 1899 Mar 4 , 1901 Death of Garret Hobart VP inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt − 24 + 25 2 23 22 7002468000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 103 days 1901 - 03 - 04 ! 1905 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1901 Mar 4 , 1905 VP inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt VP inauguration of Charles W. Fairbanks + 25 + 26 3 25 23 22 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1905 - 03 - 04 ! 1909 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1905 Mar 4 , 1909 VP inauguration of Charles W. Fairbanks VP inauguration of James S. Sherman + 26 + 27 4 26 25 23 22 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1909 - 03 - 04 ! 1912 - 10 - 30 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1909 Oct 30 , 1912 VP inauguration of James S. Sherman Death of James S. Sherman + 27 − 27 5 27 26 25 23 22 7003133600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 240 days 1912 - 10 - 30 ! 1913 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Oct 30 , 1912 Mar 4 , 1913 Death of James S. Sherman 1st VP inauguration of Thomas R. Marshall − 27 + 28 4 26 25 23 22 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 days 1913 - 03 - 04 ! 1914 - 06 - 14 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1913 Jun 14 , 1914 1st VP inauguration of Thomas R. Marshall Death of Adlai Stevenson I + 28 − 23 5 28 26 25 23 22 7002467000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 102 days 1914 - 06 - 14 ! 1918 - 06 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 14 , 1914 Jun 4 , 1918 Death of Adlai Stevenson I Death of Charles W. Fairbanks − 23 − 26 4 28 26 25 22 7003145100000000000 ♠ 3 years , 355 days 1918 - 06 - 04 ! 1919 - 01 - 05 ! From : To : Jun 4 , 1918 Jan 5 , 1919 Death of Charles W. Fairbanks Death of Theodore Roosevelt − 26 − 25 3 28 25 22 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 days 1919 - 01 - 05 ! 1920 - 05 - 16 ! From : To : Jan 5 , 1919 May 16 , 1920 Death of Theodore Roosevelt Death of Levi P. Morton − 25 − 22 2 28 22 7002497000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 132 days 1920 - 05 - 16 ! 1921 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : May 16 , 1920 Mar 4 , 1921 Death of Levi P. Morton VP inauguration of Calvin Coolidge − 22 + 29 1 28 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 days 1921 - 03 - 04 ! 1925 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1921 Mar 4 , 1925 VP inauguration of Calvin Coolidge VP inauguration of Charles G. Dawes + 29 + 30 2 29 28 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1925 - 03 - 04 ! 1925 - 06 - 01 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1925 Jun 1 , 1925 VP inauguration of Charles G. Dawes Death of Thomas R. Marshall + 30 − 28 3 30 29 28 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 days 1925 - 06 - 01 ! 1929 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jun 1 , 1925 Mar 4 , 1929 Death of Thomas R. Marshall VP inauguration of Charles Curtis − 28 + 31 2 30 29 7003137200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 276 days 1929 - 03 - 04 ! 1933 - 01 - 05 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1929 Jan 5 , 1933 VP inauguration of Charles Curtis Death of Calvin Coolidge + 31 − 29 3 31 30 29 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days 1933 - 01 - 05 ! 1933 - 03 - 04 ! From : To : Jan 5 , 1933 Mar 4 , 1933 Death of Calvin Coolidge 1st VP inauguration of John Nance Garner − 29 + 32 2 31 30 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 days 1933 - 03 - 04 ! 1936 - 02 - 08 ! From : To : Mar 4 , 1933 Feb 8 , 1936 1st VP inauguration of John Nance Garner Death of Charles Curtis + 32 − 31 3 32 31 30 7003107100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 341 days 1936 - 02 - 08 ! 1941 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Feb 8 , 1936 Jan 20 , 1941 Death of Charles Curtis VP inauguration of Henry A. Wallace − 31 + 33 2 32 30 7003180800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 347 days 1941 - 01 - 20 ! 1945 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1941 Jan 20 , 1945 VP inauguration of Henry A. Wallace VP inauguration of Harry S. Truman + 33 + 34 3 33 32 30 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1945 - 01 - 20 ! 1949 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1945 Jan 20 , 1949 VP inauguration of Harry S. Truman VP inauguration of Alben W. Barkley + 34 + 35 4 34 33 32 30 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1949 - 01 - 20 ! 1951 - 04 - 23 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1949 Apr 23 , 1951 VP inauguration of Alben W. Barkley Death of Charles G. Dawes + 35 − 30 5 35 34 33 32 30 7002823000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 93 days 1951 - 04 - 23 ! 1953 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Apr 23 , 1951 Jan 20 , 1953 Death of Charles G. Dawes 1st VP inauguration of Richard Nixon − 30 + 36 4 35 34 33 32 7002638000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 272 days 1953 - 01 - 20 ! 1956 - 04 - 30 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1953 Apr 30 , 1956 1st VP inauguration of Richard Nixon Death of Alben W. Barkley + 36 − 35 5 36 35 34 33 32 7003119600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 101 days 1956 - 04 - 30 ! 1961 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Apr 30 , 1956 Jan 20 , 1961 Death of Alben W. Barkley VP inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson − 35 + 37 4 36 34 33 32 7003172600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 265 days 1961 - 01 - 20 ! 1965 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1961 Jan 20 , 1965 VP inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson VP inauguration of Hubert Humphrey + 37 + 38 5 37 36 34 33 32 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1965 - 01 - 20 ! 1965 - 11 - 18 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1965 Nov 18 , 1965 VP inauguration of Hubert Humphrey Death of Henry A. Wallace + 38 − 33 6 38 37 36 34 33 32 7002302000000000000 ♠ 302 days 1965 - 11 - 18 ! 1967 - 11 - 07 ! From : To : Nov 18 , 1965 Nov 7 , 1967 Death of Henry A. Wallace Death of John Nance Garner − 33 − 32 5 38 37 36 34 32 7002719000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 354 days 1967 - 11 - 07 ! 1969 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Nov 7 , 1967 Jan 20 , 1969 Death of John Nance Garner 1st VP inauguration of Spiro Agnew − 32 + 39 4 38 37 36 34 7002440000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 74 days 1969 - 01 - 20 ! 1972 - 12 - 26 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1969 Dec 26 , 1972 1st VP inauguration of Spiro Agnew Death of Harry S. Truman + 39 − 34 5 39 38 37 36 34 7003143600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 341 days 1972 - 12 - 26 ! 1973 - 01 - 22 ! From : To : Dec 26 , 1972 Jan 22 , 1973 Death of Harry S. Truman Death of Lyndon B. Johnson − 34 − 37 4 39 38 37 36 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days 1973 - 01 - 22 ! 1973 - 12 - 06 ! From : To : Jan 22 , 1973 Dec 6 , 1973 Death of Lyndon B. Johnson Confirmation of Gerald Ford as VP − 37 + 40 3 39 38 36 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 days 1973 - 12 - 06 ! 1974 - 12 - 19 ! From : To : Dec 6 , 1973 Dec 19 , 1974 Confirmation of Gerald Ford as VP Confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller as VP + 40 + 41 4 40 39 38 36 7002378000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 13 days 1974 - 12 - 19 ! 1977 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Dec 19 , 1974 Jan 20 , 1977 Confirmation of Nelson Rockefeller as VP VP inauguration of Walter Mondale + 41 + 42 5 41 40 39 38 36 7002763000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 32 days 1977 - 01 - 20 ! 1978 - 01 - 13 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1977 Jan 13 , 1978 VP inauguration of Walter Mondale Death of Hubert Humphrey + 42 − 38 6 42 41 40 39 38 36 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 days 1978 - 01 - 13 ! 1979 - 01 - 26 ! From : To : Jan 13 , 1978 Jan 26 , 1979 Death of Hubert Humphrey Death of Nelson Rockefeller − 38 − 41 5 42 41 40 39 36 7002378000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 13 days 1979 - 01 - 26 ! 1981 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 26 , 1979 Jan 20 , 1981 Death of Nelson Rockefeller 1st VP inauguration of George H.W. Bush − 41 + 43 4 42 40 39 36 7002725000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 360 days 1981 - 01 - 20 ! 1989 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1981 Jan 20 , 1989 1st VP inauguration of George H.W. Bush VP inauguration of Dan Quayle + 43 + 44 5 43 42 40 39 36 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 1989 - 01 - 20 ! 1993 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1989 Jan 20 , 1993 VP inauguration of Dan Quayle 1st VP inauguration of Al Gore + 44 + 45 6 44 43 42 40 39 36 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days 1993 - 01 - 20 ! 1994 - 04 - 22 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 1993 Apr 22 , 1994 1st VP inauguration of Al Gore Death of Richard Nixon + 45 − 36 7 45 44 43 42 40 39 36 7002457000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 92 days 1994 - 04 - 22 ! 1996 - 09 - 17 ! From : To : Apr 22 , 1994 Sep 17 , 1996 Death of Richard Nixon Death of Spiro Agnew − 36 − 39 6 45 44 43 42 40 39 7002879000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 148 days 1996 - 09 - 17 ! 2001 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Sep 17 , 1996 Jan 20 , 2001 Death of Spiro Agnew 1st VP inauguration of Dick Cheney − 39 + 46 5 45 44 43 42 40 7003158600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 125 days 2001 - 01 - 20 ! 2006 - 12 - 26 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 2001 Dec 26 , 2006 1st VP inauguration of Dick Cheney Death of Gerald Ford + 46 − 40 6 46 45 44 43 42 40 7003216600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 340 days 2006 - 12 - 26 ! 2009 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Dec 26 , 2006 Jan 20 , 2009 Death of Gerald Ford 1st VP inauguration of Joe Biden − 40 + 47 5 46 45 44 43 42 7002756000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 25 days 2009 - 01 - 20 ! 2017 - 01 - 20 ! From : To : Jan 20 , 2009 Jan 20 , 2017 1st VP inauguration of Joe Biden VP inauguration of Mike Pence + 47 + 48 6 47 46 45 44 43 42 7003292200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 0 days 2017 - 01 - 20 ! ! From : To : Jan 20 , 2017 ( Present ) VP inauguration of Mike Pence + 48 7 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 7002404000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 39 days Starting and ending events Living vice presidents Time span 1 Order of service ( linked ) + Increases ( inaugurations ) − Decreases ( deaths ) ( vice-presidential inaugurations generally linked to corresponding presidential inauguration ) Current , Most , and fewest living vice presidents ( edit ) Living vice presidents as of February 28 , 2018 ( from oldest to youngest ) : George H.W. Bush , born ( 1924 - 06 - 12 ) June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 ) ; in office 1981 -- 1989 Walter Mondale , born ( 1928 - 01 - 05 ) January 5 , 1928 ( age 90 ) ; in office 1977 -- 1981 Dick Cheney , born ( 1941 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1941 ( age 77 ) ; in office 2001 -- 2009 Joe Biden , born ( 1942 - 11 - 20 ) November 20 , 1942 ( age 75 ) ; in office 2009 -- 2017 Dan Quayle , born ( 1947 - 02 - 04 ) February 4 , 1947 ( age 71 ) ; in office 1989 -- 1993 Al Gore , born ( 1948 - 03 - 31 ) March 31 , 1948 ( age 69 ) ; in office 1993 -- 2001 Mike Pence , born ( 1959 - 06 - 07 ) June 7 , 1959 ( age 58 ) ; in office 2017 -- There have been two time periods with seven living vice presidents , the incumbent and six former vice presidents : January 1993 to April 1994 -- Richard Nixon , Spiro Agnew , Gerald Ford , Walter Mondale , George H.W. Bush , Dan Quayle , and Al Gore January 2017 to the present day -- Mondale , G.H.W. Bush , Quayle , Gore , Dick Cheney , Joe Biden , and Mike Pence ( seven consecutive vice presidents ) There have been four time periods with only one living vice president : April 1789 to March 1797 -- John Adams , who , being the first vice president , had no predecessors June 1887 to March 1889 -- Hannibal Hamlin ( while the vice presidency was vacant ) , after the death of William A. Wheeler July 1891 to March 1893 -- Levi Morton , after the death of his only living predecessor , Hannibal Hamlin May 1920 to March 1921 -- Thomas R. Marshall , after the death of his last living predecessor , Levi Morton See also ( edit ) Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States United States presidential line of succession Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Presidents of the United States -- Wikipedia book Biography portal United States portal Government of the United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Inauguration Ceremonies '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Presidents Birth and Death Information '' . PresidentsUSA.net . Baaron 's Hill , LLC . ^ Jump up to : Barone , Michael ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` We have a record number of living ex-presidents '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murse , Tom . `` How Many Presidents Are Still Alive ? Here 's a List '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Clay ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Hail to the chiefs ! 6 is record for living presidents '' . archive.azcentral.com . Arizona Republic . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barone , Michael ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Six periods with no living ex-presidents '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Mark O. Wolff , Wendy , ed . Vice Presidents of the United States 1789 - 1993 ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinman , Ronald L. `` Seven Living Vice Presidents , Most For Second Time In American History , And Longevity Of Presidents And First Ladies '' . The Progressive Professor . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strock , Ian Randal ( 2016 ) . Ranking the Vice Presidents : True Tales and Trivia , from John Adams to Joe Biden . Skyhorse Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63144 - 061 - 8 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veeps : Hannibal Hamlin '' . Presidential History Geeks Journal , livejournal.com . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Library of Congress information : presidents , vice presidents ( hide ) Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States&oldid=828011596 '' Categories : Lists relating to the United States presidency Political history of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 01 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20presidents%20and%20vice%20presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States	2,483
when was the last time england was invaded			Invasion of England	invasion of england	The term Invasion of England may refer to the following planned or actual invasions of what is now modern England , successful or otherwise :	Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre English Settlement of parts of Britain 2 Post English settlement of parts of Britain 3 Following the Acts of Union 1707 4 Fiction 5 See also 6 References Pre English settlement of parts of Britain ( edit ) The 55 and 54 BC Caesar 's invasions of Britain . The 43 AD Roman conquest of Britain . The 296 Roman invasion during Carausian Revolt . The fifth to sixth century Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain Post English settlement of parts of Britain ( edit ) This map by Pierre - Francois Tardieu in 1798 shows attempted invasions of England and Ireland from 1066 to 1797 . The eighth to eleventh century invasions of the British isles by the Vikings . The 1066 Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror . The 1139 invasion of England by Matilda during The Anarchy The 1149 invasion by the future Henry II during The Anarchy The 1216 invasion of England by Louis VIII of France and Alexander II of Scotland , during the First Barons ' War . Various invasions by the Scots from 1314 - 1513 during the Wars of Scottish Independence , the Hundred Years ' War , and further Anglo - Scottish Wars . The 1326 invasion of England by Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer , leading to Isabella 's regency until the ascendancy of her son , Edward III . The 1386 invasion by France was organised but never executed during the Hundred Years ' War . The 1470 invasion in support of the Readeption of Henry VI The 1471 invasion of Edward IV leading to the final deposing of Henry VI of England The 1485 invasion via Wales by Henry Tudor leading to the Battle of Bosworth Field The 1487 invasion from Ireland of the pretender Lambert Simnel . The 1495 landing with troops at Deal by Perkin Warbeck , who claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury , the rightful King . The 1513 invasion of England by the Scots under James IV , which culminated in the Battle of Flodden The 1545 French invasion of the Isle of Wight during the Italian Wars . The 1588 Spanish Armada was a failed invasion of England after it was heavily defeated by storms and the English fleet . The 1596 2nd Spanish Armada shattered by storms off Cape Finisterre The 1597 3rd Spanish Armada dispersed by storms off the Lizard ; landfall by small number of Spanish troops in Cornwall and Wales . The 1648 invasion of England by a Scottish army in support of Charles I ( King of Scots ) against the English parliament , defeated at Preston . The 1667 Raid on the Medway and Felixstowe Landguard during the Second Anglo - Dutch War . The 1685 landing in England by the Duke of Monmouth and his supporters during the Monmouth Rebellion The 1688 invasion of England by the Dutch Republic , also known as the Glorious Revolution . ( last successful invasion of England ) The 1690 attack by the French on Teignmouth , Devon . Following the acts of union 1707 ( edit ) The ( 1708 ) planned French invasion to put James Edward Stuart ( the Old Pretender ) on the British throne as part of the War of the Spanish Succession . The Jacobite rising of 1715 , from a Scottish base , in support of James Edward Stuart , defeated at Preston . The ( 1744 ) planned French invasion of Britain as part of the Austrian War of Succession . The 1745 French - backed Jacobite invasion of Britain led by Bonnie Prince Charlie . The ( 1759 ) planned French invasion halted by their naval defeat by Britain at the Battle of Quiberon Bay . The 1778 raid of Whitehaven by John Paul Jones during the American Revolutionary War . The ( 1779 ) never executed Franco - Spanish plans to invade Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War . Landing of a small French force , led by the Irish - American William Tate , at Fishguard in February 1797 The ( 1803 -- 1805 ) planned but never executed Napoleonic invasion of Britain . The ( 1940 ) partially planned but never executed German Invasion of England , better known as Operation Sea Lion . Fiction ( edit ) There have been numerous portrayals of an invasion of Britain in fiction including : Films Went the Day Well ? ( 1942 ) It Happened Here , a 1966 film portraying a Nazi invasion Jackboots on Whitehall ( 2009 ) How I Live Now , a 2013 film depicting the invasion of England by unknown terrorists Books SS - GB by Len Deighton The Swoop ! by P.G. Wodehouse Asterix in Britain portraying a Roman Rule Britannia by Daphne du Maurier - an invasion by the United States The Long White Winter by Sebastian Faulks The Battle of Dorking by George Tomkyns Chesney Fatherland by Robert Harris Resistance by Owen Sheers The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells See also ( edit ) Border Reivers Scottish Marches Historical immigration to Great Britain Invasion of Ireland ( disambiguation ) Invasions of the British Isles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Franz A.J. Szabo ( 23 August 2007 ) . The Seven Years War in Europe , 1756 - 1763 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0582292727 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_England&oldid=823310592 '' Categories : Invasions of England Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 14 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion%20of%20England	2,484
lok sabha election 2014 results state wise pdf			Results of the Indian general election , 2014	results of the indian general election, 2014		India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) Vice president -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governor Chief minister Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas To constitute India 's 16th Lok Sabha , general elections were held in April -- May 2014 . The result was announced on 16 May 2014 . The main contenders were two alliance groups of the Incumbent United Progressive Alliance and the Opposition National Democratic Alliance ; led by Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party respectively . This article describes the performance of various political parties . For the performance of individual candidates , please see List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results by party 1.1 Results by Alliance 2 Results by State 2.1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) 2.2 Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) 2.3 Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) 2.4 Assam ( 14 ) 2.5 Bihar ( 40 ) 2.6 Chandigarh ( 1 ) 2.7 Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) 2.8 Dadra & Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) 2.9 Daman & Diu ( 1 ) 2.10 NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) 2.11 Goa ( 2 ) 2.12 Gujarat ( 26 ) 2.13 Haryana ( 10 ) 2.14 Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) 2.15 Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) 2.16 Jharkhand ( 14 ) 2.17 Karnataka ( 28 ) 2.18 Kerala ( 20 ) 2.19 Lakshadweep ( 1 ) 2.20 Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) 2.21 Maharashtra ( 48 ) 2.22 Manipur ( 2 ) 2.23 Meghalaya ( 2 ) 2.24 Mizoram ( 1 ) 2.25 Nagaland ( 1 ) 2.26 Odisha ( 21 ) 2.27 Puducherry ( 1 ) 2.28 Punjab ( 13 ) 2.29 Rajasthan ( 25 ) 2.30 Sikkim ( 1 ) 2.31 Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) 2.32 Telangana ( 17 ) 2.33 Tripura ( 2 ) 2.34 Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) 2.35 Uttarakhand ( 5 ) 2.36 West Bengal ( 42 ) 3 Results by constituency 4 References Results by Party ( edit ) Seat Share of different parties in the election . BJP ( 51.9 % ) INC ( 8.1 % ) BSP ( 0 % ) AITC ( 6.2 % ) SP ( 0.9 % ) AIADMK ( 6.8 % ) CPI ( M ) ( 1.7 % ) BJD ( 3.6 % ) SS ( 3.3 % ) TDP ( 2.9 % ) Other ( 14.6 % ) Vote Share of different parties in the election . BJP ( 31.0 % ) INC ( 19.3 % ) BSP ( 4.1 % ) AITC ( 3.8 % ) SP ( 3.4 % ) AIADMK ( 3.3 % ) CPI ( M ) ( 3.3 % ) BJD ( 1.7 % ) SS ( 1.9 % ) TDP ( 2.5 % ) Other ( 25.7 % ) e d Summary of the 2014 Indian general election Party Alliance Abbr . Candidates Votes Seats No . + / - % Number % + / - No . + / - % Bharatiya Janata Party NDA BJP 428 - 5 78.82 % 171,657,549 31.00 % 12.20 % 282 166 51.93 % Indian National Congress UPA INC 464 24 85.45 % 106,938,242 19.31 % 9.24 % 44 162 8.10 % All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ADMK 40 17 7.37 % 18,115,825 3.27 % 1.60 % 37 28 6.81 % All India Trinamool Congress AITC 131 96 24.13 % 21,259,681 3.84 % 0.34 % 34 15 6.26 % Biju Janata Dal BJD 21 3.87 % 9,491,497 1.71 % 0.12 % 20 6 3.68 % Shiv Sena NDA SHS 24 11 10.68 % 10,262,982 1.85 % 0.30 % 18 7 3.31 % Telugu Desam Party NDA TDP 30 - 1 5.52 % 14,094,545 2.55 % 0.04 % 16 10 2.95 % Telangana Rashtra Samithi TRS 17 8 3.13 % 6,736,490 1.22 % 0.60 % 11 9 2.03 % Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) LF , LDF CPI ( M ) 93 11 17.13 % 17,986,773 3.25 % 2.08 % 9 7 1.66 % YSR Congress Party YSRCP 38 New 7.00 % 13,991,280 2.53 % New 9 New 1.66 % Nationalist Congress Party UPA NCP 36 - 32 6.63 % 8,635,554 1.56 % 0.58 % 6 1.10 % Lok Janshakti Party NDA LJP 7 - 5 1.29 % 2,295,929 0.41 % 0.04 % 6 6 1.10 % Samajwadi Party SP 197 36.28 % 18,672,916 3.37 % 0.05 % 5 18 0.92 % Aam Aadmi Party AAP 432 New 79.56 % 11,325,635 2.05 % New New 0.74 % Rashtriya Janata Dal UPA RJD 30 - 14 5.52 % 7,442,313 1.34 % 0.07 % 0.74 % Shiromani Akali Dal NDA SAD 10 1.84 % 3,636,148 0.66 % 0.30 % 0.74 % All India United Democratic Front AIUDF 18 - 7 3.31 % 2,333,040 0.42 % 0.10 % 0.55 % Rashtriya Lok Samata Party NDA RLSP New 0.74 % 1,078,473 0.19 % New New 0.55 % Jammu and Kashmir People 's Democratic Party JKPDP 5 - 1 0.92 % 732,644 0.13 % 0.01 % 0.55 % Janata Dal ( United ) JD ( U ) 93 38 17.13 % 5,992,196 1.08 % 0.44 % 18 0.37 % Janata Dal ( Secular ) JD ( S ) 34 6.26 % 3,731,481 0.67 % 0.15 % 0.37 % Indian National Lok Dal INLD 10 5 1.84 % 2,799,899 0.51 % 0.20 % 0.37 % Jharkhand Mukti Morcha UPA JMM 21 - 21 3.87 % 1,637,990 0.30 % 0.10 % 0.37 % Indian Union Muslim League UPA IUML 25 8 4.60 % 1,100,096 0.20 % 0.01 % 0.37 % Apna Dal NDA AD 7 - 36 1.29 % 821,820 0.15 % 0.03 % 0.37 % Communist Party of India LF , LDF CPI 67 11 12.34 % 4,327,298 0.78 % 0.65 % 0.18 % Pattali Makkal Katchi NDA PMK 9 1.66 % 1,827,566 0.33 % 0.14 % 0.18 % Revolutionary Socialist Party LF , UPA RSP 6 - 11 1.10 % 1,666,380 0.30 % 0.08 % 0.18 % Swabhimani Paksha NDA SWP 0.37 % 1,105,073 0.20 % 0.08 % 0.18 % Naga People 's Front NDA NPF 0.37 % 994,505 0.18 % 0.02 % 0.18 % All India Majlis - E-Ittehadul Muslimeen AIMIM 5 0.92 % 685,729 0.12 % 0.05 % 0.18 % National People 's Party NDA NPP 7 7 1.29 % 576,444 0.10 % New New 0.18 % Kerala Congress UPA KEC ( M ) 0.18 % 424,194 0.08 % 0.02 % 0.18 % All India N.R. Congress NDA AINRC New 0.18 % 255,826 0.05 % New New 0.18 % Sikkim Democratic Front SDF 0.18 % 163,698 0.03 % 0.01 % 0.18 % Bahujan Samaj Party BSP 503 92.63 % 22,946,182 4.14 % 2.03 % 0 21 0.00 % Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam DPA DMK 35 13 6.45 % 9,636,430 1.74 % 0.09 % 0 18 0.00 % Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam NDA DMDK 14 - 26 2.58 % 2,079,392 0.38 % 0.37 % 0 0.00 % Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ( Prajatantrik ) JVM ( P ) 16 2.95 % 1,579,772 0.29 % 0.06 % 0 0.00 % Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam NDA MDMK 7 1.29 % 1,417,535 0.26 % 0.01 % 0 0.00 % All India Forward Bloc LF AIFB 39 17 7.18 % 1,211,418 0.22 % 0.16 % 0 0.00 % Communist Party of India ( Marxist -- Leninist ) Liberation CPI ( ML ) L 82 15.10 % 1,007,274 0.18 % 0.07 % 0 0.00 % Bahujan Mukti Party BMP 232 New 42.73 % 785,358 0.14 % New 0 New 0.00 % Maharashtra Navnirman Sena MNS 10 - 1 1.84 % 708,118 0.13 % 0.23 % 0 0.00 % Haryana Janhit Congress ( BL ) NDA HJCBL - 8 0.37 % 703,698 0.13 % 0.07 % 0 0.00 % Rashtriya Lok Dal UPA RLD 10 1.84 % 696,919 0.13 % 0.31 % 0 5 0.00 % Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi DPA VCK - 1 0.37 % 606,110 0.11 % 0.07 % 0 0.00 % Asom Gana Parishad AGP 12 6 2.21 % 577,730 0.10 % 0.33 % 0 0.00 % Socialist Unity Centre of India ( Communist ) SUCI ( C ) 80 ? 14.73 % 520,959 0.09 % New 0 New 0.00 % Peace Party of India PPI 51 31 9.39 % 518,726 0.09 % 0.04 % 0 0.00 % Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.55 % 497,721 0.09 % New 0 New 0.00 % All Jharkhand Students Union AJSU 10 1.84 % 488,719 0.09 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Rashtriya Samaj Paksha NDA RSPS 5 - 27 0.92 % 458,580 0.08 % 0.03 % 0 0.00 % Jammu & Kashmir National Conference UPA JKNC 0.55 % 396,713 0.07 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Social Democratic Party of India SDPI 29 New 5.34 % 396,522 0.07 % New 0 New 0.00 % Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh BBM 23 - 16 4.24 % 360,854 0.07 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Quami Ekta Dal EM QED 9 New 1.66 % 354,578 0.06 % New 0 New 0.00 % Bodoland People 's Front UPA BPF 0.37 % 330,106 0.06 % 0.10 % 0 0.00 % Socialist Janata ( Democratic ) UPA SJD New 0.18 % 307,597 0.06 % New 0 New 0.00 % Gondwana Ganatantra Party GGP 27 - 1 4.97 % 301,366 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi BVA 0.18 % 293,681 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Puthiya Tamilagam DPA PT - 2 0.18 % 262,812 0.05 % 0.02 % 0 0.00 % Manithaneya Makkal Katchi DPA MAMAK - 3 0.18 % 236,679 0.04 % 2.00 % 0 0.00 % Welfare Party of India WPI 25 New 4.60 % 228,642 0.04 % New 0 New 0.00 % Jai Bharat Samanta Party JBSP - 2 0.18 % 215,607 0.04 % 0.04 % 0 0.00 % Jai Samaikyandhra Party JaSPa 27 New 4.97 % 204,235 0.04 % New 0 New 0.00 % Jharkhand Party JKP - 3 0.74 % 203,869 0.04 % 0.01 % 0 0.00 % Republican Party of India ( A ) NDA RPI ( A ) 44 - 10 8.10 % 199,848 0.04 % 0.05 % 0 0.00 % Pyramid Party of India PPOI 38 - 13 7.00 % 185,449 0.03 % 0.04 % 0 0.00 % Ambedkarite Party of India API 34 New 6.26 % 185,095 0.03 % New 0 New 0.00 % Lok Satta Party LSP 7 - 25 1.29 % 169,648 0.03 % 0.10 % 0 0.00 % Aama Odisha Party AOP 9 New 1.66 % 155,900 0.03 % New 0 New 0.00 % National Unionist Zamindara Party NUZP New 0.55 % 124,990 0.02 % New 0 New 0.00 % Sikkim Krantikari Morcha SKM New 0.18 % 121,956 0.02 % New 0 New 0.00 % Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party EM SBSP 13 - 7 2.39 % 118,947 0.02 % 0.06 % 0 0.00 % Communist Party of India ( Marxist - Leninist ) Red Star CPI ( ML ) RS 47 New 8.66 % 114,323 0.02 % New 0 New 0.00 % Marxist Co-ordination Committee MCO - 1 0.18 % 110,185 0.02 % 0 0.00 % Jharkhand Disom Party JDP 19 10 3.50 % 109,843 0.02 % 0 0.00 % United Democratic Party UDP 0.18 % 106,817 0.02 % 0.01 % 0 0.00 % Independent IND 3,235 596 16,743,719 3.02 % - 2.17 % - 6 0.55 % Others 1,182 4,023,271 0.73 % - 4.14 % 0 0.00 % None of the above NOTA 6,000,197 1.08 % New 0 New 0.00 % Valid Votes 553,801,801 100.00 % 543 100.00 % Rejected Votes Total Polled Registered Electors 834,101,479 66.40 % Sources : Election Commission of India Election Commission of India Results by Alliance ( edit ) National Democratic Alliance 336 / 543 282 18 16 6 BJP SS TDP LJP SAD RLSP AD PMK SWP AINRC NPP NPF United Progressive Alliance 60 / 543 6 44 RSP KC ( M ) JMM IUML RJD NCP INC Others ( Non-Allied ) 147 / 543 37 34 20 11 5 9 9 AIADMK AITC BJD TRS INLD AIUDF AAP J&KPDP JD ( S ) JD ( U ) SP SDF AIMIM YSRCP IND . CPI CPI ( M ) Results by State ( edit ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 47.8 + 3.59 0 Indian National Congress 44.8 + 1.23 0 0 Andhra Pradesh ( 25 ) ( edit ) 15 8 BJP TDP YSRCP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Telugu Desam Party ( NDA ) 29.10 + 4.17 15 + 9 YSR Congress Party 28.90 + 28.90 8 + 8 Indian National Congress 11.5 - 27.45 0 - 19 Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 8.50 -- - + 2 Arunachal Pradesh ( 2 ) ( edit ) BJP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 47.8 + 3.59 + 1 Indian National Congress 43.7 - 9.91 - 1 Assam ( 14 ) ( edit ) 7 BJP AIUDF IND . INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 36.50 + 19.29 7 All India United Democratic Front 14.80 + 2.30 Indian National Congress 29.60 - 4.31 Asom Gana Parishad 3.80 - 8.81 0 IND . -- - -- - Bodoland People 's Front -- - -- - 0 Bihar ( 40 ) ( edit ) 22 6 BJP LJP RLSP JDU RJD NCP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 29.40 + 15.47 22 + 10 Lok Janshakti Party ( NDA ) 6.40 -- - 6 + 6 Rashtriya Janata Dal ( UPA ) 20.10 + 0.80 0 Janata Dal ( United ) 15.80 - 8.24 - 18 Rashtriya Lok Samta Party ( NDA ) 3.00 -- - + 3 Nationalist Congress Party 1.20 -- - + 1 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 8.40 - 1.86 0 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 2 Chandigarh ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 42.20 + 19.46 + 1 Indian National Congress 26.80 - 20.07 0 - 1 Aam Aadmi Party 24.00 New 0 0 Chhattisgarh ( 11 ) ( edit ) 10 BJP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 48.70 - 1.09 10 0 Indian National Congress 38.40 + 13.67 0 Dadra & Nagar Haveli ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 48.90 + 2.47 0 Indian National Congress 45.10 - 0.75 0 0 Daman & Diu ( 1 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 53.80 % - 11.46 0 Indian National Congress 43.30 % + 14.29 0 0 NCT of Delhi ( 7 ) ( edit ) 7 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 46.40 + 11.17 7 + 7 Indian National Congress 15.10 - 42.01 0 - 7 Aam Aadmi Party 34.90 New 0 0 Goa ( 2 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 53.40 % + 8.62 + 1 Indian National Congress 36.60 % - 14.00 0 - 1 Gujarat ( 26 ) ( edit ) 26 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 60.11 % + 12.59 26 + 10 Indian National Congress 33.45 % - 10.48 0 - 11 Haryana ( 10 ) ( edit ) 7 BJP INLD INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 34.70 % 7 + 7 Indian National Congress 22.90 % - 18.87 - 8 Indian National Lok Dal 24.40 % + 2 Himachal Pradesh ( 4 ) ( edit ) BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 53.31 % + 3.72 + 1 Indian National Congress 40.70 % - 4.91 0 - 1 Jammu and Kashmir ( 6 ) ( edit ) BJP JKPDP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 34.40 % + 3 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 22.90 % - 1.77 0 - 2 Jammu & Kashmir People 's Democratic Party 20.50 % + 3 Jammu & Kashmir National Conference ( UPA ) 11.10 % - 8.00 % 0 - 3 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 1 Jharkhand ( 14 ) ( edit ) 12 BJP JMM Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 40.10 % + 12.57 % 12 + 4 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 13.30 % - 1.72 % 0 - 1 Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ( Prajatantrik ) 12.10 % 0 - 1 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha ( UPA ) 9.30 % - 2.4 % 0 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 2 Karnataka ( 28 ) ( edit ) 17 9 BJP JD ( S ) INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 43.00 % - 1.37 17 - 2 Indian National Congress 40.80 % + 3.15 9 + 3 Janata Dal ( Secular ) 11.00 % - 2.57 % - 1 aam Kerala ( 20 ) ( edit ) 8 5 INC IUML KC ( M ) RSP CPI ( M ) CPI IND . Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 10.30 % 0 0 Indian National Congress 31.10 % 8 - 5 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 21.60 % 5 + 1 Communist Party of India 7.60 % + 1 Indian Union Muslim League 4.50 % 0 Kerala Congress ( M ) 2.40 % 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party + 1 IND . ( backed by Left Democratic Front ) + 2 Lakshadweep ( 1 ) ( edit ) NCP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Nationalist Congress Party 50.10 % + 3.79 + 1 Indian National Congress 46.60 % - 5.32 0 - 1 Madhya Pradesh ( 29 ) ( edit ) 27 BJP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 54.00 + 10.55 27 + 11 Indian National Congress 34.90 - 5.24 - 10 Bahujan Samaj Party 3.8 - 2.05 0 - 1 Maharashtra ( 48 ) ( edit ) 23 18 BJP Shiv Sena SWP NCP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 27.30 % + 9.13 % 23 + 14 Shiv Sena ( NDA ) 20.60 % + 3.60 % 18 + 7 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 18.10 % - 1.51 - 15 Nationalist Congress Party ( UPA ) 16.00 % - 3.28 - 4 Swabhimani Paksha ( NDA ) 2.30 % 0 Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi ( UPA ) -- - -- - 0 - 1 Independent -- - -- - 0 - 1 Manipur ( 2 ) ( edit ) INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 11.90 % 0 0 Indian National Congress 41.70 % - 1.26 % 0 Naga People 's Front 19.90 % 0 0 Communist Party of India 14.00 % 0 0 Meghalaya ( 2 ) ( edit ) NPP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 8.90 % 0 0 Indian National Congress ( UPA ) 37.90 % - 6.94 % 0 National People 's Party ( NDA ) 22.20 % + 22.20 + 1 Nationalist Congress Party ( UPA ) -- - - 18.78 % 0 - 1 Mizoram ( 1 ) ( edit ) INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Indian National Congress 48.60 % + 16.98 0 Nagaland ( 1 ) ( edit ) NPF Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Naga People 's Front ( NDA ) 68.70 % - 1.26 0 Indian National Congress 30.10 % 0 Odisha ( 21 ) ( edit ) 20 BJD BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Biju Janata Dal 44.10 % + 6.87 20 + 6 Bharatiya Janata Party 21.50 % + 1 Indian National Congress 26.00 % - 6.75 0 - 6 Communist Party of India 0.3 % - 2.27 % 0 - 1 Puducherry ( 1 ) ( edit ) All India NR Congress Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes All India N.R. Congress ( NDA ) 34.60 % + 34.60 + 1 Indian National Congress 26.3 % - 23.16 % 0 - 1 Punjab ( 13 ) ( edit ) BJP SAD AAP INC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Indian National Congress 33.10 % - 12.13 - 5 Shiromani Akali Dal 20.30 % - 13.55 % 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 8.70 % - 1.36 + 1 Aam Aadmi Party 30.40 % + 30.40 % + 4 Rajasthan ( 25 ) ( edit ) 25 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 54.90 % + 7.71 25 + 21 Indian National Congress 30.40 % - 16.79 0 - 20 Sikkim ( 1 ) ( edit ) SDF Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Sikkim Democratic Front 53.00 % - 13.30 0 Sikkim Krantikari Morcha 39.50 % + 39.50 % 0 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 2.40 % + 0.59 0 0 Indian National Congress 2.30 % - 27.26 % 0 0 Tamil Nadu ( 39 ) ( edit ) 37 AIADMK PMK BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 44.30 % + 21.42 % 37 + 28 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 23.60 % - 1.49 0 - 18 Bharatiya Janata Party 5.50 % + 1 Pattali Makkal Katchi 4.40 % + 1 Telangana ( 17 ) ( edit ) 11 TRS INC BJP TDP YSRCP AIMIM Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Telangana Rashtra Samithi 33.90 + 7.76 11 + 9 Indian National Congress 20.5 - 27.45 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 8.50 -- - 0 Telugu Desam Party 3.10 + 4.17 0 YSR Congress Party 2.90 + 2.90 0 All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 1.40 - 0.53 0 Tripura ( 2 ) ( edit ) CPI ( M ) Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 64.00 % + 2.31 0 Indian National Congress 15.20 % 0 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 5.70 % 0 0 Uttar Pradesh ( 80 ) ( edit ) 71 5 BJP SP INC AD Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) 42.30 % + 24.80 71 + 61 Samajwadi Party 22.20 % - 1.06 5 - 18 Bahujan Samaj Party 19.60 % - 7.82 0 - 20 Indian National Congress 7.50 % - 10.75 - 19 Apna Dal ( NDA ) 1.00 % + 2 Uttarakhand ( 5 ) ( edit ) 5 BJP Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes Bharatiya Janata Party 55.30 % 5 + 5 Indian National Congress 34.00 % - 9.13 0 - 5 West Bengal ( 42 ) ( edit ) 34 BJP INC CPI ( M ) AITC Name of Party Vote Share % Change Seats won Changes All India Trinamool Congress 39.80 % + 8.60 34 + 15 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 23 % - 10.1 - 13 Bharatiya Janata Party 18 % + 10.90 + 1 Indian National Congress 9.70 % - 3.80 - 2 Results by constituency ( edit ) State PC No . PC Name PC Type Winner Candidate Winner Party Votes Runner - Up Party Votes Margin Andaman & Nicobar Andaman & Nicobar Islands GEN Bishnu Pada Ray BJP 90969 Kuldeep Rai Sharma INC 83157 7812 Andhra Pradesh Araku ( ST ) Kothapalli Geetha YSRC 413191 Gummidi Sandhyarani TDP 321793 91398 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam GEN Rammohan Naidu Kinjarapu TDP 556163 Reddy Shanthi YSRC 428591 127572 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram GEN Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati TDP 536549 Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna Rangarao Ravu YSRC 429638 106911 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam GEN Kambhampati Hari Babu BJP 566832 Y.S Vijayamma YSRC 476344 90488 Andhra Pradesh 5 Anakapalli GEN Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao ( Avanthi ) TDP 568463 Gudivada Amarnadh YSRC 520531 47932 Andhra Pradesh 6 Kakinada GEN Thota Narasimham TDP 514402 Chalamalasetty Sunil YSRC 510971 3431 Andhra Pradesh 7 Amalapuram ( SC ) Dr Pandula Ravindra Babu TDP 594547 Pinipe Viswarupu YSRC 473971 120576 Andhra Pradesh 8 Rajahmundry GEN Murali Mohan Maganti TDP 630573 Boddu Venkataramana Chowdary YSRC 463139 167434 Andhra Pradesh 9 Narsapuram GEN Gokaraju Ganga Raju BJP 540306 Vanka Ravindranath YSRC 454955 85351 Andhra Pradesh 10 Eluru GEN Maganti Venkateswara Rao ( Babu ) TDP 623471 Thota Chandra Sekhar YSRC 521545 101926 Andhra Pradesh 11 Machilipatnam GEN Konakalla Narayana Rao TDP 587280 Kolusu Partha Sarathy YSRC 506223 81057 Andhra Pradesh 12 Vijayawada GEN Kesineni Srinivas TDP 592696 Koneru Rajendra Prasad YSRC 517834 74862 Andhra Pradesh 13 Guntur GEN Jayadev Galla TDP 618417 Balashowry Vallabhaneni YSRC 549306 69111 Andhra Pradesh 14 Narasaraopet GEN Sambasiva Rao Rayapati TDP 632464 Ayodhya Ramireddy Alla YSRC 597184 35280 Andhra Pradesh 15 Bapatla ( SC ) Malyadri Sriram TDP 578145 Varikuti Amruthapani YSRC 545391 32754 Andhra Pradesh 16 Ongole GEN Y.V. Subba Reddy YSRC 589960 Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy TDP 574302 15658 Andhra Pradesh 17 Nandyal GEN S.P.Y Reddy YSRC 622411 N. Md. Farook TDP 516645 105766 Andhra Pradesh 18 Kurnool GEN Butta Renuka YSRC 472782 B.T. Naidu TDP 428651 44131 Andhra Pradesh 19 Anantapur GEN J.C. Divakar Reddi TDP 606509 Anantha Venkataramireddy YSRC 545240 61269 Andhra Pradesh 20 Hindupur GEN Kristappa Nimmala TDP 604291 Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy YSRC 506966 97325 Andhra Pradesh 21 Kadapa GEN Y.S. Avinash Reddy YSRC 671983 Srinivasa Reddy Reddeppagari TDP 481660 190323 Andhra Pradesh 22 Nellore GEN Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy YSRC 576396 Adala Prabhakara Reddy TDP 562918 13478 Andhra Pradesh 23 Tirupati ( SC ) Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli YSRC 580376 Karumanchi Jayaram BJP 542951 37425 Andhra Pradesh 24 Rajampet GEN P.V. Midhun Reddy YSRC 601752 D. Purandeswari BJP 426990 174762 Andhra Pradesh 25 Chittoor ( SC ) Naramalli Sivaprasad TDP 594862 G. Samanyakiran YSRC 550724 44138 Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal West ( ST ) Kiren Rijiju BJP 169367 Takam Sanjoy INC 127629 41738 Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal East ( ST ) Ninong Ering INC 118455 Tapir Gao BJP 105977 12478 Assam Karimganj ( SC ) Radheshyam Biswas AUDF 362866 Krishna Das BJP 260772 102094 Assam Silchar GEN Sushmita Dev INC 336451 Kabindra Purkayastha BJP 301210 35241 Assam Autonomous District ( ST ) Biren Singh Engti INC 213152 Joy Ram Engleng BJP 189057 24095 Assam Dhubri GEN Badruddin Ajmal AUDF 592569 Wazed Ali Choudhury INC 362839 229730 Assam 5 Kokrajhar ( ST ) Naba Kumar Sarania ( Hira ) IND 634428 Urkhao Gwra Brahma IND 278649 355779 Assam 6 Barpeta GEN Siraj Uddin Ajmal AUDF 394702 Chandra Mohan Patowary BJP 352361 42341 Assam 7 Gauhati GEN Smt . Bijoya Chakraborty BJP 764985 Manash Borah INC 449201 315784 Assam 8 Mangaldoi GEN Ramen Deka BJP 486357 Kirip Chaliha INC 463473 22884 Assam 9 Tezpur GEN Ram Prasad Sarmah BJP 446511 Bhupen Kumar Borah INC 360491 86020 Assam 10 Nawgong GEN Rajen Gohain BJP 494146 Jonjonali Baruah INC 350587 143559 Assam 11 Kaliabor GEN Gourav Gogoi INC 443315 Mrinal Kumar Saikia BJP 349441 93874 Assam 12 Jorhat GEN Kamakhya Prasad Tasa BJP 456420 Bijoy Krishna Handique INC 354000 102420 Assam 13 Dibrugarh ( ST ) Rameswar Teli BJP 494364 Paban Singh Ghatowar INC 309017 185347 Assam 14 Lakhimpur GEN Sarbananda Sonowal BJP 612543 Ranee Narah INC 320405 292138 Bihar Valmiki Nagar GEN Satish Chandra Dubey BJP 364011 Purnmasi Ram INC 246218 117793 Bihar Paschim Champaran GEN Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal BJP 371232 Prakash Jha JD ( U ) 260978 110254 Bihar Purvi Champaran GEN Radha Mohan Singh BJP 400452 Binod Kumar Srivastava RJD 208289 192163 Bihar Sheohar GEN Rama Devi BJP 372506 Md Anwarul Haque RJD 236267 136239 Bihar 5 Sitamarhi GEN Ram Kumar Sharma RLSP 411265 Sitaram Yadav RJD 263300 147965 Bihar 6 Madhubani GEN Hukm Deo Narayan Yadav BJP 358040 Abdul Bari Siddiqui RJD 337505 20535 Bihar 7 Jhanjharpur GEN Birendra Kumar Chaudhary BJP 335481 Mangani Lal Mandal RJD 280073 55408 Bihar 8 Supaul GEN Ranjeet Ranjan INC 332927 Dileshwar Kamait JD ( U ) 273255 59672 Bihar 9 Araria GEN Tasleem Uddin RJD 407978 Pradeep Kumar Singh BJP 261474 146504 Bihar 10 Kishanganj GEN Mohammad Asrarul Haque INC 493461 Dr Dilip Kumar Jaiswal BJP 298849 194612 Bihar 11 Katihar GEN Tariq Anwar NCP 431292 Nikhil Kumar Choudhary BJP 316552 114740 Bihar 12 Purnia GEN Santosh Kumar JD ( U ) 418826 Uday Singh Alias Pappu Singh BJP 302157 116669 Bihar 13 Madhepura GEN Rajesh Ranjan ( Pappu Yadav ) RJD 368937 Sharad Yadav JD ( U ) 312728 56209 Bihar 14 Darbhanga GEN Kirti Azad BJP 314949 Md . Ali Ashraf Fatmi RJD 279906 35043 Bihar 15 Muzaffarpur GEN Ajay Nishad BJP 469295 Akhilesh Prasad Singh INC 246873 222422 Bihar 16 Vaishali GEN Rama Kishore Singh LJP 305450 Raghuvansh Prasad Singh RJD 206183 99267 Bihar 17 Gopalganj ( SC ) Janak Ram BJP 478773 Dr. Jyoti Bharti INC 191837 286936 Bihar 18 Siwan GEN Om Prakash Yadav BJP 372670 Hena Shahab RJD 258823 113847 Bihar 19 Maharajganj GEN Janardan Singh ( Sigriwal ) BJP 320753 Prabhu Nath Singh RJD 282338 38415 Bihar 20 Saran GEN Rajiv Pratap Rudy BJP 355120 Rabri Devi RJD 314172 40948 Bihar 21 Hajipur ( SC ) Ramvilas Paswan LJP 455652 Sanjeev Prasad Toni INC 230152 225500 Bihar 22 Ujiarpur GEN Nityanand Rai BJP 317352 Alok Kumar Mehta RJD 256883 60469 Bihar 23 Samastipur ( SC ) Ram Chandra Paswan LJP 270401 Dr. Ashok Kumar INC 263529 6872 Bihar 24 Begusarai GEN Bhola Singh BJP 428227 Md . Tanveer Hassan RJD 369892 58335 Bihar 25 Khagaria GEN Choudhary Mahboob Ali Kaiser LJP 313806 Krishna Kumari Yadav RJD 237803 76003 Bihar 26 Bhagalpur GEN Shailesh Kumar Urph Bulo Mandal RJD 367623 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain BJP 358138 9485 Bihar 27 Banka GEN Jai Prakash Narayan Yadav RJD 285150 Putul Kumari BJP 275006 10144 Bihar 28 Munger GEN Veena Devi LJP 352911 Rajiv Ranjan Singh Alias Lalan Singh JD ( U ) 243827 109084 Bihar 29 Nalanda GEN Kaushlendra Kumar JD ( U ) 321982 Satya Nand Sharma LJP 312355 9627 Bihar 30 Patna Sahib GEN Shatrughana Sinha BJP 485905 Kunal Singh INC 220100 265805 Bihar 31 Pataliputra GEN Ram Kripal Yadav BJP 383262 Misha Bharti RJD 342940 40322 Bihar 32 Arrah GEN Raj Kumar Singh BJP 391074 Sribhagwan Singh Kushwaha RJD 255204 135870 Bihar 33 Buxar GEN Ashwini Kumar Choubey BJP 319012 Jagadanand Singh RJD 186674 132338 Bihar 34 Sasaram ( SC ) Chhedi Paswan BJP 366087 Meira Kumar INC 302760 63327 Bihar 35 Karakat GEN Upendra Kushwaha RLSP 338892 Kanti Singh RJD 233651 105241 Bihar 36 Jahanabad GEN Dr. Arun Kumar RLSP 322647 Surendra Prasad Yadav RJD 280307 42340 Bihar 37 Aurangabad GEN Sushil Kumar Singh BJP 307941 Nikhil Kumar INC 241594 66347 Bihar 38 Gaya ( SC ) Hari Manjhi BJP 326230 Ramji Manjhi RJD 210726 115504 Bihar 39 Nawada GEN Giriraj Singh BJP 390248 Raj Ballabh Prasad RJD 250091 140157 Bihar 40 Jamui ( SC ) Chirag Kumar Paswan LJP 285354 Sudhansu Shekhar Bhaskar RJD 199407 85947 Chandigarh Chandigarh GEN Smt . Kirron Kher Anupam BJP 191362 Pawan Kumar Bansal INC 121720 69642 Chhattisgarh Surguja ( ST ) Kamalbhan Singh Marabi BJP 585336 Ram Dev Ram INC 438100 147236 Chhattisgarh Raigarh ( ST ) Vishnu Deo Sai BJP 662478 Arti Singh INC 445728 216750 Chhattisgarh Janjgir - Champa ( SC ) Smt . Kamla Patle BJP 518909 Prem Chand Jayasi INC 343948 174961 Chhattisgarh Korba GEN Dr. Banshilal Mahto BJP 439002 Charan Das Mahant INC 434737 4265 Chhattisgarh 5 Bilaspur GEN Lakhan Lal Sahu BJP 561387 Karuna Shukla INC 384951 176436 Chhattisgarh 6 Rajnandgaon GEN Abhishek Singh BJP 643473 Kamleshwar Verma INC 407562 235911 Chhattisgarh 7 Durg GEN Tamradhwaj Sahu INC 570687 Saroj Pandey BJP 553839 16848 Chhattisgarh 8 Raipur GEN Ramesh Bais BJP 654922 Satya Narayan Sharma ( Sattu Bhaiya ) INC 483276 171646 Chhattisgarh 9 Mahasamund GEN Chandu Lal Sahu ( Chandu Bhaiya ) BJP 503514 Ajit Jogi INC 502297 1217 Chhattisgarh 10 Bastar ( ST ) Dinesh Kashyap BJP 385829 Deepak Karma ( Bunty ) INC 261470 124359 Chhattisgarh 11 Kanker ( ST ) Vikram Dev Usendi BJP 465215 Foolodevi Netam INC 430057 35158 Dadar & Nagar Haveli Dadra And Nagar Haveli ( ST ) Patel Natubhai Gomanbhai BJP 80790 Delkar Mohanbhai Sanjibhai INC 74576 6214 Daman & diu Daman And Diu GEN Patel Lalubhai Babubhai BJP 46960 Ketan Dahyabhai Patel INC 37738 9222 Delhi Chandni Chowk GEN Dr. Harsh Vardhan BJP 437938 Ashutosh AAP 301618 136320 Delhi North East Delhi GEN Manoj Tiwari BJP 596125 Anand Kumar AAP 452041 144084 Delhi East Delhi GEN Maheish Girri BJP 572202 Rajmohan Gandhi AAP 381739 190463 Delhi New Delhi GEN Smt . Meenakshi Lekhi BJP 453350 Ashish Khetan AAP 290642 162708 Delhi 5 North West Delhi ( SC ) Udit Raj BJP 629860 Rakhi Birla AAP 523058 106802 Delhi 6 West Delhi GEN Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma BJP 651395 Jarnail Singh AAP 382809 268586 Delhi 7 South Delhi GEN Ramesh Bidhuri BJP 497980 Col Devinder Sehrawat AAP 390980 107000 Goa North Goa GEN Shripad Yesso Naik BJP 237903 Ravi Naik INC 132304 105599 Goa South Goa GEN Adv . Narendra Keshav Sawaikar BJP 198776 Aleixo Reginaldo Lourenco INC 166446 32330 Gujarat Kutch ( SC ) Chavda Vinod Lakhamashi BJP 562855 Dr. Dinesh Parmar INC 308373 254482 Gujarat Banaskantha GEN Chaudhary Haribhai Parthibhai BJP 507856 Patel Joitabhai Kasnabhai INC 305522 202334 Gujarat Patan GEN Liladharbhai Khodaji Vaghela BJP 518538 Rathod Bhavsinhbhai Dahyabhai INC 379819 138719 Gujarat Mehsana GEN Patel Jayshreeben Kanubhai BJP 580250 Patel Jivabhai Ambalal INC 371359 208891 Gujarat 5 Sabarkantha GEN Rathod Dipsinh Shankarsinh BJP 552205 Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu INC 467750 84455 Gujarat 6 Gandhinagar GEN L.K. Advani BJP 773539 Kiritbhai Ishvarbhai Patel INC 290418 483121 Gujarat 7 Ahmedabad East GEN Paresh Rawal BJP 633582 Patel Himmatsingh Prahladsingh INC 306949 326633 Gujarat 8 Ahmedabad West ( SC ) Dr. Kirit P Solanki BJP 617104 Ishwarbahi Dhanabhai Makwana INC 296793 320311 Gujarat 9 Surendranagar GEN Fatepara Devajibhai Govindbhai BJP 529003 Koli Patel Somabhai Gandalal INC 326096 202907 Gujarat 10 Rajkot GEN Kundariya Mohanbhai Kalyanjibhai BJP 621524 Kunvarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya INC 375096 246428 Gujarat 11 Porbandar GEN Radadiya Vithalbhai Hansrajbhai BJP 508437 Jadeja Kandhalbhai Sarmanbhai NCP 240466 267971 Gujarat 12 Jamnagar GEN Poonamben Hematbhai Maadam BJP 484412 Ahir Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam INC 309123 175289 Gujarat 13 Junagadh GEN Chudasama Rajeshbhai Naranbhai BJP 513179 Punjabhai Bhimabhai Vansh INC 377347 135832 Gujarat 14 Amreli GEN Kachhadiya Naranbhai Bhikhabhai BJP 436715 Thummar Virjibhai Keshavbhai ( Virjibhai Thummar ) INC 280483 156232 Gujarat 15 Bhavnagar GEN Dr. Bharatiben Dhirubhai Shiyal BJP 549529 Rathod Pravinbhai Jinabhai INC 254041 295488 Gujarat 16 Anand GEN Dilip Patel BJP 490829 Solanki Bharatbhai Madhavsinh INC 427403 63426 Gujarat 17 Kheda GEN Chauhan Devusinh Jesingbhai ( Chauhan Devusinh ) BJP 568235 Dinsha Patel INC 335334 232901 Gujarat 18 Panchmahal GEN Chauhan Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh BJP 508274 Ramsinh Parmar INC 337678 170596 Gujarat 19 Dahod ( ST ) Jasvantsinh Sumanbhai Bhabhor BJP 511111 Taviyad Dr. Prabhaben Kishorsinh INC 280757 230354 Gujarat 20 Vadodara GEN Ranjanaben Dhananjay Bhatt BJP 526763 Narendra Ravat INC 197256 329507 Gujarat 21 Chhota Udaipur ( ST ) Ramsinh Rathwa BJP 607916 Naranbhai Jemalabhai Rathva INC 428187 179729 Gujarat 22 Bharuch GEN Vasava Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai BJP 548902 Patel Jayeshbhai Ambalalbhai ( Jayesh Kaka ) INC 395629 153273 Gujarat 23 Bardoli ( ST ) Vasava Parbhubhai Nagarbhai BJP 622769 Chaudhari Tusharbhai Amarsinhbhai INC 498885 123884 Gujarat 24 Surat GEN Jardosh Darshnaben Vikrambhai BJP 718412 Desai Naishadhbhai Bhupatbhai INC 185222 533190 Gujarat 25 Navsari GEN C.R. Patil BJP 820831 Maksud Mirza INC 262715 558116 Gujarat 26 Valsad ( ST ) Dr. K.C. Patel BJP 617772 Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel INC 409768 208004 Haryana Ambala ( SC ) Rattan Lal Kataria BJP 612121 Raj Kumar Balmiki INC 272047 340074 Haryana Kurukshetra GEN Raj Kumar Saini BJP 418112 Balbir Singh Saini INLD 288376 129736 Haryana Sirsa ( SC ) Charanjeet Singh Rori INLD 506370 Ashok Tanwar INC 390634 115736 Haryana Hisar GEN Dushyant Chautala INLD 494478 Kuldeep Bishnoi HJC ( BL ) 462631 31847 Haryana 5 Karnal GEN Ashwini Kumar BJP 594817 Arvind Kumar Sharma INC 234670 360147 Haryana 6 Sonipat GEN Ramesh Chander BJP 347203 Jagbir Singh Malik INC 269789 77414 Haryana 7 Rohtak GEN Deepender Singh Hooda INC 490063 Om Parkash Dhankar BJP 319436 170627 Haryana 8 Bhiwani - Mahendragarh GEN Dharambir S / O Bhale Ram BJP 404542 Bahadur Singh INLD 275148 129394 Haryana 9 Gurgaon GEN Inderjit Singh Rao BJP 644780 Zakir Hussain INLD 370058 274722 Haryana 10 Faridabad GEN Krishan Pal BJP 652516 Avtar Singh Bhadana INC 185643 466873 Himachal Pradesh Kangra GEN Shanta Kumar BJP 456163 Chander Kumar INC 286091 170072 Himachal Pradesh Mandi GEN Ram Swaroop Sharma BJP 362824 Pratibha Singh INC 322968 39856 Himachal Pradesh Hamirpur GEN Anurag Singh Thakur BJP 448035 Rajinder Singh Rana INC 349632 98403 Himachal Pradesh Shimla ( SC ) Virender Kashyap BJP 385973 Mohan Lal Brakta INC 301786 84187 Jammu & Kashmir Baramulla GEN Muzaffar Hussain Baig PDP 175277 Sharief Ud - Din Shariq JKNPP 146058 29219 Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar GEN Tariq Hameed Karra PDP 157923 Farooq Abdullah JKNPP 115643 42280 Jammu & Kashmir Anantnag GEN Mehbooba Mufti PDP 200429 Mirza Mehboob Beg JKNPP 135012 65417 Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh ( ST ) Thupstan Chhewang BJP 31111 Ghulam Raza IND 31075 36 Jammu & Kashmir 5 Udhampur GEN Dr. Jitendra Singh BJP 487369 Ghulam Nabi Azad INC 426393 60976 Jammu & Kashmir 6 Jammu GEN Jugal Kishore BJP 619995 Madan Lal Sharma INC 362715 257280 Jharkhand Rajmahal ( ST ) Vijay Kumar Hansdak JMM 379507 Hemlal Murmu BJP 338170 41337 Jharkhand Dumka ( ST ) Shibu Soren JMM 335815 Sunil Soren BJP 296785 39030 Jharkhand Godda GEN Nishikant Dubey BJP 380500 Furkan Ansari INC 319818 60682 Jharkhand Chatra GEN Sunil Kumar Singh BJP 295862 Dhiraj Prasad Sahu INC 117836 178026 Jharkhand 5 Kodarma GEN Ravindra Kr . Ray BJP 365410 Rajkumar Yadav CPI ( ML ) ( L ) 266756 98654 Jharkhand 6 Giridih GEN Ravindra Kumar Pandey BJP 391913 Jagarnath Mahto JMM 351600 40313 Jharkhand 7 Dhanbad GEN Pashupati Nath Singh BJP 543491 Ajay Kumar Dubey INC 250537 292954 Jharkhand 8 Ranchi GEN Ram Tahal Choudhary BJP 448729 Subodh Kant Sahay INC 249426 199303 Jharkhand 9 Jamshedpur GEN Bidyut Baran Mahato BJP 464153 Ajay Kumar JVM ( P ) 364277 99876 Jharkhand 10 Singhbhum ( SC ) Laxman Giluwa BJP 303131 Geeta Kora JBSP 215607 87524 Jharkhand 11 Khunti ( ST ) Karia Munda BJP 269185 Anosh Ekka JKP 176937 92248 Jharkhand 12 Lohardaga ( ST ) Sudarshan Bhagat BJP 226666 Rameshwar Oraon INC 220177 6489 Jharkhand 13 Palamu ( SC ) Vishnu Dayal Ram BJP 476513 Manoj Kumar RJD 212571 263942 Jharkhand 14 Hazaribagh GEN Jayant Sinha BJP 406931 Saurabh Narain Singh INC 247803 159128 Karnataka Chikkodi GEN Prakash Babanna Hukkeri INC 474373 Katti Ramesh Vishwanath BJP 471370 3003 Karnataka Belgaum GEN Angadi Suresh Channabasappa BJP 554417 Laxmi R. Hebbalkar INC 478557 75860 Karnataka Bagalkot GEN Gaddigoudar Parvtagouda Chandanagouda BJP 571548 Ajay Kumar Sarnaik INC 454988 116560 Karnataka Bijapur ( SC ) Ramesh Jigajinagi BJP 471757 Prakash Rathod INC 401938 69819 Karnataka 5 Gulbarga ( SC ) Mallikarjun Kharge INC 507193 Revunaik Belamagi BJP 432460 74733 Karnataka 6 Raichur ( ST ) B.V. Nayak INC 443659 Arakera Shivanagouda Nayak BJP 442160 1499 Karnataka 7 Bidar GEN Bhagwanth Khuba BJP 459290 N. Dharam Singh INC 367068 92222 Karnataka 8 Koppal GEN Karadi Sanganna Amarappa BJP 486383 Basavaraj Hitnal INC 453969 32414 Karnataka 9 Bellary ( ST ) B. Sreeramulu BJP 534406 N.Y. Hanumantappa INC 449262 85144 Karnataka 10 Haveri GEN Udasi Shivakumar Channabasappa BJP 566790 Saleem Ahmed INC 479219 87571 Karnataka 11 Dharwad GEN Pralhad Joshi BJP 545395 Vinay Kulkarni INC 431738 113657 Karnataka 12 Uttara Kannada GEN Anantkumar Hegde BJP 546939 Prashant R Deshpande INC 406239 140700 Karnataka 13 Davanagere GEN GM Siddeshwara BJP 518894 S.S. Mallikarjun INC 501287 17607 Karnataka 14 Shimoga GEN B.S. Yeddyurappa BJP 606216 Manjunath Bhandary INC 242911 363305 Karnataka 15 Udupi Chikmagalur GEN Shobha Karandlaje BJP 581168 K Jayaprakash Hegde INC 399525 181643 Karnataka 16 Hassan GEN H.D. Devegowda JD ( S ) 509841 Manju . A . INC 409379 100462 Karnataka 17 Dakshina Kannada GEN Nalin Kumar Kateel BJP 642739 Janardhana Poojary INC 499030 143709 Karnataka 18 Chitradurga ( SC ) B.N. Chandrappa INC 467511 Janardhana Swamy BJP 366220 101291 Karnataka 19 Tumkur GEN Muddahanumegowda. S.P. INC 429868 G.S. Basavaraj BJP 355827 74041 Karnataka 20 Mandya GEN C.S. Puttaraju JD ( S ) 524370 Ramya INC 518852 5518 Karnataka 21 Mysore GEN Prathap Simha BJP 503908 Adagooru H Vishwanath INC 472300 31608 Karnataka 22 Chamarajanagar ( SC ) R. Dhruvanarayana INC 567782 A.R. Krishna Murthy BJP 426600 141182 Karnataka 23 Bangalore Rural GEN DK Suresh INC 652723 Muniraju Gowda . P BJP 421243 231480 Karnataka 24 Bangalore North GEN D.V Sadananda Gowda BJP 718326 C. Narayana Swamy INC 488562 229764 Karnataka 25 Bangalore Central GEN P.C. Mohan BJP 557130 Rizwan Arshad INC 419630 137500 Karnataka 26 Bangalore South GEN Ananth Kumar BJP 633816 Nandan Nilekani INC 405241 228575 Karnataka 27 Chikkaballapur GEN M Veerappa Moily INC 424800 BN Bache Gowda BJP 415280 9520 Karnataka 28 Kolar GEN K.H. Muniyappa INC 418926 Kolar Kesava JD ( S ) 371076 47850 Kerala Kasaragod GEN P Karunakaran CPM 384964 Adv . T Siddique INC 378043 6921 Kerala Kannur GEN PK Sreemathi Teacher CPM 427622 K Sudhakaran INC 421056 6566 Kerala Vatakara GEN Mullappally Ramachandran INC 416479 Adv. A.N. Shamseer CPM 413173 3306 Kerala Wayanad GEN MI Shanavas INC 377035 Sathyan Mokeri CPI 356165 20870 Kerala 5 Kozhikode GEN M . K Raghavan INC 397615 A. Vijayaraghavan CPM 380732 16883 Kerala 6 Malappuram GEN E. Ahamed IUML 437723 P.K. Sainaba CPM 242984 194739 Kerala 7 Ponnani GEN E.T. Mohammed Basheer IUML 378503 V. Abdurahman IND 353093 25410 Kerala 8 Palakkad GEN MB Rajesh CPM 412897 MP Veerendrakumar SJ ( D ) 307597 105300 Kerala 9 Alathur ( SC ) P.K. Biju CPM 411808 Sheeba K.A INC 374496 37312 Kerala 10 Thrissur GEN C.N. Jayadevan CPI 389209 K.P. Dhanapalan INC 350982 38227 Kerala 11 Chalakudy GEN Innocent IND 358440 PC Chacko INC 344556 13884 Kerala 12 Ernakulam GEN Prof. K.V. Thomas INC 353841 Christy Fernandez IND 266794 87047 Kerala 13 Idukki GEN Adv. Joice George IND 382019 Adv. Dean Kuriakose INC 331477 50542 Kerala 14 Kottayam GEN Jose K. Mani KC ( M ) 424194 Adv. Mathew T. Thomas JD ( S ) 303595 120599 Kerala 15 Alappuzha GEN KC Venugopal INC 462525 CB Chandrababu CPM 443118 19407 Kerala 16 Mavelikkara ( SC ) Kodikunnil Suresh INC 402432 Chengara Surendran CPI 369695 32737 Kerala 17 Pathanamthitta GEN Anto Antony INC 358842 Adv . Peelipose Thomas IND 302651 56191 Kerala 18 Kollam GEN N.K. Premachandran RSP 408528 M.A. Baby CPM 370879 37649 Kerala 19 Attingal GEN Dr. A . Sampath CPM 392478 Adv. Bindhu Krishna INC 323100 69378 Kerala 20 Thiruvananthapuram GEN Dr. Shashi Tharoor INC 297806 Sri . O Rajagopal BJP 282336 15470 Lakshadweep Lakshadweep ( ST ) Mohammed Faizal P.P. NCP 21665 Hamdullah Sayeed INC 20130 1535 Madhya Pradesh Morena GEN Anoop Mishra BJP 375567 Brindawan Singh Sikarwar BSP 242586 132981 Madhya Pradesh Bhind ( SC ) Dr. Bhagirath Prasad BJP 404474 Imarti Devi INC 244513 159961 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior GEN Narendra Singh Tomar BJP 442796 Ashok Singh INC 413097 29699 Madhya Pradesh Guna GEN Jyotiraditya M Scindia INC 517036 Jaibhansingh Pawaiya BJP 396244 120792 Madhya Pradesh 5 Sagar GEN Laxmi Narayan Yadav BJP 482580 Govind Singh Rajput INC 361843 120737 Madhya Pradesh 6 Tikamgarh ( SC ) Dr. Virendra Kumar BJP 422979 Ahirwar Dr. Kamlesh Verma INC 214248 208731 Madhya Pradesh 7 Damoh GEN Prahalad Singh Patel BJP 513079 Choudhary Mahendra Pratap Singh INC 299780 213299 Madhya Pradesh 8 Khajuraho GEN Nagendra Singh BJP 474966 Raja Pateria INC 227476 247490 Madhya Pradesh 9 Satna GEN Ganesh Singh BJP 375288 Ajay Singh Rahul Bhaiyya INC 366600 8688 Madhya Pradesh 10 Rewa GEN Janardan Mishra BJP 383320 Sunderlal Tiwari INC 214594 168726 Madhya Pradesh 11 Sidhi GEN Riti Pathak BJP 475678 Indrajeet Kumar INC 367632 108046 Madhya Pradesh 12 Shahdol ( ST ) Dalpat Singh Paraste BJP 525419 Rajesh Nandini Singh INC 284118 241301 Madhya Pradesh 13 Jabalpur GEN Rakesh Singh BJP 564609 Vivek Krishna Tankha INC 355970 208639 Madhya Pradesh 14 Mandla ( ST ) Faggan Singh Kulaste BJP 585720 Omkar Singh Markam INC 475251 110469 Madhya Pradesh 15 Balaghat GEN Bodhsingh Bhagat BJP 480594 Hina Likhiram Kawre INC 384553 96041 Madhya Pradesh 16 Chhindwara GEN Kamal Nath INC 559755 Choudhary Chandrabhan Kuber Singh BJP 443218 116537 Madhya Pradesh 17 Hoshangabad GEN Uday Pratap Singh BJP 669128 Devendra Patel ( Guddu Bhaiya ) INC 279168 389960 Madhya Pradesh 18 Vidisha GEN Sushma Swaraj BJP 714348 Lakshman Singh INC 303650 410698 Madhya Pradesh 19 Bhopal GEN Alok Sanjar BJP 714178 PC Sharma ( Prakash Mangilal Sharma ) INC 343482 370696 Madhya Pradesh 20 Rajgarh GEN Rodmal Nagar BJP 596727 Amlabe Narayan Singh INC 367990 228737 Madhya Pradesh 21 Dewas ( SC ) Manohar Untwal BJP 665646 Sajjan Singh Verma INC 405333 260313 Madhya Pradesh 22 Ujjain ( SC ) Prof. Chintamani Malviya BJP 641101 Premchand Guddu INC 331438 309663 Madhya Pradesh 23 Mandsaur GEN Sudhir Gupta BJP 698335 Meenakshi Natarajan INC 394686 303649 Madhya Pradesh 24 Ratlam ( ST ) Dileepsingh Bhuria BJP 545970 Kantilal Bhuria INC 437523 108447 Madhya Pradesh 25 Dhar ( ST ) Savitri Thakur BJP 558387 Umang Singhar INC 454059 104328 Madhya Pradesh 26 Indore GEN Sumitra Mahajan ( Tai ) BJP 854972 Satyanarayan Patel INC 388071 466901 Madhya Pradesh 27 Khargone ( ST ) Subhash Patel BJP 649354 Ramesh Patel INC 391475 257879 Madhya Pradesh 28 Khandwa GEN Nandkumar Singh Chouhan ( Nandu Bhaiya ) BJP 717357 Arun Subhash Chandra Yadav INC 457643 259714 Madhya Pradesh 29 Betul ( ST ) Jyoti Dhurve BJP 643651 Ajay Shah ( Makrai ) INC 315037 328614 Maharashtra Nandurbar ( ST ) Dr. Gavit Heena Vaijaykumar BJP 579486 Gavit Manikrao Hodlya INC 472581 106905 Maharashtra Dhule GEN Dr. Bhamre Subhash Ramrao BJP 529450 Amrishbhai Rasiklal Patel INC 398727 130723 Maharashtra Jalgaon GEN A.T. Nana Patil BJP 647773 Annasaheb Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil NCP 264248 383525 Maharashtra Raver GEN Khadase Raksha Nikhil BJP 605452 Manishdada Jain NCP 287384 318068 Maharashtra 5 Buldhana GEN Jadhav Prataprao Ganpatrao SHS 509145 Ingle Krushanarao Ganpatrao NCP 349566 159579 Maharashtra 6 Akola GEN Dhotre Sanjay Shamrao BJP 456472 Patel Hidayat Ulla Barkat Ulla INC 253356 203116 Maharashtra 7 Amravati ( SC ) Adsul Anandrao Vithoba SHS 467212 Navneet Ravi Rana NCP 329280 137932 Maharashtra 8 Wardha GEN Ramdas Chandrabhanji Tadas BJP 537518 Meghe Sagar Dattatraya INC 321735 215783 Maharashtra 9 Ramtek ( SC ) Krupal Balaji Tumane SHS 519892 Mukul Wasnik INC 344101 175791 Maharashtra 10 Nagpur GEN Gadkari Nitin Jairam BJP 587767 Vilas Muttemwar INC 302939 284828 Maharashtra 11 Bhandara - Gondiya GEN Nanabhau Falgunrao Patole BJP 606129 Patel Praful Manoharbhai NCP 456875 149254 Maharashtra 12 Gadchiroli - Chimur ( ST ) Ashok Mahadeorao Nete BJP 535982 Dr. Namdeo Dalluji Usendi INC 299112 236870 Maharashtra 13 Chandrapur GEN Ahir Hansraj Gangaram BJP 508049 Deotale Sanjay Wamanrao INC 271780 236269 Maharashtra 14 Yavatmal - Washim GEN Gawali Bhavana Pundlikrao SHS 477905 Adv. Shivajirao Shivaramji Moghe INC 384089 93816 Maharashtra 15 Hingoli GEN Rajeev Shankarrao Satav INC 467397 Wankhede Subhash Bapurao SHS 465765 1632 Maharashtra 16 Nanded GEN Ashok Shankarrao Chavan INC 493075 D.B. Patil BJP 411620 81455 Maharashtra 17 Parbhani GEN Jadhav Sanjay ( Bandu ) Haribhau SHS 578455 Bhambale Vijay Manikrao NCP 451300 127155 Maharashtra 18 Jalna GEN Danve Raosaheb Dadarao BJP 591428 Autade Vilas Keshavrao INC 384630 206798 Maharashtra 19 Aurangabad GEN Chandrakant Bhaurao Khaire SHS 520902 Patil Nitin Suresh INC 358902 162000 Maharashtra 20 Dindori ( ST ) Chavan Harishchandra Deoram BJP 542784 Dr. Bharati Pravin Pawar NCP 295165 247619 Maharashtra 21 Nashik GEN Godse Hemant Tukaram SHS 494735 Chhagan Bhujbal NCP 307399 187336 Maharashtra 22 Palghar ( ST ) Adv . Chintaman Navasha Wanga BJP 533201 Baliram Sukur Jadhav BVA 293681 239520 Maharashtra 23 Bhiwandi GEN Kapil Moreshwar Patil BJP 411070 Patil Vishwanath Ramchandra INC 301620 109450 Maharashtra 24 Kalyan GEN Dr. Shrikant Eknath Shinde SHS 440892 Anand Prakash Paranjpe NCP 190143 250749 Maharashtra 25 Thane GEN Vichare Rajan Baburao SHS 595364 Sanjeev Ganesh Naik NCP 314065 281299 Maharashtra 26 Mumbai - North GEN Gopal Chinayya Shetty BJP 664004 Sanjay Brijkishorlal Nirupam INC 217422 446582 Maharashtra 27 Mumbai - North - West GEN Gajanan Chandrakant Kirtikar SHS 464820 Kamat Gurudas Vasant INC 281792 183028 Maharashtra 28 Mumbai - North - East GEN Kirit Somaiya BJP 525285 Sanjay Dina Patil NCP 208163 317122 Maharashtra 29 Mumbai - North - Central GEN Poonam Mahajan Alias Poonam Vajendla Rao BJP 478535 Dutt Priya Sunil INC 291764 186771 Maharashtra 30 Mumbai - South - Central GEN Rahul Ramesh Shewale SHS 381275 Eknath M. Gaikwad INC 242933 138342 Maharashtra 31 Mumbai - South GEN Arvind Sawant SHS 374780 Deora Milind Murli INC 246632 128148 Maharashtra 32 Raigad GEN Anant Geete SHS 396178 Tatkare Sunil Dattatrey NCP 394068 2110 Maharashtra 33 Maval GEN Appa Alias Shrirang Chandu Barne SHS 512226 Jagtap Laxmanbhau Pandurang PWPI 354829 157397 Maharashtra 34 Pune GEN Anil Shirole BJP 569825 Dr. Vishwajeet Patangrao Kadam INC 254056 315769 Maharashtra 35 Baramati GEN Supriya Sule NCP 521562 Mahadev Jagannath Jankar RSP 451843 69719 Maharashtra 36 Shirur GEN Adhalrao Shivaji Dattatrey SHS 643415 Nikam Devdatta Jaywant NCP 341601 301814 Maharashtra 37 Ahmednagar GEN Gandhi Dilipkumar Mansukhlal BJP 605185 Rajeev Appasaheb Rajale NCP 396063 209122 Maharashtra 38 Shirdi ( SC ) Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan SHS 532936 Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure INC 333014 199922 Maharashtra 39 Beed GEN Pritam Munde BJP 922416 Ashokrao Shankarrao Patil INC 226095 696321 Maharashtra 40 Osmanabad GEN Gaikwad Ravindra Vishwanath SHS 607699 Patil Padmasinha Bajirao NCP 373374 234325 Maharashtra 41 Latur ( SC ) Dr. Sunil Baliram Gaikwad BJP 616509 Bansode Dattatray Gunderao INC 363114 253395 Maharashtra 42 Solapur ( SC ) Sharad Bansode BJP 517879 Shinde Sushilkumar Sambhajirao INC 368205 149674 Maharashtra 43 Madha GEN Mohite Patil Vijaysinh Shankarrao NCP 489989 Sadabhau Ramchandra Khot SWP 464645 25344 Maharashtra 44 Sangli GEN Sanjaykaka Patil BJP 611563 Patil Pratik Prakashbapu INC 372271 239292 Maharashtra 45 Satara GEN Shrimant Chh . Udayanraje Pratapsinha Bhonsale NCP 522531 Purushottam Jadhav IND 155937 366594 Maharashtra 46 Ratnagiri - Sindhudurg GEN Vinayak Bhaurao Raut SHS 493088 Nilesh Narayan Rane INC 343037 150051 Maharashtra 47 Kolhapur GEN Dhananjay Bhimrao Mahadik NCP 607665 Sanjay Sadashiv Mandalik SHS 574406 33259 Maharashtra 48 Hatkanangle GEN Raju Shetty SWP 640428 Awade Kallappa Baburao INC 462618 177810 Manipur Inner Manipur GEN Dr. Thokchom Meinya INC 292102 Moirangthem Nara CPI 197428 94674 Manipur Outer Manipur ( ST ) Thangso Baite INC 296770 Soso Lorho NPF 281133 15637 Meghalaya Shillong ( ST ) Vincent H. Pala INC 209340 Prechard B.M. Basaiawmoit IND 168961 40379 Meghalaya Tura ( ST ) Purno Agitok Sangma NPP 239301 Daryl William Ch Momin INC 199585 39716 Mizoram Mizoram ( ST ) C.L. Ruala INC 210485 Robert Romawia Royte IND 204331 6154 Nagaland Nagaland ( ST ) Neiphiu Rio NPF 713372 K.V. Pusa INC 313147 400225 Odisha Bargarh GEN Prabhas Kumar Singh BJD 383230 Subash Chouhan BJP 372052 11178 Odisha Sundargarh ( ST ) Jual ( Juel Oram ) BJP 340508 Dilip Kumar Tirkey BJD 321679 18829 Odisha Sambalpur GEN Nagendra Kumar Pradhan BJD 358618 Suresh Pujari BJP 328042 30576 Odisha Keonjhar ( ST ) Sakuntala Laguri BJD 434471 Ananta Nayak BJP 277154 157317 Odisha 5 Mayurbhanj ( ST ) Rama Chandra Hansdah BJD 393779 Nepole Raghu Murmu BJP 270913 122866 Odisha 6 Balasore GEN Rabindra Kumar Jena BJD 433768 Pratap Chandra Sarangi BJP 291943 141825 Odisha 7 Bhadrak ( SC ) Arjun Charan Sethi BJD 502338 Sangram Keshari Jena INC 322979 179359 Odisha 8 Jajpur ( SC ) Rita Tarai BJD 541349 Asok Das INC 221078 320271 Odisha 9 Dhenkanal GEN Tathagata Satpathy BJD 453277 Rudra Narayan Pany BJP 315937 137340 Odisha 10 Bolangir GEN Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo BJD 453519 Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo BJP 349220 104299 Odisha 11 Kalahandi GEN Arka Keshari Deo BJD 370871 Pradipta Kumar Naik BJP 314524 56347 Odisha 12 Nabarangpur ( ST ) Balabhadra Majhi BJD 373887 Pradeep Kumar Majhi INC 371845 2042 Odisha 13 Kandhamal GEN Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh BJD 477529 Rudra Madhab Ray BJP 178661 298868 Odisha 14 Cuttack GEN Bhartruhari Mahatab BJD 526085 Aparajita Mohanty INC 219323 306762 Odisha 15 Kendrapara GEN Baijayant Panda BJD 601574 Dharanidhar Nayak INC 392466 209108 Odisha 16 Jagatsinghpur ( SC ) Kulamani Samal BJD 624492 Bibhu Prasad Tarai INC 348098 276394 Odisha 17 Puri GEN Pinaki Misra BJD 523161 Sucharita Mohanty INC 259800 263361 Odisha 18 Bhubaneswar GEN Prasanna Kumar Patasani BJD 439252 Prithiviraj Harichandan BJP 249775 189477 Odisha 19 Aska GEN Ladu Kishore Swain BJD 541473 Srilokanath Ratha INC 229476 311997 Odisha 20 Berhampur GEN Sidhant Mohapatra BJD 398107 Chandra Sekhar Sahu INC 270387 127720 Odisha 21 Koraput ( ST ) Jhina Hikaka BJD 395109 Giridhar Gamang INC 375781 19328 Puducherry Puducherry GEN R. Radhakrishnan AINRC 255826 V. Narayanasamy INC 194972 60854 Punjab Gurdaspur GEN Vinod Khanna BJP 482255 Partap Singh Bajwa INC 346190 136065 Punjab Amritsar GEN Captain Amarinder Singh INC 482876 Arun Jaitley BJP 380106 102770 Punjab Khadoor Sahib GEN Ranjit Singh Brahmpura SAD 467332 Harminder Singh Gill INC 366763 100569 Punjab Jalandhar ( SC ) Santokh Singh Chaudhary INC 380479 Pawan Kumar Tinu SAD 309498 70981 Punjab 5 Hoshiarpur ( SC ) Vijay Sampla BJP 346643 Mohinder Singh Kaypee INC 333061 13582 Punjab 6 Anandpur Sahib GEN Prem Singh Chandumajra SAD 347394 Ambika Soni INC 323697 23697 Punjab 7 Ludhiana GEN Ravneet Singh Bittu INC 300459 Harvinder Singh Phoolka AAP 280750 19709 Punjab 8 Fatehgarh Sahib ( SC ) Harinder Singh Khalsa AAP 367293 Sadhu Singh INC 313149 54144 Punjab 9 Faridkot ( SC ) Prof. Sadhu Singh AAP 450751 Paramjit Kaur Gulshan SAD 278235 172516 Punjab 10 Ferozpur GEN Sher Singh Ghubaya SAD 487932 Sunil Jakhar INC 456512 31420 Punjab 11 Bathinda GEN Harsimrat Kaur Badal SAD 514727 Manpreet Singh Badal S / O Gurdas Singh INC 495332 19395 Punjab 12 Sangrur GEN Bhagwant Mann AAP 533237 Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa SAD 321516 211721 Punjab 13 Patiala GEN Dr. Dharam Vira Gandhi AAP 365671 Preneet Kaur INC 344729 20942 Rajasthan Ganganagar ( SC ) Nihalchand BJP 658130 Master Bhanwarlal Meghwal INC 366389 291741 Rajasthan Bikaner ( SC ) Arjun Ram Meghwal BJP 584932 Er . Shankar Pannu INC 276853 308079 Rajasthan Churu GEN Rahul Kaswan BJP 595756 Abhinesh Maharshi BSP 301017 294739 Rajasthan Jhunjhunu GEN Santosh Ahlawat BJP 488182 Raj Bala Ola INC 254347 233835 Rajasthan 5 Sikar GEN Sumedhanand Saraswati BJP 499428 Pratap Singh Jat INC 260232 239196 Rajasthan 6 Jaipur Rural GEN Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore BJP 632930 Dr. C.P. Joshi INC 300034 332896 Rajasthan 7 Jaipur GEN Ramcharan Bohara BJP 863358 Dr. Mahesh Joshi INC 324013 539345 Rajasthan 8 Alwar GEN Chand Nath BJP 642278 Bhanwar Jitendra Singh INC 358383 283895 Rajasthan 9 Bharatpur ( SC ) Bahadur Singh BJP 579825 Dr. Suresh Jatav INC 334357 245468 Rajasthan 10 Karauli - Dholpur ( SC ) Manoj Rajoria BJP 402407 Lakkhiram INC 375191 27216 Rajasthan 11 Dausa ( ST ) Harish Chandra Meena BJP 315059 Dr. Kirodi Lal NPP 269655 45404 Rajasthan 12 Tonk - Sawai Madhopur GEN Sukhbir Singh Jaunapuria BJP 548179 Mohammed Azharuddin INC 412868 135311 Rajasthan 13 Ajmer GEN Sanwar Lal Jat BJP 637874 Sachin Pilot INC 465891 171983 Rajasthan 14 Nagaur GEN CR Choudhary BJP 414791 Dr Jyoti Mirdha INC 339573 75218 Rajasthan 15 Pali GEN PP Choudhary BJP 711772 Munni Devi Godara INC 312733 399039 Rajasthan 16 Jodhpur GEN Gajendrasingh Shekhawat BJP 713515 Chandresh Kumari INC 303464 410051 Rajasthan 17 Barmer GEN Col. Sona Ram BJP 488747 Jaswant Singh IND 401286 87461 Rajasthan 18 Jalore ( SC ) Devji Patel BJP 580508 Anjana Udai Lal INC 199363 381145 Rajasthan 19 Udaipur ( ST ) Arjunlal Meena BJP 660373 Raghuvir Singh INC 423611 236762 Rajasthan 20 Banswara ( ST ) Manshankar Ninama BJP 577433 Resham Malviya INC 485517 91916 Rajasthan 21 Chittorgarh GEN Chandra Prakash Joshi BJP 703236 Girija Vyas INC 386379 316857 Rajasthan 22 Rajsamand GEN Hariom Singh Rathore BJP 644794 Gopal Singh Shekhawat INC 249089 395705 Rajasthan 23 Bhilwara GEN Subhash Baheria BJP 630317 Ashok Chandna INC 384053 246264 Rajasthan 24 Kota GEN Om Birla BJP 644822 Ijyaraj Singh INC 444040 200782 Rajasthan 25 Jhalawar - Baran GEN Dushyant Singh BJP 676102 Pramod Bhaya INC 394556 281546 Sikkim Sikkim GEN Prem Das Rai SDF 163698 Tek Nath Dhakal SKM 121956 41742 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur ( SC ) Venugopal. P. ( Dr ) AIADMK 628499 Ravikumar. D VCK 305069 323430 Tamil Nadu Chennai North GEN Venkatesh Babu . T.G AIADMK 406704 Girirajan . R DMK 307000 99704 Tamil Nadu Chennai South GEN Dr. J. Jayavardhan AIADMK 438404 T.K.S. Elangovan DMK 301779 136625 Tamil Nadu Chennai Central GEN S.R. Vijayakumar AIADMK 333296 Dayanidhi Maran DMK 287455 45841 Tamil Nadu 5 Sriperumbudur GEN Ramachandran , K.N. Thiru AIADMK 545820 Jagathrakshakan , S. Thiru DMK 443174 102646 Tamil Nadu 6 Kancheepuram ( SC ) Maragatham K AIADMK 499395 Selvam G DMK 352529 146866 Tamil Nadu 7 Arakkonam GEN Hari , G . AIADMK 493534 N.R Elango DMK 252768 240766 Tamil Nadu 8 Vellore GEN Senguttuvan , B . AIADMK 383719 Shanmugam , A.C. BJP 324326 59393 Tamil Nadu 9 Krishnagiri GEN Ashok Kumar. K AIADMK 480491 Chinna Pillappa. P DMK 273900 206591 Tamil Nadu 10 Dharmapuri GEN Anbumani Ramadoss PMK 468194 Mohan. P.S AIADMK 391048 77146 Tamil Nadu 11 Tiruvannamalai GEN Vanaroja R AIADMK 500751 Annadurai CN DMK 332145 168606 Tamil Nadu 12 Arani GEN V. Elumalai AIADMK 502721 R. Sivanandam DMK 258877 243844 Tamil Nadu 13 Viluppuram ( SC ) Rajendran S AIADMK 482704 Muthaiyan K Dr DMK 289337 193367 Tamil Nadu 14 Kallakurichi GEN Kamaraj . K AIADMK 533383 Manimaran . R DMK 309876 223507 Tamil Nadu 15 Salem GEN Pannerselvam. V AIADMK 556546 Umarani . S DMK 288936 267610 Tamil Nadu 16 Namakkal GEN Sundaram P.R AIADMK 563272 Gandhiselvan. S DMK 268898 294374 Tamil Nadu 17 Erode GEN Selvakumara Chinnayan S AIADMK 466995 Ganeshamurthi. A MDMK 255432 211563 Tamil Nadu 18 Tiruppur GEN V. Sathyabama AIADMK 442778 N. Dineshkumar DMDK 263463 179315 Tamil Nadu 19 Nilgiris ( SC ) Gopalakrishnan , C . AIADMK 463700 Raja , A . DMK 358760 104940 Tamil Nadu 20 Coimbatore GEN Nagarajan , P . AIADMK 431717 Radhakrishnan , C.P. BJP 389701 42016 Tamil Nadu 21 Pollachi GEN Mahendran. C AIADMK 417092 Eswaran. E.R. BJP 276118 140974 Tamil Nadu 22 Dindigul GEN Udhaya Kumar . M AIADMK 510462 Gandhirajan S DMK 382617 127845 Tamil Nadu 23 Karur GEN Thambidurai , M . AIADMK 540722 Chinnasamy , M . DMK 345475 195247 Tamil Nadu 24 Tiruchirappalli GEN Kumar. P AIADMK 458478 Anbhalagan.Mu DMK 308002 150476 Tamil Nadu 25 Perambalur GEN Marutharajaa , R.P. AIADMK 462693 Seemanur Prabu , S . DMK 249645 213048 Tamil Nadu 26 Cuddalore GEN Arunmozhithevan. A AIADMK 481429 Nandagopalakrishnan. K . DMK 278304 203125 Tamil Nadu 27 Chidambaram ( SC ) Chandrakasi , M AIADMK 429536 Thirumaavalavan , Thol VCK 301041 128495 Tamil Nadu 28 Mayiladuthurai GEN Bharathi Mohan R.K AIADMK 513729 Hyder Ali. S MAMAK 236679 277050 Tamil Nadu 29 Nagapattinam ( SC ) Gopal . Dr. K AIADMK 434174 Vijayan . A.K.S DMK 328095 106079 Tamil Nadu 30 Thanjavur GEN Parasuraman. K AIADMK 510307 Baalu. T.R DMK 366188 144119 Tamil Nadu 31 Sivaganga GEN Senthilnathan Pr AIADMK 475993 Dhurai Raaj Subha DMK 246608 229385 Tamil Nadu 32 Madurai GEN R. Gopalakrishnan AIADMK 454167 V Velusamy DMK 256731 197436 Tamil Nadu 33 Theni GEN Parthipan , R . AIADMK 571254 Pon . Muthuramalingam DMK 256722 314532 Tamil Nadu 34 Virudhunagar GEN Radhakrishnan T AIADMK 406694 Vaiko MDMK 261143 145551 Tamil Nadu 35 Ramanathapuram GEN Anwhar Raajhaa. A AIADMK 405945 Mohamed Jaleel . S DMK 286621 119324 Tamil Nadu 36 Thoothukkudi GEN Jeyasingh Thiyagaraj Natterjee. J AIADMK 366052 Jegan . P DMK 242050 124002 Tamil Nadu 37 Tenkasi ( SC ) Vasanthi. M AIADMK 424586 Dr. Krishnasamy. K . PT 262812 161774 Tamil Nadu 38 Tirunelveli GEN Prabakaran. K.R.P AIADMK 398139 Devadasa Sundaram DMK 272040 126099 Tamil Nadu 39 Kanniyakumari GEN Radhakrishnan P . BJP 372906 Vasantha Kumar H . INC 244244 128662 Telangana Adilabad ( ST ) Godam Nagesh TRS 430847 Naresh INC 259557 171290 Telangana Peddapalli ( SC ) Balka Suman TRS 565496 G. Vivekanand INC 274338 291158 Telangana Karimnagar GEN Vinod Kumar Boinapally TRS 505783 Ponnam Prabhakar INC 300706 205077 Telangana Nizamabad GEN Kalvakuntla Kavitha TRS 439307 Madhu Yaskhi Goud INC 272123 167184 Telangana 5 Zahirabad GEN B.B. Patil TRS 508661 Suresh Kumar Shetkar INC 364030 144631 Telangana 6 Medak GEN Kotha Prabhakar Reddy TRS 571800 V Sunita Laxma Reddy INC 210523 361277 Telangana 7 Malkajgiri GEN Ch. Malla Reddy TDP 523336 Hanumanth Rao Mynampally TRS 494965 28371 Telangana 8 Secunderabad GEN Bandaru Dattatreya BJP 438271 M. Anjan Kumar Yadav INC 183536 254735 Telangana 9 Hyderabad GEN Asaduddin Owaisi AIMIM 513868 Dr. Bhagavanth Rao BJP 311414 202454 Telangana 10 Chelvella GEN Konda Vishweshwar Reddy TRS 435077 Patlolla Kartik Reddy INC 362054 73023 Telangana 11 Mahabubnagar GEN Ap Jithender Reddy TRS 334228 Jaipal Reddy Sudini INC 331638 2590 Telangana 12 Nagarkurnool ( SC ) Yellaiah Nandi INC 420075 Dr. Manda Jagannath TRS 403399 16676 Telangana 13 Nalgonda GEN Gutha Sukhender Reddy INC 472093 Tera Chinnapa Reddy TDP 278937 193156 Telangana 14 Bhongir GEN Dr. Boora Narsaiah Goud TRS 448245 Komatireddy Rajgopal Reddy INC 417751 30494 Telangana 15 Warangal ( SC ) Kadiyam Srihari TRS 661639 Rajaiah Siricilla INC 269065 392574 Telangana 16 Mahabubabad ( ST ) Prof. Azmeera Seetaram Naik TRS 320569 P. Balram INC 285577 34992 Telangana 17 Khammam GEN Ponguleti Srinivasa Reddy YSRC 421957 Nama Nageswara Rao TDP 409983 11974 Tripura Tripura West GEN Sankar Prasad Datta CPM 671665 Arunoday Saha INC 168179 503486 Tripura Tripura East ( ST ) Jitendera Choudhury CPM 623771 Sachitra Debbarma INC 139413 484358 Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur GEN Raghav Lakhanpal BJP 472999 Imran Masood INC 407909 65090 Uttar Pradesh Kairana GEN Hukum Singh BJP 565909 Nahid Hasan SP 329081 236828 Uttar Pradesh Muzaffarnagar GEN ( Dr . ) Sanjeev Kumar Balyan BJP 653391 Kadir Rana BSP 252241 401150 Uttar Pradesh Bijnor GEN Kunwar Bhartendra BJP 486913 Shahnawaz Rana SP 281139 205774 Uttar Pradesh 5 Nagina ( SC ) Yashwant Singh BJP 367825 Yashvir Singh SP 275435 92390 Uttar Pradesh 6 Moradabad GEN Kunwer Sarvesh Kumar BJP 485224 Dr ST Hasan SP 397720 87504 Uttar Pradesh 7 Rampur GEN Dr. Nepal Singh BJP 358616 Naseer Ahmad Khan SP 335181 23435 Uttar Pradesh 8 Sambhal GEN Satyapal Singh BJP 360242 Dr Shafiq Ur Rahman Barq SP 355068 5174 Uttar Pradesh 9 Amroha GEN Kanwar Singh Tanwar BJP 528880 Humera Akhtar SP 370666 158214 Uttar Pradesh 10 Meerut GEN Rajendra Agarwal BJP 532981 Mohd. Shahid Akhlak BSP 300655 232326 Uttar Pradesh 11 Baghpat GEN Dr. Satya Pal Singh BJP 423475 Ghulam Mohammed SP 213609 209866 Uttar Pradesh 12 Ghaziabad GEN Vijay Kumar Singh BJP 758482 Raj Babbar INC 191222 567260 Uttar Pradesh 13 Gautam Buddha Nagar GEN Dr. Mahesh Sharma BJP 599702 Narendra Bhati SP 319490 280212 Uttar Pradesh 14 Bulandshahr ( SC ) Bhola Singh BJP 604449 Pradeep Kumar Jatav BSP 182476 421973 Uttar Pradesh 15 Aligarh GEN Satish Kumar BJP 514622 Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh BSP 227886 286736 Uttar Pradesh 16 Hathras ( SC ) Rajesh Kumar Diwaker BJP 544277 Manoj Kumar Soni BSP 217891 326386 Uttar Pradesh 17 Mathura GEN Hema Malini Dharmendra BJP 574633 Jayant Chaudhary RLD 243890 330743 Uttar Pradesh 18 Agra ( SC ) Dr. Ram Shankar Katheria BJP 583716 Narayan Singh Suman BSP 283453 300263 Uttar Pradesh 19 Fatehpur Sikri GEN Babulal BJP 426589 Seema Upadhyay BSP 253483 173106 Uttar Pradesh 20 Firozabad GEN Akshay Yadav SP 534583 Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel BJP 420524 114059 Uttar Pradesh 21 Mainpuri GEN Tej Pratap Singh Yadav SP 653686 Prem Singh Shakya BJP 332537 321149 Uttar Pradesh 22 Etah GEN Rajveer Singh ( Raju Bhaiya ) BJP 474978 Ku . Devendra Singh Yadav SP 273977 201001 Uttar Pradesh 23 Badaun GEN Dharmendra Yadav SP 498378 Vagish Pathak BJP 332031 166347 Uttar Pradesh 24 Aonla GEN Dharmendra Kumar BJP 409907 Kunwar Sarvraj Singh SP 271478 138429 Uttar Pradesh 25 Bareilly GEN Santosh Kumar Gangwar BJP 518258 Ayesha Islam SP 277573 240685 Uttar Pradesh 26 Pilibhit GEN Maneka Sanjay Gandhi BJP 546934 Budhsen Verma SP 239882 307052 Uttar Pradesh 27 Shahjahanpur ( SC ) Krishna Raj BJP 525132 Umed Singh Kashyap BSP 289603 235529 Uttar Pradesh 28 Kheri GEN Ajay Kumar BJP 398578 Arvind Giri BSP 288304 110274 Uttar Pradesh 29 Dhaurahra GEN Rekha BJP 360357 Daud Ahmad BSP 234682 125675 Uttar Pradesh 30 Sitapur GEN Rajesh Verma BJP 417546 Kaiser Jahan BSP 366519 51027 Uttar Pradesh 31 Hardoi ( SC ) Anshul Verma BJP 360501 Shive Prasad Verma BSP 279158 81343 Uttar Pradesh 32 Misrikh ( SC ) Anju Bala BJP 412575 Ashok Kumar Rawat BSP 325212 87363 Uttar Pradesh 33 Unnao GEN Swami Sachchidanand Hari Sakshi BJP 518834 Arun Shankar Shukla SP 208661 310173 Uttar Pradesh 34 Mohanlalganj ( SC ) Kaushal Kishore BJP 455274 R.K Chaudhary BSP 309858 145416 Uttar Pradesh 35 Lucknow GEN Raj Nath Singh BJP 561106 Prof. Rita Bahuguna Joshi INC 288357 272749 Uttar Pradesh 36 Rae Bareli GEN Sonia Gandhi INC 526434 Ajay Agrawal BJP 173721 352713 Uttar Pradesh 37 Amethi GEN Rahul Gandhi INC 408651 Smriti Zubin Irani BJP 300748 107903 Uttar Pradesh 38 Sultanpur GEN Feroze Varun Gandhi BJP 410348 Pawan Pandey BSP 231446 178902 Uttar Pradesh 39 Pratapgarh GEN Kuwar Harivansh Singh AD 375789 Asif Nizamuddin Siddique BSP 207567 168222 Uttar Pradesh 40 Farrukhabad GEN Mukesh Rajput BJP 406195 Rameshwar Singh Yadav SP 255693 150502 Uttar Pradesh 41 Etawah ( SC ) Ashok Kumar Doharey BJP 439646 Premdas Kateriya SP 266700 172946 Uttar Pradesh 42 Kannauj GEN Dimple Yadav SP 489164 Subrat Pathak BJP 469257 19907 Uttar Pradesh 43 Kanpur GEN Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi BJP 474712 Sriprakash Jaiswal INC 251766 222946 Uttar Pradesh 44 Akbarpur GEN Devendra Singh ( Bhole Singh ) BJP 481584 Anil Shukla Warsi BSP 202587 278997 Uttar Pradesh 45 Jalaun ( SC ) Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma BJP 548631 Brijlal Khabri BSP 261429 287202 Uttar Pradesh 46 Jhansi GEN Uma Bharti BJP 575889 Dr. Chandrapal Singh Yadav SP 385422 190467 Uttar Pradesh 47 Hamirpur GEN Kunwar Pushpendra Singh Chandel BJP 453884 Bishambhar Prasad Nishad SP 187096 266788 Uttar Pradesh 48 Banda GEN Bhairon Prasad Mishra BJP 342066 R.K. Singh Patel BSP 226278 115788 Uttar Pradesh 49 Fatehpur GEN Sadhavi Niranjan Jyoti BJP 485994 Afzal Siddiqui BSP 298788 187206 Uttar Pradesh 50 Kaushambi ( SC ) Vinod Kumar Sonkar BJP 331593 Shailendra Kumar SP 288746 42847 Uttar Pradesh 51 Phulpur GEN Keshav Prasad Maurya BJP 503564 Dharam Raj Singh Patel SP 195256 308308 Uttar Pradesh 52 Allahabad GEN Shyama Charan Gupta BJP 313772 Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh Alias Mani SP 251763 62009 Uttar Pradesh 53 Barabanki ( SC ) Priyanka Singh Rawat BJP 454214 P.L. Punia INC 242336 211878 Uttar Pradesh 54 Faizabad GEN Lallu Singh BJP 491761 Mitrasen Yadav SP 208986 282775 Uttar Pradesh 55 Ambedkar Nagar GEN Hari Om Pandey BJP 432104 Rakesh Pandey BSP 292675 139429 Uttar Pradesh 56 Bahraich ( SC ) Sadhvi Savitri Bai Foole BJP 432392 Shabbir Ahmad SP 336747 95645 Uttar Pradesh 57 Kaiserganj GEN Brij Bhusan Sharan Singh BJP 381500 Vinod Kumar Alias Pandit Singh SP 303282 78218 Uttar Pradesh 58 Shravasti GEN Daddan Mishra BJP 345964 Atiq Ahmad SP 260051 85913 Uttar Pradesh 59 Gonda GEN Kirti Vardhan Singh BJP 359643 Nandita Shukla SP 199227 160416 Uttar Pradesh 60 Domariyaganj GEN Jagdambika Pal BJP 298845 Muhammad Muqeem BSP 195257 103588 Uttar Pradesh 61 Basti GEN Harish Chandra Alias Harish Dwivedi BJP 357680 Brij Kishor Singh ( Dimpal ) SP 324118 33562 Uttar Pradesh 62 Sant Kabir Nagar GEN Sharad Tripathi BJP 348892 Bhism Shankar Alias Kushal Tiwari BSP 250914 97978 Uttar Pradesh 63 Maharajganj GEN Pankaj BJP 471542 Kashi Nath Shukla BSP 231084 240458 Uttar Pradesh 64 Gorakhpur GEN Adityanath BJP 539127 Rajmati Nishad SP 226344 312783 Uttar Pradesh 65 Kushi Nagar GEN Rajesh Pandey Urf Guddu BJP 370051 Kunwar Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh INC 284511 85540 Uttar Pradesh 66 Deoria GEN Kalraj Mishra BJP 496500 Niyaj Ahmad BSP 231114 265386 Uttar Pradesh 67 Bansgaon ( SC ) Kamlesh Paswan BJP 417959 Sadal Prasad BSP 228443 189516 Uttar Pradesh 68 Lalganj ( SC ) Neelam Sonkar BJP 324016 Bechai Saroj SP 260930 63086 Uttar Pradesh 69 Azamgarh GEN Mulayam Singh Yadav SP 340306 Ramakant Yadav BJP 277102 63204 Uttar Pradesh 70 Ghosi GEN Harinarayan Rajbhar BJP 379797 Dara Singh Chauhan BSP 233782 146015 Uttar Pradesh 71 Salempur GEN Ravindra Kushawaha BJP 392213 Ravi Shanker Singh ( Pappu ) BSP 159871 232342 Uttar Pradesh 72 Ballia GEN Bharat Singh BJP 359758 Neeraj Shekhar SP 220324 139434 Uttar Pradesh 73 Jaunpur GEN Krishna Pratap ( K.P. ) BJP 367149 Subhash Pandey BSP 220839 146310 Uttar Pradesh 74 Machhlishahr ( SC ) Ram Charitra Nishad BJP 438210 Bholanath Alias B.P. Saroj BSP 266055 172155 Uttar Pradesh 75 Ghazipur GEN Manoj Sinha BJP 306929 Smt Shivkanya Kushwaha SP 274477 32452 Uttar Pradesh 76 Chandauli GEN Dr Mahendra Nath Pandey BJP 414135 Anil Kumar Maurya BSP 257379 156756 Uttar Pradesh 77 Varanasi GEN Narendra Modi BJP 581022 Arvind Kejriwal AAP 209238 371784 Uttar Pradesh 78 Bhadohi GEN Virendra Singh BJP 403544 Rakesh Dhar Tripathi BSP 245505 158039 Uttar Pradesh 79 Mirzapur GEN Anupriya Singh Patel AD 436536 Samudra Bind BSP 217457 219079 Uttar Pradesh 80 Robertsganj ( SC ) Chhotelal BJP 378211 Sharada Prasad BSP 187725 190486 Uttarakhand Tehri Garhwal GEN Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah BJP 446733 Saket Bahuguna INC 254230 192503 Uttarakhand Garhwal GEN ( Maj Gen ( Retd . ) ) Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri ( Avsm ) BJP 405690 ( Dr ) Harak Singh Rawat INC 221164 184526 Uttarakhand Almora ( SC ) Ajay Tamta BJP 348186 Pradeep Tamta INC 252496 95690 Uttarakhand Nainital - Udhamsingh Nagar GEN Bhagat Singh Koshyari BJP 636769 K.C. Singh Baba INC 352052 284717 Uttarakhand 5 Hardwar GEN Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank BJP 592320 Renuka Rawat INC 414498 177822 West Bengal Cooch Behar ( SC ) Renuka Sinha AITC 526499 Dipak Kumar Roy AIFB 439392 87107 West Bengal Alipurduars ( SC ) Dasrath Tirkey AITC 362453 Manohar Tirkey RSP 341056 21397 West Bengal Jalpaiguri ( SC ) Bijoy Chandra Barman AITC 494773 Mahendra Kumar Roy CPM 425167 69606 West Bengal Darjeeling GEN S.S. Ahluwalia BJP 488257 Bhai Chung Bhutia AITC 291018 197239 West Bengal 5 Raiganj GEN Md . 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Saidul Haque CPM 447190 107331 West Bengal 40 Asansol GEN Babul Supriya Baral ( Babul Supriyo ) BJP 419983 Dola Sen AITC 349503 70480 West Bengal 41 Bolpur ( SC ) Anupam Hazra AITC 630693 Dome Ramchandra CPM 394581 236112 West Bengal 42 Birbhum GEN Satabdi Roy ( Banerjee ) AITC 460568 Dr. Elahi Kamre Muhammad CPM 393305 67263 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2014-election-results.html Indian general election , 2014 Constituencies MPs elected Opinion polling Parties Results Timeline ( 15th Lok Sabha ) Incumbent Prime Minister : Narendra Modi ( 16th Lok Sabha ) Parliamentary Candidates NDA UPA Left Front CPI ( M ) AIFB LDF Prime ministerial candidates Narendra Modi ( BJP ) Leaders Arun Jaitley Jayalalithaa L.K. Advani Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi Rahul Gandhi Rajnath Singh Sonia Gandhi Sushma Swaraj Parties National Parties : BJP BSP CPI CPI ( M ) INC NCP State Parties : AAP AIADMK AIFB AITC BJD DMK HJC INLD JD ( S ) JD ( U ) JKNC JMM JVM Loksatta MNF NPF NPP RJD RLD RSP SP SS TDP TRS YSR Congress Party Leaders National Parties : Mayawati Prakash Karat Rajnath Singh S. Sudhakar Reddy Sharad Pawar Sonia Gandhi Campaign Campaigning BJP ( Prashant Kishor ) Congress States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Elections in India General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1951 -- 52 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1998 1999 2009 2014 2019 State elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1937 1946 1952 1954 1955 1957 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1985 1989 2017 2018 2019 See also : Elections in Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_Indian_general_election,_2014&oldid=840382005 '' Categories : Indian general election , 2014 Results of general elections in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 14 : 42 . 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what makes miranda a central character in the tempest	Traditional gendered criticism of The Tempest interprets Miranda as a living representation of female virtue . As is mentioned in the main article , Miranda is typically viewed as having completely internalised the patriarchal order of things , believing herself to be subordinate towards her father . She is loving , kind , and compassionate as well as obedient to her father and is described as `` perfect and peerless , created of every creature 's best '' . She is , furthermore , the only female character within a cast of strong male figures , and much of her interaction on stage is dominated by the male figures around her . Miranda 's behaviour is typically seen as completely dictated by Prospero , from her interactions with Caliban to her ultimate decision to marry Ferdinand . The traits that make the pinnacle of femininity are the same traits that disenfranchise her : her innocence and vulnerability are seen as the things that allow her to be readily manipulated first by her father and then Ferdinand .		Miranda ( the Tempest )	miranda ( the tempest )	Miranda ( mi - RAN - də ) is one of the principal characters of William Shakespeare 's The Tempest . She is the only female character to appear on stage during the course of the play and is one of only three women mentioned .	Miranda is the daughter of Prospero , one of the main characters of William Shakespeare 's The Tempest . She was banished to the Island along with her father at the age of three , and in the subsequent twelve years has lived with her father and their slave , Caliban , as her only company . She is openly compassionate and unaware of the evils of the world that surrounds her , learning of her father 's fate only as the play begins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Role in the play 3 Analysis 3.1 Gender role 3.2 Colonialism 4 Controversial lines 5 In popular culture 6 References Origins ( edit ) There is some speculation that Miranda , along with her husband , Ferdinand , may be intended to represent Elizabeth Stuart and her new spouse , Elector Frederick V , as The Tempest was originally performed for the court of Elizabeth 's father , King James , in celebration of the marriage . Role in the play ( edit ) The Tempest 's second scene begins with Miranda centre stage , begging her father to spare the lives of the men at sea . She 's fully aware of the powers Prospero possesses and begs him to cease the storm . In an act of bravery she challenges her father 's wisdom , arguing that : `` Had I been any god of power , I would / Have sunk the sea within the earth or ere / It should the good ship so have swallow 'd and / The fraughting souls within her . '' As the scene progresses it is revealed to her that she is , in fact , the Princess of Milan . When Ariel , Prospero 's airy servant , appears , Miranda is placed into a magically induced sleep . She awakens when Caliban is summoned and it is quickly shown that the two have a contentious relationship , most probably due to Caliban 's failed attempt to `` violate her honor '' she refers to him as `` a villain , sir , I do not love to look on . '' ( I , ii ) . As the moment with Caliban progresses , Miranda rebukes Caliban for the hatred he expresses towards her father : Abhorred slave , Which any print of goodness wilt not take , Being capable of all ill ! I pitied thee , Took pains to make thee speak , taught thee each hour One thing or other : when thou didst not , savage , Know thine own meaning , but wouldst gabble like A thing most brutish , I endow 'd thy purposes With words that made them known . But thy vile race , Though thou didst learn , had that i n't which good natures Could not abide to be with ; therefore wast thou Deservedly confined into this rock , Who hadst deserved more than a prison . Moments later she encounters Ferdinand for the first time and the two immediately fall in love . Miranda is amazed by the sight of him , questioning whether or not he is a spirit . While Prospero is pleased by the immediate connection the two display , he purposefully takes up an attitude of animosity towards the shipwrecked prince , forbidding a relationship between the two in order that Ferdinand will place a higher value on his daughter 's affection . During the encounter Miranda once again stands up to her father , arguing against his harsh treatment of Ferdinand and defending his honour when Prospero refers to him as nothing more than another Caliban . Miranda 's next appearance is in the third act . She and Ferdinand take a few moments together to get acquainted and are quickly married . She insists on doing the work that her father has assigned him , and freely admits her naivety to him before swearing her love for him . The scene ends with their marriage , Miranda swearing she will be his servant if Ferdinand will not take her as his wife . Later on , she and her new husband enjoy a masque put on by her father in celebration of their nuptials . The celebration is interrupted by Prospero 's sudden remembrance of Caliban 's plot against him , after which Miranda displays a strong concern for her father 's well - being . Miranda and Ferdinand , observing the masque . Her last appearance is in the play 's final scene . After Prospero reveals himself to the assembled crowd he reveals the happy couple engaged in a game of chess . Miranda is teasing Ferdinand for cheating but admits that even if he is dishonest , she 's more than happy to believe it for the love she bears for him . When she is finally introduced to the assembled crowd she reacts with wonder , proclaiming the play 's most famous lines : O wonder ! How many goodly creatures are there here ! How beauteous mankind is ! O brave new world , That has such people i n't . Analysis ( edit ) Gender role ( edit ) Traditional gendered criticism of The Tempest interprets Miranda as a living representation of female virtue . As is mentioned in the main article , Miranda is typically viewed as having completely internalised the patriarchal order of things , believing herself to be subordinate towards her father . She is loving , kind , and compassionate as well as obedient to her father and is described as `` perfect and peerless , created of every creature 's best '' . She is , furthermore , the only female character within a cast of strong male figures , and much of her interaction on stage is dominated by the male figures around her . Miranda 's behaviour is typically seen as completely dictated by Prospero , from her interactions with Caliban to her ultimate decision to marry Ferdinand . The traits that make the pinnacle of femininity are the same traits that disenfranchise her : her innocence and vulnerability are seen as the things that allow her to be readily manipulated first by her father and then Ferdinand . However , various critics argue that those same `` feminine '' traits enable her to be a strong female presence with important effects on the play 's outcome . Throughout the course of the play , Miranda acts as a foil to Prospero 's more violent instincts and serves as a sounding board to move the play 's plot further . She is also a central figure in her father 's revenge , enabling Prospero to gain political prestige through her marriage to the Prince of Naples , Ferdinand . Furthermore , while Miranda is very much subservient to Prospero 's power , some critics argue that her obedience is a conscious choice . Miranda proves herself willing to challenge Prospero 's power , first by calling into question his treatment of the shipwrecked sailors and then defying his commandment to have nothing to do with Prince Ferdinand . Miranda , watching the storm Her decision to pursue a relationship with Ferdinand is also interpreted by critics as an indication that her marriage to him is more than a simple political match . Miranda makes a very clear decision to seek out Ferdinand and offer her assistance , all the while worrying that her father will discover them . She is also the one to abandon traditional concepts of Elizabethan modesty by ardently stating her love for Ferdinand , proclaiming that `` I am your wife , if you will marry me ; / If not , I 'll die your maid '' . Critics also argue that Miranda 's feminine presence is essential to the central theme of the play . Miranda 's influence is what dulls the worst of her father 's anger ; Prospero cites her as being his reason for living after their initial banishment and he informs her that everything he does is `` in care '' of her . Michael Neill argues that Miranda 's function on the Island is that of a Christ - figure -- that she is the indicator of a given character 's moral status within the social hierarchy of the island and that she also serves to protect the ethical code of the Island 's inhabitants and visitors . Caliban , whom she rejects , is shown to be a monstrous figure , while Ferdinand -- whom she embraces -- is saved by her presence , her sympathy lightening the `` baseness '' of his given task . Critic Melissa Sanchez analyses Miranda in a similar light , discussing her as a representation of an `` angelic -- but passive -- soul '' caught in the conflict between enlightenment and base desire ( represented by Prospero and Caliban ) . Critic Lorie Leininger argues that Miranda fits into the colonialist interpretation of The Tempest in that Prospero 's use of Miranda as an unwitting player in his political revenge is expressive of the play 's sexist attitude towards women . Leininger equates that the sexist attitudes displayed towards Miranda are equitable to the undercurrents of racism shown in the treatment of Caliban . She states that Prospero 's treatment of Miranda is in essence the same as his treatment of Caliban , describing his attitude towards both as indicative of their subjugation within the social hierarchy of the Island . Leininger also argues that Miranda 's sexualisation is a weapon used against her by her father , stating that Prospero uses Caliban 's attempted assault and Ferdinand 's romantic overtures to marginalise her , simplifying her into a personification of chastity . In Leininger 's analysis , Caliban is treated in a similar fashion , forced into the role of an uncivilised savage without heed for his individual needs and desires -- much in the same way that Miranda is expected to marry Ferdinand and reject Caliban 's advances simply because her father wishes it . Colonialism ( edit ) While The Tempest is most frequently analysed in the modern day as a retelling of British colonial history , Miranda does not make an appearance in the majority of such criticism . As the play 's only female character , Miranda functions mostly as a representation of women instead of a representation of an oppressed colonial group . Lorie Leininger , discussed in the previous section , argues that Miranda is part of a group subjugated by colonialism due to her gender , but as far as direct connections to the British colonial process go , Miranda does not connect directly to the majority of theories . However , Miranda can be interpreted as an allegory for the softer side of colonialism , portraying the more ' missionary ' aspect of colonisation attempts , in that she tries to educate Caliban instead of treating him as a sub-human citizen like her father seems keen to . She also displays far more sympathy to the shipwrecked Prince Ferdinand than her father does , and is eager to make his stay on the island as comfortable as possible . Her attitude towards the discovered peoples as well as the newly discovered castaway sharply contrasts her father 's inclination to conquer and destroy , painting her not only as a compassionate figure but as one sympathetic to the colonial plight . Controversial lines ( edit ) In Act I , Scene II , the lines spoken by Miranda to Caliban rebuking him for his ill - treatment of Prospero are frequently reassigned to Prospero . Editors and critics of the play felt that the speech was probably wrongly attributed to her either as a printing error or due to the fact that actors preferred that no character would remain silent too long on stage . Critics also argue that the language used by Miranda in this speech is out of character for her , given her lack of knowledge of the world that makes Caliban 's behaviour so shocking , as well as the fact that her style of speaking strongly resembles Prospero 's mannerisms . Furthermore , the use of anger and strong language removes the image of youth and innocence Shakespeare cultivates of Miranda and does not seem to be in keeping with her behaviour for the rest of the play . However , others feel that Miranda 's speech here is correctly attributed . As the play progresses , Caliban refers to Miranda as his `` mistress '' , saying that it was Miranda who explained to him what the moon and stars are . Furthermore , while critics acknowledge that the language in this particular speech is stronger than expected for Miranda , it is far weaker than Prospero 's form of address would be given the situation . In popular culture ( edit ) Her lines spoken at the end of Act V , Scene I are the inspiration for the title of the novel Brave New World . She appears as a character in Aimé Césaire 's retelling of The Tempest , Une Tempête . Clare Savage , a protagonist of Michelle Cliff 's novel , No Telephone to Heaven , is frequently seen to be a modernised Miranda . One of the moons of Uranus is named after her , in keeping with other Uranian moons named after Shakespearian characters . She is re-imagined as the narrator and protagonist of L. Jagi Lamplighter 's Prospero 's Daughter trilogy of fantasy novels . Cirque du Soleil 's Amaluna portrays a loosely - inspired Miranda , taking by basis Shakespeare 's Miranda . The 2015 science fiction movie Embers portrays a post-apocalyptic society in which nearly all humans have lost their memory due to a plague . The only ones who have not contracted the disease are a rational , prosperous man and his daughter who live isolated in an underground bunker far from any cities . The daughter 's name is Miranda . She eventually leaves the loneliness of the bunker to join the rest of humankind . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nostbakken , Faith . Understanding The Tempest . 1st . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 . Print . Jump up ^ The Tempest . Act I , Scene II . 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ The Tempest . Act I , Scene II . 354 -- 365 . In later editions , Miranda 's lines here are often reassigned to Prospero . Please see section 4.1 for more information . Jump up ^ `` The Tempest '' . Act V , Scene I. 203 -- 206 Jump up ^ The Tempest . Act III , Scene I. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Slights , Jessica . `` Rape and Romanticization of Shakespeare 's Miranda . '' SEL Studies in English Literature 1500 -- 1900 . 42.2 ( 2001 ) : 357 -- 379 . Jump up ^ The Tempest . Act III , Scene I. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Neill , Michael . `` '' Noises , / Sounds and sweet airs `` : The Burden of Shakespeare 's The Tempest . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 59.1 ( 2008 ) : 36 -- 59 . Print . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Melissa E. `` Seduction and Service in The Tempest . '' Studies in Philology. 105.1 ( 2008 ) : 50 -- 82 . Print . Jump up ^ Leninger , Lorrie Jerrell . `` The Miranda Trap : Sexism and Racism in Shakespeare 's Tempest . '' Trans . Array The Women 's Part : Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare . Carolyn Ruth Swift Lenz , Gayle Greene and Carol Thomas Neely . Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 1980 . Print . Jump up ^ Leninger , Lorrie Jerrell . `` The Miranda Trap : Sexism and Racism in Shakespeare 's Tempest . '' Trans . Array The Women 's Part : Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare . Carolyn Ruth Swift Lenz , Gayle Greene and Carol Thomas Neely . Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 1980 . Print . Jump up ^ Theobald . A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare : The tempest . IX . Ed . Furness , Horace Howard . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company , 1892 . 73 -- 74 . Print . Jump up ^ Rev. Dr. Krauth . A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare : The tempest . IX . Ed . Furness , Horace Howard . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company , 1892 . 73 -- 74 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The Tempest '' , Act II , Scene II . 149 . '' Jump up ^ Dickson . A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare : The tempest . IX . Ed . Furness , Horace Howard . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company , 1892 . 73 -- 74 . Print . Jump up ^ Staunton . A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare : The tempest . IX . Ed . Furness , Horace Howard . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company , 1892 . 73 -- 74 . Print . Jump up ^ Cartelli , Thomas . `` After `` The Tempest : '' Shakespeare , Postcoloniality , and Michelle Cliff 's New , New World Miranda . '' Contemporary Literature. 36.1 ( 1995 ) : 82 -- 102 . Print . ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates , Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne 's Essays Ovid 's Metamorphoses Erasmus 's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1911 1963 1979 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs ( Vaughan Williams ) The Tempest ( Sullivan ) The Tempest ( Sibelius ) The Tempest ( Tchaikovsky ) The Tempest ( ballet ) ( Nordheim ) Screen Yellow Sky ( 1948 ) Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) Tempest ( 1982 ) The Journey to Melonia ( 1989 ) Prospero 's Books ( 1991 ) Painting Scene from Shakespeare 's The Tempest ( Hogarth ) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel ( Millais ) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest ( Dryden ) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest ( 1674 Duffet ) Une Tempête ( 1969 Césaire ) The Sea ( play ) ( 1973 ) I 'll Be The Devil ( 2008 ) Opera The Tempest ( 1756 Smith ) Die Geisterinsel ( libretto 1796 ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1798 Reichardt ) Die Geisterinsel ( 1805 Zumsteeg ) Der Sturm ( 1955 Martin ) Noises , Sounds & Sweet Airs ( 1991 Nyman ) The Tempest ( Adès 2004 ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 Sams ) Poetry and prose fiction Caliban upon Setebos ( Browning ) The Sea and the Mirror ( Auden ) Indigo ( Warner ) A Midsummer Tempest ( Anderson ) Island ( Rogers ) The Tempest ( Tchaikovsky ) Phrases `` Ariel 's Song '' `` Brave new world '' `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Full fathom five '' `` Sea change '' `` What 's past is prologue '' Related Caliban upon Setebos ( 1864 ) Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) The Tempest ( 1966 ) `` Do n't Pay the Ferryman '' ( 1982 ) `` The Sea and the Mirror : A Commentary on Shakespeare 's The Tempest '' ( 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miranda_(The_Tempest)&oldid=812744731 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1611 Female Shakespearean characters Fictional Italian people in literature Fictional princesses Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Latina Nederlands Русский Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 16 : 36 . 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i cant help myself im falling in love with you			Nobody 's Angel ( Nobody 's Angel album )	nobody's angel ( nobody's angel album )	Nobody 's Angel is the debut and only studio album by pop girl group Nobody 's Angel . It was released in 2000 on the Hollywood Records label . The album included the singles , `` If You Wanna Dance '' and `` I Just Ca n't Help Myself '' .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Singles 3 Chart performance 4 Notes 5 References Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` If You Wanna Dance '' Gregory G. Curtis , Sherree Ford - Payne , Kool & the Gang Gregory G. Curtis , Andrew Logan 3 : 43 2 . `` I Just Ca n't Help Myself '' Andrew Fromm , Sabelle Breer , Sandy Linzer Andrew Logan , Mike More 3 : 50 3 . `` Boom Boom '' Andrew Logan , Mike More Andrew Logan , Mike More 3 : 29 4 . `` Next Stop Heaven '' Andrew Logan , D. Romani , M. Malavasi , Mike More , T. Wiloughby Andrew Logan , Mike More 3 : 32 5 . `` Keep Me Away '' Andrew Logan , Mike More Andrew Logan , Mike More 4 : 17 6 . `` Right There Waiting '' Andrew Logan , Mike More Andrew Logan , Mike More , Jeff Lorber ( add . ) 3 : 32 7 . `` Ooh La La La '' Andrew Logan , Mike More , Paula Abdul Andrew Logan , Mike More 4 : 12 8 . `` Wishing On You '' Andrew Logan , Mike More , Orfeh Andrew Logan , Mike More 3 : 34 9 . `` Absolutely Maybe '' Brett `` Dig '' Laurence , Shelly Peiken Andrew Logan , Mike More , Jeff Lorber ( add . ) 4 : 04 10 . `` Sugardaddy '' Andrew Logan , Kenny Gamble , Leon Huff , Mike More Andrew Logan , Mike More 3 : 22 11 . `` Nobody '' Alexander Richbourg , Arthur Hoyle , LaKeisha Miles Andrew Logan , Mike More , Alex Richbourg ( co . ) 3 : 43 12 . `` Cherry Crush '' Andrew Logan , Mike More Andrew Logan , Mike More 2 : 56 13 . `` We Are Family ( Angel 's Style ) '' Andrew Logan , Bernard Edwards , Mike More , Nile Rodgers Andrew Logan , Mike More 3 : 21 Singles ( edit ) `` If You Wanna Dance '' US Single 1 . `` If You Wanna Dance '' ( Radio Edit ) - 3 : 21 2 . `` If You Wanna Dance '' ( Thunderpuss 2000 Radio Mix ) - 3 : 47 3 . `` Wishing On You '' - 3 : 46 US Vinyl , 12 `` , Promo A `` If You Wanna Dance '' ( Thunderpuss 2000 Club Mix ) - 9 : 30 B `` If You Wanna Dance '' ( Thunderdub ) - 8 : 43 `` I Just Ca n't Help Myself '' ( Promo ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 184 Notes ( edit ) ^ a Contains a sample from `` Spirit of the Boogie '' and an interpolation of `` Get Down on It '' , both recorded by Kool & the Gang . ^ b Contains a sample from `` Paradise '' , recorded by Change . ^ c Contains a sample from `` Let 's Go Dancin ' ( Ooh La La La ) '' , recorded by Kool & the Gang . ^ d Contains a sample from `` Enjoy Yourself '' , recorded by The Jacksons . ^ e Contains a sample from `` Love You Inside Out '' , recorded by the Bee Gees . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If You Wanna Dance : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody 's Angel - If You Wanna Dance ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 1999 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody 's Angel - If You Wanna Dance ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . This 2000s pop album - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobody%27s_Angel_(Nobody%27s_Angel_album)&oldid=840918438 '' Categories : 2000 debut albums Nobody 's Angel albums Hollywood Records albums 2000s pop album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%2527s%20Angel%20%28Nobody%2527s%20Angel%20album%29	2,487
do you have to be in congress to be speaker of the house			Speaker of the United States House of Representatives	speaker of the united states house of representatives	The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates or vote .	The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives , although every Speaker thus far has been . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 7 Recent election results 7.1 January 2011 7.2 January 2013 7.3 January 2015 7.4 October 2015 7.5 January 2017 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes . Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts . If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory . Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum . Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John William McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 . He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington . During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority . Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress . In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections . On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party , and thus , the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition . This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government . The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it . As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 . The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Recent election results ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . January 2011 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 5 , 2011 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 242 55.6 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 173 40.0 % Heath Shuler ( D ) 11 2.5 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.5 % Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Costa ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Steny Hoyer ( D ) 0.2 % Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 0.2 % Total 433 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 0.2 % January 2013 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 3 , 2013 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 220 50.8 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 192 44.3 % Eric Cantor ( R ) 0.7 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.5 % Allen West ( R ) 0.5 % Justin Amash ( R ) 0.2 % John Dingell ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.2 % Raul Labrador ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % David Walker ( R ) 0.2 % Total 426 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 6 1.4 % Vacant 0.5 % January 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , January 2015 Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 6 , 2015 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 216 52.9 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 164 40.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 12 2.9 % Louie Gohmert ( R ) 0.7 % Ted Yoho ( R ) 0.5 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.5 % Jeff Duncan ( R ) 0.2 % Rand Paul ( R ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Trey Gowdy ( R ) 0.2 % Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Peter DeFazio ( D ) 0.2 % Jeff Sessions ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 408 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 25 5.7 % Vacant 0.2 % October 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 On September 25 , 2015 , Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30 , 2015 , which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time . The election was held on October 29 . Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 236 54.3 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 184 42.3 % Dan Webster ( R ) 9 2.0 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 432 Not voting Vacant 0 January 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , 2017 Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V . The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Not a sitting member of the House of Representatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Shesgreen , Deirdre ; Allen , Cooper ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Clerk of US House of Representatives . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role . The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . 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when were all states readmitted to the union	Reconstruction in each State Declared Secession Joined Confederacy Readmitted to Congress Democratic Party Establishes Control South Carolina December 20 , 1860 February 4 , 1861 July 9 , 1868 April 11 , 1877 Mississippi January 9 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 February 23 , 1870 January 4 , 1876 Florida January 10 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Alabama January 11 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 14 , 1868 November 16 , 1874 Georgia January 19 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 15 , 1870 November 1 , 1871 Louisiana January 26 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 ( or July 9 ) , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Texas February 1 , 1861 March 2 , 1861 March 30 , 1870 January 14 , 1873 Virginia April 17 , 1861 May 7 , 1861 January 26 , 1870 October 5 , 1869 Arkansas May 6 , 1861 May 18 , 1861 June 22 , 1868 November 10 , 1874 North Carolina May 20 , 1861 May 21 , 1861 July 4 , 1868 November 28 , 1870 Tennessee June 8 , 1861 May 16 , 1861 July 24 , 1866 October 4 , 1869		Reconstruction era	reconstruction era	The term Reconstruction Era , in the context of the history of the United States , has two senses : the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War ( 1861 to 1865 ) ; the second sense focuses on the attempted transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 , as directed by Congress , from states with economies dependent upon slavery , to states in which former slaves were citizens with civil rights . With the three Reconstruction Amendments , the era saw the first amendments to the U.S. Constitution in decades .	Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction : the reconciliationist vision , which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought ; the white supremacist vision , which included terror and violence ; and the emancipationist vision , which sought full freedom , citizenship , and Constitutional equality for African Americans . Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson both took moderate positions designed to bring the South back into the union as quickly as possible , while Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans , including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , while curtailing the rights of former Confederates , such as through the provisions of the Wade -- Davis Bill . Johnson , a former Tennessee Senator and slave owner , followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates . Lincoln 's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen , whereas Johnson was opposed to this . Johnson 's interpretations of Lincoln 's policies prevailed until the Congressional elections of 1866 . Those elections followed outbreaks of violence against blacks in the former rebel states , including the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot that same year . The subsequent 1866 election gave Republicans a majority in Congress , enabling them to pass the 14th Amendment , take control of Reconstruction policy , remove former Confederates from power , and enfranchise the freedmen . A Republican coalition came to power in nearly all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy , using the U.S. Army and the Freedmen 's Bureau . The Bureau protected the legal rights of freedmen , negotiated labor contracts , and set up schools and churches for them . Thousands of Northerners came south as missionaries , teachers , businessmen and politicians . Some also entered politics . Hostile whites called them `` carpetbaggers '' . In early 1866 , Congress passed the Freedmen 's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature . The first bill extended the life of the bureau , originally established as a temporary organization charged with assisting refugees and freed slaves , while the second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens with equality before the law . After Johnson vetoed the bills , Congress overrode his veto , making the Civil Rights Act the first major bill in the history of the United States to become law through an override of a presidential veto . The Radicals in the House of Representatives , frustrated by Johnson 's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction , filed impeachment charges . The action failed by one vote in the Senate . The new national reconstruction laws -- in particular laws requiring suffrage ( the right to vote ) for freedmen -- incensed White Supremacists in the south , giving rise to the Klu Klux Klan . During 1867 - 69 the Klan murdered Republicans and outspoken freedmen in the south , including Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds . Elected in 1868 , Republican President Ulysses S. Grant supported Congressional Reconstruction and enforced the protection of African Americans in the South through the use of the Enforcement Acts passed by Congress . Grant used the Enforcement Acts to effectively combat the Ku Klux Klan , which was essentially wiped out ( although a new incarnation of the Klan eventually would again come to national prominence in the 1920s ) , but was unable to resolve the escalating tensions inside the Republican party between the northerners on the one hand , and those Republicans originally hailing from the South on the other ( this latter group would be labelled `` Scalawags '' by those opposing Reconstruction ) . Meanwhile , `` Redeemers '' , self - styled Conservatives ( in close cooperation with a faction of the Democratic Party ) strongly opposed reconstruction . They alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers , excessive state spending and ruinous taxes . Meanwhile , public support for Reconstruction policies , requiring continued supervision of the South , faded in the North , largely due to concerns over the Panic of 1873 . The Democrats , who strongly opposed Reconstruction , regained control of the House of Representatives in 1874 . In 1877 , as part of a Congressional bargain to elect Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president following the close 1876 presidential election , U.S. Army Troops were removed from the South , ending Reconstruction and allowing Democrats to violently suppress Republican voters in order to take power . Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States , and in economic history . After Reconstruction ended -- in effect rejected by the South -- the South remained a poverty - stricken `` backwater '' dependent on agriculture . White Southerners soon succeeded in re-establishing legal and political dominance over blacks through violence , intimidation and discrimination . Historian Eric Foner argues , `` What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed , and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude can not be obscured by the genuine accomplishments that did endure . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Dating the Reconstruction Era 2 Overview 3 Purpose 4 Material devastation of the South in 1865 5 Restoring the South to the Union 5.1 Loyalty 5.2 Suffrage 5.3 Southern Treaty Commission 6 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction 6.1 Preliminary events 6.2 Gradual emancipation and compensation 6.3 Colonization 6.4 Military governors installed 6.5 Emancipation Proclamation 6.6 Louisiana 10 % electorate plan 6.7 Legalization of slave marriages 6.8 Freedmen 's Bureau 6.9 Bans color discrimination 6.10 February 1865 peace conference 6.11 Historical legacy debated 7 Johnson 's presidential Reconstruction 7.1 Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes 7.2 Moderate responses 7.3 Johnson 's vetoes 8 Radical Reconstruction 8.1 Constitutional amendments 8.2 Statutes 8.3 Military reconstruction 8.4 State constitutional conventions : 1867 -- 69 9 Politics 9.1 Grant : the Radical President 9.2 Congressional investigation ( 1871 -- 1872 ) 9.3 African - American officeholders 10 Social and economic factors 10.1 Organized religion 10.2 Public schools 10.3 Railroad subsidies and payoffs 10.4 Taxation during Reconstruction 11 Ending Reconstruction 11.1 Southern Democrats 11.2 Redemption 1873 -- 77 11.2. 1 Republicans split nationally : Election of 1872 11.2. 2 Republican coalition splinters in South 11.3 Democrats try a `` New Departure '' 11.4 Panic of 1873 11.5 Violence 11.6 Election of 1876 11.7 Hayes ends Reconstruction 12 Legacy and historiography 12.1 Dunning School : 1900 to 1920s 12.2 Revisionists and Beardians , 1930s -- 1940s 12.3 Black historians 12.4 Neo-Abolitionists 12.5 Dating the end of the Reconstruction Era 12.6 Economic role of race 12.7 The `` failure '' issue 12.8 In popular culture 13 Reconstruction state - by - state -- significant dates 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Bibliography 16.1 Secondary sources 16.2 Historiography 16.3 Yearbooks 16.4 Primary sources 16.5 Newspapers and magazines 17 External links Dating the Reconstruction era ( edit ) In the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times ; federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 . In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 ( with Emancipation and the Port Royal experiment ) rather than 1865 . The usual ending has always been 1877 . Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began , and commenced in earnest after Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , issued on January 1 , 1863 . Overview ( edit ) As Confederate states came back under control of the U.S. Army , President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee , Arkansas , and Louisiana during the war . He experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina . By fall 1865 , the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity and the ending of slavery achieved and reconstruction completed . Republicans in Congress , refusing to accept Johnson 's lenient terms , rejected new members of Congress , some of whom had been high - ranking Confederate officials a few months before . Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmen 's Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen . The 1866 Congressional elections turned on the issue of Reconstruction , producing a sweeping Republican victory in the North , and providing the Radical Republicans with sufficient control of Congress to override Johnson 's vetoes and commence their own `` Radical Reconstruction '' in 1867 . That same year , Congress removed civilian governments in the South , and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U.S. Army . The army conducted new elections in which the freed slaves could vote , while whites who had held leading positions under the Confederacy were temporarily denied the vote and were not permitted to run for office . In ten states , coalitions of freedmen , recent black and white arrivals from the North ( carpetbaggers ) , and white Southerners who supported Reconstruction ( scalawags ) cooperated to form Republican biracial state governments . They introduced various reconstruction programs including : funding public schools , establishing charitable institutions , raising taxes , and funding public improvements such as improved railroad transportation and shipping . Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction . Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , a secretive terrorist organization closely allied with the southern Democratic Party . Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights , as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights . One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas . Widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 , which suppressed the Klan . Nevertheless , white Democrats , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' , regained control of the south state by state , sometimes using fraud and violence to control state elections . A deep national economic depression following the Panic of 1873 led to major Democratic gains in the North , the collapse of many railroad schemes in the South , and a growing sense of frustration in the North . The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process , and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states . With the Compromise of 1877 , military intervention in Southern politics ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South . This was followed by a period which white Southerners labeled `` Redemption '' , during which white - dominated state legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws and , beginning in 1890 , disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites through a combination of constitutional amendments and electoral laws . The white Democratic Southerners ' memory of Reconstruction played a major role in imposing the system of white supremacy and second - class citizenship for blacks , known as the age of Jim Crow . Purpose ( edit ) Reconstruction addressed how the eleven seceding rebel states in the south would regain what the Constitution calls a `` republican form of government '' and be reseated in Congress , the civil status of the former leaders of the Confederacy , and the Constitutional and legal status of freedmen , especially their civil rights and whether they should be given the right to vote . Intense controversy erupted throughout the South over these issues . The laws and constitutional amendments that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1866 to 1871 . By the 1870s , Reconstruction had officially provided freedmen with equal rights under the constitution , and blacks were voting and taking political office . Republican legislatures , coalitions of whites and blacks , established the first public school systems and numerous charitable institutions in the South . White paramilitary organizations , especially the Ku Klux Klan and also the White League and Red Shirts formed with the political aim of driving out the Republicans . They also disrupted political organizing and terrorized blacks to bar them from the polls . President Grant used federal power to effectively shut down the KKK in the early 1870s , though the other , smaller , groups continued to operate . From 1873 to 1877 , conservative whites ( calling themselves `` Redeemers '' ) regained power in the Southern states . They joined the Bourbon wing of the national Democratic Party . In the 1860s and 1870s the terms `` radical '' and `` conservative '' had distinctive meanings . `` Conservative '' was the name of a faction , often led by the planter class . Leaders who had been Whigs were committed to economic modernization , built around railroads , factories , banks and cities . Most of the `` radical '' Republicans in the North were men who believed in integrating African Americans by providing them civil rights as citizens , along with free enterprise ; most were also modernizers and former Whigs . The `` Liberal Republicans '' of 1872 shared the same outlook except they were especially opposed to the corruption they saw around President Grant , and believed that the goals of the Civil War had been achieved so that the federal military intervention could now end . Passage of the 13th , 14th , and 15th Amendments is the constitutional legacy of Reconstruction . These Reconstruction Amendments established the rights that led to Supreme Court rulings in the mid-20th century that struck down school segregation . A `` Second Reconstruction '' , sparked by the Civil Rights Movement , led to civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965 that ended segregation and re-opened the polls to blacks . Material devastation of the South in 1865 ( edit ) The Southern economy had been ruined by the war . Charleston , South Carolina : Broad Street , 1865 Further information : History of the Southern United States § Material ruin and human losses Reconstruction played out against an economy in ruin . The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with a total population of 835,000 people ; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces . Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action , including Atlanta ( with an 1860 population of 9,600 ) , Charleston , Columbia , and Richmond ( with prewar populations of 40,500 , 8,100 , and 37,900 , respectively ) ; the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census , or 14 % of the urban South . The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1 % of the Confederacy 's combined urban and rural populations . The rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower -- only 45 courthouses were burned out of a total of 830 . Farms were in disrepair , and the prewar stock of horses , mules and cattle was much depleted ; two - fifths , or 40 % , of the South 's livestock had been killed . The South 's farms were not highly mechanized , but the value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million and was reduced by two - fifths , or 40 % , by 1870 . The transportation infrastructure lay in ruins , with little railroad or riverboat service available to move crops and animals to market . Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas and over two - thirds of the South 's rails , bridges , rail yards , repair shops and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies , which systematically destroyed what they could . Even in untouched areas , the lack of maintenance and repair , the absence of new equipment , the heavy over-use , and the deliberate relocation of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war 's end . Restoring the infrastructure -- especially the railroad system -- became a high priority for Reconstruction state governments . The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the South 's economic infrastructure . The direct costs to the Confederacy in human capital , government expenditures , and physical destruction from the war totaled $3.3 billion . By 1865 , the Confederate dollar was worthless due to high inflation , and people in the South had to resort to bartering services for goods , or else use scarce Union dollars . With the emancipation of the southern slaves , the entire economy of the South had to be rebuilt . Having lost their enormous investment in slaves , white planters had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops . As a result , a system of sharecropping was developed where landowners broke up large plantations and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families . The South was transformed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a tenant farming agriculture system . The end of the Civil War was accompanied by a large migration of new freed people to the cities . In the cities , African Americans were relegated to the lowest paying jobs such as unskilled and service labor . Men worked as rail workers , rolling and lumber mills workers , and hotel workers . The large population of slave artisans during the antebellum period had not been translated into a large number of freemen artisans during Reconstruction . Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks , maids , and child nurses . Others worked in hotels . A large number became laundresses . The dislocations had a severe negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Over a quarter of Southern white men of military age -- the backbone of the South 's white workforce -- died during the war , leaving countless families destitute . Per capita income for white southerners declined from $125 in 1857 to a low of $80 in 1879 . By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th century , the South was locked into a system of poverty . How much of this failure was caused by the war and by previous reliance on agriculture remains the subject of debate among economists and historians . Restoring the South to the Union ( edit ) A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln , 1865 , entitled `` The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union . '' The caption reads ( Johnson ) : Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever . ( Lincoln ) : A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended . During the Civil War , the Radical Republican leaders argued that slavery and the Slave Power had to be permanently destroyed . Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the 13th Amendment -- most of which happened by December 1865 . President Lincoln was the leader of the moderate Republicans and wanted to speed up Reconstruction and reunite the nation painlessly and quickly . Lincoln formally began Reconstruction in late 1863 with his Ten percent plan , which went into operation in several states but which Radical Republicans opposed . Lincoln pocket vetoed the Radical plan , the Wade -- Davis Bill of 1864 , which was much more strict than the Ten - Percent Plan . By late 1866 , the opposing faction of Radical Republicans was skeptical of Southern intentions . White reactions included outbreaks of mob violence against blacks , such as the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot . Radical Republicans demanded a prompt and strong federal response to protect freed - people and curb southern racism . Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts led the Radicals . Sumner argued that secession had destroyed statehood but the Constitution still extended its authority and its protection over individuals , as in existing U.S. territories . Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories . The Republicans sought to prevent Southern politicians from `` restoring the historic subordination of Negroes '' . Since slavery was abolished , the three - fifths compromise no longer applied to counting the population of blacks . After the 1870 census , the South would gain numerous additional representatives in Congress , based on the population of freedmen . One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous established powers , that the `` reward of treason will be an increased representation '' . Upon Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 , Andrew Johnson of Tennessee , who had been elected with Lincoln in 1864 as vice president , became president . Johnson rejected the Radical program of Reconstruction and instead appointed his own governors and tried to finish reconstruction by the end of 1865 . Thaddeus Stevens vehemently opposed President Johnson 's plans for an abrupt end to Reconstruction , insisting that Reconstruction must `` revolutionize Southern institutions , habits , and manners ... The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid , or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain . '' Johnson broke decisively with the Republicans in Congress when he vetoed the Civil Rights Act in early 1865 . While Democrats cheered , the Republicans pulled together , passed the bill again , and overturned Johnson 's repeat veto . Full - scale political warfare now existed between Johnson ( now allied with the Democrats ) and the Radical Republicans . Congress rejected Johnson 's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do , since the war was over . Congress decided it had the primary authority to decide how Reconstruction should proceed , because the Constitution stated the United States had to guarantee each state a republican form of government . The Radicals insisted that meant Congress decided how Reconstruction should be achieved . The issues were multiple : who should decide , Congress or the president ? How should republicanism operate in the South ? What was the status of the former Confederate states ? What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy ? What was the citizenship and suffrage status of freedmen ? The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power , giving the Republicans two - thirds majorities in both houses of Congress , and enough votes to overcome Johnson 's vetoes . They moved to impeach Johnson because of his constant attempts to thwart Radical Reconstruction measures , by using the Tenure of Office Act . Johnson was acquitted by one vote , but he lost the influence to shape Reconstruction policy . The Republican Congress established military districts in the South and used Army personnel to administer the region until new governments loyal to the Union -- that accepted the 14th Amendment and the right of freedmen to vote -- could be established . Congress temporarily suspended the ability to vote of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 former Confederate officials and senior officers , while constitutional amendments gave full citizenship to all African Americans , and suffrage to the adult men . With the power to vote , freedmen started participating in politics . While many slaves were illiterate , educated blacks ( including escaped slaves ) moved down from the North to aid them , and natural leaders also stepped forward . They elected white and black men to represent them in constitutional conventions . A Republican coalition of freedmen , southerners supportive of the Union ( derisively called scalawags by white Democrats ) , and northerners who had migrated to the South ( derisively called carpetbaggers ) -- some of whom were returning natives , but were mostly Union veterans -- organized to create constitutional conventions . They created new state constitutions to set new directions for southern states . Loyalty ( edit ) The issue of loyalty emerged in the debates over the Wade -- Davis Bill of 1864 . The bill required voters to take the `` ironclad oath '' , swearing they had never supported the Confederacy or been one of its soldiers . Pursuing a policy of `` malice toward none '' announced in his second inaugural address , Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union . The Radicals lost support following Lincoln 's veto of the Wade -- Davis Bill but regained strength after Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 . Suffrage ( edit ) Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic , organized after the war Congress had to consider how to restore to full status and representation within the Union those southern states that had declared their independence from the United States and had withdrawn their representation . Suffrage for former Confederates was one of two main concerns . A decision needed to be made whether to allow just some or all former Confederates to vote ( and to hold office ) . The moderates in Congress wanted virtually all of them to vote , but the Radicals resisted . They repeatedly imposed the ironclad oath , which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote . Historian Harold Hyman says that in 1866 Congressmen `` described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power , the barrier behind which Southern Unionists and Negroes protected themselves . '' Radical Republican leader Thaddeus Stevens proposed , unsuccessfully , that all former Confederates lose the right to vote for five years . The compromise that was reached disenfranchised many Confederate civil and military leaders . No one knows how many temporarily lost the vote , but one estimate was that it was as high as 10,000 to 15,000 out of a total white population of roughly eight million . Second , and closely related , was the issue of whether the roughly four million freedmen should be allowed to vote . The issue was how to receive the four million Freedmen as citizens . If they were to be fully counted as citizens , some sort of representation for apportionment of seats in Congress had to be determined . Before the war , the population of slaves had been counted as three - fifths of a corresponding number of free whites . By having four million freedmen counted as full citizens , the South would gain additional seats in Congress . If blacks were denied the vote and the right to hold office , then only whites would represent them . Many conservatives , including most white southerners , northern Democrats , and some northern Republicans , opposed black voting . Some northern states that had referenda on the subject limited the ability of their own small populations of blacks to vote . Lincoln had supported a middle position to allow some black men to vote , especially army veterans . Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship . Lincoln proposed giving the vote to `` the very intelligent , and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks . '' In 1864 , Governor Johnson said , `` The better class of them will go to work and sustain themselves , and that class ought to be allowed to vote , on the ground that a loyal negro is more worthy than a disloyal white man . '' As President in 1865 , Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi , recommending , `` If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names , and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at least two hundred and fifty dollars , and pay taxes thereon , you would completely disarm the adversary ( Radicals in Congress ) , and set an example the other states will follow . '' Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens , leaders of the Radical Republicans , were initially hesitant to enfranchise the largely illiterate Freedmen . Sumner preferred at first impartial requirements that would have imposed literacy restrictions on blacks and whites . He believed that he would not succeed in passing legislation to disfranchise illiterate whites who already had the vote . In the South , many poor whites were illiterate as there was almost no public education before the war . In 1880 , for example , the white illiteracy rate was about 25 % in Tennessee , Kentucky , Alabama , South Carolina , and Georgia ; and as high as 33 % in North Carolina . This compares with the 9 % national rate , and a black rate of illiteracy that was over 70 % in the South . By 1900 , however , with emphasis within the black community on education , the majority of blacks had achieved literacy . Sumner soon concluded that `` there was no substantial protection for the freedman except in the franchise . '' This was necessary , he stated , `` ( 1 ) For his own protection ; ( 2 ) For the protection of the white Unionist ; and ( 3 ) For the peace of the country . We put the musket in his hands because it was necessary ; for the same reason we must give him the franchise . '' The support for voting rights was a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans . The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system . They passed laws allowing all male freedmen to vote . In 1867 , black men voted for the first time . Over the course of Reconstruction , more than 1,500 African Americans held public office in the South ; some of them were men who had escaped to the North and gained educations , and returned to the South . They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population , but often elected whites to represent them . The question of women 's suffrage was also debated but was rejected . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws that disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites with new voter registration and electoral rules . When establishing new requirements such as subjectively administered literacy tests , in some states , they used `` grandfather clauses '' to enable illiterate whites to vote . Southern treaty commission ( edit ) The Five Civilized Tribes that had been relocated to Indian Territory ( now part of Oklahoma ) held black slaves and signed treaties supporting the Confederacy . During the war , a war among pro - and anti-Union Indians had raged . Congress passed a statute that gave the President the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is `` in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and , by proclamation , to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe '' ( 25 USC Sec. 72 ) . As a component of Reconstruction , the Interior Department ordered a meeting of representatives from all Indian tribes which had affiliated with the Confederacy . The Council , the Southern Treaty Commission , was first held in Ft. Smith , Arkansas in September 1865 , was attended by hundreds of Indians representing dozens of tribes . Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with tribes that resulted in additional relocations to Indian Territory and the de facto creation ( initially by treaty ) of an unorganized Oklahoma Territory . Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States 1861 -- 1865 Preliminary events ( edit ) President Lincoln signed two Confiscation Acts into law , the first on August 6 , 1861 , and the second on July 17 , 1862 , safeguarding fugitive slaves from the Confederacy that came over into Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States . The laws allowed the confiscation of lands for colonization from those who aided and supported the rebellion . However , these laws had limited effect as they were poorly funded by Congress and poorly enforced by Attorney General Edward Bates . In August 1861 , Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont , Union commander of the Western Department , declared martial law in Missouri , confiscated Confederate property , and emancipated their slaves . President Lincoln immediately ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation declaration stating , `` I think there is great danger that ... the liberating slaves of traitorous owners , will alarm our Southern Union friends , and turn them against us -- perhaps ruin our fair prospect for Kentucky . '' After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order , President Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2 , 1861 . Lincoln was concerned that border states would bolt from the Union if slaves were given their freedom . On May 26 , 1862 , Union Maj. Gen. David Hunter emancipated slaves in South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida stated all `` persons ... heretofore held as slaves ... forever free . '' Lincoln , embarrassed by the order , rescinded Hunter 's declaration and canceled the emancipations . On April 16 , 1862 Lincoln signed a bill into law outlawing slavery in Washington D.C. and freeing the estimated 3,500 slaves in the city and on June 19 , 1862 he signed legislation outlawing slavery in all U.S. territories . On July 17 , 1862 under the authority of the Confiscation Acts and an amended Force Bill of 1795 , he authorized the recruitment of freed slaves into the Union army and seizure of any Confederate property for military purposes . Gradual emancipation and compensation ( edit ) In an effort to keep border states in the Union , President Lincoln as early as 1861 designed gradual compensated emancipation programs paid for by government bonds . Lincoln desired Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri to `` adopt a system of gradual emancipation which should work the extinction of slavery in twenty years . '' On March 26 , 1862 Lincoln met with Senator Charles Sumner and recommended that a special joint session of Congress be convened to discuss giving financial aid to any border states who initiated a gradual emancipation plan . In April 1862 , the joint session of Congress met , however , the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any Congressional emancipation proposal . Lincoln advocated compensated emancipation during the 1865 River Queen steamer conference . Colonization ( edit ) In August 1862 , President Lincoln met with African - American leaders and urged them to colonize some place in Central America . Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by whites in both the North and South . Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies , the leaders declined the offer of colonization . Many free blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past and wanted to remain in the United States . President Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan believing that emancipation and colonization were part of the same program . Lincoln was successful by April 1863 at sending black colonists to Haiti and 453 to Chiriqui in Central America ; however , none of the colonies was able to remain self - sufficient . Frederick Douglass , a prominent 19th - century American civil rights activist , criticized that Lincoln was `` showing all his inconsistencies , his pride of race and blood , his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy . '' African Americans , according to Douglass , wanted citizen rights rather than to be colonized . Historians debate if Lincoln gave up on African - American colonization at the end of 1863 or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until 1865 . Military governors installed ( edit ) Starting in March 1862 , in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress , President Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control . Although the states would not be recognized by the Radicals until an undetermined time , installation of military governors kept the administration of Reconstruction under Presidential control , rather than that of the increasingly unsympathetic Radical Congress . On March 3 , 1862 , Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat , Senator Andrew Johnson , as Military Governor with the rank of Brigadier General in his home state of Tennessee . In May 1862 , Lincoln appointed Edward Stanly Military Governor of the coastal region of North Carolina with the rank of Brigadier General . Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for black children in New Bern . After Lincoln installed Brigadier General George F. Sheply as Military Governor of Louisiana in May 1862 , Sheply sent two anti-slavery representatives , Benjamin Flanders and Michael Hahn , elected in December 1862 , to the House which capitulated and voted to seat them . In July 1862 , Lincoln installed Colonel John S. Phelps as Military Governor of Arkansas , though he resigned soon after due to poor health . Emancipation Proclamation ( edit ) Main article : Emancipation Proclamation Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts , 1862 In July 1862 , President Lincoln became convinced that `` a military necessity '' was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union . The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery . On July 22 , he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves in states in rebellion . After he showed his cabinet the document , slight alterations were made in the wording . Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at Sharpsburg was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual Proclamation would be issued . On January 1 , 1863 , the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued , specifically naming ten states in which slaves would be `` forever free '' . The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee , Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , and Delaware , and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other states . Eventually , as the Union Armies advanced into the Confederacy millions of slaves were set free . Many of these freedmen joined the Union army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces . Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illness that devastated army regiments . Freed slaves suffered from smallpox , yellow fever , and malnutrition . Louisiana 10 % electorate plan ( edit ) Main articles : Wade -- Davis Bill and Ten percent plan President Abraham Lincoln was concerned to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War . In 1863 , President Lincoln proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate State of Louisiana . The plan granted amnesty to Rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union . Black Freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at $10 a month pay . Only 10 % of the state 's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into U.S. Congress . The state was required to abolish slavery in its new constitution . Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee . By December 1864 , the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two Senators and five Representatives to take their seats in Washington . However , Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana , Arkansas , and Tennessee , in essence rejecting Lincoln 's moderate Reconstruction plan . Congress , at this time controlled by the Radicals , proposed the Wade -- Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress . Lincoln pocket - vetoed the bill and the rift widened between the moderates , who wanted to save the Union and win the war , and the Radicals , who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society . Frederick Douglass denounced Lincoln 's 10 % electorate plan as undemocratic since state admission and loyalty only depended on a minority vote . Legalization of slave marriages ( edit ) Before 1864 , slave marriages had not been recognized legally ; emancipation did not affect them . When freed , many made official marriages . Before emancipation , slaves could not enter into contracts , including the marriage contract . Not all free people formalized their unions . Some continued to have common - law marriages or community - recognized relationships . The acknowledgement of marriage by the state increased the state 's recognition of freedpeople as legal actors and eventually helped make the case for parental rights for freedpeople against the practice of apprenticeship of black children . These children were legally taken away from their families under the guise of `` providing them with guardianship and ' good ' homes until they reached the age of consent at twenty - one '' under acts such as the Georgia 1866 Apprentice Act . Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor . Freedmen 's Bureau ( edit ) Main article : Freedmen 's Bureau Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . On March 3 , 1865 the Freedmen 's Bureau Bill became law , sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and white refugees . A federal Bureau was created to provide food , clothing , fuel , and advice on negotiating labor contracts . It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market . The Act , without deference to a person 's color , authorized the Bureau to lease confiscated land for a period of three years and to sell it in portions of up to 40 acres ( 16 ha ) per buyer . The Bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the War . Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the Bureau . A popular myth was that the Act offered 40 acres and a mule , or that slaves had been promised this . With the help of the Bureau , the recently freed slaves began voting , forming political parties , and assuming the control of labor in many areas . The Bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the conservative Democrats in the South . This is especially evident in the election between Grant and Seymour ( Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination ) , where almost 700,000 black voters voted and swayed the election 300,000 votes in Grant 's favor . Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen , the Freedmen 's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas . Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote , hold a political office , or own land , the Ku Klux Klan was the antithesis to the Freedmen 's Bureau . Bans color discrimination ( edit ) Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans . Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color , in carrying U.S. mail , in riding on public street cars in Washington D.C. , and in pay for soldiers . February 1865 peace conference ( edit ) Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward met with three southern representatives to discuss the peaceful reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3 , 1865 in Hampton Roads , Virginia . The southern delegation included Confederate vice-president , Alexander H. Stephens , John A. Campbell , and Robert M.T. Hunter . The southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy , a joint Union - Confederate attack on Mexico to oust dictator Maximillian , and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for blacks rather than slavery . Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy , and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved . He said that the Union States were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery . Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and `` ratify this Constitutional Amendment prospectively , so as to take effect -- say in five years ... Slavery is doomed . '' Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he thought the North should be willing to share the costs of freedom . Although the meeting was cordial , the parties did not settle on agreements . Historical legacy debated ( edit ) Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 14 , 1865 . The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states . Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and fighting the Radical positions . There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln , had he lived , would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended . One historical camp argues that Lincoln 's flexibility , pragmatism , and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty . The other camp believes the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln , just as they did to his successor , Andrew Johnson , in 1868 . Johnson 's presidential Reconstruction ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson , 17th President of the United States 1865 -- 1869 Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies . Vice President Andrew Johnson had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging rebel Confederates , but when he succeeded Lincoln as President , Johnson took a much softer position , pardoning many Confederate leaders and former Confederates . Jefferson Davis was held in prison for two years , but other Confederate leaders were not . There were no treason trials . Only one person -- Captain Henry Wirz , the commandant of the prison camp in Andersonville , Georgia -- was executed for war crimes . Andrew Johnson 's conservative view of Reconstruction did not include blacks or former slaves involvement in government and he refused to heed Northern concerns when southern state legislatures implemented Black Codes that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of citizens . Smith argues that , `` Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln 's plans for Reconstruction . '' McKitrick says that in 1865 Johnson had strong support in the Republican Party , `` It was naturally from the great moderate sector of Unionist opinion in the North that Johnson could draw his greatest comfort . '' Billington says , `` One faction , the Moderate Republicans under the leadership of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , favored a mild policy toward the South . '' Lincoln biographers Randall and Current argued that : It is likely that had he lived , Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson 's , that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals , that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred , and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson 's mistakes . '' Historians agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by his clumsy moves . He broke with Congress in early 1866 and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U.S. Congress . He was in constant conflict constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South . Although resigned to the abolition of slavery , many former Confederates were unwilling to accept both social changes and political domination by former slaves . In the words of Benjamin F. Perry , President Johnson 's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina : `` First , the Negro is to be invested with all political power , and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result . '' However , the fears of the mostly conservative planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson , who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedman did not occur . President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands administered by the Freedmen 's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but be returned to pardoned owners . Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862 . Freedmen and the enactment of black codes ( edit ) Main article : Black Codes ( United States ) An October 24th , 1874 Harper 's Magazine editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent blacks Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive `` black codes '' . However , they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect , because the Freedmen 's Bureau ( not the local courts ) handled the legal affairs of freedmen . The Black Codes indicated the plans of the southern whites for the former slaves . The freedmen would have more rights than did free blacks before the war , but they would still have only a limited set of second - class civil rights , no voting rights and no citizenship . They could not own firearms , serve on a jury in a lawsuit involving whites or move about without employment . The Black Codes outraged northern opinion . They were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that gave the freedmen full legal equality ( except for the right to vote ) . The freedmen , with the strong backing of the Freedmen 's Bureau , rejected gang - labor work patterns that had been used in slavery . Instead of gang labor , freedpeople preferred family - based labor groups . They forced planters to bargain for their labor . Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of sharecropping , which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor . However , because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production ( tools , draft animals and land ) , the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops ( mainly cotton ) for the land - owners and merchants , and they entered into a crop - lien system . Widespread poverty , disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton , and the falling price of cotton , led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen , and poverty by many planters . Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South . One harsh assessment came from Carl Schurz , who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast . His report documented dozens of extra-judicial killings and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed . The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great ; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned , and from which no regular reports are received , by what occurs under the very eyes of our military authorities . As to my personal experience , I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta , one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street , and three were poisoned , one of whom died . While I was at Montgomery , one negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill , and another was shot , but both escaped with their lives . Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time . It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble . Carl Schurz , `` Report on the Condition of the South '' , December 1865 ( U.S. Senate Exec . Doc . No. 2 , 39th Congress , 1st session ) . The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen 's Bureau . In Selma , Alabama , Major J.P. Houston noted that whites who killed twelve African Americans in his district never came to trial . Many more killings never became official cases . Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama who board some of the boats ; after the boats leave they hang , shoot , or drown the victims they may find on them , and all those found on the roads or coming down the rivers are almost invariably murdered . The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do -- to leave is death ; to remain is to suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster , whose only interest is their labor , wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise ; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain , while patrols , Negro dogs and spies , disguised as Yankees , keep constant guard over these unfortunate people . Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gendered prejudices regarding African Americans . Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation . To convict a white man of sexually assaulting black women in this period was exceedingly difficult . The South 's judicial system had been wholly refigured to make one of its primary purposes the coercion of African Americans to comply with the social customs and labor demands of whites . Trials were discouraged and attorneys for black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find . The goal of county courts was a fast , uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction . Most blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail , and `` the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp . '' The South 's judicial system was rigged to generate fees and claim bounties , not to ensure public protection . Black women were socially constructed as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue , society held that they could not be raped . One report indicates two freedwomen , Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith , describe their violent sexual assault during the Memphis Riots of 1866 . However , black women were vulnerable even in times of relative normalcy . Sexual assaults on African - American women were so pervasive , particularly on the part of their white employers , that black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites . Black men were construed as being extremely sexually aggressive and their supposed or rumored threats to white women were often used as a pretext for lynching and castrations . Moderate responses ( edit ) During fall 1865 , out of response to the Black codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance , the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress . Johnson , however , was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their state governments adopted the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery . By December 6 , 1865 , the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over . Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln Presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible . Congress , however , controlled by the Radicals , had other plans . The Radicals were led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the House of Representatives . Congress , on December 4 , 1865 , rejected Johnson 's moderate Presidential Reconstruction , and organized the Joint Committee on Reconstruction , a 15 - member panel to devise reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union . In January 1866 , Congress renewed the Freedmen 's Bureau ; however , Johnson vetoed the Freedmen 's Bureau Bill in February 1866 . Although Johnson had sympathies for the plights of the freedmen , he was against federal assistance . An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20 , 1866 . This veto shocked the Congressional Radicals . In response , both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any Senator or Representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished . Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois , leader of the moderate Republicans , took affront at the black codes . He proposed the first Civil Rights Law , because the abolition of slavery was empty if laws are to be enacted and enforced depriving persons of African descent of privileges which are essential to freemen ... A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another , and one that does not allow him to hold property , to teach , to preach , are certainly laws in violation of the rights of a freeman ... The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations . The key to the bill was the opening section : All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States ; and such citizens of every race and color , without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , and give evidence , to inherit , purchase , lease , sell , hold , and convey real and personal property , and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property , as is enjoyed by white citizens , and shall be subject to like punishment , pains , and penalties and to none other , any law , statute , ordinance , regulation , or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding . The bill did not give Freedmen the right to vote . Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights bill ; the Senate on February 2 voted 33 -- 12 ; the House on March 13 voted 111 -- 38 . Johnson 's vetoes ( edit ) The debate over reconstruction and the Freedmen 's Bureau was nationwide . This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the Bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hard working white taxpayer . A racist caricature of an African American is depicted . Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill , Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27 , 1866 . His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when eleven out of thirty - six states were unrepresented and attempted to fix by Federal law `` a perfect equality of the white and black races in every State of the Union . '' Johnson said it was an invasion by Federal authority of the rights of the States ; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents . It was a `` stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government . '' The Democratic Party , proclaiming itself the party of white men , north and south , supported Johnson . However the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto ( the Senate by the close vote of 33 : 15 , the House by 122 : 41 ) and the Civil Rights bill became law . Congress also passed a toned - down Freedmen 's Bureau Bill ; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill . Once again , however , Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson 's veto . The last moderate proposal was the Fourteenth Amendment , whose principal drafter was Representative John Bingham . It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution , but it went much further . It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States ( except visitors and Indians on reservations ) , penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen , and most importantly , created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts . It guaranteed the Federal war debt would be paid ( and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid ) . Johnson used his influence to block the amendment in the states since three - fourths of the states were required for ratification ( the amendment was later ratified . ) . The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed , and a political fight broke out between the Republicans ( both Radical and moderate ) on one side , and on the other side , Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North , and the conservative groupings ( which used different names ) in each southern state . Radical Reconstruction ( edit ) 1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair ( right ) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers ( left ) . Concerned that President Johnson viewed Congress as an `` illegal body '' and wanted to overthrow the government , Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866 . Johnson ignored the policy mandate , and he openly encouraged southern states to deny ratification of the 14th Amendment ( except for Tennessee , all former Confederate states did refuse to ratify , as did the border states of Delaware , Maryland and Kentucky ) . Radical Republicans in Congress , led by Stevens and Sumner , opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen . They were generally in control , although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans ( the Democrats in Congress had almost no power ) . Historians refer to this period as `` Radical Reconstruction '' or `` Congressional Reconstruction . '' The South 's white leaders , who held power in the immediate postwar era before the vote was granted to the freedmen , renounced secession and slavery , but not white supremacy . People who had previously held power were angered in 1867 when new elections were held . New Republican lawmakers were elected by a coalition of white Unionists , freedmen and northerners who had settled in the South . Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate to new conditions . Constitutional amendments ( edit ) Three Constitutional amendments , known as the Reconstruction Amendments , were adopted . The 13th Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865 . The 14th Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 , guaranteeing United States citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights . The 15th Amendment , proposed in late February 1869 and passed in early February 1870 , decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The amendment did not declare the vote an unconditional right ; it prohibited these types of discrimination . States would still determine voter registration and electoral laws . The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen . Northern Congressmen believed that providing black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training . Many blacks took an active part in voting and political life , and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations . Following Reconstruction , white Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures , and pass laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South . From 1890 to 1910 , southern states passed new constitutions that completed disfranchisement of blacks . U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new southern constitutions and laws , and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s . Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not occur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the Civil Rights Movement . For details , see : Redemption ( United States history ) Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era ( United States ) Jim Crow laws United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , related to the Colfax Massacre Posse Comitatus Act ( 1878 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) Statutes ( edit ) The Reconstruction Acts as originally passed , were initially called `` An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States '' the legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress , on March 2 , 1867 . It was vetoed by President Johnson , and the veto overridden by two - thirds majority , in both the House and the Senate , the same day . Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of habeas corpus to allow federal courts to vacate unlawful state court convictions or sentences in 1867 ( 28 U.S.C. § 2254 ) . Military Reconstruction ( edit ) Map of the five Reconstruction military districts With the Radicals in control , Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts on July 19 , 1867 . The first Reconstruction Act , authored by Oregon Sen. George H. Williams , a Radical Republican , placed ten Confederate states under military control , grouping them into five military districts : First Military District : Virginia , under General John Schofield Second Military District : North Carolina and South Carolina , under General Daniel Sickles Third Military District : Georgia , Alabama and Florida , under Generals John Pope and George Meade Fourth Military District : Arkansas and Mississippi , under General Edward Ord Fifth Military District : Texas and Louisiana , under Generals Philip Sheridan and Winfield Scott Hancock 20,000 U.S. troops were deployed to enforce the Act . The four border states that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction . West Virginia , which had seceded from Virginia in 1863 , and Tennessee , which had already been re-admitted in 1866 , were not included in the military districts . The ten Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army . One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote . There was little or no combat , but rather a state of martial law in which the military closely supervised local government , supervised elections , and tried to protect office holders and freedmen from violence . Blacks were enrolled as voters ; former Confederate leaders were excluded for a limited period . No one state was entirely representative . Randolph Campbell describes what happened in Texas : The first critical step ... was the registration of voters according to guidelines established by Congress and interpreted by Generals Sheridan and Charles Griffin . The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males , white and black , except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion ... Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently , barring from registration not only all pre-1861 officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries . In May Griffin ... appointed a three - man board of registrars for each county , making his choices on the advice of known scalawags and local Freedmen 's Bureau agents . In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars ... Final registration amounted to approximately 59,633 whites and 49,479 blacks . It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register ( estimates vary from 7,500 to 12,000 ) , but blacks , who constituted only about 30 percent of the state 's population , were significantly overrepresented at 45 percent of all voters . State constitutional conventions : 1867 -- 69 ( edit ) The eleven Southern states held constitutional conventions giving black men the right to vote. , where the factions divided into the Radical Conservative , and in - between delegates . The Radicals were a coalition : 40 % were Southern white Republicans ( `` scalawags '' ) ; 25 % were white Carpetbaggers , and 34 % were black . Scalawags wanted to disfranchise all of the traditional white leadership class , but moderate Republican leaders in the North warned against that , and black delegates typically called for universal voting rights . The carpetbaggers inserted provisions designed to promote economic growth , especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system . The conventions set up systems of free public schools funded by tax money , but did not require them to be racially integrated . Until 1872 , most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office ; all but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the Amnesty Act of 1872 . `` Proscription '' was the policy of disqualifying as many ex-Confederates as possible . It appealed to the Scalawag element . For example , in 1865 Tennessee had disfranchised 80,000 ex-Confederates . However , prescription was soundly rejected by the black element , which insisted on universal suffrage . The issue would come up repeatedly in several states , especially in Texas and Virginia . In Virginia , an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private , and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate army . Disfranchising Southern whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North , who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the consent of the governed , as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence . Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place , and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome . Increasingly , historian Mark Summers states , `` the disfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment , and a lifelong punishment at that ... Month by month , the unrepublican character of the regime looked more glaring . '' Politics ( edit ) Grant : the Radical President ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States 1869 -- 1877 ( Photograph taken by Mathew Brady ) During the Civil War , many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause -- for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery . After the war ended , with the North victorious , the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate nationalism were dead and that the southern states could return . The Radicals sought out a candidate for President who represented their viewpoint . In 1868 , the Republicans unanimously chose Ulysses S. Grant to be the Republican Presidential candidate . Grant won favor with the Radicals after he allowed Edwin Stanton , a Radical , to be reinstated as Secretary of War . As early as 1862 , during the Civil War , Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain John Eaton to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union War effort , and pay them for their labor . It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen 's Bureau . Grant opposed President Johnson by supporting the Reconstruction Acts passed by the Radicals . A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch scalawags ( left ) and carpetbaggers ( right ) on March 4 , 1869 , the day Horatio Seymour , a Democrat , will supposedly become President . Tuscaloosa , Alabama , Independent Monitor , September 1 , 1868 . A full - scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs , Searching for Freedom after the Civil War : Klansman , Carpetbagger , Scalawag , and Freedman ̈ ( 2015 ) excerpt . Immediately upon Inauguration in 1869 , Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit Virginia , Mississippi , and Texas into the Union , while ensuring their constitutions protected every citizen 's voting rights . Grant met with prominent black leaders for consultation , and signed a bill into law that guaranteed equal rights to both blacks and whites in Washington D.C. In Grant 's two terms he strengthened Washington 's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem . He worked with Congress to create the Department of Justice and Office of Solicitor General , led by Attorney General Amos Akerman and the first Solicitor General Benjamin Bristow . Congress passed three powerful Enforcement Acts in 1870 -- 71 . These were criminal codes which protected the Freedmen 's right to vote , to hold office , to serve on juries , and receive equal protection of laws . Most important , they authorized the federal government to intervene when states did not act . Grant 's new Justice Department prosecuted thousands of Klansmen under the tough new laws . Grant sent federal troops to nine South Carolina counties to suppress Klan violence in 1871 . Grant supported passage of the Fifteenth Amendment stating that no state could deny a man the right to vote on the basis of race . Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 giving people access to public facilities regardless of race . To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of New York City , Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed , uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the 1870 and subsequent elections . Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant 's entire set of policies . On October 21 , 1876 President Grant deployed troops to protect black and white Republican voters in Petersburg , Virginia . Grant 's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South . By 1870 , most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved , and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies . Congressional investigation ( 1871 -- 1872 ) ( edit ) On April 20 , 1871 , the U.S. Congress launched a 21 - member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states : North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida . Congressional members on the committee included Rep. Benjamin Butler , Sen. Zachariah Chandler , and Sen. Francis P. Blair . Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states . Those interviewed included top - ranking officials , such as Wade Hampton , former South Carolina Gov. James L. Orr , and Nathan B. Forrest , a former Confederate general and ( alleged ) prominent Ku Klux Klan leader ( Forrest denied in his Congressional testimony being a member ) . Other southerners interviewed included farmers , doctors , merchants , teachers , and clergymen . The committee heard numerous reports of white violence against blacks , while many whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent activities . The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern `` conspiracy '' to resist violently the Congressional Reconstruction . The committee completed its 13 - volume report in February 1872 . While Grant had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts , other paramilitary insurgents organized , including the White League in 1874 , active in Louisiana ; and the Red Shirts , with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas . They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by blacks , leading to white Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to - late 1870s . African - American officeholders ( edit ) Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures , except for Virginia . The Republican coalition elected numerous African Americans to local , state , and national offices ; though they did not dominate any electoral offices , black men as representatives voting in state and federal legislatures marked a drastic social change . At the beginning of 1867 , no African American in the South held political office , but within three or four years `` about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were black -- a larger proportion than in 1990 . '' Most of those offices were at the local level . In 1860 blacks constituted the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina , 47 % in Louisiana , 45 % in Alabama , and 44 % in Georgia and Florida , so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population . About 137 black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War . Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era . Others were free blacks before the war , who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere . Other African - American men elected to office were already leaders in their communities , including a number of preachers . As happened in white communities , not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy . Race of delegates to 1867 state constitutional conventions State White Black % White Statewide white population ( % in 1870 ) Virginia 80 25 76 58 North Carolina 107 13 89 63 South Carolina 48 76 39 41 Georgia 133 33 80 54 Florida 28 18 61 51 Alabama 92 16 85 52 Mississippi 68 17 80 46 Louisiana 25 44 36 50 Texas 81 9 90 69 There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office . African Americans voted for both white and black candidates . The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race , color or previous condition of servitude . From 1868 on , campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as white insurgents and paramilitary tried to suppress the black vote , and fraud was rampant . Many Congressional elections in the South were contested . Even states with majority African - American population often elected only one or two African - American representatives to Congress . Exceptions included South Carolina ; at the end of Reconstruction , four of its five Congressmen were African American . African Americans in Office 1870 -- 1876 State State Legislators U.S. Senators U.S. Congressmen Alabama 69 0 Arkansas 8 0 0 Florida 30 0 Georgia 41 0 Louisiana 87 0 1 * Mississippi 112 North Carolina 30 0 South Carolina 190 0 6 Tennessee 0 0 Texas 19 0 0 Virginia 46 0 0 Total 633 15 Social and economic factors ( edit ) Organized religion ( edit ) Eastman Johnson 's 1863 painting The Lord is My Shepherd , of a man reading the Bible Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches , mostly Baptist or Methodist , and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles . In a process of self - segregation , practically all blacks left white churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained ( apart from some Catholic churches in Louisiana ) . They started many new black Baptist churches and soon , new black state associations . Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen . They were the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church , both independent black denominations founded in Philadelphia and New York , respectively ; the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church ( which was sponsored by the white Methodist Episcopal Church , South ) and the well - funded Methodist Episcopal Church ( Northern white Methodists ) . The Methodist Church had split before the war due to disagreements about slavery . By 1871 the Northern Methodists had 88,000 black members in the South , and had opened numerous schools for them . Blacks in the South made up a core element of the Republican Party . Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on white support , in contrast to teachers , politicians , businessmen , and tenant farmers . Acting on the principle as stated by Charles H. Pearce , an AME minister in Florida : `` A man in this State can not do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people , '' more than 100 black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction , as well as several to Congress and one , Hiram Revels , to the U.S. Senate . In a highly controversial action during the war , the Northern Methodists used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities , over the vehement protests of the Southern Methodists . Historian Ralph Morrow reports : A War Department order of November , 1863 , applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy , authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy `` all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister , appointed by a loyal bishop of said church , does not officiate . '' Across the North most evangelical denominations , especially the Methodists , Congregationalists and Presbyterians , as well as the Quakers , strongly supported Radical policies . The focus on social problems paved the way for the Social Gospel movement . Matthew Simpson , a Methodist bishop , played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause . His biographer calls him the `` High Priest of the Radical Republicans . '' The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston , meeting two weeks after Lincoln 's assassination , called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership : Resolved , That no terms should be made with traitors , no compromise with rebels ... That we hold the National authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law , and when they are clearly convicted , to execute them . The denominations all sent missionaries , teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen . Only the Methodists made many converts , however . Activists sponsored by Northern Methodist Church played a major role in the Freedmen 's Bureau , notably in such key educational roles as the Bureau 's state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia , Florida , Alabama , and South Carolina . Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms . Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black Baptist sermons in Alabama . White Baptists expressed the view that : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black Baptists interpreted the Civil War , emancipation and Reconstruction as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Public schools ( edit ) Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners `` to campaign for universal , state - supported public education . '' Blacks in the Republican coalition played a critical role in establishing the principle in state constitutions for the first time during congressional Reconstruction . Some slaves had learned to read from white playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law ; African Americans started `` native schools '' before the end of the war ; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy . When they gained suffrage , black politicians took this commitment to public education to state constitutional conventions . The Republicans created a system of public schools , which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans . Generally , elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities , and occasionally in the countryside , but the South had few cities . The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools . In the country , the public school was often a one - room affair that attracted about half the younger children . The teachers were poorly paid , and their pay was often in arrears . Conservatives contended the rural schools were too expensive and unnecessary for a region where the vast majority of people were cotton or tobacco farmers . They had no vision of a better future for their residents . One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because `` poverty , the inability of the states to collect taxes , and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools . '' After Reconstruction ended and the whites disfranchised the blacks and imposed Jim Crow , they consistently underfunded black institutions , including the schools . After the war , northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges for freedmen across the South . In addition , every state founded state colleges for freedmen , such as Alcorn State University in Mississippi . The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African - American children under the segregated system . By the end of the century , the majority of African Americans were literate . In the late 19th century , the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States . Learning that blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South , in 1890 the federal government insisted that southern states establish black state institutions as land grant colleges to provide for black higher education , in order to continue to receive funds for their already established white schools . Some states classified their black state colleges as land grant institutions . Former Congressman John Roy Lynch wrote , `` there are very many liberal , fair - minded and influential Democrats in the State ( Mississippi ) who are strongly in favor of having the State provide for the liberal education of both races . '' Railroad subsidies and payoffs ( edit ) Atlanta 's rail yard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War Every Southern state subsidized railroads , which modernizers believed could haul the South out of isolation and poverty . Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed . One ring in North Carolina spent $200,000 in bribing the legislature and obtained millions in state money for its railroads . Instead of building new track , however , it used the funds to speculate in bonds , reward friends with extravagant fees , and enjoy lavish trips to Europe . Taxes were quadrupled across the South to pay off the railroad bonds and the school costs . There were complaints among taxpayers , because taxes had historically been low , as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education . Taxes historically had been much lower in the South than in the North , reflecting the lack of government investment by the communities . Nevertheless , thousands of miles of lines were built as the Southern system expanded from 11,000 miles ( 17,700 km ) in 1870 to 29,000 miles ( 46,700 km ) in 1890 . The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners . Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region . Passengers were few , however , and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested , there was little freight traffic . As Franklin explains , `` numerous railroads fed at the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds . '' The effect , according to one businessman , `` was to drive capital from the State , paralyze industry , and demoralize labor . '' Taxation during Reconstruction ( edit ) Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South . In the U.S. from the earliest days until today , a major source of state revenue was the property tax . In the South , wealthy landowners were allowed to self - assess the value of their own land . These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless , and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation . State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions . Some states assessed property owners by a combination of land value and a capitation tax , a tax on each worker employed . This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market , where a slave was assessed at 75 cents , while a free white was assessed at a dollar or more , and a free African American at $3 or more . Some revenue also came from poll taxes . These taxes were more than poor people could pay , with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote . During Reconstruction , the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments : establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure , as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums . The needed to increase taxes which were abnormally low . The planters had provided privately for their own needs . There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years ; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits , forced the states to increase property tax rates . In places , the rate went up to ten times higher -- despite the poverty of the region . The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war . In part , the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes . The taxes would serve as a market - based system for redistributing the land to the landless freedmen and white poor . Mississippi , for instance , was mostly frontier , with 90 % of the bottomlands in the interior undeveloped . The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi . Note that many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table . These taxes were still levied upon the landowners ' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land , which remained the dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century . State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction Year South Carolina Mississippi 1869 5 mills ( 0.5 % ) 1 mill ( 0.1 % ) ( lowest rate between 1822 and 1898 ) 1870 9 mills 5 mills 1871 7 mills 4 mills 1872 12 mills 8.5 mills 1873 12 mills 12.5 mills 1874 10.3 -- 8 mills 14 mills ( 1.4 % ) `` a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation '' ( highest rate between 1822 and 1898 ) 1875 11 mills 1876 7 mills Source J.S. Reynolds , Reconstruction in South Carolina , 1865 -- 1877 ( Columbia , SC : The State Co. , 1905 ) , p. 329 . J.H. Hollander , Studies in State Taxation with Particular Reference to the Southern States ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1900 ) , p. 192 . Called upon to pay taxes on their property , essentially for the first time , angry plantation owners revolted . The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes . Former Congressman John R. Lynch , a black Republican leader from Mississippi , later wrote , `` The argument made by the taxpayers , however , was plausible and it may be conceded that , upon the whole , they were about right ; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest - bearing debt of the State than to have increased the tax rate . The latter course , however , had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them . '' Ending Reconstruction ( edit ) Southern Democrats ( edit ) Winslow Homer 's 1876 painting A Visit from the Old Mistress While the `` Scalawag '' element of Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights , the conservative whites typically opposed these measures . Some supported armed attacks to suppress black power . They self - consciously defended their own actions within the framework of an Anglo - American discourse of resistance against tyrannical government , and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow white citizens says Steedman . The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties , affiliated with the national Democratic party and often named the `` Conservative party . '' They supported or tolerated violent paramilitary groups , such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , that assassinated and intimidated both black and white Republican leaders at election time . Historian George C. Rable called such groups the `` military arm of the Democratic Party . '' By the mid-1870s , the Conservatives and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party , which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs . Historian Walter Lynwood Fleming , associated with the early 20th - century Dunning School , describes the mounting anger of Southern whites : The Negro troops , even at their best , were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites ... The Negro soldier , impudent by reason of his new freedom , his new uniform , and his new gun , was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear , and race conflicts were frequent . Often , these white Southerners identified as the `` Conservative Party '' or the `` Democratic and Conservative Party '' in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs . These parties sent delegates to the 1868 Democratic National Convention and abandoned their separate names by 1873 or 1874 . Most ( white ) members of both the planter / business class and common farmer class of the South opposed black power , carpetbaggers and military rule , and sought white supremacy . Democrats nominated some blacks for political office and tried to steal other blacks from the Republican side . When these attempts to combine with the blacks failed , the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments . The planters and their business allies dominated the self - styled `` conservative '' coalition that finally took control in the South . They were paternalistic toward the blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development . Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as `` good , '' and the later ones as `` both good and bad . '' According to Fleming ( 1907 ) , the KKK `` quieted the Negroes , made life and property safer , gave protection to women , stopped burnings , forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate , made the Negroes work better , drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy . '' The evil result , Fleming said , was that lawless elements `` made use of the organization as a cloak to cover their misdeeds ... the lynching habits of today ( 1907 ) are largely due to conditions , social and legal , growing out of Reconstruction . '' Historians have noted that the peak of lynchings took place near the turn of the century , decades after Reconstruction ended , as whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and passing new state constitutions that disenfranchised the blacks . The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control , with a frequency associated with economic stresses and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season , than for any other reason . Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer ( a northern scholar ) in 1917 explained : Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty . Their sufferings were many . But white men , too , were victims of lawless violence , and in all portions of the North and the late `` rebel '' states . Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets , the breaking of skulls with sticks and stones , the firing of rival club - houses . Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia , amid revolver shots and brickbats , to save the negroes from the `` rebel '' savages in Alabama ... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people -- for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large . As Reconstruction continued , whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress black voting . The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American , as in the Colfax Massacre of 1873 . After federal suppression of the Klan in the early 1870s , white insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces . In 1874 in the Battle of Liberty Place , the White League entered New Orleans with 5,000 members and defeated the police and militia , to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of William Kellogg , but retreated before federal troops reached the city . None were prosecuted . Their election - time tactics included violent intimidation of African - American and Republican voters prior to elections , while avoiding conflict with the U.S. Army or the state militias , and then withdrawing completely on election day . Conservative reaction continued in both the north and south ; the `` white liners '' movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875 . Redemption 1873 -- 77 ( edit ) Main article : Redeemers Republicans split nationally : election of 1872 ( edit ) As early as 1868 Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , a leading Radical during the war , concluded that : Congress was right in not limiting , by its reconstruction acts , the right of suffrage to whites ; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath , and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace . There should have been as little military government as possible ; no military commissions ; no classes excluded from suffrage ; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws , and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States . By 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans , including many Radicals , by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South . The opponents , called `` Liberal Republicans '' , included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption . They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of whites against blacks in the South , especially around every election cycle , which demonstrated the war was not over and changes were fragile . Leaders included editors of some of the nation 's most powerful newspapers . Charles Sumner , embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration , joined the new party , which nominated editor Horace Greeley . The badly organized Democratic party also supported Greeley . Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the `` Stalwart '' faction of his party ( which depended on his patronage ) , and the Southern Republican parties . Grant won with 55.6 % of the vote to Greeley 's 43.8 % . The Liberal Republican party vanished and many former supporters -- even former abolitionists -- abandoned the cause of Reconstruction . Republican coalition splinters in South ( edit ) In the South , political -- racial tensions built up inside the Republican party as they were attacked by the Democrats . In 1868 , Georgia Democrats , with support from some Republicans , expelled all 28 black Republican members from the state house , arguing blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold office . In most states , the more conservative scalawags fought for control with the more radical carpetbaggers and their black allies . Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags -- only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers . White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers , which survived through government patronage . Nevertheless , in the increasingly bitter battles inside the Republican Party , the scalawags usually lost ; many of the disgruntled losers switched over to the conservative or Democratic side . In Mississippi , the conservative faction led by scalawag James Lusk Alcorn was decisively defeated by the radical faction led by carpetbagger Adelbert Ames . The party lost support steadily as many scalawags left it ; few recruits were acquired . The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas , where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets ; no actual combat took place in the Brooks -- Baxter War . The carpetbagger faction led by Elisha Baxter finally prevailed when the White House intervened , but both sides were badly weakened , and the Democrats soon came to power . Meanwhile , in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage , squeezing out carpetbagger allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion . By the mid-1870s , `` The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that black constituents needed to be represented by black officials . '' The financial depression increased the pressure on Reconstruction governments , dissolving progress . Finally , some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats , as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land . The South was `` sparsely settled '' ; only 10 % of Louisiana was cultivated , and 90 % of Mississippi bottomland were undeveloped in areas away from the riverfronts , but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started . They hoped government would help them acquire land which they would work . Only South Carolina created any land redistribution , establishing a land commission and resettling about 14,000 freedmen families and some poor whites on land purchased by the state . Although historians such as W.E.B. Du Bois celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor whites and blacks , such coalitions rarely formed in these years . Writing in 1915 , former Congressman Lynch , recalling his experience as a black leader in Mississippi , explained that , While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites , it must be admitted that , with very few exceptions , that class of whites did not seek , and did not seem to desire such an alliance . Lynch reported that poor whites resented the job competition from freedmen . Furthermore , the poor whites with a few exceptions , were less efficient , less capable , and knew less about matters of state and governmental administration than many of the former slaves ... As a rule , therefore , the whites that came into the leadership of the Republican party between 1872 and 1875 were representatives of the most substantial families of the land . Democrats try a `` new Departure '' ( edit ) Main article : New Departure ( Democrats ) A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence by Thomas Nast A political cartoon about the ( Wheeler ) Compromise in Louisiana published in Harper 's Weekly March 6 , 1875 By 1870 , the Democratic -- Conservative leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues . The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress open anti-black violence . Democrats in the North concurred with these Southern Democrats . They wanted to fight the Republican Party on economic grounds rather than race . The New Departure offered the chance for a clean slate without having to re-fight the Civil War every election . Furthermore , many wealthy Southern landowners thought they could control part of the newly enfranchised black electorate to their own advantage . Not all Democrats agreed ; an insurgent element continued to resist Reconstruction no matter what . Eventually , a group called `` Redeemers '' took control of the party in the Southern states . They formed coalitions with conservative Republicans , including scalawags and carpetbaggers , emphasizing the need for economic modernization . Railroad building was seen as a panacea since northern capital was needed . The new tactics were a success in Virginia where William Mahone built a winning coalition . In Tennessee , the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican governor DeWitt Senter . Across the South , some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption , charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient . With continuing decrease in cotton prices , taxes squeezed cash - poor farmers who rarely saw $20 in currency a year but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farm . But major planters , who had never paid taxes before , often recovered their property even after confiscation . In North Carolina , Republican Governor William Woods Holden used state troops against the Klan , but the prisoners were released by federal judges . Holden became the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office . Republican political disputes in Georgia split the party and enabled the Redeemers to take over . In the North , a live - and - let - live attitude made elections more like a sporting contest . But in the Deep South , many white citizens had not reconciled with the defeat of the war or the granting of citizenship to freedmen . As an Alabama scalawag explained , Our contest here is for life , for the right to earn our bread ... for a decent and respectful consideration as human beings and members of society . Panic of 1873 ( edit ) Main article : Panic of 1873 The Panic of 1873 ( a depression ) hit the Southern economy hard and disillusioned many Republicans who had gambled that railroads would pull the South out of its poverty . The price of cotton fell by half ; many small landowners , local merchants and cotton factors ( wholesalers ) went bankrupt . Sharecropping for black and white farmers became more common as a way to spread the risk of owning land . The old abolitionist element in the North was aging away , or had lost interest , and was not replenished . Many carpetbaggers returned to the North or joined the Redeemers . Blacks had an increased voice in the Republican Party , but across the South it was divided by internal bickering and was rapidly losing its cohesion . Many local black leaders started emphasizing individual economic progress in cooperation with white elites , rather than racial political progress in opposition to them , a conservative attitude that foreshadowed Booker T. Washington . Nationally , President Grant was blamed for the depression ; the Republican Party lost 96 seats in all parts of the country in the 1874 elections . The Bourbon Democrats took control of the House and were confident of electing Samuel J. Tilden president in 1876 . President Grant was not running for re-election and seemed to be losing interest in the South . States fell to the Redeemers , with only four in Republican hands in 1873 , Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina ; Arkansas then fell after the violent Brooks -- Baxter War in 1874 ripped apart the Republican party there . Violence ( edit ) In the lower South , violence increased as new insurgent groups arose , including the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , and the White League in Louisiana . The disputed election in Louisiana in 1872 found both Republican and Democratic candidates holding inaugural balls while returns were reviewed . Both certified their own slates for local parish offices in many places , causing local tensions to rise . Finally , Federal support helped certify the Republican as governor . Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate . In rural Grant Parish in Red River Valley , freedmen fearing a Democratic attempt to take over the parish government reinforced defenses at the small Colfax courthouse in late March . White militias gathered from the area a few miles outside the settlement . Rumors and fears abounded on both sides . William Ward , an African - American Union veteran and militia captain , mustered his company in Colfax and went to the courthouse . On Easter Sunday , April 13 , 1873 , the whites attacked the defenders at the courthouse . There was confusion about who shot one of the white leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender . It was a catalyst to mayhem . In the end , three whites died and 120 -- 150 blacks were killed , some 50 that evening while being held as prisoners . The disproportionate numbers of black to white fatalities and documentation of brutalized bodies are why contemporary historians call it the Colfax Massacre rather than the Colfax Riot , as it was known locally . This marked the beginning of heightened insurgency and attacks on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Louisiana and other Deep South states . In Louisiana , Judge T.S. Crawford and District Attorney P.H. Harris of the 12th Judicial District were shot off their horses and killed from ambush October 8 , 1873 , while going to court . One widow wrote to the Department of Justice that her husband was killed because he was a Union man and `` ... of the efforts made to screen those who committed a crime ... '' Political violence was endemic in Louisiana . In 1874 the white militias coalesced into paramilitary organizations such as the White League , first in parishes of the Red River Valley . The new organization operated openly and had political goals : the violent overthrow of Republican rule and suppression of black voting . White League chapters soon rose in many rural parishes , receiving financing for advanced weaponry from wealthy men . In the Coushatta Massacre in 1874 , the White League assassinated six white Republican officeholders and five to twenty black witnesses outside Coushatta , Red River Parish . Four of the white men were related to the Republican representative of the parish , who was married to a local woman ; three were native to the region . White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia , Battle of Liberty Place , 1874 Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana , in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election . It brought 5000 troops to New Orleans to engage and overwhelm forces of the Metropolitan Police and state militia to turn Republican Governor William P. Kellogg out of office and seat John McEnery . The White League took over and held the state house and city hall , but they retreated before the arrival of reinforcing Federal troops . Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before , and Grant finally responded , sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley , although 2,000 troops were already in the state . Similarly , the Red Shirts , another paramilitary group , arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas . Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs , to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone , these groups operated as a `` military arm of the Democratic Party '' , to restore white supremacy . Democrats and many northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead -- the war goals were achieved -- and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historic Republican values . The victory of Rutherford Hayes in the hotly contested Ohio gubernatorial election of 1875 indicated his `` let alone '' policy toward the South would become Republican policy , as happened when he won the 1876 Republican nomination for president . An explosion of violence accompanied the campaign for the Mississippi 's 1875 election , in which Red Shirts and Democratic rifle clubs , operating in the open , threatened or shot enough Republicans to decide the election for the Democrats . Hundreds of black men were killed . Republican Governor Adelbert Ames asked Grant for federal troops to fight back ; Grant initially refused , saying public opinion was `` tired out '' of the perpetual troubles in the South . Ames fled the state as the Democrats took over Mississippi . The campaigns and elections of 1876 were marked by additional murders and attacks on Republicans in Louisiana , North and South Carolina , and Florida . In South Carolina the campaign season of 1876 was marked by murderous outbreaks and fraud against freedmen . Red Shirts paraded with arms behind Democratic candidates ; they killed blacks in the Hamburg and Ellenton SC massacres ; and one historian estimated 150 blacks were killed in the weeks before the 1876 election across South Carolina . Red Shirts prevented almost all black voting in two majority - black counties . The Red Shirts were also active in North Carolina . Election of 1876 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1876 Reconstruction continued in South Carolina , Louisiana and Florida until 1877 . The elections of 1876 were accompanied by heightened violence across the Deep South . A combination of ballot stuffing and intimidating blacks suppressed their vote even in majority black counties . The White League was active in Louisiana . After Republican Rutherford Hayes won the disputed 1876 presidential election , the national Compromise of 1877 was reached . The white Democrats in the South agreed to accept Hayes 's victory if he withdrew the last Federal troops . By this point , the North was weary of insurgency . White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas . Blacks considered Reconstruction a failure because the Federal government withdrew from enforcing their ability to exercise their rights as citizens . Hayes Ends Reconstruction ( edit ) Main articles : Electoral Commission ( United States ) and Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes 19th President of the United States 1877 -- 1881 On January 29 , 1877 President Grant signed the Electoral Commission Act which set up a 15 - member commission to settle the disputed 1876 election of 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats . The Electoral Commission awarded Rutherford B. Hayes the electoral votes he needed ; Congress certified he had won by one electoral vote . The Democrats had little leverage -- they could delay Hayes ' election but they could not put their man ( Tilden ) in the White House . However they agreed not to block Hayes ' inauguration based on a `` back room '' deal . Key to this deal was the understanding that federal troops would no longer interfere in southern politics despite substantial election - associated violence against blacks . The Southern states indicated that they would protect the lives of African Americans although this obviously turned out to be far from reliable . Hayes 's friends also let it be known that he would promote Federal aid for internal improvements , including help for a railroad in Texas ( this never happened ) and name a Southerner to his cabinet ( this did happen ) . With the end to the political role of Northern troops , the President had no method to enforce Reconstruction , thus this `` back room '' deal signaled the end of American Reconstruction . After assuming office on March 4 , 1877 , President Hayes removed troops from the capitals of the remaining Reconstruction states , Louisiana and South Carolina , allowing the Redeemers to have full control of these states . President Grant had already removed troops from Florida , before Hayes was inaugurated , and troops from the other Reconstruction states had long since been withdrawn . Hayes appointed David M. Key from Tennessee , a Southern Democrat , to the position of Postmaster General . By 1879 , thousands of African - American `` Exodusters '' packed up and headed to new opportunities in Kansas . The Democrats gained control of the Senate , and had complete control of Congress , having taken over the House in 1875 . Hayes vetoed bills from the Democrats that outlawed the Republican Enforcement Acts ; however , with the military underfunded , Hayes could not adequately enforce these laws . Blacks remained involved in Southern politics , particularly in Virginia , which was run by the biracial Readjuster Party . Numerous blacks were elected to local office through the 1880s , and in the 1890s in some states , biracial coalitions of Populists and Republicans briefly held control of state legislatures . In the last decade of the 19th century , southern states elected five black U.S. Congressmen before disfranchising constitutions were passed throughout the former Confederacy . Legacy and historiography ( edit ) The interpretation of Reconstruction has been a topic of controversy . Nearly all historians hold that Reconstruction ended in failure but for very different reasons . The first generation of Northern historians believed that the former Confederates were traitors and Johnson was their ally who threatened to undo the Union 's constitutional achievements . By the 1880s , however , Northern historians argued that Johnson and his allies were not traitors but had blundered badly in rejecting the 14th Amendment and setting the stage for Radical Reconstruction . The black leader Booker T. Washington , who grew up in West Virginia during Reconstruction , concluded later that , `` the Reconstruction experiment in racial democracy failed because it began at the wrong end , emphasizing political means and civil rights acts rather than economic means and self - determination . '' His solution was to concentrate on building the economic infrastructure of the black community , in part by his leadership and the southern Tuskegee Institute . Dunning school : 1900 to 1920s ( edit ) The Dunning School of scholars were trained at the history department of Columbia University under Professor William A. Dunning analyzed Reconstruction as a failure after 1866 for different reasons . They claimed that Congress took freedoms and rights from qualified whites and gave them to unqualified blacks who were being duped by corrupt `` carpetbaggers and scalawags . '' As T. Harry Williams ( who was a sharp critic of the Dunning school ) notes , the Dunningites portrayed the era in stark terms : Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes : the Democrats , as the group which included the vast majority of the whites , standing for decent government and racial supremacy , versus the Republicans , the Negroes , alien carpetbaggers , and renegade scalawags , standing for dishonest government and alien ideals . These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black . Revisionists and beardians , 1930s -- 1940s ( edit ) In the 1930s , historical revisionism became popular among scholars . As disciples of Charles A. Beard , revisionists focused on economics , downplaying politics and constitutional issues . The central figure was a young scholar at the University Wisconsin , Howard K. Beale , who in his PhD dissertation , finished in 1924 , developed a complex new interpretation of Reconstruction . The Dunning School portrayed Freedmen as mere pawns in the hands of the Carpetbaggers . Beale argued that the Carpetbaggers themselves were pawns in the hands of northern industrialists , who were the real villains of Reconstruction . These industrialists had taken control of the nation during the Civil War , and set up high tariffs to protect their profits , as well as a lucrative national banking system and a railroad network fueled by government subsidies and secret payoffs . The return to power of the southern whites would seriously threaten all their gains , and so the ex-Confederates had to be kept out of power . The tool used by the industrialists was the combination of the Northern Republican Party and sufficient Southern support using Carpetbaggers and black voters . The rhetoric of civil rights for blacks , and the dream of equality , was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters . Beale called it `` claptrap , '' arguing , `` Constitutional discussions of the rights of the negro , the status of Southern states , the legal position of ex-rebels , and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing . They were pure sham . '' President Andrew Johnson had tried , and failed , to stop the juggernaut of the industrialists . The Dunning school had praised Johnson for upholding the rights of the white men in the South and endorsing white supremacy . Beale was not a racist , and indeed was one of the most vigorous historians working for black civil rights in the 1930s and 1940s . In his view , Johnson was not a hero for his racism , but rather for his forlorn battle against the industrialists . Charles A. Beard and Mary Beard had already published The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) three years before Beale , and had given very wide publicity to a similar theme . The Beard - Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as `` revisionism , '' and replaced the Dunning school for most historians , until the 1950s . The Beardian interpretation of the causes of the Civil War downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . It ignored constitutional issues of states rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict , as the Beards explained in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , the Civil War was really a : Social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards were especially interested in the Reconstruction era , as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the southern aristocracy . Historian Richard Hofstadter paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory : the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program , quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs , banking , homesteads , and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development . Solicitude for the Freedman had little to do with northern policies . The Fourteenth Amendment , which gave the Negro his citizenship , Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsman friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong the protection to business corporations against regulation by state government . Wisconsin historian William Hesseltine added the point that the Northeastern businessmen wanted to control the Southern economy directly , which they did through ownership of the railroads . The Beard - Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists fell apart in the 1950s when it was closely examined by numerous historians , including Robert P. Sharkey , Irwin Unger , and Stanley Coben . The younger scholars conclusively demonstrated that there was no unified economic policy on the part of the dominant Republican Party . Some wanted high tariffs and some low . Some wanted Greenbacks and others wanted gold . There was no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose any such unified economic policy on the nation . Northern businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy , and seldom paid attention to Reconstruction issues . Furthermore , the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the Freedman was not claptrap but deeply held and very serious political philosophy . Black historians ( edit ) The black scholar W.E.B. Du Bois , in his Black Reconstruction in America , 1860 -- 1880 , published in 1935 , compared results across the states to show achievements by the Reconstruction legislatures and to refute claims about wholesale African - American control of governments . He showed black contributions , as in the establishment of universal public education , charitable and social institutions and universal suffrage as important results , and he noted their collaboration with whites . He also pointed out that whites benefited most by the financial deals made , and he put excesses in the perspective of the war 's aftermath . He noted that despite complaints , several states kept their Reconstruction constitutions for nearly a quarter of a century . Despite receiving favorable reviews , his work was largely ignored by white historians of his time . Neo-abolitionists ( edit ) In the 1960s neoabolitionist historians emerged , led by John Hope Franklin , Kenneth Stampp , Leon Litwack , and Eric Foner . Influenced by the Civil Rights Movement , they rejected the Dunning school and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction . Foner , the primary advocate of this view , argued that it was never truly completed , and that a `` Second Reconstruction '' was needed in the late 20th century to complete the goal of full equality for African Americans . The neo-abolitionists followed the revisionists in minimizing the corruption and waste created by Republican state governments , saying it was no worse than Boss Tweed 's ring in New York City . Instead , they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal and a grave corruption of America 's republican ideals . They argued that the tragedy of Reconstruction was not that it failed because blacks were incapable of governing , especially as they did not dominate any state government , but that it failed because whites raised an insurgent movement to restore white supremacy . White elite - dominated state legislatures passed disfranchising constitutions from 1890 to 1908 that effectively barred most blacks and many poor whites from voting . This disfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century , and closed African Americans and poor whites out of the political process in the South . Re-establishment of white supremacy meant that within a decade African Americans were excluded from virtually all local , state and federal governance in all states of the South . Lack of representation meant that they were treated as second - class citizens , with schools and services consistently underfunded in segregated societies , no representation on juries or in law enforcement , and bias in other legislation . It was not until the Civil Rights Movement and the passage in 1964 and 1965 of Federal legislation that outlawed segregation and restored the suffrage under what is sometimes referred to as the `` Second Reconstruction . '' In 1990 Eric Foner concluded that from the black point of view , `` Reconstruction must be judged a failure . '' Foner stated Reconstruction was `` a noble if flawed experiment , the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States '' . The many factors contributing to the failure included : lack of a permanent federal agency specifically designed for the enforcement of civil rights ; the Morrison R. Waite Supreme Court decisions that dismantled previous congressional civil rights legislation ; and the economic reestablishment of conservative white planters in the South by 1877 . Historian William McFeely explained that although the constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation on their own merit were remarkable achievements , no permanent government agency whose specific purpose was civil rights enforcement had been created . More recent work by Nina Silber , David W. Blight , Cecelia O'Leary , Laura Edwards , LeeAnn Whites and Edward J. Blum , has encouraged greater attention to race , religion and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century , while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson , Gaines Foster , W. Scott Poole and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern `` Lost Cause '' . Dating the end of the Reconstruction era ( edit ) While 1877 is the usual date given for the end of Reconstruction , some historians extend the era to the 1890s . Economic role of race ( edit ) Economists and economic historians have different interpretations of the economic impact of race on the postwar Southern economy . In 1995 , Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association , who studied American history in all time periods . He asked whether they wholly or partly accepted , or rejected , 40 propositions in the scholarly literature about American economic history . The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came with questions on competition and race . For example , the proposition originally put forward by Robert Higgs , `` in the postbellum South economic competition among whites played an important part in protecting blacks from racial coercion '' was accepted in whole or part by 66 % of the economists , but by only 22 % of the historians . Whaples says this highlights , `` A recurring difference dividing historians and economists . The economists have more faith in the power of the competitive market . For example , they see the competitive market as protecting disfranchised blacks and are less likely to accept the idea that there was exploitation by merchant monopolists . '' The `` failure '' issue ( edit ) Reconstruction is widely considered a failure , though the reason for this is a matter of controversy . The Dunning School considered failure inevitable because it felt that taking the right to vote or hold office away from Southern whites was a violation of republicanism . A second school sees the reason for failure as Northern Republicans ' lack of effectiveness in guaranteeing political rights to blacks . A third school blames the failure on not giving land to the freedmen so they could have their own economic base of power . A fourth school sees the major reason for the failure of reconstruction as the states ' inability to suppress the violence of Southern whites when they sought reversal for blacks ' gains . Etcheson ( 2009 ) points to the `` violence that crushed black aspirations and the abandonment by Northern whites of Southern Republicans . '' Etcheson wrote that it is hard to see Reconstruction `` as concluding in anything but failure . '' Etcheson adds , `` W.E.B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in Black Reconstruction in America ( 1935 ) : ' The slave went free ; stood a brief moment in the sun ; then moved back again toward slavery . ' '' Other historians emphasize the failure to fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the Republican coalition . Historian Donald R. Shaffer maintained that the gains during Reconstruction for African Americans were not entirely extinguished . The legalization of African - American marriages and families and the independence of black churches from white denominations were a source of strength during the Jim Crow era . Reconstruction was never forgotten within the black community and it remained a source of inspiration . The system of sharecropping granted blacks a considerable amount of freedom as compared to slavery . However , in 2014 historian Mark Summers argues that the `` failure '' question should be looked at from the viewpoint of the war goals ; in that case , he argues : If we see Reconstruction 's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be fulfilled , of a Union held together forever , of a North and South able to work together , of slavery extirpated , and sectional rivalries confined , of the permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to state sovereignty , backed by armed force , then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was , a lasting and unappreciated success . In popular Culture ( edit ) The journalist Joel Chandler Harris , writing as `` Joe Harris '' for the Atlanta Constitution ( mostly after Reconstruction ) , tried to advance racial and sectional reconciliation in the late 19th century . He supported Henry Grady 's vision of a New South during Grady 's time as editor from 1880 to 1889 . Harris wrote many editorials encouraging southern acceptance of the changed conditions and some Northern influence , although he also asserted his belief that it should proceed under white supremacy . In popular literature , two early 20th - century novels by Thomas Dixon -- The Clansman ( 1905 ) and The Leopard 's Spots : A Romance of the White Man 's Burden -- 1865 -- 1900 ( 1902 ) -- romanticized white resistance to Northern / black coercion , hailing vigilante action by the Ku Klux Klan . D.W. Griffith adapted Dixon 's The Clansman for the screen in his anti-Republican movie The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) ; it stimulated the formation of the 20th - century version of the KKK . Many other authors romanticized the benevolence of slavery and the élite world of the antebellum plantations in memoirs and histories published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and the United Daughters of the Confederacy promoted influential works by women in these genres . Reconstruction state - by - state -- significant dates ( edit ) Only Georgia has a separate article about its experiences under Reconstruction . The other state names below link to a specific section in the state history article about the Reconstruction era . Reconstruction in each State Declared Secession Joined Confederacy Readmitted to Congress Democratic Party Establishes Control South Carolina December 20 , 1860 February 4 , 1861 July 9 , 1868 April 11 , 1877 Mississippi January 9 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 February 23 , 1870 January 4 , 1876 Florida January 10 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Alabama January 11 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 14 , 1868 November 16 , 1874 Georgia January 19 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 15 , 1870 November 1 , 1871 Louisiana January 26 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 ( or July 9 ) , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Texas February 1 , 1861 March 2 , 1861 March 30 , 1870 January 14 , 1873 Virginia April 17 , 1861 May 7 , 1861 January 26 , 1870 October 5 , 1869 Arkansas May 6 , 1861 May 18 , 1861 June 22 , 1868 November 10 , 1874 North Carolina May 20 , 1861 May 21 , 1861 July 4 , 1868 November 28 , 1870 Tennessee June 8 , 1861 May 16 , 1861 July 24 , 1866 October 4 , 1869 See also ( edit ) United States portal History portal Reconstruction Era National Monument Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The First Vote '' by William Waud Harpers Weekly Nov. 16 , 1867 Jump up ^ Blight , David W. Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory . Cambridge , MA : Belknap of Harvard UP , 2001 . Print . Jump up ^ James M. Campbell & Rebecca J. Fraser ( 2008 ) . Reconstruction : People and Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . p. 15 . Jump up ^ John C. Rodrigue ( 2001 ) . Reconstruction in the Cane Fields : From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana 's Sugar Parishes , 1862 -- 1880 . LSU Press . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford UP . p. 526 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p 604 reprinted in Francis G. Couvares , ed. , ( 2000 ) . Interpretations of American History Vol . I Through Reconstruction ( 7th ed . ) . p. 409 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p xxv . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh ; Donald T. Critchlow ; Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . America 's Promise : A Concise History of the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , Eric ( Winter 2009 ) . `` If Lincoln had n't died ... '' American Heritage Magazine . 58 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Except in Tennessee , where anti-Johnson Republicans already were in control . Jump up ^ Not including Virginia . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Baker , What Reconstruction Meant : Historical Memory in the American South ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ A somewhat similar `` reconstruction '' process took place in the border states of Missouri , Kentucky and West Virginia , but they had never left the Union and were never controlled by Congress . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War ( 2007 ) , p. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Alexander , `` Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South , 1860 -- 1877 '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1961 ) 27 # 3 pp. 305 -- 329 JSTOR 2205211 . Jump up ^ Allen W. Trelease , `` Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina : A Roll - Call Analysis of the State House of Representatives , 1866 -- 1870 '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1976 ) 42 # 3 pp 319 -- 344 JSTOR 2207155 . ^ Jump up to : Paul F. Paskoff , `` Measures of War : A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War 's Destructiveness in the Confederacy , '' Civil War History ( 2008 ) 54 # 1 pp 35 -- 62 doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2008.0007 ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine , A History of the South , 1607 -- 1936 ( 1936 ) , pp. 573 -- 574 . Jump up ^ John Samuel Ezell , The South since 1865 ( 1963 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Jacqueline ( 2010 ) . Labor of Love , Labor of Sorrow : Black Women , Work , and the Family , from Slavery to the Present . New York : Basic Books . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Tera W. ( 1997 ) . To ' Joy My Freedom : Southern Black Women 's Lives and Labors after the Civil War . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Ransom , Roger L. ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Economics of the Civil War '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 26 . Jump up ^ Simpson ( 2009 ) ; William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ All blacks would be counted in 1870 , whether or not they were citizens . Jump up ^ Valelly , Richard M. ( 2004 ) . The Two Reconstructions : The struggle for black enfranchisement . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84530 - 3 . ; Hans Trefouse , The Radical republicans ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 699 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) ; Hans L. Trefousse , Andrew Johnson : A Biography ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Inaugural Address '' . Jump up ^ Harris , With Charity for All ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Harold Hyman , To try men 's souls : loyalty tests in American history ( 1959 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , pp. 273 -- 276 . Jump up ^ William Gienapp , Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America ( 2002 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Patton , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey , August 1865 quoted in Franklin ( 1961 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Donald , Charles Sumner , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Ayers , The Promise of the New South p. 418 . Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Randall and Donald , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Freedom 's lawmakers : a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Ellen DuBois , Feminism and suffrage : The emergence of an independent women 's movement in America ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama ( 2004 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Act of Congress , R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5 , 1862 , ch. 135 , Sec. 1 , 12 Stat. 528 '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dan W. ( March 1936 ) . `` '' Oklahoma , A Foreordained Commonwealth `` '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma , Volume 14 , No. 1 . Oklahoma Historical Society . p. 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cimbala , Miller , and Syrette ( 2002 ) , An uncommon time : the Civil War and the northern home front , pp. 285 , 305 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Gallagher , and McPherson , The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference , pp. 735 -- 736 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 2006 ) , `` Doing Less '' and `` Doing More '' , pp. 54 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . pp. 290 , 291 . Jump up ^ Trefousse ( 1991 ) , Historical dictionary of reconstruction , p. viiii . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . pp. 333 -- 335 . ^ Jump up to : Catton ( 1963 ) , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 365 -- 367 , 461 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Hall , Clifton R. ( 1916 ) . Andrew Johnson : military governor of Tennessee . Princeton University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Guelzo ( 2004 ) , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Sick from Freedom , First Edition , New York , Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson ( 1995 ) Lincoln in American Memory , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1901 ) , Lincoln 's plan of Reconstruction , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Harris , J. William ( 2006 ) . The Making of the American South : a Short History 1500 -- 1977 . Malden : Blackwell Publishing . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Laura F. ( 1997 ) . Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02297 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hunter , `` To ' Joy My Freedom '' , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David . `` ' Black Tax ' Credit '' . Jump up ^ Kathleen Zebley ( 1998 ) . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Belz ( 1998 ) , Abraham Lincoln , constitutionalism , and equal rights in the Civil War era , pp. 138 , 141 , 145 . Jump up ^ Rawley ( 2003 ) , Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for . p. 205 . Jump up ^ McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 198 -- 207 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Trefousse c. 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith , John David ( 2013 ) . A Just and Lasting Peace : A Documentary History of Reconstruction . Penguin . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Eric L. McKitrick ( 1988 ) . Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction . Oxford UP . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 1981 ) . American History After 1865 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Lincove , David A. ( 2000 ) . Reconstruction in the United States : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood . p. 80 . Jump up ^ McFeely - Woodward ( 1974 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Barney , William L. , The Passage of the Republic : An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth - Century America ( 1987 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 31 . Jump up ^ Oberholtzer 1 : 128 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Donald ( 2001 ) , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Hunter , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barney , The Passage of the Republic , p. 251 , pp. 284 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Report on the Condition of the South / Schurz , Carl , 1829 -- 1906 Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. : Jump up ^ Blackmon , Douglas A. ( 2009 ) . A. Slavery by Another Name : the Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II . New York : Anchor Books , a division of Random House , Inc. p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Edwards , Laura F. ( 1997 ) . Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02297 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farmer - Kaiser , Mary ( 2010 ) . Freedwomen and the Freedmen 's Bureau : Race , Gender , and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Jones , `` Labor of Love , Labor of Sorrow '' , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Schouler , James ( 1913 ) . History of the United States of America under the Constitution , Volume 7 The Reconstruction Period . pp. 43 -- 57 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , History 6 : 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ See `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . based America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War , by Eric Foner and Olivia Mahoney . Online source is : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , History 6 : 68 . Jump up ^ Trefousse 1989 . Jump up ^ Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . p. 699 . Jump up ^ Badeau ( 1887 ) Grant in Peace , pp. 46 , 57 . Jump up ^ See Paul E. Teed & Melissa Ladd Teed ( 2015 ) . Reconstruction : A Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . pp. 51 , 174ff ... Foner ( 1988 ) entitles his chapter 6 , `` The Making of Radical Reconstruction . '' Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues in Michael Les Benedict , `` Preserving the Constitution : The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction . '' Journal of American History ( 1974 ) : 65 -- 90 JSTOR 1918254 . Jump up ^ Pope , James Gray ( Spring 2014 ) . `` Snubbed landmark : Why United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon '' . Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review . Harvard Law School . 49 ( 2 ) : 385 -- 447 . Pdf . Jump up ^ Greene , Jamal ( November 2012 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment optimism '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1733 -- 1768 . JSTOR 41708163 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Pdf . Archived November 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel J. Chin , `` The ' Voting Rights Act of 1867 ' : The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction , '' 82 North Carolina Law Review 1581 ( 2004 ) `` . Papers.ssrn.com . September 14 , 2004 . SSRN 589301 . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Randolph Campbell , Gone to Texas 2003 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Rhodes ( 1920 ) v 6 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) pp 316 -- 33 Jump up ^ Hume , Richard L. ; Gough , Jerry B. ( 2008 ) . Blacks , Carpetbaggers , and Scalawags : the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction . LSU Press . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Jeffery A. ; Heersink , Boris ( 2016 ) . `` Republican Party Politics and the American South : From Reconstruction to Redemption , 1865 -- 1880 '' ( PDF ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Russ , William A. , Jr. ( 1934 ) . `` The Negro and White Disfranchisement During Radical Reconstruction '' . Journal of Negro History . 19 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 192 . JSTOR 2714531 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) , 130 - 31 , 159 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) pp 323 -- 25 Jump up ^ Summers , Mark Wahlgren ( 2014 ) . Railroads , Reconstruction , and the Gospel of Prosperity : Aid Under the Radical Republicans , 1865 -- 1877 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 61282 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tyack , David ; Lowe , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` The constitutional moment : Reconstruction and Black education in the South '' . American Journal of Education . 94 ( 2 ) : 236 -- 256 . JSTOR 1084950 . Jump up ^ Cooper , William J. , Jr. ; Terrill , Thomas E. ( 2009 ) . The American South : A History . p. 436 . Jump up ^ Richard Zuczek , ed . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2006 ) 2 : 635 . Jump up ^ Michael Perman , The road to redemption : Southern politics , 1869 -- 1879 ( 1985 ) pp 36 -- 37 ; Foner , Reconstruction , p 324 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Retreat from Reconstruction , 1869 -- 1879 ( 1982 ) , p 99 . Jump up ^ Zuczek , ed . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2006 ) 1 : 323 , 2 : 645 , 698 . Jump up ^ Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion pp 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Smith Grant ( 2001 ) , pp. 455 -- 457 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen 's Bureau '' , in The Freedmen 's Bureau and Reconstruction : Reconsiderations , edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller . New York : Fordham University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 437 -- 453 , 458 -- 460 . ^ Jump up to : Simon ( 1967 ) , Papers of Ulysses S. Grant , Vol. 19 , pp. xiii . Jump up ^ Robert J. Kaczorowski , `` Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction . '' Fordham Urban Law Journal 23 ( 1995 ) : 155 + online . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , `` The Civil Rights Act of 1875 . '' Western Political Quarterly ( 1965 ) : 763 -- 775 . JSTOR 445883 Jump up ^ David Quigley , `` Constitutional Revision and the City : The Enforcement Acts and Urban America , 1870 -- 1894 , '' Journal of Policy History , January 2008 , Vol. 20 , Issue 1 , pp. 64 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Blair ( 2005 ) , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Franklin ( 1961 ) , pp. 168 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature , but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best , and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there . See 1834 March 28 article in This Day in Georgia History compiled by Ed Jackson and Charles Pou ; cf . Rufus Bullock . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Compared To 1860 Black Population '' Archived August 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , America 's Civil War website , accessed 9 April 2014 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 7 ; Foner , Freedom 's Lawmakers , introduction . Jump up ^ Steven Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet Jump up ^ Rhodes ( 1920 ) v 6 p. 199 ; no report on Arkansas . Jump up ^ The statistics of the population of the United States , embracing the tables of race , nationality , sex , selected ages , and occupations . To which are added the statistics of school attendance and illiteracy , of schools , libraries , newspapers , periodicals , churches , pauperism and crime , and of areas , families , and dwellings Table 1 . United States Census Bureau . Last Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ E. Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( NY : Harper & Row , 1988 ) , pp. 354 -- 5 Jump up ^ Daniel W. Stowell ( 1998 ) . Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 -- 1877 . Oxford UP . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Clarence Earl Walker , A Rock in a Weary Land : The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 -- 165 JSTOR 40194198 at p. 157 Jump up ^ Donald Lee Grant ( 1993 ) . The Way It Was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction , ( 1988 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Ralph E. Morrow , `` Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1954 ) 41 # 2 pp. 197 -- 218 , quote on p 202 JSTOR 1895802 Jump up ^ Ralph E. Morrow , Northern Methodism and Reconstruction ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Stowell , Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 -- 1877 , pp 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Robert D. Clark , The Life of Matthew Simpson ( 1956 ) pp 245 -- 67 Jump up ^ Fredrick A. Norwood , ed. , Sourcebook of American Methodism ( 1982 ) , p. 323 Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 -- 165 , quote on p 161 JSTOR 40194198 Jump up ^ Victor B. Howard , Religion and the Radical Republican Movement , 1860 -- 1870 ( 1990 ) pp 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morrow ( 1954 ) p 205 Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr. , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ James D. Anderson ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . U of North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) , pp. 6 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Tyack and Lowe . `` The constitutional moment : Reconstruction and Black education in the South . '' ( 1986 ) : Jump up ^ William Preston Vaughn , Schools for All : The Blacks and Public Education in the South , 1865 -- 1877 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Foner 365 -- 8 Jump up ^ Franklin 139 ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1913 . Jump up ^ B.D. Mayberry , A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Foner 387 . Jump up ^ Franklin pp 141 -- 48 ; Summers 1984 Jump up ^ Stover 1955 . Jump up ^ Franklin pp. 147 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Foner 375 . Jump up ^ Foner 376 . Jump up ^ Foner 415 -- 16 Jump up ^ Marek D. Steedman , `` Resistance , Rebirth , and Redemption : The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana , '' Historical Reflections , Spring 2009 , Vol. 35 # 1 , pp. 97 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Walter L. ( 1919 ) . The Sequel of Appomattox : A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States . Chronicles of America series , vol. 32 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Perman 1984 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( November 1946 ) , pp. 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 . Jump up ^ Walter L. Fleming , Documentary History of the Reconstruction ( 1907 ) , II , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Documentary History of the Reconstruction ( 1907 ) , II , pp. 328 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Oberholtzer , vol. 1 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Trelease , White Terror . Jump up ^ McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 420 -- 422 . Jump up ^ J.W. Schuckers , The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase , ( 1874 ) , p. 585 ; letter of May 30 , 1868 to August Belmont . Jump up ^ McPherson 1975 . Jump up ^ Stephen L. Vaughn , ed. , Encyclopedia of American journalism ( 2007 ) p 441 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Abbott , For Free Press and Equal Rights : Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Earl F. Woodward , `` The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas , 1872 -- 1874 , '' Arkansas Historical Quarterly ( 1971 ) 30 # 4 pp. 315 -- 336 JSTOR 40038083 Jump up ^ Foner 537 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Foner 374 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1915 Jump up ^ Perman 1984 , ch. 3 . Jump up ^ Foner , ch. 9 . Jump up ^ Foner p. 443 . Jump up ^ Foner pp. 545 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , Pbk. 2007 , pp. 15 -- 21 . Jump up ^ US Senate Journal January 13 , 1875 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Danielle Alexander , `` Forty Acres and a Mule : The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction '' , Humanities , January / February 2004 , vol. 25 / No. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Foner 555 -- 56 . Jump up ^ George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1984 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Foner ch. 11 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , paperback , 2007 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Foner 604 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and reaction : the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction ( 1956 ) , pp. 3 -- 15 Jump up ^ Nell Irvin Painter , Exodusters : Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ James T. Moore , `` Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia , 1879 -- 1883 , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 41 , No. 2 ( May 1975 ) , pp. 167 -- 186 JSTOR 2206012 . Jump up ^ Fletcher M. Green , `` Walter Lynwood Fleming : Historian of Reconstruction , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 2 , No. 4 ( November 1936 ) , pp. 497 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Louis R. Harlan , Booker T. Washington in Perspective ( 1988 ) , p. 164 ; A.A. Taylor , `` Historians of the Reconstruction , '' The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January 1938 ) , pp. 16 -- 34 . Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , `` An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( November 1946 ) , pp. 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 quote at p. 473 Jump up ^ Beale , The Critical Year , p 147 Jump up ^ Hugh Tulloch ( 1999 ) . The Debate On the American Civil War Era . Manchester UP . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Allan D. Charles , `` Howard K Beale , '' in Clyde N. Wilson , ed . Twentieth - century American Historians ( Gale Research Company , 1983 ) pp 32 -- 38 Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , `` An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1946 ) 12 # 4 pp : 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 ; Williams was a Northerner trained at Wisconsin . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 303 . Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine , `` Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp : 191 -- 210 JSTOR 1898466 Jump up ^ Stanley Coben , `` Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction : A Re-Examination . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1959 ) : 67 -- 90 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas J. Pressly , `` Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction ( review ) '' Civil War History ( 1961 ) 7 # 1 pp. 91 -- 92 online Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania , 1866 -- 1873 . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1961 ) : 439 -- 457 JSTOR 20089450 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp and Leon F. Litwack , eds. , Reconstruction : An Anthology of Revisionist Writings ( 1969 ) pp 85 -- 106 Jump up ^ Foner 1982 ; Montgomery , pp vii -- ix . Jump up ^ Williams , 469 ; Foner p. xxii . Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) , p. 255 . Foner adds , `` What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed , and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude can not be obscured by the accomplishments that endured . '' p. 256 . Jump up ^ Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans , the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 372 -- 373 ; 424 , 425 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Baker , What Reconstruction Meant : Historical Memory in the American South ( 2007 ) ; Thomas J. Brown , ed . Reconstructions : New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Orville Vernon Burton , The Age of Lincoln ( 2007 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 142 , 148 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ See Vernon Burton , `` Civil War and Reconstruction , '' in William L. Barney ( ed . ) , A Companion to 19th - century America ( 2006 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , `` Reconstruction and the Making of a Free - Labor South , '' Reviews in American History , Vol. 37 , No. 2 , June 2009 . Jump up ^ Derek W. Frisby points to , `` Reconstruction 's failure to appreciate the challenges of Southern Unionism and incorporate these loyal Southerners into a strategy that would positively affect the character of the peace . '' Frisby , `` A Victory Spoiled : West Tennessee Unionists during Reconstruction , '' in Paul Cimballa , ed. , The Great Task Remaining Before Us : Reconstruction as America 's Continuing Civil War ( 2010 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Zuczek ( 2006 ) , Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era , A-L , pp. 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers ( 2014 ) . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction . University of North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Mixon , `` Joel Chandler Harris , the Yeoman Tradition , and the New South Movement . '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 61 # 4 ( 1977 ) : 308 -- 317 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maxwell Bloomfield , `` Dixon 's '' The Leopard 's Spots `` : A Study in Popular Racism . '' American Quarterly 16.3 ( 1964 ) : 387 -- 401 . online Jump up ^ Sarah E. Gardner , Blood And Irony : Southern White Women 's Narratives of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1937 , University of North Carolina Press , 2006 , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Richter ( 2009 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Secondary sources ( edit ) For much more detail see Reconstruction : Bibliography Barney , William L. Passage of the Republic : An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America ( 1987 ) . D.C. Heath ISBN 0 - 669 - 04758 - 9 Behrend , Justin . Reconstructing Democracy : Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 2015 . Blair , William ( 2005 ) . `` The use of military force to protect the gains of reconstruction '' . Civil War History . 51 ( 4 ) . Blum , Edward J. Reforging the White Republic : Race , Religion , and American Nationalism , 1865 -- 1898 ( 2005 ) . Bradley , Mark L. Bluecoats and Tar Heels : Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina ( University Press of Kentucky , 2009 ) , 370 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2507 - 7 Brown , Thomas J. , ed . Reconstructions : New Perspectives on Postbellum America ( 2006 ) , essays by 8 scholars excerpt and text search Cimbala , Paul Alan ; Miller , Randall M. ; Simpson , Brooks D. ( 2002 ) . An uncommon time : the Civil War and the northern home front . Fordham University Press . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2195 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Cruden , Robert . The Negro in reconstruction ( ) ( online ) Donald , David H. et al. Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) . Downs , Gregory P. After Appomattox : Military Occupation and the Ends of War . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2015 . Du Bois , W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America 1860 -- 1880 ( 1935 ) , Counterpoint to Dunning School explores the economics and politics of the era from Marxist perspective Du Bois , W.E.B. `` Reconstruction and its Benefits , '' American Historical Review , 15 ( July 1910 ) , 781 -- 99 online edition Dunning , William Archibald . Reconstruction : Political & Economic , 1865 -- 1877 ( 1905 ) . Influential summary of Dunning School ; blames Carpetbaggers for failure of Reconstruction . online edition Egerton , Douglas ( 2014 ) . The Wars of Reconstruction : The Brief , Violent History of America 's Most Progressive Era . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 566 - 4 . Etcheson , Nicole . `` Reconstruction and the Making of a Free - Labor South , '' Reviews in American History , Volume 37 , Number 2 , June 2009 in Project MUSE Fitzgerald , Michael W. Splendid Failure : Postwar Reconstruction in the American South ( 2007 ) , 224pp ; excerpt and text search Fleming , Walter L. The Sequel of Appomattox , A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States ( 1918 ) . From Dunning School . Fleming , Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama ( 1905 ) . the most detailed study ; Dunning School full text online from Project Gutenberg Foner , Eric and Mahoney , Olivia . America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2234 - 3 , short well - illustrated survey Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015851 - 4 . Pulitzer - prize winning history and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship . Foner , Eric . Forever Free : The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. 2005 . Franklin , John Hope . Reconstruction after the Civil War ( 1961 ) , 280 pages . ISBN 0 - 226 - 26079 - 8 . By a leading black historian Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2004 ) . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Harris , William C. With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals . Henry , Robert Selph . The Story of Reconstruction ( 1938 ) , popular Holzer , Harold ; Medford , Edna Greene ; Williams , Frank J. ( 2006 ) . The Emancipation Proclamation : three views ( social , political , iconographic ) . Louisiana State University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Hubbs , G. Ward . Searching for Freedom after the Civil War : Klansman , Carpetbagger , Scalawg , and Freedman . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press , 2015 . Jenkins , Wilbert L. Climbing up to Glory : A Short History of African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction. ( 2002 ) . Litwack , Leon . Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) . Pulitzer Prize ; social history of the freedmen McPherson , James and James Hogue . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2009 ) Milton , George Fort . The Age of Hate : Andrew Johnson and the Radicals. ( 1930 ) . online edition ; from Dunning School McCarthy , Charles Hallan ( 1901 ) . Lincoln 's plan of reconstruction . New York : McClure , Philips , & Company . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . McFeely , William S ( 1974 ) . C. Vann Woodward , ed . Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . New York , New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 440 - 05923 - 2 . Patrick , Rembert / The Reconstruction of the Nation ( 1967 ) online Perman , Michael . The Road to Redemption : Southern Politics , 1869 -- 1879 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1984 ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4141 - 2 , 9780807841419 Perman , Michael . Emancipation and Reconstruction ( 2003 ) . 144 pp . Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1994 ) . Lincoln in American Memory . New York : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Randall , J.G. The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1953 ) . Long the standard survey , with elaborate bibliography Rhodes , James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley -- Bryan Campaign of 1896 . Volume : 6 . ( 1920 ) . 1865 -- 72 ; Volume : 7 . ( 1920 ) . -- 77 ; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner ; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners . vol. 6 1865 -- 1872 online ; vol. 7 online vol. 6 online at Google. books vol. 7 in Google. books Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Simpson , Brooks D . The Reconstruction Presidents ( 2009 ) . Stampp , Kenneth M. The Era of Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( 1967 ) ; short survey ; rejects Dunning School analysis . online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) text search ; online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . A Dangerous Stir : Fear , Paranoia , and the Making of Reconstruction ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , C. Mildred . Reconstruction In Georgia : Economic , Social , Political 1865 -- 1872 ( 1915 ; 2010 reprint ) ; full text online free Trefousse , Hans L. Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) , 250 entries Wagner , Margaret E. ; Gallagher , Gary W. ; McPherson , James M. ( 2002 ) . The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4884 - 8 . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1966 ) . Reunion and reaction : the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506423 - 2 . Zuczek , Richard . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2 vols. 2006 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Foner , Eric . `` Introduction to the 2014 Anniversary Edition '' in Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 2014 ) online Ford , Lacy K. , ed . A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction . Blackwell , 2005 . 518 pp . Frantz , Edward O. ed . A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865 -- 1881 ( 2014 ) 30 essays by scholars Perman , Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor , eds . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 2010 ) Simpson , Brooks D. `` Mission Impossible : Reconstruction Policy Reconsidered . '' Journal of the Civil War Era 6.1 ( 2016 ) : 85 -- 102 . excerpt Smith , Stacey L. `` Beyond North and South : Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Civil War Era ( Dec 2016 ) 6 # 4 pp. 566 -- 591 . DOI : 10.1353 / cwe. 2016.0073 excerpt Stalcup , Brenda , ed . Reconstruction : Opposing Viewpoints ( Greenhaven Press : 1995 ) . Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints . Stampp , Kenneth M. , and Leon M. Litwack , eds . Reconstruction : An Anthology of Revisionist Writings , '' ( 1969 ) , essays by scholars Weisberger , Bernard A . `` The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography . '' Journal of Southern History 25.4 ( 1959 ) : 427 -- 447 . JSTOR 2954450 Yearbooks ( edit ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867 ( highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources ; details on every U.S. state & the national government ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1868 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1869 ( 1869 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1870 ( 1871 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1872 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1873 ( 1879 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1875 ( 1876 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1876 ( 1877 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1877 ( 1878 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Barnes , William H. , ed. , History of the Thirty - ninth Congress of the United States . ( 1868 ) summary of Congressional activity . Berlin , Ira , ed . Freedom : A Documentary History of Emancipation , 1861 -- 1867 ( 1982 ) , 970 pp. of archival documents ; also Free at Last : A Documentary History of Slavery , Freedom , and the Civil War ed by Ira Berlin , Barbara J. Fields , and Steven F. Miller ( 1993 ) . Blaine , James. Twenty Years of Congress : From Lincoln to Garfield . With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 ( 1886 ) . By Republican Congressional leader vol. 2 online . Fleming , Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction : Political , Military , Social , Religious , Educational , and Industrial 2 vols ( 1906 ) . Presents a broad collection of primary sources ; vol. 1 on national politics ; vol. 2 on states vol. 2 online . Memoirs of W.W. Holden ( 1911 ) , North Carolina Scalawag governor Hyman , Harold M. , ed . The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction , 1861 -- 1870 ( 1967 ) , collection of long political speeches and pamphlets . Lynch , John R . The Facts of Reconstruction ( New York : 1913 ) Full text online One of the first black congressmen during Reconstruction . Edward McPherson , The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction ( 1875 ) , large collection of speeches and primary documents , 1865 -- 1870 , complete text online . ( The copyright has expired . ) Palmer , Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa , eds . The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 2 vols ( 1998 ) , 900pp ; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens . Palmer , Beverly Wilson , ed . The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner , 2 vols ( 1990 ) ; vol. 2 covers 1859 -- 74 . Pike , James Shepherd The prostrate state : South Carolina under negro government ( 1874 ) Reid , Whitelaw After the war : a southern tour , May 1 , 1865 to May 1 , 1866 . ( 1866 ) by Republican editor . Smith , John David , ed . We Ask Only for Even - Handed Justice : Black Voices from Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( University of Massachusetts Press , 2014 ) . xviii , 133 pp Sumner , Charles `` Our Domestic Relations : or , How to Treat the Rebel States '' Atlantic Monthly September 1863 , early abolitionist manifesto . Newspapers and magazines ( edit ) DeBow 's Review major Southern conservative magazine ; stress on business , economics and statistics Harper 's Weekly leading New York news magazine ; pro-Radical Nast , Thomas , magazine cartoons pro-Radical editorial cartoons Primary sources from Gilder - Lehrman collection The New York Times daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Reconstruction . Reconstruction : The Second Civil War 2004 PBS film and transcript connecting the replacement of civil rights with segregation and disfranchisement at the end of 19th - century during the Jim Crow Era . Guide to Reconstruction History links to primary and secondary sources PBS ' American Experience : Reconstruction Historians Eric Foner , David Blight and Ed Ayers discuss `` Civil Rights During Reconstruction '' Proclamation of August 1866 , declaring the Insurrection at an end . Lincoln and Freedom : Reconstruction Reconstruction in Mississippi by Donald J. Mabry `` Reconstruction Historiography : A Source of Teaching Ideas '' by Robert P. Green , Jr. ( 1991 ) W.S. Simkins , `` Why the Ku Klux '' , 4 The Alcalde ( June 1916 ) : 735 -- 748 . online The Civil War : Reconstruction : This is part of an extensive assessment of the Civil War and slavery which gives particular attention to children . HIST 119 : The Civil War and Reconstruction Era , 1845 -- 1877 with Professor David Blight . Full semester course in text / audio / video from Open Yale Courses . Materials free under the Creative Commons license . Reconstruction on The History Channel Reconstructing the South : A Role Play on the Zinn Education Project The Reconstruction Era and the Fragility of Democracy on Facing History and Ourselves Reconstruction Era Participants Federal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans African - American Senators African - American Representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congress Joint Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen 's Bureau Justice Department State governments Southern United States Confederate States of America Others African - Americans Freedman Free people of color Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Scalawag Redeemers White League Red Shirts Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwart Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman 's Savings Bank Timeline Prelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women ( 1838 ) Woman in the Nineteenth Century ( 1839 ) Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 ) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act ( 1862 ) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction Ten Percent Plan National Bank Act Women 's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1864 Wade -- Davis Bill 1864 National Union National Convention 1864 Democratic National Convention United States presidential election , 1864 1865 13th Amendment Abraham Lincoln 's second inaugural address Black Codes Sherman 's Special Field Orders , No. 15 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedmen 's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis riots of 1866 New Orleans riot Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union United States House of Representatives elections , 1866 United States Senate elections , 1866 Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1867 Command of the Army Act Tenure of Office Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 1868 14th Amendment Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union 1868 Democratic National Convention 1868 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1868 Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton St. Landry riot of 1868 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Ex parte McCardle First Transcontinental Railroad 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk - Holden War Shoffner Act 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier Scandal 1872 Democratic National Convention 1872 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1872 Modoc War Star route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax Massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter - House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1874 Brooks -- Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta Massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Riot of 1874 Vicksburg Riot of 1874 Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1875 United States v. 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Harris ( 1903 ) Disenfranchisement Aspects Historiography Bibliography of the Reconstruction Era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State ( 1874 ) James Bryce The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) Claude Bowers The Tragic Era ( 1929 ) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W.E.B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock American Crisis ( 1963 ) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom ( 1947 ) After Slavery ( 1965 ) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) Eric Foner Reconstruction ( 1988 ) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation under Our Feet ( 2003 ) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress ( 1876 ) Thomas Dixon , Jr . The Leopard 's Spots ( 1902 ) The Clansman ( 1905 ) D.W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) David W. 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who is the oldest player to play in the mlb			List of oldest major league Baseball players	list of oldest major league baseball players	Below is the List of oldest Major League Baseball ( MLB ) players , with their last season in parentheses . Only baseball players who played at least one game when they were older than 45 are included on the list . Active are players in bold type .	Contents 1 Oldest players in the regular season 2 Oldest players in the postseason 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Oldest players in the regular season ( edit ) Jamie Moyer signing autographs Roger Clemens with Astros Pitchers 59 - Satchel Paige ( 1965 ) 50 - Jack Quinn ( 1933 ) 49 - Hoyt Wilhelm ( 1972 ) 49 - Jamie Moyer ( 2012 ) 48 - Phil Niekro ( 1987 ) 48 - Nick Altrock ( 1924 ) 46 - Nolan Ryan ( 1993 ) 46 - Jesse Orosco ( 2003 ) 46 - Charlie Hough ( 1994 ) 46 - Tommy John ( 1989 ) 46 - Hod Lisenbee ( 1945 ) 46 - Randy Johnson ( 2009 ) 45 - Roger Clemens ( 2007 ) 45 - Gaylord Perry ( 1983 ) 45 - Fred Johnson ( 1939 ) 45 - Ted Lyons ( 1946 ) 45 - Tim Wakefield ( 2011 ) 45 - Bartolo Colón ( 2018 ) Position players 58 - Charley O'Leary ( 1934 ) 57 - Nick Altrock ( 1933 ) 54 - Minnie Miñoso ( 1980 ) 54 - Jim O'Rourke ( 1904 ) 49 - Julio Franco ( 2007 ) 49 - Hughie Jennings ( 1918 ) 49 - Arlie Latham ( 1909 ) 48 - Gabby Street ( 1931 ) 48 - Deacon McGuire ( 1912 ) 48 - Johnny Evers ( 1929 ) 46 - Jimmy Austin ( 1926 ) 46 - Sam Thompson ( 1906 ) 46 - Dan Brouthers ( 1904 ) 45 - Cap Anson ( 1897 ) 45 - Pete Rose ( 1986 ) 45 - Carlton Fisk ( 1993 ) 45 - Omar Vizquel ( 2012 ) Note : Paige , O'Leary , O'Rourke , Jennings , Street , McGuire and Evers each made one token major league appearance years ( or even decades ) after their careers had otherwise ended . The careers of Altrock , Minoso and Latham had also effectively ended many years before their final major league appearances , though each were brought back for token appearances several times ( spanning several seasons ) before their final game . Julio Franco is the oldest position player to appear regularly . Oldest players in the postseason ( edit ) Jack Quinn Philadelphia Athletics 1930 World Series 47 years , 95 days Jack Quinn Philadelphia Athletics 1929 World Series 46 years , 103 days Jamie Moyer Philadelphia Phillies 2008 World Series 45 years , 342 days Roger Clemens New York Yankees 2007 ALDS 45 years , 64 days Jamie Moyer Philadelphia Phillies 2007 NLDS 44 years , 322 days Sam Rice Washington Senators 1933 World Series 43 years , 226 days Phil Niekro Atlanta Braves 1982 NLCS 43 years , 191 days David Wells San Diego Padres 2006 NLDS 43 years , 138 days Roger Clemens Houston Astros 2005 World Series 43 years , 79 days Randy Johnson New York Yankees 2006 ALDS 43 years , 31 days Note : Phil Niekro 's start came in the first game of the 1982 NLCS . However , with the Braves leading the St. Louis Cardinals 1 - 0 , the game was delayed on account of rain . When the rain did not clear , the game was called three outs before it could be considered official , and was restarted the following night with Braves pitcher Pascual Pérez getting the start . The Braves would lose the game 7 - 0 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of oldest living Major League Baseball players List of oldest professional athletes by sport References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oldest pitcher to appear regularly ; made 14 appearance as a reliever in his final season before his career ended on July 7 , 1933 , 6 days after turning 50 Jump up ^ Oldest pitcher to log over 100 innings in a season . Quinn pitched 87 innings as a 48 - year - old , and Moyer pitched 53 ⁄ innings at 49 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportspool.com/baseball/postseason/nlcs/1982.php External links ( edit ) Article including sidebar on oldest players Oldest player by year ESPN column This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_Major_League_Baseball_players&oldid=842785807 '' Categories : Lists of Major League Baseball players Lists of oldest people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 09 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20oldest%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20players	2,489
ken follett books pillars of the earth trilogy			The Pillars of the Earth	the pillars of the earth	The Pillars of the Earth is a historical novel by Welsh - born author Ken Follett published in 1989 about the building of a cathedral in the fictional town of Kingsbridge , England . It is set in the middle of the 12th century , primarily during the Anarchy , between the time of the sinking of the White Ship and the murder of Thomas Becket . The book traces the development of Gothic architecture out of the preceding Romanesque architecture , and the fortunes of the Kingsbridge priory and village against the backdrop of historical events of the time .	Before this novel was published , Follett was known for writing in the thriller genre . The Pillars of the Earth became his best - selling work which was later made into an 8 - part miniseries in 2010 . The book was listed at no . 33 on the BBC 's Big Read , a 2003 survey with the goal of finding the `` nation 's best - loved book '' . The book was selected in the United States for Oprah 's Book Club in 2007 . It is the first book in the Kingsbridge Series - the others being a sequel , set 150 years later , entitled World Without End ( 2007 ) , and A Column of Fire ( 2017 ) set in Elizabethan England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 2.1 Setting 2.2 Prologue ( 1123 ) 2.3 Part One ( 1135 -- 1136 ) 2.4 Part Two ( 1136 -- 1137 ) 2.5 Part Three ( 1140 -- 1142 ) 2.6 Part Four ( 1142 -- 1145 ) 2.7 Part Five ( 1152 - 1155 ) 2.8 Part Six ( 1170 - 1174 ) 3 Characters 3.1 Minor characters 4 Reception 5 Historical accuracy 6 Adaptations 6.1 Board games 6.2 Television adaptation 6.3 Musical 6.4 Video game 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) In the 1999 preface to The Pillars of the Earth , Follett tells readers that he grew up in a Puritan - based family , whose worship space was very spare . In preparing for writing , he was reading about medieval architecture , and : ... developed an interest in cathedrals . Before too long , it occurred to me to channel this enthusiasm into a novel . I knew it had to be a long book . It took at least thirty years to build a cathedral and most took longer because they would run out of money , or be attacked or invaded . So the story covers the entire lives of the main characters . My publishers were a little nervous about such a very unlikely subject but , paradoxically , it is my most popular book . It 's also the book I 'm most proud of . It recreates , quite vividly , the entire life of the village and the people who live there . You feel you know the place and the people as intimately as if you yourself were living there in the Middle Ages . The novel 's Kingsbridge is fictional . Follett set it in Marlborough , Wiltshire ; he chose that location because the cathedrals of Winchester , Gloucester , and Salisbury could be reached from there within a few days on horseback . Kingsbridge Cathedral as described is based on the cathedrals of Wells and Salisbury . The Preface includes the following sources : An Outline of European Architecture , by Nikolaus Pevsner , The Cathedral Builders , by Jean Gimpel , and The Medieval Machine , by Jean Gimpel . Plot ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The sinking of the White Ship leaves King Henry I of England without a clear heir , and The Anarchy begins upon his death . Henry 's nephew Stephen of Blois and Henry 's daughter Maud fight for the throne . Ambitious nobles and churchmen take sides , hoping to gain advantages . The novel , which is divided into six sections plus a prologue , explores themes of intrigue and conspiracy against historical events . It explores the development of medieval architecture , the civil war , secular / religious conflicts , and shifting political loyalties . Prologue ( 1123 ) ( edit ) A red - headed man is hanged for theft after being condemned by a priest , a knight , and a monk . His pregnant lover curses the men who condemned him , declaring that their children will be hanged , their enemies will prosper , and that they will live the rest of their lives with regret and sorrow . Part one ( 1135 -- 1136 ) ( edit ) Circumstances leave mason Tom Builder and his family destitute and starving . After his pregnant wife Agnes dies in childbirth , Tom abandons his newborn by his wife 's grave in the snowy woods , having no way to feed the infant . He later has a change of heart and returns , but finds the baby missing . After meeting up with an outlaw named Ellen and her son Jack , whom they had first met earlier , the group discover that Tom 's infant has been taken to a monastery cell belonging to the Kingsbridge Priory . Knowing that he will be charged with abandonment if he says the baby is his , and confident that the monks will be able to look after him , Tom decides to leave the infant to the monastery . After several unsuccessful attempts to find work , Tom convinces Bartholomew , Earl of Shiring , to hire him to repair the walls of the Earl 's castle . Philip , the leader of the cell , is visited by his brother Francis , a priest , who warns him of a plot by Earl of Shiring Bartholomew and the Earl of Gloucestershire against King Stephen . Philip tells Waleran Bigod , the ambitious archdeacon to the Bishop of Kingsbridge , of the plot , and travels to Kingsbridge Priory where the previous manager , Prior James , has died only a few days before . Waleran promises to make Philip the bishop 's nomination for prior , practically guaranteeing Philip 's election , in return for Philip 's support to later make Waleran bishop though Waleran conceals that the bishop is also already dead . Philip agrees as the priory has become financially and spiritually destitute under Prior James , and he believes he can correct that . He wins , making enemies of the rivals for the post , in particular the sub-prior Remigius . Tom 's infant , now named Jonathan , is sent to live with Philip at the priory . Unsure of the validity of Philip 's words , Waleran goes to the Hamleighs , a noble family who have been enemies of the Earl of Shiring ever since the earl 's daughter , Aliena , rejected a marriage with William , the only son of the Hamleighs . Seeing this as an excuse for them to take their revenge , the Hamleighs take Bartholomew 's castle and arrest the earl , forcing Tom and Ellen , now lovers , and their children into homelessness once again . They eventually settle in Kingsbridge , Tom hoping to get a job rebuilding the cathedral there . The family sees Jonathan during this time , although only Tom and Ellen know that he is Tom 's son . To ensure that Tom will have work , Jack burns down the old Romanesque cathedral , telling no one else of his actions . After some convincing , Philip hires Tom to build the new cathedral . Tom 's strong son Alfred physically bullies smaller and weaker Jack through repeated acts of battery which creates friction with Ellen as Tom sees no fault in his son and never disciplines him . Brother Remigius , who is opposed to Philip as prior , charges Ellen and Tom with fornication . Waleran , who was cursed by the woman at the hanging , orders Ellen to live apart from Tom . Outraged by Tom 's willingness to accept this , Ellen returns to the forest with Jack . Part two ( 1136 -- 1137 ) ( edit ) Philip and Waleran go to King Stephen in the hope of convincing him to give Bartholomew 's estates , including a huge limestone quarry , to the church , so that they can be used to pay for the new cathedral 's construction . Initially believing that Waleran will be loyal to him as a fellow cleric , Philip learns from the Hamleighs that Waleran intends to use the earldom solely to boost his own position . Realising that the Hamleighs are trying to divide him and Waleran so that they can take the earldom for themselves , Philip secretly conspires with the Hamleighs . They agree that Kingsbridge Priory will be given the quarry and some other lands with the rest of Shiring going to the Hamleighs , but the Hamleighs betray this deal and are given ownership of the quarry with Philip getting rights to , not ownership of , the stone . Furious at being foiled , Waleran vows to never let Philip build his cathedral . Finding her still living in Shiring Castle , William attacks Aliena and her brother Richard . He mutilates the boy to coerce Aliena into not resisting as he rapes her brutally , leaving Aliena traumatized . Homeless and destitute , Aliena and Richard travel to Winchester in the hope of receiving compensation from the king , and visit Bartholomew , now dying in prison . The former earl demands they swear an oath to work to regain the earldom . Aliena supports Richard financially by becoming a wealthy wool merchant ( by , as described in the book , the hitherto unheard of act of buying wool from the farmers on their farms and selling it at market rather than the farmers having to travel to market themselves , saving them time and effort ) with the help of Philip , who agrees to buy her wool at a fair price when other merchants refuse to do so , and the two siblings settle in Kingsbridge . The Hamleighs attempt to barricade the quarry against the priory , but Philip foils them by having his monks travel there under cover of darkness and pose as ghosts , scaring off the Hamleighs ' men at arms . In retaliation , the Hamleighs work with Waleran to try to have the cathedral moved to Shiring , thus depriving Philip of the properties tied to it , by claiming that Kingsbridge lacks the resources and manpower to build a cathedral . At the advice of his allies , Philip calls across the county for volunteers to work on the cathedral as penance for their sins . On the day of an inspection by Bishop Henry of Blois that Waleran had arranged , they arrive en masse , and Henry is convinced to not move the cathedral . Part three ( 1140 -- 1142 ) ( edit ) William 's father , Percy Hamleigh , passes away , and William learns that the earldom will either go to him or Richard , now a knight , since they are both sons of an Earl of Shiring . In order to restore his fortunes so that he can raise an army with which to impress King Stephen , William leads an attack on the quarry , which the Hamleighs had unsuccessfully attempted to barricade against Philip , killing and expelling the priory 's quarrymen . Tom befriends Prior Philip and , when Ellen returns , he persuades Philip to allow them to marry . After some time , Alfred proposes to Aliena , but she turns him down , she also strikes up a friendship , and falls in love with Jack , now working as an apprentice mason at Tom 's suggestion , but she shuns him after Alfred catches the two of them kissing , being reminded of WIlliam 's attack on her . The two stepbrothers continue to be at odds , and Alfred later claims that Jack 's father was hanged for thieving , starting a fight that leads to damage and a loss of construction materials . Jack is expelled from the cathedral construction , but Philip contrives a new construction overseer position for Jack that he can have , on the condition that he becomes a monk . Jack reluctantly agrees to this , in order to stay in Kingsbridge . Later on , Ellen claims that Jack 's father was innocent . William proves a hapless and merciless lord who mishandles the earldom financially and routinely rapes any peasant women he wishes . Attempting to restore his fortunes , William leads an attack that burns down Kingsbridge and kills many people including Tom Builder . In the chaos , Aliena 's entire stock of wool , in which she had invested all her money , is destroyed in the fire . Part four ( 1142 -- 1145 ) ( edit ) After losing her fortune again , Aliena agrees to marry Alfred if he supports Richard . Jack , who has been confined for continued infringements ( largely fraternizing with Aliena ) breaks his confinement in an attempt to talk to her , but is ultimately locked in the obedience room of the monastery . The next morning , Ellen breaks into the room , revealing that Jack 's father had once been imprisoned there after he was framed for theft by three men . Freed by his mother , Jack and Aliena make love on the morning of her wedding , and he tries to convince her to leave Kingsbridge with him , but she refuses to do anything that would require her to break her vow to support Richard . Jack attempts to persuade Alfred to call off the marriage , but discovers that Alfred plans to marry her solely to keep her from Jack , and intends to mistreat her to further spite him . Ellen curses the wedding , seemingly leaving Alfred impotent , and he and Aliena never consummate their marriage . Jack leaves Kingsbridge to find out about his father . After years of putting off the decision following the death of Earl Percy Hamleigh , Stephen finally gives the earldom to William . Alfred persuades Philip to replace the wooden roof of the cathedral with a stone vault , but fails to reinforce the structure at the higher levels . This causes the cathedral to collapse during a service , killing many people . Aliena gives birth to a red - headed son , and Alfred abandons her , having realised that the child is Jack 's . On Ellen 's advice , Aliena leaves with her son to find Jack , and follows evidence of Jack 's sculpture through France , finding him in Paris , where they reconcile . Jack helps to calm a riot at a nearby cathedral using the `` Weeping Madonna '' , a wooden statue of a woman he was given by a spice merchant he befriended that appears to weep when taken from a hot place to a cold place . The statue is viewed as a miracle , which Jack leverages for financial support to rebuild the cathedral in Kingsbridge . As he travels home , Jack makes his way to Cherbourg where he is mistaken for the ghost of his father , Jacques Cherbourg , before meeting his grandmother and other relatives , who reveal that Jacques had supposedly died in the sinking of the White Ship , of which he was a passenger . Returning to Kingsbridge , Jack convinces Philip and the clergy to make him the cathedral 's new master - builder , drawing up a new design for the cathedral based on his observations in France and Spain . His relationship with Aliena is discovered by the monks during the negotiations , and Philip orders them apart until Aliena 's marriage to Alfred is annulled . Wanting more information on his father , Jack questions Ellen , who has continuously kept the truth from him out of fear that he would devote himself to a life of revenge against those responsible for his father 's death . She implies that the White Ship was sunk deliberately , reveals that the three men who framed Jacques Cherbourg were Percy Hamleigh , Waleran Bigod , and Prior James . After Jack visits Waleran to seek confirmation of Ellen 's words , William , jealous of Jack 's relationship with Aliena , convinces Waleran to let him attack Kingsbridge again , in order to kill Jack in a way that would avoid drawing attention to his accusations . Richard overhears fighters discussing the attack in another town , and his warning allows the villagers to build a set of town walls and earthen ramparts in about two days , thanks to the expertise of Jack . Fighting from the walls , the townspeople kill many of the attackers and repel William 's attack , while making it impossible for him to raid Kingsbridge again . As revenge , William asks Waleran to block Alfred and Aliena 's annulment . Though disheartened , Jack and Aliena agree to stay together , living separately until the day they can marry . Part five ( 1152 - 1155 ) ( edit ) Many years of famine pass , which are further exacerbated by William 's poor leadership . Alfred has left Kingsbridge for Shiring , but following a downturn in business he returns to Kingsbridge and begs for a job from Jack . William 's mother dies , and after he forgets to summon the priest to give her her last rites , the guilt - stricken William is persuaded by Waleran to build a cathedral in Shiring for the sake of his mother 's soul . They are later aided by Alfred , who brings all of the Kingsbridge workmen to Shiring in return for being in charge of the cathedral 's construction , after Philip is unable to keep paying them . Inspired by Aliena , Richard organises the starving peasants who have turned to outlawry into a militia , and goes to war with William , robbing him on multiple occasions . William learns of the location of Richard 's forces from Remigius , in return for making the monk the head of Shiring 's future chapter , and plans an overwhelming attack to kill all the rebels . When he arrives , he learns from Ellen that Richard 's men have left to join the forces of Maud 's son , the future Henry II of England , who has invaded the country on the advice of Francis . Eventually , Stephen agrees to have Henry succeed him . Philip learns that as part of their deal , all properties will revert to the owners who held them prior to Stephen 's reign , thus making Richard the official earl , but Stephen will not have to force the handovers , meaning that Richard might not gain the earldom until Stephen 's death . With the help of William 's young wife , who loathes William , Aliena is able to allow Richard to capture the earldom 's castle before Henry and Stephen 's treaty can be made official and the King 's Peace restored . William returns to the village of Hamleigh , and Waleran proposes to sell him the position of sheriff of Shiring so that he can oppose Richard and keep funding the cathedral . Remigius is abandoned by the two of them during this time , but Philip forgives him for his treachery and allows him to return to the priory . Richard refuses to grant the priory access to the quarry , on the basis that it was once part of the earldom . After Aliena calls him out for his ingratitude towards Philip , she is attacked and nearly raped by Alfred , who is out of work again after Shiring Cathedral is abandoned . Richard arrives and kills Alfred in the ensuing fight . Seeing a chance to regain the earldom , William obtains a warrant to arrest Richard for murder on the king 's behalf . Realising that Richard has no chance of a fair trial due to the attitudes towards marital rape of the time period and the hostility of both William and Stephen towards him , Philip proposes that Richard , who is more suited to be a soldier than an earl , fight in the Crusades as penance for killing Alfred ; William would be unable to arrest him , and Aliena would be allowed to look after her brother 's lands , therefore giving the earldom both a competent ruler and one willing to co-operate with the priory . Aliena and Jack marry within the new cathedral . Part six ( 1170 - 1174 ) ( edit ) After many years , Kingsbridge cathedral is completed . Waleran still seeks to ruin Philip , and accuses him of fornication by claiming that Jonathan , now a well liked and committed monk , is Philip 's son . With Philip 's conviction certain due to a lack of evidence proving his innocence , Jack and Jonathan attempt to figure out the identity of the latter 's father , both being unaware that he is Tom 's son . They discover the truth when Jonathan recalls that he had been found near the monastery cell that Philip once ran , a fact that had previously been unknown to Jack , who then remembers seeing the baby Jonathan lying on his mother 's grave . The two of them manage to convince Ellen , who has remained bitter towards Philip for his role in splitting up her and Tom , to testify on his behalf . At Philip 's trial , Ellen 's testimony saves him from being convicted . Regardless , Waleran accuses Ellen of perjury , and she exposes his own perjury in the framing of Jacques Cherbourg , revealing that Waleran and the others had been bribed to dispose of him . Remigius confirms her testimony , having heard Prior James confess to his perjury shortly before the latter 's death . He explains that James 's misrule of the Priory had been the result of the guilt he felt for his part in the conspiracy , and admits that he had sought to become Prior to repair the damage , before admitting that Philip was better suited for the task . Waleran ultimately loses his position as bishop of Kingsbridge as a result of the revelations . Later on , William and Waleran become involved with the plot to assassinate Thomas Becket , the Archbishop of Canterbury , in order to protect their now crumbling positions of power . William leads the attack , and despite the efforts of Philip , who had traveled to Canterbury to meet with Becket , the archbishop is brutally murdered . Upon seeing the distraught congregation , Philip is inspired to treat Becket 's death as a martyrdom , and urges the assembled people to spread word of the murder across Christendom . With King Henry refusing to defend Becket 's killers , William is subsequently convicted of sacrilege by the efforts of both Philip and Tommy , the son of Jack and Aliena , and hanged . At Kingsbridge , Jack meets with a ruined and repentant Waleran , now living as a monk in the priory , to learn why his father was framed . The former bishop explains that a group of barons had arranged the sinking of the White Ship in order to kill the king 's son and heir , with the belief that they would be able to influence the succession and gain more independence from the crown as a result . After they learned that Jacques Cherbourg had survived the sinking , the barons had him imprisoned in England to prevent him from exposing their conspiracy . While initially content to leave him there , they eventually chose to have him killed after he learned English and started attracting unwanted attention , hiring Waleran , Percy and James for this end . Finally understanding the truth behind his father 's death , Jack is able to put it behind him . Elsewhere , the Pope forces King Henry 's public repentance and symbolic subjugation of the crown to the church , in which Philip , now Bishop of Kingsbridge , participates . Characters ( edit ) Jack Jackson ( known also as Jack Builder ) : Son of Jack Shareburg ( Jacques Cherbourg ) and Ellen ; he becomes an architect and skilled stonemason . Ellen : Daughter of a knight . She was unusual in being literate in English , French and Latin . The lover of Jack Shareburg and the mother of Jack Jackson , she meets Tom while living in the woods . Tom Builder : A builder whose lifelong dream is to build a cathedral . Alfred Builder : Tom 's son , a mason who later marries Aliena , but abandons her after he finds out that she is pregnant with Jack 's child . Martha : Daughter of Tom , sister to Alfred and Jonathan and stepsister to Jack . Prior Philip : A monk who dreams of Kingsbridge rising to greatness with a cathedral . Bishop Waleran Bigod : An ambitious and corrupt cleric constantly scheming his way to more power . Aliena : Daughter to Bartholomew , the original Earl of Shiring , and the planned bride of William Hamleigh . Richard ( of Kingsbridge ) : Aliena 's younger brother , a knight who becomes a skilled soldier and leader , who relies on Aliena 's revenues from her wool business . William Hamleigh : The son of a minor lord , he temporarily gains the earldom of Shiring but eventually loses it to Richard , the son of the former earl , Bartholomew . Lord Percy Hamleigh , Earl of Shiring : Father of William , he ousts the rebel Earl Bartholomew and gains the earldom . Lady Regan Hamleigh , Countess of Shiring : Wife of Percy and William 's ambitious mother . Minor characters ( edit ) Francis of Gwynedd : Philip 's brother , orphaned with him in Wales and raised by monks ; became a secular priest with royal connections . Bartholomew , Earl of Shiring : Father of Aliena and Richard , he earns the enmity of the Hamleighs and is jailed for treason . Remigius : The former Sub-Prior of Kingsbridge who tries to secure the position of Prior . Primarily motivated by envy and spite . Cuthbert Whitehead : Kingsbridge Priory 's cellarer . An early ally of Philip after his arrival in Kingsbridge . Milius Bursar : Kingsbridge Priory 's bursar , he is an early ally of Philip . Johnny Eightpence : A gentle , simpleminded monk who cares for baby Jonathan . Jack Shareburg ( Jacques Cherbourg ) : A jongleur who survives the wreck of the White Ship to become the lover of Ellen and father of Jack Jackson ; executed . Agnes : First wife of Tom Builder and mother of Martha , Alfred and Jonathan . Jonathan : Son of Tom and Agnes Builder , he was raised from infancy by Prior Philip . Tommy ( later called Thomas ) : Son of Jack and Aliena . With a talent for administration and command , he becomes the Earl of Shiring . He reluctantly oversees William Hamleigh 's hanging . Sally : Daughter of Jack and Aliena . She becomes a stained glass artisan working on the Kingsbridge Cathedral . Raschid Alharoun : Jack 's friend in Toledo , a Christian Arab merchant who introduces him to the scholarly world . Walter : William Hamleigh 's groom / squire . Accompanies him through much of the novel . Elizabeth : Betrothed to William Hamleigh , she is beaten by him on their wedding night . Later befriended by Aliena and surrenders the keep to Richard 's forces . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 ) Historical accuracy ( edit ) While the book has been praised for its description of Medieval life , it also features some historical inaccuracies . Some of these might be to make the characters and the plot more suited for modern readers while some are clear anachronisms : One of the characters is called Francis , as is an imaginary person when Philip is lying to Waleran Bigod in Chapter 2 , ii . It is unlikely that anybody would bear this name fifty years before the birth of Francis of Assisi . Indeed , Francis ( Italian : Francesco , meaning `` frenchman '' ) was the saint 's nickname , while his Christian name was Giovanni ( John ) . The name became widespread only due to the saint 's fame . Shareburg could not have been anglicized as such , because in the Norman pronunciation of the modern town Cherbourg , the Cher - element was pronounced ( tʃɪr - ) or ( tʃɛr - ) and was the same in Anglo - Norman , ( tʃ ) would have been retained in Middle English as well . ( ʃɛr - ) is Modern French . In the Old and Middle English and Anglo - Norman documents , Cherbourg is mentioned with different spellings from the 11th to the 15th century : Kiæresburh , Chirburg ( h ) , Chierebour , Cheerebourg , Chierbourg ( h ) , Ch ( i ) erburg ( h ) , Chierbourc , Chirbourg ( h ) , Chirburt , Chireburgh , etc . The English nobility of that period were Norman immigrants , together with other continental nationalities such as Bretons , Frenchmen ( Paris and Île - de-France ) , Flemish and Angevin people . Anglo - Norman was the language of the court and upper class and it did not spread far into the rest of the English society . The ability of ordinary Englishmen to speak French was considered unusual , but Thomas Becket 's parents for example , who did not belong to the nobility , were traders and emigrated to England from Normandy and they were not the only ones . Thus , many of the encounters across social classes presented in the book have been characterized as implausible by some critics , although in fact bilingualism was then emerging in English society for practical and mercantile reasons . For example , the noblewoman Aliena ( presumably a native Norman French - speaker ) becomes a successful wool merchant , communicating with the Anglo - Saxon - speaking locals and running a successful business among them . Significantly , Tom and Ellen are rebuked for perpetrated fornication , and give the excuse that there was no priest at hand . Yet the diriment impediment `` lack of form '' dates back to no earlier than the Council of Trent , and clandestine marriages were only forbidden by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 . The contemporary practice ( as treated , for instance , by St. Thomas , S. th . Supp. 45 ) would have well made it possible for them to marry at once , without a priest , possibly taking their children as witnesses . Even more significantly , unmarried couples were fairly common throughout medieval society , and while the social standing of the woman would have been somewhat lowered by being a `` concubine '' and not a married woman , the fact itself carried no social stigma and scarcely provoked any intervention by law and church . Follett depicts Toledo , in medieval Spain , as a country with no wheat supposedly due to a lack of proper flat terrain to cultivate it . In reality , the Kingdom of Castile 's plains , to which Toledo belonged , were actually famous for their rather extensive wheat fields . Santiago de Compostela , northwest of Spain , is portrayed as a very hot city , like southern Spain is . In reality , Galicia , the northwest region of Spain , is cool and rainy . However , it does have warm weather during summer . Tom tries to find a hibernating squirrel `` in the dead leaves on the forest floor ( ... ) to put in the broth . He was unlucky . '' Squirrels found in the UK do not hibernate , although they are known to be lethargic in times of deep cold . ( These would have been red squirrels in Medieval times . ) Sugar is mentioned several times in the book . Sugar was not available in England at that time , except in courtly circles : `` It is reported that the household of Henry III was using sugar in 1264 , but not until 1319 was sugar in more general use in Britain . '' Corn ( maize ) is also mentioned . However , corn as we know it today was not known in medieval Europe , since it is native to the Americas , and it was only after 1492 that it was traded to Europe . It should be noted that in British English , `` corn '' can also be a generic term for grains such wheat , maize , oats , and barley , that can be used to produce flour which is Follett 's likely meaning . The priory storeroom is said to contain hops , which were not used in the UK for food production until centuries later . Lots of people in the book are reported as having breakfast , though there is some debate on whether all people in those times ate breakfast at all . Adaptations ( edit ) Board games ( edit ) Board game by Michael Rieneck and Stefan Stadler Three separate board games have been developed that are based on The Pillars of the Earth : A German - style board game by Michael Rieneck and Stefan Stadler was published in 2006 by Kosmos and released at the Spiel game fair as Die Säulen der Erde . The game sold out long before the fair ended . It has been awarded the 2007 Deutscher Spiele Preis , the Spanish `` Game of the Year 2007 '' and the Norwegian `` Best Family Game of 2007 '' and the GAMES Magazine Game of the Year 2007 . A 2 - player game was published by Kosmos in Germany and reprinted in the US as Pillars of the Earth : Builder 's Duel . A trivia game , attributed to E. Follett , was first published in 2008 by the British publisher Sophisticated Games . Television adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Pillars of the Earth ( miniseries ) A German - Canadian co-production was developed by the Munich - based Tandem Communications and Montreal - based Muse Entertainment , in association with Ridley Scott 's Scott Free Films , to adapt the novel for a television movie . It premiered on 23 July 2010 in Canada on The Movie Network / Movie Central and in the United States on Starz . Its UK premiere was in October 2010 on Channel 4 . The Australian premiere was 9 December 2012 on ABC1 . Musical ( edit ) In 2016 , a musical version of The Pillars of the Earth was performed at Østre Gasværk in Copenhagen , Denmark , under the name Jordens Søjler . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Ken Follett 's The Pillars of the Earth Game developer and publisher Daedalic Entertainment announced their intention to develop an adventure game based on The Pillars of the Earth , to be released in 2017 . The game was published on 16 August 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Big Read - Top 100 Books '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Follett Welcome '' . Ken Follett . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Follett , Ken . `` The Pillars of the Earth '' . ken-follett.com . Jump up ^ Follett , Ken . `` Kingsbridge : Real or fictional ? '' . ken-follett.com . Jump up ^ Green , Judith A. ( 1997 ) . The aristocracy of Norman England . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0521524650 . Jump up ^ `` History of sugar '' . About sugar . Sugar Nutrition UK . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Maize '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` corn Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary '' . dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Forrester , James ( 2010 - 08 - 06 ) . `` The lying art of historical fiction '' . Books Blog . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Conundrum '' . Medieval Cookery. 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ The Pillars of the Earth at BoardGameGeek Jump up ^ Castro , Jesús Torres ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` JESS : Los Pilares de la Tierra - JdA 2007 '' . Boardgame News . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , W. Eric ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Pillars of the Earth Wins , and Wins Again '' . Boardgame news . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Guider , Elizabeth ; Roxborough , Scott ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Three sign on for ' Pillars of the Earth ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Best - Selling Novel The Pillars of the Earth Is Being Made Into a Game '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Pillars of the Earth video game is out now Accessed 2017 - 09 - 04 External links ( edit ) The Pillars of the Earth on Ken Follett 's website IMDb listing for Mini-series Tandem Communications ' Pillars pages Works by Ken Follett Novels The Modigliani Scandal ( 1976 ) Paper Money ( 1977 ) Eye of the Needle ( 1978 ) Triple ( 1979 ) The Key to Rebecca ( 1980 ) The Man from St. Petersburg ( 1982 ) Lie Down with Lions ( 1986 ) Night Over Water ( 1991 ) The Third Twin ( 1996 ) The Hammer of Eden ( 1998 ) Code to Zero ( 2000 ) Jackdaws ( 2001 ) Hornet Flight ( 2002 ) Whiteout ( 2004 ) Historical novels A Dangerous Fortune ( 1993 ) A Place Called Freedom ( 1995 ) Kingsbridge series The Pillars of the Earth ( 1989 ) World Without End ( 2007 ) A Column of Fire ( 2017 ) `` Century '' trilogy Fall of Giants ( 2010 ) Winter of the World ( 2012 ) Edge of Eternity ( 2014 ) Non-fiction On Wings of Eagles ( 1983 ) Deutscher Spiele Preis Hoity Toity ( 1990 ) Labyrinth ( 1991 ) Flying Dutchman ( 1992 ) Modern Art ( 1993 ) 6 Nimmt ! ( 1994 ) The Settlers of Catan ( 1995 ) El Grande ( 1996 ) Löwenherz ( 1997 ) Tigris and Euphrates ( 1998 ) Tikal ( 1999 ) Taj Mahal ( 2000 ) Carcassonne ( 2001 ) Puerto Rico ( 2002 ) Amun Re ( 2003 ) Saint Petersburg ( 2004 ) Louis XIV ( 2005 ) Caylus ( 2006 ) The Pillars of the Earth ( 2007 ) Agricola ( 2008 ) Dominion ( 2009 ) Fresco ( 2010 ) 7 Wonders ( 2011 ) Village ( 2012 ) Terra Mystica ( 2013 ) Russian Railroads ( 2014 ) The Voyages of Marco Polo ( 2015 ) Mombasa ( 2016 ) Terraforming Mars ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pillars_of_the_Earth&oldid=832584840 '' Categories : 1989 British novels Macmillan Publishers books Novels by Ken Follett Historical novels Novels set in the Middle Ages Novels set in the 12th century Novels set in England Novels about architects Cathedrals in fiction Christianity in medieval England The Anarchy Henry I of England Empress Matilda Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Articles to be expanded from September 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 21 : 20 . 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who discovered infectious diseases are spread by microorganisms	Microorganisms are said to have been first directly observed in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , an early pioneer in microbiology . Yet Athanasius Kircher may have done so prior . When Rome was struck by the bubonic plague in 1656 , Kircher spent days on end caring for the sick . Searching for a cure , Kircher observed microorganisms under the microscope and invented the germ theory of disease , which he outlined in his Scrutinium pestis physico - medicum ( Rome 1658 ) . Building on Leeuwenhoek 's work , physician Nicolas Andry argued in 1700 that microorganisms he called `` worms '' were responsible for smallpox and other diseases .		Germ theory of disease	germ theory of disease	The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms . These small organisms , too small to see without magnification , invade humans , animals , and other living hosts . Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease . `` Germ '' may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganism , especially one which causes disease , such as protists , fungi , viruses , prions , or viroids . Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens , and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases . Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease , environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease , and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen .	The germ theory was proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546 , and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762 . Such views were held in disdain , however , and Galen 's miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors . The nature of this doctrine prevented them from understanding how diseases actually progressed , with predictable consequences . By the early nineteenth century , smallpox vaccination was commonplace in Europe , though doctors were unaware of how it worked or how to extend the principle to other diseases . Similar treatments had been prevalent in India from just before AD 1000 . A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur . This work was later extended by Robert Koch in the 1880s . By the end of the 1880s the miasma theory was struggling to compete with the germ theory of disease . Eventually , a `` golden era '' of bacteriology ensued , during which the theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases . Viruses were discovered in the 1890s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Miasma theory 2 Development 2.1 Pre-19th century 2.2 Agostino Bassi 2.3 Ignaz Semmelweis 2.4 Gideon Mantell 2.5 John Snow 2.6 Louis Pasteur 2.7 Robert Koch 3 Sanitation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Miasma theory ( edit ) A representation by Robert Seymour of the cholera epidemic depicts the spread of the disease in the form of poisonous air . Main article : Miasma theory The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century . It held that diseases such as cholera , chlamydia infection , or the Black Death were caused by a miasma ( μίασμα , Ancient Greek : `` pollution '' ) , a noxious form of `` bad air '' emanating from rotting organic matter . Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter ( miasmata ) that was identifiable by its foul smell . The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water , foul air , and poor hygienic conditions . Such infections , according to the theory , were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors . Development ( edit ) Pre-19th century ( edit ) In Antiquity , the Greek historian Thucydides ( c. 460 -- c. 400 BC ) was the first person to state , in his account of the plague of Athens , that diseases could spread from an infected person to others . One theory of the spread of contagious diseases that were not spread by direct contact was that they were spread by `` seeds '' ( Latin : semina ) that were present in the air . In his poem , De rerum natura ( On the Nature of Things , ca . 56 BC ) , the Roman poet Lucretius ( ca . 99 BC -- ca . 55 BC ) stated that the world contained various `` seeds '' , some of which could sicken a person if they were inhaled or if they contaminated his food . The Roman statesman Marcus Terentius Varro ( 116 -- 27 BC ) wrote , in his Rerum rusticarum libri III ( Three Books on Agriculture , 36 BC ) : `` Precautions must also be taken in the neighborhood of swamps ( ... ) because there are bred certain minute creatures which can not be seen by the eyes , which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases . '' The Greek physician Galen ( AD 129 -- ca . 200 / ca . 216 ) speculated in his On Initial Causes ( ca . AD 175 ) that some patients might have `` seeds of fever '' . In his On the Different Types of Fever ( ca . AD 175 ) , Galen speculated that plagues were spread by `` certain seeds of plague '' , which were present in the air . And in his Epidemics ( ca . AD 176 -- 178 ) , Galen explained that patients might relapse during recovery from a fever because some `` seed of the disease '' lurked in their bodies , which would cause a recurrence of the disease if the patients did n't follow a physician 's therapeutic regimen . During the Middle Ages , Isidore of Seville ( ca . 560 -- 636 ) mentioned `` plague - bearing seeds '' ( pestifera semina ) in his On the Nature of Things ( ca . AD 613 ) . Later in 1345 , Tommaso del Garbo ( ca . 1305 -- 1370 ) of Bologna , Italy mentioned Galen 's `` seeds of plague '' in his work Commentaria non parum utilia in libros Galeni ( Helpful commentaries on the books of Galen ) . The Italian scholar and physician Girolamo Fracastoro proposed in 1546 in his book De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seed - like entities ( seminaria morbi ) that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact , or even without contact over long distances . The diseases were categorised based on how they were transmitted , and how long they could lie dormant . Italian physician Francesco Redi provided early evidence against spontaneous generation . He devised an experiment in 1668 in which he used three jars . He placed a meatloaf and egg in each of the three jars . He had one of the jars open , another one tightly sealed , and the last one covered with gauze . After a few days , he observed that the meatloaf in the open jar was covered by maggots , and the jar covered with gauze had maggots on the surface of the gauze . However , the tightly sealed jar had no maggots inside or outside it . He also noticed that the maggots were found only on surfaces that were accessible by flies . From this he concluded that spontaneous generation is not a plausible theory . Microorganisms are said to have been first directly observed in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , an early pioneer in microbiology . Yet Athanasius Kircher may have done so prior . When Rome was struck by the bubonic plague in 1656 , Kircher spent days on end caring for the sick . Searching for a cure , Kircher observed microorganisms under the microscope and invented the germ theory of disease , which he outlined in his Scrutinium pestis physico - medicum ( Rome 1658 ) . Building on Leeuwenhoek 's work , physician Nicolas Andry argued in 1700 that microorganisms he called `` worms '' were responsible for smallpox and other diseases . In 1720 , Richard Bradley theorised that the plague and ' all pestilential distempers ' were caused by ' poisonous insects ' , living creatures viewable only with the help of microscopes . In 1762 , the Austrian physician Marcus Antonius von Plenciz ( 1705 - 1786 ) published a book titled Opera medico - physica . It outlined a theory of contagion stating that specific ' animalculae ' in the soil and the air were responsible for causing specific diseases . Von Plenciz noted the distinction between diseases which are both epidemic and contagious ( like measles and dysentry ) , and diseases which are contagious but not epidemic ( like rabies and leprosy ) . The book cites Anton van Leeuwenhoek to show how ubitquitous such animalculae are , and was unique for describing the presence of germs in ulcerating wounds . Ultimately , the theory espoused by von Plenciz was not accepted by the scientific community . Agostino Bassi ( edit ) The Italian Agostino Bassi was the first person to prove that a disease was caused by a microorganism when he conducted a series of experiments between 1808 and 1813 , demonstrating that a `` vegetable parasite '' caused a disease in silkworms known as calcinaccio -- this disease was devastating the French silk industry at the time . The `` vegetable parasite '' is now known to be a fungus pathogenic to insects called Beauveria bassiana ( named after Bassi ) . Ignaz Semmelweis ( edit ) Ignaz Semmelweis , a Hungarian obstetrician working at the Vienna General Hospital ( Allgemeines Krankenhaus ) in 1847 , noticed the dramatically high maternal mortality from puerperal fever following births assisted by doctors and medical students . However , those attended by midwives were relatively safe . Investigating further , Semmelweis made the connection between puerperal fever and examinations of delivering women by doctors , and further realized that these physicians had usually come directly from autopsies . Asserting that puerperal fever was a contagious disease and that matter from autopsies were implicated in its development , Semmelweis made doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime water before examining pregnant women , thereby reducing the mortality rate from 18 % to 2.2 % at his hospital . Nevertheless , he and his theories were rejected by most of the contemporary medical establishment . Gideon Mantell ( edit ) Gideon Mantell , the Sussex doctor more famous for discovering dinosaur fossils , spent time with his microscope , and speculated in his Thoughts On Animalcules ( 1850 ) that perhaps `` many of the most serious maladies which afflict humanity , are produced by peculiar states of invisible animalcular life '' . John Snow ( edit ) Main article : 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 John Snow was a skeptic of the then - dominant miasma theory . Even though the germ theory of disease pioneered by Girolamo Fracastoro had not yet achieved full development or widespread currency , Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings . He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera , in which he correctly suggested that the fecal - oral route was the mode of communication , and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines . He even proposed in his 1855 edition of the work , that the structure of cholera was that of a cell . Having rejected effluvia and the poisoning of the blood in the first instance , and being led to the conclusion that the disease is something that acts directly on the alimentary canal , the excretions of the sick at once suggest themselves as containing some material which being accidentally swallowed might attach itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines , and there multiply itself by appropriation of surrounding matter , in virtue of molecular changes going on within it , or capable of going on , as soon as it is placed in congenial circumstances . -- John Snow ( 1849 ) For the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind , must necessarily have some sort of structure , most likely that of a cell . It is no objection to this view that the structure of the cholera poison can not be recognized by the microscope , for the matter of smallpox and of chancre can only be recognized by their effects , and not by their physical properties . -- John Snow ( 1855 ) Snow 's 1849 recommendation that water be `` filtered and boiled before it is used '' is one of the first practical applications of germ theory in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil - water advisory . In 1855 he published a second edition of his article , documenting his more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the Soho , London epidemic of 1854 . By talking to local residents , he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street ( now Broadwick Street ) . Although Snow 's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger , his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle . This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak , but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline . Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump . He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases . He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage - polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes , leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow 's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography . It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology . Later , researchers discovered that this public well had been dug only three feet from an old cesspit , which had begun to leak fecal bacteria . The diapers of a baby , who had contracted cholera from another source , had been washed into this cesspit . Its opening was originally under a nearby house , which had been rebuilt farther away after a fire . The city had widened the street and the cesspit was lost . It was common at the time to have a cesspit under most homes . Most families tried to have their raw sewage collected and dumped in the Thames to prevent their cesspit from filling faster than the sewage could decompose into the soil . After the cholera epidemic had subsided , government officials replaced the handle on the Broad Street pump . They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population , and afterward they rejected Snow 's theory . To accept his proposal would have meant accepting the fecal - oral method transmission of disease , which they dismissed . Louis Pasteur ( edit ) Louis Pasteur 's pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself . These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of Germ Theory of Disease . The more formal experiments on the relationship between germ and disease were conducted by Louis Pasteur between 1860 and 1864 . He discovered the pathology of the puerperal fever and the pyogenic vibrio in the blood , and suggested using boric acid to kill these microorganisms before and after confinement . Pasteur further demonstrated between 1860 and 1864 that fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths did not proceed by spontaneous generation . He exposed freshly boiled broth to air in vessels that contained a filter to stop all particles passing through to the growth medium , and even with no filter at all , with air being admitted via a long tortuous tube that would not pass dust particles . Nothing grew in the broths : therefore the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside , as spores on dust , rather than being generated within the broth . Pasteur discovered that another serious disease of silkworms , pébrine , was caused by a small microscopic organism now known as Nosema bombycis ( 1870 ) . Pasteur saved France 's silk industry by developing a method to screen silkworms eggs for those that were not infected , a method that is still used today to control this and other silkworm diseases . Robert Koch ( edit ) Robert Koch is known for developing four basic criteria ( known as Koch 's postulates ) for demonstrating , in a scientifically sound manner , that a disease is caused by a particular organism . These postulates grew out of his seminal work with anthrax using purified cultures of the pathogen that had been isolated from diseased animals . Koch 's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day . Even in Koch 's time , it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates . Attempts to rigidly apply Koch 's postulates to the diagnosis of viral diseases in the late 19th century , at a time when viruses could not be seen or isolated in culture , may have impeded the early development of the field of virology . Currently , a number of infectious agents are accepted as the cause of disease despite their not fulfilling all of Koch 's postulates . Therefore , while Koch 's postulates retain historical importance and continue to inform the approach to microbiologic diagnosis , fulfillment of all four postulates is not required to demonstrate causality . Koch 's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view . In the 1980s , a molecular version of Koch 's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors . Koch 's postulates : The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease , but should not be found in healthy organisms . The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture . The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism . The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated , diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent . However , Koch abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and , later , of typhoid fever . Asymptomatic or subclinical infection carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases , especially viruses such as polio , herpes simplex , HIV , and hepatitis C. As a specific example , all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects , and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent . The third postulate specifies `` should '' , not `` must '' , because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera , not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection . Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning ; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination ; or genetic immunity , as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele . The second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that can not ( at the present time ) be grown in pure culture , such as prions responsible for Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease . In summary , a body of evidence that satisfies Koch 's postulates is sufficient but not necessary to establish causation . Sanitation ( edit ) In the 1870s , Joseph Lister was instrumental in developing practical applications of the germ theory of disease with respect to sanitation in medical settings and aseptic surgical techniques -- partly through the use of carbolic acid ( phenol ) as an antiseptic . See also ( edit ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Alexander Fleming Cell theory Epidemiology Germ theory denialism Robert Hooke Rudolf Virchow Zymotic disease Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In a 1767 report to the College of Physicians in London , John Zephaniah Holwell mentions the practice of Smallpox vaccinations by Ayurvedic doctors and their explanations of the cause of the disease . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` germ -- definition of germ in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ Henderson , Donald A ; Moss , Bernard ( 1999 ) . Smallpox and Vaccinia , Vaccines . W.B. Saunders Company . Jump up ^ `` BRIEF HISTORY DURING THE SNOW ERA '' . ucla.edu . Jump up ^ `` Germ Theory '' . jrank.org . Jump up ^ John M. Last , ed. ( 2007 ) , `` '' miasma theory `` '' , A Dictionary of Public Health , Westminster College , Pennsylvania : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Singer , Charles and Dorothea ( 1917 ) `` The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro ( 1478 ? -- 1553 ) with especial reference to the source , character and influence of his theory of infection , '' Annals of Medical History , 1 : 1 -- 34 ; see p. 14 . Jump up ^ Thucydides with Richard Crawley , trans. , History of the Peloponnesian War ( London , England : J.M. Dent & Sons , Ltd. , 1910 ) , Book III , § 51 , pp. 131 -- 132 . From pp. 131 -- 132 : `` ... there was the awful spectacle of men dying like sheep , through having caught the infection in nursing each other . This caused the greatest mortality . On the one hand , if they were afraid to visit each other , they perished from neglect ; indeed many houses were emptied of their inmates for want of a nurse : on the other , if they ventured to do so , death was the consequence . '' Jump up ^ Nutton , Vivian ( 1983 ) `` The seeds of disease : an explanation of contagion and infection from the Greeks to the Renaissance , '' Medical History , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 34 ; see p. 10 . Available at : U.S. National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health Jump up ^ Lucretius with Rev. John S. Watson , trans. , On the Nature of Things ( London , England : Henry G. Bohn , 1851 ) , Book VI , lines 1093 -- 1130 , pp. 291 -- 292 ; see especially p. 292 . From p. 292 : `` This new malady and pest , therefore , either suddenly falls into the water , or penetrates into the very corn , or into other food of men and cattle . Or even , as may be the case , the infection remains suspended in the air itself ; and when , as we breathe , we inhale the air mingled with it , we must necessarily absorb those seeds of disease into our body . '' Jump up ^ Varro , Marcus Terentius with Lloyd Storr - Best , trans. , Varro On Farming ( London , England : G. Bell and Sons , Ltd. , 1912 ) , Book 1 , Ch . XII , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Nutton ( 1983 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Nutton ( 1983 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Nutton ( 1983 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ Nutton ( 1983 ) , p. 20 Jump up ^ Nutton ( 1983 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` The Life and Work of Athanaseus Kircher , S.J '' . mjt.org . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Germ Theory '' . The British Medical Journal . 1 ( 1415 ) : 312 . 1888 . Jump up ^ Melvin Santer , ' Richard Bradley : A Unified , Living Agent Theory of the Cause of Infectious Diseases of Plants , Animals , and Humans in the First Decades of the 18th Century ' , in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine , Volume 52 , Number 4 , Autumn , 2009 , pp. 566 - 578 Jump up ^ Winslow , Charles - Edward Amory ( 1967 ) . Conquest of Epidemic Disease : A Chapter in the History of Ideas . Hafner Publishing Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0028548807 . Jump up ^ Pg. 90 of `` The invisible world revealed by the microscope or , thoughts on animalcules . '' , second edition , 1850 ( May have appeared in first edition , too . ( Revise date in article to 1846 , if so . ) ) Jump up ^ John Snow ( 1849 ) . On the Mode of Communication of Cholera . London : J. Churchill . There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished , as I said before , by the flight of the population , which commenced soon after the outbreak ; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped , that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state , or whether , from some cause , the water had become free from it Jump up ^ Chapelle , Frank ( 2005 ) . `` Ch. 5 : Hidden Life , Hidden Death '' . Wellsprings . New Brunswick NJ : Rutgers University Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3614 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pasteur , Louis ( 1880 ) ( May 1880 ) . `` ( translated from French ) '' ( On the extension of the germ theory to the etiology of certain common diseases ) . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences . XC . Ernst , H.C. ( trans ) . pp. 1033 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Walker L , Levine H , Jucker M ( 2006 ) . `` Koch 's postulates and infectious proteins '' . Acta Neuropathologica. 112 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1007 / s00401 - 006 - 0072 - x . PMID 16703338 . ^ Jump up to : Koch Robert ( 1884 ) . `` Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose '' . Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte. 2 . pp. 1 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Koch Robert ( 1893 ) . `` Über den augenblicklichen Stand der bakteriologischen Choleradiagnose '' . Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten ( in German ) . 14 : 319 -- 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02284324 . Jump up ^ Brock TD ( 1999 ) . Robert Koch : a life in medicine and bacteriology . Washington DC : American Society of Microbiology Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 143 - 4 . Jump up ^ Evans AS ( May 1976 ) . `` Causation and disease : the Henle - Koch postulates revisited '' . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 49 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 95 . PMC 2595276 . PMID 782050 . Jump up ^ Jacomo V , Kelly P , Raoult D ( 2002 ) . `` Natural history of Bartonella infections ( an exception to Koch 's postulate ) '' . Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 9 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 18 . doi : 10.1128 / CDLI. 9.1. 8 - 18.2002 . PMC 119901 . PMID 11777823 . Jump up ^ Falkow S ( 1988 ) . `` Molecular Koch 's postulates applied to microbial pathogenicity '' . Reviews of Infectious Diseases . 10 ( Suppl 2 ) : S274 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / 10. Supplement_2. S274 . PMID 3055197 . Jump up ^ Inglis TJ ( November 2007 ) . `` Principia aetiologica : taking causality beyond Koch 's postulates '' . Journal of Medical Microbiology. 56 ( Pt 11 ) : 1419 -- 22 . doi : 10.1099 / jmm. 0.47179 - 0 . PMID 17965339 . External links ( edit ) Stephen T. Abedon ( 1 ) Supplemental Lecture ( 98 / 03 / 28 update ) William C. 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time of our lives chawki mp3 download musicpleer			Time of Our Lives ( Chawki song )	time of our lives ( chawki song )		`` Magic in the Air '' ( 2014 ) `` Time of Our Lives '' ( 2014 ) `` It 's My Life ( Do n't Worry ) '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Time of Our Lives '' on YouTube `` Time of Our Lives '' is a 2014 single by Moroccan singer Chawki ( full name Ahmed Chawki ) released in time with the launch of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . An Arabic language version retitled `` Farhat al ' Aalam '' ( in Arabic فرحة العالم ) was also released for the Arab World . It was produced by RedOne and released on RedOne Records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Language versions 2 Charts 3 References Background ( edit ) The various language song was released in partnership with BeIn Sports , the football ( soccer ) themed song came almost simultaneously with the immense commercial success of `` Magic in the Air '' by the Ivory Coast Band Magic System featuring Chawki . The song `` Time of Our Lives '' is in English language but as the release was targeted mainly for the French - speaking markets where Chawki had already had a previous hit with `` Habibi I Love You '' , the song presented a bilingual refrain : `` Allez , Allez , here we go , allez / This is the time of our lives ) allez being French for `` come on '' used throughout the song . A football and Brazilian Capoeira - themed outdoor partying video was also promoted in time for the opening of the 2014 World Cup . The song found commercial success reaching number 15 in SNEP the official French official Singles Chart and went on high rotation on French commercial radio giving Chawki two simultaneous hit singles in France 's Top 20 , `` Time of Our Lives '' alongside `` Magic in the Air '' that reached number 3 in French main chart and number 1 in French Club 40 dance chart . Language versions ( edit ) A more extensively French language version was offered under the title `` Time of Our Lives ( Notre Moment ) '' . An Arabic language version of the song destined for Arab markets was retitled `` Farhat al ' Aalam '' ( in Arabic فرحة العالم meaning the joy of the world ) , actually a trilingual version in Arabic ( main lyrics ) and English and French ( refrains ) . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 15 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charts in France : `` Time of Our Lives '' : Chawki fait appel à RedOne pour le Mondial 2014 ( in French ) Jump up ^ ActuaNews : Chawki lance une version française de son single `` Time of Our Lives '' ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Chawki -- Time Of Our Lives '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Chawki -- Time Of Our Lives '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_of_Our_Lives_(Chawki_song)&oldid=840656913 '' Categories : 2014 singles Ahmed Chawki songs Eurodance songs French - language songs Arabic - language songs Song recordings produced by RedOne 2014 songs Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 08 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20of%20Our%20Lives%20%28Chawki%20song%29	2,492
who do the good samaritan laws protect and what do the laws say			Good Samaritan law	good samaritan law	Good Samaritan laws offer legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are , or who they believe to be , injured , ill , in peril , or otherwise incapacitated . The protection is intended to reduce bystanders ' hesitation to assist , for fear of being sued or prosecuted for unintentional injury or wrongful death . An example of such a law in common - law areas of Canada : a good Samaritan doctrine is a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for wrongdoing . Its purpose is to keep people from being reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions should they make some mistake in treatment . By contrast , a duty to rescue law requires people to offer assistance , and holds those who fail to do so liable .	Good Samaritan laws may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction as do their interactions with various other legal principles , such as consent , parental rights and the right to refuse treatment . Most such laws do not apply to medical professionals ' or career emergency responders ' on - the - job conduct , but some extend protection to professional rescuers when they are acting in a volunteer capacity . The principles contained in good Samaritan laws more typically operate in countries in which the foundation of the legal system is English Common Law , such as Australia . In many countries that use civil law as the foundation for their legal systems , the same legal effect is more typically achieved using a principle of duty to rescue . Good Samaritan laws take their name from a parable found in the Bible , attributed to Jesus , commonly referred to as the Parable of the Good Samaritan which is contained in Luke 10 : 25 - 37 . It recounts the aid given by a traveler from the area known as Samaria to another traveler of a conflicting religious and ethnic background who had been beaten and robbed by bandits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regions 1.1 Australia 1.2 Canada 1.3 China 1.4 Finland 1.5 Germany 1.6 Ireland 1.7 Israel 1.8 United States 1.9 United Kingdom 2 Common features 2.1 Duty to Assist 2.2 Imminent Peril 2.3 Reward or Compensation 2.4 Obligation to Remain 2.5 Consent 2.5. 1 Implied consent 2.5. 2 Parental consent 2.5. 3 Laws for first responders only 3 Comparison with duty to rescue 4 See also 5 References and notes 6 External links Regions ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Most Australian states and territories have some form of good Samaritan protection . In general these offer protection if care is made in good faith , and the `` good Samaritan '' is not impaired by drugs or alcohol . Variations exist between states , from not applying if the `` good Samaritan '' is the cause of the problem ( New South Wales ) , to applying under all circumstances if the attempt is made in good faith ( Victoria ) . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , good Samaritan acts fall under provincial jurisdiction . Each province has its own act , such as Ontario and British Columbia 's respective Good Samaritan Acts , Alberta 's Emergency Medical Aid Act , and Nova Scotia 's Volunteer Services Act Only in Quebec , a civil law jurisdiction , does a person have a general duty to respond , as detailed in the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms . An example of a typical Canadian law is provided here , from Ontario 's Good Samaritan Act , 2001 , section 2 : Protection from liability 2 . ( 1 ) Despite the rules of common law , a person described in subsection ( 2 ) who voluntarily and without reasonable expectation of compensation or reward provides the services described in that subsection is not liable for damages that result from the person 's negligence in acting or failing to act while providing the services , unless it is established that the damages were caused by the gross negligence of the person . 2001 , c. 2 , s . 2 ( 1 ) . Yukon and Nunavut do not have good Samaritan laws . China ( edit ) There have been incidents in China , such as the Peng Yu incident in 2006 , where good Samaritans who helped people injured in accidents were accused of having injured the victim themselves . The death of Wang Yue was caused when the toddler was run over by two vehicles . The entire incident was caught on a video , which shows eighteen people seeing the child but refusing to help . In a November 2011 survey , a majority , 71 % , thought that the people who passed the child without helping were afraid of getting into trouble themselves . According to China Daily , `` at least 10 Party and government departments and organizations in Guangdong , including the province 's commission on politics and law , the women 's federation , the Academy of Social Sciences , and the Communist Youth League , have started discussions on punishing those who refuse to help people who clearly need it . '' Officials of Guangdong province , along with many lawyers and social workers , also held three days of meetings in the provincial capital of Guangzhou to discuss the case . It was reported that various lawmakers of the province are drafting a good Samaritan law , which would `` penalize people who fail to help in a situation of this type and indemnify them from lawsuits if their efforts are in vain . '' Legal experts and the public are debating the idea ahead of discussions and a legislative push . On 1 August 2013 , the nation 's first good Samaritan law went into effect in Shenzhen . Finland ( edit ) The Finnish Rescue Act explicitly stipulates a duty to rescue as a `` general duty to act '' and `` engage in rescue activities according to ( one 's ) abilities '' . The Finnish Rescue Act thus includes a principle of proportionality which requires professionals to extend immediate aid further than lay persons . The Finnish Criminal Code stipulates `` Section 15 - Neglect of rescue ( 578 / 1995 ) A person who knows that another is in mortal danger or serious danger to his or her health , and does not give or procure such assistance that in view of his or her options and the nature of the situation can reasonably be expected , shall be sentenced for neglect of rescue to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months . '' Germany ( edit ) In Germany , failure to provide first aid to a person in need is punishable under § 323c of its criminal penal code . However , any help one provides can not and will not be prosecuted even if it made the situation worse or did not fulfill specific first aid criteria . People are thus encouraged to help in any way possible , even if the attempt is not successful . Moreover , people providing first aid are covered by the German Statutory Accident Insurance in case they suffer injury , losses , or damages . Ireland ( edit ) The Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act of 2011 first introduced legislation specifically addressing the liability of citizen good Samaritans or volunteers in the Republic of Ireland , without introducing a duty to intervene . This act provides for exemption from liability for a person , or voluntary organisation , for anything done while providing `` assistance , advice or care '' to a person who is injured , in serious risk or danger of becoming injured or suffering from an illness ( or apparently so ) . There are exclusions for cases of `` bad faith '' or `` gross negligence '' on behalf of the carer , and incidents relating to negligent use of motor vehicles . This Act only addresses situations where there is no duty of care owed by the good Samaritan or the volunteer . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , the law requires anyone to assist a person in danger or at the very least call for help . People who help in good faith are not liable for damages . Helpers are eligible for compensation for damages caused to them during their assistance . United states ( edit ) All 50 states and the District of Columbia have some type of Good Samaritan law . The details of good Samaritan laws / acts vary by jurisdiction , including who is protected from liability and under what circumstances . The 1996 Federal Emerson Act was intended to encourage donations of food and grocery products that meet quality and labeling standards imposed by federal , state and local laws and regulations , by protecting the donor and the recipient agency against liability , excepting in the case of gross negligence and / or intentional misconduct . Prior to passage of the Emerson Act differences in language and applicability between states often discouraged national and regional companies from donating , resulting in otherwise usable food being sent to landfills . The 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act also provided coverage for `` Good Samaritans '' while in flight ( Section 5b ) United kingdom ( edit ) In the common law of England and Wales there is no criminal liability for failing to act in the event of another person being in danger ; however , there are exceptions to this rule . In instances where there has been an assumption of responsibility by the bystander , a dangerous situation was created by them , or there is a contractual or statutory duty to act , criminal liability would be imposed on the bystander for their failure to take action . The courts are reluctant to penalize people attempting rescue and English law makes provision for the actions of ' good Samaritans , ' unless their actions were grossly negligent or made a situation worse . Cases such as Donoghue v Stevenson where Lord Atkin culminates the parable of the good samaritan principle to ' love your neighbour ' transposed in law for negligence liability . Donoghue won the case . Common features ( edit ) Duty to assist ( edit ) In some jurisdictions , unless a caretaker relationship ( such as a parent - child or doctor - patient relationship ) exists prior to the illness or injury , or the `` good Samaritan '' is responsible for the existence of the illness or injury , no person is required to give aid of any sort to a victim . Good Samaritan statutes in the states of Minnesota and Vermont do require a person at the scene of an emergency to provide reasonable assistance to a person in need . This assistance may be to call 9 - 1 - 1 . Violation of the duty - to - assist subdivision is a petty misdemeanor in Minnesota and may warrant a fine of up to $100 in Vermont . At least five other states , including California and Nevada , have seriously considered adding duty - to - assist subdivisions to their good Samaritan statutes . New York 's law provides immunity for those who assist in an emergency . The public policy behind the law is : The furnishing of medical assistance in an emergency is a matter of vital concern affecting the public health , safety and welfare . Prehospital emergency medical care , the provision of prompt and effective communication among ambulances and hospitals ( , ) and safe and effective care and transportation of the sick and injured are essential public health services . -- N.Y. Public Health L. § 3000 . Imminent peril ( edit ) Good Samaritan provisions are not universal in application . The legal principle of imminent peril may also apply . In the absence of imminent peril , the actions of a rescuer may be perceived by the courts to be reckless and not worthy of protection . To illustrate , a motor vehicle collision occurs , but there is no fire , no immediate life threat from injuries and no danger of a second collision . If someone , with good intentions , causes injury by pulling the victim from the wreckage , a court may rule that good Samaritan laws do not apply because the victim was not in imminent peril and hold the actions of the rescuer to be unnecessary and reckless . Reward or compensation ( edit ) Only first aid provided without intention of reward or financial compensation is covered . Medical professionals are typically not protected by good Samaritan laws when performing first aid in connection with their employment . Some states make specific provisions for trained medical professionals acting as volunteers and for members of volunteer rescue squads acting without expectation of remuneration . In Texas , a physician who voluntarily assisted in the delivery of an infant , and who proved that he had `` no expectation of remuneration '' , had no liability for the infant 's injuries due to allegedly ordinary negligence ; there was `` uncontroverted testimony that neither he nor any doctor in Travis County would have charged a fee to ( the mother ) or any other person under the circumstances of this case . '' It was significant that the doctor was not an employee of the attending physician , but was only visiting the hospital and had responded to a `` Dr. Stork '' page , and had not asked or expected to be paid . Obligation to remain ( edit ) If a responder begins rendering aid , he must not leave the scene until it is necessary to call for needed medical assistance , a rescuer of equal or higher ability takes over , or continuing to give aid is unsafe . This can be as simple as a lack of adequate protection against potential diseases , such as vinyl , latex , or nitrile gloves to protect against blood - borne pathogens . A responder is never legally compelled to take risks to aid another person . The responder is not legally liable for any harm to the person assisted , as long as the responder acted rationally , in good faith and in accordance with their level of training . Consent ( edit ) The responder must obtain the consent of the patient , or of the legal guardian of a patient who is a minor , unless this is not possible ; failing to do so may attract a charge of assault or battery . Implied consent ( edit ) Main article : Implied consent Consent may be implied if an unattended patient is unconscious , delusional , intoxicated or deemed mentally unfit to make decisions regarding his or her safety , or if the responder has a reasonable belief that this was so ; courts tend to be very forgiving in adjudicating this , under the legal fiction that `` peril invites rescue '' ( as in the rescue doctrine ) . The test in most jurisdictions is that of the `` average , reasonable person '' . To illustrate , would the average , reasonable person in any of the states described above consent to receiving assistance in these circumstances if able to make a decision ? Consent may also be implied if the legal parent or guardian is not immediately reachable and the patient is not considered an adult . Parental consent ( edit ) If the victim is a minor , consent must come from a parent or guardian . However , if the legal parent or guardian is absent , unconscious , delusional or intoxicated , consent is implied . A responder is not required to withhold life - saving treatment ( e.g. , CPR or the Heimlich maneuver ) from a minor if the parent or guardian will not consent . The parent or guardian is then considered neglecting , and consent for treatment is implied by default because neglect has been committed . Special circumstances may exist if child abuse is suspected ( the courts will usually give immunity to those first responders who report what they reasonably consider to be evidence of child abuse or neglect , similar to that given to those who have an actual duty to report such abuse , such as teachers or counsellors ) . Laws for first responders only ( edit ) In some jurisdictions , good Samaritan laws only protect those who have completed basic first aid training and are certified by health organizations , such as the American Heart Association , or American Red Cross , provided that they have acted within the scope of their training . In these jurisdictions , a person who is neither trained in first aid nor certified , and who performs first aid incorrectly , can be held legally liable for errors made . In other jurisdictions any rescuer is protected from liability so long as the responder acted rationally . In Florida , paramedics , EMTs , and Emergency Medical Responders ( First Responders ) are required by law to act under the Duty to Act law , which requires them to stop and give aid that falls within their practice . Comparison with duty to rescue ( edit ) Good Samaritan laws may be confused with the duty to rescue , as described above . U.S. and Canadian approaches to this issue differ . Under the common law , good Samaritan laws provide a defence against torts arising from the attempted rescue . Such laws do not constitute a duty to rescue , such as exists in some civil law countries , and in the common law under certain circumstances . However , the duty to rescue where it exists may itself imply a shield from liability ; for example , under the German law of unterlassene Hilfeleistung ( an offense not to provide first aid when necessary ) , a citizen is obliged to provide first aid when necessary and is immune from prosecution if assistance given in good faith turns out to be harmful . In Canada , all provinces with the exception of Quebec operate on the basis of English Common Law . Quebec operates a civil law system , based in part on the Napoleonic Code , and the principle of duty to rescue does apply . Similarly , in France anyone who fails to render assistance to a person in danger will be found liable before French Courts ( civil and criminal liability ) . The penalty for this offence in criminal courts is imprisonment and a fine ( under article 223 -- 6 of the Criminal Code ) while in civil courts judges will order payment of pecuniary compensation to the victims . To illustrate a variation in the concept of duty to rescue , in the Canadian province of Ontario , the Occupational Health and Safety Act provides all workers with the right to refuse to perform unsafe work . There are , however , specific exceptions to this right . When the `` life , health or safety of another person is at risk , '' then specific groups , including `` police officers , firefighters , or employees of a hospital , clinic or other type of medical worker ( including EMS ) '' are specifically excluded from the right to refuse unsafe work . See also ( edit ) Bystander effect Duty to rescue Medical amnesty policy Sanhedrin ( tractate ) References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ DAN Legal Network : The Good Samaritan Law across Europe Jump up ^ `` What are good samaritan laws ? '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gulam H , Devereaux J ( 2007 ) . `` A brief primer on Good Samaritan Law for health care professionals '' . Australian Health Review . 31 ( 3 ) : 478 -- 482 . Jump up ^ Good Samaritan . ( n.d. ) . Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of Law . Retrieved January 09 , 2010 , from Dictionary.com website : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Good+Samaritan Jump up ^ Bird , Sara ( July 2008 ) . `` Good Samaritans '' ( PDF ) . Australian Family Physician. 30 ( 7 ) : 570 -- 751 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Good Samaritan Act , S.O. , 2001 ( Ontario E-laws website ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Good Samaritan Act ( RSBC 1996 ) CHAPTER 172 ( British Columbia Queen 's Printer website ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Medical Aid Act ( Alberta Queen 's Printer website '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Volunteer Services Act ' Good Samaritan ' RSNS 1989 ( amend. 1992 ) ( Nova Scotia Legislature website ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedom '' . Éditeur officiel du Québec . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Good Samaritan Law from The Canadian Association of Food Banks '' . Canadian Association of Food Banks ( via Internet Archive ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Good Samaritan Act , 2001 © Queen 's Printer for Ontario , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Martinsen , Joel ( 7 September 2007 ) . `` A 45,000 - yuan helping hand : common sense , decency , and crowded public transportation '' . danwei.org . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ignored toddler does n't tell the whole story about China '' . The Globe and Mail . 19 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Youths search their souls after Yue Yue 's death '' . China.org.cn. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Zheng , Caixiong ( 20 October 2011 ) . `` Law mulled to make aid compulsory '' . chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Demick , Barbara ( 21 October 2011 ) . `` Chinese toddler 's death evokes outpouring of grief and guilt '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chin , Josh ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Toddler 's Death Stirs Ire in China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Huifeng , He ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Shenzhen introduces Good Samaritan law '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039 Jump up ^ ( in German ) § 323c Unterlassene Hilfeleistung ( Strafgesetzbuch -- stgb ) ( Omission to effect an easy rescue ) . ( in English ) English version . Jump up ^ Sozialgesetzbuch 7 . § 2 , § 13 . Jump up ^ Section 4 of the Civil Law ( Miscellaneous Provisions ) Act 2011 ( Public Act No. 23 of 2011 ) . Act of the Irish Parliament . Jump up ^ The laws include : Maryland Courts and Judicial Proceedings Code § 5 - 603 ; VA § 8.01 - 225 ; NC § 20 - 166 and § 90 - 21.14 ; SC § 15 - 1 - 310 ; TN 63 - 6 - 218 ; GA § 51 - 1 - 29 ; Long list for 50 states : https://recreation-law.com/2014/05/28/good-samaritan-laws-by-state/ Jump up ^ AMAA , 1998 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-105hrpt456/pdf/CRPT-105hrpt456.pdf Jump up ^ Donoghue v Stevenson ( 1932 ) AC 562 , 580 ( Lord Atkin ) Jump up ^ `` Vermont Good Samaritan Law '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ 604A. 01 MINNESOTA GOOD SAMARITAN LAW Jump up ^ Lyons , Donna ( 1999 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Help Your Neighbor -- It 's the Law '' . State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : N.Y. Public Health L. § § 3000 - a , 3000 - b , 3013 ( McKinney 2000 ) ; see also NY State Assembly website database of law . Accessed July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ N.Y. Public Health L. § 3000 ( McKinney 2000 ) ; see also NY State Assembly website database of law . Accessed July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Good Samaritan Law ? ( essortment website ) '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Good samaritan law may not apply ( USA Today ) '' . 2007 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ See also , California Supreme Court decision in Van Horn vs. Torti , December 18 , 2008 , with a similar fact pattern and limitation of protection to medical personnel rendering medical aid . Jump up ^ `` RCW 4.24. 300 Immunity from liability for certain types of medical care ( Washington State Legislature website ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Good Samaritan Law '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre v. Ramirez , 109 S.W. 3d 741 ( Tex . Sup . Ct. 2003 ) , overturning 59 S.W. 3d 821 ( Tex . Ct. of Appeals ) and citing Tex . Civ . Prac . & Rem . Code § 74.001 ( effective in 1998 , and since amended ) , found at Texas Courts website . Accessed July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rolfsen ML ( 2007 ) . `` Medical care provided during a disaster should be immune from liability or criminal prosecution '' . The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society . 159 ( 4 ) : 224 -- 5 , 227 -- 9 . PMID 17987961 . Jump up ^ `` Implied Consent '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Foltin GL , Lucky C , Portelli I , et al. ( June 2008 ) . `` Overcoming legal obstacles involving the voluntary care of children who are separated from their legal guardians during a disaster '' . Pediatric Emergency Care . 24 ( 6 ) : 392 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / PEC. 0b013e318178c05d . PMID 18562886 . Jump up ^ `` Good Samaritan / Fireman 's Rule '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Higuchi N ( March 2008 ) . `` ( Good Samaritan Act and physicians ' duty to rescue ) '' . Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai zasshi ( in Japanese ) . 64 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 4 . doi : 10.6009 / jjrt. 64.382 . PMID 18434681 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Law website 2 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Audrey Laur ( March 2013 ) . `` Liabilities of Doctors on Aircraft '' . Medico - Legal Journal . 81 : 31 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Occupational Health and Safety Act , R.S.O. ( 1990 ) ( Ontario E-laws website ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Summary of good samaritan laws for various US jurisdictions Good Samaritan Act of Ontario , 2001 Good Samaritan Law Good Samaritan Day Emergency medical services around the world Emergency medical services by country Austria Australia Brazil Canada Finland France Germany Hong Kong Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Spain South Africa Sri Lanka Ukraine United Kingdom United States Paramedics by country Australia Canada Germany Ireland United Kingdom United States First aid Techniques Abdominal thrusts Airway management Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Emergency bleeding control Equipment Automated external defibrillator Bag valve mask Bandage Dressing First aid kit Nasopharyngeal airway Oropharyngeal airway Mnemonics ABC DCAP - BTLS OPQRST RICE SAMPLE SOAP Certifications Certified first responder Emergency medical technician Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician Topics Bleeding Golden hour Good Samaritan law Wilderness medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Samaritan_law&oldid=822581330 '' Categories : Public law First aid Medical law Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Articles containing German - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lietuvių 日本語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 06 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Samaritan%20law	2,493
where did andy go at the end of shawshank redemption	After serving 40 years , Red is paroled . He struggles to adapt to life outside prison and fears that he never will . Remembering his promise to Andy , he visits Buxton and finds a cache containing money and a letter asking him to come to Zihuatanejo . Red violates his parole and travels to Fort Hancock , Texas to cross the border to Mexico , admitting he finally feels hope . On a beach in Zihuatanejo he finds Andy , and the two friends are happily reunited .	Zihuatanejo	The Shawshank Redemption	the shawshank redemption	The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont , and based on the Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption . The film tells the story of banker Andy Dufresne ( Tim Robbins ) , who is sentenced to life in Shawshank State Penitentiary for the murder of his wife and her lover , despite his claims of innocence . Over the following two decades , he befriends a fellow prisoner , contraband smuggler Ellis `` Red '' Redding ( Morgan Freeman ) , and becomes instrumental in a money laundering operation led by the prison warden Samuel Norton ( Bob Gunton ) . The film also stars William Sadler , Clancy Brown , Gil Bellows , and James Whitmore .	While The Shawshank Redemption received positive reviews at release , it was a box office disappointment , owing to competition from other films such as Pulp Fiction . The film received multiple award nominations ( including seven Oscar nominations ) and highly positive reviews from critics for its acting , story , and realism . Through Ted Turner 's acquisition of Castle Rock Entertainment , the film started gaining more popularity in 1997 after it started near - daily airings on Turner 's TNT network . The film is now considered to be one of the greatest films of the 1990s . It has since been successful on cable television , VHS , DVD , and Blu - ray . The film was included in the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) . In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Post-production 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Themes 6 Legacy 6.1 Post theatrical releases 6.2 Reception 6.3 Cultural impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1947 Portland , Maine , banker Andy Dufresne is convicted of murdering his wife and her lover , and he is sentenced to two consecutive life sentences at the Shawshank State Penitentiary . Andy is befriended by contraband smuggler , Ellis `` Red '' Redding , an inmate serving a life sentence . Red procures a rock hammer for Andy and later a large poster of Rita Hayworth for him . Working in the prison laundry , Andy is regularly assaulted by `` the Sisters '' and their leader , Bogs . In 1949 , Andy overhears the captain of the guards , Byron Hadley , complaining about being taxed on an inheritance and offers to help Hadley legally shelter the money . After an assault by the Sisters nearly kills Andy , Hadley beats Bogs severely . Bogs is then transferred to another prison . Warden Samuel Norton meets Andy and reassigns him to the prison library to assist elderly inmate Brooks Hatlen . Andy 's new job is a pretext for him to begin managing financial matters for the prison employees . As time passes , the warden begins using Andy to handle matters for a variety of people , including guards from other prisons and the warden himself . Andy begins writing weekly letters to the state legislature , requesting funds to improve the prison 's decaying library . In 1954 , Brooks is paroled after serving 50 years , but he can not adjust to the outside world , and he commits suicide , hanging himself . Andy receives a library donation that includes a recording of The Marriage of Figaro . He plays an excerpt over the public address system , resulting in him receiving solitary confinement . After his release from solitary , Andy explains that hope is what gets him through his time , a concept that Red dismisses . In 1963 , Norton begins exploiting prison labor for public works , profiting by undercutting skilled labor costs and receiving bribes . Andy launders the money using the alias Randall Stephens . In 1965 , Tommy Williams is incarcerated for burglary . He is befriended by Andy and Red , and Andy helps him pass his GED exam . In 1966 , Tommy reveals to Red and Andy that an inmate at another prison claimed responsibility for the murders for which Andy was convicted . Andy approaches Norton with this information , but he refuses to listen and sends Andy back to solitary confinement when he mentions the money laundering . Norton has Hadley murder Tommy under the guise of an escape attempt . Andy declines to continue the laundering , but he relents after Norton threatens to burn the library , remove Andy 's protection from the guards , and move him to worse conditions . After two months , Andy is released from solitary confinement , and he tells Red of his dream of living in Zihuatanejo , a Mexican coastal town . Red feels Andy is being unrealistic , but promises Andy that if he is ever released , he will visit a specific hayfield near Buxton , Maine , and retrieve a package Andy buried there . He worries about Andy 's well - being , especially when he learns Andy asked another inmate to supply him with six feet ( 1.8 meters ) of rope . The next day at roll call , the guards find Andy 's cell empty . An irate Norton throws a rock at the poster of Raquel Welch hanging on the cell wall , revealing a tunnel that Andy dug with his rock hammer over the last 19 years . The previous night , Andy escaped through the tunnel and prison sewage pipe , using the rope to bring with him Norton 's suit , shoes , and the ledger containing details of the money laundering . While guards search for him , Andy poses as Randall Stephens and visits several banks to withdraw the laundered money , then mails the ledger and evidence of the corruption and murders at Shawshank to a local newspaper . State police arrive at Shawshank and take Hadley into custody , while Norton commits suicide to avoid his arrest . After serving 40 years , Red is paroled . He struggles to adapt to life outside prison and fears that he never will . Remembering his promise to Andy , he visits Buxton and finds a cache containing money and a letter asking him to come to Zihuatanejo . Red violates his parole and travels to Fort Hancock , Texas to cross the border to Mexico , admitting he finally feels hope . On a beach in Zihuatanejo he finds Andy , and the two friends are happily reunited . Cast ( edit ) Tim Robbins in 2012 ( left ) and Morgan Freeman in 2006 Tim Robbins as Andy Dufresne : An investment banker sentenced to life in prison in 1947 for the murder of his wife and her lover Morgan Freeman as Ellis Boyd `` Red '' Redding : A prison contraband smuggler who befriends Andy Bob Gunton as Samuel Norton : The pious and strict warden of Shawshank penitentiary William Sadler as Heywood : A member of Red 's gang of long - serving convicts Clancy Brown as Byron Hadley : The brutal captain of the prison guards Gil Bellows as Tommy Williams : A young convict imprisoned for burglary in 1965 James Whitmore as Brooks Hatlen : The elderly prison librarian , imprisoned since 1905 The cast also includes : Mark Rolston as Bogs Diamond , the head of `` The Sisters '' gang and a prison rapist ; Jeffrey DeMunn as the prosecuting attorney in Dufresne 's trial ; Alfonso Freeman as Fresh Fish Con ; Ned Bellamy and Don McManus as , respectively , prison guards Youngblood and Wiley ; and Dion Anderson as Head Bull Haig . Renee Blaine portrays Andy 's wife , and Scott Mann portrays her golf - instructor lover Glenn Quentin . Frank Medrano plays Fat Ass , one of Andy 's fellow new - inmates who is beaten to death by Hadley , and Bill Bolender plays Elmo Blatch , a convict who may actually be responsible for the crimes of which Andy is accused . Production ( edit ) Director Frank Darabont in 2011 . He bought the adaptation rights to The Shawshank Redemption for $5,000 in 1987 . Director Frank Darabont first collaborated with author Stephen King in 1983 , on the short film adaptation of `` The Woman in the Room '' , buying the rights from King for $1 ; a Dollar Deal policy King used to help new directors build a resume by adapting his short stories . After receiving his first screenwriting credit in 1987 for A Nightmare on Elm Street 3 : Dream Warriors , Darabont returned to King with $5,000 to purchase the right to adapt Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption , a 96 - page novella from King 's 1982 collection Different Seasons , written to explore genres outside of the horror stories for which he was commonly known . Although King did not understand how the story , largely focused on Red contemplating his fellow prisoner Andy , could be turned into a feature film , Darabont believed it was `` obvious '' . Five years later , Darabont wrote the script over an eight - week period . Darabont expanded on elements of King 's story . Brooks , who in the novella is a minor character who dies in a retirement home , became a tragic character who eventually hanged himself . Tommy , who in the novella trades his evidence exonerating Andy for transfer to a nicer prison , is instead in the screenplay murdered on the orders of warden Norton , who is himself an amalgamation of several warden characters in King 's story . Darabont opted to create a single warden character to serve as the primary antagonist . He also cited Goodfellas ( 1990 ) as an inspiration to use dialogue to illustrate the passage of time in the script . King never cashed the $5,000 cheque from Darabont for the rights to The Shawshank Redemption ; he later framed it and returned it to Darabont accompanied by a note which read `` In case you ever need bail money . Love , Steve '' . At the time , prison - based films were not considered reliable box - office successes , but Darabont 's script was read by then - Castle Rock Entertainment producer Liz Glotzer , whose interest in prison stories and reaction to the script led her to threaten to quit if Castle Rock did not produce The Shawshank Redemption . Director and Castle Rock co-founder Rob Reiner also liked the script , and offered Darabont between $2.4 million and $3 million to allow Reiner to direct it himself . Reiner , who had previously adapted King 's novella The Body into the 1986 film Stand by Me , planned to cast Tom Cruise as Andy and Harrison Ford as Red . Castle Rock offered to finance any other film Darabont wanted to develop . Darabont , citing growing up poor in Los Angeles , seriously considered the offer , considering it would elevate his standing in his industry and that Castle Rock could have contractually fired him and given the film to Reiner anyway . Darabont chose to remain director , saying in a 2014 Variety interview , `` you can continue to defer your dreams in exchange for money and , you know , die without ever having done the thing you set out to do . '' Reiner instead served as Darabont 's mentor on the project . Within two weeks of showing the script to Castle Rock , Darabont had a $25 million budget to make his film , taking a $750,000 screenwriting and directing salary plus a percentage of the net profits . Producer Niki Marvin spent five months scouting prisons across the United States and Canada , looking for a location that had a timeless aesthetic and was completely abandoned , hoping to avoid the complexity of filming the amount of footage that The Shawshank Redemption required , in an active prison that would require hours per day of additional security checks . Marvin eventually chose the Ohio State Reformatory in Mansfield , Ohio to serve as the fictional Shawshank State Penitentiary in Maine , citing its Gothic - style stone and brick buildings . After nearly a century of use , the facility had been closed three years earlier on New Years Eve , 1990 , due to inhumane living conditions . Casting ( edit ) Freeman was cast at Glotzer 's suggestion , who ignored the novella 's character description of a white Irishman , nicknamed `` Red '' . Darabont initially looked at some of his favorite actors like Gene Hackman and Robert Duvall , but they were unavailable , and Clint Eastwood and Paul Newman were also considered . Freeman 's character alludes to the choice when queried by Andy on why he is called Red , replying `` Maybe it 's because I 'm Irish . '' Freeman opted not to research his role , saying `` acting the part of someone who 's incarcerated does n't require any specific knowledge of incarceration ... because men do n't change . Once you 're in that situation , you just toe whatever line you have to toe . '' Cruise , Tom Hanks and Kevin Costner were offered , and passed on the role of Andy Dufresne ; Hanks due to his starring role in Forrest Gump , and Costner for the lead in Waterworld . Johnny Depp , Nicolas Cage , and Charlie Sheen were also considered for the role at different stages . Cruise attended table readings of the script , but he refused to work for the inexperienced Darabont . Darabont said he cast Robbins after seeing his performance in the 1990 psychological horror Jacob 's Ladder . When Robbins was cast he insisted that Darabont use experienced cinematographer Roger Deakins , who had worked with Robbins on The Hudsucker Proxy . To prepare for the role , Robbins observed caged animals at a zoo , spent an afternoon in solitary confinement , spoke with prisoners and guards , and had his arms and legs shackled for a few hours . Cast initially as young convict Tommy , Brad Pitt dropped out following his success in Thelma & Louise ( the role went to a debuting Gil Bellows ) , and James Gandolfini passed on portraying prison rapist Bogs . Gunton was filming Demolition Man ( 1993 ) when he went to audition for The Shawshank Redemption with Darabont and Marvin . To convince the studio that Gunton was right for the part , they arranged for him to record a screen test on a day off from Demolition Man , and even arranged for a wig to be made as Gunton had to shave his head for his Demolition Man role but wanted to portray warden Norton with hair as this could then be grayed to convey his on - screen aging throughout Shawshank . Gunton performed his screen test against Robbins and was filmed by Deakins , and after being confirmed for the role , used the wig in early scenes in the film until his hair naturally regrew . Gunton said that Marvin and Darabont saw that he understood the character and that , that went in his favor , as did his similar height to Robbins that allowed for Andy to believably use the warden 's suit . Portraying the head guard Byron Hadley , Clancy Brown was given the opportunity to speak with former guards by the production 's liaison officer , but declined believing it would not be a good thing to say that his brutal character was in any way inspired by Ohio state correctional officers . William Sadler , who portrays Heywood , said that Darabont had approached him in 1989 , on the set of the Tales from the Crypt television series where Darabont was a writer , about starring in the adaptation he was intending to make . Morgan 's son Alfonso cameos as a young Red in mug shot photos , and as a prisoner shouting `` fresh fish '' as Andy arrives at Shawshank . Among the extras used in the film were the former warden and former inmates of the Reformatory , and active guards of a nearby incarceration facility . The original novella title drew several people to try and audition for the non-existent role of Rita Hayworth , including a man in drag clothing . Filming ( edit ) Ohio State Reformatory , also known as the Mansfield Reformatory , served as the fictional Shawshank prison . On a $25 million budget , principal photography took place over three months in 1993 . Filming regularly required up to 18 - hour workdays , six days a week . Freeman described filming as tense , stating `` Most of the time , the tension was between the cast and director . I remember having a bad moment with the director , had a few of those '' . Freeman referred to Darabont requiring multiple takes of scenes , which Freeman considered had no discernible differences . He said that he would sometimes simply refuse to do the additional takes . Robbins said that the long days were difficult , while Darabont considered that making the film taught him a lot , `` A director really needs to have an internal barometer to measure what any given actor needs . '' He found his most frequent struggles were with Deakins , as Darabont favored more scenic shots , while Deakins considered that not showing the outside of the prison added a sense of claustrophobia , and it meant that when wide scenic shots were used , it made more impact . The 15 - acre reformatory , housing its own power plant and farm , was partially torn down shortly after filming completed , leaving the main administration building and two cell blocks . Several of the interior shots of the specialized prison facilities , such as the admittance rooms and the warden 's office , were shot in the reformatory . The interior of the boarding room used by Brooks and Red was actually located in the administration building ; exterior shots of the boarding house were taken elsewhere . Internal scenes in the prison cellblocks were actually filmed on a soundstage built inside the nearby shuttered Westinghouse factory . As Darabont wanted the inmate cells to face each other for the film , almost all of the cellblock scenes were shot on a purpose - built set housed in the Westinghouse Electric factory , Mansfield , except for the scene featuring Elmo Blatch 's admission of guilty in Andy 's crimes , which was filmed in the actual prison 's more confined cells . Scenes were also filmed in Mansfield , as well as neighboring Ashland , Ohio . The oak tree under which Andy buries his letter to Red was located near Malabar Farm State Park , in Lucas , Ohio ; it was destroyed by winds in 2016 . Andy 's and Red 's reunion was filmed in Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge Just as a prison in Ohio stood in for a fictional one in Maine , the beach scene showing Red 's and Andy 's reunion in Zihuatanejo , Mexico , was actually shot in the Caribbean on the island of Saint Croix , one of the U.S. Virgin Islands . The beach at ' Zihuatanejo ' is Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge , a protected area for leatherback sea turtles . Scenes shot in Upper Sandusky included the prison wood shop scene where Red and his fellow inmates hear `` The Marriage of Figaro '' ( the woodshop is now called the Shawshank Woodshop ) , and the opening court scene which was shot at the Wyandot County Courthouse . Other shooting locations included Pugh Cabin on Malabar Farm State Park , where Andy sits outside as his wife engages in an affair , Butler , Ohio which stood in for Buxton , Maine , and The Bissman Building in Mansfield , which served as the hotel where Brooks stays following his incarceration . The scene where Andy first approaches Red in order to procure a rock hammer took nine hours to film . The scene featured Freeman throwing and catching a baseball with another inmate throughout . The amount of times it took to film the scene resulted in Freeman turning up to filming the following day with his arm in a sling . While the film portrays Andy escaping to freedom through a sewer pipe described as a `` river of shit '' , Robbins actually crawls through a mixture of water , chocolate syrup , and sawdust . The stream into which Andy emerges was actually certified toxic by a chemist according to production designer Terence Marsh . As for the scene were Andy rebelliously plays music over the prison announcement system , it was Robbins ' idea for Andy to turn the music up rather than shut it off . Post-production ( edit ) The first edit of the film ran for nearly two and a half hours , which Glotzer considered `` long '' , and several scenes were cut including a longer sequence of Red adjusting to life post incarceration ; Darabont said that in test screenings the audience seemed to be getting impatient with the scene as they were already convinced that Red would not make it . Another scene cut for time showed a prison guard investigating Andy 's escape tunnel ; it was thought to slow down the action . Darabont 's original vision ended the film with Red riding a bus towards the Mexican border , leaving his fate ambiguous . Glotzer insisted on including the scene of Red and Andy reuniting in Zihuatanejo . She said Darabont felt this was a `` commercial , sappy '' ending , but Glotzer wanted the audience to see them together . The final cut of the theatrically released film runs for 142 minutes . Several alternative titles were posited before the film 's release as it was considered that The Shawshank Redemption was not a marketable title . The film was dedicated to Allen Greene , Darabont 's former agent who died during filming from AIDS . Music ( edit ) Composer Thomas Newman ( 2010 ) Main article : The Shawshank Redemption ( soundtrack ) The film score was composed by Thomas Newman . In scoring music for the film , Newman felt that it elicited such strong emotions already without music , that he found difficulty in creating music that would elevate scenes without distracting from them . The piece , `` Shawshank Redemption '' , plays during Andy 's escape from Shawshank and originally had a three - note motif , but Darabont felt it had too much of a `` triumphal flourish '' and requested it be toned down to a single - note motif . `` So Was Red '' , played following Red 's release from prison and leading to his discovery of Andy 's cache , became one of Newman 's favorite pieces . The piece was initially written for a solo oboe player , until Newman reluctantly agreed to add a harmonica player ; a reference to a gifted harmonica Red receives from Andy to continue his message of hope . According to Darabont , harmonica player Tommy Morgan `` casually delivered something dead - on perfect on the first take '' , and this is heard in the finished film . Newman 's score was so successful that excerpts would be used in movie trailers for years afterwards . The score consists largely of faint piano music , and tremolo strings during more active or humorous moments in the film . The score 's two main themes only appear two to three times . The prison theme , first heard in the beginning , is a four - note ascending line in the bass , which is developed and reaches its climax when Andy is standing in the river in the rain . The second theme represents freedom , and is first heard when the inmates are sharing beer , feeling like `` free men '' . This theme does not reoccur until the final credits , and is then grander , with fuller orchestration . Like Hans Zimmer 's score for The Thin Red Line , the track is often played in trailers during their most dramatic moments . Zimmer himself has credited the score as the one `` that has influenced everything the most '' , and stated that Newman expanded the harmonic palette of film scores . A central scene in the film features the soprano `` Letter Duet '' ( `` Canzonetta sull'aria '' ) from Mozart 's The Marriage of Figaro , also known in Italian as `` Sull'aria ... che soave zeffiretto . '' In the duet , Countess Almaviva dictates to Susanna an invitation to a tryst addressed to the countess ' unfaithful husband . Ellis Boyd `` Red '' Redding ( Morgan Freeman ) remarks in his voice - over narration : `` I have no idea to this day what those two Italian ladies were singing about . ( ... ) I 'd like to think they were singing about something so beautiful it ca n't be expressed in words , and it makes your heart ache because of it . '' The music highlights the irony in the movie as the opera characters are only singing about a duplicitous love letter to expose infidelity . Release ( edit ) Leading up to its release , the film was subjected to public test screenings which were `` through the roof '' , which Glotzer described as some of the best she had seen , and while other critics had praised the film , she believed that a lackluster review from the Los Angeles Times pushed crowds away . It was also decided to largely omit King 's name from any advertising , as the studio wanted to attract a more prestigious audience who may reject a film from a writer mostly known for pulp fiction stories like The Shining and Cujo . Following its premiere in early September at the Toronto International Film Festival , The Shawshank Redemption received a limited North American release on September 23 , 1994 . During its opening weekend , the film earned $727,000 from 33 theaters -- an average of $22,040 per theater . It received a wide release on October 14 , 1994 , expanding to a total of 944 theaters to earn $2.4 million -- an average of $2,545 per theater -- finishing as the number 9 film of the weekend , behind sex - comedy Exit to Eden ( $3 million ) and just ahead of Quiz Show ( $2.1 million ) which was in its fifth week at the cinemas . The film left theaters in late November 1994 , after 10 weeks with an approximate total gross of $16 million . It was considered a box office bomb , failing to recoup its $25 million budget , not including marketing costs and the cinema exhibitors cuts . Following a Hollywood tradition of visiting different theaters on opening night to see the audiences view their film live , Darabont and Glotzer went to the Cinerama Dome , but found no one there , with Glotzer claiming that the pair actually sold two tickets outside the theater with the promise that if they did not like the film , they could ask Castle Rock for a refund . The film was also competing with similarly - themed movies , Pulp Fiction ( $108 million ) which also premiered October 14 following its Palme d'Or award win , and Forrest Gump ( $330 million ) which was in the middle of a successful 42 - week long theatrical run . Both films would become quotable cultural phenomenons , and a general audience trend towards action films starring the likes of Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger was also considered to work against The Shawshank Redemption . Freeman blamed the title , saying it was unmemorable , with Robbins recalling fans asking `` What was that Shinkshonk Reduction thing ? '' . The low box office was also blamed on a lack of female characters to broaden the audience demographic , and a general unpopularity of prison films . After being nominated for several Oscars in early 1995 , the film received a re-release between February and March that year . In total , the film made about $28.3 million in North American theaters , making it the 51st - highest - grossing film of 1994 and the 21st - highest grossing R - rated film of 1994 , and an approximate $30 million from markets elsewhere ; a worldwide total of $58.3 million . Critical response ( edit ) Roger Deakins cinematography was praised by critics , and his work led to him winning the American Society of Cinematographers award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography . Despite its poor box office returns , The Shawshank Redemption opened to generally positive reviews . Reviewers compared the film to other well - received imprisonment dramas , including Birdman of Alcatraz , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Cool Hand Luke , and Riot in Cell Block 11 . Gene Siskel said that like One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , The Shawshank Redemption is an inspirational drama about overcoming overbearing authority . Freeman 's performance as Red was frequently praised . Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman said that Freeman makes the Red character feel genuine and `` lived - in '' , while Janet Maslin of The New York Times said that Freeman was quietly impressive , while lamenting that Red 's role in the film had limited range , restricted to observing Andy , while Maslin considered that Freeman 's commanding performance made him a much strong figure . Maslin said that Freeman 's performance was especially moving when describing how dependent Red had become on living within prison walls . Variety 's Leonard Klady suggested that Freeman had the `` showier '' role , allowing him `` a grace and dignity that come naturally '' , without ever becoming banal , and The Washington Post 's Desson Howe called Freeman a `` master '' of comedic and poignant cadence . Even Kenneth Turan 's Los Angeles Times review , which Glotzer credited with derailing the film 's box office success , praised Freeman , saying his `` effortless screen presence lends Shawshank the closest thing to credibility it can manage . Robbins ' performance received more mixed reviews , with Gleiberman saying that in his `` laconic - good - guy , neo-Gary Cooper role , ( Robbins ) is unable to make Andy connect with the audience . '' Conversely , Maslin said that Andy has the more subdued role , but that Robbins portrays him intensely , and effectively portrays the character as he transitions from new prisoner to aged father figure , and Klady stated that his `` riveting , unfussy ... precise , honest , and seamless '' performance anchors the film . Howe said that while the character is `` cheesily messianic '' for easily charming everyone to his side , comparing him to `` Forrest Gump goes to jail '' , Robbins exudes the perfect kind of innocence to sell the story . The Hollywood Reporter stated that both Freeman and Robbins gave outstanding , layered performances that imbued their characters with indiviudality , and Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers that the pair create something `` undeniably powerful and moving '' . Gunton and Brown were cited as `` extremely credible '' as villains , Howe countered that Gunton 's warden was a cliched character who extols religious virtues while having people murdered . Darabont 's direction was well received , with Maslin calling the film an impressive directorial debut that tells a gentle tale with a surprising amount of loving care , and Klady saying the only failings came when Darabont focused for too long on supporting characters , or embellished a secondary story . The Hollywood Reporter saying that both the directing and writing were crisp , while criticizing the films long running time . Klady said that the length and tone , while tempered by humor and unexpected events , would dampen the film 's mainstream appeal , but the story offered a fascinating portrait of the innate humanity of the inmates . Gleiberman disliked that the prisoners ' crimes were overlooked to portray them more as good guys . Turan similarly objected to what he perceived as extreme violence and rape scenes , and making most of the prisoners seem like a `` bunch of swell and softhearted guys '' to cast the prison experience in a `` rosy glow '' . Klady summarized the film as estimable and haunting , comparing it to a rough diamond with small flaws , but Howe criticized it for deviating with multiple subplots , and pandering by choosing to resolve the story with Andys and Reds reunion , rather than leaving the mystery . Ebert noted that the story works because it is not about Andy as the hero , but how Red perceives him . Deakins cinematography was routinely praised , with The Hollywood Reporter calling it `` foreboding '' and `` well - crafted '' , and Travers saying `` the everyday agonies of prison life are meticulously laid out ... you can almost feel the frustration and rage seeping into the skin of the inmates . '' Gleiberman praised the choice of scenery , writing that the `` moss - dark , saturated images have a redolent sensuality '' that makes the film very realistic . The Hollywood Reporter said of Newman 's score , `` at its best moments , alights with radiant textures and sprightly grace notes , nicely emblematic of the film 's central them '' , and Klady describing it as `` the right balance between the somber and the absurd '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1995 , the most for a Stephen King film adaptation , without winning in any category : Best Picture , Best Actor for Freeman , Best Adapted Screenplay for Frank Darabont , Best Cinematography for Roger Deakins , Best Editing for Richard Francis - Bruce , Best Sound Mixing for Robert J. Litt , Elliot Tyson , Michael Herbick , and Willie D. Burton , and Best Original Score for Thomas Newman ( his first Academy Award nomination ) . It received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture for Freeman , and Best Screenplay for Darabont . Robbins and Freeman were both nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role at the inaugural Screen Actors Guild Awards in 1995 . Darabont was nominated for a Directors Guild of America award in 1994 for Best Director of a feature film , and a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Deakins won the American Society of Cinematographers award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography , while producer Niki Marvin was nominated for a 1994 Golden Laurel Award by the Producers Guild of America . Themes ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times film reviewer Roger Ebert argued that The Shawshank Redemption is an allegory for maintaining one 's feeling of self - worth when placed in a hopeless position . Andy Dufresne 's integrity is an important theme in the story line , especially in prison , where integrity is lacking . Isaac M. Morehouse suggests that the film provides a great illustration of how characters can be free , even in prison , or unfree , even in freedom , based on their outlooks on life . During a cast reunion q&a , moderator Max Brooks noted that the story is unique in depicting a nonsexual love story between two men . Philosopher Alexander Hooke has argued that the film succeeds in depicting Jean - Paul Sartre 's ideas about existentialism more fully than any other contemporary movie . Legacy ( edit ) Darabont later adapted and directed two other King stories , The Green Mile ( 1999 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) . In a 2016 interview , King said that The Shawshank Redemption was his favorite adaptation of his work , alongside Stand by Me . The film was adapted into a 2015 stage play in the United Kingdom . Post theatrical releases ( edit ) In what at the time was considered a risky move , despite its disappointing box - office return , Warner Bros shipped 320,000 rental video copies throughout the United States . However , it went on to become one of the top rented films of 1995 . The film 's home viewing success was considered to be based on positive recommendations and repeat customers , and was being received well by male and female audiences . Ted Turner 's Turner Broadcasting System had acquired Castle Rock in 1993 , which enabled his TV channel , TNT , to obtain the cable - broadcast rights to the film . According to Glotzer , because of the low box office numbers , TNT could air the movie with very low costs but still charge premium advertising space , and the film started airing on the network beginning in June 1997 . The film was the first feature in TNT 's Saturday Night New Classics , and would air nearly daily . TV airings of the film accrued record - breaking numbers , and its repeated airing was considered essential for turning the film 's original poor box - office performance into being a cultural phenomenon . Darabont felt the turning point for the film 's success was the Academy Award nominations , saying `` nobody had heard of the movie , and that year on the Oscar broadcast , they were mentioning this movie seven times . '' By 2013 , The Shawshank Redemption had aired on 15 basic cable networks , and in that year occupied 151 hours of airtime , rivaling Scarface ( 1983 ) and behind only Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) , it was in the top 15 % of movies among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 on the Spike , Up , SundanceTV , and Lifetime channels . Despite its male - centric cast it was the most watched movie on the female - targeted OWN network . In a 2014 Wall Street Journal article , it was estimated that based on the margins studios take from box office returns , home media sales , and television licensing , The Shawshank Redemption had made $100 million . Jeff Baker , then - executive vice president and general manager of Warner Bros. Home Entertainment , said that the home video sales had earned approximately $80 million . While Warner Bros. does not report what it earns in licensing the film for TV , in 2014 former and current executives at the studio confirmed that it was one of the highest valued assets in Warner Bros. $1.5 billion library . That same year , Gunton said that by its 10th anniversary in 2004 he was still earning six - figure residual payments , and was still earning a `` substantial income '' from it , which was considered unusual so many years after its release . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes offers a 91 % approval rating from 66 critics -- an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , which provides the consensus , `` The Shawshank Redemption is an uplifting , deeply satisfying prison drama with sensitive direction and fine performances . '' The film also has a score of 80 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 20 critics indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . It has been # 1 on IMDb 's user - generated Top 250 since 2008 , when it surpassed The Godfather , having remained at or near the top since the late 1990s . The film has been nominated or appeared on the American Film Institute 's lists celebrating the top 100 film or film - related topics . In 1998 , it was nominated for 100 Movies list , and was number 72 on the 2007 revised list , outranking Forrest Gump ( number 76 ) and Pulp Fiction ( number 94 ) . It was also number 23 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers ( 2006 ) charting inspiring films . It also received nominations in the 100 Heroes & Villains for Andy and warden Norton respectively , 100 Movie Quotes for `` Get busy livin ' , or get busy dyin ' '' , 100 Songs for Duettino -- Sull'Aria ( from The Marriage of Figaro ) , and AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores for Newman 's work . In 2013 , Complex magazine listed it as the 9th best film of the 1990s . In 1999 , film critic Roger Ebert listed Shawshank on his list of The Great Movies , and in 2005 the Writers Guild of America listed Darabont 's screenplay at number 22 on its list of the 101 Greatest Screenplays . The film has remained popular in various countries around the world . In the United Kingdom , readers of Empire magazine voted the film as the best film of the 1990s , and it placed number 4 on Empire 's list of `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' in 2008 . In March 2011 , the film was voted by BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra listeners as their favorite film of all time . It regularly appears in Empire 's top 100 films , and ranked as Britain 's favorite film in a 2015 YouGov poll . When the British Film Institute analysed the demographic breakdown of the YouGov poll , it noted that The Shawshank Redemption was not the top ranked film in any group , but was the only film to appear in the top 15 of every age group , suggesting it is able to connect with every polled age group , unlike Pulp Fiction which fared better with younger voters , and Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) with older voters . When film critic Mark Kermode interviews United States fans , they described it as a `` religious experience '' . A poll conducted by Gatwick Airport also identified the film as the fourth - best to watch while in flight . It was also voted as New Zealand 's favorite film in a 2015 poll . Cultural impact ( edit ) In November 2014 , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences celebrated the film 's 20th anniversary with a special one - night screening at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills , California . In 2015 , the film was selected by the United States Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Darabont responded `` I can think of no greater honor than for The Shawshank Redemption to be considered part of our country 's cinematic legacy '' . Variety said that the term `` Shawshank '' could be used to instantly convey images of a prison . Critics have sometimes struggled to define the immense public appreciation for the film . In an interview , Freeman quotes , `` About everywhere you go , people say , ' The Shawshank Redemption -- greatest movie I ever saw ' '' and that such praise `` Just comes out of them '' . Robbins states , `` I swear to God , all over the world -- all over the world -- wherever I go , there are people who say , ' That movie changed my life ' `` . In a separate interview , Stephen King said , `` If that is n't the best ( adaptation of my works ) , it 's one of the two or three best , and certainly , in moviegoers ' minds , it 's probably the best because it generally rates at the top of these surveys they have of movies ... I never expected anything to happen with it . '' In a 2014 Variety article , Robbins claimed that South African politician Nelson Mandela told him about his love for the film , while Gunton said he had encountered fans in Morocco , Australia , South America , Germany , France , and Bora Bora . Director Steven Spielberg said that the film was `` a chewing - gum movie -- if you step on it , it sticks to your shoe . '' The oak tree , under which Andy leaves a note for Red directing him to Zihuatanejo , became a symbol of hope for its role in the film . It was split by lightning on July 29 , 2011 ; officials were unsure if the tree would survive . However , due to rally groups and inspections by forestry organizations , the tree was found to be alive and well . The tree was completely felled by strong winds on or around July 22 , 2016 . The prison site became a tourist attraction , with many of the rooms and props remaining including the false pipe through which Andy escapes , and a portion of the oak tree from the finale , following it being damaged in 2011 . The surrounding area is also visited by fans , while local businesses market `` Shawshanwiches '' and Bundt cakes in the shape of the prison . The prison itself was to be torn down completely following filming , but was eventually sold to enthusiasts for $1 . According to the Mansfield / Richland County Convention and Visitors Bureau ( later renamed Destination Mansfield ) , tourism in the area had increased every year since The Shawshank Redemption premiered , and in 2013 drew in 18,000 visitors and over $3 million to the local economy . As of 2017 , Destination Mansfield operates the Shawshank Trail , a series of 15 marked stops around locations related to the film across Mansfield , Ashland , Upper Sandusky , and St. Croix . From August 29 to September 1 , 2013 , a series of events were held in Mansfield , Ohio , to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the film . The events included a screening of the film at the Renaissance Theatre , where it originally premiered , tours of some of the filming locations , and a cocktail at the Ohio State Reformatory which posed as Shawshank State Penitentiary for the film . The cocktail was attended by Gunton , Scott Mann and James Kisicki , who signed autographs and shared stories with the fans . Darabont sent a video greeting the fans who celebrated the anniversary . More than 6,000 fans of the film attended the events . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best List of number - one DVDs of 2002 ( UK ) List of number - one DVDs of 2006 ( UK ) Shawshank tree Maine portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Criminal justice portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Box Office Disappointment '' . tasteofcinema.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( 2004 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Film : Why are we still so captivated ? '' . The Sunday Times . London . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ghostbusters , ' ' Top Gun , ' ' Shawshank ' Enter National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Heiderny , Margaret ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Little - Known Story of How The Shawshank Redemption Became One of the Most Beloved Films of All Time '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . 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March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephens , Steve ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ticket to Write : ' Shawshank ' scene to be marked on St. Croix '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Point National Wildlife Refuge ( St. Croix ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pugh Cabin at Malabar Farm State Park '' . Shawshank Trail . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder Road and Hagerman Road in Butler , Ohio '' . Shawshank Trail . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bissman Building '' . Shawshank Trail . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . 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Video Mark Kermode ( writer ) , Andrew Abbott ( director ) ( September 8 , 2001 ) . Shawshank : The Redeeming Feature ( video ) . Further reading ( edit ) Mark Kermode ( 2003 ) . The Shawshank Redemption . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 968 - 0 . Oliver , Simon ; Watts , Pete . `` Shawshank Redemption and The Bible '' . Bibledex Verses . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . A discussion of Bible verses in the movie . Turner , Cory ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` On Location : Mansfield , Ohio 's ' Shawshank ' Industry '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Shawshank Redemption The Shawshank Redemption on IMDb The Shawshank Redemption at the American Film Institute Catalog The Shawshank Redemption at the TCM Movie Database The Shawshank Redemption at Box Office Mojo The Shawshank Redemption at Rotten Tomatoes The Shawshank Redemption at Metacritic Frank Darabont Feature films Buried Alive ( 1990 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) The Majestic ( 2001 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) TV series developed or created The Walking Dead ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Mob City ( 2013 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... 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where did the french and indian war start	Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol .	Pennsylvania	French and Indian War	french and indian war	British victory	Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States . It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 - 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 The origin of the name 2 North America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5. 1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 Further reading 10 External links The origin of the name The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during King George 's reign , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . North America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania ) , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara , and Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York . Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by George Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden . Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 - 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . - Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 - 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to French and Indian War . The French and Indian War Website Map of French and Indian War . French and British forts and settlements , Indian tribes . French and Indian War Profile and Videos -- Chickasaw.TV The War That Made America from PBS FORGOTTEN WAR : Struggle for North America from PBS Seven Years ' War timeline Montcalm and Wolfe , by Francis Parkman online ebook Animated Map of the French and Indian War developed by HistoryAnimated.com Links to related articles History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Military history of Canada History of ... 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where did the saying good luck come from			Luck	luck	Luck is the experience of notably positive , negative , or improbable events . The naturalistic interpretation is that positive and negative events happen all the time in human lives , both due to random and non-random natural and artificial processes , and that even improbable events can happen by random chance . In this view , being `` lucky '' or `` unlucky '' is simply a descriptive label that points out an event 's positivity , negativity , or improbability .	Supernatural interpretations of luck consider it to be an attribute of a person or object , or the result of a favorable or unfavorable view of a deity upon a person . These interpretations often prescribe how luckiness or unluckiness can be obtained , such as by carrying a lucky charm or making sacrifices or prayers to a deity . Saying someone is `` born lucky '' then might mean , depending on the interpretation , anything from that they have been born into a good family or circumstance , or that they habitually experience improbably positive events due to some inherent property or the lifelong favor of a god or goddess in a monotheistic or polytheistic religion . Many superstitions are related to luck , though these are often specific to a given culture or set of related cultures , and sometimes contradictory . For example , lucky symbols include the number 7 in Christian - influenced cultures , but the number 8 in Chinese - influenced cultures . Unlucky symbols and events include entering and leaving a house by different doors in Greek culture , throwing rocks into the wind in Navajo culture , and ravens in Western culture . Some of these associations may derive from related facts or desires . For example , in Western culture opening an umbrella indoors might be considered unlucky partly because it could poke someone in the eye , whereas shaking hands with a chimney sweep might be considered lucky partly because it is a kind but unpleasant thing to do given the dirty nature of their work . In Chinese culture , the association of the number 4 as a homophone with the word for death may explain why it is considered unlucky . Extremely complicated and sometimes contradictory systems for prescribing auspicious and inauspicious times and arrangements of things have been devised , for example feng shui in Chinese culture and systems of astrology in various cultures around the world . Many polytheistic religions have specific gods or goddesses that are associated with luck , including Fortuna and Felicitas in the Ancient Roman religion ( the former related to the words `` fortunate '' and `` unfortunate '' in English ) , Dedun in Nubian religion , the Seven Lucky Gods in Japanese mythology , mythical American serviceman John Frum in Polynesian cargo cults , and the inauspicious Alakshmi in Hinduism . Contents 1 Etymology and definition 2 Interpretations 2.1 As lack of control 2.2 As a fallacy 2.3 As an essence 2.4 As a self - fulfilling prophecy 3 Social aspects 3.1 Games 3.2 Lotteries 3.3 Means of resolving issues 3.4 Numerology 3.5 Science 4 In religion and mythology 4.1 Buddhism 4.2 Christianity and Judaism 4.3 Hinduism 4.4 Islam 5 Measuring belief in luck 5.1 Belief in good luck 5.2 Multidimensional beliefs about luck 5.3 Belief in luck and luckiness 6 See also 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Etymology and definition ( edit ) 1927 advertisement for lucky jewellery . `` Why Be Unlucky ? '' . The English noun luck appears comparatively late , during the 1480s , as a loan from Low German , Dutch or Frisian luk , a short form of gelucke ( Middle High German gelücke ) . Compare to old Slavic word lukyj ( лукый ) - appointed by destiny and old Russian luchaj ( лучаи ) - destiny , fortune . It likely entered English as a gambling term , and the context of gambling remains detectable in the word 's connotations ; luck is a way of understanding a personal chance event . Luck has three aspects : Luck is good or bad . Luck is the result of chance . Luck applies to a sentient being . Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages , Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of `` good fortune '' with the word speed ( Middle English spede , Old English spēd ) ; speed besides `` good fortune '' had the wider meaning of `` prosperity , profit , abundance '' ; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or divine help ; a bestower of success can also be called speed , as in `` Christ be our speed '' ( William Robertson , Phraseologia generalis , 1693 ) . The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword chance , adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century , literally describing an outcome as a `` falling '' ( as it were of dice ) , via Old French cheance from Late Latin cadentia `` falling '' . Fortuna , the Roman goddess of fate or luck , was popular an allegory in medieval times , and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology , it became popular in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically `` fickle '' or unpredictable way , thus introducing the notion of chance . Interpretations ( edit ) Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways . As lack of control ( edit ) Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person 's control . This view incorporates phenomena that are chance happenings , a person 's place of birth for example , but where there is no uncertainty involved , or where the uncertainty is irrelevant . Within this framework , one can differentiate between three different types of luck : Constitutional luck , that is , luck with factors that can not be changed . Place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples . Circumstantial luck -- with factors that are haphazardly brought on . Accidents and epidemics are typical examples . Ignorance luck , that is , luck with factors one does not know about . Examples can be identified only in hindsight . As a fallacy ( edit ) Another view holds that `` luck is probability taken personally . '' A rationalist approach to luck includes the application of the rules of probability and an avoidance of unscientific beliefs . The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or wishful thinking . To a rationalist , a believer in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the `` post hoc ergo propter hoc '' logical fallacy : that because two events are connected sequentially , they are connected causally as well . In general : A happens ( luck - attracting event or action ) and then B happens ; Therefore , A influenced B . More contemporary authors writing on the subject believe that the definition of good destiny is : One who enjoys good health ; has the physical and mental capabilities of achieving his goals in life ; has good appearance , and ; has happiness in mind and is not prone to accidents . In the rationalist perspective , probability is only affected by confirmed causal connections . The gambler 's fallacy and inverse gambler 's fallacy both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck . They involve denying the unpredictability of random events : `` I have n't rolled a seven all week , so I 'll definitely roll one tonight '' . Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that `` luck is mere luck '' rather than a property of a person or thing . As an essence ( edit ) Maneki - neko with Seven Lucky gods . There is also a series of spiritual , or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune . These beliefs vary widely from one to another , but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain rituals or by avoiding certain circumstances . Luck can also be a belief in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events . Luck is a form of superstition which is interpreted differently by different individuals . Carl Jung coined the term synchronicity , which he described as `` a meaningful coincidence '' . Abrahamic religions believe God controls future events ; belief in luck or fate is criticised in Book of Isaiah chapter 65 , verses 11 - 12 : What will happen to you for offering food and wine to the gods you call good luck and fate ? Your luck will end . Belief in the extent of Divine Providence varies ; most acknowledge providence as at least a partial , if not complete influence on luck . Christianity , in its early development , accommodated many traditional practices which at different times , accepted omens and practiced forms of ritual sacrifice in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism . The concepts of `` Divine Grace '' or `` Blessing '' as they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as `` luck '' by others . Mesoamerican religions , such as the Aztecs , Mayans and Incas , had particularly strong beliefs regarding the relationship between rituals and the gods , which could in a similar sense to Abrahamic religions be called luck or providence . In these cultures , human sacrifice ( both of willing volunteers and captured enemies ) , as well as self - sacrifice by means of bloodletting , could possibly be seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice . An alternative interpretation would be that the sacrificial blood was considered as a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working order of the universe , in the same way that oil would be applied to an automobile to keep it working as designed . Many traditional African practices , such as voodoo and hoodoo , have a strong belief in superstition . Some of these religions include a belief that third parties can influence an individual 's luck . Shamans and witches are both respected and feared , based on their ability to cause good or bad fortune for those in villages near them . As a self - fulfilling prophecy ( edit ) Some evidence supports the idea that belief in luck acts like a placebo , producing positive thinking and improving people 's responses to events . In personality psychology , people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects : beliefs in luck , rejection of luck , being lucky , and being unlucky . People who believe in good luck are more optimistic , more satisfied with their lives , and have better moods . People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety , and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities . One 2010 study found that golfers who were told they were using a `` lucky ball '' performed better than those who were not . Some people intentionally put themselves in situations that increase the chances of a serendipitous encounter , such as socializing with people who work in different fields . Social aspects ( edit ) Wheel of fortune as depicted in Sebastian Brant ` s book , author Albrecht Dürer Luck is an important factor in many aspects of society . Games ( edit ) The extent to which different games will depend on luck , rather than skill or effort , varies considerably . For example , chess does not involve any random factors ( beyond the determination of which player moves first ) , while the outcome of Snakes and Ladders is entirely based on random dice rolls . In poker , especially games with a communal board , pure luck may decide a winning hand . Luck in games involving chance is defined as the change in a player 's equity after a random event such as a die roll or card draw . Luck is positive ( good luck ) if the player 's position is improved and negative ( bad luck ) if it is worsened . A poker player who is doing well ( playing successfully , winning ) is said to be `` running good '' . Almost all sports contain elements of luck . A statistical analysis in the book The Success Equation attempted to elucidate the differing balance between skill and luck with respect to how teams finished in the major North American sports leagues . This analysis concluded that , on a luck - skill continuum , the NBA had the most skill - dependant result while that of the NHL was most luck - dependant . Lotteries ( edit ) Main article : lottery A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance . Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck . Means of resolving issues ( edit ) `` Leaving it to chance '' is a way of resolving issues . For example , flipping a coin at the start of a sporting event may determine who goes first . Numerology ( edit ) Main article : Numerology See also : Triskaidekaphobia Most cultures consider some numbers to be lucky or unlucky . This is found to be particularly strong in Asian cultures , where the obtaining of `` lucky '' telephone numbers , automobile license plate numbers , and household addresses are actively sought , sometimes at great monetary expense . Numerology , as it relates to luck , is closer to an art than to a science , yet numerologists , astrologists or psychics may disagree . It is interrelated to astrology , and to some degree to parapsychology and spirituality and is based on converting virtually anything material into a pure number , using that number in an attempt to detect something meaningful about reality , and trying to predict or calculate the future based on lucky numbers . Numerology is folkloric by nature and started when humans first learned to count . Through human history it was , and still is , practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional fortune - telling to on - line psychic reading . Science ( edit ) Different thinkers like Thomas Kuhn have discussed the role of chance in scientific discoveries . Richard Wiseman did a ten - year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that , to a large extent , people make their own good and bad fortune . His research revealed that `` Lucky people generate their own good fortune via four basic principles . They are skilled at creating and noticing chance opportunities , making lucky decisions by listening to their intuition , creating self - fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations , and adopting a resilient attitude that transforms bad luck into good . '' Researchers have suggested that good luck and good mood often co-occur ( Duong & Ohtsuka , 2000 ) and that lucky people are happy and optimistic whereas unlucky people feel anxious and depressed ( Day & Maltby , 2003 ; Wiseman , 2003 ) . Although previous studies have explored the antecedences and consequences of luck using attribution theory ( e.g. , Fischoff , 1976 ; Weiner et al. , 1987 ) , personality variables ( Darke & Freedman , 1997a ; b ) , and more recently a cognitive priming approach ( DeMarree et al. , 2005 ; Kramer & Block , 2008 ) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature . Moreover , in much of this previous work , luck is manipulated in a way that is very likely to elicit positive affect as well . Thus , it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck , temporary changes in how lucky people feel , or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced . Their research showed that priming participants subliminally with luck - related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier . It was also found that the effects of priming luck using subliminal messages increased participants ' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events , their participation in lotteries , the amount of money they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to be mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than by affect ) . In religion and mythology ( edit ) Buddhism ( edit ) Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , taught his followers not to believe in luck . He taught that all things which happen must have a cause , either material or spiritual , and do not occur due to luck , chance or fate . The idea of moral causality , karma ( Pali : kamma ) , is central in Buddhism . In the Sutta Nipata , the Buddha is recorded as having said the following about selling luck : Whereas some religious men , while living of food provided by the faithful make their living by such low arts , such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry , divining by signs , interpreting dreams ... bringing good or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building , the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts , such wrong means of livelihood . D.I , 9 -- 12 However , belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries . In Thailand , Buddhists may wear verses ( takrut ) or lucky amulets which have been blessed by monks for protection against harm . Christianity and judaism ( edit ) Proverbs 16 : 33 states `` the lot is cast into the lap , but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord '' . Ecclesiastes 9 : 11 states : `` chance happeneth to them all '' . Proverbs 16 : 33 would indicate that something as random as the rolling of dice or the tossing of a coin is not outside of God 's sovereign control . And , therefore , its results are not merely of chance . God 's sovereignty involves two aspects . God 's active will or sovereignty would involve something he causes to happen such as the leading of wicked King Ahab into battle ( 2 Chronicles 18 : 18 - 19 ) . Ahab 's death was not merely the result of a randomly shot arrow , but as 2 Chronicles 18 reveals , God actively directed the events that led Ahab into battle and used that randomly shot arrow to accomplish his intended will for Ahab that day . God 's passive will involves him allowing , rather than causing , something to happen . Chapter 1 of the book of Job illustrates this in what God allowed Satan to do in the life of Job . It is also involved in the evil that God allowed Joseph 's brothers to do to Joseph in order to accomplish a greater good , a good not apparent to Joseph until years later ( Genesis 50 : 20 ) . Hinduism ( edit ) A Rangoli design . In Hinduism it is said that by proper worship , with a meticulous prayer procedure ( Sanskrit : Shri Lakshmi Sahasranam Pujan Vidhi ) the blessings of Lakshmi , the Hindu goddess of money and fortune , may be obtained . Lakshmi Parayan ( prayer ) is performed in most Hindu homes on the day of Diwali , the festival of lights . At that time also Rangoli are drawn , decorative designs on floors of living rooms and courtyards during Hindu festivals that are meant as a sacred welcoming area for the luck . Islam ( edit ) The definition which is much closer to the concept of luck in Islam is `` a force that brings good fortune or adversity '' Quran 17 - 13 ( Isra ) : `` And ( for ) every man We have fastened to him his fate ( fortune ) in his neck , and We will bring forth for him ( on the ) Day ( of ) the Resurrection a record which he will find wide open '' . However , there is a very long discussion on how this prefixed destiny , fortune or luck defines attitudes and living behavior and so as to how much amends one can make in this predetermined fate by one 's own contribution through positive actions in accordance with the teachings of Islam . There is no concept of luck in Islam other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made by human beings . It is stated in the Qur'an ( Sura : Adh - Dhariyat ( The Wind that Scatter ) verse : 22 ) that one 's sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says : `` And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised . '' However , one should supplicate towards Allah to better one 's life rather than hold faith in un-Islamic acts such as using `` lucky charms '' . However , in Arabic language there is a word which directly means `` luck '' , which is حظ ḥaẓẓ , and a related word for `` lucky '' , محظوظ maḥẓūẓ . It is also forbidden to believe in luck or anything else related to luck , as it is classified as shirk ( associating partners to Allah or giving any share of any attribution which belongs to Allah and Allah alone ) . The Tunisians retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the evil eye . A number of practices , such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits . Measuring belief in luck ( edit ) A horseshoe on a door is regarded a protective talisman in some cultures Belief in good luck ( edit ) Darke and Freedman ( 1997 ) were the first researchers systematically to address directly both the concept and the measurement of belief in luck as a deterministic and personal attribute . They define luck belief as the perception that good luck is `` a somewhat stable characteristic that consistently favors some people but not others '' . They define disbelief in luck as `` a tendency to agree with the rational view of luck as random and unreliable '' ( p. 490 ) . To capture their unidimensional definition of irrational luck belief , Darke and Freedman developed a 12 - item measure . Unfortunately , they found their measure `` does not seem particularly good at distinguishing between people who ( say ) they ( are ) typically lucky from those who ( say ) they ( are ) typically unlucky '' . They also found factor analyses of their measure produced a multi-component solution , as did Prendergast and Thompson ( 2008 ) . Multidimensional beliefs about luck ( edit ) André ( 2006 ) proposed a model of luck - related perceptions that includes separate positive and negative beliefs . However , she found the positive and negative components of personal luck beliefs correlate highly , suggesting they are conceptually very close or in fact the same . Maltby et al. ( 2008 ) proposed a 6 - dimensional model of beliefs around luck , but empirical analyses supported only a 4 - dimensional model : belief in being personally lucky ; belief in being personally unlucky ; general belief in luck ; and rejection of belief in luck . Belief in luck and luckiness ( edit ) A barnstar , mounted on a wall , is seen as a lucky symbol in some parts of North America Thompson and Prendergast ( 2013 ) clarified the concepts of belief in luck and belief in personal luckiness . They addressed the logical problem that nobody who disbelieves in luck could consider themselves lucky by differentiating between belief in luck as a deterministic phenomenon that affects the future , on one hand , and on the other , belief in personal luckiness as an appraisal of how fortunately or otherwise chance events in the past might have turned out . They developed and validated an internationally applicable scale to measure , respectively , belief in luck and personal luckiness constructs . They found no correlation between the constructs and no evidence of a distinction between positive and negative aspects of each , suggesting they represent two discrete and unidimensional constructs . Belief in luck and personal luckiness were also found to correlate differently with personality and psychological variables , such as the Big Five and affect . See also ( edit ) Serendipity Self - fulfilling prophecy Randomness Probability List of lucky symbols List of bad luck signs Jinx Bibliography ( edit ) Gunther , Max . `` The Lucky Factor '' Harriman House Ltd 1977 . ISBN 9781906659950 Mlodinow , Leonard . `` The Drunkard 's Walk : How Randomness Rules Our Lives '' Penguin Group , 2008 . ISBN 0375424040 Mauboussin , Michael . `` The Success Equation : Untangling Skill and Luck in Business , Sports , and Investing . '' Harvard Business Review Press , 2012 ISBN 9781422184233 Taleb , Nassim N. `` Fooled by Randomness : The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets '' Random House 2001 ISBN 0812975219 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luck : the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32 . `` Luck accordingly involves three things : ( 1 ) a beneficiary or maleficiary , ( 2 ) a development that is benign ( positive ) or malign ( negative ) from the stand point of the interests of the affected individual , and that , moreover , ( 3 ) is fortuitous ( unexpected , chancy , unforeseeable . ) '' Jump up ^ CHANCE News 4.15 ... the definition in the Oxford English dictionary : `` the fortuitous happening of an event favorable or unfavorable to the interest of a person '' Jump up ^ Luck : the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 28 . `` Luck is a matter of having something good or bad happen that lies outside the horizon of effective foreseeability . '' Jump up ^ Luck : the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32 . `` Luck thus always incorporates a normative element of good or bad : someone must be affected positively or negatively by an event before its realization can properly be called lucky . '' Jump up ^ Luck : the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32 ... `` that as a far as the affected person is concerned , the outcome came about `` by accident . '' `` Jump up ^ Sumit Kumar Sirkar , Pothi ( 2010 ) . `` How to be Lucky and Successful in Life '' . Pothi.com . p. 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Elbow Room by Daniel Clement Dennett , p. 92 . `` We know it would be superstitious to believe that `` there actually is such a thing as luck '' - something a rabbits ' foot might bring - but we nevertheless think there is an unsuperstitious and unmisleading way of characterising events and properties as merely lucky . '' Jump up ^ Burland , C. A ( 1985 ) . The Aztecs : gods and fate in ancient Mexico . London : Orbis Publishing . ^ Jump up to : Maltby , J. , Day , L. , Gill , P. , Colley , A. , Wood , A.M. ( 2008 ) . Beliefs around luck : Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman beliefs around luck scale Personality and Individual Differences , 45 , 655 -- 660 . ^ Jump up to : The Science Of Luck Jump up ^ Zare , Douglas . `` A Measure of Luck '' . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ed ( Nov 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Pitfalls of Running Good '' . CardPlayer.com . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . I 've always thought that one of the worst things that can happen to new poker players is for them to run really good right out of the gate . If they rack up a number of big wins early on , a couple of bad things can happen . Jump up ^ Vox ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) , Why underdogs do better in hockey than basketball , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , R. ( 2003 ) . The luck factor . London , UK : Random House . Jump up ^ Duong , T. , &Ohtsuka , K. ( 2000 ) . TheVietnamese - language SouthOaksGambling Screen for the Australian context . In J. McMillen , & L. Laker ( Eds . ) , Developing strategic alliances : Proceedings of the 9th National Association for Gambling Studies Conference , Gold Coast , Queensland 1999 ( pp. 161 − 171 ) . Kew , Australia : The National Association for Gambling Studies . Jump up ^ Wiseman , R. , & Watt , C. ( 2004 ) . Measuring superstitious belief : Why lucky charms matter . Personality and Individual Differences , 37 , 1533 − 1541 . Jump up ^ Fischoff , B. ( 1976 ) . Attribution theory and judgment under uncertainty . In J.H. Harvey , W.J. Ickes , & R.F. Kidd ( Eds . ) , New directions in attribution research ( Vol. 1 , 421 − 452 ) . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum . Jump up ^ Weiner , B. , Frieze , I. , Kukla , A. , Reed , L. , Rest , S. , & Rosenbaum , R.M. ( 1987 ) . Perceiving the causes of success and failure . In Edward E. Jones , David E. Kanouse , Harold H. Kelley , Richard E. Nisbett , Stuart Valins , & Bernard Weiner ( Eds . ) , Attribution : Perceiving the causes of behaviors pp. 95 − 120 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . Jump up ^ Darke , P.R. , & Freedman , J.L. ( 1997a ) . The belief in good luck scale . Journal of Research in Personality , 2 , 486 − 511 . Jump up ^ DeMarree , K.G. , Wheeler , S.C. , & Petty , R.E. ( 2005 ) . Priming a new identity : Self - monitoringmoderates the effects of nonself primes on self - judgments and behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 89 ( 5 ) , 657 − 671 . Jump up ^ Kramer , T. , & Block , L. ( 2008 ) . Conscious and non-conscious components of superstitious beliefs in judgment and decision making . Journal of Consumer Research , 34 ( 6 ) , 783 − 793 . Jump up ^ `` A Basic Buddhism Guide : Good Luck and Fate '' . Buddhanet.net . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Thai Amulets ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Thai Amulets '' . Thailand Life . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` La Tunisie de A à Z , Khomsa '' . Saisons tunisiennes . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pagès , Jean - Louis ( 2005 ) . Tunisie - Plus ( in French ) . Limoges : éd . Solilang . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Darke P.R. & Freedman J.L. ( 1997 ) . The belief in good luck scale . Journal of Research in Personality , 31 , 486 -- 511 . Jump up ^ Prendergast , G.P. & Thompson , E.R. ( 2008 ) . Sales promotion strategies and belief in luck . Psychology & Marketing , 25 ( 11 ) , 1043 -- 1062 . Jump up ^ Andre , N. ( 2006 ) . Good fortune , luck , opportunity and their lack : How do agents perceive them ? Personality and Individual Differences , 40 ( 7 ) , 1461 -- 1472 . Jump up ^ Maltby , J. , Day , L. , Gill , P. , Colley , A. , & Wood , A.M. ( 2008 ) . Beliefs around luck : Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman Beliefs Around Luck scale . Personality and Individual Differences , 45 , 655 -- 660 . Jump up ^ Thompson , E.R. , & Prendergast , G.P. ( 2013 ) . Belief in Luck and Luckiness : Conceptual Clarification and Measure Validation . Personality and Individual Differences , 54 ( 4 ) , 501 - 506 . External links ( edit ) Look up good luck in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up luck in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Luck '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Numismatic charm Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luck&oldid=856764209 '' Categories : Luck Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 粵語 Zazaki 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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when was the first pair of high heels invented	High heels have a long , rich history , dating as far back as the tenth century . The Persian cavalry , for example , wore a kind of boot with heels in order to ensure their feet stayed in the stirrups . Furthermore , research indicates that heels kept arrow - shooting riders , who stood up on galloping horses , safely on the horse . Figure 1 shows that this trend has translated into the popular 21st century cowboy boot . Owning horses was expensive and time - consuming , so to wear heels implied the wearer had significant wealth . This practical and effective use of the heel has set the standard for most horse - back riding shoes throughout history and even into the present day . Later , in the 12 century , in India , heels become visible again . The image of a statue from the Ramappa Temple proves this , showing an Indian woman 's foot clad in a raised shoe . Then , during the Medieval period , both men and women wore platform shoes in order to raise themselves out of the trash and excrement filled streets . In 1430 , chopines were 30 inches ( 76 cm ) high , at times . Venetian law then limited the height to three inches -- but this regulation was widely ignored . A 17th - century law in Massachusetts announced that women would be subjected to the same treatment as witches if they lured men into marriage via the use of high - heeled shoes .		High - heeled shoe	high - heeled shoe		`` High Heels '' redirects here . For the film by Pedro Almodóvar , see High Heels ( film ) . For other uses , see High Heels ( disambiguation ) . Louboutin Pigalle Follies Suede Paillette animation ( shoe designed by Christian Louboutin ) High heels are a type of shoe in which the heel , compared to the toe , is significantly higher off of the ground . These shoes go beyond simply protecting the foot from the ground or improve efficiency of walking . High heels make the wearer taller , accentuating the calf muscle and the length of the leg overall . There are many types of high heels , which come in different styles , colors , and materials , and can be found all over the world . They have significant cultural and fashionable meanings attached to them , which have been largely shaped by historical contexts over the past 1000 years . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-1700s 1.2 1700s 1.3 1800s 1.4 1900s 1.5 21st century 2 Types 2.1 Materials 3 Medical research 3.1 Joint and back pain 3.2 Vein swelling 4 Feminist attitudes 4.1 A Mile in Her Shoes 5 Dancing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Pre-1700s ( edit ) Figure 1 . 21st - century cowboy boot -- illustrating the unchanging shape of a horseback riding shoe High heels have a long , rich history , dating as far back as the tenth century . The Persian cavalry , for example , wore a kind of boot with heels in order to ensure their feet stayed in the stirrups . Furthermore , research indicates that heels kept arrow - shooting riders , who stood up on galloping horses , safely on the horse . Figure 1 shows that this trend has translated into the popular 21st century cowboy boot . Owning horses was expensive and time - consuming , so to wear heels implied the wearer had significant wealth . This practical and effective use of the heel has set the standard for most horse - back riding shoes throughout history and even into the present day . Later , in the 12 century , in India , heels become visible again . The image of a statue from the Ramappa Temple proves this , showing an Indian woman 's foot clad in a raised shoe . Then , during the Medieval period , both men and women wore platform shoes in order to raise themselves out of the trash and excrement filled streets . In 1430 , chopines were 30 inches ( 76 cm ) high , at times . Venetian law then limited the height to three inches -- but this regulation was widely ignored . A 17th - century law in Massachusetts announced that women would be subjected to the same treatment as witches if they lured men into marriage via the use of high - heeled shoes . 1700s ( edit ) Figure 2 . Portrait of King Louis XIV in high heels Modern high heels were brought to Europe by emissaries of Shāh Abbās I of Persia in the early 17th century . Men wore them to imply their upper - class status ; only someone who did not have to work could afford , both financially and practically , to wear such extravagant shoes . As Figure 2 depicts , royalty such as King Louis XIV wore heels to impart status . As the shoes caught on , and other members of society began donning high heels , elite members ordered their heels to be made even higher to distinguish themselves from lower classes . Authorities even began regulating the length of a high heel 's point according to social rank . Klaus Carl includes these lengths in his book Shoes : `` 1⁄2 inch for commoners , 1 inch for the bourgeois , 1 and 1⁄2 inches for knights , 2 inches for nobles , and 2 and 1⁄2 inches for princes . '' As women took to appropriating this style , the heels ' width changed in another fundamental way . Men wore thick heels , while women wore skinny ones . Then , when Enlightenment ideals such as science , nature , and logic took hold of many European societies , men gradually stopped wearing heels . After the French Revolution in the late 1780s , heels , femininity , and superficiality all became intertwined . In this way , heels became much more associated with a woman 's supposed sense of impracticality and extravagance . Figure 3 . Typical 18th Century Shoe The design of the high French heels from the late 1600s to around the 1720s placed body weight on the ball of the foot , and were decorated with lace or braided fabric ( Figure 3 ) . From the 1730s - 1740s , wide heels with an upturned toe and a buckle fastening became popular . The 1750s and 1760s introduced a skinnier , higher heel . The 1790s continued this trend , but added combinations of color . Additionally , throughout all of these decades , there was no difference between the right and left shoe . In Britain in 1770 , an act was introduced into the parliament which would have applied the same penalties as witchcraft to the use of high heels and other cosmetic devices . 1800s ( edit ) Figure 4 . 1850s sewing machine Heels went out of fashion starting around 1810 , and then in 1860 they returned at about two and a half inches . The Pinet heel and the Cromwell heel were both introduced during this time . Their production was also increased with the invention and eventual mass production of the sewing machine around the 1850s . With sewing machines , yields increased as machines could quickly and cheaply `` position ( n ) the heel , stitc ( h ) the upper , and attac ( h ) the upper to the sole . '' This is also a prime example of how the popularity of heels interacts with the culture and technology of the time . 1900s ( edit ) Figure 5 . World War II -- poster of pin - up girl ( Betty Grable ) in high heels With the 1900s bringing two devastating world wars , many countries set wartime regulations for rationing almost all aspects of life . This included materials previously used for making heels , such as silk , rubber , or leather ; these began to be replaced with cork and wooden soles . Another one of the numerous outcomes of these wars was an increase in international relations , and a more proliferate sharing of fashion through photography and films , which helped spread high heel fashion as well . Examples of this were the brown and white pumps with cutouts or ankle straps combined with a peep toe . Their practicality yet professional look appealed to the new , fast - paced lifestyle of many women . Alternatively , World War II led to the popularization of pin - up girl posters , which men would often hang in their bunks while at war . Almost all of these girls were pictured wearing high heels , leading to an increase in the relationship between high heels and female sexuality . The tall , skinny stiletto heel was invented in 1950 , strengthening the relationship between women , sexuality , and appearance . 21st century ( edit ) The intricate and complex history of high heels has led to a variety of cultural thoughts and lens through which people view them today . Firstly , it is very exclusively gendered in the sense that few men wear high heels in present times . Secondly , magazines like Playboy , as well as other media sources portraying women in a sexual way , often do so using high heels . Paul Morris , a psychology researcher at the University of Portsmouth , argues that high heels accentuate `` sex specific aspects of female gait '' , artificially increasing a woman 's femininity . Respectively , the arching of a woman 's back facilitated by wearing high heels signals a woman 's willingness to be courted by a man . Keeping this sexual undercurrent in mind , heels are considered fashionable for women in most cases . It could be semiformal with a `` button down silk blouse ... jeans and high heels . '' Or , it could be formal with a dress or pants suit . Finally , 20th and 21st century cultural values have dictated that high heels are the norm in professional settings for a woman . Some researchers argue that high heels have even become part of the female workplace uniform , and operate in a much larger and complex set of display rules . High heels are considered to pose a dilemma to women as they bring them psychosexual benefits but are detrimental to their health . The 21st century has introduced a broad spectrum and variety of styles , ranging from height and width of heel , to design and color of the shoe . Types ( edit ) Stacked heel -- usually layers of leather 5 mm thick stacked together and trimmed to match the shape of the heel . These are commonly known as block heels . Continental heel -- 7.5 mm , with the upper part of the chest of the heel spreading towards the center of the shoe . Setback heel -- similar to the continental heel , but the surface of the back of the heel is straight , forming a right angle . Cuban heel -- similar to the continental heel , but not curved , generally medium height Pantaloon heel -- `` similar to pantaloon pants : the top lift part of the heel is spread out as it extends to the bottom part of the heel , and the waistline of the heel is curves inward naturally . '' Angle heel -- `` the surface of the base of the heel is straight until reaching the waistline , and it looks like the shape of the Korean letter ¬ '' Pinet heel -- straight and skinny Cromwell shoe -- based on Oliver Cromwell with heel up to 170 mm ( 6.5 in ) . Bar Style -- had jewelry or other decorative aspects to go along with flapper culture . New Look in 1947 -- a slim / elegant heel , newly discovered by putting steel in the heel . This enabled the heel to be ultra skinny without snapping . Annabelle -- 7 cm platform heel Stiletto -- Tall , skinny heel ; first mentioned in a newspaper in September 1953 . Wedgies - These were popularized by Salvatore Ferragamo , who introduced this in the italian market in the late 1930s . Materials ( edit ) High heels have been made from all kinds of materials throughout history . In the early years , leather and cowhide was preferred . As civilizations progressed , silk and patent leather were introduced , while cork and wood were utilized as cheap resources in times of war . After the World Wars and the increase in production of steel , the actual heel was a piece of steel wrapped in some kind of material . This has enabled designers to make heels taller and skinnier without them snapping . Medical research ( edit ) Figure 7 . Diagram of an Achilles - tendon Joint and back pain ( edit ) A systmatic review of 2016 found the wearing of high - heeled shoes to be associated with hallux valgus , musculoskeletal pain and first - party injury . Research has shown correlation between the height of a heel and the amount of injury that results . Specifically , high heels can affect the amount of tension present in the paraspinal muscles , or muscles running up the back along the spine . Because humans typically stand with flat feet , the bodies ' muscular response to the unnatural feeling of wearing high heels is to tense , causing back , leg , and even shoulder muscles to tighten in order to improve balance and stability . Some more specific instances of the numerous negative side effects of wearing heels include ankle sprains , back and leg pain , shortening of the Achilles tendon , and loss of joint mobility in the wearer 's knees . In particular , shoes with only a small space for the toes , can sometimes squeeze tightly enough to cause foot deformity . Additionally , heels may affect how the wearer walks by slowing and shortening their normal stride . Vein swelling ( edit ) Further research reveals that another possible consequence of wearing high heels is an increase of pressure in one 's veins . Experiments have proven that the higher the heel , the `` higher ( the ) venous pressure in the leg . '' This means that after repeated use of high heels , varicose veins and other undesirable symptoms are much more likely to appear in the legs . Other research supports these two claims when arguing that wearing high heels can lead to numerous long term effects , including accidental trauma to multiple areas of the body . Feminist attitudes ( edit ) Research shows that heels draw attention to long legs and small feet . Some argue that `` high - heeled shoes , perhaps more than any other item of clothing , are seen as the ultimate symbol of being a woman . '' High heels often play a key role in emphasizing a wearer 's , most commonly a woman 's , arched back and extended buttocks . This `` natural courting pose '' sexualizes the wearer , and can turn them into objects subjected to the male gaze . This research highlights the emphasis heels place on the appearance of the wearer , instead of their arguably more valuable internal traits such as intelligence , creativity , or strength . It has not been popular for men to wear high heels since the late 18th century . Some men see the cultural norm , which often mandates that women must wear heels to look professional , as completely unproblematic . However , women report that they are often painful to walk in , and commonly result in negative side effects to joints and veins after prolonged use . At the feminist Miss America protest in 1968 , protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a `` Freedom Trash Can . '' These included high - heels , which were among items the protestors called `` instruments of female torture '' and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity . In 2015 , a group of women were turned away from a film première at the Cannes Film Festival in France for wearing flat shoes , including a woman physically unable to wear heels due to an operation on one of her feet . The women complained that this was a sexist policy which forced women into a stereotyped appearance ; festival organisers later responded that there was no official policy on footwear and stated that they would remind red carpet officials of this . Main article : High heel policy Some dress codes require women to wear high heels , and there have been repeated feminist protests by women workers against such policies . A Mile in Her shoes ( edit ) A Mile in Her Shoes : men walk a mile in high heels to support domestic violence victims Protests like A Mile in Her Shoes are one of the few instances in the 21st century where it is socially acceptable for heterosexual men to wear high heels . In this march men wear red high heels and walk a mile in protest of domestic violence . Some academics have suggested that by wearing high heels for such a brief period of time , and making a point of acting like they do not know how to walk properly in them , these men are reinforcing the stereotype that only women can or should wear high heels . Dancing ( edit ) Some dancers such as Yanis Marshall specialize in dancing with high - heels . See also ( edit ) Elevator shoes Foot binding High heel policy Insolia Locomotor effects of shoes Lordosis behavior Removable heel Riding boots References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Han , Dongwook . `` Muscle Activation of Paraspinal Muscles in Different Types of High Heels during Standing . '' Journal of Physical Therapy Science , vol. 27 , no . 1 , 2015 , pp. 67 -- 9. , doi : 10.1589 / jpts. 27.67 . ^ Jump up to : Kremer , William . `` Why did Men Stop Wearing High Heels ? '' BBC World Service . 26 Jan 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trufelman , Avery . `` Feet of Engineering . '' 99 % Invisible . Jun 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Paul ; Jenny White ; Edward Morrison ; Kayleigh Fisher ( May 2013 ) . `` High Heels are Supernormal Stimuli : How Wearing High Heels Affects Judgments of Female Attractiveness '' . Evolution and Human Behavior . 34 ( 3 ) : 176 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Margo DeMello ( 2009 ) . Feet and Footwear : A Cultural Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press / ABC - CLIO . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35714 - 5 . Jump up ^ Margo DeMello ( 10 September 2009 ) . Feet and Footwear : A Cultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 323 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35715 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kremer , William ( 25 January 2013 ) . `` Why did men stop wearing high heels ? '' . bbc.com . BBC . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wade , Lisa . `` From Manly to Sexy : The History of the High Heel '' The Society Pages. 5 Feb 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carl , Klaus . Shoes . New York , Parkstone International , 2011 . EbscoHost . ^ Jump up to : Blanco F José , et al. , editors . Clothing and Fashion : American Fashion from Head to Toe . Santa Barbara , California , ABC - CLIO , an Imprint of ABC - CLIO , LLC , 2016 . Print . Jump up ^ John Brookes ( 1859 ) , Manners and Customs of the English Nation , James Blackwood , pp. 261 -- 262 , In the year 1770 an act was introduced into Parliament against hoops , false hair , high heels ... ^ Jump up to : Shawcross , Rebecca . `` High Heels . '' The Berg Companion to Fashion . Ed . Valarie Steele . Oxford : Bloomsbury Academic , 2010 . Web . ^ Jump up to : Stabb , Jo Ann . `` The Early 20 Century Through World War II '' Clothing and Fashion : American Fashion from Head to Toe , edited by Jose Blanco , vol. 3 ABC - CLIO , pp. 330 - 332 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hawkins ( Oct 25 , 2017 ) . `` Why arched backs are attractive '' . springer.com . Jump up ^ Pazhoohi , F. ; Doyle , J.F. ; Macedo , A.F. ; Arantes , J. ( 2017 ) . `` Arching the Back ( Lumbar Curvature ) as a Female Sexual Proceptivity Signal : an Eye - Tracking Study '' . Evolutionary Psychological Science : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s40806 - 017 - 0123 - 7 . Jump up ^ Women 's Dress and Fashion , 1980 - Present '' Clothing and Fashion : American Fashion from Head to Toe , edited by Jose Blanco , vol. 4 ABC - CLIO , pp. 321 - 325 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Barnish M , Morgan HM , Barnish J ( August 2017 ) . `` The 2016 HIGh Heels : Health effects And psychosexual BenefITS ( HIGH HABITS ) study : systematic review of reviews and additional primary studies '' . BMC Public Health ( Review ) . 18 ( 1 ) : 37 . doi : 10.1186 / s12889 - 017 - 4573 - 4 . PMC 5537921 . PMID 28760147 . ^ Jump up to : Filho , Wagner , Nei Dezzotti , Edvaldo Joviliano , Takachi Moriya , Carlos Piccinato . `` Influence of High - Heeled Shoes on Venous Function in Young Women . '' Journal of Vascular Surgery , vol. 56 , Oct 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wedge ( footwear ) _wikipedia '' . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Jessica . `` Stiletto Heels . '' Clothing and Fashion : American Fashion from Head to Toe , edited by Jose Blanco , vol. 4 : The Postwar Period into the 21 century , ABC - CLIO , pp. 281 - 282 . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Barnish MS , Barnish J ( January 2016 ) . `` High - heeled shoes and musculoskeletal injuries : a narrative systematic review '' . BMJ Open ( Review ) . 6 ( 1 ) : e010053 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2015 - 010053 . PMC 4735171 . PMID 26769789 . Jump up ^ Reynaud , Bérénice . `` These Shoes Are Made for Walking . '' Afterall : A Journal of Art , Context and Enquiry , no . 6 , pp. 42 -- 51 . 2002 . Jump up ^ Dow , Bonnie J. ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Feminism , Miss America , and Media Mythology '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . 6 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 149 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2003.0028 . Jump up ^ Duffett , Judith ( October 1968 ) . WLM vs. Miss America . Voice of the Women 's Liberation Movement . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Blunt on Cannes heels row : ' everybody should wear flats ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes denies high - heel rule for women on red carpet '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Tristan . `` Men Just Were n't Made to do This : Performances of Drag at ' Walk a Mile in Her Shoes ' Marches . '' Gender and Society , vol. 24 , no . 1 , 2010 , pp. 5 -- 30 . JSTOR . Jump up ^ YANIS MARSHALL ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Yanis Marshall - The Choreographer - Zumanity : Rated Cirque - Ep. 1 - Cirque Du Soleil '' -- via YouTube . External links ( edit ) Media related to High - heeled shoes at Wikimedia Commons High - heeled shoes Shoes Court shoe Mule Peep - toe shoe Platform shoe Slingback Boots Ballet boot Beatle boot Cowboy boot Fashion boot Kinky boots Knee - high boot Platform boot Thigh - high boots Winklepickers Types of heel Clear heels Kitten heel Spool heel Stiletto heel Wedge heel Brands / firms people ALDO Group Manolo Blahnik Lionel Bussey Jimmy Choo Kenneth Cole Patrick Cox Salvatore Ferragamo Maud Frizon Cole Haan Hush Puppies Charles Jourdan Beth Levine Pura Lopez Christian Louboutin Steve Madden Bruno Magli Vanessa Noel Nine West Beatrix Ong Sergio Rossi Yotam Solomon United Nude Roger Vivier Stuart Weitzman Giuseppe Zanotti Charles David Rachel Zoe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-heeled_shoe&oldid=865679132 '' Categories : High - heeled footwear Shoes Footwear Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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who played tim allens father on last man standing			Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series )	last man standing ( u. s. tv series )		Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Molly McCook Jet Jurgensmeyer Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 134 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Shawn Levy Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Kevin Abbott Michael Shipley Matt Berry Tim Doyle Jack Burditt ( season 1 ) Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions NestEgg Productions Double Wide Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Fox ( 2018 -- present ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- present External links Website Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters and a grandfather to his oldest daughter 's son , Boyd . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Television , the series originally ran on ABC from 2011 to 2017 for six seasons , and entered syndication in 2015 . Despite being ABC 's second - highest rated sitcom for the 2016 -- 17 season , it was revealed in May 2017 that the network had declined to renew Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Media publications reported that ABC was unwilling to cover the production costs for a seventh season on behalf of 20th Century Fox Television . One year later , the studio 's sibling network Fox announced it had picked up the show for a seventh season , which premiered on September 28 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 4.4 Revival on Fox 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Syndication 8 Broadcast 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado . His home life is initially filled with his wife , three daughters and a grandson , but later extends to the young men who are married to or dating his daughters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Michael `` Mike '' Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports `` traditional '' American values , is a Protestant and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle ( who later becomes his son - in - law ) , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law married to his oldest daughter , and the father of Mike 's grandson , Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to express his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher . After being laid off as a teacher due to budget cuts , Vanessa begins her own tutoring business . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is shown drinking wine frequently , and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology . Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct , but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor includes bad puns , which she thinks are amusing but really just irritate Mike and the girls no end . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- present ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan Vogelson , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season ( despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim , playing Kristin 's younger sister ) ; Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) and Molly McCook ( season 7 - present ) as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is not as academic as her sisters ( and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework ) , but she excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . She can be lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , shoplifts from Outdoor Man , there are many implications that she smokes cannabis , and she has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in Season 2 . As of Season 3 , she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in Season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in Season 6 , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Ephraim was replaced by Molly McCook prior to the Season 7 revival on FOX due to Ephraim choosing not to return . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , ( series regular , seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring , season 7 ) the youngest daughter : Eve is intelligent and athletic , and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She also has conservative views like Mike . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve also shares her father 's sense of humor , and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is an excellent student , whose only weak subject is art , though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decides to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs ( without telling either parent ) , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . He takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . His estranged mother passes away in season six , leaving Kyle with mixed feelings over how to deal with it . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime business partner : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . He also has five daughters . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Jet Jurgensmeyer ( season 7 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , son of Kristin and Ryan : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- present ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , he returned to be involved in Boyd 's upbringing , and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged ( at the end of season 3 ) . Ryan holds liberal views , both politically and philosophically , and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion , hunting culture and nationalism , however , neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach . His vegan diet , views on discipline , and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs , but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike 's side . On rare occasions , Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd , but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa . Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son - in - law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- present ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes , and they regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Chuck 's typical response to something or someone that exasperates him is , `` not cool '' . Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son , Brandon , who is the same age as Eve . Recurring ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store ( `` Bud 's Buds '' ) after it becomes legal in Colorado . In season 7 , it is revealed that Bud died of a heart attack . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor , who becomes Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . In season 6 , Carol accepts a year - long job in California , leaving Chuck behind in Denver . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also had a cameo as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 7 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing products like ATVs , snowmobiles and boat engines . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . ( Episode numbers in parentheses ) Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister Cassandra Peterson as Elvira Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance Tony Hawk as himself Jamie - Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters ( not including the war baby ) Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem , a local politician Kim Kardashian as herself Tony Stewart as himself Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Frankie Muniz as Richard at the bank Melanie Paxson as Liz , Vanessa 's friend on the board of school volunteers Richard Karn as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Si Robertson as Uncle Ray Willie Robertson as Brody ( along with Uncle Ray , Mike 's `` two best customers '' ) Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts , the Baxters ' widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark also played Harry Turner , owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Robin Roberts as Teresa , a Persian Gulf War veteran Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's former girlfriend Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul , the new pastor of the Baxter family 's church . Nancy Travis played Bill 's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore , winner of the `` Meet Outdoor Man '' contest ( # 125 ) Joey Luthman as Nigel , bandmate of Eve Baxter and Cammy Harris , in season 5 episode 16 titled `` Eve 's Band '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) ABC 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 7 TBA September 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 28 ) TBA Fox Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second-most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox Television , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes '' . His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . A year later , the petition 's signatures had grown to 438,000 . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 , 2017 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home was not quickly found , however . In August 2017 , Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show 's fans to bring it back , and said the talent behind the show had much more to add . Revival on Fox ( edit ) On May 3 , 2018 , Allen tweeted that a return `` just might be a reality '' and prompted the show 's supporters to `` keep it up '' . The same day , TVLine reported that Fox was `` poised to '' resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018 -- 19 TV season , adding that Tim Allen is `` officially on board '' . Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season , but it was `` by no means a sure thing '' , suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed `` at reasonable salaries '' . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox TV 's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Dana Walden , chairman of Fox Television Group , later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018 : `` Obviously , I think everyone took a good , hard look at the performance of Roseanne . It did so well , and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge , iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen . '' On July 2 , Fox announced that , in addition to Allen , series regulars Nancy Travis , Amanda Fuller , Hector Elizondo , Christoph Sanders , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams had all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot . Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season , with Fox announcing their roles ( `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively ) would be recast ahead of season 7 . On August 6 , 2018 , it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of Mandy and Boyd , respectively . The article also stated that Kaitlyn Dever , who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelievable , will return as `` Eve '' in a recurring role only . For the seventh season , the show airs in the same Friday night time slot as it did throughout its run on ABC ; if it is renewed for an eighth season , it will be forced to move to a new time slot , as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) ( L to R ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , season one holds an approval rating of 15 % based on 33 reviews , and an average rating of 4.14 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Hollywood Reporter called the series `` a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting '' . Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40 % on Rotten Tomatoes . On Rotten Tomatoes , season seven holds an approval rating of 58 % based on 12 reviews , and an average rating of 5.34 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Last Man Standing is n't the most realistic sitcom on the dial , but its idealistic representation of opposites living in harmony offers sorely needed hope during divided times . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series is particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Network No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ABC 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA 7 Fox 22 September 28 , 2018 8.13 1.8 / 10 TBA TBA TBA 2018 -- 19 TBA TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Last Man Standing : The Complete First Season 24 May 13 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Second Season 18 Last Man Standing : The Complete Third Season 22 October 28 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 5 , 2015 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fifth Season 22 June 26 , 2018 Last Man Standing : The Complete Sixth Season 22 Syndication ( edit ) On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . As of 2018 , Freeform no longer airs the series . On May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom , and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31 , 2017 . On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . The series also joined WGN America on April 30 , 2018 . Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix . Currently , all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. ; on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia ; City in Canada ; and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 on Sky One , which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings ; the show was bought by E4 , where it premiered on March 13 , 2017 ; Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017 ; in 2018 , 5STAR acquired the show for reruns . In Israel , it airs on yes Comedy . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's Mandy Recast : Molly McCook Replaces Molly Ephraim '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing EP Laments That ' Unfortunate ' Cast Departure '' . TV Line . TV Line . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Commits To ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Nabs ABC Sitcom Pilot '' . AolTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands lead in Tim Allen 's ABC pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis Gets Female Lead In ABC 's Tim Allen Pilot , Jere Burns Joins NBC Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hector Elizondo joins Tim Allen project '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Resurrected At Fox For Season 7 With Original Cast Led By Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' ratings put pressure on networks to revive conservative show ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen teases ' Last Man Standing ' return '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Revival Eyed at Fox , Tim Allen Officially on Board '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Eyes Resurrection At Fox With Star Tim Allen Set to Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen 's Last Man Standing Is Returning to TV 1 Year After Cancellation '' . People . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' resurfaces at Fox , a year after ABC canceled it '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` Tim Allen 's ' Last Man Standing ' returns -- this time on Fox 's fall schedule '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is n't Returning for ' Last Man Standing ' Season 7 ? Two Roles Are Being Recast '' . cheatsheet.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tim ' Last Man Standing ' Regulars Molly Ephraim , Flynn Morrison Exit Ahead of Season 7 , Roles to Be Recast '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Fox and WWE Close Five - Year Deal to Bring ' SmackDown ' to Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cord cutting , millennials ca n't stop Vince McMahon and WWE '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 7 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 7 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . 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Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E4 buys Last Man Standing '' . Chortle . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Man Standing . 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what is the reason of war between saudi and yemen	A military intervention was launched by Saudi Arabia in 2015 , leading a coalition of nine African and Middle East countries , to influence the outcome of the Yemeni Civil War in favour of the government of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . Code - named ' Operation Decisive Storm ( Arabic : عملية عاصفة الحزم ‎ Amaliyyat ' Āṣifat al - Ḥazm ) , the intervention initially consisted of a bombing campaign on Houthi Rebels and later saw a naval blockade and the deployment of ground forces into Yemen . The Saudi - led coalition has attacked the positions of the Houthi militia and loyalists of the former President of Yemen , Ali Abdullah Saleh , allegedly supported by Iran ( See Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict ) , in response to a request from the internationally - recognized government of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . The perception that Iran is directly controlling the Houthis is contradicted due to statement made on April 2015 , by National Security Council spokeswoman Bernadette Meehan : `` It remains our assessment that Iran does not exert command and control over the Houthis in Yemen ''	influence the outcome of the Yemeni Civil War in favour of the government of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi	Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen	saudi arabian - led intervention in yemen	Ongoing	Saudi - led coalition restored the government of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi in Aden . Saudi - led coalition continue offensive to retake Yemeni capital Sana'a from Houthis failed . Belligerents Saudi Arabia UAE Bahrain Kuwait Qatar ( until 2017 ) Egypt Jordan Morocco Senegal Sudan Supported by : United States U.S. Navy ( limited involvement -- logistic support and assistance with the naval blockade of Houthi - held territories ) United Kingdom ( intelligence , logistical support , weapons , and blockade ) Canada ( weapons sales ) Australia ( weapons sales , joint - naval exercises ) Turkey China ( weapons sales ) Germany ( weapons sales ) Logistical Support : Djibouti Eritrea Somalia France In support of : Yemen ( Hadi government ) National Army ( pro-Hadi ) Popular Resistance Committee Non-state co-belligerents : Al - Islah Hirak Al - Qaeda Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Academi Yemen ( Revolutionary Committee / Supreme Political Council ) Houthis Yemen Army ( pro-Saleh and Houthis ) ( until 2017 ) Yemeni Republican Guard ( until 2017 ) Yemeni Air Force Ahrar al - Najran Movement Alleged support : Iran ( weapons ) Hezbollah ( weapons ) Qatar ( financial and media support ) North Korea Commanders and leaders Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud Lt. Gen. Muhammad Al Shaalan † Maj. Gen. Abdulrahman bin Saad al - Shahrani † Brig. Gen. Ahmad Asiri Brig. Gen. Ibrahim Hamzi † Col. Abdullah al - Sahian † Col. Hassan Ghasoum Ageeli † Lt. Col. Abdullah al - Balwi † Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Col. Mohammed Ali al - Kitbi † / Cmdr . Mike Hindmarsh Sabah Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa ( WIA ) Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani ( until 2017 ) Abdel Fattah el - Sisi Omar al - Bashir Abdullah II Mohamed VI Macky Sall Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al - Subaihi ( POW ) Gen. Ali Mohsen Al - Ahmar Gen. Abd Rabbo Hussein † Gen. Ahmad Seif Al - Yafei † Maj. Gen. Abdul - Rab al - Shadadi † Brig. Gen. Hameed al - Qushaibi † Cmdr . Jarallah Salhi † Capt . Zafir Mansour Ahmed Al - Turki † Mohammed Ali al - Houthi ( until 2016 ) Saleh Ali al - Sammad ( from 2016 ) Hussein Khairan ( until 2016 ) Mohamed al - Atafi ( from 2016 ) Sharaf Luqman Ali Al - Jaifi † Hussein al - Ezzi Abdul Razzaq Al - Marwani Abu Ali al - Hakim Ali Abdullah Saleh † Ali Raymi † Ahmed Ali Saleh Abdul - Malik al - Houthi Ibrahim Badr Al - Houthi † Abdullah Qayed al - Fadeea † Maj. Gen. Hasan Abdullah Almalsi † Strength 100 warplanes and 150,000 troops 30 warplanes and one brigade . 4 warplanes and 6,000 troops 15 warplanes 300 troops 15 warplanes 10 warplanes , 1,000 troops ( until 2017 ) 4 warships , 800 troops and warplanes 6 warplanes 6 warplanes , 1,500 troops 2,100 troops Academi : 1,800 security contractors 150,000 -- 200,000 fighters 200,000 -- 250,000 Republican Guard : 100,000 Popular Committees : 100,000 Casualties and losses 451 soldiers killed 10 captured ; 2 aircraft lost ; 9 helicopters lost 20 M1A2S lost 1 frigate damaged 120 soldiers killed 3 aircraft lost 3 helicopters lost 1 watercraft damaged ( HSV - 2 Swift ) 412 soldiers killed 8 soldiers killed 1 F - 16 crashed 4 soldiers killed 1 soldier killed 1 F - 16 shot down 1 F - 16 lost 16 foreign mercenaries killed ( 1 1 1 10 1 1 134 soldiers killed and 292 wounded ( friendly fire ) 164 soldiers killed Total : 1,276 killed at least 296 killed ( as of July 2015 ) 12,907 civilians killed ( Including 1,980 women and 2,768 children ) According to the Legal Center for Rights and Development . 8,670 ( UN ) to 10,000 ( CFR ) killed overall in the Yemen Civil War . 500 + Saudi civilians killed on the Saudi - Yemen border 400 killed officially , over 3,000 killed according to The Independent Yemeni Crisis Revolution ( 2011 -- 12 ) Sa'dah 1st Sana'a Zinjibar Ta'izz Dammaj Transition and AQAP campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) Dofas Abyan ( 2012 ) Sana'a Al Bayda Radda ( 2013 ) Sana'a ( 2013 ) Houthi rebellion ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dammaj 2nd Al Bayda Amran 2nd Sana'a Houthi takeover Rescue operations Rada ' Ibb Sana'a Police Academy Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) 1st Shabwah 3rd Al Bayda Aden Airport Sana'a mosques Ad Dali ' Saudi - led intervention Aden 1st Abyan Lahij Najran , Jizan and Asir 2nd Shabwah 1st Mukalla Ta'izz Ma'rib missile strike Sana'a mosque ( 2nd ) Aden Violence Aden hotel attack 1st Aden Aden Christian attack 2nd Aden 3rd Aden 4th Aden 5th & 6th Aden Zinjibar and Jaar Taiz missile strike Port Midi Hadramaut 2nd Abyan 3rd Abyan 2nd Mukalla 3rd Mukalla 4th Mukalla Sana'a funeral air raid US Yakla raid US Al Hathla raid 3rd Sana'a Part of a series on the Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Main topics ( show ) Yemeni Revolution Yemeni presidential election , 2012 Houthi insurgency in Yemen al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen South Yemen insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Background ( show ) History of Yemen Yemeni unification Yemeni peace process A military intervention was launched by Saudi Arabia in 2015 , leading a coalition of nine African and Middle East countries , to influence the outcome of the Yemeni Civil War in favour of the government of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . Code - named ' Operation Decisive Storm ( Arabic : عملية عاصفة الحزم ‎ Amaliyyat ' Āṣifat al - Ḥazm ) , the intervention initially consisted of a bombing campaign on Houthi Rebels and later saw a naval blockade and the deployment of ground forces into Yemen . The Saudi - led coalition has attacked the positions of the Houthi militia and loyalists of the former President of Yemen , Ali Abdullah Saleh , allegedly supported by Iran ( See Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict ) , in response to a request from the internationally - recognized government of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi . The perception that Iran is directly controlling the Houthis is contradicted due to statement made on April 2015 , by National Security Council spokeswoman Bernadette Meehan : `` It remains our assessment that Iran does not exert command and control over the Houthis in Yemen '' Fighter jets and ground forces from Egypt , Morocco , Jordan , Sudan , the United Arab Emirates , Kuwait , Qatar , Bahrain and Academi mercenaries also took part in the operation . Djibouti , Eritrea and Somalia made their airspace , territorial waters and military bases available to the coalition . The United States provided intelligence and logistical support , including aerial refueling and search - and - rescue for downed coalition pilots . It also accelerated the sale of weapons to coalition states . US and Britain have deployed their military personnel in the command and control centre responsible for Saudi - led air strikes on Yemen , having access to lists of targets . Pakistan was called on by Saudi Arabia to join the coalition , but its parliament voted to maintain neutrality . On 21 April 2015 , the Saudi - led military coalition announced an end to Operation Decisive Storm , saying the intervention 's focus would `` shift from military operations to the political process '' . The kingdom and its coalition partners said they would be launching political and peace efforts , which they called ' Operation Restoring Hope ( Arabic : عملية إعادة الأمل ‎ Amaliyyat ' I'ādat al - ' Amal ) . However , the coalition did not rule out using force , saying it would respond to threats and prevent Houthi militants from operating within Yemen . Qatar was suspended from the coalition due to the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis . The war has received widespread criticism and had a dramatic worsening effect on the humanitarian situation , that reached the level of a `` humanitarian disaster '' or `` humanitarian catastrophe '' . After the Saudi - led coalition declared the entire Saada Governorate a military target , the UN 's Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen and Human Rights Watch said that air strikes by the Saudi - led coalition on Saada city in Yemen were in breach of international law . On 1 July UN declared for Yemen a `` level - three '' emergency -- the highest UN emergency level -- for a period of six months . Human rights groups repeatedly blamed the Saudi - led military coalition for killing civilians and destroying health centers and other infrastructure with airstrikes . The de facto blockade left 78 % ( 20 million ) of the Yemeni population in urgent need of food , water and medical aid . Aid ships are allowed , but the bulk of commercial shipping , on which the country relies , is blocked . In one occasion , coalition jets prevented an Iranian Red Crescent plane from landing by bombing Sana'a International Airport 's runway , which blocked aid delivery via air . As of 10 December , more than 2,500,000 people had been internally displaced by the fighting . Many countries evacuated more than 23,000 foreign citizens from Yemen . More than 1,000,000 people fled Yemen for Saudi Arabia , Djibouti , Somalia , Ethiopia , Sudan and Oman . The war has caused a humanitarian crisis , including a famine which has threatened over 17 million people , as well as an outbreak of cholera which has infected thousands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Operation Decisive Storm 2.1 Air campaign 2.1. 1 March 2015 2.1. 2 April 2015 2.2 Naval role 2.3 Ground clashes 3 Operation Restoring Hope 3.1 Airstrikes 3.1. 1 Aircraft losses 3.2 Cross-border fighting 3.3 Ground combat 3.4 Naval involvement 4 Reports of war crimes 4.1 Declaring the entire governorate Sa'ada a military target 4.2 Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations 4.3 Usage of cluster munitions 4.4 Calls for international independent investigations 4.5 Alleged use of White Phosphorus 4.6 UAE secret prisons 4.7 Targeting of wounded and medical personnel 5 Iranian involvement 6 Western involvement 6.1 United States 6.2 United Kingdom 7 Private military involvement 8 Overall airstrike casualties 8.1 Civilian airstrike casualties 9 Killed journalists and media workers 10 Infrastructure damage and humanitarian situation 10.1 Timeline 10.2 Saada 10.3 Sana'a 10.4 Internally Displaced Person ( IDP ) 10.5 Starvation and diseases 11 Operation costs 12 Responses 12.1 In Yemen 12.1. 1 Opposition 12.1. 2 Support 12.2 Saudi Arabia 12.2. 1 Opposition 12.2. 2 Support 12.3 Other coalition countries 12.3. 1 Bahrain 12.3. 2 Egypt 12.3. 3 Kuwait 12.4 International 13 Al - Qaeda and Islamic State 14 Other effects 15 Peace talks 15.1 Cease fire talks 15.2 15 -- 19 June 2015 talks 15.3 Ramadan Peace agreement 15.4 Further peace talks 15.5 2016 talks 16 See also 17 References Background ( edit ) See also : Houthi insurgency in Yemen and Aftermath of the 2014 -- 15 Yemeni coup d'état Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi , running unopposed for president , won the 2012 Yemeni elections . The Houthis ( or Ansar Allah ) , a Zaidi Shia movement and militant group thought to be backed by Iran , took control of the Yemeni government through a series of actions in 2014 and 2015 . Saudi Arabia and other countries denounced this as an unconstitutional coup d'état . In military operations on the ground , the Houthis were supported by sections of the Yemeni armed forces loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh , who was removed from power as part of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings . Houthi leaders claimed that Saudi Arabia was trying to break the alliance between the Houthis and Saleh 's supporters ; reports claimed that Saleh 's son Ahmed Ali Saleh had traveled to the Saudi capital to attempt to broker a deal to end the airstrikes . Saudi media claim that Saleh or his son had approached Riyadh seeking such a deal . By September 2014 , Houthi fighters captured Sana'a , toppling Hadi 's government . Soon after , a peace deal ( known as the Peace and Partnership Agreement ) was concluded between the Hadi government and the Houthis , but was not honored by either party . The deal was drafted with the intent of defining a power - sharing government . A conflict over a draft constitution resulted in the Houthis consolidating control over the Yemeni capital in January 2015 . After resigning from his post alongside his prime minister and remaining under virtual house arrest for one month , Hadi fled to Aden in southern Yemen in February . Upon arriving in Aden , Hadi withdrew his resignation , saying that the actions of the Houthis from September 2014 had amounted to a `` coup '' against him . By 25 March , forces answering to Sana'a were rapidly closing in on Aden , which Hadi had declared to be Yemen 's temporary capital . During the Houthis ' southern offensive , Saudi Arabia began a military buildup on its border with Yemen . In response , a Houthi commander boasted that his troops would counterattack against any Saudi aggression and would not stop until they had taken Riyadh , the Saudi capital . On 25 March , Hadi called on the UN Security Council to authorise `` willing countries that wish to help Yemen to provide immediate support for the legitimate authority by all means and measures to protect Yemen and deter the Houthi aggression '' . Yemen 's foreign minister , Riad Yassin , requested military assistance from the Arab League on 25 March , amid reports that Hadi had fled his provisional capital . On 26 March , Saudi state TV station Al - Ekhbariya TV reported that Hadi arrived at a Riyadh airbase and was met by Saudi Defense Minister Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud . His route from Aden to Riyadh was not immediately known . At a summit of the Arab League held in Sharm El - Sheikh , Egypt , on 28 -- 29 March , President Hadi again repeated his calls for international intervention in the fighting . A number of League members pledged their support to Hadi 's government during that meeting . Operation Decisive Storm ( edit ) According to the Saudi news outlet Al Arabiya , Saudi Arabia contributed 100 warplanes and 150,000 soldiers to the military operation . Reuters indicated that planes from Egypt , Morocco , Jordan , Sudan , Kuwait , the United Arab Emirates , Qatar and Bahrain were taking part . The UAE contributed 30 fighter jets , Kuwait sent 15 ( understood to be three squadrons of F / A-18 Hornet aircraft ) , Bahrain sent 15 , Qatar 10 , Jordan and Morocco six each and Sudan four . The operation was declared over on 21 April 2015 . Air campaign ( edit ) March 2015 ( edit ) On March 2015 in a joint statement , the member - states of the Gulf Cooperation Council ( with the exception of Oman ) said they had decided to intervene against the Houthis at the request of Hadi 's government . The coalition declared Yemeni airspace to be a restricted area , with King Salman declaring the RSAF to be in full control of the zone . Saudi Arabia began airstrikes , reportedly relying on US intelligence reports and surveillance images to select and hit targets , including weapons , aircraft on the ground and air defences . Al Jazeera reported that Mohammed Ali al - Houthi , a Houthi commander appointed in February as president of the Revolutionary Committee , was injured and three other Houthi commanders were killed by airstrikes in Sana'a . Strikes on 26 March also hit Al Anad Air Base , a former U.S. special operations forces facility in Lahij Governorate seized by Houthis earlier in the week . The targets reportedly included the Houthi - controlled missile base in Sana'a and its fuel depot . Strikes overnight also targeted Houthis in Taiz and Sa'dah . Thousands demonstrated in Sana'a against the intervention , which ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh also condemned . In Taiz thousands came out supporting Hadi and Saudi Arabia . The scope of strikes expanded further on 27 March , with a radar installation in the Ma'rib Governorate and an airbase in the Abyan Governorate coming under air attack . The commander of the operation dismissed reports of civilian casualties , saying airstrikes were being carried out with precision . Additional strikes early in the next day hit targets in Al Hudaydah , Sa'dah and the Sana'a area , as well as Ali Abdullah Saleh 's main base . Rumours indicated Saleh fled to Sanhan , on the outskirts of the Houthi - controlled capital . An Aden government official said Saudi strikes destroyed a long - range missile facility controlled by the Houthis . The Houthis claimed to have shot down a Sudanese Air Force plane over northern Sana'a and captured its pilot on 28 March . The Sudanese government denied that any of its four warplanes had come under fire or been shot down . On the previous day , the Houthis claimed to have shot down a `` hostile '' Saudi drone in Sana'a . Airstrikes hit an arms depot , military airbase and special forces headquarters in Sana'a early on 29 March . A weapons depot outside Sana'a was destroyed , causing damage to an airport and planes on the ground . Sa'dah and Al Hudaydah were targeted as well . Brigadier General Ahmed Asiri , the coalition 's spokesman , said Saudi artillery and Apache attack helicopters were mobilised to `` deter '' Houthi fighters massing on the border with Saudi Arabia . On 30 March , at least 40 people including children were killed and 200 were injured by an airstrike that hit Al - Mazraq refugee camp near a military installation in northern district of Haradh , international organizations said . Airstrikes also hit areas near the presidential palace in Sana'a , as well as Aden International Airport . Food storage of Yemen Economic Corporation in Hodeidah was destroyed by three coalition strikes on 31 March . Airstrikes were not limited to the Yemeni mainland . Missiles struck homes on the island of Perim , according to residents who fled by boat to Djibouti . April 2015 ( edit ) Destruction in Sana'a after air strike on 20 April 2015 Destruction in the residential neighborhoods near mountain Attan Destroyed Shopping center Dozens of casualties came from an explosion at a dairy and oil factory in Al Hudaydah , which was variously blamed on an airstrike or a rocket from a nearby military base on 1 April . Medical sources reported 25 deaths , while the Yemen Army said 37 were killed and 80 wounded . Airstrikes also hit targets in Sa'dah on 1 April . Despite persistent airstrikes , Houthi and allied units continued to advance on central Aden , backed by tanks and heavy artillery . Houthis seized the presidential palace on 2 April , but reportedly withdrew after overnight air raids early the next day . Coalition planes also airdropped weapons and medical aid to pro-Hadi fighters in Aden . The International Committee of the Red Cross announced on 5 April that it had received permission from the coalition to fly medical supplies and aid workers into Sana'a and was awaiting permission to send a surgical team by boat to Aden . The coalition said it had set up a special body to coordinate aid deliveries to Yemen . On 6 April , airstrikes began before sunset and struck targets in western Sana'a , Sa'dah and the Ad Dali ' Governorate , a supply route for Houthis in the Battle of Aden . Airstrikes on 7 April hit a Republican Guard base in the Ibb Governorate , injuring 25 troops . Yemeni sources claimed three children at a nearby school were killed by the attack , while six were injured . The Parliament of Pakistan voted against military action on 10 April , despite a request from Saudi Arabia that it join the coalition . Airstrikes launched on 12 April , against the base of the 22nd Brigade of the Yemeni Republican Guard in the Taiz Governorate struck both the brigade and a nearby village inhabited by members of the Al - Akhdam minority community , killing eight civilians and injuring more than ten others . On 17 April , both the GCC coalition 's spokesman called by Saudi broadcaster Al - Ehkbariya TV and a commander of the pro-Hadi rebels on the ground said airstrikes had intensified , focusing on both Sana'a and Taiz . One strike on the Republican Palace in Taiz killed 19 pro-Houthi gunmen . Ethnoreligious groups in 2002 . Zaydi Shi'a followers make up between 35 % and 42.1 % of Muslims in Yemen . Naval role ( edit ) Egypt and Saudi Arabia committed warships to support coalition operations . Somalia offered its airspace and territorial waters . Four Egyptian Navy vessels steamed toward the Gulf of Aden after operations began . Riyadh requested access to Somali airspace and waters to carry out operations . On 27 March , the Egyptian military said a squadron of Egyptian and Saudi warships took up positions at the Bab al - Mandab strait . The Saudi military threatened to destroy any ship attempting to make port . The Royal Saudi Navy evacuated diplomats and United Nations staff from Aden to Jeddah on 28 March . Witnesses told Reuters that Egyptian warships bombarded Houthi positions as they attempted to advance on Aden on 30 March . Warships again fired on Houthi positions at Aden International Airport on or about 1 April . Djibouti foreign minister Mahmoud Ali Youssouf said the Houthis placed heavy weapons and fast attack boats on Perim and a smaller island in the Bab al - Mandab strait . He warned that `` the prospect of a war in the strait of Bab al - Mandab is a real one '' and said the weapons posed `` a big danger '' to his country , commercial shipping traffic , and military vessels . He called on the coalition to clear the islands , which he said included missiles and long - range cannons . On 4 April , Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el - Sisi called protecting Red Sea shipping and securing the Bab al - Mandab `` a top priority for Egypt 's national security '' . On 15 April , coalition spokesman Saudi Brigadier General Ahmed Al - Asiri , said that the its warships were focusing on protecting shipping routes and screening ships heading to port for shipments intended for the Houthis . The US Navy provided support to the naval blockade , halting and searching vessels suspected of carrying Iranian arms to the Houthis . On 21 April , the United States announced it was deploying warships to Yemeni waters to monitor Iranian ships . The US in particular noted a convoy of Iranian vessels , which US authorities said could potentially be carrying weapons to Houthi fighters in contravention of UN sanctions . The US reported that the Iranian convoy reversed course on 23 April . Ground clashes ( edit ) Sudan said it was stationing ground troops in Saudi Arabia . The Special Forces of the Bahrain Defence Force , Taskforce 11 , were also deployed to Yemen . Between 31 March and April , Saudi and Houthi forces reportedly traded artillery and rocket fire across the border between SA and Yemen . A Saudi border guard was killed on 2 April , the campaign 's first confirmed coalition casualty . Followed by another two soldiers killed the next day . Two Egyptian truck drivers died by Houthi artillery shelling . SA reportedly began removing sections of the Saudi -- Yemen barrier fence along its border with the Sa'dah and Hajjah governorates on 3 April . The purpose of the removal was not immediately clear . On 12 April , members of the Takhya tribe launched an attack on a Saudi base after several of its members died in an airstrike . Weapons and ammunition were taken . On 19 April , as Houthi leader Abdul - Malek El - Houthi accused SA of planning to invade Yemen , Asiri claimed that coalition forces had information regarding a planned Houthi incursion into SA . A Saudi border guard died on 19 April and two others were injured from gunfire and mortar shelling across the border . Operation Restoring Hope ( edit ) King Salman of Saudi Arabia and Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al - Jubeir meet with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in September 2015 On 21 April , the Saudi Defence Ministry declared it was ending the campaign of airstrikes because it had `` successfully eliminated the threat '' to its security posed by Houthi ballistic and heavy weaponry . It announced the start of a new phase codenamed Operation Restoring Hope . In a televised address , Hadi said the end of airstrikes had come at his request and thanked the Arab coalition for their support . Earlier that day King Salman ordered the Saudi National Guard to join the military operation . Air and naval strikes continued despite the announcement that Decisive Storm had ended . Both the Omani and Iranian governments said they welcomed the end of airstrikes . On 22 April , Oman presented a seven - point peace deal to both parties . The proposed peace treaty entailed the reinstatement of Hadi 's government and the evacuation of Houthi fighters from major cities . On 8 May , Saudi Arabia announced a five - day ceasefire set to start on 12 May , following heavy pressure from the US . Later in the day , Saudi airplanes dropped leaflets in the Saada Governorate warning of airstrikes throughout the area . Houthi spokesman Mohamed al - Bukhaiti later told the BBC that the ceasefire had not been formally proposed and the Houthis would not respond until a plan was properly laid out . A spokesman for the Houthi - aligned military announced agreement to the ceasefire plan on 10 May , although he warned that a breach of the truce would prompt a military response . On 13 May , humanitarian agencies said they were trying to get aid into Yemen after a five - day ceasefire took effect on Tuesday night . Ships carrying humanitarian supplies docked at the Houthi - controlled Red Sea port of Hudaydah as planes were standing by to help evacuate the injured . Meanwhile , King Salman doubled his country 's Yemen aid pledge to $540 million , funds the UN said would `` meet the life - saving and protection needs of 7.5 million people affected '' . Airstrikes ( edit ) UAEAF F16F Block 60 taking off from a military base to conduct airstrikes on Houthi targets . At the operation 's announcement , coalition leadership stressed that their campaign would attempt a political solution and that they would continue the air and naval blockade . However , airstrikes resumed almost immediately following the coalition 's announcement of the end of Operation Decisive Storm . On 22 April airstrikes continued in Taiz , where an army base was hit shortly after Houthi fighters took it over , and Aden , where an airstrike targeted Houthi tanks moving into a contested district , among other locations , such as Al Hudaydah and Ibb . The Houthis continued to fight for territory , with a Houthi spokesman saying the group would be prepared for peace talks on the condition of `` a complete halt of attacks '' . The previous round of UN-sponsored talks collapsed after Houthi rebels attacked Hadi 's residence in Sana'a . By 26 April , coalition forces were striking what they described as Houthi military targets in Sana'a and Aden and in other locations , notably in Sa'ada province near the Saudi border , nearly every night . On 26 April , after midnight , airstrikes struck Houthi and pro-Saleh positions and targets in and around Sana'a , Aden , and the Ma'rib and Ad Dali ' governorates , backing up anti-Houthi fighters in the latter three locations , with more than 90 rebels reportedly killed . Coalition warships shelled fighters near Aden 's commercial port . Saudi warplanes also targeted Houthis in the Sa'dah Governorate , while Saudi artillery fired on targets in the Hajjah Governorate along the border . The Saudi National Guard was deployed on the border . On 28 April , Sana'a International Airport was bombed by Saudi F - 15 fighters to prevent an Iranian plane belonging to Iranian Red Crescent Society ( IRCS ) from landing , while it was approaching to land . The fighters had warned the plane to turn back , in an unsuccessful attempt to thwart its landing , but the Iranian pilot ignored the `` illegal warnings '' , saying that , on the basis of international law , his plane did not need further permission to land . On the night of 6 May 2015 , the Saudi - led coalition carried out 130 airstrikes in Yemen in a 24 - hour period . At first , coalition spokesperson Ahmed Asiri admitted that schools and hospitals were targeted but claimed that these were used as weapon storage sites . Asiri later claimed that his words had been mistranslated . The United Nations humanitarian coordinator for Yemen Johannes Van Der Klaauw said that these bombings constituted a war crime . `` The indiscriminate bombing of populated areas , with or without prior warning , is a contravention international humanitarian law , '' he said . He continued to say that he was particularly concerned about airstrikes on Saada `` where scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes after the coalition declared the entire governate a military target '' . Saudi foreign minister Adel Al - Jubeir announced a five - day ceasefire in Yemen , 8 May 2015 The Iranian Foreign Ministry summoned the Saudi chargé d'affaires , and the Iranian Parliament and the Iranian Red Crescent Society blasted Saudi Arabia for blocking Iranian humanitarian aid . The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) `` strongly urged '' the coalition to stop targeting airports and seaports so that aid could reach all Yemenis . ICRC and Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) said they were extremely concerned about damage to the airports at Sanaa and the port city of Hodeidah . Overnight on 29 and 30 April , SA was reported to have airdropped arms to anti-Houthi fighters in Taiz . Later in the day , the Houthi 's announced the death of 1 soldier due to airstrikes on the local police station in Al Bayda , Yemen . On 30 April airstrikes hit five provinces . New airstrikes hit SIA , completely halting aid deliveries . Intense airstrikes on the Al Amar area of the As Safra District killed 1 Yemeni soldier and injured 6 others . Source also reported that there were several airstrikes on farms and buildings in the Sahar District . An airstrike in Sana'a , 11 May 2015 On 6 May coalition airstrikes targeted the Police Training Center in the Dhamar Governorate , damaging nearby houses meanwhile the civil aviation authority announced it would re-open the airport to receive aid . Coalition airstrikes targeted the houses of Saleh in Sana'a in the early hours of 10 May , eyewitnesses said . Khabar , a Yemeni news agency allied with Saleh said that the former president and his family were unharmed . The Moroccan government said on 10 May that one of its General Dynamics F - 16 Fighting Falcon aircraft taking part in the air campaign went missing in action over Yemen , along with its pilot . The Houthis claimed responsibility , with Yemeni state TV broadcasting a report on the jet being downed by tribal militias over the Sa'dah Governorate and showing images of the wreckage . On 18 May Saudi - led airstrikes reportedly resumed on Houthi positions after a humanitarian ceasefire expired late on Sunday . Three coalition airstrikes hit Sa'ada on Monday . Yemen 's exiled Foreign Minister Riyadh Yassin blamed the rebel group for the renewal of hostilities . Al - Arabiya said Saudi forces shelled Houthi outposts along Yemen 's northern border after the fighters fired mortars at a Saudi army post in Najran province . On 23 May OCHA reported that airstrikes continued in the northern governorates of Sa'ada ( Baqim , Haydan , Saqayn and As Safra ) and Hajjah ( Abs , Hayran , Haradh , Huth , Kuhlan Affar and Sahar districts ) . The road connecting Haradh and Huth districts was reportedly hit . Airstrikes were also reported in Al Jawf Governorate ( Bart Al Anan district ) . On 27 May airstrikes hit a police station in the capital , Sana'a , killing 45 officers . The Houthi - controlled Ministry of Health announced that in total , 96 people were killed . On 3 June the residence of a Houthi leader in Ibb province was hit by an airstrike , according to eyewitnesses . Destruction in the south of Sana'a ( 12 June 2015 ) Destroyed house Destroyed car On 12 June Saudi jets bombed the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Sana'a Old City , killing at least six people and destroying some of the ancient buildings . UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova said in a statement that she is `` profoundly distressed by the loss of human lives as well as by damage inflicted on one of the world 's oldest jewels of Islamic urban landscape '' . Locals also condemned the action . On 23 September 2015 , the Saudi - led coalition destroyed a ceramics factory in the town of Matnah . One civilian was killed and others were wounded . According to the BBC , the bomb is believed to have been produced in the United Kingdom by GEC - Marconi Dynamics . The factory 's owner Ghalib al - Sawary told the BBC : `` We built it over 20 years but to destroy it took only twenty minutes . '' Campaigners say this attack was a violation of the laws of war . On 26 October 2015 Doctors Without Borders reported that a coalition airstrike had completely destroyed the Médecins Sans Frontières hospital in Saada province 's Haydan governorate , including the operating room . When the first strike hit an unused part of the hospital the facility was completely evacuated , so there were no direct casualties . However , a spokesman for the coalition forces , Brig - Gen Ahmed al - Asiri , disclaimed responsibility for the attack . `` With the hospital destroyed , at least 200,000 people now have no access to lifesaving medical care , '' MSF said . `` This attack is another illustration of a complete disregard for civilians in Yemen , where bombings have become a daily routine , '' said Hassan Boucenine , MSF head of mission in Yemen . The GPS coordinates of the only hospital in the Haydan district were regularly shared with the Saudi - led coalition , and the roof of the facility was clearly identified with the MSF logo , he said . UNICEF said the hospital in Saada was the 39th health center hit in Yemen since March , when the violence escalated . `` More children in Yemen may well die from a lack of medicines and healthcare than from bullets and bombs , '' its executive director Anthony Lake said in a statement . He added that critical shortages of fuel , medication , electricity and water could mean many more will close . Amnesty International said the strike may amount to a war crime and called for an independent investigation . In February 2016 , the Saudis bombed the ancient citadel of Kawkaban , killing seven civilians . On 8 October 2016 , Saudi - led airstrikes targeted a hall in Sana'a where a funeral was taking place . At least 140 people were killed and about 600 were wounded . According to The Independent , one rescuer said : `` The place has been turned into a lake of blood . '' After initially denying it was behind the attack , the Coalition 's Joint Incidents Assessment Team admitted that it had bombed the hall but claimed that this attack had been a mistake caused by bad information . After this attack , US national security spokesperson said that the US government was `` deeply disturbed '' by the bombing and added that US support for the Saudi - led coalition was `` not a blank cheque '' . He added `` we have initiated an immediate review of our already significantly reduced support to the Saudi - led Coalition . '' The United Nations humanitarian co-ordinator in Yemen Jamie McGoldrick said he was `` shocked and outraged '' by the `` horrific '' bombing . `` This violence against civilians in Yemen must stop , '' he said . On the night of 15 February 2017 , the Saudi - led coalition bombed a funeral reception near Sanaa . Initial reports suggest the bombing killed nine women and one child with ten more women reported wounded . `` People heard the sound of planes and started running from the house but then the bombs hit the house directly . The roof collapsed and there was blood was everywhere , '' a resident of the village told a Reuters news agency cameraman . Aircraft Losses ( edit ) March 2015 : Saudi F - 15 crashes at Sea . May 2015 : Moroccan F - 16 crashes in Saadah and a Saudi AH - 64 Helicoper shoot down by Houthis August 2015 : Two Saudi AH - 64 crashes in Jizan September 2015 : Saudi helicopter shoot down . December 2015 : Bahrain F - 16 crashed in Jizan Saudi helicopter shoot down . March 2016 : UAE Mirage 2000 downed in Aden June 2016 : Two UAE helicopters AH - 64 and NSA 407MRH July 2016 : One Saudi AH - 64 crashed in Marib February 2017 : Jordanian F - 16 crashed in Najran and US MQ - 9 Reaper downed in Marib . March 2017 : Saudi AH - 64 ( 2 dead ) April 2017 : Saudi UH - 60 ( 12 dead ) downed in Marib August 2017 : UAE helicopter ( 4 dead ) fall in Shabwa and A US Blackhawk helicopter crashes on the Yemeni coast . September 2017 : A UAE IOMAX AT - 802U crashed in Yemen , the pilot died in the crash . A Saudi Eurofighter Typhoon crashed in Yemen during an operation against Al Qaeda militants . October 2017 : Houthi rebels shoot down a US MQ - 9 Reaper drone in Yemen . One UAE jet crashes in Yemen leaving 2 Emirati pilots killed . November 2017 : Prince Mansour bin Muqrin , the deputy governor of Asir province , died along with seven others when the helicopter in which they were travelling crashed near the Saudi - Yemen border . Cross-border fighting ( edit ) On 25 April MSF said that the town of Haradh , close to the border with Saudi Arabia , had been left a ghost town and that Saudi shelling killed 11 and injured more than 70 . On 26 April the Saudi government announced that the first National Guard units had arrived in Najran , in southwestern Saudi Arabia near the border . The same day , Al - Hamdan tribe attacked Saudi positions in Najran and reported several Saudi casualties with the Saudi Arabian Interior Ministry confirming 1 dead and 2 injured . Al - Hamdan tribesmen later retreated due to heavy bombings in the area . Sudan 's President Omar al - Bashir has joined the Saudi - led war in Yemen . Sudan had received a $2.2 billion from Saudi Arabia and Qatar in 2015 . In early May 2015 several dozen fighters arrived on the side of anti-Houthi defenders of Aden . The force was speculated to be advance ground troops from the coalition , but Hadi 's foreign minister said they were Yemeni special forces troops retrained in Gulf Arab countries and redeployed to assist anti-Houthi militants . Houthi fighters again struck Jizan and Najran with rockets and mortars on 11 May , in response to Saudi bombardment of the Sa'dah and Hajjah governorates . Saudi Arabia said the shelling killed one and injured three others , including two expatriates . On 11 May Saudi Arabia deployed a tank `` strike force '' to its southern border hours after Houthis fired 150 Katyusha rockets and mortars on Najran and Jizan . Hadath TV broadcast footage purportedly showing columns of military trucks carrying tanks heading towards the Kingdom 's southern frontier . The Houthis went on to repeatedly attack Jizan during 2015 . On 6 June Houthi 's fired a SCUD missile into SA , targeting the King Khaled air base . SA announced that it had shot down the missile . On the night of 8 July , an Arab Coalition bombing killed by error over 70 soldiers loyal to president Hadi . Another 200 were injured at the Hadramut province . On 14 October , A Scud missile attack was launched by Houthis towards a base in Asir Province , Saudi Arabia . Qaher - 1 launching towards a Saudi target in Jizan province . On 22 December 2015 , a Qaher - 1 missile attack was launched by Houthies towards an Oil company in Jizan , Saudi Arabia . On 19 February 2017 a ballistic missile from Yemen hit a power facility in Jizan . Ground combat ( edit ) See also : Battle of Aden ; Conflict in Najran , Jizan and Asir ; and Battle of Taiz ( 2015 -- present ) On 3 April , CNN cited an unnamed Saudi source who claimed that Saudi special forces were on the ground in and around Aden , `` coordinating and guiding '' the resistance . The Saudi government officially declined to comment on whether it had special forces , with Saudi Ambassador to the United States Adel al - Jubeir saying on 2 April that Saudi Arabia had no `` formal '' troops in Aden . The Battle of Aden came to an end with pro-Hadi forces again seized control of Aden port and moving into the city 's commercial center . On 22 July , pro-Hadi forces had retaken full control of Aden , and the Aden Airport was reopened . In late July , an offensive launched by pro-Hadi forces drove Houthi forces out of the towns neighboring Aden . On 4 September a Houthi OTR - 21 Tochka missile hit an ammunition dump at a military base in Safer in Ma'rib Governorate killing 52 UAE , 10 Saudi and 5 Bahraini soldiers . The Safer base was being built up by coalition forces for a push against Sanaa . `` It was the deadliest single attack on coalition soldiers since the start of its operation against Houthi rebels in March '' Asseri said . The attacked was the highest casualty loss in the history of the UAE military . Qatar deployed 1000 troops to Yemen after the incident . By 8 September it was reported that the Saudi - led forces deployed in Yemen exceeded 10,000 troops and included 30 AH - 64 Apache attack helicopters . On 14 December media reported a Houthi & Saleh Forces missile attack at a Saudi military camp south - west of the besieged city of Taiz , while sources confirmed the killings of over 150 coalition soldiers including 23 Saudi troops , 9 UAE officers and soldiers , 7 Moroccan soldiers and 42 Blackwater troops . On 19 December 2015 , reported clashes leaves over 40 Houthi Rebels and 35 Government Loyalist dead and dozens of wounded on both sides . Naval involvement ( edit ) Estimated fuel needs in Yemen and monthly fuel imports 100 % 23 % 1 % 16 % 46 % 69 % 19 % 1 % 11 % 89 % 15 % 85 % Monthly needs ( 544,000 t ) Mar 2015 Apr 2015 May 2015 Jun 2015 Jul 2015 Aug 2015 Sep 2015 Oct 2015 Nov 2015 Dec 2015 Jan 2016 Saudi Arabia faced growing criticism for the Saudi - led naval and air blockade , which effectively isolated the country . A `` military source and pro-Hadi militiamen '' told the AFP on 26 April that coalition warships were participating in the shelling of Aden . On 30 April , the Iranian navy announced it had deployed two destroyers to the Gulf of Aden to `` ensure the safety of commercial ships of our country against the threat of pirates '' , according to a rear admiral . According to the same source , the deployment was scheduled to last until mid-June . Iran 's deputy foreign minister , Hossein Amir - Abdollahian , told state - run Tasnim News Agency that `` others will not be allowed to put our shared security at risk with military adventures '' . Reports of war crimes ( edit ) See also : Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 - present ) Airstrikes in Yemen apparently violating the laws of war ( selection ) HRW investigation of 10 Saudi - led coalition airstrikes , that took place between 11 April and 30 August 2015 . HRW found either no evident military target or the attack failed to distinguish civilians from military objectives , in apparent violation of the laws of war . date ( in 2015 ) location / governorate objectives or targets struck civilians killed ( at least ) civilians injured men women children total 11 April Amran / Amran buildings in the town 12 May Abs / Hajjah Abs / Kholan Prison and other buildings in the town 21 25 18 12 May Zabid / Al Hudaydah Shagia market and lemon grove in the town 39 13 8 60 155 4 July Muthalith Ahim / Al Hudaydah marketplace in the village ? ? 65 105 6 July Amran 1 . Bawn market between Amran und Raydah ; 2 . Jawb market outside the town 13 15 29 20 12 July Sana'a - Sawan / Sana'a muhamashee residential neighborhood 7 14 23 31 people 19 July Yarim / Ibb residential homes and buildings in the town 9 16 16 24 July Mokha / Taiz residential compound of Mokha Steam Power Plant 42 13 10 65 55 8 August Shara'a / Ibb homes in the village ( Radhma district ) 8 30 August Abs / Hajjah Al - Sham Water Bottling Factory in the outskirts of the town 11 14 11 civilian airstrike casualties for all 10 airstrikes , investigated by HRW ( report of 26 November 2015 ) 309 414 On 13 April 2015 , HRW wrote that some airstrikes were in apparent violation of the laws of war , such as 30 March attack on a displaced - persons camp in Mazraq that struck a medical facility and a market . Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as indiscriminate or disproportionate or `` in violation of the laws of war '' were : a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida ( 31 civilian deaths ) ; a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada ; and the coalition 's blockade that kept out fuel . On 30 June 2015 , HRW reported that several airstrikes were in clear violation of international law . The report confirmed 59 ( including 14 women and 35 children ) civilian deaths in Saada between 6 April and 11 May . The report also highlighted attacks on 6 civilian homes as well as five markets that were deliberate attacks . In February 2016 , Amnesty International ( AI ) reported that it had investigated the circumstances and impact of more than 30 air strikes of the Saudi Arabia - led coalition forces in Sana'a , Hodeidah , Hajjah and Sa'da . They believed that the coalition was intentionally striking civilian targets . On 24 April 2015 , Amnesty International said that airstrikes hit five densely populated areas ( Sa'dah , Sana'a , Hodeidah , Hajjah and Ibb ) , and `` raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law . '' Their research indicates that there were at least 97 civilian deaths , including 33 children , and 157 civilians were wounded . According to Farea Al - Muslim , direct war crimes were committed during the conflict ; for example , an IDP ( Internally displaced person camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike , while Houthis sometimes prevented aid workers from giving aid . The UN and human rights groups discussed the possibility that war crimes may have been committed by Saudi Arabia during the air campaign . U.S. Representative Ted Lieu has criticized the Saudi - led attacks on Yemen : `` Some of these strikes look like war crimes to me , and I want to get answers as to why the U.S. appears to be assisting in the execution of war crimes in Yemen . '' In March 2017 , Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) reported that `` Since the start of the current conflict , at least 4,773 civilians had been killed and 8,272 wounded , the majority by coalition airstrikes ... Human Rights Watch has documented 62 apparently unlawful coalition airstrikes , some of which may amount to war crimes , that have killed nearly 900 civilians , and documented seven indiscriminate attacks by Houthi - Saleh forces in Aden and Taizz that killed 139 people , including at least eight children . '' Declaring the entire Governorate Sa'ada a military target ( edit ) On 8 May , a spokesperson for the Saudi - led coalition declared the entire city of Sa'dah , with a population of around 50,000 people , was a military target . According to Human Rights Watch : `` This not only violated the laws - of - war prohibition against placing civilians at particular risk by treating a number of separate and distinct military objectives as a single military target , but possibly also the prohibition against making threats of violence whose purpose is to instil terror in the civilian population . '' Human Rights Watch compiled the names and ages of some of the people killed in Saada City between 6 April and 11 May . Of the 59 people they found information on , 35 were children and 14 were women . The organisation 's analysis of air - strike locations in Sa'dah showed that bombs fell across the city including near markets , schools and hospitals . U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen , Johannes van der Klaauw , agreed that the Saud - led coalition 's actions breached international humanitarian law . `` The indiscriminate bombing of populated areas , with or without prior warning , is in contravention of international humanitarian law , '' he said . He added that he was concerned that `` scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands were forced to flee their homes after the coalition declared the entire governate a military target . '' Save the Children 's Country Director in Yemen , Edward Santiago , said that the `` indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law . Warning civilians does not exonerate the coalition from their obligation to protect civilians and civilian infrastructure , and we have seen in the last days that the warnings have not been enough to spare civilian lives . At the same time , people are largely unable to flee for safety because of the de facto blockade imposed by the coalition leading to severe fuel shortages . '' Attacks on facilities run by aid organizations ( edit ) Since the Saudi - led coalition began military operations against Ansar Allah on 26 March 2015 , Saudi - led coalition airstrikes unlawfully struck hospitals and other facilities run by aid organizations , according to Human Rights Watch . Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) medical facilities in Yemen were attacked four times in three months . On 26 October 2015 , HRW documented six Saudi - led airstrikes which bombed a MSF hospital in Haydan district ( Sa'dah Governorate ) , wounding two patients . An Saudi - led coalition airstrike then hit a MSF mobile clinic on 2 December 2015 , in Al Houban district ( Taizz ) . Eight people were wounded , including two MSF staff members , and one other civilian nearby was killed . On 10 January 2016 , six people were killed and seven wounded when a hospital in Sa'ada was hit by a projectile . MSF said it could not confirm whether the hospital was hit in an air strike by warplanes of the Saudi - led coalition , or by a rocket fired from the ground , and at least one other landed nearby . On 21 January 2016 , an MSF ambulance was hit by an airstrike . Seven people were killed and dozens were wounded . MSF 's director of operations Raquel Ayora said : `` The way war is being waged in Yemen is causing enormous suffering and shows that the warring parties do not recognise or respect the protected status of hospitals and medical facilities . We witness the devastating consequences of this on people trapped in conflict zones on a daily basis . Nothing has been spared -- not even hospitals , even though medical facilities are explicitly protected by international humanitarian law . '' The Saudi embassy in London , in early February 2016 , advised United Nations and other aid organizations to move their offices and staff away from `` regions where the Houthi militias and their supporters are active and in areas where there are military operations '' . It claimed this was in order to `` protect the international organizations and their employees '' . The UN refused to pull out the humanitarian aid workers and protested against the Saudi demands . On 7 February 2016 , the UN humanitarian chief Stephen O'Brien wrote to Saudi Arabia 's UN Ambassador Abdallah al - Mouallimi , pointing out that Saudi Arabia is obligated under international law to permit access , and has `` duty of care obligations under the conduct of military operations for all civilians , including humanitarian workers '' . HRW declared , on 17 February 2016 , that Saudi Arabia 's warnings to stay away were insufficient to fulfil their legal obligations to protect aid stations and their occupants . James Ross , Legal and Policy Director at HRW , said : `` A warning is no justification for an unlawful airstrike . They ca n't shift the blame for shirking their responsibility onto aid agencies that are struggling to address a deepening crisis . '' After an air - strike on an MSF hospital in the Hajjah province on 15 August 2016 , MSF announced the pulling of their staff from Saada and Hajjah provinces affecting 6 facilities . The group also complained that the results of previous investigations into hospital bombings by the Saudi - led coalition were never shared . Usage of cluster munitions ( edit ) In early May 2015 , Human Rights Watch accused Saudi Arabia of using US - supplied cluster munitions on at least two occasions . The Saudi military acknowledged using CBU - 105 bombs , but it claimed they were only employed against armoured vehicles and not in population centers . Yemeni security officials claimed that cluster bombs were dropped in a civilian area of the Western suburbs of the Yemeni capital Sanaa . In an earlier statement , Saudi Arabia had denied that the Saudi - led military coalition was using cluster bombs at all . Internationally outlawed cluster bombs supplied by the USA were used by the Saudi - led military coalition and wounded civilians despite evidence of prior civilian casualties , based on multiple reports issued by HRW . On 8 January 2016 , the UN Secretary General Ban Ki - moon announced that Saudi coalition use of cluster munitions could be a war crime . HRW condemned the Saudi - led coalition for the attacks saying : `` The coalition 's repeated use of cluster bombs in the middle of a crowded city suggests an intent to harm civilians , which is a war crime . These outrageous attacks show that the coalition seems less concerned than ever about sparing civilians from war 's horrors . '' A week later , Amnesty International published new evidence that appeared to confirm reports of coalition forces using US - made cluster munitions on Sana'a on 6 January 2016 . In December 2016 , a Saudi spokesperson admitted that at least some of the coalition 's cluster bombs were manufactured in the United Kingdom . British prime minister Theresa May refused to answer when asked in parliament when she first became aware that UK - made cluster bombs were being used . Amnesty International has called on Saudi Arabia to destroy its stockpile of cluster bombs and accede to the International Convention on Cluster Munitions . It also asked the Saudi - led coalition to provide the United Nations with precise locations of cluster munition attacks . The coalition has yet to do so . Calls for international Independent investigations ( edit ) A UN panel of experts said in a report for the UN Security Council in January 2016 , which was leaked to The Guardian , that the Saudi - led coalition had undertaken 119 sorties in Yemen that violated international humanitarian law . The panel said it had `` documented that the coalition had conducted airstrikes targeting civilians and civilian objects , in violation of international humanitarian law , including camps for internally displaced persons and refugees ; civilian gatherings , including weddings ; civilian vehicles , including buses ; civilian residential areas ; medical facilities ; schools ; mosques ; markets , factories and food storage warehouses ; and other essential civilian infrastructure , such as the airport in Sana'a , the port in Hudaydah and domestic transit routes '' . The report said : `` Many attacks involved multiple airstrikes on multiple civilian objects . Of the 119 sorties , the panel identified 146 targeted objects . The panel also documented three alleged cases of civilians fleeing residential bombings and being chased and shot at by helicopters . '' While the UN experts were not allowed on the ground in Yemen , they studied satellite imagery of cities before and after attacks , that showed `` extensive damage to residential areas and civilian objects '' . The UN panel concluded that `` civilians are disproportionately affected '' by the fighting and deplored tactics that `` constitute the prohibited use of starvation as a method of warfare '' . The report said : `` The coalition 's targeting of civilians through airstrikes , either by bombing residential neighbourhoods or by treating the entire cities of Sa'dah and Maran as military targets , is a grave violation of the principles of distinction , proportionality and precaution . In certain cases , the panel found such violations to have been conducted in a widespread and systematic manner . '' The report called for an international commission , set up by the Security Council , that should `` investigate reports of violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law in Yemen by all parties and to identify the perpetrators of such violations '' . Saudi Arabia had previously objected to an inquiry being set up . Five days after the release of UN Panel of Experts report on Yemen , on 31 January 2016 , the Saudi - led Arab coalition announced it had formed `` an independent team of experts in international humanitarian law and weapons to assess the incidents and investigate the rules of engagement '' . The coalition said the objective was to `` develop a clear and comprehensive report on each incident with the conclusions , lessons learned , recommendations and measures that should be taken '' to spare civilians . On 16 February 2016 , Adama Dieng , the U.N. 's Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide , and Jennifer Welsh , the Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect , said in a joint statement : `` We now expect that commitments by the Yemeni authorities and by Saudi Arabia to conduct credible and independent investigations into all alleged violations and provide reparations to victims will be swiftly implemented . It is imperative that the international community also gives immediate consideration to the most effective means of supporting this goal , including the possibility of establishing an international independent and impartial mechanism to support accountability in Yemen . '' Alleged use of white phosphorus ( edit ) In September 2016 , The Washington Post reported that Saudi Arabia `` appears '' to be using US - made white phosphorus munitions against Yemen , based on images and videos posted to social media . Under US regulations , white phosphorus is only allowed to be used to signal to other troops and to reduce visibility in open ground , creating a smoke - screen . It is not to be used to attack humans as it burns human flesh down to the bone , which is considered excessively cruel . A United States official said the department was looking into whether the Saudis used white phosphorus improperly . UAE secret prisons ( edit ) October 2017 , A Yemeni citizen died under `` severe torture '' inside a secret prison run by the United Arab Emirates in the south of Yemen . As videos showed , the body of Ahmed Dubba revealed disturbing signs of torture after it was released from Khanfar Prison . According to media reports , UAE forces in Yemen had carried out a detention campaign against religious scholars and preachers who opposed their presence in the country where prisoners were subject to physical and psychological torture . According to Yemeni rights group Sam , issue of secret prisons in Yemen had become a phenomenon . Targeting of wounded and medical personnel ( edit ) The United Nations alleged that the Saudi - led coalition had committed a war crime because the bombing was a ' double tap ' attack . This is when the first bombing is followed by a second one soon after , which aims to attack the wounded , aid workers and medical personnel tending to them . The UN report said : `` The second air strike , which occurred three to eight minutes after the first air strike , almost certainly resulted in more casualties to the already wounded and the first responders . '' Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al - Jubeir said that his government was being careful to abide by humanitarian law . According to the Save the Children group , children have died as a result of Saudi Arabia delaying aid for Yemen by month . Iranian involvement ( edit ) The coalition accused Iran of militarily and financially supporting the Houthis . On 9 April U.S. secretary of state John Kerry said there were `` obviously supplies that have been coming from Iran '' , with `` a number of flights every single week that have been flying in '' , and warned Iran to stop its alleged support of the Houthis . Iran denied these claims . Anti-Houthi fighters defending Aden claimed they captured two officers in the Iranian Quds Force on 11 April , who had purportedly been serving as military advisers to the Houthi militias in the city . However , this claim was not repeated . Iran denied presence of any Iranian military force . According to Michael Horton , an expert on Yemeni affairs , the notion that the Houthis are an Iranian proxy is `` nonsense '' . According to the AFP , a confidential report presented to the Security Council 's Iran sanctions committee in April 2015 claimed that Iran had been shipping weapons to the Houthi rebels since between 2009 and 2013 . The panel further noted the absence of reports of any weapon shipments since 2013 . On 2 May , Abdollahian said that Tehran would not let regional powers jeopardize its security interests . According to American officials , Iran discouraged Houthi rebels from taking over the Yemeni capital in late 2014 , casting further doubt on claims that the rebels were fighting a proxy war on behalf of Iran . A spokeswoman for the US National Security Council said that it remained the council 's assessment that `` Iran does not exert command and control over the Houthis in Yemen . '' On 6 May Iran 's supreme leader , Ayatollah Ali Khamenei , said , `` The Americans shamelessly support the killing of the Yemeni population , but they accuse Iran of interfering in that country and of sending weapons when Iran only seeks to provide medical and food aid . '' On 26 September 2015 , Saudi Arabia announced that an Iranian fishing boat loaded with weapons , including rockets and anti-tank shells , was intercepted and seized in the Arabian Sea , 150 miles southeast of the Omani Port of Salalah , by Arab coalition forces . Western involvement ( edit ) The UK and the US support the effort through arms sales and technical assistance . France had also made recent military sales to Saudi Arabia . MSF emergency coordinator Karline Kleijer called the US , France and the UK part of the Saudi - led coalition , which imposed the weapons embargo and blocked all ships from entering Yemen with supplies . Rights groups have criticized the countries for supplying arms , and accuse the coalition of using cluster munitions , which are banned in most countries . Oxfam pointed out that Germany , Iran , and Russia have also reportedly sold arms to the conflicting forces . Tariq Riebl , head of programmes in Yemen for Oxfam , said , `` it 's difficult to argue that a weapon sold to Saudi Arabia would not in some way be used in Yemen , '' or `` if it 's not used in Yemen it enables the country to use other weapons in Yemen . '' Amnesty International urged the US and the UK to stop supplying arms to Saudi Arabia and to the Saudi - led coalition . United States ( edit ) U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter with Saudi Defense Minister Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud , Pentagon , 13 May 2015 In March 2015 , President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen , establishing a `` Joint Planning Cell '' with Saudi Arabia . This includes aerial refueling permitting coalition aircraft more loitering time over Yemen , and permitting some coalition members to home base aircraft rather than relocate them to Saudi Arabia . US supported the intervention by `` providing intelligence sharing , targeting assistance , advisory and logistical support to the military intervention '' , according to the state department . In April 2015 , the US expanded its intelligence - sharing with the coalition . Deputy Secretary of State Tony Blinken said : `` As part of that effort , we have expedited weapons deliveries , we have increased our intelligence sharing , and we have established a joint coordination planning cell in the Saudi operation centre . '' Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) said that evidence shows that SA had been using U.S. - supplied cluster bombs outlawed in much of the world . According to Anthony Cordesman , the US government does not want `` the strategic Bab - el - Mandeb strait '' to be threatened . According to press reporting , many in US SOCOM reportedly favor Houthis , as they have been effective at combating al - Qaeda and recently ISIL , `` something that hundreds of U.S. drone strikes and large numbers of advisers to Yemen 's military had failed to accomplish '' . According to a senior CENTCOM commander , `` the reason the Saudis did n't inform us of their plans is because they knew we would have told them exactly what we think -- that it was a bad idea . '' As Yemen expert Michael Horton puts it , the US had been `` Iran 's air force in Iraq '' , and `` al - Qaeda 's air force in Yemen '' . According to an Al Jazeera report , one reason for US support may be the diplomatic logic of tamping down SA 's opposition to the Iranian nuclear deal by backing them . Another is the view among some US military commanders that countering Iran took strategic priority over combating Al - Qaeda and ISIL . Senator John McCain , the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee , praised the intervention , saying , `` The prospect of radical groups like Iranian - backed Houthi militants '' was `` more than ( U.S. Arab allies ) could withstand . '' U.S. Navy has actively participated in the Saudi - led naval blockade . On 30 June an HRW report stated that US - made bombs were being used in attacks indiscriminately targeting civilians and violating the laws of war . The report photographed `` the remnants of an MK - 83 air - dropped 1,000 - pound bomb made in the U.S '' . U.S. Representative Ted Lieu has been publicly raising concerns over U.S. support for Saudi - led war in Yemen . In March 2016 , he sent a letter to Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Ash Carter . He wrote in the letter that the `` apparent indiscriminate airstrikes on civilian targets in Yemen seem to suggest that either the coalition is grossly negligent in its targeting or is intentionally targeting innocent civilians '' . Following American concern about civilian casualties in the Saudi - led war in Yemen , the US military involvement is mostly ineffective due to coalition 's airstrikes targeting civilian and hospitals . In September 2016 , Senators Rand Paul and Chris Murphy worked to prevent the proposed sale of $1.15 billion in arms from the U.S. to Saudi Arabia . The U.S. Senate voted 71 to 27 against the Murphy -- Paul resolution to block the U.S. -- Saudi arms deal . CNN 's Wolf Blitzer questioned Senator Paul 's reasoning during an interview , stating that cutting off military aid would hurt the profits of the arms industry . `` So for you this is a moral issue , '' he told Senator Paul on CNN . `` Because you know , there 's a lot of jobs at stake . Certainly if a lot of these defense contractors stop selling war planes , other sophisticated equipment to Saudi Arabia , there 's going to be a significant loss of jobs , of revenue here in the United States . That 's secondary from your standpoint ? '' Following the vote , Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said : `` I think it 's important to the United States to maintain as good a relationship with Saudi Arabia as possible . '' A March 2016 Human Rights Watch report states that U.S. participation in specific military operations , such as selecting targets and aerial refueling during Saudi air raids `` may make US forces jointly responsible for laws - of - war violations by coalition forces '' . In September The Guardian reported that one in three bombing raids hit civilian sites . U.S. Secretary of Defense James Mattis with King Salman of Saudi Arabia , Riyadh , 19 April 2017 U.S. government lawyers have considered whether the United States is legally a `` co-belligerent '' in the conflict , but have not reached a conclusion as of September 2016 . Such a finding would oblige the U.S. to investigate allegations of war crimes by the Saudi coalition , and U.S. military personnel could be subject to prosecution . On 13 October 2016 , the USS Nitze fired Tomahawk missiles at Houthi - controlled radar sites `` in the Dhubab district of Taiz province , a remote area overlooking the Bab al - Mandab Straight known for fishing and smuggling . '' In January 2017 , Secretary of State nominee Rex Tillerson voiced support for the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen . U.S. Secretary of Defense James Mattis asked President Donald Trump to remove restrictions on U.S. military support for Saudi Arabia . In February 2017 , Mattis wanted to intercept and board an Iranian ship in the Arabian Sea to look for contraband weapons , which would have constituted an `` act of war '' . In April 2017 , Justin Amash , Walter Jones and other members of Congress criticized U.S. involvement in Saudi Arabian military campaign in Yemen , highlighting that Al Qaeda in Yemen `` has emerged as a de facto ally of the Saudi - led militaries with whom ( Trump ) administration aims to partner more closely '' . On 13 November 2017 , the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution stating the US involvement in Yemen un-authorized under legislation passed by Congress to fight terrorism . In November 2017 , U.S. Senator Chris Murphy accused the United States of complicity in Yemen 's humanitarian catastrophe . In December 2017 , Trump administration urged restraint in Saudi military action in Yemen , as well as Qatar and Lebanon . United Kingdom ( edit ) UK military export licences for Saudi Arabia ( GBP millions ) Source : UK Department for Business , Innovation and Skills 340 1,735 109 1,602 80 2,836 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 * * Q1 - Q3 only The UK is one of the largest suppliers of arms to Saudi Arabia , and London immediately expressed strong support for the Saudi - led campaign . Six months into the bombing , Oxfam said the UK was `` quietly fuelling the Yemen conflict and exacerbating one of the world 's worst humanitarian crises '' by keeping its arms pipeline to Saudi Arabia open ; the Campaign Against Arms Trade ( CAAT ) agreed that `` UK arms and UK cooperation have been central to the devastation of Yemen . '' In mid-September 2015 , the deputy chief executive of Oxfam complained that the government even refused to reveal to Parliament the details of the 37 arms export licences it had granted for sales to Saudi Arabia since March that year . The attack on Yemen saw sales of UK bombs for 2015 increase from £ 9m to over £ 1bn in three months . Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have shown that UK arms are being used on civilian targets . Furthermore , the UK government has been repeatedly accused of violating domestic , EU , and international law , in particular the Arms Trade Treaty , by maintaining its flow of weapons to the Kingdom . Despite this , it was reported in November 2015 that the UK planned a number of high - level visits to Saudi Arabia over the following three to six months with the aim of securing major arms deals . In January 2016 , it emerged that UK military advisors were assisting Saudi personnel in the selection of targets . On 2 February 2016 , the International Development Select Committee finally added its call for the UK to cease exporting arms to Saudi Arabia and to end its opposition to an independent international inquiry into the way the military campaign had been conducted thus far . The committee 's call went unheeded ; indeed , just weeks later , on the day the EU held a non-binding vote in favour of an arms embargo on the country because of its destructive bombing of Yemen , Prime Minister David Cameron boasted about the `` brilliant '' arms , components , and other military technology that the UK would continue to sell to Saudi Arabia , Oman , and other Gulf states . Saudi Arabia 's UK - supplied Eurofighter Typhoons are playing a central role in Saudi - led bombing campaign in Yemen . Angus Robertson , the SNP 's Parliamentary Group Leader , said David Cameron should admit to British involvement in Saudi Arabia 's war in Yemen : `` Is n't it time for the Prime Minister to admit that Britain is effectively taking part in a war in Yemen that is costing thousands of civilians lives and he has not sought parliamentary approval to do this ? '' A few months later , leading American security expert Bruce Riedel noted : `` If the United States and the United Kingdom , tonight , told King Salman ( of Saudi Arabia ) ' this war has to end , ' it would end tomorrow . The Royal Saudi Air Force can not operate without American and British support . '' As well as supplying materiel and targeting support for the bombing of Yemen , the UK has assisted the coalition diplomatically . For example , the UK response , provided by Middle East Minister Tobias Ellwood , to the leaked report of a UN panel in January 2016 , which documented more than one hundred instances of coalition air strikes that had violated international law , was to say that the Saudis had made `` mistakes '' and claim that other cases may have been `` fabricated '' by the Houthis . Theresa May succeeded David Cameron as prime minister in July 2016 , but maintained her predecessor 's policy because , she claimed , close ties with the Saudis `` keep people on the streets of Britain safe '' . In September 2016 , her foreign minister , Boris Johnson , refused to block UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia , saying there remained no clear evidence of breaches of international humanitarian law by Saudi Arabia in the war in Yemen , and that it would be best for Saudi Arabia to investigate itself . Amid reports from Yemen of famine conditions and `` emaciated children ( ... ) fighting for their lives '' , CAAT observed that the notion of self - investigation would rightly never pass muster if it were proposed for Russia 's bombing in support of Assad in Syria . Indeed , in October 2016 , Boris Johnson commended the notion of referring allegations of Russian and Russian - backed war crimes to the International Court of Justice . The previous month , Johnson had rejected a proposal for the UN Human Rights Council to conduct an inquiry into the war in Yemen . Furthermore , Britain blocked such an inquiry from taking place . In October 2016 , it emerged that the United Kingdom was continuing to provide instruction to pilots of the Royal Saudi Air Force , both in the UK and in Saudi Arabia . Private military involvement ( edit ) On 22 November 2015 , The New York Times reported the United Arab Emirates had contracted Academi to deployed 450 Colombian , Panamanian , Salvadoran and Chilean mercenaries to Yemen in October . Colombia Reports website reported that about 800 former Colombian Armed Forces members had signed up for three months of service in Yemen in return for $1,000 per week On 9 December , Australian media reported an Australian mercenary commander was killed in Yemen alongside six Colombian nationals after Houthi fighters and Saleh army units attacked Saudi - led forces in the country 's south - west . Overall airstrike casualties ( edit ) Year Date Place Deaths Source 2015 26 March -- 7 April Sana'a 88 civilians U.N. 2015 26 March -- 23 April Sana'a 209 people U.N. 2015 30 March Mazraq 29 civilians U.N. 2015 31 March Saada 19 civilians U.N. 2015 31 March Ibb province 14 people ( 11 civilians ) Local sources 2015 31 March Wadi Saan 10 civilians Local sources 2015 31 March Hodeida governorate 31 civilians HRW 2015 4 April Sanaa governorate 9 civilians of the same family Reuters via Local sources 2015 7 April Maitam 3 civilians Local sources 2015 12 April Taiz 8 civilians Local sources 2015 14 April Taiz 10 civilians Amnesty International 2015 17 April Yarim , south of Sanaa 7 civilians Local sources 2015 17 April Sanaa 8 civilians 2015 18 April Saada 1 civilian Local sources 2015 19 -- 29 April Haradh 15 people U.N. 2015 20 April Fajj Atan military base , Sana'a 90 people ICRC 2015 21 April -- 5 May Aden 22 civilians U.N. 2015 21 April Ibb province 20 people Local sources 2015 21 April Haradh 9 people Local sources 2015 26 April Al - Thawra hospital , Taiz 19 people U.N. 2015 27 April Aden 2 civilians Local sources 2015 27 -- 28 April Bajel District 30 people U.N. 2015 28 April between Al - Qaras and Basatir 40 civilians Local sources 2015 1 May Sana'a 17 civilians U.N. 2015 6 May Sadaa 34 people including at least 27 civilians U.N. and HRW 2015 6 May Sanaa 20 people U.N. 2015 6 May Kitaf 7 civilians Local sources 2015 6 May Dhamar governorate 11 people Local sources 2015 9 May Saada 4 civilians U.N. 2015 11 May Sanaa 5 people Agence France - Presse 2015 14 May Saada 9 people Associated Press 2015 21 May Hajjah Governorate 5 civilians U.N 2015 26 May Saada 7 civilians Local sources 2015 26 May Taiz 8 civilians Amnesty International 2015 27 May Saada and Yemen 80 -- 100 people Reuters 2015 4 June Across Yemen 58 people Local sources 2015 6 June Across Yemen 38 people Local sources 2015 7 June Sanaa 44 people Local sources 2015 12 June Old City of Sanaa 6 people Local sources 2015 13 June Bait Me'yad , Sanaa 9 people Medical sources 2015 16 June Taiz 5 civilians Amnesty International 2015 19 June Across Yemen 10 civilians Local sources 2015 21 June Across Yemen 15 people BBC 2015 30 June Saada 2 people Local sources 2015 30 June Taiz 4 civilians Amnesty International 2015 2 July Sanaa 8 people Houthi - controlled Saba News Agency . 2015 3 July Across Yemen 16 people Local sources 2015 6 July Across Yemen 100 people Local and Medical sources 2015 7 July Taiz 11 Lahj Amnesty International 2015 9 July Taiz 11 Lahj Amnesty International 2015 25 July Mokha , Yemen 120 civilians Associated Press 2015 17 August Jibla and Al - Jawf 17 civilians Local officials 2015 19 August Sanaa 15 civilians UN 2015 21 August Taiz 65 civilians Doctors Without Borders 2015 28 August Taiz 10 people Reuters 2015 30 August Hajjah and Sanaa 40 civilians Local sources 2015 5 September Sanaa 27 civilians Reuters 2015 6 September Al Jawf Governorate 30 people Reuters 2015 12 September Across Yemen 16 civilians Reuters 2015 14 September Sanaa , Yemen 10 people Reuters 2015 20 September Saada 20 People Reuters 2015 21 September Hajjah and Sanaa 50 people Reuters 2015 27 September Hajjah 30 civilians Local sources 2015 28 September Al - Wahijah , Taiz 131 civilians Medics 2015 8 October Dhamar , Yemen 25 -- 50 people Reuters 2016 10 January Saada , Yemen 6 civilians Doctors Without Borders 2016 13 January Bilad al - Rus 15 civilians Local sources 2016 27 February Sanaa 40 civilians Reuters 2016 15 March Mastaba at least 119 people UN 2016 20 June Sanaa 8 civilians Yemeni Officials 2016 7 August Nehm district 18 civilians Local officials 2016 9 August Sanaa 13 civilians Reuters 2016 13 August Saada 19 civilians MSF 2016 15 August Hajjah province 19 civilians MSF 2016 10 September Arhab district 30 people UN 2016 21 September Al Hudaydah Governorate 26 civilians Reuters 2016 8 October Sanaa 140 people UN 2016 29 October Al Hudaydah 60 inmates Reuters 2016 28 November Al Hudaydah at least 13 civilians Yemeni officials 2017 1 January Sirwah District 5 civilians Military officials 2017 7 January Sana'a 12 civilians Medics 2017 10 January Nehm district 8 children Rescuers 2017 15 February north of Sanaa 10 women and children Reuters 2017 10 March Al Khawkhah district 18 civilians UN 2017 15 March Mastaba 119 people Human Rights Watch 2017 16 March Bab - el - Mandeb 42 Somali refugees UN 2017 3 April Sarawah District 8 civilians Security and tribal officials 2017 17 May Mawza District 23 civilians Houthis 2017 17 June Saada Governorate 24 civilians Health officials 2017 18 July al - Atera village , Mawza District 20 + civilians UN 2017 23 August Arhab , Sana'a 48 + civilians Medical officials A Houthi spokesman stated on 28 April that the airstrikes had killed 200 members of all pro-Houthi forces since the campaign started . In addition , UNICEF reported on 24 April that the strikes had killed 64 children . Between 26 March and 21 April , The New York Times confirmed 18 airstrikes that resulted in civilian casualties . According to the United Nations , between 26 March and 10 May 2015 , the conflict , killed at least 828 Yemeni civilians , including 91 women and 182 children . 182 were killed between 4 and 10 May alone , with most of those due to the airstrikes . Yemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes , 9 October 2015 On 6 May HRW reported that an airstrike struck a residential home in Saada , killing 27 members of one family , including 17 children and on 26 May , 7 more members of the same family were killed in another airstrike . On 27 May nearly 100 people were killed due to airstrikes hitting Sanaa , Sa'da and Hodeida in the largest ever one - day death toll throughout the conflict . On 28 June a coalition airstrike hit and damaged the UN compound in Aden , severely damaging the UNDP building and injuring a guard . On 30 June HRW released a report stating that coalition airstrikes on the northern Yemeni city of Saada , a Houthi rebel stronghold , had killed dozens of civilians and wrecked homes and markets . The group said it had documented a dozen airstrikes on Saada that destroyed or damaged civilian homes , five markets , a school and a petrol station although there was no evidence of military use . `` Saada City 's streets are littered with bomb craters , destroyed buildings , and other evidence of coalition airstrikes , '' HRW 's Sarah Leah Whitson said in the report and later added . `` These attacks appear to be serious laws - of - war violations that need to be properly investigated . '' On 6 July airstrikes killed over 100 people including more than 30 civilians in Al Joob , Amran . The state - run news agency said that 40 had been killed in a raid on a livestock market in al - Foyoush . Local residents also reported 30 deaths in a raid they said apparently targeted a Houthi checkpoint on the main road between Aden and Lahj . They said 10 of the dead were Houthi fighters . MSF head of mission in Yemen said `` It is unacceptable that airstrikes take place in highly concentrated civilian areas where people are gathering and going about their daily lives , especially at a time such as Ramadan . '' On 25 July airstrikes killed over 120 civilians in the town of Mokha , marking the deadliest strike yet against civilians . The airstrikes hit workers ' housing for a power plant in Mokha , flattening some of the buildings , the officials said . A fire erupted in the area , charring many of the corpses . `` It just shows what is the trend now of the airstrikes from the coalition , '' said Hassan Boucenine of the Geneva - based Doctors Without Borders . `` Now , it 's a house , it 's a market , it 's anything . '' He added that many of the workers had families visiting for the Eid al - Fitr holiday at the end of the holy month of Ramadan . Mokha , populated largely by fisherman , had a reputation as one of the safest places in the country embroiled in war , said Boucenine . On 18 August AI reported that it had confirmed 141 civilian deaths from eight airstrikes . On 15 March 2016 Saudi - led airstrikes on a market in Mastaba killed at least 119 people , including 25 children . The attack on 8 October 2016 killed 140 people and injuring 500 persons in one of the single worst death tolls in the two - year war . There are coalitions between Saudi Arabia and his allies in the subject . Also Uk is under pressure for exporting Lucrative Arms and weapons to Saudi Arabia . Civilian airstrike casualties ( edit ) See also : Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen On 11 September 2015 , UN Human Rights Commissioner said that of 1,527 civilians killed between 26 March and 30 June , at least 941 people were killed by airstrikes carried out by the Saudi - led coalition . On 24 August , the UN special representative of the secretary - general for children and armed conflict said , that of 402 children killed in Yemen since late March 2015 , 73 percent were victims of Saudi coalition - led airstrikes . The UN also said at this time that an average of 30 people had been killed in Yemen every single day since the beginning of the war . On top of this , more than 23,000 had been wounded . On 27 October , the OHCHR said that out of 2,615 civilians killed between 26 March and 26 October 2015 , 1,641 civilians had reportedly been killed due to airstrikes carried out by the Saudi - led coalition . The January 2016 report of a UN panel of experts , presented to the UN security council , attributed 60 percent ( 2,682 ) of all civilian deaths and injuries in the war since 26 March 2015 to air - launched explosive weapons . On 1 February 2016 Reuters reported : `` Mortars and rockets fired at Saudi Arabian towns and villages have killed 375 civilians , including 63 children , since the start of the Saudi - led military campaign in Yemen in late March , Riyadh said . '' On 16 September 2016 , The Guardian reported : `` The independent and non-partisan survey , based on open - source data , including research on the ground , records more than 8,600 air attacks between March 2015 , when the Saudi - led campaign began , and the end of August this year . Of these , 3,577 were listed as having hit military sites and 3,158 struck non-military sites ... The UN has put the death toll of the 18 - month war at more than 10,000 , with 3,799 of them being civilians . '' In October 2016 , a densely populated funeral in Yemen was struck , leaving at least 155 dead and 525 wounded , including the senior military and security officials of the Shia Houthi and loyalists of former president Ali Abdullah Saleh . The attack was reportedly carried out by Saudi Arabia . Saudi Arabia accepts the finding of the Joint Incidents Assessment Team , a setup of coalition states to investigate complaints against coalitions ' conduct in Decisive Storm , that coalition 's bombardment at a funeral ceremony in Sana'a , in which over 140 people were killed and more than 600 injured , was based on wrong information . Reportedly , the United States is reviewing its policy of support for the Saudi - led coalition . U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry sought assurances from Saudi Arabia that incidents such as the airstrike on a civilian funeral in Sana'a will not happen again . He proposed a cease - fire and a return to talks aiming for a political resolution of the conflict . Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman said he hoped to institute a 72 - hour cease - fire as soon as possible , provided the Houthis will agree . Killed journalists and media workers ( edit ) Main article : List of journalists killed in Yemen In 2015 Yemen was ranked 168th out of 180 countries in the Reporters Without Borders ( RSF ) Press Freedom Index . According to an annual round - up published on 29 December 2015 by RSF , six journalists in Yemen ( out of 67 worldwide ) were killed in 2015 because of their work or while reporting . According to the Committee to Protect Journalists , at least six journalists were killed in airstrikes by the Saudi - led coalition between March 2015 and the end of January 2016 . On 17 January 2016 , the freelance Yemeni journalist Almigdad Mojalli was killed in an airstrike by the Saudi - led coalition in Jaref , a Houthi - controlled district in the outskirts of Sana'a . Mojalli had gone there , working for Voice of America ( VOA ) , to interview survivors of air strikes in Jaref in which up to 21 civilians had been killed days earlier . Rory Peck Trust honored him as `` key source of information for visiting journalists '' in Yemen . Daniel Martin Varisco , President of the American Institute for Yemeni Studies and Research Professor at Qatar University , said in an obituary that Mojalli 's work `` was a voice documenting the humanitarian crisis that the world outside Yemen has largely ignored '' and a voice that `` has been silenced '' . RSF , CPJ , International Federation of Journalists ( IFJ ) , Yemen Journalists ' Syndicate ( YJS ) and UNESCO condemned Mojalli 's death . UNESCO Director - General Irina Bokova and RSF reminded all the parties to the armed conflict in Yemen that they were required to respect and ensure the safety of all journalists by UN Security Council Resolution 2222 , adopted in 2015 , and by the Geneva Conventions . On 21 January 2016 , the 17 - year - old TV cameraman Hashem al - Hamran was mortally injured by an air - strike by the Saudi - led coalition in the city of Dahian ( Saada Governorate ) , when he was filming bombing raids for the Houthi - run television channel al - Masirah TV . He died from his wounds on 22 January 2016 . The YJS , the IFJ and Irina Bokova , Director General of UNESCO , condemned the killing of Hashem Al Hamran . The director of Yemen TV , Munir al - Hakami , and his wife , Suaad Hujaira , who also worked for the state - owned , Houthi - controlled broadcaster , were killed along with their three children by a coalition air strike on 9 February 2016 . They were living in a residential area nowhere near a possible military target ; the killing of the two media workers was condemned by the head of UNESCO . Infrastructure damage and humanitarian situation ( edit ) In terms of `` numbers of people in need '' the humanitarian crisis in Yemen was `` the largest in the world '' , according to the UN Security Council . In August 2015 , the head of the International Red Cross said , `` Yemen after five months looks like Syria after five years . '' The U.N. human rights office reported more than 8,100 civilians were killed or wounded between 26 March and the end of 2015 , the vast majority from airstrikes by Saudi - led coalition forces . At the beginning of May 2015 , the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) said , that there had been `` severe destruction of civilian infrastructure , including houses , in many districts '' since 26 March . Severe damage caused by attacks on Yemen 's essential civilian infrastructure such as airports in Sana'a and Hodeida by the Saudi - led military coalition was obstructing the delivery of much - needed humanitarian assistance and movement of humanitarian personnel according to the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) and Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) . In the first weeks since 26 March massive destruction of civilian infrastructure particularly happened in Aden and Sa'da , according to OHCHR . In August 2015 , air attacks of the Saudi - led coalition on port facilities at Al - Hudaydah `` in clear contravention of international humanitarian law '' , said Under - Secretary - General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator Stephen O'Brien . In mid-February 2016 , Stephen O'Brien said the situation in Yemen was a `` humanitarian catastrophe '' , with 21 million people in need of some kind of aid , 7.6 million people `` severely food - insecure '' , and over 3.4 million children out of school . O'Brien noted the situation had not been helped by the diversion of an aid vessel by coalition forces . Timeline ( edit ) On 26 March , Interior Ministry officials linked to Ansar Allah documented that 23 civilians had been killed and 24 wounded . Among the dead were 5 children , ages 2 to 13 , 6 women and an elderly man . The wounded included 12 children , ages 3 to 8 , and 2 women due to airstrike against Sana'a particularly in Bani Hawat , a predominantly Houthi neighborhood near Sanaa 's airports and al - Nasr , near the presidential palace . HRW documented the deaths of 11 civilians , including 2 women and 2 children , other than those provided by the Yemeni officials along with 14 more wounded , including 3 children and 1 woman . According to AI , that bombing destroyed at least 14 homes in Bani Hawat . On 31 March , OCHA reported that 13 of 22 Governorates were affected and highlighted infrastructure effects that detailed coalition bombing of a refugee camp that killed 29 and injured 40 . Fuel shortages in the south threatened water access to citizens and in Lahj , electricity and water services had not been functioning for several days . Later that day , AI reported that at least six civilians , including four children , were burned to death as a result of an airstrike . It reported that two fuel stations were destroyed . In al - Kadima area in al - Kita , several passengers were killed in a car that had stopped to refuel and a worker was injured . The third strike , apparently aimed at a passing fuel tanker , set fire to at least three civilian homes . AI then stated that `` it is becoming increasingly apparent that the Saudi Arabian - led coalition is turning a blind eye to civilian deaths and suffering caused by its military intervention . '' On 17 April , OCHA reported on the increasing deterioration of the humanitarian situation , reporting airstrikes hitting in Saada City a water tank , the electricity station , a petrol station , a plastics processing factory , a shopping centre and a housing complex . Several days earlier , airstrikes had hit private homes , the post office , a community centre , government offices , markets and vehicles . Local partners estimated about 50 dead within the past week . In Sana'a residential neighborhoods near Assir , Ayban and Faj Attan were affected due to their proximity to military camps . In Amran , airstrikes hit a petrol station , an educational institute and a bridge . According to local reports , a local water corporation in Hajjah ( Abbs District ) was hit . The report also stated that civilian casualties were under - reported as families without access to hospitals bury their members at home . On 20 April coalition airstrikes hit the Fajj Atan military base , causing a large explosion that killed 38 civilians and injured over 500 . The airstrike also targeted the office of Yemen Today , a TV network owned by Ali Abdullah Saleh , killing three and injuring other workers . An eye witness reported that emergency rooms were overwhelmed . The head of the ICRC in Yemen later clarified that 90 people had died during this attack . On 21 April the BBC reported a warning from the UN about worsening health services and a dire need for medicines . On 24 April UNICEF released a report stating that since the start of the military intervention , 115 children had been killed , with at least 64 from aerial bombardment . According to OCHA 's fifth report , released on 26 April , humanitarian operations would come to a complete halt within two weeks and hospitals in both Sanaa and Aden would close completely due to the lack of fuel . The lack of fuel affected water supplies . Markets in affected governorates are not able to provide food , with wheat grain and flour prices rising by 42 % and 44 % , respectively . The healthcare system faced an imminent collapse with hospitals struggling to operate due to lack of medicines and supplies . Essential medicine prices increased by 300 % . Casualties from 19 March to 22 April reached 1,080 ( 28 children and 48 women ) and 4,352 wounded ( 80 children and 143 women ) . According to the WFP , 12 million people were food insecure , a 13 % rise . On 29 April OCHA reported that airstrikes hit SIA on 28 April , damaging the runway and hampering aid deliveries . Airstrikes were also reported at Al Hudayda Airport and Saada . Widespread internet and phone disruptions were reported in several governorates due to the lack of fuel and electricity . On 25 April , the Yemen Public Telecommunications Corporation warned that unless the fuel crisis was resolved , telecommunication services ( mobile phones , internet , and land lines ) would shut down within a week . The disruption in communication was affecting information flow on humanitarian needs and operations . On 29 April , Haradh was heavily bombarded , including areas near the main hospital . Food distribution and aid would reportedly stop within a week if additional fuel could not be obtained . As of 29 April the Al Hudaydah Governorate ran out of fuel and aid operations could not be completed . On 30 April OCHA 's Flash Update 22 reported that airstrikes hit the only main roads that connect the Sana'a Governorate with Ibb . It also indicated that over 3,410 people from Yemen had arrived in Somalia since the fighting escalated , with 2,285 arrivals registered in Puntland and 1,125 registered in the Somaliland . A further 8,900 migrants were registered in Djibouti , 4,700 of whom were third country nationals . On 4 May coalition airstrikes hit SIA , destroying a cargo ship and other planes used to transport food and supplies . OCHA reported that several airstrikes hit the Al Hudayda airport and surrounding areas in Al Hudayda City . In Aden , the districts of Craiter and Al - Muala were without electricity , water and telecommunication for over a week according to residents . On 5 May , in order to send humanitarian aid , van der Klaauw haggled with the coalition to stop bombing SIA . He emphasized the effects on persons with disabilities stating that over 3,000,000 people with disabilities could not meet their basic needs . The conflict forced more than 300 centres to close . He added that they were especially concerned about an airstrike that targeted a military field hospital . On 6 May , the OCHA reported lack of fuel to support humanitarian operations beyond one week , with fuel and food prices continuing to increase . The World Food Programme declared that shortages of fuel has changed to a serious threat for hospitals and food supplies . Edward Santiago , country director for Save the Children , said in statement a short time ceasefire is not enough to allow for humanitarian supplies . On 7 May , trade sources stated that merchant ships had been delayed weeks Yemen and in one case , following inspection and approval , a food supply ship was denied access . The food crisis increased to include over 20 million people ( 80 % of the population ) going hungry . Airstrikes destroyed a mine factory and a communications center . Local sources reported that 13 villagers were killed due to shelling near the border . On 18 May , HRW documented airstrikes that hit homes and markets and killed and wounded civilians . HRW documented the bombing of four markets . The conflict is exacerbating Yemen 's water scarcity , Sanaa , 21 May 2015 On 21 May , OCHA reported airstrikes that hit two farms adjacent to a humanitarian facility in Hajjah Governorate and resulted in civilian casualties . A warehouse containing humanitarian supplies was damaged in another strike . In Sa'adah City , satellite imagery analysis identified widespread damage to infrastructure with 1,171 structures affected , damaged or destroyed . The analysis showed that as of 17 May , 35 impact craters existed within the city , mostly along the runway of Sa'ada airport . Similar imagery of Aden identified 642 affected structures , including 327 destroyed . Local partners reported that 674 schools were forced to close in Sana'a , affecting 551,000 students . Fuel prices increased by over 500 % and food supplies by 80 % since 26 March . The continued restrictions on the arrival of goods via air and sea ports , and insecurity on roads , restricted the delivery of essential supplies . In Sana'a , security concerns due to airstrikes prevented delivery of food assistance . On 21 May , five Ethiopian migrants were killed and two others injured in an airstrike that hit open space 500 metres from an IOM - managed Migrant Response Centre . With continued conflict and import restrictions , Emergency ( IPC Phase 4 ) outcomes were likely in the coming month . In six governorates , reports from OCHA partners show that basic food items are no longer available ( Aden , Abyan , Al Dhale'e , Al Bayda , Lahj , Sa'ada ) . On 3 June , The Operations Room of the Ministry of Health in Sana'a was damaged . It manages emergency operations nationwide . On 5 June , the Washington Post reported that several Yemeni cultural and heritage strikes had been repeatedly targeted by Saudi airstrikes . Reports stated that Al - Qahira Castle , the 1,200 - year - old al - Hadi Mosque and Dhamar Museum with over 12,500 artifacts were destroyed and the Great Dam of Marib was hit . On 17 June , an OCHA report highlighted that food security had continued to worsen , with 19 out of 22 governorates now classified ' crisis ' or ' emergency ' . Half the population was ' food insecure ' and nearly a quarter ' severely food insecure . A joint analysis of household food security by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) WFP and the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation in Yemen ( MoPIC ) found that Yemen was sliding into catastrophe . More than six million Yemenis were then in a Phase 4 Emergency , and nearly 6.9 million people are in a Phase 3 Crisis : These figures indicate that Yemen was approaching a complete breakdown in food security and health . An airstrike in Sana'a on a textile factory in July 2015 left more than 1,300 people unemployed ( photo : A. Mojalli / VOA , November 2015 ) Apartment building destroyed by a strike in Sanaa on 5 September 2015 On 26 July , the OCHA announced that airstrikes hit the residential complex of the Al Mukha Power Station in Al Mukha District , Taiz Governorate with health facilities reporting 55 deaths and 96 injuries and media reports as high as 120 , all civilians . On 27 August , the OCHA announced that airstrikes targeting that Al - Hudaydah port facilities late on 17 August and early 18 August had brought the port activities to a near halt and that the port was empty of all vessels and remained non-operational . A UN-chartered aid vessel carrying 2,230 MT of mixed food commodities left the port and was rerouted to Djibouti . On 5 January 2016 , an airstrike by the Saudi - led military coalition hit the Al Noor Center for Care and Rehabilitation of Blind , in the Safiah district of Sana'a , the capital 's only center , school , and home for people with visual disabilities . Five people were injured . Human Rights Watch and media reported , if the bomb had exploded , the damage would have been much worse . Human Rights Watch blamed both the Saudi - led coalition for hitting civilian targets and the Houthi militants battling the coalition . HRW said Houthi militants were partially to blame for using civilian sites for military purposes . Armed Houthis were stationed near the Al Noor center , putting the students at risk . On 20 April 2016 the UN General Assembly Security Council in a report covering the period January to December 2015 `` verified a sixfold increase in the number of children killed and maimed compared with 2014 , totalling 1,953 child casualties ( 785 children killed and 1,168 injured ) . More than 70 per cent were boys . Of the casualties , 60 per cent ( 510 deaths and 667 injuries ) were attributed to the Saudi Arabia - led coalition . '' The last attack on 8 October 2016 led to kill 140 people and injuring 500 persons in one of the single worst death tolls in the two - year war . There are coalitions between Saudi Arabia and his allies in the subject . Also , the United Kingdom is under pressure for exporting Lucrative Arms and weapons to Saudi Arabia . Saada ( edit ) Saada was the governorate of origin of 500,794 IDPs ( out of 2,509,068 in total ) as of December 2015 . On 18 April , an airstrike in Saada hit an Oxfam warehouse , damaging humanitarian supplies and killing at least one civilian . Aid groups widely condemned the strike . On 8 and 9 May 2015 , large - scale displacement was reported in Saada to neighbouring areas , after the Saudi - led military coalition declared the entire Saada governorate a `` military zone '' and started heavy airstrikes . Around 70,000 people , including 28,000 children , fled from the Governorate of Sa'ada . The Save the Children 's Country Director in Yemen , Edward Santiago , said that many more were `` largely unable to flee for safety because of the de facto blockade imposed by the coalition leading to severe fuel shortages '' . On 9 May 2015 , the U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen , Johannes van der Klaauw , condemned the air strikes on Saada city as being in breach of international humanitarian law . In August 2015 the Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development ( ACTED ) reported that `` the crisis has taken an immeasurably heavy toll on civilians in this poor , rural governorate , causing death , injury and frequent damage and destruction of infrastructure . '' In January 2016 the Houthi - controlled Saada area , including medical facilities run by Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) , received almost daily attacks . Michael Seawright , a Saada - based MSF project coordinator , said that they treated a high number of casualties , many with severe injuries . The Shiara hospital in Razeh District in Saada City , the only hospital with a trauma centre in the governorate of Saada and in most of northern Yemen , was hit on 10 January , and several people were killed , including medical personnel . MSF had been working in the facility since November 2015 . Sana'a ( edit ) 457.502 IDPs ( out of 2,509,068 in total ) originated from Sana'a Governorate and Sana'a city as of December 2015 . After the Old City of Sana'a was heavily bombed in May 2015 , causing severe damage to many of its historic buildings , Director - General of UNESCO , Irina Bokova , said `` I am particularly distressed by the news concerning air strikes on heavily populated areas such as the cities of Sana'a and Saa'dah . '' Following a surge in aerial bombing raids in the Old City of Sana'a in June 2015 , the UN warned , that the country 's extensive archaeological and historic heritage had been increasingly under threat . In July 2015 , the Old City of Sana'a , which had sustained serious damage due to armed conflict , was added to List of World Heritage in Danger . On 6 September 2015 , Al Sabaeen paediatric hospital in Sana'a had to be evacuated after a nearby airstrike . The United Nations ' Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( UN-OCHA ) described the event as `` a severe blow to a tattered health system '' . Before its closure the Al Sabaeen paediatric hospital -- standing amid bombed out buildings in the center of Sana'a -- had been the primary paediatric hospital in the area . `` Before the crisis it had a catchment population of about 300,000 ; but , since the crisis that number has risen to almost 3 million , with the entire governorate reliant on it for specialist care , '' said Save the Children spokesperson Mark Kaye . A joint report by the UK - based charity Action on Armed Violence ( AOAV ) and the UN-OCHA , that concluded that airstrikes were responsible for 60 percent of civilian casualties in the first seven months of 2015 , came to the result , that more than half ( 53 per cent ) of the reported civilian toll was recorded in Sana'a and surrounding districts . On 7 January 2016 , HRW reported and condemned that the Saudi Arabia - led coalition forces had used cluster bombs on residential areas of Sanaa on 6 January . On 8 January the United Nations warned that their use could be a war crime . The UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon said he was `` particularly concerned about reports of intense airstrikes in residential areas and on civilian buildings in Sana'a , including the Chamber of Commerce , a wedding hall and a centre for the blind '' . HRW - investigation of six apparently unlawful airstrikes in residential areas of Sanaa city in September and October 2015 , that ( according to HRW ) failed to distinguish civilians from military objectives or caused disproportionate civilian loss Date Location Objectives struck Civilians killed ( at least ) Civilians injured ( if known ) men women children total 4 September Hadda Neighborhood , Sana'a four - story apartment building 0 18 September Marib Street , Sana'a house and unused iron lathe workshop 5 8 18 September Old City , Sana'a buildings of the World Heritage Site 7 13 12 21 September Al - Hassaba Neighborhood , Sana'a homes in the densely populated residential area 6 11 20 ? 23 September Al - Asbahi Neighborhood , Sana'a buildings in the residential neighborhood 7 10 19 ? 26 October Thabwa , Sana'a buildings in the residential neighborhood civilian airstrike casualties for all 6 airstrikes , investigated by HRW ( report of 21 December 2015 ) 60 ? Internally displaced person ( IDP ) ( edit ) Development of the number of IDPs ( January 2010 -- September 2016 ) In April and May 2015 mass displacement was observed primarily in Saada , Amran and Hajjah governorates as airstrikes and shelling intensified in the north of Yemen . On 13 April , OCHA reported that ( as of 11 April ) more than 120,000 people were estimated to have been internally displaced since 26 March 2015 . On 17 May the UN , citing Yemen 's health services , said that as of 15 May 545,000 had been internally displaced because of the war , up from 450,000 announced on 15 May 2015 . On 1 June , the UN announced that 1,019,762 people had been internally displaced as of 28 May 2015 . On 6 July the UN announced that as of 2 July there were 1,267,590 internally displaced people in Yemen . On 5 August , a task force of the Global Protection Cluster announced their estimate of 1,439,118 internally displaced persons from more than 250,000 households in Yemen . On 15 October the IOM - UNHCR displacement - tracking mechanism published new data showing in the 5th RFPM report that the IDP population had reached 2,305,048 people . The 6th RFPM report ( published on 10 December 2015 ) gave a figure of 2,509,068 internally displaced persons . Much of the increase from the previous report , published in October , could be attributed to improved tracking methods . Starvation and diseases ( edit ) See also : Famine in Yemen On 14 June 2015 , OCHA reported a large outbreak of Dengue fever that killed over 113 people and infected over 4,000 . Patients could not be treated due to lack of water in affected areas . OCHA was also investigating reports of a Measles outbreak . Health officials considered the breakdown in health services , including decrease in immunization coverage , closure of health facilities and difficulty in accessing health services as possible contributing factors . In June 2015 , Oxfam 's humanitarian programme manager in Sanaa said that Saudi - led naval blockade `` means it 's impossible to bring anything into the country . There are lots of ships , with basic things like flour , that are not allowed to approach . The situation is deteriorating , hospitals are now shutting down , without diesel . People are dying of simple diseases . '' On 1 July 2015 , the UN announced that Yemen was at the highest level of humanitarian disaster with over 80 % of the population needing help . UN agencies agreed to classify Yemen as a level 3 emergency as the UN Envoy for Yemen stated that Yemen is one step away from famine . In February 2016 , the OCHA reported that 21 million people ( 85 % of the population ) were in need of some form of humanitarian assistance , 7.6 million people were `` severely '' food insecure , and that more than 3.4 million children were not attending school . On 4 October 2016 , the UN children 's agency UNICEF said 1.5 million children in Yemen suffer of malnutrition , including 370,000 enduring very severe malnutrition . In October 2016 , health authorities in Yemen confirmed a cholera outbreak in Sanaa and Taiz . In June 2017 , cholera cases passed 100,000 with 798 deaths in the country . The water and sanitation systems are largely inoperable The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) and the UN , have pointed to the Saudi - led naval and aerial blockade and bombing campaign as central causes behind the preventable cholera epidemic . `` With the right medicines , these ( diseases ) are all completely treatable -- but the Saudi Arabia - led coalition is stopping them from getting in . '' -- Grant Pritchard , Save the Children 's interim country director for Yemen , April 2017 , Vice News ( 1 ) Operation costs ( edit ) In December 2015 , David Ottaway , a senior scholar at the Wilson Center in Washington , estimated the Saudi - led military coalition was spending $200 million a day on military operations in Yemen . His sources speculate that the Saudis are supplying most of the funding . Responses ( edit ) In Yemen ( edit ) Opposition ( edit ) Yemen 's former president Ali Abdullah Saleh has openly allied with Houthis Following the call by the leader of the Houthi movement , Abdul - Malik al - Houthi , tens of thousands Yemenis of various socioeconomic backgrounds took to the streets of the rebel - controlled capital , Sana'a , to voice their anger at the Saudi intervention . On 21 April , representatives of 19 Yemeni political parties and associations rejected UN Resolution 2216 , stating that it encouraged terrorist expansion , intervened in Yemen 's sovereign affairs , violated Yemen 's right of self - defence and emphasized the associations ' support of the Yemeni Army . On 23 April , a spokesman for the Houthis said UN-sponsored peace talks should continue , but only following `` a complete halt of attacks '' by the coalition . In a televised address on 24 April , Saleh called on the Houthis and other armed groups to withdraw from the territory they had seized and participate in UN-sponsored peace talks , in exchange for an end to the air campaign . Exiled Yemeni Foreign Minister rejected the peace proposal saying that Saleh had no role in the talks . On 26 April , the General Authority for Archeology and Museums in Yemen condemned attacks targeting historical sites . The statement highlighted an attack that completely destroyed an ancient fortress in the Damt District of the Ad Dali ' Governorate . Yemeni political parties issued a letter to UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon requesting that he continue the peace talks . The letter emphasized that Yemen was still under attack by air , land and sea and that the existing blockade was increasing the humanitarian crisis and that education had been denied for 3 million students due to the `` random attacks '' . On 2 May , the Yemenis Forum of Persons With Disability stated that 300 centres and organizations had been forced to stop operations following the intervention . The organization denounced the air and sea blockade that `` increased the suffering of the disabled greatly '' . The same day Hussein al - Ezzi , the Houthi head of foreign relations , sent a letter addressed to Secretary General Ban seeking an end to the `` unjustified Saudi aggression '' . He asked the UN to seek an end to what Houthis described as blatant aggression against the country . On 7 May , 17 humanitarian agencies stressed that life - saving aid would run out in a week and emphasized the need to remove the existing blockade . The International Non-Government Organizations Forum in Yemen appealed for allowing basic materials to enter the country immediately . On 10 May , Houthi military spokesman Sharaf Luqman welcomed the Russian initiative , which advocated a suspension of military operations and also lifting the blockade . Support ( edit ) Yemen 's President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , 7 May 2015 Anti-Houthi groups , especially Sunnis , while supporting the intervention did not wish for the return to power of Hadi , since they viewed him as the man `` who ceded control of the capital without a fight six months ago '' . On 3 April , the Al - Islah party , the Yemeni branch of the Muslim Brotherhood , declared its support for the campaign . Supporters of the party reportedly suffered consequences , including kidnappings and raids , as a result of this declaration . On 26 April , the foreign minister in Hadi 's government , Riad Yaseen , rejected Saleh 's calls for UN-sponsored peace talks on the ground . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Opposition ( edit ) On 5 April a firefight broke out between anti-government Shiite rioters and security forces in Saudi Arabia 's Shiite - minority in Eastern Province , with one police officer killed and three others injured . The firefight broke out after calls in the Eastern Province to protest against the military intervention . On 29 April , King Salman dismissed his appointed crown prince , Muqrin of Saudi Arabia . Some regional political analysts speculated that the decision was precipitated by Muqrin 's alleged opposition to the intervention . Salman appointed Muhammad bin Nayef , who publicly announced his support of the operation , to replace Muqrin . Support ( edit ) On 21 April , Saudi prince Al - Waleed bin Talal reportedly offered 100 Bentleys to participating pilots . The announcement was met with substantial criticism . Among the general populace , the war was popular . Other coalition countries ( edit ) Bahrain ( edit ) King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain in 2015 On 3 April Bahrainis protested against the war on Yemen . A prominent Bahraini opposition politician , Fadhel Abbas , was reportedly arrested by Bahraini authorities for condemning the bombing as `` flagrant aggression '' . Egypt ( edit ) Supporters of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood demonstrated against Egypt 's military intervention . Kuwait ( edit ) Shiite parliament member Abdul Hamid Dashti reportedly criticized the war and described it as an `` act of aggression '' . A prominent Shiite lawyer , Khalid Al Shatti , was summoned by Kuwaiti authorities for his criticism of the Saudi government . On 28 April , Kuwaiti Foreign Minister Sabah Al - Khalid Al - Sabah stated that the only solution to the Yemen crisis was political . International ( edit ) Main article : International reactions to the Saudi - led intervention in Yemen ( 2015 -- present ) Foreign Ministers of the U.S. , the U.K. , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates , before a working dinner focused on Yemen , 19 July 2016 The Arab League , United States , Turkey , OIC and Hamas voiced support for the intervention , but the European Union , Russia and the United Nations criticised it . The United Kingdom , and France supported the intervention , and along with Canada have supplied the Saudi military with equipment . Iran condemned intervention as `` US - backed aggression '' . Iran 's U.N. Ambassador Gholamali Khoshroo said that `` those who violate international law , including international humanitarian law , should be held accountable for their acts and there should be no room for impunity . '' Iraqi Prime Minister Haidar al - Abadi expressed the Iraqi government 's opposition to the intervention : `` This ( Yemen war ) can engulf the whole region in another conflict . We do n't need another sectarian war in the region . '' The Hezbollah secretary general criticized Saudi Arabia and its allies , saying `` all invaders end up being defeated '' . Somalia 's government blamed the Saudi - led coalition for the killing of at least 42 Somali refugees off the Yemeni coast . Somali Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre called the attack on a boat carrying refugees `` atrocious '' and `` appalling : . Asian countries including China , India , Malaysia and Pakistan , moved within days to evacuate their citizens from Yemen . On 4 April , the ICRC called for a 24 - hour humanitarian ceasefire after the coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen . Russia also called for `` humanitarian pauses '' in the coalition bombing campaign , bringing the idea before the United Nations Security Council in a 4 April emergency meeting . However , Saudi Arabia 's UN ambassador raised questions over whether humanitarian pauses are the best way of delivering humanitarian assistance . On 7 April , China renewed calls for an immediate ceasefire . On 10 April , the Pakistani Parliament declined a Saudi Arabian request to join the coalition . The Parliament clarified the wish to maintain a neutral diplomatic stance . France authorised $18 billion ( € 16 billion ) in arms sales to Saudi Arabia in 2015 . On 16 April a group of US and UK - based Yemen scholars wrote an open letter , stating that the operation was illegal under international law and calling for the UN to enforce an immediate ceasefire . On 19 April , international aid agency Oxfam condemned SA over airstrikes it said hit one of its warehouses containing humanitarian supplies in Saada . Aid groups came out against the air campaign : Amnesty International said some of the coalition 's airstrikes `` appear to have failed to take necessary precautions to minimize harm to civilians and damage to civilian objects '' . Reporters without Borders condemned a strike in Sanaa on 20 April that caused the deaths of four employees of Al - Yemen Al - Youm TV and injured ten others ; it also condemned attacks on journalists by pro-Houthi forces . On 4 May the UN called on the coalition to stop attacking Sanaa Airport to allow delivery of humanitarian aid . On 10 May the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen stated that the attacks on Saada province were in breach of international law . On 29 June , Secretary General Ban Ki - moon denounced a coalition airstrike that had hit a UN compound in Aden the previous day and requested a full investigation . UN Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon has criticized Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Human Rights Watch criticized the UN Security Council repeatedly for `` remaining almost silent on coalition abuses '' . In January 2016 an unpublished United Nations panel investigating the Saudi - led bombing campaign in Yemen uncovered `` widespread and systematic '' attacks on civilian targets in violation of international humanitarian law , calling UN Security Council up for an international commission of inquiry . Saudi Arabia had previously objected to an inquiry being set up , and had not been supported by Western governments . In February 2016 the Secretary - General of the UN ( UNSG ) Ban Ki - moon raised strong concerns over continued Saudi - led airstrikes , saying that `` coalition air strikes in particular continue to strike hospitals , schools , mosques and civilian infrastructures '' in Yemen . He urged States that are signatories to the Arms Trade Treaty to `` control arms flows to actors that may use them in ways that breach of international humanitarian law '' . In June 2016 , Ban Ki - moon removed a Saudi - led coalition from a list of children 's rights violators , saying that Saudi Arabia threatened to cut Palestinian aid and funds to other UN programs if coalition was not removed from blacklist for killing children in Yemen . According to one source , there was also a threat of `` clerics in Riyadh meeting to issue a fatwa against the UN , declaring it anti-Muslim , which would mean no contacts of OIC members , no relations , contributions , support , to any UN projects , programs '' . In September 2016 , British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson was accused of blocking the UN inquiry into Saudi war crimes in Yemen . Al - Qaeda and Islamic State ( edit ) See also : al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Both al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ) and Islamic State had a presence in Yemen before the Saudi - led intervention . AQAP had controlled substantial pieces of territory for some time , while Islamic State claimed for twin bombings in Sanaa the following month that killed 140 people and injured hundreds more . The two radical groups have used the conflict to expand and consolidate , an obvious fact accepted by the Pentagon . AQAP 's most determined opponent , the Houthis , disengaged to face rival Yemeni militias at the same time as they were being hit by coalition air strikes ; Yemeni troops in the south remained in their bases instead of confronting al - Qaeda militants , fearing Saudi air strikes on any troop movements . With the destruction of much of Yemen 's military infrastructure by the coalition , even once peace is achieved , there are questions about the ability of the country to confront its Islamist militancy problem . Within weeks of the commencement of the coalition 's campaign , AQAP had exploited the chaos to capture the south - eastern port city of Mukalla , along with nearby military , transport , and economic infrastructure . A series of prison breaks by al - Qaeda -- they emptied Mukalla 's jail of 300 prisoners and loosed 1,200 inmates in June 2015 from the central prison in Taiz -- released jailed jihadists of all ranks . Worse , Yemen 's prisons had , in preceding years , reportedly become `` de facto jihadi academies '' , as veteran militants were placed in cells alongside young , regular criminals . The coalition took Yemen 's second city of Aden in July 2015 . AQAP and Islamic State thereafter increased their presence in the city , `` a base they could only have dreamed of before this war began '' , in the words of the BBC 's Frank Gardner . Residents of Aden faced a wave of bombings and shootings that prevented efforts at stabilization . Seven months after rebel fighters from the Houthi militia had been driven from Aden , there were almost daily assassinations of judges , security officials , and police . At the start of February 2016 , AQAP recaptured Azzan , an important commercial city in Shabwa province . A few weeks later , al - Qaeda fighters and Saudi - led coalition forces were seen fighting together against Houthi rebels . But the situation is different in Aden , the AQAP / ISIS and pro-Hadi allies in Taiz that were fighting together side by side are enemies in Aden battlefield , on 29 February 2016 , a suicide car killed 4 pro-Hadi troops in Shiek Othman district in Aden , the city that Hadi uses as a temporary capital . Other effects ( edit ) Registration of Indian citizens evacuating from Yemen , March 2015 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Decisive Storm . On 25 March , Gulf Air , the Bahraini flag carrier airline announced the immediate suspension of service to Sana'a . Somali airlines such as Daallo Airlines and Jubba Airways also encountered difficulties , as they were unable to fly over Yemen after its airspace became restricted . On 15 April , Turkish Airlines suspended all Yemen flights until 1 June . Following Hadi 's request , the administration of the Egypt - based Nilesat and Saudi - based Arabsat , two satellite communication companies , stopped broadcasting Yemeni state - run television channels that had fallen under Houthi control . The channels included Al - Yemen , Al - Eman , Saba News Agency and Aden TV . Armed Houthis closed down the Sana'a offices of four media outlets , including Al Jazeera , Yemen Shabab and Suhail channels , as well as Al - Masdar 's newspaper and website . Al - Saeeda channel was also stormed , but was allowed to remain open on the condition it not broadcast anti-Houthi material . Houthi Political Office member Mohammad Al - Bukhaiti said the channels were closed for supporting the coalition . King Salman replaced his half - brother Muqrin as crown prince with Muhammad bin Nayef and named his son Mohammed bin Salman as defence minister , and then - Ambassador to the United States Adel al - Jubeir as foreign minister . Some reports linked the cabinet reshuffle to the war . At least one political analyst suggested that Muqrin was not supportive of the military intervention , and that this cost him his position . Prince Muqrin 's Yemeni Lineage was pointed out as another possible cause . The exiled Yemeni government sent a request to the UN , asking for foreign troops on the ground . On 19 June , WikiLeaks announced the intention of releasing over 500,000 Saudi diplomatic documents to the internet . In its statement , WikiLeaks referred to a recent electronic attack on the Saudi Foreign Ministry by a group calling itself the Yemen Cyber Army , but did not indicate whether they passed the documents to WikiLeaks . On 26 August , Bob Semple , a British hostage who was held by Al Qaeda in Yemen was freed by the UAE armed forces . Peace talks ( edit ) Main article : Yemeni peace process Cease fire talks ( edit ) On 15 May , new UN envoy to Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed proposed peace talks in Geneva . Rebel spokesman Hamed al - Bokheiti said the Houthis were willing to hold talks in any `` neutral '' country . Five days later the Secretary - General of the United Nations , Ban Ki - moon announced that peace talks would be held in Geneva starting on 28 May and urged all parties to participate . Houthi rebels reiterated their support for the talks while exiled government officials said they would participate only if the Houthi 's withdrew from occupied cities . On 26 May , Ban announced that the peace talks were to be postponed indefinitely after exiled Yemeni officials refused to attend until rebels withdrew from all occupied cities . However , on 6 June the UN announced that peace talks would take place on 14 June Both the exiled officials and the Houthi group confirmed their attendance . 15 -- 19 June 2015 talks ( edit ) Secretary - General Ban called for a `` humanitarian pause '' during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan . Peace talks between the exiled government and the Houthis concluded in Geneva without reaching a ceasefire . Ramadan peace agreement ( edit ) On 4 July , Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdul Salam said in a post on his Facebook page that he had met Ahmed on Friday to discuss a Ramadan truce . The US and EU announced their support for a humanitarian truce . On 9 July , the UN announced an unconditional truce between 10 July until the end of Eid ul Fitr on 17 July . The Special Envoy to Yemen assured the agreement of all warring factions . In a televised speech , Abdel - Malek al - Houthi , head of the Houthi 's , endorsed the truce , but doubted that the ceasefire would hold . The truce was pierced within an hour by airstrikes . Coalition spokesman later added that the coalition was not bound by the truce and that any truce would be counterproductive . It later added that it was not requested to pause by the exiled Yemeni Government . Further peace talks ( edit ) On 8 September , Vice News revealed a leaked email by UN Envoy to Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed . In it , the envoy confirms that Houthi rebels and the party of former president and Houthi ally Ali Abdullah Saleh have expressed willingness to accept -- with some reservations -- a UN Security Council resolution , approved in April . This demanded the rebels `` withdraw their forces from all areas they have seized , including the capital , Sanaa '' . `` AA / GPC agreed to a new wording on UNSC resolution 2216 that states unequivocally that they are committed to the implementation of 2216 ( see document attached ) with the exception of article which infringe on Yemeni sovereignty and those related to sanctions , '' wrote Ould Cheikh Ahmed , referring to Ansar Allah ( AA ) -- another name for the Houthis -- and Saleh 's General People 's Congress party ( GPC ) . `` In addition , the new text includes acceptance of the return of the current government for a period of 60 days during which a government of national unity shall be formed , '' wrote the envoy in the email . According to Ould Cheikh Ahmed , during talks , the Houthis gave ground on certain language , including `` mandatory support by the international community for reconstruction that was in the earlier version '' . `` The latter was particularly opposed by KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and GCC Gulf Cooperation Council who did not want it to be interpreted as a form of mandatory compensation , '' added the UN envoy . On 10 September , UN Envoy to Yemen announced that all parties had agreed to peace talks . A statement from Hadi 's office following a meeting on the issue of new talks affirmed the president 's `` complete support for the sincere efforts exerted by the special envoy '' . It urged Ahmed to `` exert efforts to achieve the public and honest commitment on the part of the Houthis and Saleh '' to implement 14 April council resolution unconditionally . On 13 September , the exiled Yemeni government announced that it would no longer participate in the peace talks . 2016 talks ( edit ) On 18 April , peace talks aimed at ending Yemen 's civil war that were set to begin faltered before they could start , when delegates representing Yemen 's Houthi rebels refused to attend . On 20 April , talks convened , based on UN Security Council resolution 2216 which called for the Houthi fighters to withdraw from areas they seized since 2014 and hand heavy weapons back to the government . On 6 August , the UN special envoy to Yemen , Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed , announced the suspension in Kuwait , where the talks were being held . He said that the negotiations were not a failure and that they would resume in a month at an undisclosed location . Mr. Ahmed is the second United Nations envoy to try to broker peace talks between the Houthis and other factions in Yemen since March 2015 . His predecessor quit after similar peace talk efforts failed . After the breakdown of the talks , one of the Houthi negotiators , Nasser Bagazgooz , blamed the United Nations envoy for seeking what he said amounted to a military solution on behalf of the Saudi - led coalition . Previous negotiations floated the idea of forming a unity government -- composed of Houthi and former Hadi government leaders . But the exiled Hadi leaders have consistently rejected any deal that would diminish their power over Yemen , and the Houthis have said that they will reject any deal that does not give them a seat at the table . November Ceasefire The Saudi - led military coalition and Houthis ( Ansar Allah ) arrived at a swift ceasefire agreement effective 17 November 2016 , as a result of efforts of U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Omani dignitaries . See also ( edit ) Yemen portal War portal List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis Saudi - led intervention in Bahrain Famine in Yemen Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mazzett , Mark ; Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Begins Air Assault in Yemen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt , Jordan and Sudan ready for ground offensive in Yemen. : report '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 26 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt extends participation in Yemen conflict '' . Reuters. 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi - led alliance '' . Reuters. 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Martinez , Luis ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` US Rescues 2 Saudi Pilots From Gulf of Aden '' . ABC News . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Press Briefing '' . United States Department of State . Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 . Question : Okay . So your colleague at the White House was asked about this -- was asked this similar question just a few minutes ago , and what he said was that the review continues . And then he said the assistance that we provide , and which is presumably the assistance that 's under review , is primarily logistical support . We do share some intelligence with them , but the United States does not do targeting for them . That 's correct ? Mr. Kirby : Yes '' Jump up ^ Zack Beauchamp ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Why the hell is the US helping Saudi Arabia bomb Yemen ? A brief guide '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` U.S. military strikes Yemen after missile attacks on U.S. Navy ship '' . Reuters. 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Snyder ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` US involvement in the Yemen war just got deeper '' . The World . PRI . 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Jump up ^ Dışişleri Bakanlığı , Husi terörüne karşı Yemen'e destek verdi ( In English ) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned terrorism by Huothis in Yemen and announced that it supported the operation under the leadership of Saudi Arabia Jump up ^ `` China offers support for Yemen government as Xi visits Saudi Arabia '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi turns to China to source weaponised drones '' . The New Arab . 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Knight ( 14 April 2017 ) . `` Germany sells arms to UAE despite Yemen conflict '' . Deutsche Welle . Jump up ^ Ahmed Soliman & David Styan ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Connecting the Horn of Africa and the Gulf '' . AllAfrica.com . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SOMALIA : Somalia finally pledges support to Saudi - led coalition in Yemen -- Raxanreeb Online '' . RBC Radio . 7 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2015 . 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( 25 February 2016 ) . `` Yemen accuses Hezbollah of supporting Houthi attacks in Saudi Arabia '' . Sana'a , Yemen . United Press International . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Hatem , Mohammed ( 24 February 2016 ) . `` Yemen Accuses Hezbollah of Helping Houthis in Saudi Border War '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . `` Yemen government says Hezbollah fighting alongside Houthis '' . Reuters. 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . `` Report : Houthi Commander Admits Iran , Hezbollah Training Fighters in Yemen '' . The Tower . 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How did Qatar back the Houthis in Yemen ? '' . Egypt Today . 3 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea 's Balancing Act in the Persian Gulf '' . HuffPost. 17 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` رئيس اللجنة الثورية يعيد تسمية الحرس الجمهورية بعد تحوله إلى قوات احتياط -- المسيرة نت -- قناة المسيرة الفضائية '' . Al Masirah. 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Decisive Storm ' besieges Houthis '' . The Daily Star . Lebanon . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houthi militia chief 's brother killed in Yemen '' . Al Arabiya English . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houthi senior militia leader killed near Najran '' . Al Arabiya English . Jump up ^ `` Coalition forces kill Houthi general on Saudi - Yemen border : sources '' . Reuters. 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia launches airstrikes in Yemen '' . CNN . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen Sunni grand alliance : Sudan commits troops as Saudi jets pound Sana'a '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi warplanes bomb Houthi positions in Yemen '' . Al Arabiya English . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . 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Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : Aid effort begins as truce takes hold '' . BBC News . 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi king doubles Yemen aid pledge to $540 mn '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse. 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition ends military operation in Yemen '' . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : Saudis launch new air strikes on rebels '' . BBC News . 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chappell , Bill ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Shifts Military Campaign in Yemen ; Airstrikes Continue '' . NPR . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Black , Ian ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Yemen crisis : air strike hits Aden after Saudi Arabia ends bombing campaign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition launches air strikes throughout Yemen : residents '' . Reuters. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houthis call for peace talks as Saudi planes strike Yemen '' . CNN . 22 April 2015 . 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BBC News . ^ Jump up to : Ben Kentish ( 9 October 2016 ) . `` Saudi - led coalition in Yemen accused of ' genocide ' after airstrike on funeral hall kills 140 ; US says it will ' review ' its support after latest attack '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition admits to bombing Yemen funeral '' . The Guardian . 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Air raid on Yemen funeral ' kills at least nine women ' ; Houthi rebels blame Arab coalition for attack on Shiraa village 40km north of capital Sanaa '' . Al Jazeera. 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Rescues Two Saudi Fighter Pilots After Splashdown Near Yemen '' . NBC News . 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mukhashaf , Mohammed Ghobari and Mohammed . `` Moroccan F - 16 jet from Saudi - led coalition in Yemen crashes '' . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Two pilots killed when helicopter comes down on Saudi - Yemen border -- coalition '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Statement by Adama Dieng , Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide and Jennifer Welsh , Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect , on the situation in Yemen ( 16 February 2016 ) '' . United Nations . 16 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2016 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 February 2016. ) Jump up ^ Thomas Gibbons - Neff ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` Saudi Arabia appears to be using U.S. - supplied white phosphorus in its war in Yemen '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Yemeni dies of torture in UAE run prison in Yemen '' . Middle East Monitor. 30 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Nichols ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Saudi coalition violated law with Yemen funeral strike : U.N. monitors '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Samuel Osborne ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Saudi Arabia delaying aid to Yemen is ' killing children ' , warns Save the Children ; Saudi - led coalition accused of ' turning aid and commercial supplies into weapons of war ' '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Yemen crisis : Who is fighting whom ? '' . BBC News . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian support seen crucial for Yemen 's Houthis '' . Reuters. 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen crisis : Kerry warns Iran over Houthi rebel ' support ' '' . BBC News . 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemeni Militiamen Claim Capture of Iranian Military Officers '' . Newsweek. 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iran denies military advisors captured in Yemen '' . Reuters. 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US generals : Saudi intervention in Yemen ' a bad idea '' . Later , in a telephone interview , Horton expanded on that . `` These constant reports that the Houthis are working for the Iranians are nonsense , but the view is right out of the neocon playbook , '' he said . `` The Israelis have been touting this line that we lost Yemen to Iran . That 's absurd . The Houthis do n't need Iranian weapons . They have plenty of their own . And they do n't require military training . They 've been fighting Al - Qaeda since at least 2012 , and they 've been winning . Why are we fighting a movement that 's fighting Al - Qaeda ? '' Jump up ^ `` Iran arming Yemen 's Huthi rebels since 2009 : UN report '' . Yahoo ! News . Agence France - Presse. 30 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATE 3 - Iran pledges to protect shared security interests with Yemen '' . Reuters. 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iran Warned Houthis Against Yemen Takeover '' . HuffPost. 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iran leader says US backing ' immense crimes ' in Yemen '' . Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : Iranian boat ' carrying weapons ' seized '' . BBC News . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gatehouse , Gabriel ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` Inside Yemen 's forgotten war '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US : Reject Bomb Sales to Saudi Arabia -- Coalition Failure to Investigate Civilian Deaths in Airstrikes on Yemen '' . Human Rights Watch . 18 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kleijer , Karline ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Yemen : ' The children have a game called airstrike in which they fall to the ground ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` U.N. blames Saudi - led coalition for most attacks on Yemeni civilians '' . Reuters UK . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK arms sales fuelling Yemen crisis in potential breach of law says Oxfam '' . Oxfam UK . 11 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Serina ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Amnesty International urges Britain to stop supplying arms to Saudi Arabia -- Airstrikes in Yemen have killed thousands of civilians '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen '' . The Washington Post . 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Backs Saudi - Led Yemeni Bombing With Logistics , Spying '' . Bloomberg News . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : US boosts arms supplies for Saudi - led coalition '' . BBC News . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US steps up arms for Saudi campaign in Yemen '' . Al Jazeera. 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Saudi Arabia used cluster bombs , rights groups says '' . BBC News . 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Khan , Taimur ; Vela , Justin ; Malek , Caline ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Why the US fully supports the Saudi - led intervention in Yemen '' . ^ Jump up to : Mark Perry . ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` US generals : Saudi intervention in Yemen ' a bad idea ' '' . Al Jazeera . Jump up ^ `` U.S. carrier moving off coast of Yemen to block Iranian arms shipments '' . USA Today . 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Steve Visser ( 21 August 2016 ) . `` US military distances itself from Saudi - led war in Yemen '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senators consider vote to block US arms deal to Saudi Arabia -- report '' . The Guardian . 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate rejects bill blocking U.S. - Saudi arms deal ; rights groups applaud `` growing dissent '' on Yemen war crimes `` . Salon . 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf Blitzer Is Worried Defense Contractors Will Lose Jobs if U.S. Stops Arming Saudi Arabia '' The Intercept , 9 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` US Senate refuses to block Saudi Arabia arms sale '' . Deutsche Welle. 29 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Embargo Arms to Saudi Arabia '' Human Rights Watch , 21 March 2106 Jump up ^ `` One in three Saudi air raids on Yemen hit civilian sites , data shows '' The Guardian , 16 September 2016 Jump up ^ Warren Strobel , Jonathan Landay ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : As Saudis bombed Yemen , U.S. worried about legal blowback '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nathalie Weizmann ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` International Law on the Saudi - Led Military Operations in Yemen '' . Just Security . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Phil ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` U.S. military strikes Yemen after missile attacks on U.S. Navy ship '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rex Tillerson Wants to Provide Saudi Arabia With More Help to Bomb Yemen '' . The Intercept. 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump administration weighs deeper involvement in Yemen war '' . The Washington Post . 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon Weighs More Support for Saudi - led War in Yemen '' . Foreign Policy . 26 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Support for Saudi Arabia 's War on Yemen Must End '' . The Nation. 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ House declares U.S. military role in Yemen 's civil war unauthorized Jump up ^ `` Congress Votes to Say It Has n't Authorized War in Yemen , Yet War in Yemen Goes On '' . The Intercept. 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ US to Saudis : Temper actions on Yemen , Qatar , Lebanon ; Al Jazeera ; December 8 , 2017 ; http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/12/tillerson-saudis-measured-yemen-action-171208151146607.html Jump up ^ Slemrod , Annie ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Why does no one care about Yemen ? '' . IRIN . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Craig , Iona ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` Britain : Saudi Arabia 's silent partner in Yemen 's civil war '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Andrew ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Britain says backs Saudi military intervention in Yemen '' . Reuters UK . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ; Norton - Taylor , Richard ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` UK - made missile hit civilian target in Yemen , say human rights groups '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Penny ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Letters : Yemen and the scandal of UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jon ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` Ministers wined and dined by arms trade hours after MPs demand ban on selling weapons to Saudi Arabia '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Coalition used UK missile in unlawful airstrike '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Coalition Used UK Cruise Missile in Unlawful Airstrike -- UK Should Stop Selling Air - to - Ground Munitions to Saudi Arabia - led Forces '' . Human Rights Watch . 25 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press release : UK Government breaking the law supplying arms to Saudi say leading lawyers '' . saferworld.org.uk. 16 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` UK arms sold to Saudi Arabia may breach international law in Yemen , Labour says '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Simeon ( 6 November 2015 ) . `` UK and Saudi Arabia step up diplomacy to secure arms deals '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiley , Sam ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : UK Helping Saudi 's Yemen Campaign '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 3 February 2016 ) . `` MPs call for immediate halt of UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 25 February 2016 ) . `` David Cameron boasts of ' brilliant ' UK arms exports to Saudi Arabia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudis ' UK - made war jets outnumber RAF 's '' . The Daily Telegraph . 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron accused of silently taking Britain into Saudi Arabia 's war in Yemen '' . The Independent . 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Emmons , Alex ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Photos Show Fragments of U.S. Bombs at Site of Yemen Funeral Massacre '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Chris ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` Saudi Arabia : Evidence of attacks on Yemen civilians may have been fabricated by rebels , says UK minister '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Merrick , Rob ( 22 October 2016 ) . `` Revealed : The UK is training Saudi pilots amid accusations of war crimes in Yemen '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson urged to back probe into international law violations in Yemen '' . The Independent . 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson defends UK arms sales to Saudi Arabia '' . The Guardian . 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Mamoon , Amal ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Babies starved of milk as Yemen slides towards famine '' . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Graham - Harrison , Emma ( 4 October 2016 ) . `` Yemen famine feared as starving children fight for lives in hospital '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Meet the British firms helping arm Saudi Arabia as it drops its bombs on Yemen '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 11 October 2016 ) . `` Russia should be investigated for Syrian war crimes , says Boris Johnson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doward , Jamie ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` UK accused of blocking UN inquiry into claim of war crimes in Yemen '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Emily B. Hager and Mark Mazzetti ( 26 November 2015 ) , `` Emirates Secretly Sends Colombian Mercenaries to Fight in Yemen '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` The Arabian dream : Colombians taking part in Yemen war '' . colombiareports.com . Jump up ^ `` Australian mercenary killed in Yemen alongside Colombian troops '' . The Australian . Australian Associated Press . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian mercenary killed in clashes while fighting in Yemen '' . news.com.au . Australian Associated Press . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 6 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen violence death toll tops 1,000 : UN '' . Agence France - Presse. 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to US Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter on Armed Conflict in Yemen '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahmed Al - Haj . `` Yemen civilian casualties alarm UN as Saudi - led airstrikes pound rebels '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decisive Storm arrives in Ibb , killing 14 and injuring dozens '' . Yemen Times . Jump up ^ `` Deadly bombings strike private cement company in Lahj '' . Yemen Times . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen air strike kills family of nine : residents '' . Reuters. 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nima Elbagir ; Don Melvin ( 7 April 2015 ) . `` Yemen : Saudi airstrike hit school '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Warplanes hit Houthi base in central Yemen , students reported killed '' . Reuters India . 7 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's exiled president appoints conciliatory figure as deputy '' . Reuters. 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen : ' nowhere safe for civilians ' : airstrikes and ground attacks in yemen '' . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemeni Man Saw Family Burn in Saudi Airstrike '' . Sky News . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Sherine ( 17 April 2015 ) . `` Yemeni Man Saw Family Burn in Saudi Airstrike '' . Sky News . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen : Warehouse Strike Threatens Aid Delivery '' . Human Rights Watch . 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 21 -- 29 April 2015 '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 29 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 May 2015. ) ^ Jump up to : `` Life under siege in Yemen : ' Bullets and shrapnel came into the house ' '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen conflict death toll nears 650 , with UN rights office spotlighting plight of 3 million disabled '' . UN News Centre . 5 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Winter , Michael ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Saudis halt bombing of Houthi rebels in Yemen '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen crisis : Death toll close to 1,250 as Russia attacks UN Security Council for ' amazing indecision ' '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Saudis pound arms depots in Yemen as bread , medicine run short '' . Reuters. 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 20 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forty Somali refugees killed by Saudi - led bombing campaign in Yemen '' . Goobjoog. 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 27 '' ( PDF ) . ReliefWeb. 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dispatches : Renewed Fighting in Yemen Should Not Mean Renewed Violations '' . Human Rights Watch . Jump up ^ `` Dozens killed by Saudi bombardments in Sa'ada '' . Saba News Agency . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 29 '' 9 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Blasts shake Yemen capital as coalition hits arms depot '' . GlobalPost . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Onyanga - Omara , Jane ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` Reports : Yemen airstrike kills 9 amid cease - fire '' . USA Today . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 35 -- 21 May 2015 '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 21 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : `` Seven members of Yemeni family killed in Saudi - led strike : residents '' . Reuters. 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Air strikes kill at least 80 in deadliest bombings of Yemen war '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Nearly 100 people killed in Saudi - led aerial assault on Yemen '' . Los Angeles Times . 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen 's Houthis agree to talks as bombing reportedly kills 58 people '' . Reuters. 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led air strikes kill 44 in attack on Yemeni army HQ -- agency '' . Reuters. 7 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` At least six killed as Saudi - led air strikes hit ancient Sanaa : agency '' . Reuters. 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine dead in air raid on area inhabited by Yemeni ex-leader's relatives '' . Reuters. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy airstrikes across Yemen ; 10 civilians killed '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' مقتل 15 شخصا '' في غارات جوية للتحالف في اليمن -- BBC Arabic `` . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eight dead in new Saudi - led strikes on Yemen 's Sanaa : agency '' . Reuters. 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led air strikes on Yemen cities kill 16 : Houthis '' . Reuters. 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air strikes kill nearly 100 in Yemen , cast shadow on truce talks '' . Reuters. 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المجزرة البشرية لحرب المملكة العربية السعودية في اليمن -- منظمة العفو الدولية '' . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` News from The Associated Press '' . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civilians bear brunt of air strikes in Yemen '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen Is No Place for Men , Women and Children '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Gladstone ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` Airstrikes Kill Dozens of Civilians in Yemen , Doctors Without Borders Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` مسؤولون : مقتل عشرة في ضربات للتحالف بوسط اليمن '' . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition air strike kills 36 Yemeni civilians : residents '' . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` سكان : طائرات التحالف بقيادة السعودية تقتل 20 في عزاء باليمن -- أخبار الشرق الأوسط -- Reuters '' . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` مسعفون : مقتل 16 مدنيا على الأقل في غارات للتحالف باليمن '' . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ten killed in air strike on Sanaa as fighting starts in central Yemen '' . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` مصادر : مقتل 50 على الأقل باليمن في ضربات جوية نفذها التحالف '' . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death toll from air strike on Yemen wedding party rises above 130 - medics '' . Daily Mail . 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` سكان : مقتل 25 يمنيا بينهم ثلاثة عرسان إثر سقوط صاروخ على حفل زفاف '' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MSF - supported hospital bombed in Yemen : death toll rises to six '' . Médecins Sans Frontières. 17 January 2016 Jump up ^ Editorial ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Fifteen Yemeni civilians killed in Saudi - led air strike - residents '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Khaled Abdullah ( 27 February 2016 ) . `` Arab coalition air strikes kill 40 northeast of Yemen capital -- residents '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Maggie Michael ; Jon Gambrell ( 7 April 2016 ) . `` Saudi coalition used US bombs in obliterating Yemen market '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Yemeni Officials Say Coalition Airstrike Kills 8 Civilians '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Almosawa , Shuaib ; Nordland , Rod ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` As Peace Talks in Yemen Crumble , Civilians End Up in Cross Hairs Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led attacks on Yemeni capital resume , 13 killed , residents say '' . Reuters. 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Almosawa , Shuaib ; Nordland , Rod ( 13 August 2016 ) . `` Saudi Coalition Airstrikes in Yemen Kill at Least 19 , Mostly Children '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Almosawa , Shuaib ; Nordland , Rod ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Bombing of Doctors Without Borders Hospital in Yemen Kills at Least 15 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : UN disturbed by deadly air strikes on water well '' . BBC News . 12 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Yemen : 26 killed by coalition air strike in Hodeidah '' . Al Jazeera. 22 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Britain must end all arms exports with Saudi Arabia immediately , campaigners demand '' . The Independent . 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led raid kills 60 at Yemen security site , prison : official '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led airstrike kills at least 13 civilians in Yemen '' . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Bombing , air strike kill nine civilians '' . Middle East Eye . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 8 students killed in Saudi - led airstrikes near Yemen 's capital '' . Xinhua News Agency . 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi air strike kills 10 women and children in Yemen '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 100 civilians killed in a month , including fishermen , refugees , as Yemen conflict reaches two - year mark '' . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( OHCHR ) . 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi coalition used U.S. bomb in Yemen market strike that killed 119 : report '' . CBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi - led coalition blamed after helicopter gunship massacres Somali refugees '' . The Independent . 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected Saudi - led airstrikes kill 8 in Yemen '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected Saudi - led raid kills 23 Yemen civilians : rebels '' . Gulf Times . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 24 killed in bombing of Yemen market '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led air strikes kill at least 20 Yemeni civilians '' . CBC News . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air raid in Yemen kills at least 35 people '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airstrike in Yemen kills dozens at hotel '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hundreds of children killed or maimed in deadly month - long fighting in Yemen -- UNICEF '' . UNICEF. 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - Backed Forces Gain Momentum '' . The New York Times . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN preparing vast aid operation in Yemen '' . The Peninsula . Jump up ^ United Nations Web Services Section . `` United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon 's Statements '' . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights group says Arab bombings killed dozens of Yemeni civilians '' . Reuters. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Unlawful Airstrikes Kill Dozens of Civilians '' . Human Rights Watch . 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Essay on Victims of Recent Saudi Airstrikes in Yemen '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesty : All sides in Yemen may be guilty of war crimes '' . Today 's Zaman. 18 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi coalition massacred 119 Yemenis at market with U.S. - supplied bombs '' . Salon ( website ) Salon . 7 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Frank ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Yemen conflict : ' Saudi - led coalition plane ' hit funeral '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Situation of human rights in Yemen -- Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( A / HRC / 30 / 31 ) -- Advance Edited Version '' . UN Human Rights Council . 7 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2015 ... PDF : `` Situation of human rights in Yemen -- Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights ( A / HRC / 30 / 31 ) -- Advance Edited Version '' ( PDF ) . UN Human Rights Council . 7 September 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Asa ; al - Kibsi , Mohammed ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Heavy Toll in Yemen Conflict Draws Scrutiny -- Civilians bear brunt of damage in war between Saudi - led coalition and Houthi rebels '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahim , Kareem ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` Airstrikes Take Toll on Civilians in Yemen War '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kouddous , Sharif Abdel ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` With US help , Saudi Arabia is obliterating Yemen '' . GlobalPost . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the situation in Yemen by Leila Zerrougui , Special Representative of the Secretary - General for Children and Armed Conflict '' . UN Office of the SRSG for Children and Armed Conflict. 24 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Almeida , Kanya ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Majority of Child Casualties in Yemen Caused by Saudi - Led Airstrikes '' . Inter Press Service . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Norton ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` 4,500 killed in Yemen in 150 Days of Saudi - led bombing '' . Mondoweiss . Jump up ^ `` Regular Press Briefing by the Information Service '' . UNOG. 27 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN : Yemen 's seven - month violence kills 2,615 civilians '' . Anadolu Agency . 27 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Maclean , William ; McDowall , Angus ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Saudi Arabia says 375 civilians killed on its border in Yemen war '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One in three Saudi air raids on Yemen hit civilian sites , data shows '' . The Guardian . 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Ray . `` US : No blank check for Saudi Arabia in Yemen '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Khomami , Nadia ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Airstrikes on Yemen funeral kill at least 140 people , UN official says '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam , Withnall ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Britain and US pile pressure on Saudi Arabia over Yemen funeral bombing '' . The Independent . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JIAT : Yemen funeral targeted based on wrong information ; Coalition accepts findings '' . Arab News . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mohammad al Kibsi , Ahmed al Omran , Karen Leigh and Felicia Schwartz , `` Yemen raid spurs U.S. review of support '' , The Wall Street Journal ( 10 October 2016 ) , p . A13 . Jump up ^ `` RSF Annual Round - up : 110 journalists killed in 2015 '' . Reporters sans Frontières. 29 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2016 ... PDF : `` RSF Annual Round - up : 110 journalists killed in 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Reporters sans Frontières. 29 December 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freelance journalist killed by Saudi coalition airstrike in Yemen '' . Committee to Protect Journalists. 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CPJ urges full , independent investigation into killing of journalists in Yemen '' . Committee to Protect Journalists. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airstrike in Yemen Kills Freelance Journalist Working for VOA '' . Voice of America . 17 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Journalist killed in air strike near Sanaa '' . Reporters without Borders. 18 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveluck , Louisa ( 17 January 2016 ) . `` Leading Yemeni journalist who worked for international media killed in air strike '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Almigdad Mojalli -- The Yemeni freelancer was killed by airstrikes just outside Sana'a on 17th January '' . Rory Peck Trust . 19 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Varisco , Daniel Martin ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` The Voice of which America ? '' . MENA Tidningen . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : journalist killed in an air raid by the Saudi - led coalition '' . International Federation of Journalists ( IFJ ) . 18 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemeni journalist 's death in air strike deplored by UNESCO '' . UN News Service . 20 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director - General deplores death of journalist Almigdad Mojalli in Yemen '' . UNESCO . 19 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Further media violations in Yemen : another journalist dead and a newspaper silenced '' . International Federation of Journalists ( IFJ ) . 27 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director - General condemns killing of media worker Hashem Al Hamran in Yemen '' . UN Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . 9 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheim , Maya ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Yemeni journalists and their three children killed in Saudi - led airstrikes in the capital of Yemen '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director - General condemns killing of media workers Munir al - Hakimi and Suad Hujaira in Yemen '' . UN Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Almosawa , Shuaib ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Yemen : Airstrike Kills Family in Capital '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Press Statement on Situation in Yemen '' . UN Security Council . 18 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 . ( `` PDF '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. ) Jump up ^ Loveluck , Louisa ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` Yemen ' already looks like Syria after five years of war ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Schlein , Lisa ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Yemen War Taking Big Toll on Civilians '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : MSF and ICRC alarmed by attacks on country 's infrastructure and humanitarian lifelines '' . Médecins Sans Frontières ( MSF ) . 4 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : UN relief official urges ' safe and reliable ' access to Sana'a airport to deliver critical aid '' . UN News Centre . 4 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen , Johannes Van Der Klaauw ( 4 May 2015 ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen. 4 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 February 2016. ) Jump up ^ `` Press briefing notes on Hungary , Yemen and Saudi Arabia '' . UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . 22 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : UN rights office urges all parties to adhere to international law as civilian toll grows '' . UN News Centre . 22 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen air raids condemned as blast hits governor office '' . Agence France - Presse. 20 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen Humanitarian Bulletin No 1 -- 27 August 2015 '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 27 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 August 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 August 2015. ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Humanitarian catastrophe ' unfolding in Yemen : UN '' . Al Jazeera English . 17 February 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Saudi - led Airstrikes Take Civilian Toll , Says HRW '' . Eurasia Review . 28 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Situation Report No. 1 ( as of 31 March 2015 ) '' . ReliefWeb . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : At least six civilians burn to death in further airstrikes overnight '' . Amnesty International . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Situation Report No. 4 '' ( as of 17 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen violence kills 944 , injures 3,487 : WHO '' . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Air strike on missile base in Yemen capital kills 25 , wounds hundreds '' . Reuters. 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : Dozens killed in Saudi - led air strikes '' . BBC News . 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Situation Report No. 5 ( as of 26 April 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Relief Web . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 22 '' ( PDF ) . ReliefWeb. 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planes burn at Yemen airport following airstrikes '' . The Washington Post . 4 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Flash Update 24 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN urges Saudi - led coalition to stop bombing Yemen 's intl airport '' . RT . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Situation Report No. 6 ( 06 May 2015 ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 6 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 May 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` Aid agencies warn fuel shortages may end their work in Yemen '' . Reuters. 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen Conflict Delays Food Ships , Backs Up Deliveries '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition bombs Houthis in north Yemen , offers five - day truce '' . Reuters. 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Escalating Conflict Situation Report No. 8 '' ( PDF ) . ReliefWeb. 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis Situation Report No. 10 ( as of 3 June 2015 ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 5 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 June 2015. ) Jump up ^ Khalidi , Lamya ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Yemeni Heritage , Saudi Vandalism '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` The world may be ignoring the destruction of cultural treasures in Yemen '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : New Analysis Shows Deepening Food Crisis -- Crisis Update 40 -- 17 June 2015 ( 1000hrs ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 17 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 June 2015. ) Jump up ^ Murdock , Heather ; Mojalli , Almigdad ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Factories , Jobs Destroyed in Yemen War '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . Cf. : Murdock , Heather . `` Factories , Jobs Destroyed in Yemen War '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Taizz airstrikes Crisi Update 42 '' ( PDF ) . ReliefWeb. 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Samuel ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` The Saudi Coalition Bombed A Rehabilitation Center for Blind People in Yemen '' . Vice News . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Alex ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Yemen centre for blind ' hit in Saudi coalition air raid ' '' . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yemen : Houthis Endangered School for Blind -- Coalition Airstrike Shows Added Risks for People With Disabilities '' . Human Rights Watch . 13 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murdock , Heather ; Mojalli , Almigdad ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Houthis and Saudi Coalition Put Students at Risk , Rights Group Says '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murdock , Heather ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Rights Group : Houthis , Saudi Coalition Put Blind Students at Risk '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oxfam Condemns Coalition Bombing of a Warehouse Containing Vital Humanitarian Aid '' . Oxfam. 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview ( Revised ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 12 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 June 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` A grave situation in Sa'ada : needs mount as access remains restricted '' . Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development ( ACTED ) . 10 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Seawright , Michael ( 27 January 2016 ) . `` Yemen : ' I Have Never Seen Such Destruction ' '' . Médecins Sans Frontières . Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Another MSF - supported hospital bombed -- Update -- As of 11 January , the death toll has risen to five '' . Médecins Sans Frontières. 10 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2016 . ( Update : 11 January 2016 ) ; Cf. : `` MSF - Supported Hospital Bombed in Northern Yemen -- Update January 11 , 2016 '' . Médecins Sans Frontières. 10 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 . ( Update : 11 January 2016 ) and `` MSF - supported hospital bombed in Yemen : death toll rises to six '' . Médecins Sans Frontières. 10 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . ( Update : 17 January 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Director - General calls on all parties to protect Yemen 's cultural heritage '' . UNESCO World Heritage Convention . 12 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : UN reports uptick in civilian deaths as fighting in country continues '' . UN News Centre . 16 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's Old City of Sana'a and Old Walled City of Shibam added to List of World Heritage in Danger '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 2 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Humanitarian Bulletin -- Yemen -- Issue 2 -- 13 September 2015 '' ( PDF ) . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 14 September 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Yemen Hospital on the Brink of Closure as Airstrikes Intensify on Sana'a '' . Save the Children . 30 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ridgwell , Henry ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Yemen ' on Brink of Disaster ' as Medical Shortages Soar '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . Cf. : Ridgwell , Henry ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Yemen ' on Brink of Disaster ' as Medical Shortages Soar '' . Voice of America . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig , Iona ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` The Agony of Saada -- U.S. and Saudi Bombs Target Yemen 's Ancient Heritage '' . The Intercept . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Robert ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` State of Crisis : Explosive Weapons in Yemen '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , Action on Armed Violence . Archived from the original on 28 October 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 October 2015 . , `` original PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 November 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen Humanitarian Bulletin No 3 -- 29 September 2015 ( EN / AR ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 29 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 November 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` UN chief ' deeply concerned ' about intensification of airstrikes and ground fighting in Yemen '' . UN News Service . 8 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary - General on Yemen '' . United Nations . 8 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN warns cluster bomb use in Yemen may amount to war crime '' . Business Standard . 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . ( AFP ) . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Coalition Bombs Homes in Capital -- Saudi - led Forces , US Fail to Investigate Alleged Unlawful Attacks '' . Human Rights Watch . 21 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Devarajan , Shanta ; Mottaghi , Lili ( January 2016 ) . The Economic Effects of War and Peace ( PDF ) . Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) Quarterly Economic Brief . Washington , D.C. : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank . doi : 10.1596 / 978 - 1 - 4648 - 0822 - 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4648 - 0822 - 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Humanitarian Snapshot ( 12 April 2016 ) ( EN / AR ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 12 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2016 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 May 2016. ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen : 2017 Humanitarian Needs Overview ( EN / AR ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , UN Country Team in Yemen. 23 November 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 April 2017. ) Original : `` Yemen : 2017 Humanitarian Needs Overview '' ( PDF ) . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , UN Country Team in Yemen . November 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Humanitarian Pause , Situation Report No. 4 '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 17 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 May 2015. ) ^ Jump up to : al - Jabiri , Jamal ; al - Haidari , Fawaz ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` UN says half a million Yemenis displaced as capital pounded '' . Agence France - Presse . Archived from the original on 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First UN flights brings emergency aid to Yemen '' . UNHCR. 15 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . ( original URL : http://www.unhcr.org/55561d7b9.html ) Jump up ^ `` Huthi rebels absent as Yemeni parties gather in Riyadh '' . Agence France - Presse. 17 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Humanitarian Snapshot -- Displacement ( as of 31 May 2015 ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 1 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 June 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Rapid Increase in Casualties , Displacement and Scale of Destruction Flash Update 38 -- 4 June 2015 ( 1000hrs ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 4 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 June 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Humanitarian Emergency Situation Report No. 14 ( as of 6 July 2015 ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 6 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . ( `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` Yemen Protection Cluster : Task Force on Population Movements 4th Report , 05th August 2015 '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , UN High Commissioner for Refugees , Protection Cluster. 5 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2015 . `` PDF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Task Force on Population Movement , 5th Report , 14 October 2015 '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs , UN High Commissioner for Refugees , Protection Cluster. 14 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . ( `` original on humanitarianresponse.info '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 October 2015. ) Jump up ^ `` Briefing Note : Despite conflict , refugees continue to arrive by boat in Yemen '' . UN High Commissioner for Refugees. 27 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . , original : http://www.unhcr.org/562f6bba6.html unhcr.org Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Public Health Crisis Escalates Flash Update 39 -- 14 June 2015 ( 1000hrs ) '' . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 14 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2015 . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led naval blockade leaves 20m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster '' . The Guardian . 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN Declares Highest - Level Humanitarian Emergency in Yemen '' . The New York Times . 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen famine feared as starving children fight for lives in hospital '' . The Guardian . 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN Decries Cholera Outbreak in Yemen '' . ABC News . 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen cholera cases pass 100,000 amid ' unprecedented ' epidemic '' . BBC News . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Entirely preventable ' : Aid agencies blame Yemen blockade , economic collapse for cholera outbreak '' . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PressTV - ' Saudi war , siege behind Yemen cholera outbreak ' '' . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Carey , Glen ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` The Saudi Town on the Frontline of Yemen 's War '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition jets continue to hit Houthi targets in Yemen '' . Al Jazeera. 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` اليمن ... 19 حزباً سياسياً يعلنون رفض قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 2216 '' . وكالة خبر للأنباء . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` احزاب سياسيه يمنية تعلن رفضها لقرار مجلس الامن رقمζ ( 2216 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Amid Saudi Arabia 's airstrikes in Yemen , Houthis call for peace talks '' . CNN . 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : Ex-leader Saleh appeals to Houthi allies '' . BBC News . 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen minister rejects peace talks call from ex-president '' . Reuters. 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` استنكار شعبي واسع استهداف الاماكن والمواقع التاريخية في اليمن -- المشهد اليمني '' . almashhad-alyemeni.com . Jump up ^ `` أحزاب ومكونات سياسية يمنية توجه رسالة لأمين عام الامم المتحدة -- المشهد اليمني '' . almashhad-alyemeni.com . Jump up ^ `` Saba Net : : سبأ نت '' . sabanews.net . Jump up ^ `` Houthis ask UN to stop Saudi airstrikes in Yemen '' . Al Bawaba. 3 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Abdullah , Khaled ( 2 May 2015 ) . `` Yemeni Houthis call on U.N. to end Saudi strikes : statement '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Agencies warn of risk of preventing aid arrival to Yemen '' . Saba News Agency . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tezelden , Alim . `` Yemen 's Houthis welcome proposed Russian truce '' . Video News . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War in Yemen : Riyadh enters the fray '' , The Economist . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's Houthis quit Aden palace after Saudi strikes '' . Middle East Eye. 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ al - Mujahed , Ali ( 5 April 2015 ) . `` Yemen rebels stage raids on suspected opponents amid Saudi - led airstrikes '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led bombing campaign deepens rifts in Yemen '' . Middle East Eye. 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemeni foreign minister rejects peace talks call from ex-president '' . Reuters. 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Police officer killed in security raids on Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province '' . One police officer was killed and three others injured on Sunday in Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province , as government forces clashed with locals , according to a Ministry of Interior statement . Jump up ^ `` Police officer killed in security raids on Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province '' . The latest round of clashes in Awamiyah on Sunday came after calls in the province for protests against Saudi Arabia 's military intervention in Yemen , where Riyadh is battling to push back Shiite Houthi rebels who have expanded their powerbase to the capital Sanaa and beyond , forcing the sitting president into exile . Jump up ^ `` Saudi king names new heir in sign of toughening regional stance '' . The Miami Herald . 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's War Shakes Up the Saudi Palace '' . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Prince Al - Waleed bin Talal faces backlash for ' promising Bentleys to fighter pilots bombing Yemen ' '' . The Independent . London . A Saudi Prince has come under fire on social media after reportedly promising luxury Bentley cars to fighter pilots involved in bombing strikes in Yemen . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia : The challenged kingdom '' . The Economist. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Robert ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Bahrain Arrests Rights Activist Over Tweets About Torture '' . The New York Times . Protesters in Bahrain on Friday denounced the military intervention in Yemen , holding up posters of Abdul - Malik al - Houthi , the rebel leader who comes from the Zaydi sect , an offshoot of Shiite Islam . Jump up ^ `` Streets in Bahrain set ablaze in protest against Saudi - led Yemen airstrikes '' . Jump up ^ Mackey , Robert ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Bahrain Arrests Rights Activist Over Tweets About Torture '' . The New York Times . Last week , Bahrain 's police force announced the arrest of an opposition politician , Fadhel Abbas , and an associate for supposedly disturbing the peace with a statement posted on Twitter that condemned the bombing of Yemen as `` flagarent aggression '' that violated international law . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Brotherhood split on Saudi strikes in Yemen '' . Al - Monitor . Most of the reactions were clear , with the exception of the Brotherhood 's , whose Yemeni branch supported the operation and Egyptian branch rejected it . Regardless of the Brotherhood 's views on Egypt 's participation , they were criticized by their supporters who held demonstrations opposing military action . Jump up ^ `` الكويت : فيديو ... نائب كويتي يصف عاصفة الحزم بالعدوان '' . Jump up ^ Madeleine Wells ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Sectarianism and authoritarianism in Kuwait '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KUNA : Political solution in Yemen is only solution -- Kuwaiti FM -- Politics '' . kuna.net.kw. 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Christina ; al - Alayaa , Zaid ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Arab League 's joint military force is a ' defining moment ' for region '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey supports Saudi mission in Yemen , says Iran must withdraw '' . France 24 . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas supports military operation for political legitimacy in Yemen '' . Arab News . 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OIC supports military action in Yemen '' . Arab News . 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Maneuvers between Opposing Forces in Yemen '' . The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington . 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU warns of serious regional consequences of Yemeni crisis '' . Laprensasa. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharkov , Damien ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia Accuse Putin of Hypocrisy After Letter to Arab League '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Senior UN officials deeply concerned over civilian casualties in wake of recent fighting in Yemen '' . UN News Centre . 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France voices support for Saudi campaign in Yemen '' . France 24 . 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Coughlin , Con ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Yemen crisis : British MPs clash over supplying bombs to Saudi Arabia as coalition launches new air strikes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Human rights groups ask Trudeau to end ' immoral ' arms deal with Saudi Arabia '' . The Globe and Mail . 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms sales to Saudi ' illicit ' due to civilian deaths in Yemen : campaigners '' . Reuters. 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi air strikes in Yemen : Iran condemns ' US - backed aggression ' '' . International Business Times . 26 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Iran complains to UN of foiled Yemen aid as ship standoff looms '' . Reuters. 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iraq PM says Yemen could stoke regional war , slams Saudi operations '' . Reuters. 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hizballah chief criticises Saudi Arabia for Yemen intervention '' . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Noah ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Chinese warship docks in Aden to evacuate nationals -- port official '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahadzir , Dzirhan ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Malaysia sends C - 130s for Yemen evacuation '' . Jane 's Information Group . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan evacuates hundreds during pause in Yemen strikes -- Saudi official '' . Reuters. 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Peri , Dinakar ; Phadnis , Renuka ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` India begins evacuating citizens '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nebehay , Stephanie ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` Red Cross seeks 24 - hour ceasefire in Yemen to deliver aid '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Lederer , Edith ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` Russia Urges UN to Call for ' Humanitarian Pause ' in Yemen '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Russia calls for pause in Yemen air strikes to evacuate foreigners '' . Reuters UK . 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China calls for ceasefire in Yemen '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan declines Saudi call for armed support in Yemen fight '' . Reuters. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Tharoor , Ishaan ( 18 April 2015 ) . `` Top Yemen scholars in the West condemn Saudi Arabia 's war '' . The Washington Post -- Blogs . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aid agency Oxfam condemns Saudi air strike in Yemen '' . Reuters. 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : Relentless airstrikes that have left hundreds of civilians dead must be investigated '' . Amnesty International . 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Journalists Killed , Injured as Security Situation Worsens '' . Reporters without Borders. 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - UN urges Saudi - led coalition to stop targeting Yemen airport '' . Reuters. 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian forces join Saudi - led coalition in Yemen '' . i24news . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations News Centre '' . UN News Service Section . 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Amy ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Dispatches : Special UN Treatment for Saudi - led Coalition in Yemen ? '' . Human Rights Watch . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN resolution on Yemen fails to launch international investigation into war crimes '' . Amnesty International . 2 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Saudi - Led War in Yemen Frays Ties With the U.S '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Samuel ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` The UN 's Top Human Rights Official in Yemen is Now ' Persona Non Grata ' '' . Vice News . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Adam ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` Looking the Other Way in Yemen -- The U.S. allowed the Saudis to block a UN inquiry into the thousands of deaths in Yemen 's civil war '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General 's address at event co-organized by the United Nations Association of the United Kingdom and Chatham House '' . un.org ( UNSG Ban Ki - moon ) . 5 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen -- Conflict ( ECHO , UN , Media ) ( ECHO Daily Flash of 8 February 2016 '' . European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office . 8 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . ( `` original '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. ) Jump up ^ `` United Nations Chief Exposes Limits to His Authority by Citing Saudi Threat '' . The New York Times . 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabian allies pressured UN chief to issue blacklist reversal , sources say '' . The Guardian . 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Johnson criticised by human rights groups after blocking inquiry into war crimes in Yemen '' . The Independent . 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelsohn , Barak ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` Islamic State in Yemen : Why IS is seeking to expand '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Al - batati , Saeed ; Fahim , Kareem ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` War in Yemen Is Allowing Qaeda Group to Expand '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Peter ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` The Houthis Are Battling al Qaeda Amid a ' Slow - Burning Coup ' in Yemen '' . Vice News . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ( T ) hey are deadly serious about eradicating AQAP ( ... ) the group 's desire to break AQAP 's grip on the north of the country remains undimmed . ^ Jump up to : Johnsen , Gregory D. ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Al - Qaeda Commander Freed in Yemen Prison Break '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ; Fahim , Kareem ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Leaders Have High Hopes for Yemen Airstrikes , but Houthi Attacks Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Al - Qaeda frees 300 prisoners in Yemen jail break '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Around 1,200 escape from Yemen prison , including al Qaeda suspects '' . Reuters. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Frank ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` Has Yemen war handed Aden to jihadists ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen clashes kill 6 , including 4 family members '' . Agence France - Presse. 9 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghobari , Mohammed ; Bayoumy , Yara ( 9 February 2016 ) . `` Wave of Aden killings tests Gulf role in Yemen '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Asher - Schapiro , Avi ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Al Qaeda Is Making Serious Gains Amid Chaos of Yemen 's Civil War '' . Vice News . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide bombing kills 4 in Yemen 's Aden : official '' . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf Air suspends Sana'a service due to worsening security '' . Air Transport World . 25 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia airstrikes in Yemen disrupt Somalia flights '' . Garowe Online . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Airlines suspends Yemen flights '' . Andalou Agency . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Strikes Hit Yemen for Fourth Night '' . Yemen Times . 29 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Yemen 's War Shakes Up the Saudi Palace '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Maclean , William ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi foreign minister is Washington insider , confidant of king '' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tom ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi king , facing challenges in Yemen , fires his heir , foreign minister '' . The News Tribune . Tacoma , Wash . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Varghese , Johnlee ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` ' Political Earthquake ' in Saudi Arabia : Prince Muqrin 's Yemeni Lineage Cost him the Crown ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's exiled government asks UN for ground troops to halt Houthi advance '' . Jump up ^ `` WikiLeaks says it 's leaking over 500,000 Saudi documents '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freed British hostage pays tribute to UAE '' . emirates246 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East updates / Clashes in Yemen mar truce as UN envoy pushes for talks '' . Haaretz. 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen conflict : UN to sponsor peace talks in Geneva '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia ' rejects Israeli offer to supply Iron Dome ' '' . The Times of Israel . Jump up ^ `` Ban calls for postponement of Yemen consultations , urges ' soonest possible ' return to dialogue '' . UN News Centre . 26 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Michelle ( 6 June 2015 ) . `` U.N. to convene Yemen peace talks on June 14 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Talks on Yemen war end without agreement '' . Dawn . Pakistan . 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Chanda , Abikh ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Ban calls for immediate humanitarian truce in Yemen '' . The Daily Star . Lebanon . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen 's Houthis say Ramadan humanitarian pause under discussion '' . Reuters. 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : UN chief welcomes announcement of humanitarian ceasefire '' . UN News Centre . 9 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Abdel - Malek al - Houthi Jump up ^ `` Airstrikes pierce new Yemen truce following ground fighting '' . Yahoo ! News UK . 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi - led coalition says its not bound by UN-declared truce '' . Fox News Channel . 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen : fighting breaks UN ceasefire less than one day after it took effect '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leaked UN Email on Yemen Shows Difficulty of Negotiations -- and Fears Over Al Qaeda 's Growing Presence '' . Vice News . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN envoy announces new Yemen peace talks next week '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Almasmari , Hakim ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` As U.N. Yemen talks near , President pulls out '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Al - batati , Saeed ; Fahim , Kareem ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` Yemen Peace Effort Falters as Houthis Refuse to Attend Talks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN Yemen envoy hails ' constructive ' peace talks '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordland , Rod ( 6 August 2016 ) . `` Talks to End War in Yemen Are Suspended '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Emmons2016 - 08 - 11T18 : 45 : 04 + 00 : 00 , Alex EmmonsAlex . `` Lopsided Peace Talks Collapse , Saudis Resume Bombing Yemen and U.S. Sells More Weapons '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen peace talks stuck in stalemate '' . Al - Monitor. 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houthis demand ' unity ' president as part of Yemen peace deal '' . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Kerry says Yemen 's Houthis and Saudi coalition agree to ceasefire '' . The Guardian . 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry claims warrings sides agree on Yemen truce beginning November 17 '' . ShiiteNEWS. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Timeline of the Yemeni Civil War Part of the Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Events Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Amran Battle of Sana'a Battle of Radaa 2014 -- 15 Yemeni coup d'état Abduction of Ahmed Awad bin Mubarak Battle of Sanaa Constitutional declaration for the Houthis Agreements Peace and national partnership agreement Agreement January 21 , 2015 Battles Battle of Aden Airport Battle of Aden Battle of Ad Dali ' Lahij insurgency Battle of Marib ( 2015 ) Battle of Taiz Shabwah campaign Abyan campaign Other 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings Hota Massacre Battle of Mukalla ( 2015 ) Bombing Marzaq camp Bombing Dahra Battle of Mukalla ( 2016 ) Parties and powers Mansur Hadi Government Military of Yemen South resistance People 's Committees in Yemen Southern Movement Yemen 's tribes Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance Forces Fourth Military Region Armored brigade 35 111 Infantry Brigade Third Military Region 112 Infantry Brigade Houthis Government Revolutionary Committee Houthis Army Pro-Ali Abdullah Saleh Republican Guard Forces Republican Guard Special Operations Forces Special Security Forces Yemeni Air Force People Mansur Hadi Government Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi Khaled Bahah Mahmoud al - 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what is mcdonald's special sauce on the big mac	In 2012 , McDonald 's admitted that `` the special sauce ingredients were not really a secret '' because the recipe had been available online `` for years '' . It consists of store - bought mayonnaise , sweet pickle relish and yellow mustard whisked together with vinegar , garlic powder , onion powder and paprika .	store - bought mayonnaise , sweet pickle relish and yellow mustard whisked together with vinegar , garlic powder , onion powder and paprika	Big Mac	big mac	The Big Mac is a hamburger sold by international fast food restaurant chain McDonald 's . It was introduced in the Greater Pittsburgh area , United States , in 1967 and nationwide in 1968 . It is one of the company 's signature products .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Product 2.1 Special sauce 2.2 Packaging 3 Advertising 3.1 Two all - beef patties slogan 3.2 1980s advertising 3.3 2005 advertising 4 Variants 5 McDonaldland character 6 Museum 7 Nutritional values per geographical location 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History The Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti , an early Ray Kroc franchisee , who was operating several restaurants in the Pittsburgh area . It was invented in the kitchen of Delligatti 's first McDonald 's franchise , located on McKnight Road in suburban Ross Township . The Big Mac had two previous names , both of which failed in the marketplace : the Aristocrat , which consumers found difficult to pronounce and understand , and Blue Ribbon Burger . The third name , Big Mac , was created by Esther Glickstein Rose , a 21 - year - old advertising secretary who worked at McDonald 's corporate headquarters in Oak Brook , Illinois . The Big Mac debuted at Delligatti 's Uniontown , Pennsylvania restaurant in 1967 , selling for 45 cents . It was designed to compete with Big Boy Restaurants ' Big Boy hamburger ; Eat'n Park was the Pittsburgh area 's Big Boy franchisee at the time . The Big Mac proved popular , and it was added to the menu of all U.S. restaurants in 1968 . Product The Big Mac consists of two 1.6 oz ( 45.4 g ) beef patties , `` special sauce '' ( a variant of Thousand Island dressing ) , iceberg lettuce , American cheese , pickles , and onions , served in a three - part sesame seed bun . The Big Mac is known worldwide and is often used as a symbol of American capitalism . The Economist has used it as a reference point for comparing the cost of living in different countries -- the Big Mac Index -- as it is so widely available and is comparable across markets . This index is sometimes referred to as Burgernomics . Special sauce The name was popularized by a 1974 advertising campaign featuring a list of the ingredients in a Big Mac : `` Two all - beef patties , special sauce , lettuce , cheese , pickles , onions -- on a sesame seed bun . '' Big Mac Sauce is delivered to McDonald 's restaurants in sealed canisters designed by Sealright , from which it is meant to be directly dispensed using a special calibrated `` sauce gun '' that dispenses a specified amount of the sauce for each pull of the trigger . Its design is similar to a caulking gun . In 2012 , McDonald 's admitted that `` the special sauce ingredients were not really a secret '' because the recipe had been available online `` for years '' . It consists of store - bought mayonnaise , sweet pickle relish and yellow mustard whisked together with vinegar , garlic powder , onion powder and paprika . Packaging The Big Mac , along with many other McDonald 's products , was first served in a `` clamshell '' styrofoam container that was phased out beginning in 1990 due to environmental concerns . The product is now sold in a collapsible cardboard box . Advertising The Big Mac is often sold as part of a combination meal The earliest instances of McDonald 's utilizing advertising for the burger were mainly print ads , and a TV ad in which Hoyt Axton sings `` The Ballad of Big Mac '' which aired in 1969 . Two all - beef patties slogan The Two all - beef patties , special sauce , lettuce , cheese , pickles , onions -- on a sesame seed bun concept for the jingle was created by Keith Reinhard , Chairman Emeritus of DDB Worldwide , and his creative group at Needham Harper and Steers . Originally , the ingredients appeared as a one - word heading for a McDonald 's ad developed for college newspapers . The words were then set to music created by Mark Vieha , who performed the original jingle . The first run of commercials ran only a year and a half , going off the air in 1976 , but its popularity remained beyond its TV life . Subsequent to the jingle , McDonald 's followed up with a promotion based on its customers spontaneously having a `` Big Mac Attack '' . Many franchises in the United States ran promotions during the original campaign that awarded a free burger to customers who could recite the slogan within a specified time ( usually two or three seconds ) . One example of its success was that the McDonald 's operators in New York City ran out of Big Mac buns . McDonald 's Australia emulated this promotion in the mid-1980s , and some Brazilian McDonald 's around the same time ( only offering a free glass of Coca - Cola instead ) , in the Portuguese - language version , which is `` Dois hambúrgueres , alface , queijo , molho especial , cebola e picles num pão com gergelim '' . In 2003 , McDonald 's revived the phrase . In an English - language ad from McDonald 's international `` i 'm lovin ' it '' campaign , a rapper rapidly spouts off the trademark in the background music . Also in 2003 , American Greetings and Carlton Cards released a Christmas ornament of a Big Mac , on which the slogan was both printed and played aloud by pulling on a string . Roy Bergold , National Advertising Manager at McDonald 's , has a big hand in championing the original campaign and helping to bring it back . In 2008 , the phrase was revived by McDonald 's Malaysia . The revival includes the original prize of a free Big Mac if the customer is able to recite the phrase in under four seconds . This was released in May , along with the promotional Mega Mac , which has four beef patties rather than the standard two . 1980s advertising In the early 1980s , as a promotion , McDonald 's staged an in - house rivalry between their two most popular products . Consumers were invited to decide `` Which one will be number one ? Chicken McNuggets or Big Mac sandwiches ? '' For each of either item that a customer bought , they received another of the same at half price . Later in the ad campaign , the second was offered for free . It was eventually announced that the Big Mac was `` number one '' . 2005 advertising In 2005 , McDonald 's began offering product placement rewards to hip hop artists who namechecked the Big Mac in their music , giving US $5 to the artist for every time a song mentioning the hamburger was played on the radio . This offer quickly spawned a satirical reference from hip hop artist Mad Skillz , who references the marketing ploy in his track `` 2005 Wrap Up '' by stating `` And I 'm beefin ' wit ' Mickey D 's man , y'all dead wrong , Talkin ' ' bout payin ' rappers to mention Big Macs in their song , We do rap from the heart , y'all better have some respect , Alright , Big Mac ! Big Mac ! Big Mac ! Now where 's my check ? '' Variants A Mega Mac burger with a large Coke and fries in Malaysia The Mega Mac or Double Big Mac : four 1.6 oz ( 45.4 g ) beef patties and an extra slice of cheese . Available in Australia , Canada , China , Egypt , Ireland , Japan , Malaysia ( during promotional periods only ) , Turkey , Singapore , Pakistan , South Korea , and Thailand . Discontinued in New Zealand . In the United States , buyers can ask to double their Big Mac with two additional patties , although this is limited to only certain states . The Double Big Mac is the biggest regular hamburger produced by the chain and has 680 calories . Big Big Mac : a Quarter Pounder -- like product sold in Europe ( Finland , Belgium , Spain , Portugal , and Italy ) . Has been sold periodically in Sweden , there called `` Grand Big Mac '' ( where `` Grand '' was pronounced in British , not American , English , in their advertising ) . The Denali Mac : made with two quarter pound patties . Named after Denali in Alaska , and sold only in that state . Also known as the Bigger Big Mac as a limited - time offer product to celebrate the 2006 FIFA World Cup . In India , where consuming beef is illegal in most states , the Big Mac is known as the Maharaja Mac and was originally made with lamb instead of beef ; however , along with the company 's other items , it is now made from chicken . A vegetarian option is also available , substituting corn patties in the place of beef . The Chicken Big Mac is a Big Mac with two breaded chicken patties sold in Pakistan , Egypt , UAE , Kuwait , and Qatar . The Giga Big Mac is a larger version of the Big Mac with three times the meat of a Big Mac sold in Japan . A Grand Big Mac ( left ) and Mac Jr. ( right ) alongside a regular Big Mac ( center ) , released for a limited time in the UK as part of the 50th anniversary of the burger . Mac Jr. is a reduction of the standard Big Mac . It uses a two - piece bun and contains only one beef patty . Available in the U.S. beginning in 2017 . Grand Mac uses larger patties , at ⁄ pound ( 150 g ) combined . Available in the U.S. beginning in 2017 . Big Mac BLT is a standard Big Mac burger with the addition of bacon and tomato . Released in Australia in late 2017 . McDonaldland character Main article : McDonaldland In addition to the McDonald 's signature hamburger , Big Mac was the name of a character , Officer Big Mac , in McDonaldland , the fictional world created as an advertising campaign for McDonald 's . Officer Big Mac was similar to Mayor McCheese , except he was the chief of police , wearing a constable uniform and sporting a large Big Mac for a head . Museum The Big Mac Museum in 2014 On August 22 , 2007 , McDonald 's opened the Big Mac Museum in North Huntingdon , Pennsylvania to celebrate the Big Mac 's 40th anniversary . The museum features the world 's largest Big Mac statue ( measuring 14 feet high and 12 feet wide ) and has hundreds of historic artifacts and exhibits that celebrate the Big Mac . Some Uniontown residents were unhappy with the selected location ; a McDonald 's spokesperson said that the decision was based on ease of highway access . Nutritional values per geographical location The Big Mac is a geographically localized product . In the United States , the Big Mac has 550 kcal ( 2,300 kJ ) , 29 grams of fat and 25 grams of protein . In Australia , the burger is slightly smaller with 493 kcal ( 2,060 kJ ) and 26.9 grams of fat , but similar amounts of protein with 25.2 grams , while the Japanese burger tops out the scales at 557 kcal and 30.5 grams of fat . Several Mcdonald 's subsidiaries adapt the standard features of the Big Mac ( from the USA ) to regional requirements . Comparisons of the Big Mac standard nutritional values in different countries - Sodium values converted to their salt equivalents , rounded and in bold Country Energy kcal Carbohydrates g Protein g Fat ( total ) g Dietary fiber g Salt equivalent mg Serving size ( weight ) g Reference Argentina 485 40 24 26 3.3 2005 . ar Australia 493 35.3 25.2 26.9 2148 201 . au Austria 495 40 27 25 2300 219 . at Belgium 495 40 27 25 2300 . be Bosnia and Herzegovina 510 41 27 26 2200 . ba Brazil 491 40 26 26 3.8 2033 . br Canada 520 45 23 28 2413 209 . ca Chile 478 40 26 24 2133 . cl China 520 46 26 26 . cn Croatia 510 41 27 26 2200 . hr Czech Republic 510 41 27 26 2200 . cz Denmark 510 41 27 26.1 2200 . info Egypt 522 28.235 25.911 . eg Finland 510 41 27 26 2200 . fi France 508 42 27 26 3.1 2300 221 . info Germany 510 41 27 26 2200 221 . de Greece 495 40 27 25 2300 221 . gr Hong Kong 497 43.1 26.4 24.2 2003 . hk Hungary 510 41 27 26 2200 . info Ireland 490 41 28 24 2100 . ie Italy 510 41 27 26 2200 . info Japan 557 45.2 25.5 30.5 2800 . jp Lithuania 509 42 27 26 3.1 2300 219 . lt Malaysia 484 46 26 23 1825 209 . my Mexico 486 45 22 26 2228 . mx Netherlands 510 41 27 26 2200 . info New Zealand 494 36.8 26.4 25.9 2415 202 . nz Norway 510 41 27 26 2200 . no Poland 510 41 27 26 2200 . info Portugal 509 42 27 26 3.2 2300 219 . pt Romania 510 41 27 26 2200 . info Russia 495 40 27 25 2300 . info Serbia 493 40 27 25 2300 . rs South Africa 496 39 24.3 26.4 3.2 2433 . za South Korea 510 26 2533 213 . kr Sweden 505 42 26 26 2300 219 . se Switzerland 510 41 27 26 2200 . info Taiwan 530 45 27 26 . tw Turkey 480 43 28 22 2100 . tr United Kingdom 508 43 26 25 3.6 2300 . uk United States 540 47 25 28 2426 215 . us See also Food portal Don Gorske , a Big Mac enthusiast List of sandwiches Similar products by other restaurant chains : Big Boy ( Big Boy Restaurants and Frisch 's Big Boy ) Big Hardee ( Hardee 's ) Big King ( Burger King ) Big Shef ( Burger Chef ) Big Wink ( Winky 's ) Bonus Jack ( Jack in the Box ) Superburger ( Eat'n Park ) Teen Burger ( A&W ) is not a double decker like the Big Mac , but its `` teen sauce '' is similar to `` special sauce '' . References Jump up ^ Eldridge , D. ( 2014 ) . Moon Pittsburgh . Moon Handbooks . Avalon Publishing . p. pt389 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61238 - 846 - 5 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( May 4 , 1993 ) . `` Golden Arch Angel '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Who Named Big Mac Finally Recognized '' . Associated Press . May 31 , 1985 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Delligatti Biography '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . McDonald 's . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : William D. Peters / President of Eat'n Park restaurants '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . August 20 , 2000 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://nutrition.mcdonalds.com/getnutrition/ingredientslist.pdf Jump up ^ Pakko , Michael R. ; Pollard , Patricia S. ( November -- December 2003 ) . `` Burgernomics : A `` Big Mac '' Guide to Purchasing Power Parity '' ( PDF ) . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beaudoin , N. ( 2013 ) . A School for Each Student : High Expectations in a Climate of Personalization . Taylor & Francis . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 92474 - 6 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sealright designs sauce system for McDonald 's in South Africa , China '' . Kansas City Business Journal . April 26 , 1996 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Make a Big Mac at home ! McDonald 's top chef explains the secret to chain 's burger ( but why does n't it look quite like what you get at the counter ? ) '' . Daily Mail . London . July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's to Do Away With Foam Packages . Los Angeles Times . 1990 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Bin , Huai ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Mega Mac and Big Mac Chant '' . SixthSeal.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Return of the Mac -- coming soon '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Double Big Mac ® '' . McDonald 's Canada . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ The advertising Jump up ^ `` Alaska Towns : Palmer , Alaska '' . Hometown Invasion Tour . 2011 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royale with Cheese '' . Cynical - C Blog . May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` G2 : McDonald 's and the World '' . The Guardian . London . April 6 , 2001 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arndt , Rachel Z . ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` The World 's Most Original Burgers : Chicken Maharaja Mac '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . p. 8 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's Pakistan Archived June 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 04 Jump up ^ A La Carte McDonald 's Kuwait Jump up ^ http://www.mcdonaldsegypt.com/en/products-product/plain/page/274/cat/16/product/172/subcat/18 Jump up ^ McDonald 's Japan Launches Big Mac With 3 Times the Meat Fortune , April 5 , 2016 , Retrieved October 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Pemberton , Becky ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) . `` How long are the new McDonald 's burgers available for and how many calories do the Grand Big Mac and Big Mac Jr contain ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Aaron ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` McDonald 's just tweaked the Big Mac '' . CNN Money . Cable News Network . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald 's brings back their Sweet Mustard Dipping Sauce and people are overjoyed Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Celebrates 40 Years Serving ' Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbun ' '' PR Newswire . August 22 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Big Mac turns 40 '' Archived January 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Al Owens , The Herald - Standard ( September 2007 ) . `` The Mystery of the Curry Burger ! '' republished from Herald - Standard ( Uniontown ) . September 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ The museum is located along U.S. 30 just south of its westernmost interchange with the mainline Pennsylvania Turnpike , while the still - incomplete Mon -- Fayette Expressway had missing sections near Uniontown at the time . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Information '' . Australia : McDonald 's . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ calories big mac Further reading Gallagher , Peter B. ( March 10 , 1975 ) . `` Beefed - up old jingle pays off for Big Mac '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 1D . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Mac . Official US product information Official UK product information Official product information for the Chicken Maharaja - Mac The Big Mac Index The Big Mac Museum in North Huntingdon , Pennsylvania Photo Tour of Big Mac Museum McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets Buttermilk Crispy Tenders McChicken Snack Wrap Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McFlurry McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe Fruit and Walnut Salad McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Video Game McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . 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who is most responsible for creating the foreign policy of the united states			Foreign policy of the United States	foreign policy of the united states		House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The foreign policy of the United States is the way in which it interacts with foreign nations and sets standards of interaction for its organizations , corporations and system citizens of the United States . The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States , including all the Bureaus and Offices in the United States Department of State , as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the Department of State , are `` to build and sustain a more democratic , secure , and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community . '' In addition , the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals : `` export controls , including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware ; measures to foster commercial interaction with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad ; international commodity agreements ; international education ; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation . '' U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate , praise and criticism , both domestically and abroad . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers of the President 2 Powers of the Congress 3 Historical overview 3.1 20th century 3.1. 1 World War I 3.1. 2 World War II 3.1. 3 Cold War 3.2 21st century 4 Law 5 International agreements 5.1 Economic and general government 5.2 Freely Associated States 5.3 Non-participation in multi-lateral agreements 5.4 Hub and spoke vs multilateral 6 Oil 6.1 Persian Gulf 6.2 Canada 6.3 Africa 7 Foreign aid 8 Military 8.1 Mutual defense agreements 8.2 Other allies and multilateral organizations 8.3 Unilateral vs. multilateral military actions 8.4 Aid 8.5 Missile defense 8.6 Exporting democracy 8.6. 1 Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy 8.6. 2 Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results 8.6. 3 Opinion that U.S. intervention effectively exports democracy 9 Global opinion 10 Covert actions 11 Influencing foreign elections 12 Human rights 13 War on Drugs 14 Criticism 15 Support 16 By country or region 16.1 United Kingdom 16.2 Canada 16.3 Mexico 16.4 Australia 16.5 Middle East 16.6 Japan 16.7 South Korea 16.8 China 16.9 Taiwan 16.10 ASEAN 16.10. 1 Indonesia 16.10. 2 Malaysia 16.10. 3 Myanmar 16.10. 4 Philippines 16.10. 5 Thailand 16.10. 6 Vietnam 16.11 Eastern Europe 16.12 Kosovo 17 See also 17.1 Constitutional and international law 17.2 Diplomacy 17.3 Intelligence 17.4 Military 17.5 Policy and doctrine 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Powers of the President ( edit ) Subject to the advice and consent role of the U.S. Senate , the President of the United States negotiates treaties with foreign nations , but treaties enter into force if ratified by two - thirds of the Senate . The President is also Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces , and as such has broad authority over the armed forces . Both the Secretary of State and ambassadors are appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . The United States Secretary of State acts similarly to a foreign minister and under Executive leadership is the primary conductor of state - to - state diplomacy . Powers of the Congress ( edit ) The U.S. Constitution gives much of the foreign policy decision - making to the presidency , but the Senate has a role in ratifying treaties , and the Supreme Court interprets treaties when cases are presented to it . Main articles : Treaty Clause , War Powers Clause , Appointments Clause , and Foreign Commerce Clause Congress is the only branch of government that has the authority to declare war . Furthermore , Congress writes the civilian and military budget , thus has vast power in military action and foreign aid . Congress also has power to regulate commerce with foreign nations . Historical overview ( edit ) Main articles : History of U.S. foreign policy and Timeline of United States diplomatic history The Jay Treaty of 1795 aligned the U.S. more with Britain and less with France , leading to political polarization at home The main trend regarding the history of U.S. foreign policy since the American Revolution is the shift from non-interventionism before and after World War I , to its growth as a world power and global hegemony during and since World War II and the end of the Cold War in the 20th century . Since the 19th century , U.S. foreign policy also has been characterized by a shift from the realist school to the idealistic or Wilsonian school of international relations . Foreign policy themes were expressed considerably in George Washington 's farewell address ; these included among other things , observing good faith and justice towards all nations and cultivating peace and harmony with all , excluding both `` inveterate antipathies against particular nations , and passionate attachments for others '' , `` steer ( ing ) clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world '' , and advocating trade with all nations . These policies became the basis of the Federalist Party in the 1790s . But the rival Jeffersonians feared Britain and favored France in the 1790s , declaring the War of 1812 on Britain . After the 1778 alliance with France , the U.S. did not sign another permanent treaty until the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 . Over time , other themes , key goals , attitudes , or stances have been variously expressed by Presidential ' doctrines ' , named for them . Initially these were uncommon events , but since WWII , these have been made by most presidents . Jeffersonians vigorously opposed a large standing army and any navy until attacks against American shipping by Barbary corsairs spurred the country into developing a naval force projection capability , resulting in the First Barbary War in 1801 . Despite two wars with European Powers -- the War of 1812 and the 1898 Spanish -- American War -- American foreign policy was peaceful and marked by steady expansion of its foreign trade during the 19th century . The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the nation 's geographical area ; Spain ceded the territory of Florida in 1819 ; annexation brought in the independent Texas Republic in 1845 ; a war with Mexico in 1848 added California , Arizona , Utah , Nevada , and New Mexico . The U.S. bought Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 , and it annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 . Victory over Spain in 1898 brought the Philippines , and Puerto Rico , as well as oversight of Cuba . The short experiment in imperialism ended by 1908 , as the U.S. turned its attention to the Panama Canal and the stabilization of regions to its south , including Mexico . 20th century ( edit ) World War I ( edit ) The 20th century was marked by two world wars in which the United States , along with allied powers , defeated its enemies and increased its international reputation . President Wilson 's Fourteen Points was developed from his idealistic Wilsonianism program of spreading democracy and fighting militarism so as to end any wars . It became the basis of the German Armistice ( really a surrender ) and the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The resulting Treaty of Versailles , due to European allies ' punitive and territorial designs , showed insufficient conformity with these points and the U.S. signed separate treaties with each of its adversaries ; due to Senate objections also , the U.S. never joined the League of Nations , which was established as a result of Wilson 's initiative . In the 1920s , the United States followed an independent course , and succeeded in a program of naval disarmament , and refunding the German economy . Operating outside the League it became a dominant player in diplomatic affairs . New York became the financial capital of the world , but the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hurled the Western industrialized world into the Great Depression . American trade policy relied on high tariffs under the Republicans , and reciprocal trade agreements under the Democrats , but in any case exports were at very low levels in the 1930s . World War II ( edit ) Main article : Diplomatic history of World War II § United States Allies of World War II at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin . The United States adopted a non-interventionist foreign policy from 1932 to 1938 , but then President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved toward strong support of the Allies in their wars against Germany and Japan . As a result of intense internal debate , the national policy was one of becoming the Arsenal of Democracy , that is financing and equipping the Allied armies without sending American combat soldiers . Roosevelt mentioned four fundamental freedoms , which ought to be enjoyed by people `` everywhere in the world '' ; these included the freedom of speech and religion , as well as freedom from want and fear . Roosevelt helped establish terms for a post-war world among potential allies at the Atlantic Conference ; specific points were included to correct earlier failures , which became a step toward the United Nations . American policy was to threaten Japan , to force it out of China , and to prevent its attacking the Soviet Union . However , Japan reacted by an attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , and the United States was at war with Japan , Germany , and Italy . Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I , the United States provided Lend - Lease grants of $50,000,000,000 . Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain , and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union , Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan , then into North Africa against Italy and Germany , and finally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans . The American economy roared forward , doubling industrial production , and building vast quantities of airplanes , ships , tanks , munitions , and , finally , the atomic bomb . Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers , which flattened the cities of Japan and Germany . Cold War ( edit ) Main article : Cold War Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong meets with U.S. President Richard Nixon , 1972 After the war , the U.S. rose to become the dominant non-colonial economic power with broad influence in much of the world , with the key policies of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine . Almost immediately , however , the world witnessed division into broad two camps during the Cold War ; one side was led by the U.S. and the other by the Soviet Union , but this situation also led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement . This period lasted until almost the end of the 20th century and is thought to be both an ideological and power struggle between the two superpowers . A policy of containment was adopted to limit Soviet expansion , and a series of proxy wars were fought with mixed results . In 1991 , the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations , and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states . In domestic politics , foreign policy is not usually a central issue . In 1945 -- 1970 the Democratic Party took a strong anti-Communist line and supported wars in Korea and Vietnam . Then the party split with a strong , `` dovish '' , pacifist element ( typified by 1972 presidential candidate George McGovern ) . Many `` hawks '' , advocates for war , joined the Neoconservative movement and started supporting the Republicans -- especially Reagan -- based on foreign policy . Meanwhile , down to 1952 the Republican Party was split between an isolationist wing , based in the Midwest and led by Senator Robert A. Taft , and an internationalist wing based in the East and led by Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower defeated Taft for the 1952 nomination largely on foreign policy grounds . Since then the Republicans have been characterized by a hawkish and intense American nationalism , and strong opposition to Communism , and strong support for Israel . 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century , U.S. influence remains strong but , in relative terms , is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China , India , Russia , and the newly consolidated European Union . Substantial problems remain , such as climate change , nuclear proliferation , and the specter of nuclear terrorism . Foreign policy analysts Hachigian and Sutphen in their book The Next American Century suggest all five powers have similar vested interests in stability and terrorism prevention and trade ; if they can find common ground , then the next decades may be marked by peaceful growth and prosperity . In 2017 diplomats from other countries developed new tactics to deal with President Donald Trump . The New York Times reported on the eve of his first foreign trip as president : For foreign leaders trying to figure out the best way to approach an American president unlike any they have known , it is a time of experimentation . Embassies in Washington trade tips and ambassadors send cables to presidents and ministers back home suggesting how to handle a mercurial , strong - willed leader with no real experience on the world stage , a preference for personal diplomacy and a taste for glitz ... certain rules have emerged : Keep it short -- no 30 - minute monologue for a 30 - second attention span . Do not assume he knows the history of the country or its major points of contention . Compliment him on his Electoral College victory . Contrast him favorably with President Barack Obama . Do not get hung up on whatever was said during the campaign . Stay in regular touch . Do not go in with a shopping list but bring some sort of deal he can call a victory . Trump has numerous aides giving advice on foreign policy . The chief diplomat is Secretary of State Rex Tillerson . His major foreign policy positions , which sometimes are at odds with Trump , include : urging the United States to stay in the Trans - Pacific Partnership and the Paris climate accord , taking a hard line on Russia , advocating negotiations and dialogue to defuse the mounting crisis with North Korea , advocating for continued U.S. adherence to the Iran nuclear deal , taking a neutral position in the dispute between Qatar and Saudi Arabia , and reassuring jittery allies , from South Korea and Japan to our NATO partners , that America still has their back . Law ( edit ) In the United States , there are three types of treaty - related law : Treaties are formal written agreements specified by the Treaty Clause of the Constitution . The President makes a treaty with foreign powers , but then the proposed treaty must be ratified by a two - thirds vote in the Senate . For example , President Wilson proposed the Treaty of Versailles after World War I after consulting with allied powers , but this treaty was rejected by the Senate ; as a result , the U.S. subsequently made separate agreements with different nations . While most international law has a broader interpretation of the term treaty , the U.S. sense of the term is more restricted . In Missouri v. Holland , the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U.S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government , and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states . Executive agreements are made by the President -- in the exercise of his Constitutional executive powers -- alone . Congressional - executive agreements are made by the President and Congress . A majority of both houses makes it binding much like regular legislation after it is signed by the president . The Constitution does not expressly state that these agreements are allowed , and constitutional scholars such as Laurence Tribe think they are unconstitutional . In contrast to most other nations , the United States considers the three types of agreements as distinct . Further , the United States incorporates treaty law into the body of U.S. federal law . As a result , Congress can modify or repeal treaties afterward . It can overrule an agreed - upon treaty obligation even if this is seen as a violation of the treaty under international law . Several U.S. court rulings confirmed this understanding , including Supreme Court decisions in Paquete Habana v. United States ( 1900 ) , and Reid v. Covert ( 1957 ) , as well as a lower court ruling n Garcia - Mir v. Meese ( 1986 ) . Further , the Supreme Court has declared itself as having the power to rule a treaty as void by declaring it `` unconstitutional '' , although as of 2011 , it has never exercised this power . The State Department has taken the position that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties represents established law . Generally , when the U.S. signs a treaty , it is binding . However , as a result of the Reid v. Covert decision , the U.S. adds a reservation to the text of every treaty that says , in effect , that the U.S. intends to abide by the treaty , but if the treaty is found to be in violation of the Constitution , then the U.S. legally ca n't abide by the treaty since the U.S. signature would be ultra vires . International agreements ( edit ) The United States has ratified and participates in many other multilateral treaties , including arms control treaties ( especially with the Soviet Union ) , human rights treaties , environmental protocols , and free trade agreements . Further information : List of United States treaties Economic and General government ( edit ) The United States is a founding member of the United Nations and most of its specialized agencies , notably including the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund . The U.S. has at times has withheld payment of dues due to disagreements with the UN . The United States is also member of : Organization of American States Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OECD ) NAFTA , the regional trade bloc with Canada and Mexico World Trade Organization Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Group of Seven ( G7 ) World Customs Organization Freely Associated States ( edit ) After it captured the islands from Japan during World War II , the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986 ( 1994 for Palau ) . The Northern Mariana Islands became a U.S. territory ( part of the United States ) , while Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau became independent countries . Each has signed a Compact of Free Association that gives the United States exclusive military access in return for U.S. defense protection and conduct of military foreign affairs ( except the declaration of war ) and a few billion dollars of aid . These agreements also generally allow citizens of these countries to live and work in the United States with their spouses ( and vice versa ) , and provide for largely free trade . The federal government also grants access to services from domestic agencies , including the Federal Emergency Management Agency , National Weather Service , the United States Postal Service , the Federal Aviation Administration , the Federal Communications Commission , and U.S. representation to the International Frequency Registration Board of the International Telecommunication Union . Further information : Associated state Non-participation in multilateral agreements ( edit ) The United States notably does not participate in various international agreements adhered to by almost all other industrialized countries , by almost all the countries of the Americas , or by almost all other countries in the world . With a large population and economy , on a practical level this can undermine the effect of certain agreements , or give other countries a precedent to cite for non-participation in various agreements . In some cases the arguments against participation include that the United States should maximize its sovereignty and freedom of action , or that ratification would create a basis for lawsuits that would treat American citizens unfairly . In other cases , the debate became involved in domestic political issues , such as gun control , climate change , and the death penalty . Examples include : Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations covenant ( in force 1920 -- 45 , signed but not ratified ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( took effect in 1976 , ratified with substantial reservations ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( took effect in 1976 , signed but not ratified ) American Convention on Human Rights ( took effect in 1978 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( took effect in 1981 , signed but not ratified ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( took effect in 1990 , signed but not ratified ) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( took effect in 1994 ) Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( signed in 1996 but never ratified and never took effect ) Mine Ban Treaty ( took effect in 1999 ) International Criminal Court ( took effect in 2002 ) Kyoto Protocol ( in force 2005 -- 12 , signed but not ratified ) Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture ( took effect in 2006 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( took effect in 2008 , signed but not ratified ) Convention on Cluster Munitions ( took effect in 2010 ) International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance ( took effect in 2010 ) Arms Trade Treaty ( took effect in 2014 ) Other human rights treaties Further information : List of treaties unsigned or unratified by the United States Hub and spoke vs multilateral ( edit ) While America 's relationships with Europe have tended to be in terms of multilateral frameworks , such as NATO , America 's relations with Asia have tended to be based on a `` hub and spoke '' model using a series of bilateral relationships where states coordinate with the United States and do not collaborate with each other . On May 30 , 2009 , at the Shangri - La Dialogue Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates urged the nations of Asia to build on this hub and spoke model as they established and grew multilateral institutions such as ASEAN , APEC and the ad hoc arrangements in the area . However , in 2011 Gates said that the United States must serve as the `` indispensable nation , '' for building multilateral cooperation . Oil ( edit ) Persian Gulf ( edit ) Further information : Energy policy of the United States and Petroleum politics A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaila oil field , Iraq , April 2003 As of 2014 , the U.S. currently produces about 66 % of the oil that it consumes . While its imports have exceeded domestic production since the early 1990s , new hydraulic fracturing techniques and discovery of shale oil deposits in Canada and the American Dakotas offer the potential for increased energy independence from oil exporting countries such as OPEC . Former U.S. President George W. Bush identified dependence on imported oil as an urgent `` national security concern '' . Two - thirds of the world 's proven oil reserves are estimated to be found in the Persian Gulf . Despite its distance , the Persian Gulf region was first proclaimed to be of national interest to the United States during World War II . Petroleum is of central importance to modern armies , and the United States -- as the world 's leading oil producer at that time -- supplied most of the oil for the Allied armies . Many U.S. strategists were concerned that the war would dangerously reduce the U.S. oil supply , and so they sought to establish good relations with Saudi Arabia , a kingdom with large oil reserves . The Persian Gulf region continued to be regarded as an area of vital importance to the United States during the Cold War . Three Cold War United States Presidential doctrines -- the Truman Doctrine , the Eisenhower Doctrine , and the Nixon Doctrine -- played roles in the formulation of the Carter Doctrine , which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its `` national interests '' in the Persian Gulf region . Carter 's successor , President Ronald Reagan , extended the policy in October 1981 with what is sometimes called the `` Reagan Corollary to the Carter Doctrine '' , which proclaimed that the United States would intervene to protect Saudi Arabia , whose security was threatened after the outbreak of the Iran -- Iraq War . Some analysts have argued that the implementation of the Carter Doctrine and the Reagan Corollary also played a role in the outbreak of the 2003 Iraq War . Canada ( edit ) Almost all of Canada 's energy exports go to the United States , making it the largest foreign source of U.S. energy imports : Canada is consistently among the top sources for U.S. oil imports , and it is the largest source of U.S. natural gas and electricity imports . Africa ( edit ) In 2007 the U.S. was Sub-Saharan Africa 's largest single export market accounting for 28 % of exports ( second in total to the EU at 31 % ) . 81 % of U.S. imports from this region were petroleum products . Foreign aid ( edit ) Main articles : United States foreign aid and United States Agency for International Development Foreign assistance is a core component of the State Department 's international affairs budget , which is $49 billion in all for 2014 . Aid is considered an essential instrument of U.S. foreign policy . There are four major categories of non-military foreign assistance : bilateral development aid , economic assistance supporting U.S. political and security goals , humanitarian aid , and multilateral economic contributions ( for example , contributions to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund ) . In absolute dollar terms , the United States government is the largest international aid donor ( $23 billion in 2014 ) . The U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) manages the bulk of bilateral economic assistance ; the Treasury Department handles most multilateral aid . In addition many private agencies , churches and philanthropies provide aid . Although the United States is the largest donor in absolute dollar terms , it is actually ranked 19 out of 27 countries on the Commitment to Development Index . The CDI ranks the 27 richest donor countries on their policies that affect the developing world . In the aid component the United States is penalized for low net aid volume as a share of the economy , a large share of tied or partially tied aid , and a large share of aid given to less poor and relatively undemocratic governments . Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States , with liberals , on average , supporting foreign aid much more than conservatives do . Military ( edit ) As of 2016 , the United States is actively conducting military operations against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Al - Qaeda under the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , including in areas of fighting in the Syrian Civil War and Yemeni Civil War . The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base holds what the federal government considers unlawful combatants from these ongoing activities , and has been a controversial issue in foreign relations , domestic politics , and Cuba -- United States relations . Other major U.S. military concerns include stability in Afghanistan and Iraq after the recent invasions of those countries , and Russian military activity in Ukraine . Mutual defense agreements ( edit ) A map of allies of the United States NATO member states , including their colonies and overseas possessions Major non-NATO allies , plus Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Signatories of Partnership for Peace with NATO The United States is a founding member of NATO , an alliance of 28 North American and European nations formed to defend Western Europe against the Soviet Union during the Cold War . Under the NATO charter , the United States is compelled to defend any NATO state that is attacked by a foreign power . The United States itself was the first country to invoke the mutual defense provisions of the alliance , in response to the September 11 attacks . The United States also has mutual military defense treaties with : Australia and New Zealand Japan South Korea Philippines Thailand , with other states formerly in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Most countries in South America , Central America , and the Caribbean , through the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance The United States has responsibility for the defense of the three Compact of Free Association states : Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau . Other allies and multilateral organizations ( edit ) Countries with U.S. military bases ( excluding the U.S. Coast Guard ) . In 1989 , the United States also granted five nations the major non-NATO ally status ( MNNA ) , and additions by later presidents have brought the list to 28 nations . Each such state has a unique relationship with the United States , involving various military and economic partnerships and alliances . U.S. Air Force Special Tactics Commandos training with Jordanian special operations forces and lesser agreements with : Taiwan Israel Saudi Arabia The U.S. participates in various military - related multi-lateral organizations , including : Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International Atomic Energy Agency The U.S. also operates hundreds of military bases around the world . Unilateral vs. multilateral military actions ( edit ) The United States has undertaken unilateral and multilateral military operations throughout its history ( see Timeline of United States military operations ) . In the post-World War II era , the country has had permanent membership and veto power in the United Nations Security Council , allowing it to undertake any military action without formal Security Council opposition . With vast military expenditures , the United States is known as the sole remaining superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union . The U.S. contributes a relatively small number of personnel for United Nations peacekeeping operations . It sometimes acts through NATO , as with the NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina , NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , and ISAF in Afghanistan , but often acts unilaterally or in ad - hoc coalitions as with the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The United Nations Charter requires that military operations be either for self - defense or affirmatively approved by the Security Council . Though many of their operations have followed these rules , the United States and NATO have been accused of committing crimes against peace in international law , for example in the 1999 Yugoslavia and 2003 Iraq operations . Aid ( edit ) Main articles : United States military aid , United States Foreign Military Financing , and Foreign Military Sales U.S. Soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala , Afghanistan , December 2009 The U.S. provides military aid through many different channels . Counting the items that appear in the budget as ' Foreign Military Financing ' and ' Plan Colombia ' , the U.S. spent approximately $4.5 billion in military aid in 2001 , of which $2 billion went to Israel , $1.3 billion went to Egypt , and $1 billion went to Colombia . Since 9 / 11 , Pakistan has received approximately $11.5 billion in direct military aid . As of 2004 , according to Fox News , the U.S. had more than 700 military bases in 130 different countries . Estimated U.S. foreign military financing and aid by recipient for 2010 : Recipient Military aid 2010 ( USD Billions ) Iraq 6.50 Afghanistan 5.60 Israel 2.75 Egypt 1.75 Pakistan 1.60 Colombia . 834 Jordan . 300 Palestinian Authority . 100 Yemen . 070 According to a 2016 report by the Congressional Research Service , the U.S. topped the market in global weapon sales for 2015 , with $40 billion sold . The largest buyers were Qatar , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , Pakistan , Israel , the United Arab Emirates and Iraq . Missile defense ( edit ) Main articles : National missile defense and Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposal by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 to use ground and space - based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles , later dubbed `` Star Wars '' . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . Though it was never fully developed or deployed , the research and technologies of SDI paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . In February 2007 , the U.S. started formal negotiations with Poland and Czech Republic concerning construction of missile shield installations in those countries for a Ground - Based Midcourse Defense system ( in April 2007 , 57 % of Poles opposed the plan ) . According to press reports the government of the Czech Republic agreed ( while 67 % Czechs disagree ) to host a missile defense radar on its territory while a base of missile interceptors is supposed to be built in Poland . Russia threatened to place short - range nuclear missiles on the Russia 's border with NATO if the United States refuses to abandon plans to deploy 10 interceptor missiles and a radar in Poland and the Czech Republic . In April 2007 , Putin warned of a new Cold War if the Americans deployed the shield in Central Europe . Putin also said that Russia is prepared to abandon its obligations under an Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty of 1987 with the United States . On August 14 , 2008 , the United States and Poland announced a deal to implement the missile defense system in Polish territory , with a tracking system placed in the Czech Republic . `` The fact that this was signed in a period of very difficult crisis in the relations between Russia and the United States over the situation in Georgia shows that , of course , the missile defense system will be deployed not against Iran but against the strategic potential of Russia '' , Dmitry Rogozin , Russia 's NATO envoy , said . Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press , argue in Foreign Affairs that U.S. missile defenses are designed to secure Washington 's nuclear primacy and are chiefly directed at potential rivals , such as Russia and China . The authors note that Washington continues to eschew nuclear first strike and contend that deploying missile defenses `` would be valuable primarily in an offensive context , not a defensive one ; as an adjunct to a US First Strike capability , not as a stand - alone shield '' : If the United States launched a nuclear attack against Russia ( or China ) , the targeted country would be left with only a tiny surviving arsenal , if any at all . At that point , even a relatively modest or inefficient missile defense system might well be enough to protect against any retaliatory strikes . This analysis is corroborated by the Pentagon 's 1992 Defense Planning Guidance ( DPG ) , prepared by then Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney and his deputies . The DPG declares that the United States should use its power to `` prevent the reemergence of a new rival '' either on former Soviet territory or elsewhere . The authors of the Guidance determined that the United States had to `` Field a missile defense system as a shield against accidental missile launches or limited missile strikes by ' international outlaws ' '' and also must `` Find ways to integrate the ' new democracies ' of the former Soviet bloc into the U.S. - led system '' . The National Archive notes that Document 10 of the DPG includes wording about `` disarming capabilities to destroy '' which is followed by several blacked out words . `` This suggests that some of the heavily excised pages in the still - classified DPG drafts may include some discussion of preventive action against threatening nuclear and other WMD programs . '' Finally , Robert David English , writing in Foreign Affairs , observes that in addition to the deployment U.S. missile defenses , the DPG 's second recommendation has also been proceeding on course . `` Washington has pursued policies that have ignored Russian interests ( and sometimes international law as well ) in order to encircle Moscow with military alliances and trade blocs conducive to U.S. interests . '' Exporting democracy ( edit ) See also : American democracy promotion in the Middle East and North Africa In United States history , critics have charged that presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad . Critics have also charged that the U.S. helped local militaries overthrow democratically elected governments in Iran , Guatemala , and in other instances . Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad . Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations . Until recently , scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been `` negligible , often counterproductive , and only occasionally positive . '' Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results , and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries . Opinion that U.S. intervention does not export democracy ( edit ) Professor Paul W. Drake argued that the U.S. first attempted to export democracy in Latin America through intervention from 1912 to 1932 . Drake argued that this was contradictory because international law defines intervention as `` dictatorial interference in the affairs of another state for the purpose of altering the condition of things . '' The study suggested that efforts to promote democracy failed because democracy needs to develop out of internal conditions , and can not be forcibly imposed . There was disagreement about what constituted democracy ; Drake suggested American leaders sometimes defined democracy in a narrow sense of a nation having elections ; Drake suggested a broader understanding was needed . Further , there was disagreement about what constituted a `` rebellion '' ; Drake saw a pattern in which the U.S. State Department disapproved of any type of rebellion , even so - called `` revolutions '' , and in some instances rebellions against dictatorships . Historian Walter LaFeber stated , `` The world 's leading revolutionary nation ( the U.S. ) in the eighteenth century became the leading protector of the status quo in the twentieth century . '' Mesquita and Downs evaluated 35 U.S. interventions from 1945 to 2004 and concluded that in only one case , Colombia , did a `` full fledged , stable democracy '' develop within ten years following the intervention . Samia Amin Pei argued that nation building in developed countries usually unravelled four to six years after American intervention ended . Pei , based on study of a database on worldwide democracies called Polity , agreed with Mesquita and Downs that U.S. intervention efforts usually do n't produce real democracies , and that most cases result in greater authoritarianism after ten years . Professor Joshua Muravchik argued U.S. occupation was critical for Axis power democratization after World War II , but America 's failure to encourage democracy in the third world `` prove ... that U.S. military occupation is not a sufficient condition to make a country democratic . '' The success of democracy in former Axis countries such as Italy were seen as a result of high national per - capita income , although U.S. protection was seen as a key to stabilization and important for encouraging the transition to democracy . Steven Krasner agreed that there was a link between wealth and democracy ; when per - capita incomes of $6,000 were achieved in a democracy , there was little chance of that country ever reverting to an autocracy , according to an analysis of his research in the Los Angeles Times . Opinion that U.S. intervention has mixed results ( edit ) Tures examined 228 cases of American intervention from 1973 to 2005 , using Freedom House data . A plurality of interventions , 96 , caused no change in the country 's democracy . In 69 instances , the country became less democratic after the intervention . In the remaining 63 cases , a country became more democratic . However this does not take into account the direction the country would have gone with no U.S. intervention . Opinion that U.S. intervention effectively exports democracy ( edit ) Hermann and Kegley found that American military interventions designed to protect or promote democracy increased freedom in those countries . Peceny argued that the democracies created after military intervention are still closer to an autocracy than a democracy , quoting Przeworski `` while some democracies are more democratic than others , unless offices are contested , no regime should be considered democratic . '' Therefore , Peceny concludes , it is difficult to know from the Hermann and Kegley study whether U.S. intervention has only produced less repressive autocratic governments or genuine democracies . Peceny stated that the United States attempted to export democracy in 33 of its 93 20th - century military interventions . Peceny argued that proliberal policies after military intervention had a positive impact on democracy . Global opinion ( edit ) A global survey done by Pewglobal indicated that at ( as of 2014 ) least 33 surveyed countries have a positive view ( 50 % or above ) of the United States . With the top ten most positive countries being Philippines ( 92 % ) , Israel ( 84 % ) , South Korea ( 82 % ) , Kenya ( 80 % ) , El Salvador ( 80 % ) , Italy ( 78 % ) , Ghana ( 77 % ) , Vietnam ( 76 % ) , Bangladesh ( 76 % ) , and Tanzania ( 75 % ) . While 10 surveyed countries have the most negative view ( Below 50 % ) of the United States . With the countries being Egypt ( 10 % ) , Jordan ( 12 % ) , Pakistan ( 14 % ) , Turkey ( 19 % ) , Russia ( 23 % ) , Palestinian Territories ( 30 % ) , Greece ( 34 % ) , Argentina ( 36 % ) , Lebanon ( 41 % ) , Tunisia ( 42 % ) . Americans ' own view of the United States was viewed at 84 % . International opinion about the US has often changed with different executive administrations . For example in 2009 , the French public favored the United States when President Barack Obama ( 75 % favorable ) replaced President George W. Bush ( 42 % ) . After President Donald Trump took the helm in 2017 , French public opinion about the US fell from 63 % to 46 % . These trends were also seen in other European countries . Covert actions ( edit ) Main articles : United States involvement in regime change and History of the Central Intelligence Agency See also : Clandestine HUMINT and covert action Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1951 -- 56 Tibet 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1991 Haiti 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2004 Haiti 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk United States foreign policy also includes covert actions to topple foreign governments that have been opposed to the United States . According to J. Dana Stuster , writing in Foreign Policy , there are seven `` confirmed cases '' where the U.S. -- acting principally through the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , but sometimes with the support of other parts of the U.S. government , including the Navy and State Department -- covertly assisted in the overthrow of a foreign government : Iran in 1953 , Guatemala in 1954 , Congo in 1960 , the Dominican Republic in 1961 , South Vietnam in 1963 , Brazil in 1964 , and Chile in 1973 . Stuster states that this list excludes `` U.S. - supported insurgencies and failed assassination attempts '' such as those directed against Cuba 's Fidel Castro , as well as instances where U.S. involvement has been alleged but not proven ( such as Syria in 1949 ) . In 1953 the CIA , working with the British government , initiated Operation Ajax against the Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mossadegh who had attempted to nationalize Iran 's oil , threatening the interests of the Anglo - Persian Oil Company . This had the effect of restoring and strengthening the authoritarian monarchical reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In 1957 , the CIA and Israeli Mossad aided the Iranian government in establishing its intelligence service , SAVAK , later blamed for the torture and execution of the regime 's opponents . A year later , in Operation PBSUCCESS , the CIA assisted the local military in toppling the democratically elected left - wing government of Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala and installing the military dictator Carlos Castillo Armas . The United Fruit Company lobbied for Árbenz overthrow as his land reforms jeopardized their land holdings in Guatemala , and painted these reforms as a communist threat . The coup triggered a decades long civil war which claimed the lives of an estimated 200,000 people ( 42,275 individual cases have been documented ) , mostly through 626 massacres against the Maya population perpetrated by the U.S. - backed Guatemalan military . An independent Historical Clarification Commission found that U.S. corporations and government officials `` exercised pressure to maintain the country 's archaic and unjust socio - economic structure , '' and that the CIA backed illegal counterinsurgency operations . During the massacre of at least 500,000 alleged communists in 1960s Indonesia , U.S. government officials applauded the mass killings while providing covert assistance to the Indonesian military which helped facilitate them . This included the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta supplying Indonesian forces with lists of up to 5,000 names of suspected members of the Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) , who were subsequently killed in the massacres . In 2001 , the CIA attempted to prevent the publication of the State Department volume Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , which documents the U.S. role in providing covert assistance to the Indonesian military for the express purpose of the extirpation of the PKI . In July 2016 , an international panel of judges ruled the killings constitute crimes against humanity , and that the US , along with other Western governments , were complicit in these crimes . In 1970 , the CIA worked with coup - plotters in Chile in the attempted kidnapping of General René Schneider , who was targeted for refusing to participate in a military coup upon the election of Salvador Allende . Schneider was shot in the botched attempt and died three days later . The CIA later paid the group $35,000 for the failed kidnapping . Influencing foreign elections ( edit ) Main article : Foreign electoral intervention According to one peer - reviewed study , the U.S. intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000 , while the Soviet Union or Russia intervened in 36 . Human rights ( edit ) See also : Human rights violations by the CIA , List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States , United States and state - sponsored terrorism , and United States and state terrorism Zairean dictator Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington , D.C. , October 1973 Since the 1970s , issues of human rights have become increasingly important in American foreign policy . Congress took the lead in the 1970s . Following the Vietnam War , the feeling that U.S. foreign policy had grown apart from traditional American values was seized upon by Senator Donald M. Fraser ( D , MI ) , leading the Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements , in criticizing Republican Foreign Policy under the Nixon administration . In the early 1970s , Congress concluded the Vietnam War and passed the War Powers Act . As `` part of a growing assertiveness by Congress about many aspects of Foreign Policy , '' Human Rights concerns became a battleground between the Legislative and the Executive branches in the formulation of foreign policy . David Forsythe points to three specific , early examples of Congress interjecting its own thoughts on foreign policy : Subsection ( a ) of the International Financial Assistance Act of 1977 : ensured assistance through international financial institutions would be limited to countries `` other than those whose governments engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Section 116 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , as amended in 1984 : reads in part , `` No assistance may be provided under this part to the government of any country which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 , as amended in 1978 : `` No security assistance may be provided to any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights . '' Barack Obama with King Salman of Saudi Arabia , January 2015 . According to AI , `` For too long , the USA has shied away from publicly confronting Saudi Arabia over its human rights record , largely turning a blind eye to a mounting catalogue of abuses . '' These measures were repeatedly used by Congress , with varying success , to affect U.S. foreign policy towards the inclusion of Human Rights concerns . Specific examples include El Salvador , Nicaragua , Guatemala and South Africa . The Executive ( from Nixon to Reagan ) argued that the Cold War required placing regional security in favor of U.S. interests over any behavioral concerns of national allies . Congress argued the opposite , in favor of distancing the United States from oppressive regimes . Nevertheless , according to historian Daniel Goldhagen , during the last two decades of the Cold War , the number of American client states practicing mass murder outnumbered those of the Soviet Union . John Henry Coatsworth , a historian of Latin America and the provost of Columbia University , suggests the number of repression victims in Latin America alone far surpassed that of the USSR and its East European satellites during the period 1960 to 1990 . W. John Green contends that the United States was an `` essential enabler '' of `` Latin America 's political murder habit , bringing out and allowing to flourish some of the region 's worst tendencies . '' On December 6 , 2011 , Obama instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries . He also criticized Russia 's law discriminating against gays , joining other western leaders in the boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Russia . In June 2014 , a Chilean court ruled that the United States played a key role in the murders of Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi , both American citizens , shortly after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état . War on drugs ( edit ) Main article : War on Drugs United States foreign policy is influenced by the efforts of the U.S. government to control imports of illicit drugs , including cocaine , heroin , methamphetamine , and cannabis . This is especially true in Latin America , a focus for the U.S. War on Drugs . Those efforts date back to at least 1880 , when the U.S. and China completed an agreement that prohibited the shipment of opium between the two countries . Over a century later , the Foreign Relations Authorization Act requires the President to identify the major drug transit or major illicit drug - producing countries . In September 2005 , the following countries were identified : Bahamas , Bolivia , Brazil , Burma , Colombia , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Haiti , India , Jamaica , Laos , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and Venezuela . Two of these , Burma and Venezuela are countries that the U.S. considers to have failed to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements during the previous 12 months . Notably absent from the 2005 list were Afghanistan , the People 's Republic of China and Vietnam ; Canada was also omitted in spite of evidence that criminal groups there are increasingly involved in the production of MDMA destined for the United States and that large - scale cross-border trafficking of Canadian - grown cannabis continues . The U.S. believes that the Netherlands are successfully countering the production and flow of MDMA to the U.S. Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of American foreign policy Demonstration at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin against the NSA surveillance program PRISM , June 2013 Critics from the left cite episodes that undercut leftist governments or showed support for Israel . Others cite human rights abuses and violations of international law . Critics have charged that the U.S. presidents have used democracy to justify military intervention abroad . Critics also point to declassified records which indicate that the CIA under Allen Dulles and the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover aggressively recruited more than 1,000 Nazis , including those responsible for war crimes , to use as spies and informants against the Soviet Union in the Cold War . The U.S. has faced criticism for backing right - wing dictators that systematically violated human rights , such as Augusto Pinochet of Chile , Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay , Efraín Ríos Montt of Guatemala , Jorge Rafael Videla of Argentina , Hissène Habré of Chad Yahya Khan of Pakistan and Suharto of Indonesia . Critics have also accused the United States of supporting Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terror organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America . Journalists and human rights organizations have been critical of US - led airstrikes and targeted killings by drones which have in some cases resulted in collateral damage of civilian populations . In early 2017 , the U.S. faced criticism from some scholars , activists and media outlets for dropping 26,171 bombs on seven different countries throughout 2016 : Syria , Iraq , Afghanistan , Libya , Yemen , Somalia and Pakistan . Studies have been devoted to the historical success rate of the U.S. in exporting democracy abroad . Some studies of American intervention have been pessimistic about the overall effectiveness of U.S. efforts to encourage democracy in foreign nations . Some scholars have generally agreed with international relations professor Abraham Lowenthal that U.S. attempts to export democracy have been `` negligible , often counterproductive , and only occasionally positive . '' Other studies find U.S. intervention has had mixed results , and another by Hermann and Kegley has found that military interventions have improved democracy in other countries . A 2013 global poll in 68 countries with 66,000 respondents by Win / Gallup found that the U.S. is perceived as the biggest threat to world peace . Support ( edit ) President George W. Bush and Slovakia 's Prime Minister Mikulas Dzurinda are greeted by a crowd of thousands gathered in Bratislava 's Hviezdoslavovo Square ( February 2005 ) . Regarding support for certain anti-Communist dictatorships during the Cold War , a response is that they were seen as a necessary evil , with the alternatives even worse Communist or fundamentalist dictatorships . David Schmitz says this policy did not serve U.S. interests . Friendly tyrants resisted necessary reforms and destroyed the political center ( though not in South Korea ) , while the ' realist ' policy of coddling dictators brought a backlash among foreign populations with long memories . Many democracies have voluntary military ties with United States . See NATO , ANZUS , Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan , Mutual Defense Treaty with South Korea , and Major non-NATO ally . Those nations with military alliances with the U.S. can spend less on the military since they can count on U.S. protection . This may give a false impression that the U.S. is less peaceful than those nations . Research on the democratic peace theory has generally found that democracies , including the United States , have not made war on one another . There have been U.S. support for coups against some democracies , but for example Spencer R. Weart argues that part of the explanation was the perception , correct or not , that these states were turning into Communist dictatorships . Also important was the role of rarely transparent United States government agencies , who sometimes mislead or did not fully implement the decisions of elected civilian leaders . Empirical studies ( see democide ) have found that democracies , including the United States , have killed much fewer civilians than dictatorships . Media may be biased against the U.S. regarding reporting human rights violations . Studies have found that The New York Times coverage of worldwide human rights violations predominantly focuses on the human rights violations in nations where there is clear U.S. involvement , while having relatively little coverage of the human rights violations in other nations . For example , the bloodiest war in recent time , involving eight nations and killing millions of civilians , was the Second Congo War , which was almost completely ignored by the media . Niall Ferguson argues that the U.S. is incorrectly blamed for all the human rights violations in nations they have supported . He writes that it is generally agreed that Guatemala was the worst of the US - backed regimes during the Cold War . However , the U.S. can not credibly be blamed for all the 200,000 deaths during the long Guatemalan Civil War . The U.S. Intelligence Oversight Board writes that military aid was cut for long periods because of such violations , that the U.S. helped stop a coup in 1993 , and that efforts were made to improve the conduct of the security services . Bahraini pro-democracy protesters killed by the U.S. - allied regime , February 2011 Today the U.S. states that democratic nations best support U.S. national interests . According to the U.S. State Department , `` Democracy is the one national interest that helps to secure all the others . Democratically governed nations are more likely to secure the peace , deter aggression , expand open markets , promote economic development , protect American citizens , combat international terrorism and crime , uphold human and worker rights , avoid humanitarian crises and refugee flows , improve the global environment , and protect human health . '' According to former U.S. President Bill Clinton , `` Ultimately , the best strategy to ensure our security and to build a durable peace is to support the advance of democracy elsewhere . Democracies do n't attack each other . '' In one view mentioned by the U.S. State Department , democracy is also good for business . Countries that embrace political reforms are also more likely to pursue economic reforms that improve the productivity of businesses . Accordingly , since the mid-1980s , under President Ronald Reagan , there has been an increase in levels of foreign direct investment going to emerging market democracies relative to countries that have not undertaken political reforms . Leaked cables in 2010 suggested that the `` dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States ' relations with the world '' . The United States officially maintains that it supports democracy and human rights through several tools Examples of these tools are as follows : A published yearly report by the State Department entitled `` Advancing Freedom and Democracy '' , issued in compliance with ADVANCE Democracy Act of 2007 ( earlier the report was known as `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' and was issued in compliance with a 2002 law ) . A yearly published `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices . '' In 2006 ( under President George W. Bush ) , the United States created a `` Human Rights Defenders Fund '' and `` Freedom Awards . '' The `` Human Rights and Democracy Achievement Award '' recognizes the exceptional achievement of officers of foreign affairs agencies posted abroad . The `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' , created in 2006 , are informal discussions between newly confirmed U.S. Ambassadors and human rights and democracy non-governmental organizations . The National Endowment for Democracy , a private non-profit created by Congress in 1983 ( and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan ) , which is mostly funded by the U.S. Government and gives cash grants to strengthen democratic institutions around the world . By country or region ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this section be merged into Foreign relations of the United States . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2016 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom -- United States relations Further information : Special Relationship and Anglosphere Queen Elizabeth II welcomes President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama to Buckingham Palace on April 1 , 2009 . United States foreign policy affirms its alliance with the United Kingdom as its most important bilateral relationship in the world , evidenced by aligned political affairs between the White House and 10 Downing Street , as well as joint military operations carried out between the two nations . While both the United States and the United Kingdom maintain close relationships with many other nations around the world , the level of cooperation in military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing with each other has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers throughout the 20th and early 21st century . The United States and Britain share the world 's largest foreign direct investment partnership . American investment in the United Kingdom reached $255.4 billion in 2002 , while British direct investment in the United States totaled $283.3 billion . Canada ( edit ) Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper ( right ) and President Obama ( left ) meet in Ottawa in February 2009 Main article : Canada -- United States relations The bilateral relationship between Canada and the United States is of notable importance to both countries . About 75 -- 85 % of Canadian trade is with the United States , and Canada is the United States ' largest trading partner and chief supplier of oil . While there are disputed issues between the two nations , relations are close and the two countries share the `` world 's longest undefended border . '' The border was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and , apart from minor raids , has remained peaceful . Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO . A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada since the 1850s has generated closer ties , despite continued Canadian fears of being culturally overwhelmed by its neighbor , which is nine times larger in terms of population and eleven times larger in terms of economy . The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) of 1994 , which also includes Mexico . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Mexico -- United States relations The United States shares a unique and often complex relationship with Mexico . A history of armed conflict goes back to the Texas Revolution in the 1830s , the Mexican -- American War in the 1840s , and an American invasion in the 1910s . Important treaties include the Gadsden Purchase , and multilaterally with Canada , the North American Free Trade Agreement . The central issue in recent years has been illegal immigration , followed by illegal gun sales ( from the U.S. ) , drug smuggling ( to the U.S. ) and escalating drug cartel violence just south of the U.S. - Mexico border . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Australia -- United States relations Former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd talks with United States President Barack Obama in Washington The United States ' relationship with Australia is a very close one , with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stating that `` America does n't have a better friend in the world than Australia '' . The relationship is formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia -- United States Free Trade Agreement . The two countries have a shared history , both have previously been British Colonies and many Americans flocked to the Australian goldfields in the 19th century . At a strategic level , the relationship really came to prominence in World War II , when the two nations worked extremely closely in the Pacific War against Japan , with General Douglas MacArthur undertaking his role as Supreme Allied Commander based in Australia , effectively having Australian troops and resources under his command . During this period , the cultural interaction between Australia and the U.S. were elevated to a higher level as over 1 million U.S. military personnel moved through Australia during the course of the war . The relationship continued to evolve throughout the second half of the 20th Century , and today now involves strong relationships at the executive and mid levels of government and the military , leading Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs , Kurt M. Campbell to declare that `` in the last ten years , ( Australia ) has ascended to one of the closest one or two allies ( of the U.S. ) on the planet '' . Middle East ( edit ) Main article : United States foreign policy in the Middle East The United States has many important allies in the Greater Middle East region . These allies are Turkey , Saudi Arabia , Morocco , Jordan , Afghanistan , Israel , Egypt , Kuwait , Bahrain and Qatar . Israel and Egypt are leading recipients of United States foreign aid , receiving $2.775 billion and 1.75 billion in 2010 . Turkey is an ally of the United States through its membership in NATO , while all of the other countries except Saudi Arabia and Qatar are major non-NATO allies . The United States toppled the government of Saddam Hussein during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Turkey is host to approximately 90 B61 nuclear bombs at Incirlik Air Base . Other allies include Qatar , where 3,500 U.S. troops are based , and Bahrain , where the United States Navy maintains NSA Bahrain , home of NAVCENT and the Fifth Fleet . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japan -- United States relations The relationship began in the 1850s as the U.S. was a major factor in forcing Japan to resume contacts with the outer world beyond a very restricted role . In the late 19th century the Japanese sent many delegations to Europe , and some to the U.S. , to discover and copy the latest technology and thereby modernize Japan very rapidly and allow it to build its own empire . There was some friction over control of Hawaii and the Philippines , but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands in 1898 . Likewise the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea . The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 , but the U.S. was increasingly troubled about Japan 's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis . President Theodore Roosevelt admired Japan 's strength as it defeated a major European power , Russia . He brokered an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1905 -- 6 . Anti-Japanese sentiment ( especially on the West Coast ) soured relations in the 1907 -- 24 era . In the 1930s the U.S. protested vehemently against Japan 's seizure of Manchuria ( 1931 ) , its war against China ( 1937 -- 45 ) , and its seizure of Indochina ( Vietnam ) 1940 -- 41 . American sympathies were with China and Japan rejected increasingly angry American demands that Japan pull out of China . The two nations fought an all - out war 1941 -- 45 ; the U.S. won a total victory , with heavy bombing ( including two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) that devastated Japan 's 50 largest industrial cities . The American army under Douglas MacArthur occupied and ruled Japan , 1945 -- 51 , with the successful goal of sponsoring a peaceful , prosperous and democratic nation . In 1951 , the U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan , subsequently revised as Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan in 1960 , relations since then have been excellent . The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies , and it is both a Major Non-NATO ally and NATO contact country . The United States has several military bases in Japan including Yokosuka , which harbors the U.S. 7th Fleet . The JSDF , or Japanese Self Defense Force , cross train with the U.S. Military , often providing auxiliary security and conducting war games . When the U.S. President Barack Obama met with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso in 2009 , he said the relationship with Japan as the `` cornerstone of security in East Asia '' . After the several years of critical moment during Japan 's Democratic Party administration , President Obama and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe reconfirmed the importance of its alliance and currently the U.S. and Japan negotiating to participate Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership . South Korea ( edit ) Main article : South Korea -- United States relations South Korea -- United States relations have been most extensive since 1945 , when the United States helped establish capitalism in South Korea and led the UN-sponsored Korean War against North Korea and China ( 1950 -- 53 ) . Stimulated by heavy American aid , South Korea 's rapid economic growth , democratization and modernization greatly reduced its U.S. dependency . Large numbers of U.S. forces remain in Korea . At the 2009 G - 20 London summit , U.S. President Barack Obama called South Korea `` one of America 's closest allies and greatest friends . '' China ( edit ) Main article : China - United States relations President Barack Obama addresses the opening session of the first U.S. -- China Strategic and Economic Dialogue . American relations with the People 's Republic of China are quite strong , yet complex . A great amount of trade between the two countries necessitates positive political relations , although occasional disagreements over tariffs , currency exchange rates and the Political status of Taiwan do occur . Nevertheless , the United States and China have an extremely extensive partnership . The U.S. criticizes China on human rights issues and in recent years , China has criticized the United States on human rights in return . Taiwan ( edit ) Main article : Republic of China -- United States relations Taiwan ( officially the Republic of China ) , does not have official diplomatic relations with America and no longer receives diplomatic recognition from the State Department of the United States , but it conducts unofficial diplomatic relations through its de facto embassy , commonly known as the `` American Institute in Taiwan ( AIT ) '' , and is considered to be a strong Asian ally and supporter of the United States . ASEAN ( edit ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) is an important partner for United States in both economic and geostrategic aspects . ASEAN 's geostrategic importance stems from many factors , including : the strategic location of member countries , the large shares of global trade that pass through regional waters , and the alliances and partnerships which the United States shares with ASEAN member states . In July 2009 , the United States signed ASEAN 's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation , which establishes guiding principles intended to build confidence among its signatories with the aim of maintaining regional peace and stability . Trade flows are robust and increasing between America and the ASEAN region . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Indonesia -- United States relations As the largest ASEAN member , Indonesia has played an active and prominent role in developing the organization . For United States , Indonesia is important for dealing with certain issues ; such as terrorism , democracy , and how United States project its relations with Islamic world , since Indonesia has the world 's largest Islamic population , and one that honors and respects religious diversity . The U.S. eyes Indonesia as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia . During his stately visit to Indonesia , U.S. President Barack Obama has held up Indonesia as an example of how a developing nation can embrace democracy and diversity . Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Malaysia -- United States relations Despite increasingly strained relations under the Mahathir Mohamad government , ties have been thawed under Najib Razak 's administration . Economic ties are particularly robust , with the United States being Malaysia 's largest trading partner and Malaysia is the tenth - largest trading partner of the U.S. Annual two - way trade amounts to $49 billion . The United States and Malaysia launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement ( FTA ) in June 2006 . The United States and Malaysia enjoy strong security cooperation . Malaysia hosts the Southeast Asia Regional Center for Counterterrorism ( SEARCCT ) , where over 2000 officials from various countries have received training . The United States is among the foreign countries that has collaborated with the center in conducting capacity building programmes . The U.S. and Malaysia share a strong military - to - military relationship with numerous exchanges , training , joint exercises , and visits . Myanmar ( edit ) Main article : Burma -- United States relations Bilateral ties have generally been strained but are slowly improving . The United States has placed broad sanctions on Burma because of the military crackdown in 1988 and the military regime 's refusal to honour the election results of the 1990 People 's Assembly election . Similarly , the European Union has placed embargoes on Burma , including an arms embargo , cessation of trade preferences , and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid . US and European government sanctions against the military government , alongside boycotts and other types direct pressure on corporations by western supporters of the Burmese democracy movement , have resulted in the withdrawal from Burma of most U.S. and many European companies . However , several Western companies remain due to loopholes in the sanctions . Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in Myanmar and to initiate new investments , particularly in natural resource extraction . Ongoing reforms have improved relations between Burma and the United States . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Philippines -- United States relations The United States ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 . The Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish -- American War . The United States finally recognized Philippine independence on July 4 , 1946 in the Treaty of Manila . July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4 , 1964 when , upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists , President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country 's Independence Day . Since 2003 the U.S. has designated the Philippines as a Major Non-NATO Ally . Thailand ( edit ) Main article : Thailand -- United States relations Thailand and the U.S. are both former Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) members , being close partners throughout the Cold War , and are still close allies . Since 2003 , the U.S. has designated Thailand as a Major Non-NATO Ally . Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : United States -- Vietnam relations United States involved in Vietnam War in 1955 to 1975 . In 1995 , President Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam . Today , the U.S. eyes Vietnam as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia . Eastern Europe ( edit ) President Barack Obama talks with Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk of Ukraine at the conclusion of their bilateral meeting in the Oval Office , March 12 , 2014 . U.S. Marines greet local Albanian boys in Kosovo on June 25 , 1999 American relations with Eastern Europe are influenced by the legacy of the Cold War . Since the collapse of the Soviet Union , former Communist - bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism . Many have also joined the European Union and NATO , strengthening economic ties with the broader Western world and gaining the military protection of the United States via the North Atlantic Treaty . Kosovo ( edit ) Main article : Kosovo -- United States relations The UN Security Council divided on the question of Kosovo 's declaration of independence . Kosovo declared its independence on February 17 , 2008 , whilst Serbia objected that Kosovo is part of its territory . Of the five members with veto power in the UN Security Council , the US , UK , and France recognized the declaration of independence , and China has expressed concern , while Russia considers it illegal . `` In its declaration of independence , Kosovo committed itself to the highest standards of democracy , including freedom and tolerance and justice for citizens of all ethnic backgrounds '' , President George W. Bush said on February 19 , 2008 . See also ( edit ) International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Constitutional and international law ( edit ) Advice and consent List of United States treaties Missouri v. Holland Treaty Clause Diplomacy ( edit ) Council on Foreign Relations Cowboy diplomacy List of diplomatic missions of the United States George Washington 's Farewell Address United States and the United Nations United States Agency for International Development List of diplomatic missions in the United States United States foreign aid The Washington Diplomat Intelligence ( edit ) Extraordinary rendition Special Activities Division Torture and the United States Military ( edit ) 2003 invasion of Iraq NATO United States Foreign Military Financing United States involvement in regime change United States military aid Policy and doctrine ( edit ) United States and state terrorism United States and state - sponsored terrorism Anti-Americanism American imperialism American exceptionalism Bush Doctrine Carter Doctrine China containment policy Containment Détente Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration Human rights in the United States Kirkpatrick Doctrine Human Rights Record of the United States ( Chinese publication ) Monroe Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Powell Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Special Relationship Truman Doctrine Criticism of American foreign policy United States foreign policy in the Middle East History of U.S. expansion and influence Foreign policy Military history Timeline of military operations List of wars List of bases Manifest destiny Non-interventionism Foreign interventions Pax Americana America 's Backyard Territorial acquisitions United States involvement in regime change References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Budget and Planning '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Committee '' . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ James M. McCormick , American Foreign Policy and Process ( 2009 ) ch. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ George C. Herring , From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Richard Russell , `` American Diplomatic Realism : A Tradition Practised and Preached by George F. Kennan , '' Diplomacy and Statecraft , Nov 2000 , Vol. 11 Issue 3 , pp. 159 -- 83 Jump up ^ Oren , Michael B. ( 2005 - 11 - 03 ) . `` The Middle East and the Making of the United States , 1776 to 1815 '' . Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller ( 2015 ) . Supreme City : How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America . Simon and Schuster . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset , `` Neoconservatism : Myth and reality . '' Society 25.5 ( 1988 ) : pp. 9 - 13 online . Jump up ^ Colin Dueck , Hard Line : The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Nikolas K. Gvosdev ( 2008 - 01 - 02 ) . `` FDR 's Children '' . National Interest . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Hachigian ... and Sutphen ... recognize that the global balance of power is changing ; that despite America 's continued predominance , the other pivotal powers `` do challenge American dominance and impinge on the freedom of action the U.S. has come to enjoy and expect . '' Rather than focusing on the negatives , however , they believe that these six powers have the same vested interests : All are dependent on the free flow of goods around the world and all require global stability in order to ensure continued economic growth ( and the prosperity it engenders ) . Jump up ^ See Peter Baker , `` Tips for Leaders Meeting Trump : Keep It Short and Give Him a Win , '' New York Times May 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Aaron David Miller and Richard Sokolsky , `` Should Rex Tillerson Resign ? , '' Politico October 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Laurence H. Tribe , `` Taking Text and Structure Seriously : Reflections on Free - Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation , '' 108 Harv . L. Rev. 1221 , 1227 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ The power of the League was limited by the United States ' refusal to join . Northedge , F.S ( 1986 ) . The League of Nations : Its Life and Times , 1920 -- 1946 . Holmes & Meier . pp. 276 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1316 - 9 . Jump up ^ The United States was responsible for 36 % of greenhouse gas emissions at the time of the Kyoto Protocol Jump up ^ The United States Should Ratify The Law Of The Sea Convention ( due to China citing U.S. citing non-ratification as a reason it does n't need to follow the agreement ) Jump up ^ `` Why wo n't America ratify the UN convention on children 's rights ? '' . Economist.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , Gary Clyde ; Schott , Jeffrey J. ( 1994 ) . Western Hemisphere Economic Integration . Peterson Institute . pp. 132 -- 22 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Gates Delivers Keynote Address to Open Asia Security Conference '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Shanker , Tom . `` Gates Talks of Boosting Asian Security Despite Budget Cuts . '' New York Times , 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States - U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) '' . Eia.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Company Level Imports '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : See `` FY 2014 Omnibus -- State and Foreign Operations Appropriations '' ( Jan 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . fpc.state.gov . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanford University Press . `` The Politics of American Foreign Policy : How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs - Peter Hays Gries '' . Sup.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Collective Defense Arrangements '' . State.gov . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Policy in Colombia Amnesty International USA '' . Amnestyusa.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The News International : Latest , Breaking , Pakistan , Sports and Video News '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . 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Missile Defense Milestones Archived March 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Johann Hari : Obama 's chance to end the fantasy that is Star Wars , The Independent , November 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Historical Documents : Reagan 's ' Star Wars ' speech Archived December 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , CNN Cold War Jump up ^ `` Son of `` Star Wars '' - How Missile Defense Systems Will Work `` . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missile defense backers now cite Russia threat '' . News.yahoo.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Might Negotiate on Missile Defense , washingtonpost.com Jump up ^ Citizens on U.S. Anti-Missile Radar Base in Czech Republic Archived November 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Europe diary : Missile defence , BBC News Jump up ^ `` Missile Defense : Avoiding a Crisis in Europe '' . rand.org . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . 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International Interactions. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 03050629808434922 . Jump up ^ Lowenthal , Abraham F. ( March 1 , 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : The United States and Latin America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 , 4 , 5 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lafeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . Inevitable Revolutions : The United States in Central America . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30964 - 9 . Jump up ^ Factors included limits on executive power , clear rules for the transition of power , universal adult suffrage , and competitive elections . Jump up ^ Pei , Samia Amin ( March 17 , 2004 ) . `` Why Nation - Building Fails in Mid-Course '' . International Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Muravchik , Joshua ( 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : Fulfilling America 's Destiny . Washington , DC : American Enterprise Institute Press . pp. 91 -- 118 . ISBN 0 - 8447 - 3734 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Stephen D. ( November 26 , 2003 ) . `` We Do n't Know How To Build Democracy '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Przeworski , Adam ; Przeworski , Adam ; Limongi Neto , Fernando Papaterra ; Alvarez , Michael M. ( 1996 ) . `` What Makes Democracy Endure '' ( -- ) . Journal of Democracy . 7 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 55 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 1996.0016 . Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 193 Jump up ^ Peceny , p. 2 Jump up ^ Review : Shifter , Michael ; Peceny , Mark ( Winter 2001 ) . `` Democracy at the Point of Bayonets '' . Latin American Politics and Society . 43 ( 4 ) : 150 . doi : 10.2307 / 3177036 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Global Indicators Database '' . Pewglobal.org. April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/18/6-trends-in-international-public-opinion-from-our-global-indicators-database/ Jump up ^ Stuster , J. Dana ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Mapped : The 7 Governments the U.S. Has Overthrown '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report : Secret History of the CIA in Iran '' . The New York Times . 2000 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Glenn E. ; Hooglund , Eric , eds. ( 2008 ) . Iran : A Country Study ( PDF ) ( Fifth ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress , Federal Research Division . p. 276 . ISBN 9780844411873 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : A Modern History of Iran '' . PBS NewsHour . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Schlesinger ( 3 June 2011 ) . Ghosts of Guatemala 's Past . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( February 26 , 1999 ) . `` Guatemalan Army Waged ' Genocide , ' New Report Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Maggie ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Secrets in Guatemala 's Bones '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Allan ( 2008 ) . The Geography of Genocide . University Press of America . p. 171 . ISBN 0761840974 . Jump up ^ Beech , Hannah ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Stood by as Indonesia Killed a Half - Million People , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . ^ Jump up to : Kai Thaler ( December 2 , 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Margaret Scott ( November 2 , 2015 ) The Indonesian Massacre : What Did the US Know ? The New York Review of Books . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Samantha Michaels ( October 1 , 2015 ) . It 's Been 50 Years Since the Biggest US - Backed Genocide You 've Never Heard Of . Mother Jones . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Alex J. ( 2012 ) . Massacres and Morality : Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 928842 - 9 . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9004156917 pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Vickers , Adrian ( 2005 ) . A History of Modern Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54262 - 6 p. 157 Jump up ^ Friend , Theodore ( 2003 ) . Indonesian Destinies . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01137 - 6 p. 117 Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin A. ( 2005 ) . Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century . Cornell University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0801472732 . Jump up ^ U.S. Seeks to Keep Lid on Far East Purge Role . The Associated Press via The Los Angeles Times , July 28 , 2001 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Blanton ( ed ) . CIA STALLING STATE DEPARTMENT HISTORIES : STATE HISTORIANS CONCLUDE U.S. PASSED NAMES OF COMMUNISTS TO INDONESIAN ARMY , WHICH KILLED AT LEAST 105,000 IN 1965 -- 66 . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 52. , July 27 , 2001 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CIA Admits Involvement in Chile . ABC News . September 20 Jump up ^ John Dinges . The Condor Years : How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents . The New Press , 2005 . p. 20 . ISBN 1565849779 Jump up ^ Levin , Dov H. ( June 2016 ) . `` When the Great Power Gets a Vote : The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results '' . International Studies Quarterly . 60 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 202 . See the full list of interventions in the appendix . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Nina ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) . `` The U.S. is no stranger to interfering in the elections of other countries '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Joe Renouard , Human Rights in American Foreign Policy : From the 1960s to the Soviet Collapse ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2016 ) . 324 pp . ^ Jump up to : Crabb , Cecil V. ; Pat Holt ( 1992 ) . Invitation to Struggle : Congress , the President and Foreign Policy ( 2nd ed . ) . Michigan : Congressional Quarterly . pp. 187 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 622 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Forsythe , David ( 1988 ) . Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy : Congress Reconsidered . Gainesville : University Press of Florida . pp. 1 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 0885 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia : President Obama must not shirk responsibility to tackle human rights during visit '' . Amnesty International . March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel Goldhagen ( 2009 ) . Worse Than War . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 769 - 8 p. 537 `` During the 1970s and 1980s , the number of American client states practicing mass - murderous politics exceeded those of the Soviets . '' Jump up ^ Coatsworth , John Henry ( 2012 ) . `` The Cold War in Central America , 1975 -- 1991 '' . In Leffler , Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( Volume 3 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1107602311 . Jump up ^ W. John Green ( June 1 , 2015 ) . A History of Political Murder in Latin America : Killing the Messengers of Change Archived March 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... SUNY Press . p. 147 . ISBN 1438456638 Jump up ^ McVeigh , Karen ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Gay rights must be criterion for U.S. aid allocations , instructs Obama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adomanis , Mark ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Barack Obama Is Right To Promote Gay Rights In Russia , Now He Should Be Consistent '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bershidsky , Leonid ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Putin Plays Games to Salvage Olympics '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pascale Bonnefoy ( 30 June 2014 ) . Chilean Court Rules U.S. Had Role in Murders . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum for the Secretary of State '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 15 September 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Lichtblau ( October 26 , 2014 ) . In Cold War , U.S. Spy Agencies Used 1,000 Nazis . The New York Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Nazis Next Door : Eric Lichtblau on How the CIA & FBI Secretly Sheltered Nazi War Criminals . Democracy Now ! October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh ( September 11 , 2013 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . The New Press . ISBN 1595589120 p. xviii ^ Jump up to : Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ What Guilt Does the U.S. Bear in Guatemala ? The New York Times , May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan Campbell ( December 5 , 2003 ) . Kissinger approved Argentinian ' dirty war ' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hissène Habré , Ex-President of Chad , Is Convicted of War Crimes . The New York Times . May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ From U.S. Ally to Convicted War Criminal : Inside Chad 's Hissène Habré 's Close Ties to Reagan Admin . Democracy Now ! May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Looking Away from Genocide . The New Yorker . November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ U.S. - led airstrikes in Syria kill civilians , rights groups say . CNN . July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Scahill and the staff of The Intercept ( 2016 ) . The Assassination Complex : Inside the Government 's Secret Drone Warfare Program . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9781501144134 Jump up ^ Grandin , Greg ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why Did the US Drop 26,171 Bombs on the World Last Year ? '' . The Nation . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agerholm , Harriet ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Map shows where President Barack Obama dropped his 20,000 bombs '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Medea ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` America dropped 26,171 bombs in 2016 . What a bloody end to Obama 's reign '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Patrick . `` And The Country Posing The Greatest Threat to Peace as 2013 Ends is ... '' . CNS News . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US the biggest threat to world peace in 2013 -- poll '' . Rt.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Post ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` US is the greatest threat to world peace : poll New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ The United States and Right - Wing Dictatorships , 1965 -- 1989 . David F. Schmitz. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Do the sums , then compare U.S. and Communist crimes from the Cold War Telegraph , 11 December 2005 , Niall Ferguson Jump up ^ Give peace a rating May 31 , 2007 , from The Economist print edition Jump up ^ Japan ranked as world 's 5th most peaceful nation : report Japan Today , May 31 , 2007 Jump up ^ Weart , Spencer R. ( 1998 ) . Never at War . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07017 - 9 . pp. 221 -- 24 , 314 . Jump up ^ Death By Government By R.J. Rummel New Brunswick , N.J. : Transaction Publishers , 1994 . Online links : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust ? Archived October 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Barbara Harff , 2003 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , S.M. ( 1999 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Print ? New York Times Coverage of Human - Rights Violations '' . The Harvard International Journal of Press Politics . 4 : 48 -- 69 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Caliendo , Stephen. ; Gibney , Mark . ( 2006 ) . `` American Print Media Coverage of Human Rights Violations '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Report on the Guatemala Review Intelligence Oversight Board . June 28 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Bill ( January 28 , 2000 ) . `` 1994 State Of The Union Address '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ; Lehren , Andrew W. ( 2010 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . The cables show that nearly a decade after the attacks of Sept. 11 , 2001 , the dark shadow of terrorism still dominates the United States ' relations with the world ... Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Advancing Freedom and Democracy '' . State.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Human Rights and Democracy : The U.S. Record '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Reports '' . State.gov . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Human Rights Week '' . December 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Ambassadorial Roundtable Series '' . March 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Tim Padgett , `` Mexico 's Calderón Needs to Listen , Not Just Lecture U.S. '' TIME May 19 , 2010 online Jump up ^ Burton Kirkwood , The History of Mexico ( 2010 ) pp 97 -- 99 , 138 -- 52 , 216 Jump up ^ Lyndal Curtis for The World Today ( 2009 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Rudd 's warm Washington welcome -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Q + A : Guyon Espiner interviews Kurt Campbell '' . Television New Zealand . October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amy Belasco . `` The Cost of Iraq , Afghanistan , and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9 / 11 '' ( PDF ) . Fas.org . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : US considers withdrawing nuclear bombs from Turkey '' . Todayszaman.com. 2010 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sciutto , Jim . `` U.S. Troops Preparing for War in Qatar - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Foster Rhea Dulles , Yankees and Samurai : America 's Role in the Emergence of Modern Japan , 1791 -- 1900 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Walter LaFeber , The Clash : A History of US -- Japan Relations ( W.W. Norton , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( 2009 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Japanese Prime Minister Meets With Obama , Says Economy Complicates North Korea Talks '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( 2013 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Japan and United States Reaffirm Their Close Ties '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement by the United States and Japan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jae Ho Chung , Between Ally and Partner : Korea - China Relations and the United States ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ `` President Obama Vows Strengthened U.S. - South Korea Ties '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nancy Bernkopf Tucker , ed. , Dangerous Strait : The U.S. - Taiwan - China Crisis ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Seah , `` The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia : The Issue of Non-Intervention and its Accession by Australia and the USA , '' Chinese Journal of international Law and ( 2012 ) 11 # 4 pp. 785 -- 822 online Jump up ^ See `` Editorial : The ASEAN cage Jakarta Post7 July 2011 '' . Jump up ^ U.S. - Indonesia Military Relations in The Anti-Terror War Archived October 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Truman Project '' . Trumanproject.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 404 '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Obama hails Indonesia as example for world '' . BBC News . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama delivers a speech in the University of Indonesia Archived November 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The EU 's relations with Burma / Myanmar '' . European Union . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ The List : Burma 's Economic Lifelines . Foreign Policy . October 2007 Jump up ^ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES . SIGNED AT MANILA , ON 4 JULY 1946 ( PDF ) , United Nations , archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 23 , 2011 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 Jump up ^ REPUBLIC ACT NO . 4166 -- AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE , AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY , FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY - NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE , Chanrobles law library , August 4 , 1964 , retrieved 2008 - 06 - 11 Jump up ^ Bush Hails Kosovo Independence Archived August 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs Jump up ^ Bush insists Kosovo must be independent and receives hero 's welcome in Albania , The Guardian Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Thomas . A Diplomatic History of the American People ( 10th ed . Prentice Hall , 1980 ) Blum , William . Killing Hope : U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions since World War II ( Common Courage Press , 2003 ) Borgwardt , Elizabeth . `` A New Deal for the World '' ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Chomsky , Noam . Hegemony or Survival : America 's Quest for Global Dominance ( Metropolitan Books , 2003 ) Cohen , Warren I . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 4 , America in the Age of Soviet Power , 1945 -- 1991 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Dueck , Colin . Hard Line : The Republican Party and U.S. Foreign Policy since World War II ( 2010 ) . Fawcett , Louise , ed . International Relations of the Middle East ( 3rd ed . Oxford U.P. 2013 ) Freedman , Lawrence . A Choice of Enemies : America Confronts the Middle East ( PublicAffairs , 2009 ) Gries , Peter Hays . The Politics of American Foreign Policy : How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs ( Stanford University Press , 2014 ) Hastedt , Glenn P. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy ( Facts on File , 2004 ) Hermann , Margaret G. ; Kegley , Charles ( 1998 ) . `` The U.S. Use of Military Intervention to Promote Democracy : Evaluating the Record '' . International Interactions. 24 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 03050629808434922 . Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2008 ) Hixson , Walter L. The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0300151314 Hook , Steven W. and John Spanier . American Foreign Policy Since WWII ( 19th ed. 2012 ) Ikenberry , G. John , ed . American Foreign Policy : Theoretical Essays ( 6th ed . Wadsworth , 2010 ) , 640pp ; essays by scholars Iriye , Akira . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 3 , The Globalizing of America , 1913 -- 1945 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Jentleson , Bruce W. American Foreign Policy : The Dynamics of Choice in the 21st Century ( 4th ed . W.W. Norton , 2010 ) Jentleson , Bruce W. and Thomas G. Paterson , eds . Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 1997 ) , long historical articles by scholars LaFeber , Walter . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : The American Search for Opportunity , 1865 -- 1913 , vol. 2 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Lowenthal , Abraham F. ( March 1 , 1991 ) . Exporting Democracy : The United States and Latin America . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4132 - 1 . McCormick , James M. et al . The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy : Insights and Evidence ( 2012 ) McDougall , Walter . `` Promised Land , Crusader State '' ( 2004 ) Mead , Walter Russell , and Richard C. Leone . Special Providence : American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World ( 2002 ) Meernik , James ( 1996 ) . `` United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy '' . Journal of Peace Research . 33 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 402 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022343396033004002 . JSTOR 424565 . Nichols , Christopher McKnight . `` Promise and Peril : America at the Dawn of a Global Age '' ( 2011 ) Paterson , Thomas G. and others . American Foreign Relations ( 6th ed. 2 vol , Wadsworth , 2004 ) , a detailed history Perkins , Bradford . The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations : Volume 1 , The Creation of a Republican Empire , 1776 -- 1865 ( Cambridge UP , 1995 ) Sergent , Daniel J. A Superpower Transformed : The Remaking of American Foreign Relations in the 1970s ( 2015 ) Schulzinger , Robert . A Companion to American Foreign Relations ( Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2006 ) . 26 essays by scholars ; emphasis on historiography Smith , Tony ; Richard C. Leone ( 1995 ) . America 's Mission : The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04466 - X . Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . Wittkopf , Eugene R. et al. American Foreign Policy : Pattern and Process ( 2007 ) External links ( edit ) History of the United States ' relations with the countries of the world Milestones of U.S. diplomatic history Foreign Relations of the United States ( FRUS ) : Official Documentary History of U.S. Foreign Relations Foreign Relations and International Aid from UCB Libraries G U.S. Political Parties and Foreign Policy , a background Q&A by Council on Foreign Relations U.S. Role in the World : Background and Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Foreign Relations of the United States 1861 -- 1960 ( full text from the University of Wisconsin - Madison Libraries ) Confidence in U.S. Foreign Policy Index Tracking survey of American public attitudes on foreign policy , conducted by Public Agenda with Foreign Affairs magazine . 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mukkurthi national park in nilgiri hills is the sanctuary for	Mukurthi National Park ( MNP ) is a 78.46 km ( 30.3 sq mi ) protected area located in the western corner of the Nilgiris Plateau west of Ootacamund hill station in the northwest corner of Tamil Nadu state in the Western Ghats mountain range of South India . The park was created to protect its keystone species , the Nilgiri tahr .	the Nilgiri tahr	Mukurthi National park	mukurthi national park	Mukurthi National Park ( MNP ) is a 78.46 km ( 30.3 sq mi ) protected area located in the western corner of the Nilgiris Plateau west of Ootacamund hill station in the northwest corner of Tamil Nadu state in the Western Ghats mountain range of South India . The park was created to protect its keystone species , the Nilgiri tahr .	The park is characterised by montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas in a high altitude area of high rainfall , near - freezing temperatures and high winds . It is home to an array of endangered wildlife , including royal Bengal tiger and Asian elephant , but its main mammal attraction is the Nilgiri tahr . The park was previously known as Nilgiri Tahr National Park . The park is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve , India 's first International Biosphere Reserve . As part of the Western Ghats , it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1 July 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Fauna 4 Flora 5 Management 6 Visitor information 7 Nature film 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) Native hill tribe communities including the Toda people have harvested firewood from the sholas and grazed their animals including the hill buffalo for centuries . Indiscriminate felling of the sholas started with the establishment of British settlements in Ootacamund , Coonoor and Wellington in the early 19th century . Beginning in 1841 authorities issued contracts to bidders to fell wood from specific sholas in a ' timber conservancy ' program . In 1868 James Breeds , commissioner of the Hills , wrote : `` ... unless conservancy is taken in hand and organized under some efficient system under the control of an experienced officer , the destruction of the sholas is but a question of time . '' Bangitappal ( Cannabis tableland ) , at the southwest end of the park at the confluence of two streams at the head of the Sispara Pass , used to be a halting place on the old Sispara ghat road from Kozhikode to Ooty , constructed in 1832 . This pass provided a short land route for postal runners from Ooty to the west coast in the 19th century and was used for smuggling of cannabis , tobacco and later salt . A forest rest house and a trekkers shed built there in 1930 are now used by park staff and visiting researchers . Between 1840 and 1856 plantations of several non-native tree species were introduced to the area to satisfy the fuel - wood demand . These included four wattle species ( black wattle , silver wattle , green wattle and blackwood ) , eucalyptus , cypress , Indian long leaf pine and thorny gorse . Eucalyptus became the preferred plantation tree . Unlike the others , the wattles spread by root suckers to quickly cover large areas of native grasslands , including the Mukurthi Hills , and was declared a pest `` useful for covering wastelands . '' . Some black wattle plantations were maintained for the leather industry , as their bark yielded tannin . In 1882 Inspector General of Forests , Dietrich Brandis `` recommended bringing the present 1,200 acres ( 4.9 km ) of plantation up to 5,000 acres ( 20 km ) to create enormous forest blocks `` ... which would make any remaining sholas redundant forest resources . '' The entire area of MNP , was declared as a Reserve forest in 1886 . In 1920 it was suggested that 10 -- 15 acre plots in the Kundah Hills including the present park area , `` be planted up each year in places where sholas have almost or quite disappeared , the most suitable species probably being Acacia dealbata ( silver wattle ) '' , thus replacing highly diverse endemic and stable ecosystems with an exotic monoculture supporting little animal diversity . The area was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 3 August 1982 and upgraded to a National Park on 15 October 1990 in order to protect the Nilgiri tahr . Geography ( edit ) Mukurthi National Park topographic map 1 : 250,000 Mukurthi National Park boundaries and features map Map of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve , showing Mukurthi National Park in relation to multiple contiguous protected areas Mukurthi National Park has an elongated crescent shape facing to the west between 11 ° 10 ' to 11 ° 22 ' N and 76 ° 26 ' to 76 ° 34 ' E. It is bordered on the west by Nilambur South Forest Division in Kerala , to the northwest by Gudalur Forest Division , to the northeast , east and southeast by Nilgiri South Forest Division and to the south by Mannarghat Forest Division , Kerala . At its southwest tip the peaks of this park straddle the northeast corner of Silent Valley National Park of Kerala . On the Nilgiri Plateau , the Kundah range of the Nilgiri hills is a ridge on the south - western side of Mukurthi National Park bordering Kerala . The Tamil Nadu / Kerala border here is 39 km long . The park generally slopes towards the east and south receiving water from the Billithadahalla , Pykara and Kundah rivers , and the Upper Bhavani and Mukurthi reservoirs which flow through the park . Also several perennial streams originate in the park , most of which drain into the Bhavani Puzha . Mukurthi Peak elevation : 2554 m . Park elevation varies from 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) to 2,629 m ( 8,625 ft ) , with Kollaribetta 2,629 m ( 8,625 ft ) , Mukurthi 2,554 m ( 8,379 ft ) , and Nilgiri 2,476 m ( 8,123 ft ) being the highest peaks . With elevations greater than the general level of the plateau , the range possesses some peaks close to the height of Doddabetta , just east of Ooty . Avalanche hill of this range has twin - peaks of the Kudikkadu ( height : 2,590 metres ( 8,497 ft ) ) and the Kolaribetta . Derbetta ( or Bear Hill ) ( height : 2,531 metres ( 8,304 ft ) ) and Kolibetta ( height : 2,494 metres ( 8,182 ft ) ) , south of the Ouchterlony valley , are a continuation of the Kundah range . Pichalbetta ( height : 2,544 metres ( 8,346 ft ) ) , Nilgiri Peak and Mukurthi Peak are the important heights of this area . Though not the highest hills in the Nilgiris , these three hills stand out in relation to the generally uniform level of this area . Important peaks in the southwest Sispara / Bangitipal part of the park are Sispara ( height : 2,206 metres ( 7,238 ft ) ) Anginda ( height : 2,383 metres ( 7,818 ft ) ) , Nadugani ( height : 2,320 metres ( 7,612 ft ) ) and Gulkal ( height : 2,468 metres ( 8,097 ft ) ) . The park has a harsh environment with annual rainfall varying from 2010 mm to 6330 mm ( 79 -- 249 inches ) , night temperature sometimes below freezing in the winter and wind speeds ranging up to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . page 13 Mukurthi National Park , the Nilgiris , Tamil Nadu , India . A lovely tapestry of southern high mountain grasslands Fauna ( edit ) Indian red admiral Several threatened mammal species live here including Nilgiri tahr , Indian elephant , Bengal tiger , Nilgiri marten , Nilgiri langur and Bonhote 's mouse . Mukurthi is near the northern end of the range of the Nilgiri tahr . A three - day census in March 2007 estimated 200 tahrs in the park including 60 young ones sighted . There are also leopard , bonnet macaque , sambar deer , barking deer , mouse deer , otter , jungle cat , small Indian civet , wild dog , jackal , black - naped hare , shrew , Malabar spiny dormouse and soft - furred rat . Avifauna consists mostly of hill birds including the threatened laughingthrush , whistling thrush , woodcock , wood pigeon , black - and - orange flycatcher , Nilgiri flycatcher , grey headed flycatcher black bulbul , white - eye , Nilgiri pipit . The predatory black - winged kite , kestrel and black eagle may be seen in the grasslands . The area is home to many species of point - endemics among reptiles such as the geckos dwarf gecko spp. , Nilgiri salea ( Salea horsfieldii ) and the skink ( Kaestlea bilineata ) the snakes horseshoe pit viper , checkered keelback , rat snake , Oligodon venustus , bronze - headed vine snake and several shieldtails of which Perrotet 's shieldtail is the most common . Like reptiles , almost all species of amphibians here are endemic only to this region , except the widespread common Indian toad ( Duttaphrynus melanostictus ) ; main species include Bufo microtympanum and many species of tree frogs including Raorchestes tinniens , Raorchestes signatus , Raorchestes ravii , Raorchestes thodai , Raorchestes primarrumpfi , Ghatixalus variabilis and the dancing frog Micrixalus phyllophilus and aquatic ones like Nyctibatrachus indraneili and Fejervarya nilagirica . Butterflies with Himalayan affinity like the blue admiral , Indian red admiral , Indian fritillary , Indian cabbage white and hedge blues are seen here . Some streams had been stocked with exotic rainbow trout in the past . Flora ( edit ) The area is home to numerous endemic plants particularly of the scapigerous annual Impatiens plants . Alchemilla indica and Hedyotis verticillaris are found only within or on the fringes of this park . Rhododendron tree in shola Rhododendrons , Rhododendron arboreum the national flower of Nepal or Rhododendron nilagiricum , are seen throughout the grasslands and very large specimens are conspicuous around many sholas . Other common shola trees and shrubs among the 58 species found here include : Syzygium calophyllifolium , Daphniphyllum neilgherrense , Cinnamomum wightii , Vaccinium leschenaulti , Mahonia leschenaulti , Litsea sp. , Lasianthus sp. , Psychotria sp. and Michelia nilagirica . Wild yellow raspberries grow on the edge of sholas and in disturbed soil along trails and roads The edges of most sholas are lined with the shrubs : Gaultheria fragrantissima , Rhodomyrtus tomentosa , Rubus sp. , Bergeris tinctoria , Eurya nitida , Strobilanthes sp. , and Helichrysum sp . The orchids Eria abliflora , Oberonia santapaui , Aerides ringens , Aerides crispa and Coelogyne odoratissima are found on the high west edge of the park . Among the grasslands are a plethora of Brachycorythis iantha , Satyrium nepalense , Habenaria cephalotes , Seidenfia densiflora , Spiranthes sinensis and Liparis atropurpurea . The natural habitats of the park have been much disturbed by previously easy motor vehicle access through four entry points and extensive commercial planting and natural spreading of non-native eucalyptus and wattle ( Acacia dealbata , Acacia mearnsii and other species ) . In addition there is one large , and several smaller hydro - electric impoundments in the area . Only 20 % of the park area has more than a 50 % chance of being used by tahr . If old commercial forests are removed and restored to their original grassland habitat , usable tahr habitat would increase to 60 % . Management ( edit ) Mukurthi National Park is managed by the Tamil Nadu Department of Forestry with the main objective to conserve the endangered shola - grassland ecosystem and its endemic flora and fauna . The department operates an effective year round anti-poaching program with gun - and radio - equipped foot patrols operating from anti-poaching camps at Bangitappal , Nadugani , Western Catchment and Mukurthi Fishing Hut . Grassland restoration from old wattle forest Prevention and control of destructive wildfire is achieved through creation of artificial firebreaks in the form of hand - dug fire lines along ridges and cleared trek paths . Local fire watchers are employed for early detection and control during the dangerous December to April fire season . Invasive imported plant species , especially wattle , Scotch broom and gorse are controlled and eliminated from the park through a phased , long - term program focused on restoration of the original biota . Tourism is not a management objective , but the Forest Department does periodically conduct nature awareness and conservation programs for the public and some special interest groups through controlled visits to the Western Catchment and Avalanche areas of the park . The Forest Department seeks to identify and acquire contiguous undisturbed crucial habitat areas for future inclusion in the park . Visitor information ( edit ) Management sign at Upper Bhavani entrance Bangitappal rest house and surroundings Casual tourism and commercial tour operation is not permitted . Tourist facilities are not available in the park . Special interest groups are sometimes permitted for supervised educational programs , trekking and camping . There are forest rest houses at Bangitapal , Avalanche , Pykara and some unfurnished trekking sheds . A mostly downhill three - , four - or five - day trek through Mukurthi and Silent Valley National Parks starts by driving 75 km from Udhagamandalam ( Ooty ) in 4 hours and a 1 km walk to overnight at Bangitapal . Walk 24 km through Mukurthi Park in 9 hours to overnight at Walakkad or overnight half - way at the new trekkers bungalow at Sispara peak then continue 12 km steep downhill the next day to Walakkad . Walk 18 km in 7 hours to overnight at Poochipara . Walk 8 km in 3 hours to Sairandhiri in Silent Valley , then take a park van out or overnight at Sairandhri and trek 23 km to Mukkali village . A forest guide - cum - cook accompanies park visitors during all treks . In some cases the guide may instruct visitors to bend down to drink straight from a stream like a deer and prohibit bathing in a stream so the silt at the bottom is not disturbed and because human body odour might affect the animals . Beginning in November 2007 , the Forest Department has organised trekking programmes inside forest areas of Mukurthi Park with the objective to familiarise the public with their conservation efforts . The places covered by treks are Mudimund , Mukurthi Peak , Western Catchment , Bangitapal , Moyar , Anaikatti , Morganbetta , Avalanchi , Kolleribetta , Sispara and Silent Valley . Trek distances vary between 8 km and 60 km . Each group comprises up to 20 members . Guides , instructors , cooks , porters , tents and food are provided by the department . Trekkers have to bring rucksacks and sleeping bags . Application for trekking permits can be made to the range officer . The nearest airport is Coimbatore ( 140 km away ) . The nearest railway station is Udhagamandalam ( 45 km away ) . The best seasons are February to May and September to November . Nature film ( edit ) A Day In Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve - A Lifescape To Experience available on YouTube . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mukurthi National Park . 100 + Photographs of Mukurthi National Park on flickr.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dogra , Rakesh Kumar ( 7 July 2006 ) , Mukurthi National Park Management plan ; 2004 -- 2009 , The Protected Area part 1. doc ( Draft ed . ) , Udhagamandalam , Tamil Nadu : Wildlife Warden , Mount Stuart Hill , Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Four natural and four cultural properties added to UNESCO 's World Heritage List on Sunday '' , whc.unesco.org , 1 July 2012 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Thyaagarajan , p. 70 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Venugopal , Dharmalingam , `` Stairway to heaven , up the blue mountain '' , The Hindu Business Line , 8 July 2002. Ooty trek Jump up ^ Jayadev , T. , p. 12 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sutton , p. 6 Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dogra , MNP Mgt plan , 3.6. 1 , Legal status Jump up ^ Ranganathan , pp. 45 -- 47 Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dogra_I. F.S. , Rakesh Kumar producer ; Seshan , Suprabha editor ( April 2007 ) , Mukurthi Unforeseen Wilderness , A Compendium of Writings and Photographs on Mukurthi National Park , Tamil Nadu Forest Department , pp. 48 50 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Asian Nature Conservation Foundation , Mukurthi -- National Park . Retrieved 18 April 2007 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ahmed , Ameen Romantic Mukurthi Deccan Herald , Bangalore. 21 January 2001 . ' Romantic Mukurthi ' Jump up ^ District Administration , Nilgiris ( 20 August 2007 ) National Informatics Centre , Nilgiris . Retrieved 2008 / 08 / 31 Hills and Peaks Jump up ^ ( 12 April 2007 ) `` Nilgiri Tahr population healthy : census '' , The Hindu . Retrieved 18 April 2007 `` eco-sensitive zone '' Jump up ^ Kartik Shanker ( 1996 ) Sholas and Grasslands . Sanctuary Asia Magazine , Vol . XVI , No. 2 `` Sholas and Grasslands '' retrieved April 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ Shanker Kartik ( 2002 ) Nilgiris Floral Paradise Nilgiris , p65 . Retrieved 17 February 2008 Jump up ^ Davidar , ERC , Distribution and Status of the Nilgiri Tahr Bombay Natural History Society 75 ( 3 ) : 815 -- 844 Jump up ^ Rice , CG Dr ( 1984 ) US Fish and Wildlife Service , Washington , USA , `` The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr '' , Tahr Foundation . Retrieved 17 April 2007 `` The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr '' Jump up ^ Sumithran , Stephen ( 1997 ) `` Status and Ecology of the Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park , South India '' Phd dissertation , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University . Retrieved 18 April 2007 Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park Jump up ^ Venugopal , Dharmalingam , `` Stairway to heaven , up the blue mountain '' , Business Line , 8 July 2002 . Ooty trek Jump up ^ Radhareddyh , Silent Valley Trek , Travelblog.com , 2007 / 01 / 18 . Trek Jump up ^ Vijayah T. Anantha 2008 / 03 / 23 Treks and tracks , The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 / 04 / 18 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Dogra , Rakesh Kumar ( 11 January 2007 ) . `` Education and awareness programme of conservation -- '' ( PDF ) . Press release . Office of the Wildlife Warden . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Forest Department , National Parks , Mukurthi National Park . Retrieved 17 April 2007 Tourism in The Nilgiris Gardens and parks Bandipur National Park Botanical Gardens Droog Fort Lady Canning 's Seat Mudumalai National Park Mukurthi National Park Rose Garden Sim 's Park Viewpoint Doddabetta Dolphin 's Nose Frog Hill View Point Ketti Valley view Kodanad View Point Lamb 's Rock Needle Rock View Point Rangaswamy Peak and Pillar Western Catchments Lake and waterfalls Avalanche Lake Catherine Falls Emerald Lake Kalhatti Falls Kamaraj Sagar Dam Katary Falls Law 's Falls Ooty Lake Pykara Lake and Waterfalls Upper Bhavani Lake Other tourist spots Adam 's fountain Gori shola Kotagiri plantations Lovedale Nilgiri Mountain Railway Nilgiri mountains Ooty Golf Course Ooty Racecourse Ooty Radio Telescope Stone House Toda huts Events Summer Festival Tourism in India Tourism in Tamil Nadu Coonoor Gudalur Kotagiri Ooty Protected areas of Tamil Nadu Biosphere reserves Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve National parks Grass Hills National Park Guindy National Park Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park Karian Shola National Park Mudumalai National Park Mukurthi National Park Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park Wildlife sanctuaries Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary Bird sanctuaries Chitrangudi Kanjirankulam Karaivetti Karikili Koothankulam Melaselvanur - Kilaselvanur Pulicat Lake Udayamarthandapuram Vaduvur Vedanthangal Vellode Vettangudi Tiger reserves Anaimalai Tiger Reserve Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Conservation reserves Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve Protected areas of India National parks of India Protected areas of India Ministry of Environment and Forests ( India ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands Campbell Bay Galathea Mahatma Gandhi Middle Button Island Mt . Harriet Island North Button Island Rani Jhansi Saddle Peak South Button Island Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara Arunachal Pradesh Mouling Namdapha Assam Dibru - Saikhowa Kaziranga Manas Nameri Orang Bihar Valmiki Chhattisgarh Indravati Kanger Ghati Goa Mollem Gujarat Blackbuck Gir Gulf of Kutch Vansda Haryana Kalesar Sultanpur Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan Pin Valley Khirganga Jammu & Kashmir Dachigam Hemis Kishtwar Jharkhand Betla Karnataka Anshi Bandipur Bannerghatta Nagarhole Kerala Anamudi Shola Eravikulam Mathikettan Shola Pampadam Shola Periyar Silent Valley Madhya Pradesh Bandhavgarh Fossil Kanha Madhav Panna Pench Sanjay Satpura Van Vihar Maharashtra Chandoli Gilbert Hill Gugamal Karnala Navegaon Pench Sanjay Gandhi Tadoba Manipur Keibul Lamjao Sirohi Meghalaya Balphakram Nokrek Mizoram Murlen Phawngpui Nagaland Intangki Odisha Bhitarkanika Simlipal Rajasthan Darrah Desert Keoladeo Ranthambhore Sariska Sikkim Khangchendzonga Tamil Nadu Guindy Gulf of Mannar Anamalai Mudumalai Mukurthi Palani Hills Telangana Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Mahavir Harina Vanasthali Mrugavani Tripura Clouded Leopard Rajbari Uttar Pradesh Dudhwa Uttarakhand Corbett Gangotri Govind Nanda Devi Rajaji Valley of Flowers West Bengal Buxa Gorumara Neora Valley Singalila Sundarbans Jaldapara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukurthi_National_Park&oldid=777762325 '' Categories : National parks in Tamil Nadu Protected areas established in 2001 Hill stations in India South Western Ghats montane rain forests Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी پنجابی Русский Suomi தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2017 , at 03 : 02 . 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who was runner up on american idol with kelly clarkson	Idol judge Simon Cowell praised Guarini 's performance in the show 's first season , at one early audition telling him `` Justin , you know , occasionally you 're very privileged when you do a competition like this to hear somebody undiscovered who has a voice like yours '' , with Guarini ultimately becoming the runner - up to winner Kelly Clarkson in September 2002 . Soon after , Guarini signed with American Idol 's 19 Management and secured a record deal with RCA . Prior to the American Idol Tour , he was the only contestant asked to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show , on which Oprah Winfrey told him , `` Justin , you have it . ''		Justin Guarini	justin guarini		Justin Guarini Guarini at the Hard Rock Cafe in Atlanta , 2012 Background information Birth name Justin Eldrin Bell ( 1978 - 10 - 28 ) October 28 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Columbus , Georgia , U.S. Origin Doylestown , Pennsylvania Genres Pop , rock , R&B Occupation ( s ) Singer Instruments Vocals Years active 2002 -- present Labels RCA , Justice Entertainment Website www.justinguarini.com Justin Guarini ( born Justin Eldrin Bell ; October 28 , 1978 ) is an American singer who was runner - up on the first season of American Idol . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Beginnings 2.2 American Idol 2.2. 1 American Idol performances 2.3 2003 -- 2004 : Justin Guarini 2.4 2005 -- 2007 : Stranger Things Have Happened 2.5 2008 -- 2009 : Revolve 2.6 2010 -- present : Acting , hosting and performing 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.1. 1 Studio albums 3.1. 2 Other contributions 3.2 EPs 3.3 Songs 4 Filmography and theater 4.1 Films 4.2 Theater roles 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Guarini was born in Columbus , Georgia . His father , Eldrin Bell , is African - American and is a former Atlanta , Georgia , Chief of Police , and former Chairperson of Clayton County Commission ( Georgia ) . His mother , Kathy Pepino Guarini is Italian American , and was a journalist for WTVM TV in Columbus , and later for CNN . Guarini was primarily raised by his mother and stepfather , physicist Jerry Guarini , in Philadelphia 's suburb of Doylestown , Pennsylvania . He attended Central Bucks High School East . Career ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Guarini 's musical experience started at age four when he was accepted by the Atlanta Boy Choir . After moving to Pennsylvania in 1985 , he joined the Archdiocese of Philadelphia Boys Choir . Throughout his school years Guarini sang in school choirs , and from 1996 to 2000 was the lead soloist in an award - winning a cappella group named The Midnight Voices . The group released an independent album in 1999 with proceeds benefiting a music scholarship fund at Guarini 's alma mater , Central Bucks High School East in Buckingham , Pennsylvania . He was a director / performer at the Riverside Haunted Woods in Bridgeton , Pennsylvania , in 2001 . His high school and college theatre credits include the lead roles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood , The Little Prince , The Pirates of Penzance , The Taming of the Shrew , and Once on This Island . In addition to singing and stage performing , Guarini plays the piano , guitar , and banjo . After studying vocal performance and theater studies at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia , Guarini later moved to New York City , where he attended the School for Film and Television . He worked in New York nightclubs , and auditioned for New York Theatre before successfully auditioning for American Idol in April 2002 . Shortly after being chosen for American Idol , he was offered a role in the Broadway production of The Lion King . Guarini wrote about his decision between the two offers in his exclusive 2008 blog for the television site , Fancast , stating , `` I had attended master classes ... I learned Zulu and Sotho phrases , as well as the music from the show . It was a dream almost come true at the time . But , now I knew I was onto something , and I was n't letting go . I politely declined the offer of a role ... '' . He was also considering a contract offer from an independent record label , but the show 's rules prohibited participants from having existing record contracts . American Idol ( edit ) Idol judge Simon Cowell praised Guarini 's performance in the show 's first season , at one early audition telling him `` Justin , you know , occasionally you 're very privileged when you do a competition like this to hear somebody undiscovered who has a voice like yours '' , with Guarini ultimately becoming the runner - up to winner Kelly Clarkson in September 2002 . Soon after , Guarini signed with American Idol 's 19 Management and secured a record deal with RCA . Prior to the American Idol Tour , he was the only contestant asked to appear on The Oprah Winfrey Show , on which Oprah Winfrey told him , `` Justin , you have it . '' Justin leaping down stairs as he sings on the American Idol Tour in Atlanta , Georgia ( 2002 ) . American Idol performances ( edit ) Week Theme Song Sung Artist Order Result Top 30 Semifinal Group 2 `` Ribbon in the Sky '' Stevie Wonder 10 Advanced Top 10 Motown `` For Once in My Life '' Stevie Wonder 6 Safe Top 8 1960s `` Sunny '' Bobby Hebb 7 Safe Top 7 1970s `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' Donny Hathaway Bottom 2 Top 6 Big Band `` Route 66 '' Nat King Cole Safe Top 5 Burt Bacharach Love Songs `` The Look of Love '' Dusty Springfield Safe Top 4 1980s 1990s `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` Get Here '' Michael Jackson Brenda Russell 8 Safe Top 3 Idol 's Choice Judges ' Choice `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Al Green Elton John 5 Safe Top 2 Finale `` Before Your Love '' `` Get Here '' `` A Moment Like This '' Justin Guarini Oleta Adams Justin Guarini 5 Runner - Up 2003 -- 2004 : Justin Guarini ( edit ) JustinGuarini concert screencap His self - titled album , Justin Guarini , debuted in June 2003 , coinciding with the single releases of the current second season American Idol top two finalists and the movie From Justin to Kelly , in which Guarini co-starred with Kelly Clarkson . The film was critically panned , while the album sold 146,000 copies . In December 2003 Guarini was dropped from RCA Records . Guarini had a role in the 2004 pre-Broadway New York Stage and Film Powerhouse Theater workshop / presentation of the musical Good Vibrations at Vassar College . His performance ( which included singing , dancing , acting , and playing guitar ) landed Guarini an offer to continue the role in the original Broadway production , which he eventually declined . 2005 -- 2007 : Stranger Things Have Happened ( edit ) Guarini co-produced his second album Stranger Things Have Happened , independently released in December 2005 through his own production company , Justice Entertainment , Ltd ... The album of reinvented jazz standards was described by Allmusic as `` a successful reinvention ... where his natural skills shine '' , The Philadelphia Inquirer said that `` Guarini displays an agile , attractive voice with good phrasing , supported by a sophisticated and funky backing ensemble . '' Guarini wrote , co-arranged and recorded a benefit song released with H.H. Gayuna Cealo , and a song for the documentary series Project Everlasting , in August 2006 and featured on the Today Show . The title track from his album Stranger Things Have Happened was also used in the documentary . From 2007 to 2011 , TV Guide Network signed Guarini as permanent co-host for Idol Wrap and Idol Tonight . On - air duties with the network expanded to include guest hosting / appearances on other TV Guide Network shows , hosting movie premiere specials , and serving as a member of TV Guide Network 's awards show team with on - air coverage of awards shows such as the Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards . 2008 -- 2009 : Revolve ( edit ) Guarini in The American Idol Experience motorcade at Walt Disney World in 2009 . In May 2008 , Guarini released an acoustic EP titled Revolve comprising three songs ( `` Sweet Time '' , `` Rock Bottom '' , and `` When She Cries '' ) co-written and co-produced with Shaun Ingram . Versions of the songs are planned to be included on a future solo album . While stepping out to support the opening of The American Idol Experience at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in February 2009 , Guarini confirmed his impending marriage to his fiancée , Reina Capodici . In an exclusive pictorial of the wedding , People reported that the couple married on September 26 , 2009 . 2010 -- present : acting , hosting and performing ( edit ) Wicked with Justin Guarini as Fiyero . Guarini became a part of the Broadway community with his 2010 Broadway debut as Carlos in a musical adaptation of Pedro Almodovar 's film , Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown . Critics called Guarini 's debut `` surprisingly charming '' , `` captivating '' and `` extremely likeable '' . Guarini played Will , one of the three male leads in Green Day 's rock musical American Idiot performing March 1 , 2011 , through the show 's closing night , April 24 , 2011 . On April 26 , 2011 , his first child with Capodici , William Neko Bell Guarini , was born . His second child , Asher , was born on February 25 , 2013 . In 2013 , Guarini was cast in a modern Broadway production of William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet as Paris . After its Broadway run , the live - filmed stage play was released in movie theaters . Guarini joined the Broadway production of Wicked , in the role of Fiyero from February 25 to December 14 , 2014 . Other stage work includes lead roles in regional reproductions of Rent , Chicago , Company and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Original regional productions include Ghost Brothers of Darkland County as one of two feuding brothers in 2012 at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta , Georgia . In It 's a Wonderful Life , A Live Radio Play Guarini voiced George Bailey in a 2015 on - stage comedic production . In 2015 , he starred in the New York City Center Encores presentation Paint Your Wagon . Praised by critics , Guarini played the outcast Mexican miner . Guarini starred in the 2015 original musical `` Moonshine : The Hee Haw Musical '' premiering at the Dallas Theater Center on September 2 through October 11 , and Mamma Mia ! in 2016 . Also in 2016 , Guarini was cast in Broadway 's new In Transit , the first a cappella musical with book , music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson - Lopez . Guarini participates in Equity staged readings of The Awakening of Angel DeLuna , hosts and / or performs for various Broadway and stage - related benefits , and other industry - related events including Broadway on the Hudson , the Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast in 2014 and 2015 , adding executive producer duties in 2015 . He was an executive producer for the 2015 revival of the musical Side Show . In 2016 Guarini attended the Tony Awards , and co-hosted backstage coverage of the live broadcast in conjunction with BroadwayHD.com . He 's also acted in independent film projects such as the drama and action film Fast Girl , The Unknown : Frankie The Squirrel , Mafioso II : The Son and short film Tilt - a-Whirl for the Dances With Films festival . Since 2015 , Guarini has been starring as Lil ' Sweet in Diet Dr Pepper television commercials , and web marketing . In 2016 , Dr Pepper `` promoted '' tunes for a Lil ' Sweet `` album '' with video clips , promotional pictures of the character , and the character 's own Twitter page . All commercials and clips are available on Dr Pepper 's YouTube channel . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) An EP of original music will be released by Guarini approximately July 30 , 2016 . Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album details Peak Certifications ( sales threshold ) US 1999 The Midnight Voices As lead vocalist Released : 1999 -- US sales : N / A 2003 Justin Guarini Released : June 10 , 2003 Label : RCA Records 20 US sales : 146,000 2005 Stranger Things Have Happened Released : December , 2005 Label : Justice Entertainment , Ltd -- US sales : N / A `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Other contributions ( edit ) Foreign Shores by David Hughes ( featured vocalist ) 2009 The Awakening of Angel DeLuna ( cast album ) 2009 I Could Use a Drink by Drew Gasparini ( featured vocalist ) 2012 Where the Sky Ends : Music by Michael Mott by Michael Mott ( featured vocalist ) 2014 Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( Original Broadway Cast ) 2011 Paint Your Wagon ( cast album ) 2014 EPs ( edit ) Revolve ( Acoustic ) ( May 2008 ) Songs ( edit ) Did You Know That I Know Your Journey ? ( 2006 ) ( vocals , music , co-produced ) Everlasting for documentary Project Everlasting ( 2006 ) ( vocals , music , lyrics , piano ) What You Wo n't Do for Love for Drivetime Reflections ( 2010 ) ( vocals ) Filmography and theater ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 From Justin to Kelly Justin Bell 2008 Fast Girl Darryl K. Sands 2014 Romeo and Juliet Paris Theater roles ( edit ) Good Vibrations ( 2004 ) as Jan The Awakening of Angel DeLuna ( 2009 ) as Fred Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ( 2010 -- 2011 Broadway ) as Carlos American Idiot ( 2011 Broadway ) as Will Rent ( 2011 Regional ) as Roger Davis Chicago ( 2011 Regional ) as Billy Flynn Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 Regional ) as Drake McCandless Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 2012 Regional ) as Joseph It 's a Wonderful Life : A Live Radio Play ( 2012 Regional ) as Jake Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 Broadway ) as Paris Wicked ( 2014 Broadway ) as Fiyero Paint Your Wagon ( 2015 New York City Center ) as Julio Company ( 2015 Regional ) as Bobby Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical ( 2015 Regional ) First Gentleman ( 2016 NYC ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2016 Regional ) as Sam Carmichael Cake Off ( 2016 Regional ) multiple roles In Transit ( 2016 Broadway ) as Trent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Boy Choir to perform at the Monastery of the Holy Spirit News '' . Rockdalecitizen.com. 2011 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini in world premiere of Stephen King musical '' . Philly.com. 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Comeback for Justin Guarini '' . TV Fanatic. 2007 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` From Justin To Kelly ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( 2003 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Where 's Justin Guarini These Days ? Not On RCA Records , Apparently - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Idol Star Guarini Leaves Company of Good Vibrations '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Alumni Justin Guarini Planning Summer Wedding Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol 's Justin Guarini Marches Down the Aisle '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Guarini Joins Broadway 's Women on the Verge ; Casting Complete Archived August 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , August 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini 's ' Breakdown ' getting a beatdown from theater critics '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 5 November 2010 ) . `` Broadway 's ' Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ' lacks an edge '' -- via washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Theater review : ' Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown ' at the Belasco Theatre Culture Monster Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2010 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Davey Havok , Justin Guarini , Van Hughes Will Be New Leads of Broadway 's American Idiot '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Welcomes Son William Neko -- Moms & Babies -- Moms & Babies - People.com '' . Celebritybabies.people.com. 2011 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Welcomes Son Asher -- Moms & Babies -- Celebrity Babies and Kids - Moms & Babies - People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway s Romeo and Juliet with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad Coming to Fathom Events Network of Movie Theaters Nationwide '' . The Gilmer Mirror . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Amabile Angermiller , Michele ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Guarini Nabs Lead in ' Wicked ' on Broadway '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Caroline Bowman and Kara Lindsay Will Be Broadway 's New Wicked Witches ; Robin De Jesus , Matt Shingledecker to Also Join Cast '' . Playbill . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bert Osborne . `` '' Ghost Brothers of Darkland County '' a musical horror story that t `` . Accessatlanta.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Emily Skinner , Shuler Hensley , Justin Guarini Set for GHOST BROTHERS OF DARKLAND COUNTY Workshop , 12 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photo Flash : First Look at Justin Guarini , Lauren Molina , Jill Paice and More in Bucks County 's IT 'S A WONDERFUL LIFE '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Paint Your Wagon , ' Starring Keith Carradine , Opens at Encores ! '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Theater Review : At Encores ! , Paint Your Wagon '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Take a Gander at Broadway - Aimed Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical Broadway Buzz '' . Broadway.com. 2015 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Flash : Meet the ' MOONSHINE ' Cast & Creative Team , Beginning Previews Tonight in Dallas ! '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Drink Up ! See Justin Guarini and Rose Hemingway Go Country in Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hayley Levitt ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Justin Guarini Joins the Muny Cast of Mamma Mia ! '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Viagas , Robert ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Telly Leung , Justin Guarini Among Cast of A Cappella Broadway Musical In Transit '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eddie Varley . `` Justin Guarini 's ' AWAKENING ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Star Justin Guarini and More Join NYCLU 's Broadway Stands Up for Freedom '' . TheaterMania.com . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini & Krysta Rodriguez to Host BROADWAY ON THE HUDSON on 9 / 27 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini and Kerry Butler to Host Times Square Tony Awards Simulcast '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini and Deborah Cox Will Host Times Square Simulcast of Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : 38 '' . BroadwayHD. 2016 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Writer , Matt Smith2 ; Theatre , Specialties Include ; Entertainment , Other Forms of ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` 16 Fun Facts We Learned on the Tonys Behind - the - Scenes Livestream Show '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` Diet Dr Pepper -- Lil ' Sweet Self Employed '' . youtube.com. 2015 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Diet Dr Pepper -- Lil ' Sweet ' Birthday ' ( 2015 ) . YouTube . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beltrone , Gabriel ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Diet Dr Pepper 's Lil ' Sweet Is Back , and Sweet - Talking All Over Your House , in New Ads '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Sweet '' . Diet Dr Pepper . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lil ' Sweet ( @ DietDrPepper ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini : New EP on PledgeMusic '' . Pledgemusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( 23 May 2011 ) . `` American Idol finale : After 10 years , the beat goes on '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Clarke . `` BWW CD Reviews : Broadway Records ' WHERE THE SKY ENDS : THE MUSIC OF MICHAEL MOTT Awakens Dreamers '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Guarini to star in ' Good Vibrations ' '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eddie Varley . `` Justin Guarini 's ' AWAKENING ' '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Scott Lipton ( 2010 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Justin Guarini Is Happy on the Verge '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ask a Star : Justin Guarini of American Idiot Videos '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Full Cast Announced for Justin Guarini - Led RENT at Surflight '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idiot 's Justin Guarini Will Star in Media Theatre 's Chicago '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini Will Star in Muny Production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Dwyer , Jenni Barber , Justin Guarini & More to Join Cast of WICKED in February '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights From Paint Your Wagon With Keith Carradine , Alexandra Socha and Justin Guarini '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look at Keith Carradine , Alexandra Socha , and Justin Guarini in Paint Your Wagon '' . TheaterMania.com . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Call : First Look at Justin Guarini in Bucks County Playhouse Production of Company '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini , Rose Hemingway & More Will Star in MOONSHINE : THAT HEE HAW MUSICAL at Dallas Theater Center '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Lefkowitz ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Guarini Leads Cast of Moonshine : That Hee Haw Musical '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Justin Guarini , Rachel Bay Jones , Michael Rupert , Sally Struthers Set for Reading of First Gentleman Musical '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Guarini , Michele Ragusa and Euan Morton to Lead New Musical CAKE OFF at Bucks County Playhouse '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) . `` In Transit on Broadway : Justin Guarini joins a capella musical cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official website Justin Guarini on IMDb Justin Guarini at AllMusic American Idol season 1 Finalists Kelly Clarkson Justin Guarini Nikki McKibbin Tamyra Gray R.J. Helton Christina Christian Ryan Starr A.J. Gil Jim Verraros EJay Day Other sources Tour `` A Moment Like This '' `` Before Your Love '' American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Maddie Poppe Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Caleb Lee Hutchinson Other alumni Josh Gracin Jennifer Hudson Elliott Yamin Chris Daughtry Kellie Pickler Mandisa Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' `` Going Going Gone '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 Related programming Idol ( franchise ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game ISNI : 0000 0000 4416 338X LCCN : no2003089620 MusicBrainz : d7fff0a4 - 3adf - 40fb - a6bc - 09db41b4b618 VIAF : 53844788 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Guarini&oldid=835118309 '' Categories : 1978 births Male actors from Pennsylvania 21st - century American singers 21st - century American male actors African - American musicians American male film actors American Idol participants American jazz singers American male singers American people of Italian descent People from Doylestown , Pennsylvania American pianists Living people Musicians from Columbus , Georgia University of the Arts ( Philadelphia ) alumni American male stage actors 19 Recordings artists Actors from Columbus , Georgia Singers from Pennsylvania Male actors of Italian descent 21st - century American guitarists Guitarists from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Guitarists from Philadelphia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 17 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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who played charlie conway in the mighty ducks	Joshua Browning Carter Jackson ( born June 11 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actor . He has appeared in primetime television and in over 30 film roles . His well - known roles include Pacey Witter in Dawson 's Creek , Charlie Conway in The Mighty Ducks film series , Peter Bishop in Fringe , and Cole Lockhart in The Affair . Jackson won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in the Canadian independent film One Week .	Joshua Browning Carter Jackson	Joshua Jackson	joshua jackson	Joshua Browning Carter Jackson ( born June 11 , 1978 ) is a Canadian actor . He has appeared in primetime television and in over 30 film roles . His well - known roles include Pacey Witter in Dawson 's Creek , Charlie Conway in The Mighty Ducks film series , Peter Bishop in Fringe , and Cole Lockhart in The Affair . Jackson won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in the Canadian independent film One Week .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Jackson was born in Vancouver , British Columbia , to parents John Carter and Fiona Jackson . His mother is a casting director . Jackson 's father is from Texas ; and his mother is a native of Ballyfermot , Dublin , Ireland , having immigrated to North America in the late 1960s . He has a younger sister , Aisleagh , and two older half brothers , Jonathan and Lyman . He was raised Catholic . Jackson grew up in California until the age of 8 . He moved to Vancouver with his mother and younger sister . He attended Ideal Mini School and later switched to Kitsilano Secondary School . In an interview with The New York Times , Jackson said he was kicked out of high school once because of The Jon Stewart Show : `` ( The show ) played , at least where I grew up , at 1 : 30 in the morning , so I would stay up at night to watch Jon Stewart , but then I 'd be too tired -- or too lazy -- to go to school in the morning . So I 'd just take the first couple of classes off , ' cause I wanted to be fresh when I got there . '' He claims that the first time was because of `` attitude '' problems and that he `` was n't in the school spirit '' . Career ( edit ) Jackson started acting in a small role in the film Crooked Hearts in 1991 . The next year , he played the role of Charlie in a musical version of Willie Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . At this point , with the help of the play 's casting director Laura Kennedy , he joined the William Morris Agency . Soon after , he landed the role of Charlie ( # 96 ) in The Mighty Ducks series , playing a young and aspiring hockey player . Joshua Jackson went on to appear as Pacey Witter on Dawson 's Creek , which ran on the WB network from 1998 -- 2003 , and also starred James Van Der Beek , Michelle Williams and Katie Holmes . While the show was on hiatus , he appeared in several movies including Cruel Intentions ( a New York yuppie adaptation of Les Liaisons dangereuses that also starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and Ryan Phillippe ) , The Skulls , The Safety of Objects , The Laramie Project and a short cameo in the remake of Ocean 's Eleven where he appears as himself in a poker scene with Brad Pitt , George Clooney and Holly Marie Combs , among others . In 2000 , he also guest - starred in Season 12 of The Simpsons , voicing the character of Jesse Grass , a `` hunky environmentalist '' and love interest for Lisa Simpson in the episode `` Lisa the Tree Hugger '' . Shortly after Dawson 's Creek ended in 2003 , Jackson played the lead role in films alongside Dennis Hopper ( Americano ) , Harvey Keitel ( Shadows in the Sun ) , and Donald Sutherland ( Aurora Borealis ) . In 2005 , Jackson moved to the UK and made his stage debut on the London West End with Patrick Stewart in David Mamet 's two - man play , A Life in the Theatre . The play was a critical and popular success , and ran from February to April of that year . Jackson said that he would consider returning to the stage , to try his hand on Broadway . His next film role was in Bobby , directed by Emilio Estevez , Jackson 's co-star from The Mighty Ducks . He played a lead role in Shutter , a US remake of a Thai horror film of the same name . He starred and acted as executive producer in the Canadian independent film One Week , which opened on March 6 , 2009 . From 2008 to 2013 , Jackson played the lead role of Peter Bishop in the science - fiction series Fringe , created by JJ Abrams , Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman . The series appeared on the Fox TV network and was the second - highest rated new show of the 2008 -- 2009 season after CBS 's The Mentalist . BuddyTV ranked him # 9 on its `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010 '' list , # 19 in 2011 and # 14 in 2012 . Jackson was nominated for Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for the film One Week . He won the award on April 12 , 2010 . He held and hosted Pacey - Con in 2010 , directly across the street from the San Diego Comic - Con , sporting a bowling shirt and giving out fan fiction he wrote himself to those waiting in the Comic - Con entrance line . Footage of the event was recorded for a video , entitled ' Pacey - Con ' , which he was filming for Will Ferrell 's Funny or Die celebrity humor website . In 2013 Jackson appeared in the IFC film Inescapable with Marisa Tomei and Alexander Siddig. Jackson wrote the first story from the comic book trilogy Beyond the Fringe , titled `` Peter and the Machine '' . Personal life ( edit ) Jackson was in a relationship with Dawson 's Creek co-star Katie Holmes during the first two seasons of the show 's run . Holmes claims Jackson was her first love . Jackson began dating German actress Diane Kruger in 2006 ; the couple shared residences in Paris , Los Angeles and Vancouver . Jackson and Kruger ended their relationship in 2016 , after 10 years together . He owns his childhood home in Topanga , California . He previously lived in Wilmington , North Carolina , where Dawson 's Creek was filmed ; and in New York , where Fringe filmed its first season . In 2009 , he moved back to Vancouver for the shooting of the four following seasons before the show aired its last episode on January 18 , 2013 . Jackson is a fan of the ice hockey team Vancouver Canucks . He was arrested on November 9 , 2002 at a Carolina Hurricanes ice hockey game in Raleigh , North Carolina after a quarrel with a security guard . He was charged with assault , affray and being intoxicated and disruptive , having 0.14 blood alcohol content . Prosecutors agreed to dismiss the assault charge , and Jackson agreed to attend an alcohol education program and perform 24 hours of community service in order to have the remaining charge dropped . Filmography ( edit ) Joshua Jackson at the premiere of Bobby , Toronto International Film Festival , 2006 Film Year Title Role Notes 1991 Crooked Hearts Tom ( 11 years ) The Mighty Ducks Charlie Conway 1993 Digger Billy 1994 D2 : The Mighty Ducks Charlie Conway 1994 Andre Mark Baker 1995 Magic in the Water Joshua Black D3 : The Mighty Ducks Charlie Conway Robin of Locksley John Prince , Jr . 1997 Ronnie and Julie Ronnie 1997 Scream 2 Film Class Guy # 1 1998 The Battery Michael Papperman Short film 1998 Apt Pupil Joey 1998 Urban Legend Damon Brooks 1999 Cruel Intentions Blaine Tuttle 1999 Muppets from Space Young Man at Beach Cameo Uncredited 2000 The Skulls Lucas ' Luke ' McNamara 2000 Gossip Beau Edson 2001 The Safety of Objects Paul Gold 2001 Ocean 's Eleven Josh Cameo 2002 The Laramie Project Matt Galloway 2002 Lone Star State of Mind Earl Crest Alternative title : Cowboys and Idiots 2003 I Love Your Work John 2005 Cursed Jake Taylor 2005 Racing Stripes Trenton 's Pride Voice role 2005 Americano Chris McKinley 2005 Aurora Borealis Duncan Shorter 2005 The Shadow Dancer Jeremy Taylor Alternative title : Shadows in the Sun 2006 Bobby Wade Buckley 2007 Battle in Seattle Randall 2008 Shutter Benjamin Shaw 2008 Gashole Joshua Jackson ( himself ) Gives commentary for documentary 2008 One Week Ben Tyler 2012 Lay the Favorite Jeremy 2012 Inescapable Paul 2015 Sky Detective Ruther Television Year Title Role Notes 1991 Payoff Young Mac TV movie Champs Matt Mazzilli Episodes : `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' and `` For Art 's Sake '' Robin of Locksley Prince John , Jr . TV movie 1997 Ronnie & Julie Ronnie Monroe TV movie 1997 On the Edge of Innocence Sammy TV movie 1997 The Outer Limits Devon Taylor Episode : `` Music of the Spheres '' 1998 -- 2003 Dawson 's Creek Pacey Witter 124 episodes 2000 The Simpsons Jesse Grass Voice ; Episode : `` Lisa the Tree Hugger '' 2001 Cubix Brian Voice 2006 Capitol Law Mark Clayton Unsold TV pilot 2008 -- 2013 Fringe Peter Bishop 96 episodes 2014 -- present The Affair Cole Lockhart 20 episodes 2016 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Purvis Episode : `` Kimmy Goes to a Hotel ! '' 2016 Years of Living Dangerously Himself Episode : `` Collapse of the Oceans '' Stage Year Title Role Notes 2016 Smart People Brian New play by Lydia R. Diamond at Second Stage Theater 2005 A Life in The Theatre John David Mamet play with Patrick Stewart 2017 Children of a Lesser God James Leeds / General Asshole Revival at Berkshire Theatre Festival with Kenny Leon Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1993 Young Artist Award Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture The Mighty Ducks Nominated 1999 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson 's Creek Won 2000 Teen Choice Award Choice Liar in a Film The Skulls Nominated 2000 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson 's Creek Won 2000 Young Hollywood Award Male Superstar of Tomorrow N / A Won 2001 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson 's Creek Won 2002 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson 's Creek Nominated 2003 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Dawson 's Creek Nominated 2005 Ft . Lauderdale International Film Festival Best Actor Aurora Borealis Won 2006 Hollywood Film Festival Best Ensemble of the Year Bobby Won 2006 Satellite Award Best Actor -- Motion Picture Aurora Borealis Nominated 2007 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Bobby Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Fringe Nominated Genie Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role One Week Won Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Fringe Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Fringe Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Fringe Nominated 2013 Saturn Awards Best Actor on Television Fringe Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor The Affair Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Series Actor The Affair Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morton , Eugene ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) . `` G4 's Attack of the Show interviews Josh Jackson '' . G4tv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua Jackson profile '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shires , Sarah ( 2005 - 03 - 11 ) . `` I was just six and dad filed for custody of my dog ... Yes , I 'm still mad ; Joshua Jackson on growing up and life after Dawson 's Creek '' . The Evening Standard . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tubridy Tonight '' . Rte.ie. 2007 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fiona Jackson Coaching '' . Fiona Jackson Coaching . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Joshua Jackson Biography '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 1978 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rothing , Hilary ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Fringe DVD Launch Party : Josh Jackson interview '' . UGO Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night with Conan O'Brien '' , Joshua Jackson interview May 14 , 2002 ( Joshua Jackson answers the Conan O'Brien question about fans websites ; `` Yeah , you know , I 'm Irish Catholic , I have a lot of family members , that 's a lot of websites . '' ) Retrieved on April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Test : T Men 's Cover Story '' . Video.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mcfadden , Kay ( January 19 , 1998 ) . `` The Kids Are Alright -- Jackson Has Come Far From The ` Chocolate Factory ' '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa the Tree Hugger on IMDb Jump up ^ One Week on IMDb Jump up ^ Joshua Jackson on IMDb Jump up ^ `` BBC News '' . BBC News . 2008 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fringe Overview '' . Sky1.sky.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Men of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Men of 2012 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBC News -- Polytechnique tops Genie nominations '' . Cbc.ca. 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Polytechnique sweeps Genie Awards '' . Toronto Star , April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mintzer , Joshua ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Inescapable : Toronto Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Actor / Now - Writer Joshua Jackson Goes Beyond The Fringe '' . Newsarama . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Holmes : Joshua Jackson Was `` My First Love '' `` . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jane Gordon ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` Diane Kruger : Hollywood 's most celebrated beauty shakes off her ice - queen image '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Diane Kruger and Joshua Jackson Have Split After 10 Years Together '' . People . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenny Cockle ( November 11 , 2007 ) . `` Ben Miller on Los Angeles : I love the glitz , the glamour , the quirks , the beauty '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( May 28 , 2003 ) . `` Mighty Canuck '' . Canoe.ca . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSG Mug Shot : Joshua Jackson '' . Thesmokinggun.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Jackson Cops to Drunken Brawl E ! Online UK '' . Ca.eonline.com. April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stasio , Marilyn ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Off Broadway Review : ' Smart People ' with Joshua Jackson '' . Variety . Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2017/07/04/striving-heard-children-lesser-god/77SnY3ytOfUkCW9cLafJOJ/story.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Joshua Jackson Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joshua Jackson . Joshua Jackson on IMDb Joshua Jackson on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos ( hide ) Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television Award for Best Actor Canadian Film Award 1968 -- 1978 Gerard Parkes ( 1968 ) Chris Wiggins ( 1969 ) Doug McGrath and Paul Bradley ( 1970 ) Jean Duceppe ( 1971 ) Gordon Pinsent ( 1972 ) Jacques Godin ( 1973 ) no award ( 1974 ) Stuart Gillard ( 1975 ) André Melançon ( 1976 ) Len Cariou ( 1977 ) Richard Gabourie ( 1978 ) Genie Award 1980 -- 2011 Christopher Plummer ( 1980 ) Thomas Peacocke ( 1981 ) Nick Mancuso ( 1982 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1983 ) Eric Fryer ( 1984 ) Gabriel Arcand ( 1985 ) John Wildman ( 1986 ) Gordon Pinsent ( 1987 ) Roger Lebel ( 1988 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1989 ) Lothaire Bluteau ( 1990 ) Rémy Girard ( 1991 ) Tony Nardi ( 1992 ) Tom McCamus ( 1993 ) Maury Chaykin ( 1994 ) David La Haye ( 1995 ) William Hutt ( 1996 ) Ian Holm ( 1997 ) Roshan Seth ( 1998 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1999 ) Tony Nardi ( 2000 ) Brendan Fletcher ( 2001 ) Luc Picard ( 2002 ) Rémy Girard ( 2003 ) Roy Dupuis ( 2004 ) Michel Côté ( 2005 ) Roy Dupuis ( 2006 ) Gordon Pinsent ( 2007 ) Natar Ungalaaq ( 2008 ) Joshua Jackson ( 2009 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2010 ) Mohamed Fellag ( 2011 ) Canadian Screen Award 2012 -- present James Cromwell ( 2012 ) Gabriel Arcand ( 2013 ) Antoine Olivier Pilon ( 2014 ) Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Stephan James ( 2016 ) VIAF : 224884204 LCCN : n00031782 ISNI : 0000 0003 6326 5551 GND : 140426604 SUDOC : 144318326 BNF : cb14043779g ( data ) IATH : w6sf3s1j Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Jackson&oldid=808310206 '' Categories : American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American television directors 1978 births Living people American comics writers American expatriates in France American male child actors American people of Canadian descent American people of Irish descent Best Actor Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Canadian comics writers Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male stage actors Canadian male television actors Canadian male voice actors Canadian television directors Canadian people of American descent Canadian people of Irish descent Canadian Roman Catholics Male actors from California Male actors from Seattle Male actors from Vancouver People from Topanga , California 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 02 : 45 . 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did the guy die in me before you			Me Before You	me before you	Me Before You is a romance novel written by Jojo Moyes . The book was first published on 5 January 2012 in the United Kingdom . A sequel titled After You was released 29 September 2015 through Pamela Dorman Books .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Film adaptation 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty - six - year - old Louisa Clark lives with her working - class family . Unambitious and with few qualifications , she feels constantly outshone by her younger sister , Treena , an outgoing single mother . Louisa , who helps support her family , loses her job at a local café when the café closes . She goes to the Job Centre and , after several failed attempts , is offered a unique employment opportunity : help care for Will Traynor , a successful , wealthy , and once - active young man who was paralysed in a motorcycle accident two years earlier . Will 's mother , Camilla , hires Louisa despite her lack of experience , believing Louisa can brighten his spirit . Louisa meets Nathan , who cares for Will 's medical needs , and Will 's father , Steven , a friendly upper - class businessman whose marriage to Camilla is strained . Louisa and Will 's relationship starts out rocky due to his bitterness and resentment over being disabled . Things worsen after Will 's ex-girlfriend , Alicia , and best friend Rupert reveal that they are getting married . Under Louisa 's care , Will gradually becomes more communicative and open - minded as they share experiences together . Louisa notices Will 's scarred wrists and later overhears his mother and sister discussing how he attempted suicide shortly after Camilla refused his request to end his life through Dignitas , a Swiss - based assisted suicide organisation . Horrified by his attempt , Camilla promised to honour her son 's wish , but only if he agreed to live six more months . Camilla intends to prove that , in time , he will believe his life 's worth living . Louisa conceals knowing about Will and Camilla 's agreement . However , she tells Treena , and together they devise ways that will help convince Will to abandon his death wish . Over the next few weeks , Will loosens up and lets Louisa shave his beard and cut his shaggy hair . Louisa begins taking Will on outings and the two grow closer . Through their frequent talks , Louisa learns that Will has travelled extensively ; his favourite place is a café in Paris . Noticing how limited her life is and that she has few ambitions , Will tries to motivate Louisa to change . Louisa continues seeing her longtime boyfriend , Patrick , though they eventually break up due to her relationship with Will . Meanwhile , Louisa 's father loses his job , causing more financial difficulties . Fortunately , Mr. Traynor offers Mr. Clark a position . Louisa realises that Will is trying to help her secure her freedom from her family . The two attend Alicia and Rupert 's wedding where they dance and flirt . Will tells Louisa that she is the only reason he wakes in the morning . Louisa convinces Will to go on a holiday with her , but before they can leave , Will contracts near fatal pneumonia . Louisa cancels the plans for a whirlwind trip . Instead , she takes Will to the island of Mauritius . The night before returning home , Louisa tells Will that she loves him . Will says he wants to confide something , but she admits that she already knows about his plans with Dignitas . Will says their time together has been special , but he can not bear to live in a wheelchair . He will be following through with his plans . Angry and hurt , Louisa storms off and does not speak to him for the remainder of the trip . When they return home , Will 's parents are pleasantly surprised by his good physical condition . Louisa , however , resigns as his caretaker , and they understand that Will intends to end his life . On the night of Will 's flight to Switzerland , Louisa visits him one last time . They agree that the past six months have been the best in their lives . He dies shortly after in the clinic , and it is revealed that he left Louisa a considerable inheritance , meant to continue her education and to fully experience life . The novel ends with Louisa at a café in Paris , reading Will 's last words to her in a letter , that tell her to ' live well ' . Characters ( edit ) Louisa ( Lou ) Clark -- a 26 - year - old woman who is creative , talented and funny but underestimates herself and has few ambitions . Her life changes when she begins working as a caretaker for a paralysed man . Over time , she learns to harness her capabilities and step out of her limited comfort zone . William ( Will ) Traynor -- a 35 - year - old man who became quadriplegic after being hit by a motorbike . He is intelligent and wealthy , but his impairment has left him moody , angry , and bitter . Unable to accept never being the active and adventurous man he once was , he wants to end his life . Camilla Traynor -- Will 's mother who has a strained relationship with her son . She is severe and strict but she cares about her son 's well - being . Steven Traynor -- Will 's father who was mostly absent from his children 's lives ; Camilla Traynor blames him for destroying their family . He wants to divorce Camilla . Katrina ( Treena ) Clark -- Louisa 's younger sister who is a single mother , who works at flower shop . She has always been regarded as the most intelligent sibling . Even though the sisters have always been competitive , they support each other . Patrick -- Louisa 's boyfriend who works as a personal trainer . He is obsessed with sports and diet . Nathan -- Will 's nurse and caretaker who is also his friend . Bernard Clark -- Lou 's father . Josephine -- Lou 's mother . Alicia Dewares -- Will 's ex-girlfriend who marries his colleague , Rupert . She is beautiful and delicate , but lives her life according to the standards of upper society . Georgina Traynor -- Will 's sister who does not care much about her brother , concerned only about her life and her accomplishments . Georgina feels that Will 's mishap should not affect her success . Rupert Freshwell -- An old friend of Will 's from work . He is married to Alicia . Frank -- Louisa 's previous employer . Thomas -- Louisa 's young nephew and the son of her sister Katrina , a single mother . Major Timothy Dewares -- Alicia Dewares 's father . Reception ( edit ) Reception for Me Before You has been positive and the book was placed on the Richard and Judy Book Club . USA Today and the New York Times both praised the work , with the New York Times reviewer commenting that `` When I finished this novel , I did n't want to review it ; I wanted to reread it . '' Disability advocates have criticised the book and film for suggesting that life may not be worth living for some with severe disabilities . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Me Before You ( film ) In 2014 MGM announced it would make a film adaptation of Me Before You , to be directed by Thea Sharrock and released via Warner Bros . The film was initially set to release in August 2015 but was pushed back to 3 June 2016 . Emilia Clarke and Sam Claflin portray the main characters , and filming began in the spring of 2015 . The film has grossed over $200 million worldwide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McClurg , Jocelyn . `` Moyes writes sequel to ' Me Before You ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Dorman Books / Viking to Publish Jojo Moyes ' After You , the Sequel to Me Before You '' . Penguin Books . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaap , James C. `` Me Before You ( Book Review ) . '' Pro Rege 42.1 ( 2013 ) : pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` NY Times Book Review '' . 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ STEFFENS , DANEET . `` Me Before You , By Jojo Moyes '' . The Independent . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Me Before You ( review , book club ) '' . Richard and Judy . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Deirdre . `` Me Before You ( review ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ SCHILLINGER , LIESL . `` Cost of Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Me Before You ' Criticized by Advocates Over Portrayal of a Disabled Character , Vikram Murthi , IndieWire , 26 May 2016 Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` Thea Sharrock To Direct ' Me Before You ' Movie For MGM '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` ' Me Before You ' Gets Release Date From Warner Bros . '' . Deadline . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeth , Becky . `` Game of Thrones ' Emilia Clarke is almost unrecognisable in a playful dungaree dress as she films Me Before You with hunky counterpart Matthew Lewis '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Book portal Me Before You on Penguin Books site Jojo Moyes official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_Before_You&oldid=804024068 '' Categories : 2012 British novels British novels adapted into films British romance novels Death in Switzerland Penguin Books Suicide in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 06 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was the movie finian's rainbow filmed			Finian 's Rainbow ( film )	finian's rainbow ( film )	Finian 's Rainbow is a 1968 Irish - American musical film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Fred Astaire and Petula Clark . The screenplay by E.Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy is based on their 1947 stage musical of the same name . It is a fantasy about an Irishman and his daughter who steal a leprechaun 's magic pot of gold and emigrate to the United States , where they become involved in a dispute between rural landowners and a greedy , racist U.S. Senator .	The film was nominated for several Academy Awards , Golden Globe Awards , and a Writers Guild of America Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Warner Bros . 4 Musical sequences 5 Critical reception 6 Awards and honors 7 Home Media 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A lovable rogue named Finian McLonergan absconds from his native Ireland with a pot of gold secreted in a carpetbag , plus his daughter Sharon in tow . His destination is Rainbow Valley in the mythical state of Missitucky , where he plans to bury his treasure in the mistaken belief that , given its proximity to Fort Knox , it will multiply . Hot on his heels is the leprechaun Og , desperate to recover his stolen crock before he turns human . Among those involved in the ensuing shenanigans are Woody Mahoney , a ne'er - do - well dreamer who woos Sharon ; his mute sister Susan , who expresses herself in dance ; Woody 's good friend and business partner Howard , an African - American botanist determined to grow mentholated tobacco ; and bombastic Senator Billboard Rawkins , who wears his bigotry as if it were a badge of honor . Complications arise when Rawkins , believing there is gold in Rainbow Valley , attempts to seize the land from the people who live there and makes some racial slurs while doing so . Sharon furiously wishes he would turn black himself -- and , because she is in close proximity to the magical pot of gold , which is capable of granting three wishes , Rawkins does exactly that . Sharon is accused of witchcraft and sentenced to be burned at the stake unless she can make him white again . To save his daughter , Finian tries to find the pot of gold , unaware Susan has discovered it and hidden it under a bridge . Rawkins eventually meets Og , who quickly realizes what caused the senator 's change in race . Seeing that the change of skin color did nothing to alter his hateful racism , Og casts a spell to make Rawkins more open - minded . Sharon and Woody gather in the barn to be married , but the sheriff , his deputies , and the local district attorney barricade the doors and promise to burn the building down if Rawkins is not white by sunrise . Og meets with Susan on the bridge under which the gold is hidden and wishes she could talk . When she begins to speak , Og realizes they are standing above the gold . For a brief moment he considers using the final wish to retain his leprechaun status and return to the fairy world . After a passionate kiss , he decides he would rather remain human with Susan and wishes for Rawkins to be white once more . Thanks to the now - empty crock helping to put out an accidental fire that was about to consume the barn , Howard 's mentholated tobacco experiments become successful , ensuring financial success for all the poor people of Rainbow Valley , both white and black . Sharon and Woody are wed , and bid a fond farewell to Finian , who leaves Rainbow Valley in search of his own rainbow . Cast ( edit ) Fred Astaire as Finian McLonergan Petula Clark as Sharon McLonergan Tommy Steele as Og Don Francks as Woody Mahoney Keenan Wynn as Senator Billboard Rawkins Barbara Hancock as Susan the Silent Al Freeman Jr. as Howard Ronald Colby as Buzz Collins Dolph Sweet as Sheriff Wright King as District Attorney Louil Silas as Henry Other uncredited cast members ( alphabetically ) Brenda Arnau as Sharecropper ' Necessity ' Roy Glenn as Passion Pilgrim Gospeleer Vince Howard as Geologist # 1 Avon Long as Passion Pilgrim Gospeleer Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Since the musical was such a success on stage , there had always been interest in filming it . MGM was interested in filming it in 1948 as a vehicle for Mickey Rooney . However , Harburg set the price for the rights at $1 million and wanted creative control . For a time , a German company wanted to make it . In 1954 , the Distributors Corporation of America wanted to make it as an animated film . A soundtrack of the score was recorded by several stars , but the film was not completed . In 1958 , the authors of the musical teamed with Sidney Buchman to produce the film independently but the film did not proceed . In 1960 , the rights were held by Marvin Rothenberg who wanted Michael Gordon to direct and Debbie Reynolds to star . It was announced the film would be budgeted at $2 million and be released by United Artists . However the film did not eventuate . Harburg stated in 1960 that he was told part of the reason it was so difficult to get a film version made was Hollywood was scared of fantasy musicals . Another reason was the McCarthyism of the period . In 1965 , Harold Hecht bought the film rights and hired Harburg and Saidy to write a script and some new songs . Hecht said he intended to film in nine months . `` This time we really mean business , '' said Harburg . `` We 've gotten a substantial deal and participation in money and production . Up until now Finian has been making so much money on the road that we did n't want to kill the goose laying all those golden eggs . But you become more idealistic as you grow older and you tend to stop thinking about yourself . '' Warner Bros. ( edit ) In September 1966 Warner Bros. announced they had the rights and they would make a film produced by Joseph Landon and starring Fred Astaire , with the aim to get Tommy Steele as the leprechaun . The budget was expected to be $4 million . Francis Ford Coppola was signed as director in February 1967 . Petula Clark then came on board as the female lead and Steele confirmed as the leprechaun , although Robert Morse had expressed interest . Warner Bros. had optioned the film rights to the stage musical , and they were on the verge of expiring . With Camelot having proven to be more costly than anticipated , and its commercial success still undetermined since it had not been released , Jack L. Warner was having second thoughts about another musical project , but when he saw Petula Clark perform on her opening night at the Coconut Grove in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , he knew he had found the ideal Sharon . He decided to forge ahead and hoped for the best , despite his misgivings about having nearly - novice `` hippie '' director Francis Ford Coppola at its helm . Although Clark had made many films in the 1940s and 1950s in her native Great Britain , this would be her first starring role in ten years , and her first film appearance since rising to international fame with `` Downtown '' four years earlier . It was known that Dick Van Dyke was considered to play the role of Finian , back in 1965 , however , financial problems caused the filming to be postponed , and Van Dyke dropped out of consideration . ( Source : `` The Films of Fred Astaire '' ) Fred Astaire , whose last movie musical had been Silk Stockings eleven years earlier , and who had concentrated on his TV specials in the interim , was persuaded at the age of sixty - nine to return to the screen to portray the title character . Given his status as a screen legend and to accommodate his talents , the role was given a musical presence it had not had on stage , and he was given top rather than the original third billing . While a construction crew transformed more than nine acres of backlot into Rainbow Valley , complete with a narrow gauge railway , schoolhouse , general store , post office , houses , and barns , Coppola spent five weeks rehearsing the cast , and before principal photography began , a complete performance of the film was presented to an audience on a studio soundstage . In the liner notes she wrote for the 2004 Rhino Records limited , numbered edition CD release of the soundtrack , Clark recalls that old - Hollywood Astaire was befuddled by Coppola 's contemporary methods of film - making and balked at dancing in `` a real field with cow dung and rabbit holes . '' Although he finally acquiesced to filming a sequence in the Napa Valley near Coppola 's home , the bulk of the movie was shot on studio soundstages and the backlot , leaving the finished film with jarring contrasts between reality and make - believe . Clark was nervous about her first Hollywood movie and particularly concerned about dancing with old pro Astaire . He later confessed he was just as worried about singing with her . The film was partially choreographed by Astaire 's long - time friend and collaborator Hermes Pan , who was fired by Coppola during filming . Finian 's Rainbow proved to be Astaire 's last major movie musical , although he went on to dance with Gene Kelly during the linking sections of That 's Entertainment , Part 2 . Clark recalls that Coppola 's approach was at odds with the subject matter . `` Francis ... wanted to make it more real . The problem with Finian 's Rainbow is that it 's sort of like a fairy tale ... so trying to make sense of it was a very delicate thing . '' Coppola opted to fall somewhere in the middle , with mixed results . Updating the story line was limited to changing Woody from a labor organizer to the manager of a sharecroppers ' cooperative , making college - student Howard a research botanist , and a few minor changes to the lyrics in the Burton Lane - E.Y. Harburg score , such as changing a reference to Carmen Miranda to Zsa Zsa Gabor . Other than that , the plot remains firmly entrenched in an era that predates the Civil Rights Movement . Because preview audiences found the film overly long , the musical number `` Necessity '' was deleted prior to its release , although the song remains on the soundtrack album . It can also be heard as background music , when Senator Rawkins first shows up in Rainbow Valley in his attempt to buy Finian out . In August 2012 , Clark told the BBC Radio 4 show The Reunion that she and her fellow cast members smoked marijuana during the filming of the movie . `` There was a lot of Flower Power going on , '' she said . Musical sequences ( edit ) CD cover Overture Look to the Rainbow This Time of the Year How Are Things in Glocca Morra ? Look to the Rainbow ( Reprise ) Old Devil Moon Something Sort of Grandish If This Is n't Love ( That ) Great Come - and - Get - It - Day Entr'acte When the Idle Poor Become the Idle Rich Rain Dance Ballet The Begat When I 'm Not Near the Girl I Love How Are Things in Glocca Morra ? ( Reprise ) Exit Music Critical reception ( edit ) Released in major cities as a roadshow presentation complete with intermission , at a time when the popularity of movie musicals was on the wane , the film was dismissed as inconsequential by many critics , who found Astaire 's obviously frail and aged appearance shocking and Steele 's manic performance annoying . In the New York Times , Renata Adler described it as a `` cheesy , joyless thing '' and added , `` there is something awfully depressing about seeing Finian 's Rainbow ... with Fred Astaire looking ancient , far beyond his years , collapsed and red - eyed ... it is not just that the musical is dated ... it is that it has been done listlessly and even tastelessly . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , on the other hand , thought it was `` the best of the recent roadshow musicals ... Since The Sound of Music , musicals have been ... long , expensive , weighed down with unnecessary production values and filled with pretension ... Finian 's Rainbow is an exception ... it knows exactly where it 's going , and is getting there as quickly and with as much fun as possible ... it is the best - directed musical since West Side Story . It is also enchanting , and that 's a word I do n't get to use much ... it is so good , I suspect , because Astaire was willing to play it as the screenplay demands ... he ... created this warm old man ... and played him wrinkles and all . Astaire is pushing 70 , after all , and no effort was made to make him look younger with common tricks of lighting , makeup and photography . That would have been unnecessary : He has a natural youthfulness . I particularly want to make this point because of the cruel remarks on Astaire 's appearance in the New York Times review by Renata Adler . She is mistaken . '' Time Out London calls it an `` underrated musical ... the best of the latter - day musicals in the tradition of Minnelli and MGM . '' Highly praised by all was Petula Clark , whom Ebert described as `` a surprise . I knew she could sing , but I did n't expect much more . She is a fresh addition to the movies : a handsome profile , a bright personality , and a singing voice as unique in its own way as Streisand 's . '' John Mahoney of The Hollywood Reporter said she `` invites no comparisons , bringing to her interpretation of Sharon her own distinctive freshness and form of delivery . '' In the New York Daily News , Wanda Hale cited her `` winsome charm which comes through despite a somewhat reactive role . '' Joseph Morgenstern of Newsweek said she `` looks lovely '' and `` sings beautifully , with an occasional startling reference to the phrasing and timbre of Ella Logan 's original performance . '' Variety observed , `` Miss Clark gives a good performance and she sings the beautiful songs like a nightingale . '' Clearly , in the United States at least , Clark was known only as a singer , although she had appeared as an actress in British films since she was a child . The film earned $5.1 million in rentals in North America . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy but lost to Oliver ! Petula Clark was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy but lost to Barbra Streisand in Funny Girl ; Fred Astaire was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy but lost to Ron Moody in Oliver ! ; and Barbara Hancock was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture but lost to Ruth Gordon in Rosemary 's Baby . Ray Heindorf was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Score -- Adaptation or Treatment but lost to Johnny Green for Oliver ! M.A. Merrick and Dan Wallin were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound but lost to Jim Groom for Oliver ! E.Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy were nominated for Best Written American Musical by the Writers Guild of America . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` How Are Things in Glocca Morra ? '' -- Nominated Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on March 15 , 2005 . Presented in anamorphic widescreen format , it captures all of Astaire 's footwork , most of which was unseen in the original release . It has audio tracks in English and French , with both the dialogue and songs translated into the latter language . Fluent in French , Clark was the sole cast member to record the foreign version . Bonus features include commentary by Francis Ford Coppola , who focuses mostly on the film 's shortcomings , a featurette on the world premiere on Finian 's Rainbow , and the original theatrical trailer . The film was released on Blu - ray on March 7 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1968 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Finian 's Rainbow , Box Office Information '' . Worldwide Box Office . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Deck Is Stacked Against Broadway By Philip K. Scheuer Special to the Los Angeles Times . The Washington Post , Times Herald ( 1959 - 1973 ) ( Washington , D.C ) 26 Dec 1967 : C7 . ^ Jump up to : VIEW FROM A LOCAL VANTAGE POINT By A.H. WEILER . New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 17 Apr 1960 : X5 . Jump up ^ Director 's First Comedy a Smash : They Told Gordon He Could n't Make One -- - Till ' Pillow Talk ' ! Scheuer , Philip K. Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 08 Jan 1960 : A7 . Jump up ^ GREAT EXPECTATIONS : Or , the Annual Survey of a Few Fine Plans That Failed to Materialize By A.H. WEILER . New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 25 Dec 1960 : X9 . Jump up ^ Age of the Unthinking ' Blamed on Broadcasters By John Crosby . The Washington Post , Times Herald ( 1959 - 1973 ) ( Washington , D.C ) 22 May 1960 : G13 . Jump up ^ Smutty Nose to 93rd St. : More About Movies By A.H. WEILER . New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 07 Nov 1965 : X11 . Jump up ^ MOVIE CALL SHEET : Warners to Film ' Rainbow ' Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 28 Sep 1966 : D12 . Jump up ^ WARNERS TO CAST FOR A POT OF GOLD : ' Finian 's Rainbow ' Film With Fred Astaire Is Announced By A.H. WEILER . New York Times ( 1923 - Current file ) ( New York , N.Y ) 28 Sep 1966 : 41 . Jump up ^ Coppola to Direct ' Rainbow ' Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 13 Feb 1967 : c23 . Jump up ^ Steele in ' Finian 's Rainbow ' Martin , Betty . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) 03 Apr 1967 : c30 . ^ Jump up to : Finian 's Rainbow Original Soundtrack CD liner notes ^ Jump up to : Finian 's Rainbow at PetulaClark.net Jump up ^ DVDJournal.com Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph entry '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times review Jump up ^ Time Out review Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1969 '' , Variety , 7 January 1970 p 15 Jump up ^ `` The 41st Academy Awards ( 1969 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Blu-Ray.com review External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Finian 's Rainbow ( film ) Finian 's Rainbow on IMDb Finian 's Rainbow at the TCM Movie Database Finian 's Rainbow at AllMovie Movie stills 1968 radio interview with Fred Astaire featuring extensive discussion of Finian 's Rainbow ( hide ) Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finian%27s_Rainbow_(film)&oldid=841208914 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films 1960s musical comedy films American films American musical comedy films Irish films Leprechaun films Musical fantasy films Films based on musicals Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Warner Bros. films Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism 1960s fantasy films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 16 : 24 . 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what happens during the s stage of interphase	Synthesis ( S ) , in which the cell duplicates its DNA ( via semiconservative replication ) .	the cell duplicates its DNA	Interphase	interphase	Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life . During this phase , the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis . Interphase is the ' daily living ' or metabolic phase of the cell , in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them , grows , reads its DNA , and conducts other `` normal '' cell functions . The majority of eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in interphase . This phase was formerly called the resting phase . However , interphase does not describe a cell that is merely resting ; rather , the cell is living , and preparing for later cell division , so the name was changed . A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis . However , since mitosis is the division of the nucleus , prophase is actually the first stage .	In interphase , the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis . Somatic cells , or normal diploid cells of the body , go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division , whereas diploid germ cells ( i.e. , primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes ) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes ( i.e. , sperm and ova ) for the purpose of sexual reproduction . Chromosomes are copied . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stages of interphase 2 Interphase within sequences of cellular processes 2.1 Interphase and the cell cycle 2.2 Interphase and other cellular processes 3 See also 4 References Stages of interphase ( edit ) There are three stages of cellular interphase , with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage 's completion before proceeding to the next . The stages of interphase are : G ( Gap 1 ) , in which the cell grows and functions normally . During this time , a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows ( to about double its original size ) -- more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases . If the cell is not to divide again , it will enter G . Synthesis ( S ) , in which the cell duplicates its DNA ( via semiconservative replication ) . G ( Gap 2 ) , in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division . The mitochondria divide and the cell continues to grow until mitosis begins . In plants , chloroplasts also divide during G2 . In addition , some cells that do not divide often or ever , enter a stage called G ( Gap zero ) , which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G . The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to . Most cells of adult mammals spend about 20 hours in interphase ; this accounts for about 90 % of the total time involved in cell division . Interphase includes G1 , S , and G2 phases . Mitosis and cytokinesis , however , are separate from interphase . Interphase within sequences of cellular processes ( edit ) Interphase and the cell cycle ( edit ) When G is completed , the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division , composed of mitosis and cytokinesis , respectively . After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis , both resulting daughter cells re-enter G of interphase . In the cell cycle , interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase . In alternative fashion , interphase is sometimes interrupted by G phase , which , in some circumstances , may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase . After the successful completion of the G checkpoint , the final checkpoint in interphase , the cell proceeds to prophase , or in plants to preprophase , which is the first stage of mitosis . G phase is viewed as either an extended G phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide and or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle . Interphase and other cellular processes ( edit ) In gamete production interphase is succeeded by meiosis . In programmed cell death , interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis . See also ( edit ) Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine ( 2000 ) , Essentials of human anatomy and physiology , San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings , ISBN 0805349405 Jump up ^ The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Tutorial The Biology Project -- Cell Biology . University of Arizona . Jump up ^ Cummings , M.R. ( 2014 ) . Human Heredity : Principles and Issues ( 10th ed. , pp. 28 - 29 ) . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole . Jump up ^ Mader , S.S. 2007 . Biology 9th Ed . McGraw Hill Higher Education , Boston , MA , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 325839 - 3 Jump up ^ Re : Are the cells in the G0 ( g zero ) phase of mitosis really suspended ? Erin Cram , Grad student , Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of California , Berkeley . 1999 . MadScience Network . Question ID 942142089. Cb . ( hide ) Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interphase&oldid=825294844 '' Categories : Mitosis Cell biology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 16 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interphase	2,504
who was the boy that played the banjo in the movie deliverance	Billy Redden ( born 1956 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as a backwoods , mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance . He played Lonnie , a banjo - playing teenager of the country in north Georgia , who played the noted `` Dueling Banjos '' with Drew Ballinger ( Ronny Cox ) . The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories .	Billy Redden	Billy Redden	billy redden	Billy Redden ( born 1956 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as a backwoods , mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance . He played Lonnie , a banjo - playing teenager of the country in north Georgia , who played the noted `` Dueling Banjos '' with Drew Ballinger ( Ronny Cox ) . The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Redden was born in Rabun County , Georgia . Career ( edit ) At the age of 16 , he was selected for a role in Deliverance from his school in Georgia by the director John Boorman to portray a banjo - playing `` local '' during the film 's famous `` dueling banjos '' scene . Boorman felt that Redden 's skinny frame and large head , and almond shaped eyes made him the natural choice to play the part of an `` inbred from the back woods . '' Because Redden could not play a banjo , he wore a special shirt which allowed a real banjo player to hide behind him for the scene , which was shot with carefully chosen camera angles that would conceal the player , whose arms were slipped around Redden 's waist to play the tune . After Deliverance , Redden was cast in Lamberto Bava 's 1984 film Blastfighter . The film was recorded in and around Clayton and many people recall it as a mixture of Deliverance and First Blood . Redden next appeared in Tim Burton 's 2003 film Big Fish . Burton was intent on getting Redden , as he wanted him to play the role of a banjo - playing `` welcomer '' in the utopian town of Spectre . Burton located Redden in Clayton , Georgia , where he was part - owner of the Cookie Jar Café , and also worked as a cook and dishwasher . In 2004 , Redden made a guest appearance on Blue Collar TV , playing a car repairman named Ray in a `` Redneck Dictionary '' skit . He represented the word `` raisin bread '' ( as in `` Ray 's inbred '' ) . He played a banjo in the skit . In 2009 , Redden played again his usual role ( The banjo man ) in Ace Cruz 's film Outrage : Born in Terror . In 2012 , 40 years after the release of Deliverance , Redden was interviewed in association with a documentary , The Deliverance of Rabun County ( 2012 ) . It explored the feelings of people in Rabun County four decades later about the 1972 film . Redden said that though Deliverance was the best thing that happened to him , he never saw much money from the movie : I 'd like to have all the money I thought I 'd make from this movie . I would n't be working at Walmart right now . And I 'm struggling really hard to make ends meet . Noting some locals objected to the stereotypes in the movie , Redden said that the people in Rabun County were good people : We 're not a bad people up here , we 're a loving people . Rabun County is a pretty good town . It 's peaceful , not a lot of crime going on , just a real peaceful town . Everybody pretty much gets along with everybody . Filmography ( edit ) Deliverance ( 1972 ) - Lonnie Blastfighter ( 1984 ) - Banjo Man ( uncredited ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) - Banjo Man Outrage ( 2009 ) - Banjo Man ( final film role ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Potempa , Philip ( October 19 , 2008 ) . `` Burt Reynolds and ' Deliverance ' boy reunited `` . The Times of Northwest Indiana . ^ Jump up to : Welles , Cory ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` 40 Years Later , Deliverance Causes Mixed Feelings in Georgia '' . Marketplace . American Public Media . External links ( edit ) Billy Redden on IMDb Blake Spurney ( News Editor ) ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Another celebrity appearance for Rabun star ( Archived 27 Dec 2004 ) '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2004 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Redden&oldid=831658916 '' Categories : 1956 births Living people American male film actors American male child actors Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) People from Clayton , Georgia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Redden	495
who is the greatest horse that ever lived	Secretariat ( March 30 , 1970 -- October 4 , 1989 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who , in 1973 , became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years . His record - breaking win in the Belmont Stakes , where he left the field 31 lengths behind him , is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time . During his racing career , he won five Eclipse Awards , including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three . He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 . In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century , Secretariat is second only to Man o ' War ( racing career 1919 -- 1920 ) , who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname `` Big Red '' .	Secretariat	Secretariat ( Horse )	secretariat ( horse )	Sanford Stakes ( 1972 ) Hopeful Stakes ( 1972 ) Futurity Stakes ( 1972 ) Laurel Futurity ( 1972 ) Garden State Futurity ( 1972 ) Bay Shore Stakes ( 1973 ) Gotham Stakes ( 1973 ) Arlington Invitational ( 1973 ) Marlboro Cup ( 1973 ) Man o ' War Stakes ( 1973 ) Canadian International ( 1973 )	Triple Crown race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1973 ) Preakness Stakes ( 1973 ) Belmont Stakes ( 1973 ) Awards 9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion ( 1973 ) American Champion Two - Year - Old Colt ( 1972 ) American Champion Three - Year - Old Male Horse ( 1973 ) American Champion Male Turf Horse ( 1973 ) American Horse of the Year ( 1972 , 1973 ) Leading broodmare sire in North America ( 1992 ) Honors U.S. Racing Hall of Fame ( 1974 ) Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) U.S. Postage Stamp ( 1999 ) # 2 -- Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century Secretariat ( March 30 , 1970 -- October 4 , 1989 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who , in 1973 , became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years . His record - breaking win in the Belmont Stakes , where he left the field 31 lengths behind him , is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time . During his racing career , he won five Eclipse Awards , including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three . He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 . In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century , Secretariat is second only to Man o ' War ( racing career 1919 -- 1920 ) , who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname `` Big Red '' . At age two , Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a maiden race , but then won seven of his remaining eight starts , including five stakes victories . His only loss during this period was in the Champagne Stakes , where he finished first but was disqualified to second for interference . He received the Eclipse Award for champion two - year - old colt , and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year , a rare honor for a horse so young . At age three , Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown , he set speed records in all three races . His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for 1 ⁄ miles , and his time in the Belmont Stakes stands as the American record for 1 ⁄ miles on the dirt . His controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012 . Secretariat 's win in the Gotham Stakes tied the track record for 1 mile , he set a world record in the Marlboro Cup at 1 ⁄ miles and further proved his versatility by winning two major stakes races on turf . He lost three times that year : in the Wood Memorial , Whitney and Woodward Stakes , but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon . He won his second Horse of the Year title , plus Eclipse Awards for champion three - year - old colt and champion turf horse . At the beginning of his three - year - old year , Secretariat was syndicated for a record - breaking $6.08 million on condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year . Although he sired several successful racehorses , he ultimately was most influential through his daughters ' offspring , becoming the leading broodmare sire in North America in 1992 . Secretariat died in 1989 due to laminitis . His daughters produced several notable sires , including Storm Cat , A.P. Indy , Gone West , Dehere and Chief 's Crown , and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions . He continues to be recognized as one of the greatest horses in American racing history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Early years 2 Appearance and conformation 3 Racing career 3.1 1972 : Two - year - old season 3.2 1973 : Three - year - old season 3.2. 1 Kentucky Derby 3.2. 2 Preakness Stakes 3.2. 3 Belmont Stakes 3.2. 4 Arlington Invitational 3.2. 5 Whitney Stakes 3.2. 6 Marlboro Cup 3.2. 7 Woodward Stakes 3.2. 8 Man o ' War Stakes 3.2. 9 Canadian International Stakes 4 Retirement 4.1 Stud career 4.2 Death 5 Honors and recognition 6 Racing statistics 7 Pedigree 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Background Secretariat was officially bred by Christopher Chenery 's Meadow Stud , but the breeding was actually arranged by Penny Chenery ( then known as Penny Tweedy ) , who had taken over the running of the stable in 1968 when her father became ill . Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler and his dam was Somethingroyal , a daughter of Princequillo . Bold Ruler was the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1973 . Owned by the Phipps family , Bold Ruler possessed both speed and stamina , having won the Preakness Stakes and Horse of the Year honors in 1957 , and American Champion Sprint Horse honors in 1958 . Bold Ruler was retired to stud at Claiborne Farm , but the Phippses owned most of the mares to which Bold Ruler was bred , and few of his offspring were sold at public auction . To bring new blood into their breeding program , the Phippses sometimes negotiated a foal - sharing agreement with other mare owners : Instead of charging a stud fee for Bold Ruler , they would arrange for multiple matings with Bold Ruler , either with two mares in one year or one mare over a two - year period . Assuming two foals were produced , the Phipps family would keep one and the mare 's owner would keep the other , with a coin toss determining who received first pick . Under such an arrangement , Chenery sent two mares to be bred to Bold Ruler in 1968 , Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal . She then sent Cicada and Somethingroyal in 1969 . The foal - sharing agreement stated that the winner of the coin toss would get first foal pick of the foals produced in 1969 , while the loser of the toss would get first pick of the foals due in 1970 . In the spring of 1969 , a colt and filly were produced . In the 1969 breeding season , Cicada did not conceive , leaving only one foal due in the spring of 1970 . Thus , the winner of the coin toss would get only one foal ( the first pick from 1969 ) , and the loser would get two ( the second pick from 1969 and the only foal from 1970 ) . Chenery later said that both owners hoped they would lose the coin toss , which was held in the fall of 1969 in the office of New York Racing Association Chairman Alfred G. Vanderbilt II , with Arthur `` Bull '' Hancock of Claiborne Farm as witness . Ogden Phipps won the toss and took the 1969 weanling filly out of Somethingroyal . The filly was named The Bride and never won a race , though she did later become a stakes producer . Chenery received the Hasty Matelda colt in 1969 and the as - yet - unborn 1970 foal of Somethingroyal , which turned out to be Secretariat . Early years ' A foal is born at midnight And in the frosty morn The horseman eyes him fondly , And a secret hope is born . But breathe it not , nor whisper For fear of a neighbor 's scorn . He 's a chestnut colt , and he 's got a star . He may be another Man o ' War . Nay , say it aloud -- be shameless . Dream and hope and yearn , For there 's never a man among you But waits for his return . -- from `` Big Red '' , by J.A. Estes On March 30 , 1970 , at 12 : 10 a.m. at the Meadow Stud in Caroline County , Virginia , Somethingroyal foaled a bright - red chestnut colt with three white socks and a star with a narrow stripe . The foal stood when he was 45 minutes old and nursed 30 minutes later . Howard Gentry , the manager of Meadow Stud , was at the foaling and later said , `` He was a very well - made foal . He was as perfect a foal that I ever delivered . '' The colt soon distinguished himself from the others . `` He was always the leader in the crowd '' , said Gentry 's nephew , Robert , who also worked at the farm . `` To us , he was Big Red , and he had a personality . He was a clown and was always cutting up , always into some devilment . '' Some time later , Chenery got her first look at the foal and made a one word entry in her notebook : `` Wow ! '' That fall , Chenery and Elizabeth Ham , the Meadow 's longtime secretary , worked together to name the newly weaned colt . The first set of names submitted to the Jockey Club ( Sceptre , Royal Line and Something Special ) played on the names of his sire and dam , but were rejected . The second set , submitted in January 1971 , were Games of Chance , Deo Volonti ( God Willing ) and Secretariat , the last suggested by Ham based on her previous job associated with the secretariat of the League of Nations ( the predecessor of the United Nations ) . Appearance and conformation Equine anatomy Secretariat grew into a massive , powerful horse said to resemble his sire 's maternal grandsire , Discovery . He stood 16.2 hands ( 66 inches , 168 cm ) when fully grown . He was noted for being exceptionally well - balanced , a big , powerful horse described as having `` nearly perfect '' conformation and stride biomechanics . His chest was so large that he required a custom - made girth , and he was noted for his large , powerful , well - muscled hindquarters . An Australian trainer said of him , `` He is incredible , an absolutely perfect horse . I never saw anything like him . '' Secretariat 's absence of major conformation flaws was important , as horses with well made limbs and feet are less likely to become injured . Secretariat 's hindquarters were the main source of his power , with a sloped croup that extended the length of his femur . When in full stride , his hind legs were able to reach far under himself , increasing his drive . His ample girth , long back and well - made neck all contributed to his heart - lung efficiency . The manner in which Secretariat 's body parts fit together determined the efficiency of his stride , which affected his acceleration and endurance . Even very small differences in the length and angles of bones can have a major affect on performance . Secretariat was well put together even as a two - year - old , and by the time he was three , he had further matured in body and smoothed out his gait . The New York Racing Association 's Dr. M.A. Gilman , a veterinarian who routinely measured leading Thoroughbreds with a goal of applying science to create better ways to breed and evaluate racehorses , measured Secretariat 's development from two to three as follows : Measurement October aged 2 October aged 3 Height ( at withers ) 16 ⁄ hands ( 64.75 inches , 164 cm ) 16.1 ⁄ hands ( 65.5 inches , 166 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of shoulder ( chest width ) 16 inches ( 41 cm ) 16.5 inches ( 42 cm ) Girth ( around center of gravity ) 74 inches ( 188 cm ) 76 inches ( 193 cm ) Withers to point of shoulder 28 inches ( 71 cm ) 28.5 inches ( 72 cm ) Elbow to ground ( length of leg ) 37.5 inches ( 95 cm ) 38.5 inches ( 98 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of hip 46 inches ( 117 cm ) 49 inches ( 124 cm ) Point of hip to point of hip 25 inches ( 64 cm ) 26 inches ( 66 cm ) Point of hip to hock 40 inches ( 100 cm ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) Point of hip to buttock 24 inches ( 61 cm ) 24 inches ( 61 cm ) Poll to withers ( neck length ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) Buttock ( croup ) to ground ( height in rear ) 53.5 inches ( 136 cm ) 55.5 inches ( 141 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of buttock ( body length ) 68 inches ( 173 cm ) 69.5 inches ( 177 cm ) Circumference of cannon under knee 8.25 inches ( 21.0 cm ) 8.5 inches ( 22 cm ) Secretariat 's length of stride was considered large even after taking into account his large frame and strong build . While training for the Preakness Stakes , his stride was measured as 24 feet , 11 inches . His powerful hindquarters allowed him to unleash `` devastating '' speed and because he was so well - muscled and had significant cardiac capacity , he could simply out - gallop competitors at nearly any point in a race . His weight before the Gotham Stakes in April 1973 was 1,155 pounds ( 524 kg ) . After completing the grueling Triple Crown , his weight on June 15 had dropped only 24 pounds , to 1,131 pounds ( 513 kg ) . Secretariat was known for his appetite -- during his three - year - old campaign , he ate 15 quarts of oats a day -- and to keep the muscle from turning to fat , he needed fast workouts that could have won many a stakes race . Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm once said , You want to know who Secretariat is in human terms ? Just imagine the greatest athlete in the world . The greatest . Now make him six - foot - three , the perfect height . Make him real intelligent and kind . And on top of that , make him the best - lookin ' guy ever to come down the pike . He was all those things as a horse . Racing career Racing colors of Meadow Stable Secretariat raced in Meadow Stables ' blue - and - white - checkered colors . He never raced in track bandages , but typically wore a blinker hood , mostly to help him focus , but also because he had a tendency to run in towards the rail during races . In January 1972 , he joined trainer Lucien Laurin 's winter stable at Hialeah . Secretariat gained a reputation as a kind horse , likeable and unruffled in crowds or by the bumping that occurs between young horses . He had the physique of a runner , but at first was awkward and clumsy . He was frequently outpaced by more precocious stable mates , running a quarter - mile in 26 seconds compared to 23 seconds by his peers . His regular exercise riders were Jim Gaffney and Charlie Davis . Davis was not initially impressed . `` He was a big fat sucker '' , Davis said . `` I mean , he was big . He was n't in a hurry to do nothin ' . He took his time . The quality was there , but he did n't show it until he wanted to . '' Gaffney though recalled his first ride on Secretariat in early 1972 as `` having this big red machine under me , and from that very first day I knew he had a power of strength that I have never felt before ... '' Groom Eddie Sweat was another important member of the Secretariat team , providing most of the daily hands - on care . Sweat once told a reporter , `` I guess a groom gets closer to a horse than anyone . The owner , the trainer , they maybe see him once a day . But I lived with him , worked with him . '' Laurin sent Chenery regular updates on Secretariat 's progress , saying that the colt was still learning to run , or that he still needed to lose his baby fat . Chenery recalled that when Secretariat was in training , Lucien once said : `` Your big Bold Ruler colt do n't show me nothin ' . He ca n't outrun a fat man . '' But Secretariat made steady progress over the spring . On June 6 , he wore blinkers for the first time to keep his attention focused and responded with a half - mile workout in a solid 47 ⁄ seconds . On June 24 , he ran a `` bullet '' , the fastest workout of the day , at 6 furlongs in 1 : 12 ⁄ on a sloppy track . Laurin called Chenery at her Colorado home and advised her that Secretariat was ready to race . 1972 : two - year - old season For his first start on July 4 , 1972 at Aqueduct Racetrack , Secretariat was made the lukewarm favorite at 3 -- 1 . At the start , a horse named Quebec cut in front of the field , causing a chain reaction that resulted in Secretariat being bumped hard . According to jockey Paul Feliciano , he would have fallen if he had n't been so strong . Secretariat recovered , only to run into traffic on the backstretch . In tenth position at the top of the stretch , he closed ground rapidly and finished fourth , beaten by only 1 ⁄ lengths . In many of his subsequent races , Secretariat hung back at the start , which Laurin later attributed to the bumping he received in his debut . With Feliciano again up , Secretariat returned to the track on July 15 as the 6 -- 5 favorite . He broke poorly , but then rushed past the field on the turn to win by six lengths . On July 31 in an allowance race at Saratoga , Feliciano was replaced by Ron Turcotte , the regular jockey for Meadow Stables . Turcotte had ridden the colt in several morning workouts , but had missed his first two starts while recovering from a fall . Secretariat 's commanding win as the 2 -- 5 favorite caught the attention of veteran sportswriter , Charles Hatton . He later reported , `` You carry an ideal around in your head , and boy , I thought , ' This is it . ' I never saw perfection before . I absolutely could not fault him in any way . And neither could the rest of them and that was the amazing thing about it . The body and the head and the eye and the general attitude . It was just incredible . I could n't believe my eyes , frankly . '' In August , Secretariat entered the Sanford Stakes , facing off with highly regarded Linda 's Chief . Entering the stretch , Secretariat was blocked by the horses in front of him but then made his way through `` like a hawk scattering a barnyard of chickens '' on his way to a three - length win . Sportswriter Andrew Beyer covered the race for the Washington Star and later wrote , `` Never have I watched a lightly raced 2 - year - old stamp himself so definitively as a potential great . '' Ten days later in the Hopeful Stakes , Secretariat made a `` dazzling '' move , passing eight horses within ⁄ mile to take the lead then drawing off to win by five lengths . His time of 1 : 16 ⁄ for 6 ⁄ furlongs was only ⁄ of a second off the track record . Returning to Belmont Park on September 16 , he won the Belmont Futurity by a length and a half after starting his move on the turn . He then ran in the Champagne Stakes at Belmont on October 14 as the 7 -- 10 favorite . As had become his custom , he started slowly and then made a big move around the turn , blowing past his rivals to win by two lengths . However , following an inquiry by the racecourse stewards , Secretariat was disqualified and placed second for bearing in and interfering with Stop the Music , who was declared the winner . Secretariat then took the Laurel Futurity on October 28 , winning by eight lengths over Stop the Music . His time on a sloppy track was just ⁄ of a second off the track record . He completed his season in the Garden State Futurity on November 18 , dropping back early and making a powerful move around the turn to win by 3 ⁄ lengths at 1 -- 10 odds . Laurin said , `` In all his races , he has taken the worst of it by coming from behind , usually circling his field . A colt has to be a real runner to do this consistently and get away with it . '' Secretariat won the Eclipse Award for American Champion Two - Year - Old Male Horse and , in a rare occurrence , two two - year - olds topped the balloting for 1972 American Horse of the Year honors , with Secretariat edging out the undefeated filly , La Prevoyante . Secretariat received the votes of the Thoroughbred Racing Associations of North America and the Daily Racing Form , while La Prevoyante was chosen by the National Turf Writers Association . Only one horse since then , Favorite Trick in 1997 , has won that award as a two - year - old . 1973 : three - year - old season In January 1973 , Christopher Chenery , the founder of Meadow Stables , died and the taxes on his estate forced his daughter Penny to consider selling Secretariat . Together with Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm , she instead managed to syndicate the horse , selling 32 shares worth $190,000 each for a total of $6.08 million , a world syndication record at the time , surpassing the previous record for Nijinsky who was syndicated for $5.44 million in 1970 . Hancock said the sale was easy , citing Secretariat 's two - year - old performance , breeding , and appearance . `` He 's , well , he 's a hell of a horse . '' Chenery retained four shares in the horse and would have complete control over his three - year - old racing campaign , but agreed that he would be retired at the end of the year . Secretariat wintered in Florida but did not race until March 17 , 1973 in the Bay Shore Stakes at Aqueduct , where he went off as the heavy favorite . As the trainer of one of his opponents put it , `` The only chance we have is if he falls down . '' Racing boxed in by horses on each side , Turcotte decided to go through a narrow gap between horses rather than try to circle the field . Secretariat broke free and won easily , but one of the other jockeys claimed that Secretariat had committed a foul going through the hole . The stewards reviewed photos from the race and determined that Secretariat was actually on the receiving end of a bump , so let the result stand . The Bay Shore established that Secretariat had improved over the winter and that he could also handle adversity . In the Gotham Stakes on April 7 , Laurin decided to experiment with Secretariat 's running style . With no speed horses entered in the race , Secretariat would be allowed to set his own pace . Accordingly , Turcotte hustled Secretariat from the starting gate and they led easily . Down the stretch though , Champagne Charlie came running and at the eighth pole was almost even . Turcotte tapped Secretariat once on each side with the whip and Secretariat drew away to win by three lengths . He ran the first 3 / 4 mile in 1 : 08 ⁄ and finished the one - mile race in 1 : 33 ⁄ , matching the track record . His final preparatory race for the Kentucky Derby was the Wood Memorial , where he finished a surprising third to Angle Light and Santa Anita Derby winner Sham . Laurin was crushed , even though he had trained the winner , Angle Light , who set a slow pace and `` stole '' the race . Secretariat 's loss was later attributed to a large abscess in his mouth , which made him sensitive to the bit . Before and after the race , there was some ill feeling between Laurin and the trainer of Sham , Pancho Martin , fanned by comments in the press . The dispute centered around the use of coupled entries as Martin had entered two horses in addition to Sham , all with the same owner . There was fear that an entry could be used tactically to gang up on another horse . Stung by such insinuations , Martin wound up scratching the two horses that he had originally entered with Sham , and asked Lauren to do the same , but Laurin could not follow suit as Secretariat and Angle Light had different owners . Because of the Wood Memorial results , Secretariat 's chances in the Kentucky Derby became the subject of much speculation in the media . Some questioned his stamina : in part because of his `` blocky '' build , more typical of a sprinter , and in part because of Bold Ruler 's reputation as a sire of precocious sprinters . Rumors circulated that Secretariat was unsound . Kentucky Derby The 1973 Kentucky Derby on May 5 attracted a crowd of 134,476 to Churchill Downs , then the largest crowd in North American racing history . The bettors made the entry of Secretariat and Angle Light the 3 -- 2 favorite , with Sham the second choice at 5 -- 2 . The start was marred when Twice a Prince reared in his stall , hitting Our Native , positioned next to him , and causing Sham to bang his head against the gate , loosening two teeth . Sham then broke poorly and cut himself , also bumping into Navajo . Secretariat avoided problems by breaking last from post position 10 , then cut over to the rail . Early leader Shecky Greene set a reasonable pace , then gave way to Sham around the far turn . Secretariat came charging as they entered the stretch and battled with Sham down the stretch , finally pulling away to win by 2 ⁄ lengths . Our Native finished eight lengths further back in third . Secretariat at the Derby On his way to a still - standing track record of 1 : 59 ⁄ , Secretariat ran each quarter - mile segment faster than the one before it . The successive quarter - mile times were : 25 ⁄ , : 24 , : 23 ⁄ , : 23 ⁄ , and : 23 . This means he was still accelerating as of the final quarter - mile of the race . No other horse had won the Derby in less than 2 minutes before , and it would not be accomplished again until Monarchos ran the race in 1 : 59.97 in 2001 . Sportswriter Mike Sullivan later said : I was at Secretariat 's Derby , in ' 73 ... That was ... just beauty , you know ? He started in last place , which he tended to do . I was covering the second - place horse , which wound up being Sham . It looked like Sham 's race going into the last turn , I think . The thing you have to understand is that Sham was fast , a beautiful horse . He would have had the Triple Crown in another year . And it just did n't seem like there could be anything faster than that . Everybody was watching him . It was over , more or less . And all of a sudden there was this , like , just a disruption in the corner of your eye , in your peripheral vision . And then before you could make out what it was , here Secretariat came . And then Secretariat had passed him . No one had ever seen anything run like that -- a lot of the old guys said the same thing . It was like he was some other animal out there . Preakness Stakes Secretariat in the winner 's circle after the Preakness , with Ron Turcotte , Lucien Lauren , Eddie Sweat and Penny Chenery ( then Tweedy ) In the 1973 Preakness Stakes on May 19 , Secretariat broke last , but then made a huge , last - to - first move on the first turn . Raymond Woolfe , a photographer for the Daily Racing Form , captured Secretariat launching the move with a leaping stride in the air . This was later used as the basis for the statue by John Skeaping that stands in the Belmont Park paddock . Turcotte later said that he was proudest of this win because of the split - second decision he made going into the turn : `` I let my horse drop back , when I went to drop in , they started backing up into me . I said , ' I do n't want to get trapped here . ' So I just breezed by them . '' Secretariat completed the second quarter mile of the race in under 22 seconds . After reaching the lead with 5 ⁄ furlongs to go , Secretariat was never challenged , and won by 2 ⁄ lengths , with Sham again finishing second and Our Native in third , a further eight lengths back . It was the first time in history that the top three finishers in the Derby and Preakness were the same ; the distance between each of the horses was also the same . The time of the race was disputed . The infield teletimer displayed a time of 1 : 55 but it had malfunctioned because of damage caused by people crossing the track to reach the infield . The Pimlico Race Course clocker E.T. McLean Jr. announced a hand time of 1 : 54 ⁄ , but two Daily Racing Form clockers claimed the time was 1 : 53 ⁄ , which would have broken the track record of 1 : 54 set by Cañonero II . Tapes of Secretariat and Cañonero II were played side by side by CBS , and Secretariat got to the finish line first on tape , though this was not a reliable method of timing a horse race at the time . The Maryland Jockey Club , which managed the Pimlico racetrack and is responsible for maintaining Preakness records , discarded both the electronic and Daily Racing Form times and recognized the clocker 's 1 : 54 ⁄ as the official time ; however , the Daily Racing Form , for the first time in history , printed its own clocking of 1 : 53 ⁄ underneath the official time in the chart of the race . On June 19 , 2012 , a special meeting of the Maryland Racing Commission was convened at Laurel Park at the request of Penny Chenery , who hired companies to conduct a forensic review of the videotapes of the race . After over two hours of testimony , the commission unanimously voted to change the time of Secretariat 's win from 1 : 54 ⁄ to 1 : 53 , establishing a new stakes record . The Daily Racing Form announced that it would honor the commission 's ruling with regard to the running time . With the revised time , Sham also would have broken the old stakes record . As Secretariat prepared for the Belmont Stakes , he appeared on the covers of three national magazines : Time , Newsweek , and Sports Illustrated . He had become a national celebrity . William Nack wrote : `` Secretariat suddenly transcended horse racing and became a cultural phenomenon , a sort of undeclared national holiday from the tortures of Watergate and the Vietnam War . '' Chenery needed a secretary to handle all the fan mail and hired the William Morris Agency to manage public engagements . Secretariat responded to his fame by learning to pose for the camera . Belmont Stakes Only four horses ran against Secretariat for the June 9 Belmont Stakes , including Sham and three other horses thought to have little chance by the bettors : Twice A Prince , My Gallant , and Private Smiles . With so few horses in the race , and Secretariat expected to win , no `` show '' bets were taken . Secretariat was sent off as a 1 -- 10 favorite before a crowd of 69,138 , then the second largest attendance in Belmont history . The race was televised by CBS and was watched by over 15 million households , an audience share of 52 % . His only point of reference is himself . -- Charles Hatton On race day , the track was fast , and the weather was warm and sunny . Secretariat broke well on the rail and Sham rushed up beside him . The two ran the first quarter in a quick : 23 ⁄ and the next quarter in a swift : 22 ⁄ , completing the fastest opening half mile in the history of the race and opening ten lengths on the rest of the field . After the six - furlong mark , Sham began to tire , ultimately finishing last . Secretariat continued the fast pace and opened up a larger and larger margin on the field . His time for the mile was 1 : 34 ⁄ , over a second faster than the next fastest Belmont mile fraction in history , set by his sire Bold Ruler , who had eventually tired and finished third . Secretariat , however , did not falter . Turcotte said , `` This horse really paced himself . He is smart : I think he knew he was going 1 ⁄ miles , I never pushed him . '' In the stretch , Secretariat opened a lead of almost ⁄ of a mile on the rest of the field . At the finish , he won by 31 lengths , breaking the margin - of - victory record set by Triple Crown winner Count Fleet in 1943 of 25 lengths . CBS Television announcer Chic Anderson described the horse 's pace in a famous commentary : Secretariat is widening now ! He is moving like a tremendous machine ! The time for the race was not only a record , it was the fastest 1 ⁄ miles on dirt in history , 2 : 24 flat , breaking the stakes record by more than two seconds . Secretariat 's record still stands as an American record on the dirt . If the Beyer Speed Figure calculation had been developed during that time , Andrew Beyer calculated that Secretariat would have earned a figure of 139 , the highest he has ever assigned . A large crowd had started gathering around the paddock hours before the Belmont , many missing the races run earlier in the day for a chance to see the horses up close . Secretariat and Chenery were greeted with an enthusiasm that Chenery responded to with a wave or smile ; Secretariat was imperturbable . A large cheer went up at the break , but as the race went on , the two most commonly reported reactions were disbelief and fear that Secretariat had gone too fast . When it was clear that Secretariat would win , the sound reached a crescendo that reportedly made the grandstand shake . Blood - Horse magazine editor Kent Hollingsworth described the impact : `` Two twenty - four flat ! I do n't believe it . Impossible . But I saw it . I ca n't breathe . He won by a sixteenth of a mile ! I saw it . I have to believe it . '' The race is widely considered the greatest performance of the twentieth century by a North American racehorse . Secretariat became the ninth Triple Crown winner in history , and the first since Citation in 1948 , a gap of 25 years . Bettors holding 5,427 winning parimutuel tickets on Secretariat never redeemed them , presumably keeping them as souvenirs ( and because the tickets would have paid only $2.20 on a $2 bet ) . Arlington Invitational Three weeks after his win at Belmont , Secretariat was shipped to Arlington Park for the Arlington Invitational . Laurin explained : `` Even before the Belmont , you remember , I said I really did n't know how I could give this horse a rest . He 's so strong and full of energy . Well , this is only a week and a half after the Belmont , and believe me when I tell you , if I do n't run this horse he 's going to hurt himself in his stall . So we decided it would be nice to race him in Chicago to let the people in the Midwest have a chance to see him run . '' The race was run at 1 ⁄ miles with a purse of $125,000 . The challengers were grouped as a single betting entry at 6 -- 1 : Secretariat was 1 -- 20 ( the legal minimum ) and created a minus pool of $17,941 . Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago declared that the Saturday of the race was Secretariat Day . A crowd of 41,223 ( the largest at Arlington in three decades ) greeted his arrival on the track with sustained applause . Secretariat broke poorly but soon went to the lead , setting slow early fractions . He gathered momentum on the final turn and eventually won by nine lengths in 1 : 47 flat , just ⁄ off the track record set by Damascus . George Plimpton commented , `` With a better start , a horse to press him and less bow to his turns , Secretariat might have posted a time that would have stood a century . '' Whitney Stakes Secretariat next went to Saratoga , popularly nicknamed `` the graveyard of champions '' , in preparation for the Whitney Stakes on August 4 , where he would face older horses the first time . On July 27 , he put in a stunning workout of 1 : 34 for a mile on a sloppy track , a time that would have broken Saratoga 's track record . On race day though , he was beaten by the Allen Jerkens - trained Onion , a four - year - old gelding who had set a track record at 6 ⁄ furlongs in his previous start . The track condition for the Whitney was labelled fast but was running slow , especially along the inside rail . Secretariat broke poorly and Onion led from the start , setting a slow pace running well off the rail . Down the backstretch , Turcotte chose to make his move along the rail rather than sweeping wide . Secretariat responded more sluggishly than usual and Turcotte went to the whip . Secretariat closed to within a head on the final turn before Onion pulled ahead in the straight to win by a length . A record crowd of more than 30,000 witnessed what was described as an `` astonishing '' upset . Despite Jerkens 's reputation as the `` Giant Killer , '' Secretariat 's stunning loss can possibly be attributed to a viral infection , which caused a low - grade fever and diarrhea . `` I was learning then that anything could happen in horse racing '' , said Chenery . `` We knew he had a low - grade infection . But we decided he was strong enough to win anyway , and we were wrong . '' Secretariat lost his appetite and acted sluggishly for several days . Charles Hatton wrote : `` He seemed distressingly ill walking off , and he missed the Travers . Returned to Belmont to point for the $250,000 Marlboro , the sport 's pin - up horse looked bloody awful , rather like one of those sick paintings which betoken an inner theatre of the macabre . It required supernatural recuperative powers to recover as he did . He was subjected to four severe preps in two weeks . Astonishingly , he gained weight and blossomed with every trial . '' Marlboro Cup On September 15 , Secretariat returned to Belmont Park in the inaugural Marlboro Cup , which was originally intended to be a match race with stablemate Riva Ridge , the 1972 Derby and Belmont Stakes winner . After Secretariat 's loss in the Whitney , the field was expanded to invite top horses from across the country . Entries included 1972 turf champion and top California stakes winner Cougar II , Canadian champion Kennedy Road , 1972 American champion three - year - old colt Key to the Mint , Travers winner Annihilate ' Em ( the only other three - year - old in the race ) , and Onion . Riva Ridge was assigned top weight of 127 pounds ( one pound over the weight - for - age scale ) , Key to the Mint and Cougar II were at 126 pounds , scale weight , while Secretariat was at 124 , three pounds over scale for his age . The field included five champions , and the seven starters had won 63 stakes races between them . It rained the night before , but the track dried out by race time . Secretariat stalked a fast pace in fifth , while Riva Ridge rated just behind Onion and Kennedy Road . Around the turn , Secretariat raced wide and started to make up ground . Coming into the stretch , Secretariat overtook Riva Ridge , while the other early leaders dropped back . Secretariat drew away to win , completing 1 ⁄ miles in 1 : 45 ⁄ , then a world record on the dirt for the distance . Riva Ridge ran second with Cougar II in third and Onion in fourth . Turcotte said , `` Today he was the old Secretariat and he did it on his own . '' The purse for the Marlboro Cup was $250,000 , then the highest prize money offered : the win made Secretariat the 13th Thoroughbred millionaire in history . Woodward Stakes After the Marlboro Cup , the original plan was to enter Riva Ridge in the 1 ⁄ mile Woodward Stakes , just two weeks later , while Secretariat put in some slow workouts on the turf in preparation for the Man o ' War Stakes in October . It rained before the Woodward and the track was sloppy , which Riva Ridge could not handle , so Secretariat was entered in his place . Secretariat led into the straight but was overtaken by the Allen Jerkens - trained four - year - old Prove Out , who pulled clear to win by 4 ⁄ lengths . Prove Out ran the race of his life that day : his time was the second - fastest mile - and - a-half on the dirt in Belmont history despite the sloppy conditions . Prove Out went on to beat Riva Ridge in that year 's Jockey Club Gold Cup . Man o ' War Stakes On October 8 , just nine days after the Woodward , Secretariat was moved to turf for the Man O ' War Stakes at a distance of 1 ⁄ miles . He faced Tentam , who had set a world record for 1 ⁄ miles on the turf earlier that summer , and five others . Secretariat went to the lead early , followed by Tentam , who gradually closed the gap down the backstretch . Tentam got to within a half - length before Secretariat responded , pulling away by three lengths . Tentam made another run around the far turn , but Secretariat again drew away , eventually winning by five lengths over Tentam , with Big Spruce seven and a half lengths further back in third . Secretariat set a course record time of 2 : 24 ⁄ . After the race , Ron Turcotte explained that `` when Tentam came up to him in the backstretch I just chirped to him and he pulled away '' . Canadian International Stakes The syndication deal for Secretariat precluded the horse racing past age three . Accordingly , Secretariat 's last race was against older horses in the Canadian International Stakes over one and five - eighths miles on the turf at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto , Ontario , Canada on October 28 , 1973 . The race was chosen in part because of long - time ties between E.P. Taylor and the Chenery family , and partly to honor Secretariat 's Canadian connections , Laurin and Turcotte . Unfortunately , Turcotte missed the race with a five - day suspension : Eddie Maple got the mount . The day of the race was cold , windy and wet , but the Marshall turf course was firm . Despite the weather , some 35,000 people turned out to greet Secretariat in a `` virtual hysteria '' that Secretariat seemed not to notice . His biggest opponents were Kennedy Road , who he had already beaten in the Marlboro Cup , and Big Spruce , who had finished third in the Man o ' War . Kennedy Road went to the early lead , while Secretariat moved to second after breaking from an outside post . On the backstretch , Secretariat made his move and forged to the lead . `` Snorting steam in the raw twilight '' , he rounded the far turn with a 12 - length lead before gearing down in the final furlong , ultimately winning by 6 ⁄ lengths . Once again , many winning tickets went uncashed by souvenir hunters . After the race , Secretariat was brought to Aqueduct Racetrack where he was paraded with Turcotte dressed in the Meadow silks before a crowd of 32,990 in his final public appearance . `` It 's a sad day , and yet it 's a great day '' , said Laurin . `` I certainly wish he could run as a 4 - year - old . He 's a great horse and he loves to run . '' Altogether , Secretariat won 16 of his 21 career races , with three seconds and one third , and total earnings of $1,316,808 . For 1973 , Secretariat was again named Horse of the Year , and won Eclipse Awards as the American Champion Three - Year - Old Male Horse and the American Champion Male Turf Horse . Retirement Stud career When Secretariat first retired to Claiborne Farm , his sperm showed some signs of immaturity , so he was bred to three non-Thoroughbred mares in December 1973 to test his fertility . One of these , an Appaloosa named Leola , produced Secretariat 's first foal in November 1974 . Named First Secretary , the foal was a chestnut like his sire , but spotted like his dam . Secretariat 's first official foal crop , arriving in 1975 , consisted of 28 foals , the best of which was Dactylographer , who won the William Hill Futurity in October 1977 . The first crop also included Canadian Bound , who at the 1976 Keeneland July sale was the first yearling to break the $1 million barrier , selling for $1.5 million . Canadian Bound , however , was a complete failure in racing , and for several years , the value of Secretariat 's offspring declined considerably , especially given the rising popularity of Northern Dancer 's offspring in the sales ring . Secretariat eventually sired a number of major stakes winners , including : General Assembly , winner of the 1979 Travers Stakes , setting a track record of 2 : 00 flat that stood for 37 years . Lady 's Secret , 1986 Horse of the Year . Risen Star , 1988 Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner . Kingston Rule , 1990 Melbourne Cup winner , breaking the course record . Tinners Way , born in 1990 to Secretariat 's last crop , winner of the 1994 and 1995 Pacific Classic . Ultimately , Secretariat officially sired 663 named foals , including 341 winners ( 51.4 % ) and 54 stakes winners ( 8.1 % ) . There has been some criticism of Secretariat as a stallion , mainly because he did not produce male offspring of his own ability and did not leave a leading sire son behind , but his legacy is assured though the quality of his daughters , several of whom were excellent racers and even more of whom were excellent producers . In 1992 , Secretariat was the leading broodmare sire in North America . Overall , Secretariat 's daughters produced 24 Grade / Group 1 winners . As a broodmare sire , Secretariat 's most notable progeny were : Weekend Surprise , a stakes winner and the 1992 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year . Her sons include 1990 Preakness winner Summer Squall and 1992 Horse of the Year A.P. Indy . Terlingua , a stakes winner and dam of leading sire Storm Cat . Secrettame , a stakes winner and dam of important sire Gone West , whose descendants include Kentucky Derby winner Smarty Jones . Six Crowns , dam of champion two - year - old and sire Chief 's Crown . Sister Dot , dam of champion two - year - old and sire Dehere . Celtic Assembly , dam of Volksraad , leading sire in New Zealand . Betty 's Secret , dam of Secreto , winner of The Derby , and Istabraq , three - time winner of the Champion Hurdle . Through Weekend Surprise and Terlingua alone , Secretariat appears in the pedigree of numerous champions . Weekend Surprises 's son A.P. Indy was the leading sire in North America in 2003 and 2006 , and is the sire of 2003 Horse of the Year Mineshaft and 2007 Belmont Stakes winner Rags to Riches . He has also established a successful sire - line that leads to Kentucky Derby winners Orb and California Chrome . A.P. Indy 's leading sire - line descendant is Tapit , who led the sire list in 2014 -- 2015 and is the sire of Belmont Stakes winners Tonalist and Creator . Terlingua 's son Storm Cat is also a two time leading sire , whose offspring include Giant 's Causeway , three - time leading sire in North America . Storm Cat also sired Yankee Gentleman , who is the broodmare sire of 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah . Inbreeding to Secretariat has also proven successful , as exemplified by numerous graded stakes winners , including two - time Horse of the Year Wise Dan , as well as sprint champion Speightstown . Secretariat 's paddock at Claiborne Farm bordered three other stallions : Drone , Sir Ivor , and Hall of Fame inductee Spectacular Bid . Secretariat did not pay much attention to Drone or Sir Ivor , but he and Spectacular Bid became friendly and occasionally raced each other along the fence line between their paddocks . Death In the fall of 1989 , Secretariat became afflicted with laminitis -- a painful and debilitating hoof condition . When his condition failed to improve after a month of treatment , he was euthanized on October 4 at the age of 19 . Secretariat was buried at Claiborne Farm , given the rare honor of being buried whole ( usually only the head , heart , and hooves of a winning race horse are buried ) . At the time of Secretariat 's death , the veterinarian who performed the necropsy , Dr. Thomas Swerczek , head pathologist at the University of Kentucky , did not weigh Secretariat 's heart , but stated , `` We just stood there in stunned silence . We could n't believe it . The heart was perfect . There were no problems with it . It was just this huge engine . '' Later , Swerczek also performed a necropsy on Sham , who died in 1993 . Swerczek did weigh Sham 's heart , and it was 18 pounds ( 8.2 kg ) . Based on Sham 's measurement , and having necropsied both horses , he estimated Secretariat 's heart probably weighed 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) , or about 2.5 times that of the average horse ( 8.5 pounds ( 3.9 kg ) ) . An extremely large heart is a trait that occasionally occurs in Thoroughbreds , hypothesized to be linked to a genetic condition , called the `` x-factor '' , passed down in specific inheritance patterns . The x-factor can be traced to the historic racehorse Eclipse , who was necropsied after his death in 1789 . Because Eclipse 's heart appeared to be much larger than other horses , it was weighed , and found to be 14 pounds ( 6.4 kg ) , almost twice the normal weight . Eclipse is believed to have passed the trait on via his daughters , and pedigree research verified that Secretariat traces in his dam line to a daughter of Eclipse . Secretariat 's success as a broodmare sire has been linked by some to this large heart theory . However , it has not been proven whether the x-factor exists , let alone increases athletic ability . Honors and recognition The Secretariat statue at Belmont Park is modeled after Secretariat 's leaping stride during the Preakness . Secretariat was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 , the year following his Triple Crown victory . Also in 1974 , Paul Mellon commissioned a bronze statue , sometimes known as Secretariat in Full Stride , from John Skeaping . The life - size statue remained in the center of the walking ring at Belmont Park until 1988 when it was replaced by a replica . The original is now located at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . The Kentucky Horse Park has two other life - sized statues of Secretariat . The first , created by Jim Reno in 1992 , shows Secretariat as an older sire , while the second , completed by Edwin Bogucki in 2004 , shows him being led into the winner 's circle after the Kentucky Derby . In 2015 , a new statue of Secretariat and Ron Turcotte crossing the finish line at the Belmont Stakes was unveiled in Grand Falls , New Brunswick , Turcotte 's hometown . In 1994 , Sports Illustrated ranked Secretariat # 17 in their list of the 40 greatest sports figures of the past 40 years . In 1999 , ESPN listed him 35th of the 100 greatest North American athletes of the 20th century , the highest of three non-humans on the list ( the other two were also racehorses : Man o ' War at 84th and Citation at 97th ) . Secretariat ranked second behind Man o ' War in The Blood - Horse 's List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century . He was also ranked second behind Man o ' War by both a six - member panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press , and a Sports Illustrated panel of seven experts . On October 16 , 1999 in a ceremony conducted in the winner 's circle at Keeneland Race Course in Lexington , the U.S. Postal Service honored Secretariat with a 33 - cent postage stamp bearing his image . In 2005 , Secretariat was featured in ESPN Classic 's show `` Who 's No. 1 ? '' in the episode `` Greatest Sports Performances '' . He was the only nonhuman on the list , with his run at Belmont ranking second behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game . On May 2 , 2007 , Secretariat was inducted into the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame , marking the first time an animal received this honor . In 2013 , Secretariat was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in honor of his victory in the Canadian International 40 years earlier . Secretariat was also the focus of a 2013 segment of 60 Minutes Sports . In March 2016 , Secretariat 's Triple Crown victory was rated # 13 in the Sports Illustrated listing of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History . Due to Secretariat 's enduring popularity , Chenery remained a prominent figure in racing and a powerful advocate for Thoroughbred aftercare and veterinary research until her death in 2017 . In 2004 , the Maker 's Mark Secretariat Center , dedicated to reschooling former racehorses and matching them to new homes , opened at the Kentucky Horse Park . In 2010 , Chenery developed the Secretariat Vox Populi ( `` voice of the people '' ) Award , which is voted for by racing fans . It is intended to acknowledge `` the horse whose popularity and racing excellence best resounded with the American public and gained recognition for Thoroughbred racing . '' The consideration of the racing fan 's engagement is what distinguishes the Vox Populi award from others . The first honoree in 2010 was Zenyatta , that year 's Horse of the Year , while the second award went to Rapid Redux , a former claimer who went on to win 22 consecutive races at smaller racetracks . Paynter received the 2012 award for his battle with laminitis , the same condition that led to Secretariat 's death . `` Paynter 's popularity stems from his ability to battle and exceed expectations , making him the perfect choice as the recipient of this year 's Vox Populi Award '' , said Chenery . `` After seeing firsthand the devastating effects of this disease , I am even more convinced that the industry must continue to diligently fight laminitis . The progress we have made to date clearly benefited Paynter -- a beautiful colt with a tremendous spirit . '' The Secretariat Stakes was created in 1974 to honor his appearance at Arlington Park in 1973 . The Meadow , the farm at which he was born , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is now known as The Meadow Historic District . Secretariat , a Disney live - action film about the racing career of Secretariat , written by Mike Rich and directed by Randall Wallace , was released on October 8 , 2010 . Racing statistics Date Age Distance * Race Track Odds Field Finish Time Margin Jockey Ref 000000001972 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1972 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5 ⁄ furlongs Maiden Special Weight Aqueduct 3.10 12 1 : 05 2999850000000000000 ♠ ( 1 ⁄ ) lengths Paul Feliciano 000000001972 - 07 - 15 - 0000 Jul 15 , 1972 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 furlongs Maiden Special Weight Aqueduct 1.30 11 1 : 10 ⁄ 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 lengths Paul Feliciano 000000001972 - 07 - 31 - 0000 Jul 31 , 1972 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 furlongs Allowance Saratoga 0.40 7 1 : 10 ⁄ 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001972 - 08 - 16 - 0000 Aug 16 , 1972 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 furlongs Sanford Stakes Saratoga 1.50 5 1 : 10 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001972 - 08 - 26 - 0000 Aug 26 , 1972 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6 ⁄ furlongs Hopeful Stakes Saratoga 0.30 9 1 : 16 ⁄ 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001972 - 09 - 16 - 0000 Sep 16 , 1972 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6 ⁄ furlongs Futurity Stakes Belmont 0.20 7 1 : 16 ⁄ 7000175000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001972 - 10 - 14 - 0000 Oct 14 , 1972 7000800000000000000 ♠ 1 mile Champagne Stakes Belmont 0.70 12 1 : 35 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001972 - 10 - 28 - 0000 Oct 28 , 1972 7000850000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ mile Laurel Futurity Laurel 0.10 6 1 : 42 ⁄ 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001972 - 11 - 18 - 0000 Nov 18 , 1972 7000850000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ mile Garden State Garden State 0.10 6 1 : 44 ⁄ 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 03 - 17 - 0000 Mar 17 , 1973 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 furlongs Bay Shore Stakes Aqueduct 0.20 6 1 : 23 ⁄ 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 04 - 07 - 0000 Apr 7 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 1 mile Gotham Stakes Aqueduct 0.10 6 1 : 33 ⁄ 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 04 - 21 - 0000 Apr 21 , 1973 7000900000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Wood Memorial Aqueduct 0.30 8 1 : 49 ⁄ 2999600000000000000 ♠ ( 4 ) lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1973 7001100000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Kentucky Derby Churchill Downs 1.50 13 1 : 59 ⁄ 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1973 7000950000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Preakness Stakes Pimlico 0.30 6 1 : 54 ⁄ 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1973 7001120000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Belmont Stakes Belmont 0.10 5 2 : 24 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1973 7000900000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Arlington Invitational Arlington 0.05 1 : 47 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 08 - 04 - 0000 Aug 4 , 1973 7000900000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Whitney Stakes Saratoga 0.10 5 1 : 49 ⁄ 2999900000000000000 ♠ ( 1 ) lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 09 - 15 - 0000 Sep 15 , 1973 7000900000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Marlboro Cup Belmont 0.40 7 1 : 45 ⁄ 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 09 - 29 - 0000 Sep 29 , 1973 7001120000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles Woodward Stakes Belmont 0.30 5 2 : 25 ⁄ 2999550000000000000 ♠ ( 4 ⁄ ) lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 10 - 08 - 0000 Oct 8 , 1973 7001120000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles ( turf ) Man o ' War Stakes Belmont 0.50 7 2 : 24 ⁄ 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 lengths Ron Turcotte 000000001973 - 10 - 28 - 0000 Oct 28 , 1973 7001130000000000000 ♠ 1 ⁄ miles ( turf ) Canadian International Woodbine 0.20 12 2 : 41 ⁄ 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6 ⁄ lengths Eddie Maple * Conversion of race distances Furlongs Miles Meters 5 ⁄ ⁄ 1,106 6 ⁄ 1,207 6 ⁄ ⁄ 1,308 7 ⁄ 1,408 8 1,609 8 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1,710 9 1 ⁄ 1,811 9 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1,911 10 1 ⁄ 2,012 12 1 ⁄ 2,414 13 1 ⁄ 2,615 Year Age Starts Win ( 1st ) Place ( 2nd ) Show ( 3rd ) Earnings ( $ ) 1972 9 7 -- 456,404 1973 12 9 860,404 Total 21 16 1,316,808 Secretariat 's earnings in 1973 were , at the time , a single - season record . Pedigree Secretariat was by Bold Ruler , who led the North America sire list eight times , more than any other stallion in the 20th century . He also led the juvenile ( two - year - old ) sire list a record six times . Before Secretariat 's Triple Crown run , Bold Ruler was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that lacked stamina or did not train on past age two . However , even before Secretariat , Bold Ruler actually had sired 11 stakes winners of races at 10 furlongs or more . Ultimately , seven of the ten Kentucky Derby winners in the 1970s traced directly to Bold Ruler in their tail male lines , including Secretariat and fellow Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew . Secretariat 's dam was Somethingroyal , the 1973 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year . Although Somethingroyal was unplaced in her only start , she had an excellent pedigree . Her sire Princequillo was the leading broodmare sire from 1966 to 1970 and was noted as a source of stamina and soundness . Her dam Imperatrice was a stakes winner who was purchased by Christopher Chenery at a dispersal sale in 1947 for $30,000 . Imperatrice produced several stakes winners and stakes producers for the Meadow . Prior to foaling Secretariat at age 18 , Somethingroyal had already produced Sir Gaylord , a stakes winner who became an important sire , whose offspring included Epsom Derby winner Sir Ivor . Somethingroyal 's other stakes winners were First Family , Sir Gaylord and Syrian Sea . Breeders speak of a ' nick '' occurring when a sire or grandsire produces significantly better offspring from the daughters of one particular sire than with mares from other bloodlines . The breeding of Bold Ruler with Somethingroyal is an example of a famous nick between Bold Ruler 's sire Nasrullah and daughters of Princequillo . The goal was to balance the speed , precocity , and fiery temperament provided by the Nasrullah side of the pedigree with Princequillo 's stamina , soundness , and sensible temperament . Pedigree of Secretariat , chestnut colt , 1970 Sire Bold Ruler dkb / br. 1954 Nasrullah b . 1940 Nearco b . 1932 Pharos Nogara Mumtaz Begum Blenheim Mumtaz Mahal Miss Disco b . 1944 Discovery Display Ariadne Outdone Pompey Sweep Out Dam Somethingroyal b . 1952 Princequillo b . 1940 Prince Rose Rose Prince Indolence Cosquilla Papyrus Quick Thought Imperatrice dkb / br. 1938 Caruso Polymelian Sweet Music Cinquepace Brown Bud Assignation ( Family 2 - s ) Notes Jump up ^ Man o ' War was also known as `` Big Red . '' The poem was quoted by Edward L. Bowen in `` Joining the Giants '' , an article in The Blood - Horse magazine about Secretariat 's Belmont win . The article author added a footer to the poem , `` Perhaps the wait has ended , '' in reference to Secretariat . The author of the poem , Joe Estes , joined The Blood - Horse in 1930 and became its editor - in - chief . Jump up ^ An `` entry '' or `` coupled entry '' is when multiple horses with the same owner or trainer are grouped together for betting purposes . A bet on the entry cashes in if either horse wins . Jump up ^ The Sanford was the only race in his career in which Secretariat was not the betting favorite Jump up ^ Finished first , disqualified to second Jump up ^ Equaled track record Jump up ^ New track record Jump up ^ This was the official time until revisited in 2012 when it was adjusted to 1 : 53 , a stakes record ( see section above for details ) Jump up ^ New track record . American record on the dirt , though this was not noted on the chart Jump up ^ Then a world record on dirt . Still stands as the track record Jump up ^ Then a course record References ^ Jump up to : `` Profile -- Secretariat '' . Equibase . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Christine , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Penny Chenery 's life , unscripted '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ; Erigero , Patricia . `` Leading Sires of the U.S.A '' . Thoroughbred Heritage . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Influence of Bold Ruler '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( February 22 , 1965 ) . `` Bold is the Badge of Champions '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Tom ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` Foal Sharing '' . The Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nack , p. 41 Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 10 Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 9 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : `` Chenery , Christopher T. ( 1886 -- 1973 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bride '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 39 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Man o ' War came close to perfection '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Edward ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` BH 100 : Instant Classic '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glauber , Bill ( May 2 , 1993 ) . `` ' It Was Like He Was Flying ' : In Five Weeks in 1973 , Secretariat Went From a Potentially Great Horse to a Racing Legend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gentry Shares Life on Farm with Secretariat '' . bluefield.edu . February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 25 Jump up ^ Nack , p. 49 Jump up ^ Lusky , Leonard . `` Ask Penny '' . secretariat.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Avalyn . `` Secretariat ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , p. 93 -- 94 ^ Jump up to : Illman , Dan ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat , Charles Hatton , HandiGambling pp 's '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tate , James ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Is Conformation Relevant ? '' . Trainer Magazine . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat : Horsegears conformation analysis '' . Horsegears . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hatton , Charles ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat : Hatton on the 1972 season ( from the 1972 American Racing Manual ) '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Horsegears Racehorse Conformation Gears Theory '' . Horsegears . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Nack , William ( September 19 , 1994 ) . `` 17 SECRETARIAT '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , William ( June 4 , 1990 ) . `` Pure Heart '' . Sports Illustrated Longform . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , pp. 66 - 7 Jump up ^ Hiers , Fred ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat 's exercise rider reflects on champion horse '' . Ocala StarBanner . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeansonne , John ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jim Gaffney , exercise rider for Secretariat , dead at 75 '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Prologue '' . The horse God built : the untold story of Secretariat , the world 's greatest racehorse ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38225 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Wirth , Jennifer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat : the beauty of being everything '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Josh ( April 2007 ) . `` Stride for Stride with Big Red '' . Louisville Magazine . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nack , pp. 77 - 8 Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 41 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Putnam , Pat ( March 26 , 1973 ) . `` Oh Lord , He 's Perfect '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , front end papers Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 47 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Beyer , Andrew ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Secretariat ' introduces extraordinary horse to a new generation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keane , Patrick J. ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Secretariat : A Personal Memoir '' . Numéro Cinq . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 51 Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( October 16 , 1972 ) . `` Stop the Music wins disqualification '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 59 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( November 27 , 1972 ) . `` Thorns among the roses '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Prevoyante or Secretariat , Horse of the Year 1972 '' . Colin 's Ghost : Thoroughbred Horse Racing History . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cady , Steve ( December 27 , 1972 ) . `` Secretariat Is Horse of Year , Topping La Prevoyante in Poll '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Alan . `` Trick 's Pic Reinforces Nick '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat Is Syndicated For Record $6.08 ‐ Million '' . New York Times . February 27 , 1973 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Big Red and the Winter of ' 73 '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Glossary '' . Equibase . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 6 Jump up ^ Capps , Timothy T. ( 2003 ) . Secretariat ( 1st ed . ) . Lexington , KY : Eclipse Press . p. 121 . ISBN 1 - 58150 - 091 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 14 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( May 14 , 1973 ) . `` It was murder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 12 , 14 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat charges past Sham in Kentucky Derby win '' . Herald - Journal . Associated Press . May 6 , 1973 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Track Records -- Churchill Downs '' . Churchill Downs . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( May 6 , 2001 ) . `` Monarchos Makes His Point and Roars to Victory in the Derby '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , John Jeremiah ( 2004 ) . Blood horses : notes of a sportswriter 's son . New York , NY : Picador . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42376 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Viva Big Red ! '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerardi , Dick ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Jockey looks back at Secretariat 's 1973 Triple Crown '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1 : 53 after review '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering Big Red '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Secretariat Was Champion of the People , Both Young and Old '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat : A Triple Terror '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Assodiated Press . June 10 , 1973 . pp. D1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Joe ( June 9 , 1973 ) . `` This Day In Sports -- A Horse for the Ages '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roundtable Discussion of the Jockey Club ( 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jockey Club . p. 16 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Flatter , Ron . `` Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 40 Jump up ^ `` This day in history : June 9 , 1973 '' . Vancouver Sun . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Records '' . Equibase . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Racing Form : Beyer Numbers '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hollingsworth , Kent ( June 18 , 1973 ) . `` Triple Crown Heroes : Secretariat '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tower , Whitney ( June 18 , 1973 ) . `` History in the Making '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 121 -- 122 ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Andrew ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Secretariat 's Jockey on Winning the Triple Crown at Belmont , 40 Years Ago '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cherwa , John ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the Triple Crown winners '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Souvenir hunters failing to cash in on triple crown winner '' . Observer - Reporter . July 11 , 1973 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 47 Jump up ^ Plimpton , George ( July 9 , 1973 ) . `` Crunch went the Big Red Apple '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat beaten ! '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . August 4 , 1973 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hovdey , Jay ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` The day Onion slayed Secretariat '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` The Unbeatable Horse '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 51 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( September 24 , 1973 ) . `` They made pigeons of the field '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 55 Jump up ^ Sekulic , Mike ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Marlboro Cup of Champions '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prove Out beats Secretariat '' . Pittsburgh Press . September 30 , 1973 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 62 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat wins another purse '' . Calgary Herald . October 9 , 1973 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat -- Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame '' . Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Dave ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat one of a kind '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 63 Jump up ^ Deford , Frank . `` Adieu , Adieu , Kind Friends '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 64 Jump up ^ Nichols , Joe ( November 7 , 1973 ) . `` A Ceremonial Windup for Secretariat '' . New York Times . p. 35 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown winner Secretariat sweeps Horse of the Year ballotting '' . Montreal Gazette . Associated Press . December 19 , 1973 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illman , Dan ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Top Beyers , Secretariat 's First Foal , Arlington Pars '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat -- great sire or a dud at stud ? '' . Sporting Post . April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Memorable Date : First Seven - Figure Yearling Sold '' . Blood - Horse . July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , David ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` Era Ends With Mr. Prospector 's Last Foal Crop '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( August 19 , 1979 ) . `` General Assembly Shows His Heels '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baffert Reflects on Arrogate 's Travers Romp '' . Blood - Horse . August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Glenye Cain ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lady 's Secret dead at age 21 '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Steven ( June 12 , 1988 ) . `` Risen Star Runs Away with the Belmont '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Crist , Steven ( April 17 , 1984 ) . `` Secretariat , at 14 , is still a star '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toepfer , Susan ; Shaw , Bill ( June 13 , 1988 ) . `` After 15 Years of Foaling Around , Superhorse Secretariat Fathers a Big Winner '' . People . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Embry , Mike ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Secretariat , Suffering From Incurable Condition , Destroyed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Marianna ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` The X Factor : The Heart of the Matter '' . HorsesOnly.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haun , Marianna ( 1996 ) . The x factor : what it is & how to find it : the relationship between inherited heart size and racing performance . Neenah , WI : Russell Meerdink Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929346 - 46 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lowitt , Bruce ( December 19 , 1999 ) . `` Secretariat proves he 's a unique breed '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Alan ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Q & A -- Can the ' X-Factor ' be Incorporated in TrueNicks Pedigrees ? '' . True Nicks . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Factor Theory '' . Sophia Stallions . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat -- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame '' . National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Paul ; Taylor , Isabelle ; Weatherly , Laurence ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` The stamp of greatness : Thoroughbred legends in sculpture '' . Thoroughbred Racing Commentary . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Secretariat '' by John Skeaping -- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame `` . National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Equestrian Sculpture -- Horse Sculptures -- Kentucky Horse Park '' . Kentucky Horse Park . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat 's jockey touched by hometown tribute '' . CBC . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top North American athletes of the century '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Scott ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Horse of the Century : Man o ' War vs. Secretariat '' . NBC Bay Area . Jump up ^ `` Man o'War voted best of 20th Century '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . December 22 , 1999 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reed , William ( October 27 , 1992 ) . `` Then & Now 30 Years Ago ' the Best I Ever Rode ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Service ( October 16 , 1999 ) . `` Regal Thoroughbred Rides Into History When U.S Postal Service Commemorates Secretariat '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Stamp Program '' . USPS.com . October 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hengler , Greg ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat : Why He 's One Of ESPN 's Greatest Athletes Of All Time '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ McAninch , Kelly ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Secretariat first equine to enter Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame '' . Thoroughbred Times . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History -- Triple Triumph '' . Sports Illustrated 's 100 Greatest Moments . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Edward L. ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` BH 100 : A Mighty Pair '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . `` Penny Chenery , Owner of the Triple Crown Winner Secretariat , Dies at 95 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eblen , Tom ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Retired racehorses given new life at Maker 's Mark Secretariat Center '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Novak , Claire ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` Paynter to Rejoin Baffert , Wins Vox Populi '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haskin , Steve ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Vox Populi Gets It Right '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stakes Histories -- Secretariat Stakes '' ( PDF ) . arlingtonpark.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shulleeta , Brandon ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Secretariat birthplace makes National Register of Historic Places '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` In ' Secretariat , ' Horse 's Owner Is the Underdog '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Performances at Secretariat.com '' . secretariat.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Nicking ( American Classic Pedigrees ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree -- Secretariat '' . Equineline . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Sources Blood - Horse , Inc ( 1999 ) . Duke , Jacqueline , ed . Thoroughbred champions : top 100 racehorses of the 20th century ( 1st ed . ) . Lexington , KY : The Blood - Horse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58150 - 024 - 0 . Mitchell , Frank J. ; Roman , Steven A. ( 2004 ) . Mitchell , Frank J. , ed . Racehorse breeding theories ( New 1st ed . ) . Neenah , WI : Russell Meerdink Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929346 - 75 - 5 . Nack , William ( 1975 ) . Big Red of Meadow Stables : Secretariat , the Making of a Champion ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : A. Fields Books . ISBN 0 - 525 - 63012 - 0 . Various ( 1973 ) . `` From the pages of The Blood - Horse : A Look Back at Secretariat 's Triple Crown Season '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Woolfe , Jr , Raymond G. ( 1974 ) . Secretariat ( 1st ed . ) . Radnor , PA : Chilton Book Co . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 6156 - 4 . External links The official Secretariat website Sports Illustrated Top 100 Moments in Sports -- short video on Secretariat 's Triple Crown ( # 13 on list ) Classic Photos of Secretariat from Sports Illustrated ESPN Sports Century -- # 35 -- Secretariat Kentucky Derby.com -- Secretariat -- 1973 ESPN Classic -- ESPN Classic story on 1973 Belmont -- November 19 , 2003 Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Preakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_(horse)&oldid=807501615 '' Categories : 1970 racehorse births 1989 racehorse deaths American Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires American Grade 1 Stakes winners American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year Horse monuments Belmont Stakes winners Chefs - de-Race Eclipse Award winners Kentucky Derby winners Preakness Stakes winners Racehorses bred in Virginia Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 2 - s Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Featured articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Pages with login required references or sources Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 11 : 05 . 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who played the original michael myers on halloween	Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films . He first appears in John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) as a young boy who murders his sister and then , fifteen years later , returns home to murder more teenagers . In the original Halloween , the adult Michael Myers , referred to as The Shape in the closing credits , was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film , with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes . The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films , as well as novels , multiple video games , and several comic books .	Nick Castle for most of the film , with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes	Michael Myers ( Halloween )	michael myers ( halloween )	Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films . He first appears in John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) as a young boy who murders his sister and then , fifteen years later , returns home to murder more teenagers . In the original Halloween , the adult Michael Myers , referred to as The Shape in the closing credits , was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film , with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes . The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films , as well as novels , multiple video games , and several comic books .	The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series , except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films . Since Castle , Moran , and Wallace put on the mask in the original film , six people have stepped into the same role . Tyler Mane is the only actor to have portrayed Michael Myers in consecutive films , and one of only two actors to portray the character more than once . Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil , both directly in the films , by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films , as well as by random participants in a survey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Characterization 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Appearances ( edit ) Michael Myers is the primary antagonist in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and had nothing to do with Michael Myers . Michael returned in the following film , Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers , with the title highlighting his revival . The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared : there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers . Films ( edit ) Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film , Halloween , although the masked character is credited as `` The Shape '' in the first two films . In the beginning of Halloween , a 6 - year - old Michael ( Will Sandin ) murders his teenage sister Judith ( Sandy Johnson ) on Halloween , 1963 . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Nick Castle ) escapes Smith 's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield , Illinois . He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) on Halloween , while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis ( Donald Pleasence ) attempts to track him down . Murdering her friends , Michael finally attacks Laurie , but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her . Loomis shoots Michael six times , before Michael falls over the house 's second - story balcony ledge ; when Loomis goes to check Michael 's body , he finds it missing . Michael returns in the sequel , Halloween II ( 1981 ) . The film picks up directly where the original ends , with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael . Michael ( Dick Warlock ) follows Laurie Strode ( Curtis ) to the local hospital , where he wanders the halls in search of her , killing security guards , doctors , and nurses that get in his way . Loomis learns that Laurie Strode is Michael 's younger sister , and rushes to the hospital to find them . He causes an explosion in the operating theater , allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames . Michael Myers does not appear in Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not include any story elements from the first two installments . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) picks the story up ten years after the events of Halloween II . Michael ( George P. Wilbur ) and Dr. Loomis are revealed to have survived the explosion , although Michael has been in a coma at the Ridgemont Federal Sanitarium for a decade . Michael wakes from his coma when he learns Laurie Strode has died , but also learns that she has a seven - year - old daughter , Jamie Lloyd ( Danielle Harris ) . Returning to Haddonfield , he causes a citywide blackout and massacres the town 's police force , before being shot down a mine shaft by the state police . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) begins immediately after the fourth film ends , with Michael Myers ( Donald L. Shanks ) escaping the mine shaft and being nursed back to health by a local hermit . The next year , Michael kills the hermit and returns to Haddonfield to find Jamie ( Harris ) again , chasing her through his childhood home in a trap set up by Loomis ( Pleasence ) . Michael is eventually captured and taken to the local police station , but an unseen figure kills the officers and frees him . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) takes place six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers ; both Jamie ( J.C. Brandy ) and Michael ( Wilbur ) have disappeared from Haddonfield . Jamie has been kidnapped and impregnated by the Cult of Thorn , led by Dr. Terence Wynn ( Mitchell Ryan ) , Loomis ' friend and colleague from Smith 's Grove . Wynn is revealed to have been manipulating Michael Myers all along , and was his mysterious savior in Halloween 5 . Michael kills Jamie , but not before she hides her infant , who is discovered and taken in by Tommy Doyle ( Paul Rudd ) . While trying to protect the baby from Michael and Wynn , Tommy learns that the cult may be the cause of Michael 's obsession with killing his entire family , in addition to his seemingly supernatural abilities . Ignoring the events of the previous three films , Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) establishes that Michael Myers ( Chris Durand ) has been missing since the explosion in 1978 . Laurie Strode ( Curtis ) has faked her death to escape her brother , and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John ( Josh Hartnett ) . On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting , Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress , and murders John 's friends . Getting her son to safety , Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael , and succeeds in decapitating him . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , which picks up three years after H20 , retcons Michael 's death , establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with . Michael ( Brad Loree ) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie ( Curtis ) and kills her . Returning to Haddonfield , he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home . Contestant Sara Moyer ( Bianca Kajlich ) and show producer Freddie Harris ( Busta Rhymes ) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage . A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie 's Halloween ( 2007 ) , a reboot of the franchise . The film follows the basic premise of the original film , with an increased focus on Michael 's childhood : ten - year - old Michael ( Daeg Faerch ) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) and his mother 's boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) , both of whom he later murders . During his time in Smith 's Grove , Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier - mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) . As an adult , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) . Laurie , however , is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self - defense . Zombie 's story is continued in the sequel , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year . Here , Michael ( Mane ) is presumed dead , but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) informs him that he must track Laurie ( Taylor - Compton ) down so that they can `` come home '' . In the film , Michael and Laurie have a mental link , with the two sharing visions of their mother . During the film 's climax , Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife . Literature ( edit ) Michael Myers made his literary debut in October 1979 when Curtis Richards released a novelization of the film . The book follows the events of the film , but includes references to the festival of Samhain . A prologue provides a possible explanation for Michael 's murderous impulses , telling the story of Enda , a disfigured Celtic teenager who butchers the Druid princess Deirdre and her lover as revenge for rejecting him ; the king subsequently has his shaman curse Enda 's soul to walk the earth reliving his crime for eternity . It is later revealed that Michael Myers suffers nightmares about Enda and Deirdre , as did Michael 's great - grandfather before shooting to death two people at a Halloween harvest dance in the 1890s . The novel shows Michael 's childhood in more detail ; his mother voices concern over her son 's anti-social behavior shortly before he murders Judith , and Dr. Loomis notices the boy 's effortless control and manipulation of the staff and patients at Smith 's Grove during his incarceration . Later in the story , Michael 's stalking of Laurie and her friends is depicted as more explicitly sexual than was apparent in the film , with several references to him having an erection . Michael returned to the world of literature with the 1981 adaptation of Halloween II written by Jack Martin ; it was published alongside the first film sequel , with the novel following the film events , with an additional victim , a reporter , added to the novel . The final novelization to feature Michael was Halloween IV , released October 1988 . The novel was written by Nicholas Grabowsky , and like the previous adaptations , follows the events of Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . Over a four - month period , Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke ; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke , with no direct continuity with the films . The first , released on 1 October 1997 , titled The Scream Factory , follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall , only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there . The Old Myers Place is the second novel , released 1 December 1997 , and focuses on Mary White , who moves into the Myers house with her family and takes up residence in Judith Myers ' former bedroom . Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends . O'Rourke's final novel , The Mad House , was released on 1 February 1998 . The Mad House features a young girl , Christine Ray , who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations ; they are currently headed to Smith Grove Mental Hospital . The crew is quickly confronted by Michael Myers . The character 's first break into comics came with a series of comics published by Brian Pulido 's Chaos ! Comics . The first , simply titled Halloween , was intended to be a one - issue special , but eventually two sequels spawned : Halloween II : The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III : The Devil 's Eyes . All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman , with Daniel Farrands -- writer for Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers -- assisting on the first issue ; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations . Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues , focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers . The first issue includes backstory on Michael 's childhood , while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20 . In 2003 , Michael appeared in the self - published comic One Good Scare , written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding . The main character in the comic is Lindsey Wallace , the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film . Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots , and away from the `` lumbering Jason - clone '' the film sequels had made him . On 25 July 2006 , as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror , the comic book Halloween : Autopsis was released . Written by Stefan Hutchinson and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas , the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers . As the photographer , Carter , follows Dr. Loomis ; he begins to take on Loomis 's obsession himself , until finally meeting Michael Myers in person , which results in his death . In 2008 , Devil 's Due Publishing began releasing more Halloween comic books , starting with a four issue mini series , titled Halloween : Nightdance . Written by Stefan Hutchinson , Nightdance takes place in Russellville , and follows Michael 's obsession with Lisa Thomas , a girl who reminds him of his sister Judith . Lisa is afraid of the dark after Michael trapped her in a basement for days , and years later , he starts sending her disturbing , childlike drawings and murdering those around her on Halloween . Meanwhile , Ryan Nichols is hunting Michael down after seeing him attack and kidnap his wife . In the end , Michael frames Ryan for the murders and buries Lisa alive . Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film ; Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa , just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween , before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her . Included in the Nightdance trade paperback is the short prose story Charlie , which features Charlie Bowles , a Russellville serial killer who taps into the same evil force which motivates Michael Myers . To celebrate the anniversary of the Halloween series , Devil 's Due released a one - shot comic entitled Halloween : 30 Years of Terror in August 2008 , written by Hutchinson . An anthology collection inspired by John Carpenter 's original film , Michael appears in various stories , tampering with Halloween candy , decapitating a beauty queen , tormenting Laurie Strode , and killing a school teacher . Characterization ( edit ) `` I met this six - year - old child with this blank , pale , emotionless face , and the blackest eyes ; the devil 's eyes ( ... ) I realized what was living behind that boy 's eyes was purely and simply ... evil . '' -- Loomis ' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter 's experience with a real life mental patient . A common characterization is that Michael Myers is evil . John Carpenter has described the character as `` almost a supernatural force - a force of nature . An evil force that 's loose , '' a force that is `` unkillable '' . Nicholas Rogers elaborates , `` Myers is depicted as a mythic , elusive bogeyman , one of superhuman strength who can not be killed by bullets , stab wounds , or fire . '' Carpenter 's inspiration for the `` evil '' that Michael would embody came when he was in college . While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky , Carpenter visited `` the most serious , mentally ill patients '' . Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years - old . The boy gave this `` schizophrenic stare '' , `` a real evil stare '' , which Carpenter found `` unsettling '' , `` creepy '' , and `` completely insane '' . Carpenter 's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the original film . Debra Hill has stated the scene where Michael kills the Wallaces ' German Shepherd was done to illustrate how he is `` really evil and deadly '' . The ending scene of Michael being shot six times , and then disappearing from the ground outside the house , was meant to terrify the imagination of the audience . Carpenter tried to keep the audience guessing as to who Michael Myers really is -- he is gone , and everywhere at the same time ; he is more than human ; he may be supernatural , and no one knows how he got that way . To Carpenter , keeping the audience guessing was better than explaining away the character with `` he 's cursed by some ... '' For Josh Hartnett , who portrayed John Tate in Halloween H20 , `` it 's that abstract , it 's easier for me to be afraid of it . You know , someone who just kind of appears and , you know ( mimics stabbing noise from Psycho ) instead of an actual human who you think you can talk to . And no remorse , it 's got no feelings , that 's the most frightening , definitely . '' Richard Schickel , film critic for TIME , felt Michael was `` irrational '' and `` really angry about something '' , having what Schickel referred to as `` a kind of primitive , obsessed intelligence '' . Schickel considered this the `` definition of a good monster '' , by making the character appear `` less than human '' , but having enough intelligence `` to be dangerous '' . `` Michael Myers is enduring because he 's pure evil . '' -- Steve Miner Dominique Othenin - Girard attempted to have audiences `` relate to ' Evil ' , to Michael Myers ' ' ill ' side '' . Girard wanted Michael to appear `` more human ( ... ) even vulnerable , with contradicting feelings inside of him '' . He illustrated these feelings with a scene where Michael removes his mask and sheds a tear . Girard explains , `` Again , to humanize him , to give him a tear . If Evil or in this case our boogeyman knows pain , or love or demonstrate a feeling of regrets ; he becomes even more scary to me if he pursues his malefic action . He shows an evil determination beyond his feelings . Dr. Loomis tries to reach his emotional side several times in ( Halloween 5 ) . He thinks he could cure Michael through his feelings . '' Daniel Farrands , writer of The Curse of Michael Myers , describes the character as a `` sexual deviant '' . According to him , the way Michael follows girls around and watches them contains a subtext of repressed sexuality . Farrands theorizes that , as a child , Michael became fixated on the murder of his sister Judith , and for his own twisted reasons felt the need to repeat that action over and over again , finding a sister - like figure in Laurie who excited him sexually . He also believes that by making Laurie Michael 's literal sister , the sequels took away from the simplicity and relatability of the original Halloween . Nevertheless , when writing Curse , Farrands was tasked with creating a mythology for Michael which defined his motives and why he could not be killed . He says , `` He ca n't just be a man anymore , he 's gone beyond that . He 's mythical . He 's supernatural . So , I took it from that standpoint that there 's something else driving him . A force that goes beyond that five senses that has infected this boy 's soul and now is driving him . '' As the script developed and more people became involved , Farrands admits that the film went too far in explaining Michael Myers and that he himself was not completely satisfied with the finished product . Michael does not speak in the films ; the first time audiences ever hear his voice is in the 2007 Rob Zombie reboot . Michael speaks as a child during the beginning of the film , but while in Smith 's Grove he stops talking completely . Rob Zombie originally planned to have the adult Michael speak to Laurie in the film 's finale , simply saying his childhood nickname for her , `` Boo '' . Zombie explained that this version was not used because he was afraid having the character talk at that point would demystify him too much , and because the act of Michael handing Laurie the photograph of them together was enough . Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween : Nightdance , writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character 's `` bizarre and dark sense of humor '' , as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend , and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them , such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her . Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael 's actions : `` see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men '' . He also suggests that Michael Myers ' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior , likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper , citing Myers as a `` product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles '' . Hutchinson describes Michael as a `` monster of abjection '' . When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie 's expansion on Michael 's family life , Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does `` ( reduces ) the character '' . That being said , Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie -- included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback -- and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years `` attuning himself to this force to the point where he is , as Loomis says , ' pure evil ' '' . Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character 's personality in John Carpenter 's 1978 film as `` a void '' , which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him . He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone ; a part people are afraid will one day `` snap and knife someone '' , which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen . He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as `` infused with a distilled and pure form of evil ... For Michael , he had to kill to find some inner peace . As he took his sister 's life , the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene . Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child . Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert ( sic ) and deranged . '' In 2005 , a study was conducted by the Media Psychology Lab of California State University , Los Angeles on the psychological appeal of movie monsters -- vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Jason Voorhees , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , the Alien , and the shark from Jaws -- which surveyed 1,166 people nationwide ( United States ) , with ages ranging from 16 to 91 . It was published in the Journal of Media Psychology . In the survey , Michael was considered to be the `` embodiment of pure evil '' ; when compared to the other characters , Michael Myers was rated the highest . Michael was characterized lending to the understanding of insanity , being ranked second to Hannibal Lecter in this category ; he also placed first as the character who shows audiences the `` dark side of human nature '' . He was rated second in the category `` monster enjoys killing '' by the participants , and believed to have `` superhuman strength '' . Michael was rated highest among the characters in the `` monster is an outcast '' category . John Carpenter , serving as an executive producer and creative consultant for the upcoming sequel to Halloween ( 1978 ) , expressed his disagreement with Rob Zombie 's portrayal of the lead slasher , `` I thought that he took away the mystique of the story by explaining too much about ( Michael Myers ) . I do n't care about that . He 's supposed to be a force of nature . He 's supposed to be almost supernatural . '' Co-writer Danny McBride felt that previous sequels had made Michael less scary by giving him an inhuman level of invulnerability , preferring to humanize the character : `` I think we 're just trying to strip it down and just take it back to what was so good about the original ... I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen . I think it 's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you 're taking the trash out as opposed to someone who ca n't be killed pursuing you . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In Robot Chicken 's nineteenth episode , `` That Hurts Me '' , Michael Myers ( voiced by Seth Green ) appears as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees , Ghostface , Freddy Krueger , Pinhead , and Leatherface . Myers is evicted from the house , and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers , and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase , `` I feel randy , baby , yeah ! '' He then proceeds to kill the host . Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer , starring Jennifer Love Hewitt , titled `` Horror Show '' . Here , a spirit communicates with Hewitt 's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased 's favorite horror movies , and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers . The Cold Case episode `` Bad Night '' has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who , after seeing Halloween in theatres , went on a killing spree dressed as Michael . Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie 's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto , released on 22 September 2009 . Michael Myers appears in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty : Ghosts , Onslaught , as a playable character . Myers also makes a playable appearance in the Halloween chapter of the video game Dead by Daylight , alongside Laurie Strode . In one of the various merchandises to feature the character , Michael Myers made his video game debut with the 1983 Atari video game Halloween . The game is rare to find , often being played on emulators . No characters from the films are specifically named , with the goal of the game focusing on the player , who is a babysitter , protecting children from a `` homicidal maniac ( who ) has escaped from a mental institution '' . Michael was one of several horror icons to be included in the 2009 version of Universal Studios Hollywood 's Halloween Horror Nights event , as a part of a maze entitled Halloween : The Life and Crimes of Michael Myers Pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Michael Myers out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry & Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Jamie Lee Curtis , Josh Hartnett , Adam Arkin , Steve Miner , and Richard Schickel ( 1998 ) . Unmasking the Horror ( Halloween H20 DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen & Rachel Gordon ( 25 August 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Debra Hill ( writer ) and John Carpenter ( writer / director ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( 1978 film ) ( DVD ) . Falcon International Productions . Jump up ^ Debra Hill , John Carpenter ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 1981 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . Dino De Laurentiis Corporation . Jump up ^ Alan B. McElroy ( writer ) and Dwight H. Little ( 1988 ) . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Trancas International Films . Jump up ^ Michael Jacobs , Dominique Othenin - Girard , Shem Bitterman ( writers ) and Dominique Othenin - Girard ( director ) ( 1989 ) . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Magnum Pictures Inc . Jump up ^ Daniel Farrands ( writer ) and Joe Chappelle ( director ) ( 1995 ) . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Miramax Films . Jump up ^ Robert Zapia , Matt Greenberg ( writers ) and Steve Miner ( director ) ( 1998 ) . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Larry Brand , Sean Hood ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 2002 ) . Halloween : Resurrection ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 5 June 2006 ) . `` Zombie plots new mayhem for ' Halloween ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2007 ) . Halloween ( 2007 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2009 ) . Halloween II ( 2009 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Curtis Richards ( October 1979 ) . Halloween ( novel ) . Bantam Books . ISBN 0553132261 . Jump up ^ Jack Martin ( 1 November 1981 ) . Halloween II ( novel ) . Zebra Publishing . ISBN 089083864X . Jump up ^ Nicholas Grabowsky ( October 1988 ) . Halloween IV ( novel ) . Critics Choice Paperbacks / Lorevan Publishing . ISBN 1555472923 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kelly O'Rourke '' . Halloween Movies . 5 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 October 1997 ) . The Scream Factory ( Halloween , Book 1 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 157297298X . Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 December 1997 ) . The Old Myers Place ( Halloween , Book 2 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973412 . Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 February 1998 ) . The Mad House ( Halloween , Book 3 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973420 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween -- Michael Myers comic book titles '' . Movie Maniacs Comic Books . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews Stefan Hutchinson '' . Arrow in the Head . 28 November 2003 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Autopsis '' . Bloody Disgusting. 12 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , Stefan ( 2008 ) . Halloween : Nightdance . Chicago : Devil 's Due Publishing . ISBN 9781934692202 . ^ Jump up to : Newsarama ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Halloween in February : Hutchinson and Seeley on Halloween : Nightdance '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hutchinson ( w ) , Daniel Zezelj , Jim Daly , Brett Weldele , Jeffrey Zornow , Lee Ferguson , Tim Seeley ( p ) , Nick Bell , Rob Buffalo , Jeffrey Zornow , Elizabeth John ( i ) . Halloween : 30 Years of Terror ( August 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Celebrating 30 Years of Halloween '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Debra Hill , Nick Castle , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Tommy Lee Wallace ( 2003 ) . A Cut Above the Rest ( Halloween : 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Anchor Bay . Jump up ^ Nicholas Rogers ( 31 October 2003 ) . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . Oxford University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0195168968 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Othenin - Girard '' . Halloween Movies . 10 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Farrands interview '' . Icons of Fright. 2005 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( 2007 ) . Feature film commentary for Halloween ( 2007 film ) ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ `` Rewriting Halloween : Interview with Comics Scribe Stefan Hutchinson '' . Cinema Crazed. 10 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHAPE '' . Dead by Daylight . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chichizola , Corey . `` John Carpenter 's Blunt Opinion On Rob Zombie 's Version Of Halloween '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 262 : Danny McBride '' . Empire Film Podcast . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Buy Jennifer Love Hewitt 's ' Ghost Whisperer ' Wardrobe '' . Entertainment Tonight . 25 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Bray , Andrea Newman ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Bad Night '' . Cold Case . Season 3 . Episode 3 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` El Superbeasto Collides with Michael Myers '' . Dread Central . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ . `` Onslaught '' . January 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Halloween Chapter - Dead by Daylight '' . Dead by Daylight . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Matt ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Halloween Atari video game '' . X-Entertainment . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mazes '' . Universal Studios Halloween Horror Nights . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Halloween : Nightdance scribe Stefan Hutchinson interviewed at ComiXology.com Official site of the Halloween series ( hide ) Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Myers_(Halloween)&oldid=833070258 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional hermits Fictional mass murderers Psychopathy in fiction Fictional rampage and spree killers Fictional sororicides Fictional victims of bullies Fictional victims of child abuse Halloween ( film series ) characters Horror film characters Fictional serial killers Fictional murderers Fictional American people Fictional American people of English descent Fictional American people of German descent Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 14 : 21 . 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name the hydroelectric project that will be built over the chandra basin			Kishanganga hydroelectric Plant	kishanganga hydroelectric plant	The Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant is an $864 million dam which is part of a run - of - the - river hydroelectric scheme that is designed to divert water from the Kishanganga River to a power plant in the Jhelum River basin . It is located 5 km ( 3 mi ) north of Bandipore in Jammu and Kashmir , India and will have an installed capacity of 330 MW . Construction on the project began in 2007 and was expected to be complete in 2016 . Construction on the dam was temporarily halted by the Hague 's Permanent Court of Arbitration ( CoA ) in October 2011 due to Pakistan 's protest of its effect on the flow of the Kishanganga River ( called the Neelum River in Pakistan ) . In February 2013 , the CoA ruled that India could divert all the water leaving a minimum amount of water to the downstream of the dam on Kishanganga River for the purpose of environmental flows . First Unit of capacity 110 MW is tested successfully by construction company NHPC on 13 March 2018 . All the three units ( 3 x 110 MW ) were commissioned and synchronised with the electricity grid by 30 March 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Downstream impact 2 Design 3 Local Concerns 4 See also 5 References Downstream impact ( edit ) N -- J Dam N -- J Plant Kish . Dam Kish . Station Location of the Neelum -- Jhelum and Kishanganga projects in Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan is worried that the project will have adverse impacts on the flow of the river , which flows into their country and meets with the Jhelum River . Pakistan is constructing the Neelum -- Jhelum Hydropower Plant downstream of the Kishanganga . The Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant operates in a similar sense as the Neelum -- Jhelum Hydropower Plant , using a dam to divert the Kishanganga ( Neelum ) River to a power station before it is discharged into Wular Lake which is fed by the Jhelum River . The Kishanganga Project will divert a portion of the Neelum River from Pakistan which will reduce power generation at the Neelum -- Jhelum Hydropower Plant . India states the project will divert 10 percent of the river 's flow while other estimates stand as high as 33 percent . Nevertheless , water flow below the Neelum -- Jhelum Dam , in Pakistan occupied Neelum Valley , is expected to be minimal as both projects are diverting water to the Jhelum River . This has the potential to have adverse impacts in the Neelum Valley . In 2010 , Pakistan appealed to the Hague 's Permanent Court of Arbitration , complaining that the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant violates the Indus River Treaty by increasing the catchment of the Jhelum River and depriving Pakistan of its water rights . In June 2011 , the CoA visited both the Kishanganga and Neelum -- Jhelum Projects . In August 2011 , they ordered India to submit more technical data on the project . India had previously reduced the height of the dam from 98 m ( 322 ft ) to 37 m ( 121 ft ) . After Pakistan 's application was first rejected , the court asked India late September to stop constructing any permanent works that would inhibit restoration of the river . While India can not construct the dam , they can continue on the tunnel and power plant in hopes that the court will allow the project . In February 2013 the Hague ruled that India could divert a minimum of water for their project . In this partial award , the court upheld India 's main contention that it has the right to divert waters of western rivers , in a non-consumptive manner , for optimal generation of power . The International Court of Arbitration gave its `` final award '' on 20 December 2013 , wherein it allowed India to go ahead with the construction of the Kishanganga dam in Jammu & Kashmir over which Pakistan had raised objections . The court delivered its `` final award '' after India requested clarification of an order issued by it in February . The `` final award '' specifies that 9 m / s of natural flow of water must be maintained in Kishanganga river at all times to maintain the environment downstream . The court said alternative techniques will have to be used for Kishanganga hydroelectric project and all future run of the river projects undertaken on western rivers of the Indus system . The western rivers are allocated to Pakistan under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 . Design ( edit ) The project includes a 37 m ( 121 ft ) tall concrete - face rock - fill dam which will divert a portion of the Kishanganga River south through a 24 km ( 15 mi ) tunnel . The tunnel is received by a surge chamber before sending water to the underground power house which contains 3 x 110 MW Pelton turbine - generators . After the power plant , water is discharged through a tail race channel into Wular Lake . The drop in elevation from the dam to the power station will afford a hydraulic head of 697 m ( 2,287 ft ) . This Project is taken up by NHPC . Local concerns ( edit ) In 2013 local population of Bandipora protested against Hindustan Construction Company ( HCC ) executing the 330 MW Kishenganga hydroelectric project in the area accused the company of causing severe damage to natural environment and causing perilous pollution in the area . Following sustained protests by villagers in 2012 and 2013 , the hydrology department of National Institute of Technology NIT conducted tests in the area and stated pollution had caused chemical disturbance in the water around the project site. The tests revealed high concentration of dissolved solids and unsafe alkaline levels in the water . `` The polluted water can neither be used for the human consumption nor for washing purposes , '' the report cautioned . See also ( edit ) Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 330 MW Kishanganga Power Project to be commissioned by Nov next '' . Daily Excelsior. 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . The sanctioned cost of project was Rs 3642.04 crore and revised cost has touched Rs 5783.17 crore Jump up ^ `` CoA verdict on Kishanganga hydro power project '' . Jump up ^ `` NHPC 's Kishanganga project fully commissioned '' . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neelum - Jhelum project contract awarding : delay led India to begin Kishanganga hydel works '' . FOREX.pk . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kishanganga issue : Pakistan offers no comments to CoA '' . Business Recorded. 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Q. 2506 Lowering of height of kishanganga dam '' . Indian Ministry of External Affairs . 25 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hague Court asks India to stop Kishanganga project '' . The International News . 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India can divert only minimum water from Kishanganga : tribunal '' . Dawn . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India allowed to go ahead with J&K 's Kishanganga project : TOI '' . TOI . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Kishenganga Project '' . NHPC Limited . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://thekashmirscenario.com/2013/01/hindustan-construction-company-blasts-rules-regulations/ Jump up ^ http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/bandipora-gurez-residents-face-forced-migration-threat/157515.html Jump up ^ http://thekashmirscenario.com/2013/01/hindustan-construction-company-blasts-rules-regulations/ Jump up ^ http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/bandipora-gurez-residents-face-forced-migration-threat/157515.html India portal Water portal Renewable energy portal Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX ( hide ) Power stations and organizations of Jammu and Kashmir Power stations Baglihar Dam Chutak Hydroelectric Project Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant Dumkhar Dam Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant Ratle Hydroelectric Plant Salal Hydroelectric Power Station Uri Dam Organizations NHPC Limited Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Indian states ranking by households having electricity Hydroelectric power in India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Plant&oldid=835596438 '' Categories : Dams in Jammu and Kashmir Hydroelectric power stations in Jammu and Kashmir Run - of - the - river power stations Proposed hydroelectric power stations Concrete - face rock - fill dams Dams on the Neelum ( Kishanganga ) River Dam controversies Underground power stations India -- Pakistan relations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Use Indian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 17 : 10 . 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when does carlos find out about the affair	Metcalfe was a regular cast member during the first season . However , after the affair is revealed to Carlos in the first season finale by John himself , Metcalfe left the regular cast . Since his departure , he has made several guest appearances in subsequent seasons .	the first season finale	John Rowland ( Desperate Housewives )	john rowland ( desperate housewives )	John Rowland is a fictional character portrayed by actor Jesse Metcalfe and created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry for the ABC television series Desperate Housewives . The character is introduced as the teenage gardener of one of the titular housewives , Gabrielle Solis ( Eva Longoria ) , with whom she has an affair and cheats on her husband , Carlos Solis ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and casting 2 History 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 6 3 Reception 4 References Development and casting ( edit ) Before Jesse Metcalfe was cast as John Rowland , actor Kyle Searles originated the role in the unaired pilot of the show . In June 2004 , ABC called for three starring cast members to be recast . Metcalfe replaced Searles as John Rowland , as producers wanted to add more sexual appeal to the role `` to justify why ( Gabrielle ) was having an affair . '' Metcalfe had previously read for the role during the initial casting process . He began playing the seventeen - year - old gardener when he was twenty - five . Metcalfe was a regular cast member during the first season . However , after the affair is revealed to Carlos in the first season finale by John himself , Metcalfe left the regular cast . Since his departure , he has made several guest appearances in subsequent seasons . History ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) John Rowland is employed by Gabrielle and Carlos Solis as a gardener . Gabrielle , having become bored with her husband never being with her , decided to seduce her teenage gardener . The pair embarked on an illicit affair which encountered several difficulties . The most prolific of these difficulties came when Gabrielle 's mother in law , Mama Solis , arrived to Wisteria Lane , called out by her son to find out if Gabrielle is in fact cheating on him . Consequently , Juanita struck out on a mission to learn the truth . However , she was hit by a car driven by Andrew Van de Kamp after discovering the affair . The hit and run placed Juanita into a coma . John became overwhelmed with guilt and confessed the affair to Father Crowley . John 's mother , Helen Rowland , overheard a conversation between her son and his friend Justin , in which they alluded to the fact the John was sleeping with a housewife . Helen suspected of Susan Mayer , but then Gabrielle confessed to her and she promised that it was over , to which Helen replied by saying `` It 's not even close to being over '' . Afterwards , when the police arrive at the Solis house to arrest Carlos , Gabrielle thinks they have come for her , sent by Helen . Weeks later , in the episode `` Your Fault '' , the Rowlands meet with Gabrielle to tell her John has moved out and they expect her to help them move back into their house . Gabrielle meets with John , and he proposes to her . Gabrielle is forced to reject him . It is later revealed that Danielle Van de Kamp has a crush on John and wants to give him her virginity , but her mother Bree stopped that from happening . John becomes entranced once again by Gabrielle and may have conceived her unborn child . He demanded to see Carlos but Gabrielle refused , explaining to him that Carlos is the father of the child no matter what because he can provide . Instead of backing up , John arrived at Carlos 's gay hate trial in the season finale and told him `` he got the wrong guy '' . `` Did n't you think it was strange that you had the only lawn on Wisteria Lane that needed to be mowed three times a week ? '' , he said . Carlos went mad and attempted to attack John but it looked like he was attacking Justin -- the gay person he beat up previously . Carlos was then arrested . While discussing the courtroom scene in which Carlos attacks John , Ricardo Antonio Chavira commented : `` People can see the full rage that is in my character . I 'm yelling at him , ' I 'm gon na kill you ' ... Then I broke into Spanish : `` Te voy a matar ! '' ... I just went for it ... Then I looked , and Jesse ( Metcalfe ) had the most honest look of sheer terror . I think I scared the living shit out of him . '' Another scene between Gabrielle and John was also cut for time . Season 2 ( edit ) After what happened at the court in the previous season , Gabrielle breaks up with John . John goes and look for new housewives to be with intimately , and starts having an affair with 41 - year - old Joan . Upon finding this out , Gabrielle destroys Joan 's garden , and shuts John out of her life . The beginning of Gabrielle 's affair with John is first seen in the second season finale in flashbacks . After their first sexual encounter , Gabrielle tells John that this was the only time it would ever happen . Season 3 ( edit ) John is not seen again until early in the third season . According to his dialogue in episode 3.03 ( A Weekend in the Country ) , he is doing well and is very rich and successful with his gardening company . He is engaged to the daughter of the Sinclair Hotel owner , Tammy Sinclair . John and Gabrielle hook up in this episode , but John explains to her later that he is not planning on risking his marriage by having an affair with her . About half a year later , in episode 3.17 ( Dress Big ) Gabrielle tells Edie Britt that John is married . Season 4 ( edit ) In the fourth season , John meets Gabrielle at a hotel owned by his father - in - law and realizes that he still loved her . He constantly fights with his wife over the fact that she wants to lead his life . He tries to get back with Gabrielle , but she refuses because his wife is pregnant and she is married to Victor Lang but having an affair with Carlos . Carlos , who eavesdrops this , soon realizes he is not unlike John used to be and finally forgives him . John then just asks if he thinks Gabrielle is happy . And Carlos replies `` I think she is '' . Season 6 ( edit ) John reappears in the sixth season , set six years after the events of the fourth season . He is divorced from Tammy , but managed to get a huge amount of money from the divorce , so he now owns a restaurant . John sees Gabrielle in the restaurant , along with Carlos , their daughters and their niece , Ana Solis . While Gabrielle looks a mess , John notices how beautiful Ana is and is surprised that she is from Carlos 's side of the family . When Gabrielle fixes herself up , Carlos suspects that she still has feeling for John . John offers to hire Ana as a waitress and Gabrielle declines , Carlos says that this is because she was jealous . After consulting Carlos , John hires Ana . Gabrielle sees John drop her off from work , she is furious with John for trying to flirt with Ana and concludes that she will now be picking Ana up from work . Gabrielle finds out that Ana bought condoms as she is in love with John and she goes to his restaurant to tell him to leave her alone . John believes that Gabrielle still has feelings for him and kisses her after expressing that he can provide for her now , she declines him yet again . Ana sees them kissing and Gabrielle tells her of the affair that happened many years before . Reception ( edit ) John Rowland was viewed as a sex symbol for the show during its first season . John , who USA Today described as `` buff ' n ' sweaty '' , became popular with mothers who watched the show and helped Metcalfe become established as `` the ( show 's ) hottest sex symbol '' . Longoria attributed John 's appeal to the fact that he was seen shirtless in every episode , also describing him as `` a really innocent young kid who has n't been tainted by the world . And I think that 's very endearing to people who watch . '' While reviewing the first season finale , Ann Hodgman of Entertainment Weekly stated that her interest in the Gabrielle and Carlos storyline was ruined by John telling Carlos about the affair rather than Carlos discovering it himself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Development Update : March 4 '' . The Futon Critic . March 4 , 2004 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDougall , Charles ( January 5 , 2005 ) . `` Desperately seeking a ratings hit '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William . `` Desperately seeking Metcalfe '' . USA Today . November 18 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Touchstone Television , p. 67 Jump up ^ Touchstone Television ( 2005 ) . Desperate Housewives : Behind Closed Doors . New York City : Hyperion . pp. 142 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0826 - 0 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary on `` One Wonderful Day '' with Marc Cherry and Larry Shaw . Desperate Housewives : The Complete First Season . ( DVD ) . Touchstone Pictures . Jump up ^ Hodgman , Ann ( May 23 , 2005 ) . `` Tidy Endings '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Desperate Housewives Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 Characters Betty Applewhite Angie Bolen Edie Britt Mike Delfino Orson Hodge Bob Hunter and Lee McDermott Julie Mayer Karl Mayer Susan Mayer Katherine Mayfair Karen McCluskey Renee Perry John Rowland Lynette Scavo Tom Scavo Carlos Solis Gabrielle Solis Andrew Van de Kamp Bree Van de Kamp Rex Van de Kamp Dave Williams Mary Alice Young Paul Young Related Cast members Awards and nominations DVDs Soundtrack Game Mobile App Wisteria Lane Amas de Casa Desesperadas ARG COL / ECU US Donas de Casa Desesperadas Desperate Housewives Africa Devious Maids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Rowland_(Desperate_Housewives)&oldid=841966528 '' Categories : Desperate Housewives characters Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional horticulturists and gardeners Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 08 : 31 . 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when did mamma mia film first come out	Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos , Greece from August to September 2007 . The film was distributed by Universal Pictures . Mamma Mia ! held its world premiere on June 30 , 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4 , 2008 in Stockholm , Sweden , with Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance . The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom , on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the musical numbers and production values , but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers , in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård . Nonetheless , the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , was released on July 20 , 2018 , with much of the main cast returning .	June 30 , 2008	Mamma Mia ! ( Film )	mamma mia! ( film )	Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Mamma Mia ! The Movie ) is a 2008 jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name , also written by Johnson , which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA , including the title song , with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson . The film features an ensemble cast , including Meryl Streep , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Julie Walters , Dominic Cooper , Amanda Seyfried and Christine Baranski . The plot follows a young bride - to - be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding , each one with the possibility of being her father . The film was an international co-production between Germany , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and was co-produced by Relativity Media , Playtone and Littlestar Productions .	Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos , Greece from August to September 2007 . The film was distributed by Universal Pictures . Mamma Mia ! held its world premiere on June 30 , 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4 , 2008 in Stockholm , Sweden , with Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance . The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom , on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the musical numbers and production values , but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers , in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård . Nonetheless , the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget , becoming the fifth highest - grossing film of 2008 . A sequel , titled Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , was released on July 20 , 2018 , with much of the main cast returning . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old bride - to - be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids , Ali and Lisa , that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother , Donna . They are the men that her mother 's diary reveals could have been her father : Irish - American architect Sam Carmichael , Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson , and British banker Harry Bright . She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding , and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father . Sophie 's mother Donna , who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel , is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates , wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham - Leigh , and reveals her bafflement at her daughter 's desire to get married . Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya . The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room . She does n't reveal that she believes one of them is her father , but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations . She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she `` so often '' favorably speaks . They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie 's secret . Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers , demanding they leave . She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie . Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders . Sophie finds the men aboard Bill 's yacht , and they sail around Kalokairi , telling stories of Donna 's carefree youth . Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy , but loses her nerve . Sky and Sophie sing to each other , but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party . At Sophie 's bachelorette party , Donna , Tanya , and Rosie perform . When Sam , Bill , and Harry arrive , Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone . While her girlfriends dance with the men , Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great - aunt Sofia . Sophie guesses she must be Sofia 's namesake . She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding . Sophie 's happiness is short - lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away . Sophie , overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three `` fathers '' , faints . In the morning , Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men . Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night , but Rosie interrupts them . Donna confronts Sophie , believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped . Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother 's mistakes . Sam accosts Donna , concerned about Sophie getting married so young . Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other . Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night . Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help . He reacts angrily to Sophie 's deception and she turns to her mother for support . As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding , their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie 's childhood . Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant . Sophie asks Donna to give her away . As the bridal party walks to the chapel , Sam intercepts Donna , who reveals the pain she felt over losing him . Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays . Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men . Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married , he did not go through with it , but returned to find Donna with another man . The men do not want paternity confirmed , each agreeing to be one - third of a father for Sophie . She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world . Sam proposes to Donna . She accepts and they are married . At the reception , Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill . The couples proclaim their love . Sophie and Sky sail away . Cast ( edit ) ABBA appeared together with the film 's cast in 2008 . ( Left to right : Benny Andersson , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Meryl Streep , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , Christine Baranski , Colin Firth , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Judy Craymer , Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper ) Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan , Sophie 's mother , owner of the hotel Villa Donna . Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 20 - year - old daughter , Sky 's fiancée . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's possible father and an architect . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father and a British banker . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Andersson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , Donna 's other former bandmate ; a rich three - time divorcee . Philip Michael as Pepper , Sky 's best man who likes Tanya ; a bartender Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros Ashley Lilley as Ali , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Rachel McDowall as Lisa , close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid . Enzo Squillino as Gregoris , one of Donna 's employees . Niall Buggy as Father Alex , the wedding priest . Chris Jarvis as Eddie , a friend of Sky and Pepper . Cameo appearances and uncredited roles Benny Andersson as `` Dancing Queen '' piano player Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god Rita Wilson as Greek goddess Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 7 , 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally , respectively . The recording was produced by Benny Andersson . The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film , including a hidden track . The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25 , 2008 . `` I Have a Dream '' -- Sophie `` Honey , Honey '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Money , Money , Money '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Mamma Mia '' -- Donna `` Chiquitita '' -- Rosie , Tanya and Donna `` Dancing Queen '' -- Tanya , Rosie and Donna `` Our Last Summer '' -- Harry , Bill , Sam , Sophie and Donna `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' -- Sky and Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Donna , Tanya and Rosie `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' -- Sophie , Ali and Lisa `` Voulez - Vous '' -- Donna , Sam , Tanya , Rosie , Harry , Bill , Sky , Ali , Lisa and Pepper `` The Name of the Game '' -- Sophie `` SOS '' -- Sam and Donna `` Does Your Mother Know '' -- Tanya and Pepper `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' -- Donna and Sophie `` The Winner Takes It All '' -- Donna `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' -- Sam and Donna `` When All Is Said and Done '' -- Sam and Donna `` Take a Chance on Me '' -- Rosie , Bill , Tanya , Pepper and Harry `` Waterloo '' -- Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , Harry , Sky and Sophie `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie Featured in the film , but omitted from the soundtrack album . Included in the soundtrack album , but omitted from the film . Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track . Production ( edit ) The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia ! . Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos ( during August / September 2007 ) , and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece . On Skopelos , Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film 's main location site . The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach , but removed both set pieces after production wrapped . A complete set for Donna 's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there . Real trees were utilised for the set , watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing . The part of the film where Brosnan 's character , Sam , leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd 's Building on Lime Street in the City of London . He dashes down the escalators and through the porte - cochere , where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity . The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos The Fernando , Bill Anderson 's yacht ( actually a ketch ) in the film was the Tai - Mo - Shan built in 1934 by H.S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards . Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child , and as an adult , she previously sang in several films , including Postcards from the Edge , Silkwood , Death Becomes Her , and A Prairie Home Companion . She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia ! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001 , when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9 / 11 . Release ( edit ) Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere , most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere , where Anni - Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget , Stockholm , owned by Andersson , on July 4 , 2008 . It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986 . Home Media ( edit ) In November 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the fastest - selling DVD of all time in the UK , according to Official UK Charts Company figures . It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release , breaking the previous record ( held by Titanic ) by 560,000 copies . By the end of 2008 , the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK , with one in every four households owning a copy ( over 5 million copies sold ) . The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies . In the United States , the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release . By December 31 , 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the best - selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million , against a production budget of $52 million . It became the highest grossing live - action musical of all time , until it was surpassed by Bill Condon 's Beauty and the Beast in 2017 . It was also the highest - grossing movie directed by a woman , until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman in 2017 . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2008 internationally ( i.e. , outside North America ) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America ( the US and Canada ) with $144.1 million . In the United Kingdom , Mamma Mia ! has grossed £ 69.2 million as of January 23 , 2009 , and is the ninth highest - grossing film of all time at the UK box office . The film opened at # 1 in the U.K , taking £ 6.6 million on 496 screens . It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks , narrowly keeping Pixar 's WALL - E from reaching # 1 in its second week . When released on July 3 in Greece , the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the Greek box office . The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada , and $27.6 million in its opening weekend , ranking # 2 at the box office , behind The Dark Knight . At the time , it made Mamma Mia ! the record - holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical , surpassing Hairspray 's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods . Critical response ( edit ) Pierce Brosnan 's singing was heavily panned by critics On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54 % based on 179 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like ' You Can Dance ' the whole 90 minutes . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . BBC Radio 5 Live 's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film , despite describing the experience as ' the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke ' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative , giving it one star , and expressed a `` need to vomit '' . Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was `` so base , so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle , it 's amazing it was n't made for men '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together : `` Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame , but I have a sneaking suspicion I 'll go to see it again anyway . '' Angie Errigo of Empire said it was `` cute , clean , camp fun , full of sunshine and toe tappers . '' The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews . Variety stated that `` some stars , especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep , seem better suited for musical comedy than others , including Brosnan and Skarsgård . '' Brosnan , especially , was savaged by many critics : his singing was compared to `` a water buffalo '' ( New York Magazine ) , `` a donkey braying '' ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) and `` a wounded raccoon '' ( The Miami Herald ) , and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he `` looks physically pained choking out the lyrics , as if he 's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera 's eye . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards February 15 , 2009 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director , Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17 , 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2009 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards February 21 , 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won Golden Reel Awards February 21 , 2009 Best Sound Editing -- Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis , Martin Lowe , Robert Houston Won Grammy Awards February 8 , 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards February 14 , 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won MTV Movie Awards May 31 , 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated National Movie Awards September 8 , 2008 Best Musical Mamma Mia ! Won Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated Colin Firth Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 7 , 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Cast Mamma Mia ! Nominated Favorite Song from a Soundtrack `` Mamma Mia '' Won Rembrandt Awards March 9 , 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won Best International Actress Won Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won Satellite Awards December 14 , 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Because of the film 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , the co-chairman of Universal Studios , said that it would take a while , but there would be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson , and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . It was announced that Seyfried , Cooper , Streep , Firth and Brosnan would be returning . In July 2017 , Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Paul ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! -- Unfazed by the fuss in Skopelos '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FLAMIN - Page not found '' . 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 45 ' Teak Ketch 1933 . Yacht for sale from classic yacht broker in Poole '' . Sandeman Yacht brokerage Poole . Sandeman Yacht Company . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tai - Mo - Shan '' . Coburg Yacht Brokers website . Coburg Yacht Brokers . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Meryl Streep the singing and dancing queen '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep , speaking on ' Abba : The Mamma Mia Story ' , ITV Jump up ^ Sandra Wejbro ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ABBA återförenades på röda mattan ( Swedish ) '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' breaks U.K. DVD record '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` MAMMA MIA ! DVD Takes In 30 Million In First Day Of Sales '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Nyheterna - tv4.se '' . nyheterna.se . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( 2017 - 06 - 24 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UK all time top grossing films '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . July 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Mia reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode Reviews Mamma Mia '' . BBC Radio 5 live . 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw . `` Mamma Mia ! Culture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIEBOB : Mama Mia '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Angie Errigo ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Review Movie '' . gb : Empireonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jordan Mintzer ( 2008 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight -- Mamma Mia ! -- The Exiles '' . Nymag.com . New York Magazine Movie Review . 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( 2008 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia , ' here we go again -- this time on screen '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene . `` Mamma Mia ! ( PG - 13 ) * * Â1⁄2 Singing ! And dancing ! Not much of a story ! Who cares ! ? ! MiamiHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Matt ( 2008 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Out of tune Reviews '' . Charlotte.creativeloafing.com . Creative Loafing Charlotte . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` ACE Eddie Noms Announced '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations in 2009 '' . Film Awards -- BAFTA. 2009 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Awards 2008 '' . Costume Designers Guild . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Empire Awards 2009 : The Winners '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Golden Globe Award Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2009 ) . `` 29th Annual Golden Raspberry ( Razzie ) Award `` Winners '' `` . Home of the Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Annual Grammy Awards -- 2008 '' . grammy.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2009 IFTA Irish Film & Television Academy Irish Film & Television Awards '' . Irish Film & Television Academy . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` 2009 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . SlashFilm . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Veronica ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia wins at National Movie Awards '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Past Nominees & Winners : 2009 '' . PCAvote.com . Sycamore Productions . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ van Oosten , Jasper ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Oorlogswinter en Mamma Mia ! winnen Film1 Rembrandt Awards '' . Film1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners ; 2008 13th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . The International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Busch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia Sequel Casts Baby Driver 's Lily James '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Louise FitzGerald , Melanie Williams : Mamma Mia ! The Movie : Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon . I.B. Tauris , 2013 , ISBN 9781848859425 External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! on IMDb Mamma Mia ! at AllMovie Mamma Mia ! at Box Office Mojo Mamma Mia ! at Rotten Tomatoes Mamma Mia ! at Metacritic ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_(film)&oldid=855683099 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films ABBA 2000s musical comedy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s romantic musical films American films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films British films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films Directorial debut films Greek - language films Films about weddings Films based on musicals Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films set in hotels Films set in Greece Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set on islands Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in California Films shot in Greece Films shot in London Films shot in Morocco Jukebox musical films Universal Pictures films Mamma Mia ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma%20Mia%21%20%28film%29	2,509
who was the car washing girl in cool hand luke	Harmon 's best - remembered acting roles are as the thirty - foot - tall ( 9 m ) Merrie in Village of the Giants ( 1965 , in which she captures normal - sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top ) , and as the car - washing `` Lucille '' in Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) and her purportedly 41 -- 22 -- 36 . measurements .		Joy Harmon	joy harmon	Joy Patricia Harmon ( born May 1 , 1940 ) is a baker and former American actress .	Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Films roles 3.2 Television roles 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Joy Patricia Harmon was born in Flushing , New York . She and her family moved to Connecticut in 1946 . A Miss Connecticut , Harmon was a contestant during the last season of Groucho Marx 's television program You Bet Your Life ( titled The Groucho Show during its last season ) , and later a regular on Marx 's program Tell It to Groucho ( credited as `` Patty Harmon '' ) . She guest - starred on several 1960s TV series , including Gidget , Batman , and The Monkees . She appeared in a cameo role as blonde Ardice in the Jack Lemmon comedy Under the Yum Yum Tree in 1963 . She had a role as Tony Dow 's girlfriend in the 1965 -- 66 television soap opera , Never Too Young . Harmon 's best - remembered acting roles are as the thirty - foot - tall ( 9 m ) Merrie in Village of the Giants ( 1965 , in which she captures normal - sized Johnny Crawford and suspends him from her bikini top ) , and as the car - washing `` Lucille '' in Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) and her purportedly 41 -- 22 -- 36 . measurements . Personal Life ( edit ) Harmon was married to film editor and producer Jeff Gourson from 1968 to 2001 , raising three children . For a time , a son worked at Walt Disney Studios . She later established a bakery , Aunt Joy 's Cakes , in Burbank , California . Filmography ( edit ) Films roles ( edit ) The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit ( 1956 ) - Minor Role ( uncredited ) Let 's Rock ( 1958 ) - Pickup Girl Mad Dog Coll ( 1961 ) - Caroline Under the Yum Yum Tree ( 1963 ) - Ardice ( uncredited ) Roustabout ( 1964 ) - College Girl ( uncredited ) Young Dillinger ( 1965 ) - Nelson 's Girl One Way Wahine ( 1965 ) - Kit Williams The Loved One ( 1965 ) - Miss Benson ( uncredited ) Village of the Giants ( 1965 ) - Merrie A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) - Party Girl in Bar ( uncredited ) Cool Hand Luke ( 1967 ) - Lucille , The Girl Angel in My Pocket ( 1969 ) - Miss Holland Television roles ( edit ) The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1963 ) - Kitty My Three Sons ( 1964 ) - Joanne Grant Burke 's Law ( 1964 - 1965 ) - Barbara Sue / Belle Sue Walsh Gidget ( 1965 ) - Blonde Girl Dancing / Midge ( uncredited ) Batman ( 1966 ) - Julia Davis ( uncredited ) Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. ( 1966 ) - Barbara Bewitched ( 1966 ) - Francie The Rounders ( 1966 ) - Rosetta Occasional Wife ( 1967 ) - Model That Girl ( 1967 ) - Miss Bridges The Monkees ( 1967 ) - Zelda / Cashier Love , American Style ( 1972 ) - Rosalie ( segment `` Love and the Secret Habit '' ) The Odd Couple ( 1972 ) - Waitress Thicker Than Water ( 1973 ) - ( final television appearance ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Listanti , Tom ( 2008 ) . Glamor Girls of Sixties Hollywood : Seventy - Five Profiles . McFarland & Co. , Inc . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3172 - 4 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Her amble ( sic ) bosom ( 41 -- 22 -- 36 ) was her ticket to Broadway in the comedy Make Me Laugh ... Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Aunt Joy 's Cakes . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Joy Harmon on IMDb Sullivan , Steve ( 1998 - 06 - 15 ) . Bombshells : Glamour Girls of a Lifetime . Macmillan . pp. 43 -- . ISBN 9781429956222 . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Harmon&oldid=854175552 '' Categories : American film actresses American television actresses 1940 births Living people American bakers American beauty pageant contestants Actresses from New York City Actresses from Connecticut Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 13 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Harmon	2,510
who is on this years dancing on ice			Dancing on Ice	dancing on ice	Dancing on Ice is a British television show presented by Phillip Schofield alongside Holly Willoughby from 2006 to 2011 , and Christine Bleakley from 2012 to 2014 . The show consists of celebrities and their professional partners figure skate in front of a panel of judges . The series , broadcast on ITV , started on 14 January 2006 and ended on 9 March 2014 after the show 's contract was not renewed by ITV .	On 4 September 2017 , it was announced that a revived series would air on ITV from 7 January 2018 with Schofield and Willoughby returning as hosts alongside a new backstage host , Jordan Banjo . It was confirmed on 25 January 2018 , that Dancing on Ice had been recommissioned for an eleventh series to air in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and history 1.1 Cancellation and revival 2 Format 3 Series overview 4 Presenters , judges and coaches 5 Professionals 6 Required elements 7 Main series results 7.1 Series 1 ( 2006 ) 7.2 Series 2 ( 2007 ) 7.3 Series 3 ( 2008 ) 7.4 Series 4 ( 2009 ) 7.5 Series 5 ( 2010 ) 7.6 Series 6 ( 2011 ) 7.7 Series 7 ( 2012 ) 7.8 Series 8 ( 2013 ) 7.9 Series 9 : All -- Stars ( 2014 ) 7.10 Series 10 ( 2018 ) 7.11 Series 11 ( 2019 ) 8 Series averages 9 Awards 10 Guest singers 11 Spin - offs 11.1 Champion of Champions ( 2007 ) 11.2 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) 11.3 Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star ( 2008 ) 11.4 Dancing on Ice : Ice Star ( 2009 ) 11.5 Dancing on Ice Goes Gold ( 2012 ) 11.6 Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) 12 Studio set and ice rink 13 Dancing on Ice : The Tour 14 Merchandise 15 References 16 External links Background and history Former Dancing on Ice title -- card The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled Stars on Thin Ice , the show was renamed following the failure of ITV 's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule . Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing . In 2004 , the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas , which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman ( who was a contestant in series 1 of Dancing on Ice ) . ITV 's show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a surprise hit in Britain , where it became the third highest rated television show of 2006 . It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March . Britain 's best - known ice - skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers , and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice . Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show . From the beginning , Torvill and Dean opened every episode with a performance , with the exception of the second , third and fourth shows of the fourth series , when Torvill performed alone due to Dean 's recovery from a shoulder operation . In 2012 they performed less regularly . Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby , with commentary originally from Tony Gubba ( later Simon Reed ) and voiceovers done by John Sachs . The members of The Ice Panel were originally Karen Barber , Jason Gardiner , Nicky Slater and Robin Cousins , and the fifth judge varied from series to series : Karen Kresge in the first series , Natalia Bestemianova in the second , Ruthie Henshall in the third and fourth and Emma Bunton in the fifth . In series 6 , there were only three judges : Gardiner , Cousins and Bunton . During the shows first two series , it ran two supplementary programmes -- Dancing on Ice Defrosted , presented by Stephen Mulhern , and Dancing on Ice Exclusive ( or Dancing on Ice Extra during series 1 ) presented by Andi Peters alongside Andrea McLean in series 1 and Ben Shephard in series 2 . In mid-2007 , it was announced that both shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2 's target range . As part of ITV 's new revamped schedule at the start of 2008 , from the third series , the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics . The series 3 finale was a massive draw , pulling an average 11.7 million viewers ( up from 9.6 million the previous year ) peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two - hour slot , up over a million from series 2 . The seventh series began on 8 January 2012 , with Torvill and Dean as coaches for which they will be paid £ 250,000 each series . Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby , whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel . On 20 November 2012 , it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series , replacing Spence . The full judging panel for the 2013 series was revealed on 28 December 2012 , with former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts joining and Karen Barber returning to the panel after acting as head coach on the show the previous two years ; they joined Gardiner and head judge Robin Cousins on the panel . Cancellation and revival On 21 May 2013 , Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its ninth series in 2014 , leading to speculation that the whole show would be axed . On 24 June 2013 it was rumoured that Dancing on Ice may continue after they have left with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that the show would end after its ninth series in 2014 . On 4 September 2017 , ITV confirmed that the show would return in 2018 . Torvill and Dean will return to the show as head judges along with Schofield and Willoughby as presenters . On 19 October 2017 , Ashley Banjo was confirmed as a judge . Later that month Gardiner confirmed that he would return to the judging panel . Ashley 's brother Jordan Banjo acts as the show 's backstage digital host . ITV Racing 's betting presenter Matt Chapman was announced as the new commentator on 16 December 2017 . However , following the first live show on 7 January , Chapman claimed that he had `` quit '' the show but it was later confirmed to be a decision by the ITV producers , responding to pressure from the TV audience . Sport commentator Sam Matterface was later confirmed as Chapman 's replacement . It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . Format Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine . The four / five ( as of Series 8 ) judges ( commonly known as the Ice Panel ) judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0 ( 0.0 to 6.0 between series 1 and 5 ) , depending on the performance . These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the public vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples . As this is the case , the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the bottom two if the public vote for them . Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that week 's show , the two / three couples at the bottom compete in a final showdown known as the `` Skate Off '' , where they perform their routine again . Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel , the judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes , based on their second performance . The couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following week 's show , while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition . One couple leaves each week , but in series 7 , two couples left in one week , due to numbering issues . A live reunion special was staged one week after the end of each season , with all celebrities talking about their experiences during the season , and answering questions from a live studio audience . Torvil and Dean themselves then made a special in - studio appearance towards the end , thanking the contestants , hosts and judges , and of course , the home viewers for their votes . Series overview Nine series have been broadcast , as summarised below . Series Start Finish Couples Weeks Winning celebrity Winning professional Presenters Ice panel Guest judges 14 January 2006 4 March 2006 10 8 Gaynor Faye Daniel Whiston Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge N / A 20 January 2007 17 March 2007 11 9 Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Natalia Bestemianova 13 January 2008 16 March 2008 13 10 Suzanne Shaw Matt Evers Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Ruthie Henshall 11 January 2009 22 March 2009 11 Ray Quinn Maria Filippov 5 10 January 2010 28 March 2010 14 12 Hayley Tamaddon Daniel Whiston Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton Michael Ball ( week 6 ) Angela Rippon ( week 7 ) 6 9 January 2011 27 March 2011 16 Sam Attwater Brianne Delcourt Robin Cousins Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton N / A 7 8 January 2012 25 March 2012 15 Matthew Wolfenden Nina Ulanova Phillip Schofield Christine Bleakley Robin Cousins Louie Spence Katarina Witt 8 6 January 2013 10 March 2013 12 10 Beth Tweddle Daniel Whiston Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Ashley Roberts 9 5 January 2014 9 March 2014 14 Ray Quinn Maria Filippov Nicky Slater ( weeks 6 & 7 ) 10 7 January 2018 11 March 2018 12 Jake Quickenden Vanessa Bauer Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Jordan Banjo ( Backstage ) Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Jason Gardiner Ashley Banjo N / A Presenters , judges and coaches Presenters gallery Phillip Schofield ( 2006 -- 2014 , 2018 -- ) Holly Willoughby ( 2006 -- 2011 , 2018 -- ) Christine Bleakley ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Key Presenter Backstage Presenter Mentor Head judge ( s ) Judge Guest judge Coach Contestant Series ( 2006 ) ( 2007 ) ( 2008 ) ( 2009 ) 5 ( 2010 ) 6 ( 2011 ) 7 ( 2012 ) 8 ( 2013 ) 9 ( 2014 ) 10 ( 2018 ) Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Christine Bleakley Jordan Banjo Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge Natalia Bestemianova Ruthie Henshall Emma Bunton Louie Spence Katarina Witt Ashley Roberts Ashley Banjo Michael Ball Angela Rippon Professionals Main article : List of Dancing on Ice professional skaters Winner Runner - up Third place First Eliminated Withdrew or injured Participating ( hide ) Professional Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 Series 8 Series 9 Series 10 Pavel Aubrecht N / A Ulrika Jonsson Samantha Mumba Jessica Taylor Sharron Davies N / A Vanessa Bauer N / A Jake Quickenden Victoria Borzenkova N / A Tim Vincent N / A Andrew Buchanan N / A Anthea Turner Zaraah Abrahams N / A Brooke Castile N / A Corey Feldman N / A Brianne Delcourt N / A Kieron Richardson Sam Attwater Sébastien Foucan Matt Lapinskas Gareth Gates Alex Beresford Matt Evers Bonnie Langford Lisa Scott - Lee Suzanne Shaw Zoë Salmon Heather Mills Denise Welch Jorgie Porter Pamela Anderson Suzanne Shaw Candice Brown Maria Filippov N / A Duncan James Gareth Gates Ray Quinn Gary Lucy Craig McLachlan Andy Akinwolere Shayne Ward Ray Quinn N / A Hamish Gaman N / A Perri Shakes - Drayton Isabelle Gauthier N / A Jeff Brazier N / A Matthew Gonzalez N / A Danniella Westbrook N / A Charlene Tilton N / A Mark Hanretty N / A Nadia Sawalha Rosemary Conley Oona King Injured Donna Air Jodeyne Higgins N / A Johnson Beharry Chico N / A Florentine Houdinière N / A Donal MacIntyre N / A Marika Humphreys Sean Wilson N / A Ale Izquierdo N / A Max Evans Robin Johnstone N / A Gareth Thomas Joe Pasquale N / A Melanie Lambert N / A Kyran Bracken Michael Underwood Michael Underwood Mikey Graham N / A Melody Le Moal N / A Lemar Kristina Lenko Stefan Booth Stephen Gately Greg Rusedski Graeme Le Saux N / A Andrei Lipanov N / A Clare Buckfield Natalie Pinkham Gemma Bissix Sinitta N / A Heidi Range N / A Bonnie Langford N / A Susie Lipanova N / A Steve Backley Todd Carty Jeremy Sheffield N / A Sylvain Longchambon N / A Jennifer Metcalfe Injured Samia Ghadie Jorgie Porter Stephanie Waring Brandee Malto N / A Antony Cotton Sergey Malyshev Tamara Beckwith N / A Aggie MacKenzie N / A Molly Moenkhoff N / A Bobby Davro N / A Alex Murphy N / A Kem Cetinay Darya Nucci N / A Jeremy Edwards N / A Pam O'Connor David Seaman Neil Fox N / A Vicky Ogden N / A Andy Whyment Joe Pasquale Sam Attwater N / A Fred Palascak N / A Kay Burley Sarah Greene Melinda Messenger Emily Atack N / A Zaraah Abrahams Natalia Pestova N / A Phil Gayle N / A Frankie Poultney N / A Lee Sharpe Chris Fountain Ellery Hanley Danny Young Comedy Dave Mark Rhodes N / A David Seaman N / A Colin Ratushniak N / A Laura Hamilton N / A Sean Rice N / A Angela Rippon Chemmy Alcott N / A Łukasz Różycki N / A Elen Rivas Laila Morse N / A Beth Tweddle N / A Todd Sand Kelly Holmes N / A Alexandra Schauman N / A Dr. Hilary Jones Dominic Cork Sam Nixon N / A Todd Carty N / A Tamara Sharp Andi Peters N / A Olga Sharutenko John Barrowman N / A Keith Chegwin N / A Matej Silecky N / A Brooke Vincent Jenna Smith N / A Luke Campbell N / A Katie Stainsby N / A Vanilla Ice N / A Gary Lucy N / A Nina Ulanova N / A Steven Arnold Matthew Wolfenden N / A Kyran Bracken N / A Doug Webster Andrea McLean N / A Daniel Whiston Gaynor Faye Emily Symons Linda Lusardi Roxanne Pallett Hayley Tamaddon Kerry Katona Jennifer Ellison Beth Tweddle Hayley Tamaddon Cheryl Baker Stuart Widdall N / A Coleen Nolan Tana Ramsay N / A Michael Zenezini N / A Chloe Madeley N / A Lauren Goodger N / A Required elements From Series 1 to 8 , there was an element that the skaters were required to perform as part of their routines . These required elements included : Assisted and unassisted jumps Use of a prop Forming a spiral position Flying above the ice , suspended by a harness A one footed spin Shadow steps Classic moves of Torvill and Dean , sometimes with a choice between them Cross rolls Toe step sequences Pair spin One unique move Solo skate Change of edge As of Series 9 , the required skating elements format has been removed . Main series results Series 1 ( 2006 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 1 ) The first series began on Saturday 14 January 2006 and ended on Saturday 4 March 2006 , including ten celebrity skaters . The co-presenters were Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby , while The Ice Panel consisted of one - time World Junior Figure Skating champion Nicky Slater , choreographer Karen Kresge , theatre producer Jason Gardiner , two - time NHK Trophy champion Karen Barber and 1980 Olympic champion Robin Cousins . The contestants for the first series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Tamara Beckwith Socialite Sergey Malyshev Eliminated 1st Andi Peters TV presenter Tamara Sharp Eliminated 2nd Andrea McLean TV presenter Doug Webster Eliminated 3rd John Barrowman Actor & singer Olga Sharutenko Eliminated 4th Sean Wilson Actor Marika Humphreys Eliminated 5th Kelly Holmes Olympic middle distance runner Todd Sand Eliminated 6th David Seaman Retired footballer Pam O'Connor Eliminated 7th Bonnie Langford Actress Matt Evers Third place Stefan Booth Actor & singer Kristina Lenko Runner - up Gaynor Faye Actress Daniel Whiston Winner Series 2 ( 2007 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 2 ) The second series began on Saturday 20 January 2007 . In it , 11 celebrities competed , compared to ten in the first series . The final was held on Saturday 17 March 2007 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . Karen Kresge did not return as a judge for a second series and was replaced by five - time European champion Natalia Bestemianova . The contestants for the second series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Neil Fox TV & radio presenter Pam O'Connor Eliminated 1st Phil Gayle Journalist & TV presenter Natalia Pestova Eliminated 2nd Ulrika Jonsson TV presenter Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 3rd Stephen Gately Singer ( Boyzone ) Kristina Lenko Eliminated 4th Kay Burley TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 5th Lisa Scott - Lee Singer ( Steps ) Matt Evers Eliminated 6th Lee Sharpe Footballer Frankie Poultney Eliminated 7th Emily Symons Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 8th Duncan James Singer ( Blue ) Maria Filippov Third place Clare Buckfield Actress Andrei Lipanov Second place Kyran Bracken Rugby player Melanie Lambert Winner Series 3 ( 2008 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 3 ) The commissioning of the third series of Dancing on Ice was first confirmed by Phillip Schofield at the BAFTA awards . The third series began on 13 January 2008 , moving to Sunday nights in the process and ended on 16 March 2008 , when Suzanne Shaw was crowned as the winner . Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . The third series saw the replacement of judge Natalia Bestemianova by West End star Ruthie Henshall . And for the first time in the history of the series , a contestant withdrew due to injury , and it was TV presenter Michael Underwood who did so . The contestants for the third series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Sarah Greene TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 1st Natalie Pinkham TV presenter Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 2nd Michael Underwood TV presenter Melanie Lambert Withdrew Samantha Mumba Singer Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 3rd Aggie MacKenzie TV presenter Sergey Malyshev Eliminated 4th Tim Vincent TV presenter Victoria Borzenkova Eliminated 5th Steve Backley Olympic javelin thrower Susie Lipanova Eliminated 6th Linda Lusardi Model & actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 7th Greg Rusedski Tennis player Kristina Lenko Eliminated 8th Gareth Gates Singer Maria Filippov Eliminated 9th Zaraah Abrahams Actress Fred Palascak Third place Chris Fountain Actor Frankie Poultney Runner - up Suzanne Shaw Singer ( Hear'Say ) Matt Evers Winner Series 4 ( 2009 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 4 ) The fourth series started on 11 January 2009 and ended on 22 March 2009 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present as well as Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber to mentor the celebrities . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Ruthie Henshall all returned to The Ice Panel for the fourth series . The contestants for the fourth series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Graeme Le Saux Former footballer Kristina Lenko Eliminated 1st ( Men 's round ) Gemma Bissix Actress Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 2nd ( Women 's round ) Jeremy Edwards Actor Darya Nucci Eliminated 3rd Michael Underwood TV presenter Melanie Lambert Eliminated 4th Todd Carty Actor Susie Lipanova Eliminated 5th Ellery Hanley Rugby player Frankie Poultney Eliminated 6th Melinda Messenger Model & TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 7th Roxanne Pallett Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 8th Zöe Salmon TV presenter Matt Evers Eliminated 9th Coleen Nolan Singer & TV presenter Stuart Widdall Eliminated 10th Jessica Taylor Singer ( Liberty X ) Pavel Aubrecht Third place Donal MacIntyre Journalist Florentine Houdinière Runner - up Ray Quinn Singer & actor Maria Filippov Winner Series 5 ( 2010 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 5 ) The fifth series began on 10 January 2010 and ended on 28 March 2010 . Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber returned to train the celebrities , with Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returning as co-presenters . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned for their fifth series on The Ice Panel . However , Ruthie Henshall did not return for her third series on The Ice Panel and was replaced by singer Emma Bunton . In addition to the main show , there was also a new spin - off show called Dancing on Ice Friday which gives viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities . It was presented by Ben Shephard and former contestant Coleen Nolan and broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV . Cousins did not appear as a judge for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentary commitments for the Winter Olympics , so Barber was temporary head judge during Cousins 's absence . Michael Ball took his place on 14 February and Angela Rippon filled in for him on 21 February . The contestants for the fifth series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Sinitta Singer Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 1st ( Women 's round ) Bobby Davro Comedian Molly Moenkhoff Eliminated 2nd ( Men 's round ) Jeremy Sheffield Actor Susie Lipanova Eliminated 3rd Tana Ramsay TV presenter Stuart Widdall Eliminated 4th Heather Mills Businesswoman & activist Matt Evers Eliminated 5th Dr. Hilary Jones TV presenter Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 6th Sharron Davies Former Olympic swimmer Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 7th Emily Atack Actress Fred Palascak Eliminated 8th Mikey Graham Singer ( Boyzone ) Melanie Lambert Eliminated 9th Danny Young Actor Frankie Poultney Eliminated 10th Danniella Westbrook Actress Matthew Gonzalez Eliminated 11th Kieron Richardson Actor Brianne Delcourt Third place Gary Lucy Actor Maria Filippov Second place Hayley Tamaddon Actress Daniel Whiston Winner Series 6 ( 2011 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 6 ) The sixth series started on 9 January 2011 and ended on 27 March 2011 with the following 16 celebrities taking part . Although 16 celebrities are confirmed to take part , in a shocking twist , the first two episodes were qualifying rounds , in each of which eight couples skated and two were eliminated , so that only 12 couples reached the competition proper . For the first time , viewers in the Republic of Ireland were able to vote via the TV3 Ireland website . Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill returned to mentor the contestants , with Karen Barber moving from The Ice Panel to the role of head coach . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned as co-presenters for their sixth series . Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Emma Bunton returned to The Ice Panel , but Nicky Slater did not . The contestants for the sixth series are : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Angela Rippon TV presenter Sean Rice Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 1 ) Nadia Sawalha Actress & TV presenter Mark Hanretty Craig McLachlan Actor Maria Filippov Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 2 ) Elen Rivas Model Łukasz Różycki Steven Arnold Actor Nina Ulanova Eliminated 1st Dominic Cork Cricketer Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 2nd Jennifer Metcalfe Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 3rd Comedy Dave Radio DJ Frankie Poultney Eliminated 4th Kerry Katona Singer ( Atomic Kitten ) Daniel Whiston Eliminated 5th Vanilla Ice Rapper Katie Stainsby Eliminated 6th Denise Welch Actress & TV presenter Matt Evers Eliminated 7th Jeff Brazier TV presenter Isabelle Gauthier Eliminated 8th Johnson Beharry Soldier Jodeyne Higgins Eliminated 9th Chloe Madeley Model & TV presenter Michael Zenezini Third place Laura Hamilton TV presenter Colin Ratushniak Second place Sam Attwater Actor Brianne Delcourt Winner Series 7 ( 2012 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 7 ) The seventh series started on 8 January 2012 . The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012 . Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby , with Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return , with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner . The contestants for the seventh series are as follows . Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line - up , but withdrew after sustaining an injury . His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Andy Akinwolere TV presenter Maria Filippov Eliminated 1st Laila Morse Actress Łukasz Różycki Eliminated 2nd Mark Rhodes TV presenter Frankie Poultney Eliminated 3rd Corey Feldman Actor Brooke Castile Eliminated 4th Charlene Tilton Actress Matthew Gonzalez Eliminated 5th Rosemary Conley Businesswoman & author Mark Hanretty Eliminated 6th Sébastien Foucan Freerunner Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 7th Heidi Range Singer ( Sugababes ) Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 8th Sam Nixon TV presenter Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 9th Andy Whyment Actor Vicky Ogden Eliminated 10th Chemmy Alcott Alpine ski racer Sean Rice Eliminated 11th Jennifer Ellison Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 12th Chico Slimani Singer Jodeyne Higgins Third place Jorgie Porter Actress Matt Evers Second place Matthew Wolfenden Actor Nina Ulanova Winner Series 8 ( 2013 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 8 ) The eighth series started on 6 January 2013 . The line - up was officially announced on 18 December 2012 . Consisting of twelve couples , series 8 was the shortest series to air , and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008 . Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities , with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts , who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Pamela Anderson Actress Matt Evers Eliminated 1st Lauren Goodger Reality TV star Michael Zenezini Eliminated 2nd Oona King Politician Mark Hanretty Eliminated 3rd Anthea Turner TV presenter Andrew Buchanan Eliminated 4th Shayne Ward Singer Maria Filippov Eliminated 5th Joe Pasquale Comedian Vicky Ogden Eliminated 6th Keith Chegwin TV presenter Olga Sharutenko Eliminated 7th Samia Ghadie Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 8th Gareth Thomas Retired rugby player Robin Johnstone Withdrew Luke Campbell Boxer Jenna Smith Third place Matt Lapinskas Actor Brianne Delcourt Second place Beth Tweddle Olympic gymnast Daniel Whiston Winner Series 9 : all -- Stars ( 2014 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 9 ) The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014 . It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches , and ITV 's Director of Television , Peter Fincham , confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this . On 24 June 2013 , it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show 's last series . It was later announced that the ninth series would be an `` all -- star '' series , featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series . The 14 - strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013 , included 6 former champions , 6 other top - four finishers , plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Dean , Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins , Jason Gardiner , Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth , eighth , seventh and second series on The Ice Panel . Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics , so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge . Celebrity Original series Professional partner Status Jorgie Porter Series 7 -- 2nd Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 1st Joe Pasquale Series 8 -- 7th Robin Johnstone Eliminated 2nd David Seaman Series 1 -- 4th Frankie Poultney Eliminated 3rd Gary Lucy Series 5 -- 2nd Katie Stainsby Eliminated 4th Todd Carty Series 4 -- 9th Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 5th Zaraah Abrahams Series 3 -- 3rd Andrew Buchanan Eliminated 6th Bonnie Langford Series 1 -- 3rd Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 7th Gareth Gates Series 3 -- 4th Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 8th Suzanne Shaw Series 3 -- 1st Matt Evers Eliminated 9th Kyran Bracken Series 2 -- 1st Nina Ulanova Eliminated 10th Sam Attwater Series 6 -- 1st Vicky Ogden Eliminated 11th Beth Tweddle Series 8 -- 1st Łukasz Różycki Third place Hayley Tamaddon Series 5 -- 1st Daniel Whiston Runner up Ray Quinn Series 4 -- 1st Maria Filippov Winner Series 10 ( 2018 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) On 4 September 2017 , it was announced on This Morning that Dancing on Ice would return with Willoughby and Schofield as presenters , and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges . It was also revealed that Jason Gardiner would be returning to the Ice Panel , along with Diversity member Ashley Banjo . With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set , new graphics , a new logo and a new theme tune , including the contestants and professionals faces for the first time . The show 's new logo was released on the official Twitter account . The series will be filmed at RAF Bovingdon . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Candice Brown The Great British Bake Off winner Matt Evers Eliminated 1st Stephanie Waring Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 2nd Perri Shakes - Drayton Athlete Hamish Gaman Eliminated 3rd Cheryl Baker Singer ( Bucks Fizz ) & TV presenter Daniel Whiston Eliminated 4th Lemar Singer , songwriter & producer Melody Le Moal Eliminated 5th Antony Cotton Actor Brandee Malto Eliminated 6th & 7th Donna Air Actress & TV presenter Mark Hanretty Alex Beresford Weather forecaster Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 8th Kem Cetinay Reality TV star Alex Murphy Eliminated 9th Max Evans Rugby union player Ale Izquierdo Third place Brooke Vincent Actress Matej Silecky Runner - up Jake Quickenden Singer & reality TV star Vanessa Bauer Winner Series 11 ( 2019 ) It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . Series averages All information in this table comes from BARB . including figures from ITV + 1 and ITV HD channels Series Day # Ep . Premiere Final Aired Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Saturdays 16 14 January 2006 9.83 4 March 2006 11.68 2006 9.12 18 20 January 2007 9.08 17 March 2007 9.14 2007 8.00 Sundays 20 13 January 2008 9.34 16 March 2008 12.08 2008 8.93 22 11 January 2009 8.83 22 March 2009 11.31 2009 8.86 5 23 10 January 2010 9.64 28 March 2010 9.42 8.28 6 23 9 January 2011 10.23 27 March 2011 9.35 2011 8.15 7 23 8 January 2012 8.42 25 March 2012 7.01 2012 6.63 8 19 6 January 2013 7.49 10 March 2013 7.36 2013 6.32 9 19 5 January 2014 6.76 9 March 2014 5.98 2014 5.04 10 10 7 January 2018 8.56 11 March 2018 2018 Awards Year Group Award Result Reference ( s ) 2006 National Television Awards Most Popular Entertainment Programme Nominated 2007 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2008 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Talent Show Nominated 2009 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Talent Show Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Won RTS Craft & Design Award Best Multicamera Work Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Nominated 2011 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Nominated 2012 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2013 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2014 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TRIC Awards TRIC Special Award Won Guest singers Series 2 -- Week 6 : Take That with `` Shine '' and `` Patience '' Series 3 -- Week 3 : Westlife with `` World of Our Own '' and `` Us Against The World '' Series 3 -- Week 9 : Leona Lewis with `` Footprints in the Sand '' and `` Better in Time '' Series 4 -- Week 5 : Bette Midler with `` From a Distance '' Series 4 -- Week 7 : Will Young with `` Let It Go '' Series 4 -- Week 10 : Girls Aloud with `` Untouchable '' Series 5 -- Week 2 : The Saturdays with `` Ego '' Series 5 -- Week 5 : Mumford & Sons with `` The Cave '' Series 5 -- Week 5 : Pixie Lott with `` Use Somebody '' and `` Cry Me Out '' Series 5 -- Week 8 : Katherine Jenkins and Andrew Lloyd Webber with `` Love Never Dies '' Series 5 -- Week 11 : Alexandra Burke with `` All Night Long '' Series 6 -- Qualifying Week 2 : Ellie Goulding with `` Your Song '' Series 6 -- Week 5 : Rumer with `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Series 6 -- Week 7 : Nicole Scherzinger with `` Do n't Hold Your Breath '' Series 6 -- Week 8 & 10 : The Overtones ( house band for week 10 ) Series 7 -- Week 2 : Pixie Lott with `` Kiss the Stars '' Series 7 -- Week 4 : Christina Perri with `` Jar of Hearts '' Series 7 -- Week 5 : One Direction with `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' Series 7 -- Week 10 : Marcus Collins with `` Seven Nation Army '' Series 8 -- Week 3 : Little Mix with `` Change Your Life '' Series 8 -- Week 7 : Olly Murs with `` Army of Two '' Series 8 -- Week 8 : Jools Holland and Rumer Series 9 -- Week 4 : Rebecca Ferguson with `` In My Life '' ( with Torvill and Dean ) and `` All That I 've Got '' ( with professional skaters ) Series 9 -- Semi-final : Kodaline with `` High Hopes '' Series 10 -- Week 7 : Camila Cabello with `` Never Be the Same '' Spin - offs Like many other reality TV shows , Dancing on Ice has had a number of supplementary shows . The first was Dancing on Ice Defrosted . It was presented by Stephen Mulhern and aired on ITV2 immediately after the main ITV show and again after the results show . The show featured opinions from celebrity guests and past contestants as well as from Torvill and Dean , the judges , presenters and competitors . Judge Nicky Slater also offered in - depth analysis of various performances using the latest video technology that the judges use to judge performances . The second spin - off show was originally called Dancing on Ice Extra and was presented by Andi Peters and Andrea McLean , both competitors in the first series . Midway through the first series Paul O'Grady left ITV to join Channel 4 meaning that ITV had no show to put on air at 5 pm . The format of Dancing on Ice Defrosted was modified so that it could be broadcast every weekday . Due to Andrea 's maternity leave during the second series she did not return to present the show and therefore Ben Shephard joined the show as the anchor presenter , and , unlike during the previous , series Andi Peters was now a roving reporter around the studio . For its second run the show was renamed Dancing on Ice Exclusive . Neither of these first two spin - off shows returned in 2008 nor 2009 . In 2010 it was announced that a new spin - off show would accompany Dancing on Ice , named Dancing on Ice Friday , presented by Ben Shephard and Coleen Nolan . Champion of champions ( 2007 ) This took place on Saturday 24 March 2007 and featured finalists from both Series 1 and Series 2 . All six celebrities did one routine each , scored by the judges , and then voted on by the public . The two couples finishing first after the public voted skated again in the skate off to decide the winner . The skaters that did not reach the skate off -- 3rd to 6th -- were announced `` in no particular order '' , so ranks may not be accurate . Place Celebrity Partner Position on Dancing on Ice Score 1st Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Series 2 winner 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.5 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 29.5 2nd Clare Buckfield Andrei Lipanov Series 2 runner - up 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 3rd Bonnie Langford Matt Evers Series 1 third place ( final ) 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.5 4th Duncan James Maria Filippov Series 2 third place ( final ) 4.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.0 5th Gaynor Faye Daniel Whiston Series 1 winner 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 25.5 6th Stefan Booth Kristina Lenko Series 1 runner - up 4.5 + 5.0 + 4.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 = 22.5 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) For Christmas 2008 , Torvill and Dean went head to head with Jayne Torvill having a team of three female celebrities , and Christopher Dean having a team of three male celebrities . The judges were the usual line - up of Robin Cousins , Ruthie Henshall , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Nicky Slater . Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield presented the 90 - minute programme . Place Celebrity Partner Position on Dancing on Ice Score 1st Suzanne Shaw Matt Evers Series 3 winner 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 30.0 2nd Chris Fountain Frankie Poultney Series 3 runner - up 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 28.0 3rd Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Series 2 winner 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 27.0 4th Clare Buckfield Pavel Aubrecht Series 2 runner - up 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 5th Duncan James Maria Filippov Series 2 third place 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 4.5 = 24.5 6th Zaraah Abrahams Fred Palascak Series 3 third place 5.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 24.0 Team Torvill scored 80 points to Team Dean 's 79.5 and won the show by also receiving the majority of the audience votes . Suzanne Shaw received the perfect score of 30 for the third time in a row . In her last two appearances on the show she has picked up the trophy . Dancing on Ice : Make Me a star ( 2008 ) A 30 - minute prime time spin - off to Dancing on Ice premiered on 26 January 2008 and ran for a few episodes , presented solely by Holly Willoughby . This both showed some exclusive footage of the celebrities training for the Sunday night main show and followed Torvill and Dean on the search for a member of the public to perform on the Dancing on Ice final in 2009 . Shows : Kyran Bracken skated with his new partner ( they have been on Holiday on Ice ) David Seaman and Melanie Lambert showed what to expect on the Tour Clare Buckfield and Andrei Lipanov did a new performance of `` Reach '' Dancing on Ice : Ice star ( 2009 ) This was shown after the announcement of the bottom two had been made but before the skate off . It showed Torvill and Dean 's search for an entertainment act on ice , with auditions from all kinds of ice skaters . The winner skated live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final and join Torvill and Dean on tour . From a shortlist of 20 acts , Torvill and Dean invited only 4 back to give another performance in the Dancing on Ice studio . The final 4 were : Hannah and Daniel -- Child pairs skaters Nick Rigby -- Figure skater The Oxford Freestylers -- Stunt and trick performers The Elody -- Skating girlband The best skater to slip through the net was Grimsby born Daniel Bennett who initially impressed Christopher Dean on his first audition . Controversially however Jane Torvil denied him entry after his cataclismic fall on the quarter finals just metres away from the legendary skating duo . The Oxford Freestylers won and performed live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final . Dancing on Ice goes gold ( 2012 ) An Olympic special aired on 22 July 2012 , before the London 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured medal - winning Olympic athletes . The one - off special featured the judges from series 7 , with Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returning as presenters . Torvill & Dean unveiled a new and specially - crafted performance . Head judge , Robin Cousins also performed a solo routine for first time in twelve years . Olympian Sport Medals Professional partner Judges scores Status Steve Williams OBE Rowing Gold , Coxless Four ( Athens 2004 , Beijing 2008 ) Katie Stainsby 9.5 , 9.5 , 10.0 = 29.0 Gold ( Winner ) Olga Korbut Gymnastics 4 Gold & 2 Silver ( Munich 1972 , Montreal 1976 ) Matthew Gonzalez 10.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 28.5 Silver ( 2nd place ) Pippa Wilson MBE Sailing Gold , Yngling sailing ( Beijing 2008 ) Mark Hanretty 9.0 , 9.5 , 9.5 = 28.0 Bronze ( 3rd place ) Gail Emms MBE Badminton Silver , Mixed Doubles ( Athens 2004 ) Łukasz Różycki 9.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 27.5 Eliminated Colin Jackson CBE Hurdling , Sprinting Silver , 110m Hurdles ( Seoul Olympics 1988 ) Frankie Poultney 9.0 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.5 Eliminated Jamie Baulch Sprinting Silver , 4 × 400 m relay ( Atlanta 1996 ) Maria Filippov 8.5 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.0 Eliminated Tessa Sanderson CBE Javelin Gold ( LA 1984 ) Yannick Bonheur 7.5 , 7.5 , 8.0 = 23.0 Eliminated The judges scores were added to the studio audiences votes to decide the winner . No public vote took place , as the programme was recorded earlier in the year . Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) A brand new spin - off show for the 2010 series of Dancing on Ice , appropriately called Dancing on Ice Friday , gave viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities over the last week . It was presented by television presenter Ben Shephard and former contestant and Loose Women star Coleen Nolan . The show was broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV throughout the duration of the main shows season . STV who broadcast the main show did not broadcast this on the Friday evening but after repeating the previous week 's main show on the following Saturday afternoon . Due to poor ratings , Dancing on Ice Friday was axed prior to the 2011 series . Studio set and Ice rink The show was based in the George Lucas Stage at Elstree Studios from 2006 to 2010 . In 2011 the show was broadcast from Shepperton Studios . In 2012 it returned to Elstree with a new , more modern set . There were several areas of the Elstree studio . The Tunnel was to the left of the rink and was where the couples entered the rink . The Ice Cave was situated at the back of the rink and was where Phillip Schofield stood to interview the couples . The Judges and Contestants Area was to the right of the rink and was where the judging panel were based , and where Holly Willoughby or Christine Bleakley stood to speak to them and the couples . The ice rink measured 30 × 15m . For the 2018 revival series the show was relocated to a purpose - built studio at RAF Bovingdon . Dancing on Ice : The Tour Main article : Dancing on Ice : The Tour Merchandise A DVD , featuring highlights from Series 1 , and a CD , containing music from Series 1 , were released shortly after it ended . A highlights DVD for Series 2 was released on 2 April 2007 and a Series 3 highlights DVD was released on 7 April 2008 . There is a Series 4 DVD in The Series 1 -- 5 Boxset ; you can ` t buy it by itself . The Series 5 Highlights DVD was released on 12 April 2010 and the Live Tour 2010 DVD was released on 29 November 2010 . A compilation boxset of highlights of Series 1 -- 5 has also been released . The Live Tours are also filmed at a different location each year by Live Nation UK Ltd who own the rights to the tours and released on DVD by Universal Media . The Live 25th Bolero Anniversary Tour DVD was released in November 2009 . References Jump up ^ `` Torvill and Dean skate on to ITV '' . BBC News . 25 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Judges -- Karen Barber ITV -- Dancing on Ice Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Dancing on thin ice '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ TV ratings : March 16 -- Dancing on Ice final wins for ITV The Guardian Jump up ^ Dancing on Ice -- News -- Torvill and Dean get £ 1.5 m ' Dancing ' deal Digital Spy Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Skating on in : Christine Bleakley to replace Holly Willoughby as co-host of Dancing on Ice '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Press releases Programme press releases Dancing on Ice judges -- ITV Press Centre '' . Itv.com . Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' : Jason Gardiner to replace Louie Spence -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV News '' . AudienceTickets.net . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 26 January 2013 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to air final series in 2014 , confirms Torvill and Dean '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to survive axe ? '' . Digital Spy. 24 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice to end in 2014 '' . ITV Press Centre . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice to return in 2018 '' . ITV Press Centre . 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice confirms Ashley Banjo as judge for 2018 series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Jason Gardiner returning to Dancing on Ice ? Judging line - up of ITV show CONFIRMED '' . Radio Times . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Banjo will join brother Ashley on Dancing on Ice as digital host ... whatever that means '' . Digital Spy. 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottershead , Lee ( 16 December 2017 ) . `` Matt Chapman gets his skates on to become voice of ITV 's Dancing on Ice - Horse Racing News - Racing Post '' . www.racingpost.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice commentator Matt Chapman quits after one episode '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Matterface replaces Matt Chapman as Dancing on Ice commentator '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice will return in 2019 '' . Radio Times . 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice series 3 '' . Digital Spy. 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the show '' . itv.com. 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice -- TV3 '' . Tv3.ie . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice dates confirmed News Phillip Schofield '' . Officialphillipschofield.com . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' lineup revealed : Heidi Range , Jennifer Ellison , more -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chesney 's ice exit '' . itv.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' return date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice 2013 celebrity line - up revealed '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Anderson , Samia Ghadie and Shayne Ward get their skates on as Dancing on Ice 2013 line - up is announced '' . Daily Mail . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' returns for All Stars final series '' . Digital Spy. 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Line up revealed tonight ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice All - Stars cast unveiled '' . 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice returning to ITV in 2018 with big change '' . Digital Spy. 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice ( @ dancingonice ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Jump up ^ Top Programmes BARB Jump up ^ `` NTAs 2013 - Nominations in full '' . 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Take That on Dancing On Ice Metro , 16 February 2007 Jump up ^ `` Log into Facebook - Facebook '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Leona Lewis ' blades of glory The Sun , 29 February 2008 Jump up ^ Pixie Lott sings ' Cry Me Out ' on Dancing On Ice 2010 Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Unreality TV , 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Pixie Lott opens Dancing on Ice with Kings of Leon classic STV , 9 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star '' . itv.com. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dancing on Ice . Dancing on Ice at itv.com Dancing on Ice at stv.tv Dancing on Ice on Facebook Dancing on Ice on Twitter Dancing on Ice on IMDb Dancing on Ice Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winners Celebrities Gaynor Faye Kyran Bracken Suzanne Shaw Ray Quinn Hayley Tamaddon Sam Attwater Matthew Wolfenden Beth Tweddle Jake Quickenden Professionals Daniel Whiston Melanie Lambert Matt Evers Maria Filippov Brianne Delcourt Nina Ulanova Vanessa Bauer Other Professionals Viktoria Borzenkova Brooke Castile Hamish Gaman Isabelle Gauthier Mark Hanretty Jodeyne Higgins Florentine Houdinière Marika Humphreys Sylvain Longchambon Pamela O'Connor Colin Ratushniak Sean Rice Łukasz Różycki Todd Sand Olga Sharutenko Michael Zenezini Dancing on Ice around the world Versions United Kingdom United States Poland Greece Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_on_Ice&oldid=835628998 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2006 British television programme debuts 2010s British reality television series British reality television series Dancing on Ice English - language television programs Figure skating in the United Kingdom Figure skating on television ITV reality television programmes Television series by ITV Studios Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Gaeilge Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 20 : 53 . 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simon & garfunkel for emily whenever i may find her lyrics			For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her	for emily, whenever i may find her	`` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel from their third studio album , Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme ( 1966 ) . It is sung solely by Art Garfunkel , and consists mainly of his vocals with heavy reverb and a 12 - string acoustic guitar . The lyrics concern finding a lover , although Simon once characterized the subject matter as being about a `` belief , '' rather than about a specific individual .	First issued as a single as the B - side of `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' ( 1966 ) , the song was later reissued in live form in 1972 to promote the release of Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits . The track reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It has been covered numerous times by many notable artists , and remains a staple of Art Garfunkel 's live sets . He regards it as one of the most challenging songs to perform . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Cover versions 5 Chart positions 5.1 Weekly charts 6 References 7 Bibliography Background ( edit ) `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' has sometimes been thought to be named after poet Emily Dickinson , who is referenced in another song on the record , `` The Dangling Conversation . '' It has also been considered to be inspired by Simon 's relationship with Kathy Chitty , which is forefront in `` America '' . `` For Emily '' is more lyrically comparable with `` Homeward Bound '' and `` Kathy 's Song '' in that it details finding solace in a lover . While other songs , such as `` The Sound of Silence , '' had taken months for Simon to complete writing , others , such as `` For Emily , '' were written in a single night . In their 1968 appearance on Kraft Music Hall , Simon explained that `` For Emily '' is not about an imaginary girl Emily , but about a belief , while the song `` Overs '' ( from the album Bookends ) is about the loss of that belief . The song , upon its release as a single in August 1972 , peaked at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100 , spending seven weeks on the chart . Composition ( edit ) `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' has been called an `` ethereal showpiece for ( Art ) Garfunkel , '' containing a `` mystical quality , created not only by the timbre of the guitar , but also by some of the rhythmic and pitch elements . '' The song 's production is simple , and consists mainly of a 12 - string acoustic guitar played by Simon and various studio techniques , such as reverberation and unison overdubs on the vocals . The song is composed in the key of F major , and barely lasts two minutes , covering five verses . The first three employ `` ornate imagery to tell of his dream of finding his lover , '' the fourth is an instrumental interlude , and the fifth finds the protagonist awakening to find his lover with him . The melody consists of five brief phrases , with the first three being descending series of thirds . `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' draws on the Mixolydian scale , which is identical to the major scale but with its seventh step lowered . James Bennighof , in his book The Words and Music of Paul Simon , considers the composition exceptionally flexible in regard to its harmonic and melodic scheme : `` Simon feels free to vary the syllable and accent pattern of the text lines within the verses , and he adjusts the rhythms and pitches in order to accommodate these alterations . '' Within the album 's sequence , the song follows `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' , which is considerably different in tone : a satirical rant regarding pop culture . This sharp contrast between successive songs is a theme carried throughout Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme . Reception ( edit ) In 2014 , a Rolling Stone readers poll ranked it among the duo 's best compositions , with the magazine declaring , `` Over the years , fans have recognized it as one of the duo 's sweetest love songs . '' Cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by numerous artists , including Glenn Yarbrough ( as the title track of his 1967 album For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her ) , Johnny Rivers ( on his 1967 album Rewind ) , The Arbors ( on their 1968 album The Arbors Featuring I Ca n't Quit Her - The Letter ) , Ricky Nelson ( on his 1969 album Perspective ) , Paul Desmond ( on his 1969 album Bridge over Troubled Water ) , Cliff Richard ( on his 1969 album Sincerely Cliff ) , David Essex ( on his 1973 album Rock On ) , John Frusciante ( at Red Hot Chili Peppers shows ) and The Czars ( on their 2006 album Sorry I Made You Cry ) . Paul 's son Harper used some lines from the song on his `` Berkeley Girl . '' Lani Hall ( on her 1972 album Sun_Down_Lady ) sings the song as `` Wherever I May Find Him . '' It is sung a cappella . Chart positions ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 53 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Simon & Garfunkel -- Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Greene ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Greatest Simon and Garfunkel Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bennighof 2007 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Bennighof 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Laura ( 2004 ) . Paul Simon : The Definitive Biography . New York : Citadel Press , p. 99 . First edition , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Three for Tonight '' . Kraft Music Hall . January 3 , 1968 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Bennighof 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Bennighof 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bennighof , James ( 2007 ) . The Words and Music of Paul Simon . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99163 - 0 . hide Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Studio albums Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. Sounds of Silence Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme Bookends Bridge over Troubled Water Live albums The Concert in Central Park Live from New York City , 1967 Old Friends : Live on Stage Live 1969 Compilation albums Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits Collected Works The Simon and Garfunkel Collection 20 Greatest Hits The Definitive Simon and Garfunkel Old Friends The Best of Simon and Garfunkel Two Can Dream Alone Tales from New York : The Very Best of Simon & Garfunkel The Columbia Studio Recordings ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Tom & Jerry The Essential Simon & Garfunkel The Collection : Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel : The Complete Albums Collection Soundtrack albums The Graduate Videos The Concert in Central Park Old Friends : Live on Stage Discographies Simon & Garfunkel Art Garfunkel Paul Simon Other Songs recorded Paul Simon solo albums Paul Simon songs Art Garfunkel solo albums Bridge over Troubled Water ( Paul Desmond album ) Book Category hide Simon & Garfunkel singles Discography List of songs recorded Sounds of Silence `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` We 've Got A Groovey Thing Goin ' '' `` I Am a Rock '' / `` Flowers Never Bend With The Rainfall '' Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme `` Homeward Bound '' / `` Leaves That Are Green '' `` The Dangling Conversation '' / `` The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine '' `` Scarborough Fair / Canticle '' / `` April Come She Will '' Bookends `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' / `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' `` At the Zoo '' / `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' `` Fakin ' It '' / `` You Do n't Know Where Your Interest Lies '' `` Mrs. Robinson '' / `` Old Friends '' / `` Bookends '' Bridge over Troubled Water `` The Boxer '' / `` Baby Driver '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' / `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' `` Cecilia '' / `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' / `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Other singles Hey Schoolgirl Our Song This is my Song Surrender , Please Surrender I 'm Lonesome `` America '' `` My Little Town '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' Other songs `` Richard Cory '' `` Patterns '' `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' `` 7 O'Clock News / Silent Night '' `` Save the Life of My Child '' `` Overs '' `` Punky 's Dilemma '' `` So Long , Frank Lloyd Wright '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For_Emily,_Whenever_I_May_Find_Her&oldid=797665624 '' Categories : 1966 songs 1972 singles Simon & Garfunkel songs Songs written by Paul Simon Song recordings produced by Bob Johnston Song recordings produced by Paul Simon Song recordings produced by Art Garfunkel Song recordings produced by Roy Halee Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 14 : 22 . 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explain the suez war of 1955 and its significance			Suez Crisis	suez crisis	Coalition military victory ; Egyptian political victory	Anglo - French withdrawal following international pressure ( December 1956 ) Israeli occupation of Sinai ( until March 1957 ) UNEF deployment in Sinai Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping Resignation of Anthony Eden as British Prime Minister , end of Britain 's role as a superpower Guy Mollet 's position as French Prime Minister heavily damaged Belligerents Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders and leaders David Ben - Gurion Moshe Dayan Asaf Simhoni Haim Bar - Lev Avraham Yoffe Israel Tal Ariel Sharon Uri Ben - Ari Anthony Eden Gerald Templer Charles Keightley Hugh Stockwell Manley Power René Coty Guy Mollet Pierre Barjot André Beaufre Jacques Massu Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Saadedden Mutawally Sami Yassa Jaafar al - Abd Salahedin Moguy Raouf Mahfouz Zaki Strength 175,000 45,000 34,000 300,000 Casualties and losses Israel : 172 killed 817 wounded 1 captured United Kingdom : 16 killed 96 wounded France : 10 killed 33 wounded 1,650 -- 3,000 killed 1,000 civilians killed 4,900 wounded 5,000 -- 30,000 + captured The Suez Crisis , or the Second Arab -- Israeli War , also named the Tripartite Aggression ( in the Arab world ) and Operation Kadesh or Sinai War ( in Israel ) , was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel , followed by the United Kingdom and France . The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser , who had just nationalized the canal . After the fighting had started , political pressure from the United States , the Soviet Union and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders . The episode humiliated the United Kingdom and France and strengthened Nasser . On 29 October , Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai . Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire , which was ignored . On 5 November , Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez Canal . The Egyptian forces were defeated , but they did block the canal to all shipping . It later became clear that the Israeli invasion and the subsequent Anglo - French attack had been planned beforehand by the three countries . The three allies had attained a number of their military objectives , but the canal was now useless . Heavy political pressure from the United States and the USSR led to a withdrawal . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had strongly warned Britain not to invade ; he now threatened serious damage to the British financial system by selling the US government 's pound sterling bonds . Historians conclude the crisis `` signified the end of Great Britain 's role as one of the world 's major powers '' . The Suez Canal was closed from October 1956 until March 1957 . Israel fulfilled some of its objectives , such as attaining freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran , which Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950 . As a result of the conflict , the United Nations created the UNEF Peacekeepers to police the Egyptian -- Israeli border , British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigned , Canadian Minister of External Affairs Lester Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize and the USSR may have been emboldened to invade Hungary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 History of the Suez Canal 1.2 Oil 1.3 After 1945 2 Post Egyptian revolution period 2.1 Egypt and Britain 2.2 Egypt and the Arab leadership 2.3 US and a defense treaty against the Soviet threat 2.4 Nasser and the Soviet bloc 2.5 Nasser and arms purchase 2.6 France and the Egyptian support for the Algeria rebellion 2.7 Egypt and Israel 2.7. 1 Franco - Israeli alliance emerges 2.8 Frustration of British aims 3 Nasser and 1956 events 3.1 Nasser and Jordan 3.2 Nasser and Britain 3.3 U.S and the Aswan High Dam 3.3. 1 1956 American peace initiative 4 Canal nationalization 4.1 British response 4.2 French response 4.3 Commonwealth response 4.4 Western diplomacy 5 Franco - British - Israeli war plan 5.1 Objectives 5.2 British planning 5.3 Franco - Israeli planning 5.4 Protocol of Sèvres 5.5 Anglo - French Operation Musketeer 5.6 Anglo - French Operation Revise 5.7 Israeli Operation Kadesh 5.8 American intelligence 6 Forces 6.1 Britain 6.2 France 6.3 Israel 6.4 Egypt 7 Invasion 7.1 The Israeli operation Kadesh in Sinai 7.1. 1 Early actions in Southern Sinai 7.1. 2 Early actions along the Gulf of Aqaba , and the central front 7.1. 3 Battle of Jebel Heitan , paratroop brigade under attack 7.1. 4 Air operations , first phase 7.1. 5 Naval operations 7.1. 6 Hedgehog - Abu Uwayulah operations 7.1. 7 Gaza Strip operations 7.1. 8 Sharm el - Sheikh operations 7.2 Anglo - French Canal invasion 7.2. 1 Revise : Phases I and II 7.2. 2 Telescope modified : the paratroops land 7.2. 3 Royal Marines come ashore at Port Said 8 Casualties 9 End of hostilities 9.1 Anti-war protests in Britain 9.2 Support for Eden 9.3 International reaction 9.3. 1 Soviet threats 9.4 Financial pressure 9.5 Cease fire 10 Aftermath 10.1 Military thought 10.2 Europe 10.3 Egypt 10.3. 1 Abolishing civil liberties 10.4 Britain 10.5 France 10.6 Israel 10.7 Other parties 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Background History of the Suez canal See also : History of Israel and History of Egypt The location of the Suez Canal , which connects the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea . The Suez Canal was opened in 1869 , after ten years of work financed by the French and Egyptian governments . The canal was operated by the Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal , an Egyptian - chartered company ; the area surrounding the canal remained sovereign Egyptian territory and the only land - bridge between Africa and Asia . The canal instantly became strategically important , as it provided the shortest ocean link between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean . The canal eased commerce for trading nations and particularly helped European colonial powers to gain and govern their colonies . In 1875 , as a result of debt and financial crisis , the Egyptian ruler was forced to sell his shares in the canal operating company to the British government of Benjamin Disraeli . They were willing buyers and obtained a 44 percent share in the canal 's operations for less than £ 4 million ; this maintained the majority shareholdings of the mostly French private investors . With the 1882 invasion and occupation of Egypt , the United Kingdom took de facto control of the country as well as the canal proper , and its finances and operations . The 1888 Convention of Constantinople declared the canal a neutral zone under British protection . In ratifying it , the Ottoman Empire agreed to permit international shipping to pass freely through the canal , in time of war and peace . The Convention came into force in 1904 , the same year as the Entente cordiale between Britain and France . Despite this convention , the strategic importance of the Suez Canal and its control were proven during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 1905 , after Japan and Britain entered into a separate bilateral agreement . Following the Japanese surprise attack on the Russian Pacific Fleet based at Port Arthur , the Russians sent reinforcements from their fleet in the Baltic Sea . The British denied the Russian fleet use of the canal and forced it to steam around Africa , giving the Japanese forces time to consolidate their position in East Asia . The importance of the canal as a strategic intersection was again apparent during the First World War , when Britain and France closed the canal to non-Allied shipping . The attempt by German - led Ottoman forces to storm the canal in February 1915 led the British to commit 100,000 troops to the defense of Egypt for the rest of the war . Oil The canal continued to be strategically important after the Second World War as a conduit for the shipment of oil . Petroleum business historian Daniel Yergin wrote of the period : `` In 1948 , the canal abruptly lost its traditional rationale ... ( British ) control over the canal could no longer be preserved on grounds that it was critical to the defence either of India or of an empire that was being liquidated . And yet , at exactly the same moment , the canal was gaining a new role -- as the highway not of empire , but of oil ... By 1955 , petroleum accounted for half of the canal 's traffic , and , in turn , two thirds of Europe 's oil passed through it '' . At the time , Western Europe imported two million barrels ( bbls ) per day from the Middle East , 1,200,000 by tanker through the canal , and another 800,000 via pipeline from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean , where tankers received it . The US imported another 300,000 bbls . daily from the Middle East . Though pipelines linked the oil fields of Iraq and the Persian Gulf states to the Mediterranean , these routes were prone to suffer from instability , which led British leaders to prefer to use the sea route through the Suez Canal . As it was , the rise of super-tankers for shipping Middle East oil to Europe , which were too big to use the Suez Canal meant that British policy - makers greatly overestimated the importance of the canal . By 2000 , only 8 percent of the imported oil in Britain arrived via the Suez canal with the rest coming via the Cape route . In August 1956 the Royal Institute of International Affairs published a report titled `` Britain and the Suez Canal '' revealing government perception of the Suez area . It reiterates several times the strategic necessity of the Suez Canal to the United Kingdom , including the need to meet military obligations under the Manila Pact in the Far East and the Baghdad Pact in Iraq , Iran , or Pakistan . The report also points out how the canal was used in past wars and could be used in future wars to transport troops from the Dominions of Australia and New Zealand in the event of war in Europe . The report also cites the amount of material and oil that passes through the canal to the United Kingdom , and the economic consequences of the canal being put out of commission , concluding : The possibility of the Canal being closed to troopships makes the question of the control and regime of the Canal as important to Britain today as it ever was . After 1945 In the aftermath of the Second World War , Britain was reassessing its role in the region in light of the severe economic constraints and its colonial history . The economic potential of the Middle East , with its vast oil reserves , as well as the Suez Canal 's geo - strategic importance against the background of the Cold War , prompted Britain to consolidate and strengthen its position there . The kingdoms of Egypt and Iraq were seen as vital to maintaining strong British influence in the region . Britain 's military strength was spread throughout the region , including the vast military complex at Suez with a garrison of some 80,000 , making it one of the largest military installations in the world . The Suez base was considered an important part of Britain 's strategic position in the Middle East ; however , increasingly it became a source of growing tension in Anglo - Egyptian relations . Egypt 's post-war domestic politics were experiencing a radical change , prompted in no small part by economic instability , inflation , and unemployment . Unrest began to manifest itself in the growth of radical political groups , such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt , and an increasingly hostile attitude towards Britain and its presence in the country . Added to this anti-British fervour was the role Britain had played in the creation of Israel . As a result , the actions of the Egyptian government began to mirror those of its populace and an anti-British policy began to permeate Egypt 's relations with Britain . In October 1951 , the Egyptian government unilaterally abrogated the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the terms of which granted Britain a lease on the Suez base for 20 more years . Britain refused to withdraw from Suez , relying upon its treaty rights , as well as the sheer presence of the Suez garrison . The price of such a course of action was a steady escalation in increasingly violent hostility towards Britain and British troops in Egypt , which the Egyptian authorities did little to curb . On 25 January 1952 , British forces attempted to disarm a troublesome auxiliary police force barracks in Ismailia , resulting in the deaths of 41 Egyptians . This in turn led to anti-Western riots in Cairo resulting in heavy damage to property and the deaths of several foreigners , including 11 British citizens . This proved to be a catalyst for the removal of the Egyptian monarchy . On 23 July 1952 a military coup by the Egyptian nationalist ' Free Officers Movement ' -- led by Muhammad Neguib and future Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser -- overthrew King Farouk and established an Egyptian republic . Post Egyptian Revolution period The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1950s the Middle East was dominated by four distinct but interlinked struggles . The first was the geopolitical battle for influence between the United States and the Soviet Union known as the Cold War . The second was the anti-colonial struggle of Arab nationalists against the two remaining imperial powers , Britain and France . The third was the Arab -- Israeli dispute , and the fourth was the race between different Arab states for the leadership of the Arab world , known as the Arab Cold War . Egypt and Britain Britain 's desire to mend Anglo - Egyptian relations in the wake of the coup saw the country strive for rapprochement throughout 1953 and 1954 . Part of this process was the agreement , in 1953 , to terminate British rule in Sudan by 1956 in return for Cairo 's abandoning of its claim to suzerainty over the Nile Valley region . In October 1954 , Britain and Egypt concluded an agreement on the phased evacuation of British troops from the Suez base , the terms of which agreed to withdrawal of all troops within 20 months , maintenance of the base to be continued , and for Britain to hold the right to return for seven years . The Suez Canal Company was not due to revert to the Egyptian government until 16 November 1968 under the terms of the treaty . Britain 's close relationship with the two Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan were of particular concern to Nasser . In particular , Iraq 's increasingly amicable relations with Britain were a threat to Nasser 's desire to see Egypt as head of the Arab world . The creation of the Baghdad Pact in 1955 seemed to confirm Nasser 's fears that Britain was attempting to draw the Eastern Arab World into a bloc centred upon Iraq , and sympathetic to Britain . Nasser 's response was a series of challenges to British influence in the region that would culminate in the Suez Crisis . Egypt and the Arab leadership In regard to the Arab leadership , particularly venomous was the feud between Nasser and the Prime Minister of Iraq , Nuri el - Said , for Arab leadership , with the Cairo - based Voice of the Arabs radio station regularly calling for the overthrow of the government in Baghdad . The most important factors that drove Egyptian foreign policy in this period was on the one hand , a determination to see the entire Middle East as Egypt 's rightful sphere of influence , and on the other , a tendency on the part of Nasser to fortify his pan-Arabist and nationalist credibility by seeking to oppose any and all Western security initiatives in the Near East . Despite the establishment of such an agreement with the British , Nasser 's position remained tenuous . The loss of Egypt 's claim to Sudan , coupled with the continued presence of Britain at Suez for a further two years , led to domestic unrest including an assassination attempt against him in October 1954 . The tenuous nature of Nasser 's rule caused him to believe that neither his regime , nor Egypt 's independence would be safe until Egypt had established itself as head of the Arab world . This would manifest itself in the challenging of British Middle Eastern interests throughout 1955 . U.S. and a defense treaty against the Soviet threat The United States , while attempting to erect an alliance in the form of a Middle East Defense Organization to keep the Soviet Union out of the Near East , tried to woo Nasser into this alliance . The central problem for American policy in the Middle East was that this region was perceived as strategically important due to its oil , but the United States , weighed down by defense commitments in Europe and the Far East , lacked sufficient troops to resist a Soviet invasion of the Middle East . In 1952 , General Omar Bradley of Joint Chiefs of Staff declared at a planning session about what to do in the event of a Soviet invasion of the Near East : `` Where will the staff come from ? It will take a lot of stuff to do a job there '' . As a consequence , American diplomats favoured the creation of a NATO - type organization in the Near East to provide the necessary military power to deter the Soviets from invading the region . The Eisenhower administration , even more than the Truman administration saw the Near East as a huge gap into which Soviet influence could be projected , and accordingly required an American - supported security system . American diplomat Raymond Hare later recalled : It 's hard to put ourselves back in this period . There was really a definite fear of hostilities , of an active Russian occupation of the Middle East physically , and you practically hear the Russian boots clumping down over the hot desert sands . The projected Middle East Defense Organization ( MEDO ) was to be centered on Egypt . A National Security Council directive of March 1953 called Egypt the `` key '' to the Near East and advised that Washington `` should develop Egypt as a point of strength '' . A major dilemma for American policy was that the two strongest powers in the Near East , Britain and France , were also the nations whose influence many local nationalists most resented . From 1953 onwards , American diplomacy had attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the powers involved in the Near East , both local and imperial , to set aside their differences and unite against the Soviet Union . The Americans took the view that , just as fear of the Soviet Union had helped to end the historic Franco - German enmity , so too could anti-Communism end the more recent Arab -- Israeli dispute . It was a source of constant puzzlement to American officials in the 1950s that the Arab states and the Israelis had seemed to have more interest in fighting each other rather than uniting against the Soviet Union . After his visit to the Middle East in May 1953 to drum up support for MEDO , the Secretary of State , John Foster Dulles found much to his astonishment that the Arab states were `` more fearful of Zionism than of the Communists '' . The policy of the United States was colored by considerable uncertainty as to whom to befriend in the Near East . American policy was torn between a desire to maintain good relations with NATO allies such as Britain and France who were also major colonial powers , and a desire to align Third World nationalists with the Free World camp . Though it would be entirely false to describe the coup deposing King Farouk in July 1952 as a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) coup , Nasser and his Society of Free Officers were nonetheless in close contact with CIA operatives led by Miles Copeland beforehand ( Nasser maintained links with any and all potential allies from the Egyptian Communist Party on the left to the Muslim Brotherhood on the right ) . Nasser 's friendship with certain CIA officers in Cairo led Washington to vastly overestimate its influence in Egypt . That Nasser was close to CIA officers led the Americans for a time to view Nasser as a CIA `` asset '' . In turn , the British who were aware of Nasser 's CIA ties deeply resented this relationship , which they viewed as an American attempt to push them out of Egypt . The principal reason for Nasser 's courting of the CIA before the July Revolution of 1952 was his hope that the Americans would act as a restraining influence on the British should Britain decide on intervention to put an end to the revolution ( until Egypt renounced it in 1951 , the 1936 Anglo - Egyptian treaty allowed Britain the right of intervention against all foreign and domestic threats ) . In turn , many American officials , such as Ambassador Jefferson Caffery , saw the continued British military presence in Egypt as anachronistic , and viewed the Revolutionary Command Council ( as Nasser called his government after the coup ) in a highly favourable light . Caffery was consistently very positive about Nasser in his reports to Washington right up until his departure from Cairo in 1955 . The regime of King Farouk was viewed in Washington as weak , corrupt , unstable , and anti-American , so Free Officers ' July coup was welcomed by the United States . As it was , Nasser 's contacts with the CIA were not necessary to prevent British intervention against the July coup as Anglo - Egyptian relations had deteriorated so badly in 1951 -- 52 that the British viewed any Egyptian government not headed by King Farouk as a huge improvement . In May 1953 , during a meeting with Secretary Dulles , who asked Egypt to join an anti-Soviet alliance , Nasser responded by saying that the Soviet Union has never occupied our territory ... but the British have been here for seventy years . How can I go to my people and tell them I am disregarding a killer with a pistol sixty miles from me at the Suez Canal to worry about somebody who is holding a knife a thousand miles away ? Dulles informed Nasser of his belief that the Soviet Union was seeking world conquest , that the principal danger to the Near East came from the Kremlin , and urged Nasser to set aside his differences with Britain to focus on countering the Soviet Union . In this spirit , Dulles suggested that Nasser negotiate a deal that would see Egypt assume sovereignty over the canal zone base , but then allow the British to have `` technical control '' in the same way that Ford auto company provided parts and training to its Egyptian dealers . Nasser did not share Dulles 's fear of the Soviet Union taking over the Middle East , and insisted quite vehemently that he wanted to see the total end of all British influence not only in Egypt , but all the Middle East . The CIA offered Nasser a $3 million bribe if he would join the proposed Middle East Defense Organization ; Nasser took the money , but then refused to join . At most , Nasser made it clear to the Americans that he wanted an Egyptian - dominated Arab League to be the principal defense organization in the Near East , which might be informally associated with the United States . After he returned to Washington , Dulles advised Eisenhower that the Arab states believed `` the United States will back the new state of Israel in aggressive expansion . Our basic political problem ... is to improve the Moslem states ' attitudes towards Western democracies because our prestige in that area had been in constant decline ever since the war '' . The immediate consequence was a new policy of `` even - handedness '' where the United States very publicly sided with the Arab states in several disputes with Israel in 1953 -- 54 . Moreover , Dulles did not share any sentimental regard for the Anglo - American `` special relationship '' , which led the Americans to lean towards the Egyptian side in the Anglo - Egyptian disputes . During the extremely difficult negotiations over the British evacuation of the Suez Canal base in 1954 -- 55 , the Americans generally supported Egypt , though at the same time trying hard to limit the extent of the damage that this might cause to Anglo - American relations . In the same report of May 1953 to Eisenhower calling for `` even - handedness '' , Dulles stated that the Egyptians were not interested in joining the proposed MEDO ; that the Arabs were more interested in their disputes with the British , the French , the Israelis and each other than in standing against the Soviets ; and that the `` Northern Tier '' states of Turkey , Iran and Pakistan were more useful as allies at present than Egypt . Accordingly , the best American policy towards Egypt was to work towards Arab -- Israeli peace and the settlement of the Anglo - Egyptian dispute over the British Suez Canal base as the best way of securing Egypt 's ultimate adhesion to an American sponsored alliance centered on the `` Northern Tier '' states . The `` Northern Tier '' alliance was achieved in early 1955 with the creation of the Baghdad Pact comprising Pakistan , Iran , Turkey , Iraq and the United Kingdom . The presence of the last two states was due to the British desire to continue to maintain influence in the Middle East , and Nuri Said 's wish to associate his country with the West as the best way of counterbalancing the increasing aggressive Egyptian claims to regional predominance . The conclusion of the Baghdad Pact occurred almost simultaneously with a dramatic Israeli raid on the Gaza Strip on 28 February 1955 in retaliation for fedayeen raids into Israel , during which the Israeli Unit 101 commanded by Ariel Sharon gave the Egyptian Army a bloody nose . The close occurrence of the two events was mistakenly interpreted by Nasser as part of coordinated Western effort to push him into joining the Baghdad Pact . The signing of the Baghdad Pact and the Gaza raid marked the beginning of the end of Nasser 's once good relations with the Americans . In particular , Nasser saw Iraq 's participation in the Baghdad Pact as a Western attempt to promote his archenemy Nuri al - Said as an alternative leader of the Arab world . Nasser and the Soviet bloc Instead of siding with either superpower Nasser took the role of the spoiler and tried to play off the superpowers in order to have them compete with each other in attempts to buy his friendship . Under the new leadership of Nikita Khrushchev , the Soviet Union was making a major effort to win influence in the so - called `` third world '' . As part of the diplomatic offensive , Khrushchev had abandoned Moscow 's traditional line of treating all non-communists as enemies and adopted a new tactic of befriending so - called `` non-aligned '' nations , which often were led by leaders who were non-Communists , but in varying ways and degrees were hostile towards the West . Khrushchev had realized that by treating non-communists as being the same thing as being anti-communist , Moscow had needlessly alienated many potential friends over the years in the third world . Under the banner of anti-imperialism , Khrushchev made it clear that the Soviet Union would provide arms to any left - wing government in the third world as a way of undercutting Western influence . The Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai met Nasser at the 1955 Bandung Conference and was impressed by him . Zhou recommended that Khrushchev treat Nasser as a potential ally . Zhou described Nasser to Khrushchev as a young nationalist , who though no Communist , could if used correctly do much damage to Western interests in the Middle East . Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia , who also came to know Nasser at Bandung told Khrushchev in a 1955 meeting that `` Nasser was a young man without much political experience , but if we give him the benefit of the doubt , we might be able to exert a beneficial influence on him , both for the sake of the Communist movement , and ... the Egyptian people '' . Traditionally , most of the equipment in the Egyptian military had come from Britain , but Nasser 's desire to break British influence in Egypt meant that he was desperate to find a new source of weapons to replace Britain . Nasser had first broached the subject of buying weapons from the Soviet Union in 1954 . Nasser and arms purchase Most of all , Nasser wanted the United States to supply arms on a generous scale to Egypt . Nasser refused to promise that any U.S. arms he might buy would not be used against Israel , and rejected out of hand the American demand for a Military Advisory Group to be sent to Egypt as part of the price of arms sales . Nasser 's first choice for buying weapons was the United States , but his frequent anti-Israeli speeches and his sponsorship for the fedayeen who were making raids into Israel had made it difficult for the Eisenhower administration to get the approval of Congress to sell weapons to Egypt . American public opinion was deeply hostile towards selling arms to Egypt that might be used against Israel , and moreover Eisenhower feared starting a Middle Eastern arms race . Eisenhower very much valued the Tripartite Declaration as a way of keeping peace in the Near East . In 1950 , in order to limit the extent that the Arabs and the Israelis could engage in an arms race , the three nations which dominated the arms trade in the non-Communist world , namely the United States , the United Kingdom and France had signed the Tripartite Declaration , where they had committed themselves to limiting how much arms they could sell in the Near East , and also to ensuring that any arms sales to one side was matched by arms sales of equal quantity and quality to the other . Eisenhower viewed the Tripartite Declaration , which sharply restricted how many arms Egypt could buy in the West , as one of the key elements in keeping the peace between Israel and the Arabs , and believed that setting off an arms race would inevitably lead to a new war . The Egyptians made continuous attempts to purchase heavy arms from Czechoslovakia years before the 1955 deal . Nasser had let it be known , in 1954 -- 55 , that he was considering buying weapons from the Soviet Union as a way of pressuring the Americans into selling him the arms he desired . Nasser 's hope was that faced with the prospect of Egypt buying Soviet weapons , and thus coming under Soviet influence the Eisenhower administration would be forced to sell Egypt the weapons he wanted . Khrushchev who very much wanted to win the Soviet Union influence in the Middle East , was more than ready to arm Egypt if the Americans proved unwilling . During secret talks with the Soviets in 1955 , Nasser 's demands for weapons were more than amply satisfied as the Soviet Union had not signed the Tripartite Declaration . The news in September 1955 of the Egyptian purchase of a huge quantity of Soviet arms via Czechoslovakia was greeted with shock and rage in the West , where this was seen as a major increase in Soviet influence in the Near East . In Britain , the increase of Soviet influence in the Near East was seen as an ominous development that threatened to put an end to British influence in the oil - rich region . France and the Egyptian support for the Algeria rebellion Over the same period , the French Premier Guy Mollet , was facing an increasingly serious rebellion in Algeria , where the FLN rebels were being supported by Egypt , and he also came to perceive Nasser as a major threat . During a visit to London in March 1956 , Mollet told Eden his country was faced with an Islamic threat to the very soul of France supported by the Soviet Union . Mollet stated : `` All this is in the works of Nasser , just as Hitler 's policy was written down in Mein Kampf . Nasser has the ambition to recreate the conquests of Islam . But his present position is largely due to the policy of the West in building up and flattering him '' . In a May 1956 gathering of French veterans , Louis Mangin spoke in place of the unavailable Minister of Defence and gave a violently anti-Nasser speech , which compared the Egyptian leader to Hitler . He accused Nasser of plotting to rule the entire Middle East and of seeking to annex Algeria , whose `` people live in community with France '' . Mangin urged France to stand up to Nasser , and being a strong friend of Israel , urged an alliance with that nation against Egypt . Egypt and Israel Since the establishment of Israel in 1948 , cargo shipments to and from Israel had been subject to Egyptian authorization , search and seizure while attempting to pass through the Suez Canal . On 1 September 1951 , the United Nations Security Council Resolution 95 called upon Egypt : `` to terminate the restrictions on the passage of international commercial ships and goods through the Suez Canal , wherever bound , and to cease all interference with such shipping . '' This interference and confiscation , contrary to the laws of the canal ( Article 1 of the 1888 Suez Canal Convention ) , increased following the coup . In late 1954 , Nasser began a policy of sponsoring raids into Israel by the fedayeen , who almost always attacked civilians . The raids triggered a series of Israeli reprisal operations . The raids were targeted as much politically as against Israel militarily . It was Nasser 's intention to win himself the laurels of the foremost anti-Zionist state as a way of establishing his leadership over the Arab world . Before 1954 , the principal target of Nasser 's speeches had been Britain . Only after the Anglo - Egyptian agreement on evacuating the canal zone did Israel emerge as one of Nasser 's main enemies . Franco - Israeli alliance emerges Starting in 1949 owing to shared nuclear research , France and Israel started to move towards an alliance . Following the outbreak of the Algerian War in late 1954 , France began to ship more and more arms to Israel . In November 1954 , the Director - General of Israel 's Ministry of Defense Shimon Peres visited Paris , where he was received by the French Defense Minister Marie - Pierre Kœnig , who told him that France would sell Israel any weapons it wanted to buy . By early 1955 , France was shipping large amounts of weapons to Israel . In April 1956 , following another visit to Paris by Peres , France agreed to totally disregard the Tripartite Declaration , and supply even more weapons to Israel . During the same visit , Peres informed the French that Israel had decided upon war with Egypt in 1956 . Peres claimed that Nasser was a genocidal maniac intent upon not only destroying Israel , but also exterminating its people , and as such , Israel wanted a war before Egypt received even more Soviet weapons , and there was still a possibility of victory for the Jewish state . Peres asked for the French , who had emerged as Israel 's closest ally by this point , to give Israel all the help they could give in the coming war . Frustration of British aims Throughout 1955 and 1956 , Nasser pursued a number of policies that would frustrate British aims throughout the Middle East , and result in increasing hostility between Britain and Egypt . Nasser saw Iraq 's inclusion in the Baghdad Pact as indicating that the United States and Britain had sided with his much hated archenemy Nuri as - Said 's efforts to be the leader of the Arab world , and much of the motivation for Nasser 's turn to an active anti-Western policy starting in 1955 was due to his displeasure with the Baghdad Pact . For Nasser , attendance at such events as the Bandung conference in April 1955 served as both the means of striking a posture as a global leader , and of playing hard to get in his talks with the Americans , especially his demand that the United States sell him vast quantities of arms . Nasser `` played on the widespread suspicion that any Western defence pact was merely veiled colonialism and that Arab disunity and weakness -- especially in the struggle with Israel -- was a consequence of British machinations . '' He also began to align Egypt with the kingdom of Saudi Arabia -- whose rulers were hereditary enemies of the Hashemites -- in an effort to frustrate British efforts to draw Syria , Jordan and Lebanon into the orbit of the Baghdad Pact . Nasser struck a further blow against Britain by negotiating an arms deal with communist Czechoslovakia in September 1955 thereby ending Egypt 's reliance on Western arms . Later , other members of the Warsaw Pact also sold arms to Egypt and Syria . In practice , all sales from the Eastern Bloc were authorised by the Soviet Union , as an attempt to increase Soviet influence over the Middle East . This caused tensions in the United States because Warsaw Pact nations now had a strong presence in the region . Nasser and 1956 events Nasser and Jordan Nasser frustrated British attempts to draw Jordan into the pact by sponsoring demonstrations in Amman , leading King Hussein to dismiss the British commander of the Arab Legion , Sir John Bagot Glubb ( known to the Arabs as Glubb Pasha ) in March 1956 and throwing Britain 's Middle Eastern security policy into chaos . After one round of bloody rioting in December 1955 and another in March 1956 against Jordan joining the Baghdad Pact , both instigated by Cairo - based Voice of the Arabs radio station , Hussein believed his throne was in danger . In private , Hussein assured the British that he was still committed to continuing the traditional Hashemite alliance with Britain , and that his sacking of Glubb Pasha and all the other British officers in the Arab Legion were just gestures to appease the rioters . Nasser and Britain British Prime Minister Anthony Eden was especially upset at the sacking of Glubb Pasha , and as one British politician recalled : For Eden ... this was the last straw ... This reverse , he insisted was Nasser 's doing ... Nasser was our Enemy No. 1 in the Middle East and he would not rest until he destroyed all our friends and eliminated the last vestiges of our influence ... Nasser must therefore be ... destroyed . After the sacking of Glubb Pasha , which he saw as a grievous blow to British influence , Eden became consumed with an obsessional hatred for Nasser , and from March 1956 onwards , was in private committed to the overthrow of Nasser . The American historian Donald Neff wrote that Eden 's often hysterical and overwrought views towards Nasser almost certainly reflected the influence of the amphetamines to which Eden had become addicted following a botched operation in 1953 together with the related effects of sustained sleep deprivation ( Eden slept on average about 5 hours per night in early 1956 ) . Increasingly Nasser came to be viewed in British circles -- and in particular by Eden -- as a dictator , akin to Benito Mussolini . Ironically , in the buildup to the crisis , it was the Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell and the left - leaning tabloid newspaper The Mirror that first made the comparison between Nasser and Mussolini . Anglo - Egyptian relations would continue on their downward spiral . Britain was eager to tame Nasser and looked towards the United States for support . However , Eisenhower strongly opposed British - French military action . America 's closest Arab ally , Saudi Arabia , was just as fundamentally opposed to the Hashemite - dominated Baghdad Pact as Egypt , and the U.S. was keen to increase its own influence in the region . The failure of the Baghdad Pact aided such a goal by reducing Britain 's dominance over the region . `` Great Britain would have preferred to overthrow Nasser ; America , however uncomfortable with the ' Czech arms deal ' , thought it wiser to propitiate him . '' U.S. and the Aswan high dam On 16 May 1956 , Nasser officially recognised the People 's Republic of China , which angered the U.S. and Secretary Dulles , a sponsor of the Republic of China . This move , coupled with the impression that the project was beyond Egypt 's economic capabilities , caused Eisenhower to withdraw all American financial aid for the Aswan Dam project on 19 July . The Eisenhower administration believed that if Nasser were able to secure Soviet economic support for the high dam , that would be beyond the capacity of the Soviet Union to support , and in turn would strain Soviet - Egyptian relations . Eisenhower wrote in March 1956 that `` If Egypt finds herself thus isolated from the rest of the Arab world , and with no ally in sight except Soviet Russia , she would very quickly get sick of the prospect and would join us in the search for a just and decent peace in the region '' . Dulles told his brother , CIA director Allen Dulles , `` If they ( the Soviets ) do make this offer we can make a lot of use of it in propaganda within the satellite bloc . You do n't get bread because you are being squeezed to build a dam '' . Finally , the Eisenhower administration had become very annoyed at Nasser 's efforts to play the United States off against the Soviet Union , and refused to finance the Aswan high dam . As early as September 1955 , when Nasser announced the purchase of the Soviet military equipment via Czechoslovakia , Dulles had written that competing for Nasser 's favour was probably going to be `` an expensive process '' , one that Dulles wanted to avoid as much as possible . 1956 American peace initiative In January 1956 , to end the incipient arms race in the Middle East set off by the Soviet Union selling Egypt arms on a scale unlimited by the Tripartite Declaration and with France doing likewise with Israel , which he saw as opening the Near East to Soviet influence , Eisenhower launched a major effort to make peace between Egypt and Israel . Eisenhower sent out his close friend Robert B. Anderson to serve as a secret envoy who would permanently end the Arab -- Israeli dispute . During his meetings with Nasser , Anderson offered large quantities of American aid in exchange for a peace treaty with Israel . Nasser demanded the return of Palestinian refugees to Israel , wanted to annex the southern half of Israel and rejected direct talks with Israel . Given Nasser 's territorial and refugee - related demands , the Israeli Prime Minister David Ben Gurion suspected that Nasser was not interested in a settlement . Still , he proposed direct negotiations with Egypt in any level . A second round of secret diplomacy by Anderson in February 1956 was equally unsuccessful . Nasser sometimes suggested during his talks with Anderson that he was interested in peace with Israel if only the Americans would supply him with unlimited quantities of military and economic aid . In case of Israeli acceptance to the return of the Palestinian refugees to Israel and to Egypt annexing the southern half of Israel , Egypt would not accept a peace settlement . The United States or the United Nations would have to present the Israeli acceptance to all Arabs as a basis for peace settlements . It is not clear if Nasser was sincerely interested in peace , or just merely saying what the Americans wanted to hear in the hope of obtaining American funding for the Aswan high dam and American weapons . The truth will likely never be known as Nasser was an intensely secretive man , who managed to hide his true opinions on most issues from both contemporaries and historians . However , the British historian P.J. Vatikitos noted that Nasser 's determination to promote Egypt as the world 's foremost anti-Zionist state as a way of reinforcing his claim to Arab leadership meant that peace was unlikely . Hasan Afif El - Hasan says that in 1955 -- 1956 the American proposed Nasser to solve the Arab -- Israeli conflict peacefully and in exchange to finance the High Dam on the Nile river , but Nasser rejected the offer because it would mean siding with the West ( as opposed to remaining neutral ) in the Cold War . Since the alternative to a peace agreement was a war with unpredictable consequences , Nasser 's refusal to accept the proposal was irrational , according to el - Hasan . Canal nationalization Play media Nasser announces the nationalization of the canal ( Universal Newsreel , 30 July 1956 ) . Port Said , at the entrance to the Suez Canal from the Mediterranean . Nasser 's response was the nationalization of the Suez Canal . On 26 July , in a speech in Alexandria , Nasser gave a riposte to Dulles . During his speech he deliberately pronounced the name of Ferdinand de Lesseps , the builder of the canal , a code - word for Egyptian forces to seize control of the canal and implement its nationalization . He announced that the Nationalization Law had been published , that all assets of the Suez Canal Company had been frozen , and that stockholders would be paid the price of their shares according to the day 's closing price on the Paris Stock Exchange . That same day , Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping . Egypt also closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping , and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba , in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888 . Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements . According to the Egyptian historian Abd al - Azim Ramadan , the events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as well as other events during Nasser 's rule , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader . Ramadan notes Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal without political consultation as an example of his predilection for solitary decision - making . British response The nationalisation surprised Britain and its Commonwealth . There had been no discussion of the canal at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference in London in late June and early July . Egypt 's action , however , threatened British economic and military interests in the region . Prime Minister Eden was under immense domestic pressure from Conservative MPs who drew direct comparisons between the events of 1956 and those of the Munich Agreement in 1938 . Since the U.S. government did not support the British protests , the British government decided in favour of military intervention against Egypt to avoid the complete collapse of British prestige in the region . Eden was hosting a dinner for King Feisal II of Iraq and his Prime Minister , Nuri es - Said , when he learned the canal had been nationalised . They both unequivocally advised Eden to `` hit Nasser hard , hit him soon , and hit him by yourself '' -- a stance shared by the vast majority of the British people in subsequent weeks . `` There is a lot of humbug about Suez , '' Guy Millard , one of Eden 's private secretaries , later recorded . `` People forget that the policy at the time was extremely popular . '' Opposition leader Hugh Gaitskell was also at the dinner . He immediately agreed that military action might be inevitable , but warned Eden would have to keep the Americans closely informed . After a session of the House of Commons expressed anger against the Egyptian action on 27 July , Eden justifiably believed that Parliament would support him ; Gaitskell spoke for his party when he called the nationalisation a `` high - handed and totally unjustifiable step '' . When Eden made a ministerial broadcast on the nationalization , Labour declined its right to reply . Gaitskell 's support became more cautious . On 2 August he said of Nasser 's behaviour , `` It is all very familiar . It is exactly the same that we encountered from Mussolini and Hitler in those years before the war '' . He cautioned Eden , however , that `` ( w ) e must not , therefore , allow ourselves to get into a position where we might be denounced in the Security Council as aggressors , or where the majority of the Assembly was against us '' . He had earlier warned Eden that Labour might not support Britain acting alone against Egypt . In two letters to Eden sent on 3 and 10 August 1956 , Gaitskell condemned Nasser but again warned that he would not support any action that violated the United Nations charter . In his letter of 10 August , Gaitskell wrote : Lest there should be any doubt in your mind about my personal attitude , let me say that I could not regard an armed attack on Egypt by ourselves and the French as justified by anything which Nasser has done so far or as consistent with the Charter of the United Nations . Nor , in my opinion , would such an attack be justified in order to impose a system of international control over the Canal - desirable though this is . If , of course , the whole matter were to be taken to the United Nations and if Egypt were to be condemned by them as aggressors , then , of course , the position would be different . And if further action which amounted to obvious aggression by Egypt were taken by Nasser , then again it would be different . So far what Nasser has done amounts to a threat , a grave threat to us and to others , which certainly can not be ignored ; but it is only a threat , not in my opinion justifying retaliation by war . Two dozen Labour MPs issued a statement on 8 August stating that forcing Nasser to denationalise the canal against Egypt 's wishes would violate the UN charter . Other opposition politicians were less conditional in their support . Former Labour Foreign Minister Herbert Morrison hinted that he would support unilateral action by the government . Jo Grimond , who became Liberal Party leader that November , thought if Nasser went unchallenged the whole Middle East would go his way . In Britain , the nationalisation was perceived as a direct threat to British interests . In a letter to the British Ambassador on 10 September 1956 , Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick , the Permanent Under - Secretary at the Foreign Office wrote : If we sit back while Nasser consolidates his position and gradually acquires control of the oil - bearing countries , he can and is , according to our information , resolved to wreck us . If Middle Eastern oil is denied to us for a year or two , our gold reserves will disappear . If our gold reserves disappear , the sterling area disintegrates . If the sterling area disintegrates and we have no reserves , we shall not be able to maintain a force in Germany , or indeed , anywhere else . I doubt whether we shall be able to pay for the bare minimum necessary for our defence . And a country that can not provide for its defence is finished . Direct military intervention , however , ran the risk of angering Washington and damaging Anglo - Arab relations . As a result , the British government concluded a secret military pact with France and Israel that was aimed at regaining control over the Suez Canal . French response The French Prime Minister Guy Mollet , outraged by Nasser 's move , determined that Nasser would not get his way . French public opinion very much supported Mollet , and apart from the Communists , all of the criticism of his government came from the right , who very publicly doubted that a socialist like Mollet had the guts to go to war with Nasser . During an interview with publisher Henry Luce , Mollet held up a copy of Nasser 's book The Philosophy of the Revolution and said : `` This is Nasser 's Mein Kampf . If we 're too stupid not to read it , understand it and draw the obvious conclusions , then so much the worse for us . '' Play media 1956 newsreels about Western reactions to the nationalization On 29 July 1956 , the French Cabinet decided upon military action against Egypt in alliance with Israel , and Admiral Nomy of the French Naval General Staff was sent to Britain to inform the leaders of that country of France 's decision , and to invite them to co-operate if interested . At the same time , Mollet felt very much offended by what he considered to be the lackadaisical attitude of the Eisenhower administration to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company . This was especially the case because earlier in 1956 the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov had offered the French a deal whereby if Moscow ended its support of the FLN in Algeria , Paris would pull out of NATO and became neutral in the Cold War . Given the way that Algeria ( which the French considered an integral part of France ) had become engulfed in a spiral of increasing savage violence that French leaders longed to put an end to , the Mollet administration had felt tempted by Molotov 's offer , but in the end , Mollet , a firm Atlanticist , had chosen to remain faithful to NATO . In Mollet 's view , his fidelity to NATO had earned him the right to expect firm American support against Egypt , and when that support proved not forthcoming , he became even more determined that if the Americans were not willing to do anything about Nasser , then France would act . Commonwealth response Among the `` White Dominions '' of the British Commonwealth , Canada had few ties with the Suez Canal and twice had refused British requests for peacetime military aid in the Middle East . It had little reaction to the seizure before military action . By 1956 the Panama Canal was much more important than Suez to Australia and New Zealand ; the following year two experts would write that it `` is not vital to the Australian economy '' . The memory , however , of the two nations fighting in two world wars to protect a canal which many still called their `` lifeline '' to Britain or `` jugular vein '' , contributed to Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies and Sidney Holland of New Zealand supporting Britain in the early weeks after the seizure . On 7 August Holland hinted to his parliament that New Zealand might send troops to assist Britain , and received support from the opposition ; on 13 August Menzies , who had traveled to London from the United States after hearing of the nationalisation and became an informal member of the British Cabinet discussing the issue , spoke on the BBC in support of the Eden government 's position on the canal . He called the dispute over the canal `` a crisis more grave than any since the Second World War ended '' . An elder statesman of the Commonwealth who felt that Nasser 's actions threatened trading nations like Australia , he argued publicly that Western powers had built the canal but that Egypt was now seeking to exclude them from a role in its ownership or management . South Africa 's Johannes Strijdom stated `` it is best to keep our heads out of the beehive '' . His government saw Nasser as an enemy but would benefit economically and geopolitically from a closed canal , and politically from not opposing a nation 's right to govern its internal affairs . The `` non-white Dominions '' saw Egypt 's seizing of the canal as an admirable act of anti-imperialism , and Nasser 's Arab nationalism as similar to Asian nationalism . Jawaharlal Nehru of India was with Nasser when he learned of the Anglo - American withdrawal of aid for the Aswan Dam . As India was a user of the canal , however , he remained publicly neutral other than warning that any use of force , or threats , could be `` disastrous '' . Suez was also very important to Ceylon 's economy , and it was renegotiating defense treaties with Britain , so its government was not as vocal in supporting Egypt as it would have been otherwise . Pakistan was also cautious about supporting Egypt given their rivalry as leading Islamic nations , but its government did state that Nasser had the right to nationalise . Western Diplomacy Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies led an international committee in negotiations with Nasser in September 1956 , which sought to achieve international management of the Suez Canal . The mission was a failure . On 1 August 1956 , a tripartite meeting was opened at 10 Downing Street between British Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd , U.S. Ambassador Robert D. Murphy and French Foreign Affairs Minister Christian Pineau . An alliance was soon formed between Eden and Guy Mollet , French Prime Minister , with headquarters in London . General Hugh Stockwell and Admiral Barjot were appointed as Chief of Staff . Britain sought co-operation with the United States throughout 1956 to deal with what it maintained was a threat of an Israeli attack against Egypt , but to little effect . Between July and October 1956 , unsuccessful initiatives encouraged by the United States were made to reduce the tension that would ultimately lead to war . International conferences were organised to secure agreement on Suez Canal operations but all were ultimately fruitless . Almost immediately after the nationalisation , Eisenhower suggested to Eden a conference of maritime nations that used the canal . The British preferred to invite the most important countries , but the Americans believed that inviting as many as possible amid maximum publicity would affect world opinion . Invitations went to the eight surviving signatories of the Constantinople Convention and the 16 other largest users of the canal : Australia , Ceylon , Denmark , Egypt , Ethiopia , France , West Germany , Greece , India , Indonesia , Iran , Italy , Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Soviet Union , Spain , Sweden , Turkey , the United Kingdom , and the United States . All except Egypt -- which sent an observer , and used India and the Soviet Union to represent its interests -- and Greece accepted the invitation , and the 22 nations ' representatives met in London from 16 to 23 August . 15 of the nations supported the American - British - French position of international operation of the canal ; Pakistan chose its western allies over its sympathy for Egypt 's anti-western position despite resulting great domestic controversy . Ceylon , Indonesia , and the Soviet Union supported India 's competing proposal -- which Nasser had preapproved -- of international supervision only . India criticized Egypt 's seizure of the canal , but insisted that its ownership and operation now not change . The majority of 18 chose five nations to negotiate with Nasser in Cairo led by Menzies , while their proposal for international operation of the canal would go to the Security Council . Menzies ' 7 September official communique to Nasser presented a case for compensation for the Suez Canal Company and the `` establishment of principles '' for the future use of the canal that would ensure that it would `` continue to be an international waterway operated free of politics or national discrimination , and with financial structure so secure and an international confidence so high that an expanding and improving future for the Canal could be guaranteed '' and called for a convention to recognise Egyptian sovereignty of the canal , but for the establishment of an international body to run the canal . Nasser saw such measures as a `` derogation from Egyptian sovereignty '' and rejected Menzies ' proposals . Menzies hinted to Nasser that Britain and France might use force to resolve the crisis , but Eisenhower openly opposed the use of force and Menzies left Egypt without success . Instead of the 18 - nation proposal , the United States proposed an association of canal users that would set rules for its operation . 14 of the other nations , not including Pakistan , agreed . Britain , in particular , believed that violation of the association rules would result in military force , but after Eden made a speech to this effect in parliament on 12 September , the US ambassador Dulles insisted `` we do not intend to shoot our way through '' the canal . The United States worked hard through diplomatic channels to resolve the crisis without resorting to conflict . `` The British and French reluctantly agreed to pursue the diplomatic avenue but viewed it as merely an attempt to buy time , during which they continued their military preparations . '' The British , Washington 's closest ally , ignored Eisenhower 's pointed warning that the American people would not accept a military solution . On 25 September 1956 the Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan met informally with Eisenhower at the White House . Macmillan misread Eisenhower 's determination to avoid war and told Eden that the Americans would not in any way oppose the attempt to topple Nasser . Though Eden had known Eisenhower for years and had many direct contacts with him during the crisis , he also misread the situation . The Americans refused to support any move that could be seen as imperialism or colonialism , seeing the US as the champion of decolonisation . Eisenhower felt the crisis had to be handled peacefully ; he told Eden that American public opinion would not support a military solution . Eden and other leading British officials incorrectly believed Nasser 's support for Palestinian fedayeen against Israel , as well as his attempts to destabilise pro-western regimes in Iraq and other Arab states , would deter the US from intervening with the operation . Eisenhower specifically warned that the Americans , and the world , `` would be outraged '' unless all peaceful routes had been exhausted , and even then `` the eventual price might become far too heavy '' . London hoped that Nasser 's engagement with communist states would persuade the Americans to accept British and French actions if they were presented as a fait accompli . This proved to be a critical miscalculation . Franco - British - Israeli war plan Objectives Britain was anxious lest it lose efficient access to the remains of its empire . Both Britain and France were eager that the canal should remain open as an important conduit of oil . Both the French and the British felt that Nasser should be removed from power . The French `` held the Egyptian president responsible for assisting the anti-colonial rebellion in Algeria '' . France was nervous about the growing influence that Nasser exerted on its North African colonies and protectorates . Israel wanted to reopen the Straits of Tiran leading to the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping , and saw the opportunity to strengthen its southern border and to weaken what it saw as a dangerous and hostile state . This was particularly felt in the form of attacks injuring approximately 1,300 civilians emanating from the Egyptian - held Gaza Strip . The Israelis were also deeply troubled by Egypt 's procurement of large amounts of Soviet weaponry that included 530 armored vehicles , of which 230 were tanks ; 500 guns ; 150 MiG 15 jet fighters ; 50 Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers ; submarines and other naval craft . The influx of this advanced weaponry altered an already shaky balance of power . Israel was alarmed by the Czech arms deal , and believed it had only a narrow window of opportunity to hit Egypt 's army . Additionally , Israel believed Egypt had formed a secret alliance with Jordan and Syria . British planning In July 1956 , Eden ordered his CIGS , Field Marshal Gerald Templer to begin planning for an invasion of Egypt . Eden 's plan called for the Cyprus - based 16th Independent Parachute Brigade Group to seize the canal zone . The Prime Minister 's plan was rejected by Templer and the other service chiefs , who argued that the neglect of parachute training in the 16th Independent Parachute Brigade rendered his plan for an airborne assault unsuitable . Instead , they suggested the sea - power based Contingency Plan , which called for the Royal Marines to take Port Said , which would then be used as a base for three British divisions to overrun the canal zone . In early August , the Contingency Plan was modified by including a strategic bombing campaign that was intended to destroy Egypt 's economy , and thereby hopefully bring about Nasser 's overthrow . In addition , a role was allocated to the 16th Independent Parachute Brigade , which would lead the assault on Port Said in conjunction with the Royal Marine landing . The commanders of the Allied Task Force led by General Stockwell rejected the Contingency Plan , which Stockwell argued failed to destroy the Egyptian military . Franco - Israeli planning In July 1956 , IDF chief of staff General Moshe Dayan advised Prime Minister David Ben Gurion that Israel should attack Egypt at the first chance , but Ben Gurion stated he preferred to attack Egypt with the aid of France . On 7 August 1956 the French Defense Minister Maurice Bourgès - Maunoury asked Peres if Israel would attack Egypt together with France , to which he received a positive reply . On 1 September 1956 the French government formally asked that France and Israel begin joint planning for a war against Egypt . By 6 September 1956 , Dayan 's chief of operations General Meir Amit , was meeting with Admiral Pierre Barjot to discuss joint Franco - Israeli operations . On 25 September 1956 Peres reported to Ben Gurion that France wanted Israel as an ally against Egypt , and that the only problem was Britain , which was opposed to Israel taking action against Nasser . In late September 1956 , the French Premier Guy Mollet had embarked upon a dual policy of attacking Egypt with Britain , and if the British backed out ( as Mollet believed that they might ) , with Israel . On 30 September 1956 secret Franco - Israeli talks on planning a war started in Paris , which were based on the assumption that Britain would not be involved . The French very much wanted to use airfields in Cyprus to bomb Egypt , but being not certain about Britain 's attitude , wanted to use Israeli airfields if the ones in Cyprus were not free . Only on 5 October 1956 during a visit by General Maurice Challe to Britain where he met with Eden , were the British informed of the secret Franco - Israeli alliance . On 22 October 1956 , during negotiations leading to the Protocol of Sevres , David Ben - Gurion , Prime Minister of Israel , gave the most detailed explanation ever to foreign dignitaries , of Israel 's overall strategy for the Middle East . Shlaim called this Ben - Gurion 's `` grand design '' . His main objection to the `` English plan '' was that Israel would be branded as the aggressor while Britain and France would pose as peace - makers . Instead he presented a comprehensive plan , which he himself called `` fantastic '' , for the reorganization of the Middle East . Jordan , he observed , was not viable as an independent state and should therefore be divided . Iraq would get the East Bank in return for a promise to settle the Palestinian refugees there and to make peace with Israel while the West Bank would be attached to Israel as a semi-autonomous region . Lebanon suffered from having a large Muslim population which was concentrated in the south . The problem could be solved by Israel 's expansion up to the Litani River , thereby helping to turn Lebanon into a more compact Christian state ... Israel declares its intention to keep her forces for the purpose of permanent annexation of the entire area east of the El Arish - Abu Ageila , Nakhl - Sharm el - Sheikh , in order to maintain for the long term the freedom of navigation in the Straits of Eilat and in order to free herself from the scourge of the infiltrators and from the danger posed by the Egyptian army bases in Sinai ... `` I told him about the discovery of oil in southern and western Sinai , and that it would be good to tear this peninsula from Egypt because it did not belong to her , rather it was the English who stole it from the Turks when they believed that Egypt was in their pocket . I suggested laying down a pipeline from Sinai to Haifa to refine the oil . '' Play media Newsreels about disturbances in North Africa and Egypt leading up to the Suez Crisis Protocol of Sèvres Main article : Protocol of Sèvres In October 1956 , Eden , after two months of pressure , finally and reluctantly agreed to French requests to include Israel in Operation Revise . The British alliances with the Hashemite kingdoms of Jordan and Iraq had made the British very reluctant to fight alongside Israel , lest the ensuing backlash in the Arab world threaten London 's friends in Baghdad and Amman . The coming of winter weather in November meant that Eden needed a pretext to begin Revise as soon as possible , which meant that Israel had to be included . This was especially the case as many Conservative backbenchers had expected Eden to launch operations against Egypt in the summer , and were disappointed when Eden had instead chosen talks . By the fall of 1956 , many Tory backbenchers were starting to grow restive about the government 's seeming inability to start military action , and if Eden continued to put off military action for the winter of 1956 -- 57 , it is possible that his government might not had survived . Three months after Egypt 's nationalization of the Suez Canal company , a secret meeting took place at Sèvres , outside Paris . Britain and France enlisted Israeli support for an alliance against Egypt . The parties agreed that Israel would invade the Sinai . Britain and France would then intervene , purportedly to separate the warring Israeli and Egyptian forces , instructing both to withdraw to a distance of 16 kilometres from either side of the canal . The British and French would then argue that Egypt 's control of such an important route was too tenuous , and that it needed be placed under Anglo - French management . David Ben - Gurion did not trust the British in view of their treaty with Jordan and he was not initially in favour of the plan , since it would make Israel alone look like the aggressor ; however he soon agreed to it since such a good opportunity to strike back at Egypt might never again present itself . Under the Protocol of Sèvres , the following was agreed to : 29 October : Israel to invade the Sinai . 30 October : Anglo - French ultimatum to demand both sides withdraw from the canal zone . 31 October : Britain and France begin Revise . Anglo - French operation Musketeer Further information : Operation Musketeer ( 1956 ) Stockwell offered up Operation Musketeer , which was to begin with a two - day air campaign that would see the British gain air superiority . In place of Port Said , Musketeer called for the capture of Alexandria . Once that city had been taken in assault from the sea , British armoured divisions would engage in a decisive battle of annihilation somewhere south of Alexandria and north of Cairo . Musketeer would require thousands of troops , leading the British to seek out France as an ally . To destroy the 300,000 - strong Egyptian Army in his planned battle of annihilation , Stockwell estimated that he needed 80,000 troops , while at most the British Army could spare was 50,000 troops ; the French could supply the necessary 30,000 troops to make up the shortfall . On 11 August 1956 , General Keightley was appointed commander of Musketeer with the French Admiral Barjot as his deputy commander . The appointment of Stockwell as the Allied Task Force commander charged with leading the assault on Egypt caused considerable disappointment with the other officers of the Task Force . One French officer recalled that Stockwell was Extremely excitable , gesticulating , keeping no part of him still , his hands , his feet , and even his head and shoulders perpetually on the go , he starts off by sweeping objects off the table with a swish of his swagger cane or in his room by using it to make golf - strokes with the flower vases and ash - trays . Those are the good moments . You will see him pass in an instant from the most cheerfully expressed optimism to a dejection that amounts to nervous depression . He is a cyclothymic . By turns courteous and brutal , refined and coarse , headstrong in some circumstances , hesitant and indecisive in others , he disconcerts by his unpredictable responses and the contradictions of which he is made up . One only of his qualities remains constant : his courage under fire . By contrast , the majority of the officers of the Task Force , both French and British , admired Beaufre as an elegant yet tough general with a sharp analytical mind who always kept his cool . Most of the officers of the Anglo - French Task Force expressed regret that it was Beaufre who was Stockwell 's deputy rather the other way around . A major problem both politically and militarily with the planning for Musketeer was the one - week interval between sending troops to the eastern Mediterranean and the beginning of the invasion . Additionally , the coming of winter weather to the Mediterranean in late November would render the invasion impossible , which thus meant the invasion had to begin before then . An additional problem was Eden , who constantly interfered with the planning and was so obsessed with secrecy that he refused to tell Keightley what his political objectives were in attacking Egypt , namely was he interested in retaking the Suez Canal or toppling Nasser , or both . Eden 's refusal to explain to Keightley just what exactly he was hoping to accomplish by attacking Egypt exasperated Keightley to no end , and greatly complicated the planning process . In late August 1956 , the French Admiral Pierre Barjot suggested that Port Said once again be made the main target , which lessened the number of troops needed and thus reduced the interval between sending forces to the eastern Mediterranean and the invasion . Beaufre was strongly opposed to the change , warning that Barjot 's modification of merely capturing the canal zone made for an ambiguous goal , and that the lack of a clear goal was dangerous . In early September , Keightley embraced Barjot 's idea of seizing Port Said , and presented Revise . Anglo - French operation Revise Operation Revise called for the following : Phase I : Anglo - French air forces to gain air supremacy over Egypt 's skies . Phase II : Anglo - French air forces were to launch a 10 - day `` aero - psychological '' campaign that would destroy the Egyptian economy . Phase III : Air - and sea - borne landings to capture the canal zone . On 8 September 1956 Revise was approved by the British and French cabinets . Both Stockwell and Beaufre were opposed to Revise as an open - ended plan with no clear goal beyond seizing the canal zone , but was embraced by Eden and Mollet as offering greater political flexibility and the prospect of lesser Egyptian civilian casualties . Israeli operation Kadesh At the same time , Israel had been working on Operation Kadesh for the invasion of the Sinai . Dayan 's plan put an emphasis on air power combined with mobile battles of encirclement . Kadesh called for the Israeli air force to win air superiority , which was to be followed up with `` one continuous battle '' in the Sinai . Israeli forces would in a series of swift operations encircle and then take the main Egyptian strong points in the Sinai . Reflecting this emphasis on encirclement was the `` outside - in '' approach of Kadesh , which called for Israeli paratroopers to seize distant points first , with those closer to Israel to be seized later . Thus , the 202nd Paratroop Brigade commanded by Colonel Ariel Sharon was to land in the far - western part of the Sinai to take the Mitla Pass , and thereby cut off the Egyptian forces in the eastern Sinai from their supply lines . American intelligence The American Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) was taking high - altitude photos of the allied activities , and more details came from human sources in London , Paris and Tel Aviv . CIA chief Allen Dulles said that `` intelligence was well alerted as to what Israel and then Britain and France were likely to do ... In fact , United States intelligence had kept the government informed '' . Forces Britain Play media Universal Newsreel from 6 August about the departure of British and French ships for Egypt . British troops were well - trained , experienced , and had good morale , but suffered from the economic and technological limitations imposed by post-war austerity . The 16th Independent Parachute Brigade Group , which was intended to be the main British strike force against Egypt , was heavily involved in the Cyprus Emergency , which led to a neglect of paratroop training in favour of counter-insurgency operations . The Royal Navy could project formidable power through the guns of its warships and aircraft flown from its carriers , but a shortage of landing craft proved to be a serious weakness . It had just undergone a major and innovative carrier modernization program . The Royal Air Force ( RAF ) had just introduced two long - range bombers , the Vickers Valiant and the English Electric Canberra , but owing to their recent entry into service the RAF had not yet established proper bombing techniques for these aircraft . Despite this , General Sir Charles Keightley , the commander of the invasion force , believed that air power alone was sufficient to defeat Egypt . By contrast , General Hugh Stockwell , the Task Force 's ground commander believed that methodical and systematic armored operations centered on the Centurion battle tank would be the key to victory . France French troops were experienced and well - trained but suffered from cutbacks imposed by post-war politics of economic austerity . In 1956 , the French military was heavily involved in the Algerian war , which made operations against Egypt a major distraction . French paratroopers of the elite Regiment de Parachutistes Coloniaux ( RPC ) were extremely experienced , battle - hardened , and very tough soldiers , who had greatly distinguished themselves in the fighting in Indochina and in Algeria . The men of the RPC followed a `` shoot first , ask questions later '' policy towards civilians , first adopted in Vietnam , which was to lead to the killing of a number of Egyptian civilians . The rest of the French troops were described by the American military historian Derek Varble as `` competent , but not outstanding '' . The main French ( and Israeli ) battle tank , the AMX - 13 , was designed for mobile , outflanking operations , which led to a tank that was lightly armoured but very fast . General André Beaufre , who served as Stockwell 's subordinate , favoured a swift campaign of movement in which the main objective was to encircle the enemy . Throughout the operation , Beaufre proved himself to be more aggressive than his British counterparts , always urging that some bold step be taken at once . The French Navy had a powerful carrier force which was excellent for projecting power inland , but , like its British counterpart , suffered from a lack of landing craft . Israel Israeli AMX - 13 , shown here from the rear and side . American military historian Derek Varble called the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) the `` best '' military force in the Middle East while at the same time suffering from `` deficiencies '' such as `` immature doctrine , faulty logistics , and technical inadequacies '' . The IDF 's Chief of Staff , Major General Moshe Dayan , encouraged aggression , initiative , and ingenuity among the Israeli officer corps while ignoring logistics and armoured operations . Dayan , a firm infantry man , preferred that arm of the service at the expense of armour , which Dayan saw as clumsy , pricey , and suffering from frequent breakdowns . At the same time , the IDF had a rather disorganized logistics arm , which was put under severe strain when the IDF invaded the Sinai . Most of the IDF weapons in 1956 came from France . The main IDF tank was the AMX - 13 and the main aircraft were the Dassault Mystère IVA and the Ouragan . Superior pilot training was to give the Israeli Air Force an unbeatable edge over their Egyptian opponents . The Israeli Navy consisted of two destroyers , seven frigates , eight minesweepers , several landing craft , and fourteen torpedo boats . Egypt In the Egyptian Armed Forces , politics rather than military competence was the main criterion for promotion . The Egyptian commander , Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer , was a purely political appointee who owed his position to his close friendship with Nasser . A heavy drinker , he would prove himself grossly incompetent as a general during the Crisis . In 1956 , the Egyptian military was well equipped with weapons from the Soviet Union such as T - 34 and IS - 3 tanks , MiG - 15 fighters , Ilyushin Il - 28 bombers , SU - 100 self - propelled guns and assault rifles . Rigid lines between officers and men in the Egyptian Army led to a mutual `` mistrust and contempt '' between officers and the men who served under them . Egyptian troops were excellent in defensive operations , but had little capacity for offensive operations , owing to the lack of `` rapport and effective small - unit leadership '' . Invasion The Israeli operation Kadesh in Sinai Anglo - French para drops on the Suez Canal and Israeli conquest of Sinai . Israeli M4A4 Shermans were also used in the Sinai campaign . Operation Kadesh received its name from ancient Kadesh , located in the northern Sinai and mentioned several times in the Hebrew Pentateuch . Israeli military planning for this operation in the Sinai hinged on four main military objectives ; Sharm el - Sheikh , Arish , Abu Uwayulah ( Abu Ageila ) , and the Gaza Strip . The Egyptian blockade of the Tiran Straits was based at Sharm el - Sheikh and , by capturing the town , Israel would have access to the Red Sea for the first time since 1953 , which would allow it to restore the trade benefits of secure passage to the Indian Ocean . The Gaza Strip was chosen as another military objective because Israel wished to remove the training grounds for Fedayeen groups , and because Israel recognised that Egypt could use the territory as a staging ground for attacks against the advancing Israeli troops . Israel advocated rapid advances , for which a potential Egyptian flanking attack would present even more of a risk . Arish and Abu Uwayulah were important hubs for soldiers , equipment , and centres of command and control of the Egyptian Army in the Sinai . Capturing them would deal a deathblow to the Egyptian 's strategic operation in the entire Peninsula . The capture of these four objectives were hoped to be the means by which the entire Egyptian Army would rout and fall back into Egypt proper , which British and French forces would then be able to push up against an Israeli advance , and crush in a decisive encounter . On 24 October , Dayan ordered a partial mobilization . When this led to a state of confusion , Dayan ordered full mobilization , and chose to take the risk that he might alert the Egyptians . As part of an effort to maintain surprise , Dayan ordered Israeli troops that were to go to the Sinai to be ostentatiously concentrated near the border with Jordan first , which was intended to fool the Egyptians into thinking that it was Jordan that the main Israeli blow was to fall on . An Israeli Air Force Meteor in flight On 28 October , Operation Tarnegol was effected , during which an Israeli Gloster Meteor NF. 13 intercepted and destroyed an Egyptian Ilyushin Il - 14 carrying Egyptian officers en route from Syria to Egypt , killing 16 Egyptian officers and journalists and two crewmen . The Ilyushin was believed to be carrying Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer and the Egyptian General Staff ; however this was not the case . The conflict began on 29 October 1956 . At about 3 : 00 pm , Israeli Air Force Mustangs launched a series of attacks on Egyptian positions all over the Sinai . Because Israeli intelligence expected Jordan to enter the war on Egypt 's side , Israeli soldiers were stationed along the Israeli - Jordanian frontier . The Israel Border Police militarized the Israel - Jordan border , including the Green Line with the West Bank , during the first few hours of the war . Israeli - Arab villages along the Jordanian border were placed under curfew . This resulted in the killings of 48 civilians in the Arab village of Kafr Qasim in an event known as the Kafr Qasim massacre . The border policemen involved in the killings were later tried and imprisoned , with an Israeli court finding that the order to shoot civilians was `` blatantly illegal '' . This event had major effects on Israeli law relating to the ethics in war and more subtle effects on the legal status of Arab citizens of Israel , who at the time were regarded as a fifth column . Early actions in southern Sinai Israeli paratrooper near the Mitla Pass The IDF chief of staff General Moshe Dayan , first planned to block the vital Mitla Pass . Dayan planned for the Battalion 890 of the Paratroop Brigade , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Eitan , a veteran of the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War and future head of the IDF , to drop at Parker 's Memorial , near one of the defiles of the pass , Jebel Heitan . The rest of the brigade , under the command of Colonel Ariel Sharon would then advance to meet with the battalion , and consolidate their holdings . On 29 October , Operation Kadesh -- the invasion of the Sinai , began when an Israeli paratrooper battalion was air - dropped into the Sinai Peninsula , east of the Suez Canal near the Mitla Pass . In conjunction with the para drop , four Israeli P - 51 Mustangs using their wings and propellers , cut all overhead telephone lines in the Sinai , severely disrupting Egyptian command and control . Due to a navigation error , the Israeli DC - 3 transports landed Eitan 's 400 paratroopers three miles away from Parker 's Memorial , their intended target . Eitan marched his men towards Jebel Heitan , where they dug in while receiving supplies of weapons dropped by French aircraft . Israeli soldiers in the Sinai wave at a passing French plane At the same time , Colonel Sharon 's 202nd Paratroop Brigade raced out towards the Mitla Pass . A major problem for Sharon was vehicle break - down . Dayan 's efforts to maintain strategic surprise bore fruit when the Egyptian commander Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer at first treated the reports of an Israeli inclusion into the Sinai as a large raid instead of an invasion , and as such Amer did not order a general alert . By the time that Amer realized his mistake , the Israelis had made significant advances into the Sinai . Early actions along the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Central front As the paratroopers were being dropped into the Sinai , the Israeli 9th Infantry Brigade captured Ras al - Naqb , an important staging ground for that brigade 's later attack against Sharm el - Sheikh . Instead of attacking the town by a frontal attack , they enveloped the town in a night attack , and negotiated their way through some of the natural chokepoints into the rear of the town , surprising the Egyptians before they could ready themselves to defend . The Egyptians surrendered , with no Israeli casualties sustained . The 4th Infantry Brigade , under the command of Colonel Josef Harpaz , captured al - Qusaymah , which would be used as a jumping off point for the assault against Abu Uwayulah . Colonel Harpaz out - flanked al - Qusaymah with two pincers from the south - east and north - east in a night attack . In a short battle lasting from 3 : 00 am to sunrise , the IDF stormed al - Qusaymah . Battle of Jebel Heitan , Paratroop Brigade under attack Israeli paratroopers dig in near the Parker Memorial The portion of the paratroopers under Sharon 's command continued to advance to meet with the 1st Brigade . En route , Sharon assaulted Themed in a dawn attack , and was able to storm the town with his armor through the Themed Gap . Sharon routed the Sudanese police company , and captured the settlement . On his way to the Nakla , Sharon 's men came under attack from Egyptian MIG - 15s . On the 30th , Sharon linked up with Eytan near Nakla . Dayan had no more plans for further advances beyond the passes , but Sharon decided to attack the Egyptian positions at Jebel Heitan . Sharon sent his lightly armed paratroopers against dug - in Egyptians supported by aircraft , tanks and heavy artillery . Sharon 's actions were in response to reports of the arrival of the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the 4th Egyptian Armored Division in the area , which Sharon believed would annihilate his forces if he did not seize the high ground . Sharon sent two infantry companies , a mortar battery and some AMX - 13 tanks under the command of Mordechai Gur into the Heitan Defile on the afternoon of 31 October 1956 . Israeli AMX - 13 Light tank The Egyptian forces occupied strong defensive positions and brought down heavy anti-tank , mortar and machine gun fire on the IDF force . Gur 's men were forced to retreat into the `` Saucer '' , where they were surrounded and came under heavy fire . Hearing of this , Sharon sent in another task force while Gur 's men used the cover of night to scale the walls of the Heitan Defile . During the ensuing action , the Egyptians were defeated and forced to retreat . A total of 260 Egyptian and 38 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle . Although the battle was an Israeli victory , the casualties sustained would surround Sharon with controversy . In particular , Sharon was criticized for ordering the attack on Jebel Heitan without authorization , and not realizing that with the Israeli Air Force controlling the skies , his men were in not such danger from the Egyptian tanks as he believed . Dayan himself maintained that Sharon was correct to order the attack without orders , and that under the circumstances , Sharon made the right decision ; instead he criticized Sharon for his tactics of attacking the Egyptians head - on , which Dayan claimed led to unnecessary casualties . Air operations , first Phase Play media Universal Newsreel from 1 November about the attack on Egypt From the outset , the Israeli Air Force flew paratroop drops , supply flights and medevac sorties . Israel 's new French - made Dassault Mystere IV jet fighters provided air cover for the transport aircraft . In the initial phase of the conflict , the Egyptian Air Force flew attack missions against advancing Israeli ground forces . The Egyptian tactic was to use their new Soviet - made MiG - 15 jets as fighter escorts , while their older British - made De Havilland Vampire and Gloster Meteor jets conducted strikes against Israeli troops and vehicles . In air combat , Israeli aircraft shot down between seven and nine Egyptian jets with the loss of one plane , but Egyptian strikes against the ground forces continued through to 1 November . With the attack by the British and French air forces and navies , President Nasser ordered his pilots to disengage and fly their planes to bases in Southern Egypt . The Israeli Air Force was then free to strike Egyptian ground forces at will , as Israeli forces advanced into the Western Sinai . On 3 November , four Israeli warplanes attacked a British warship , the Black Swan class sloop HMS Crane as it was patrolling the approaches to the Gulf of Aqaba . According to the IDF , Crane had been identified as an Egyptian warship , and the Israeli General Staff authorized the attack . Three rockets penetrated the ship 's hull and caused significant internal damage , including severed power mains and a ruptured oil tank . The ship also sustained some external damage from shrapnel and cannon fire , and three crewmen were wounded . Crane shot down one Israeli plane and damaged another during the engagement . Naval operations Ibrahim el Awal after its capture by the Israeli Navy On 30 October , the Egyptian Navy dispatched Ibrahim el Awal , an ex-British Hunt - class destroyer , to Haifa with the aim of shelling that city 's coastal oil installations . On 31 October Ibrahim el Awal reached Haifa and began bombarding the city with its four 102 mm ( 4 in ) guns . The French destroyer Kersaint , which was guarding Haifa port as part of Operation Musketeer , returned fire but failed to score any hits . Ibrahim el Awal disengaged and turned northwest . The Israeli destroyers INS Eilat and INS Yaffo and two Israeli Air Force Dassault Ouragans then gave chase and caught up with the Egyptian warship , and attacked it , damaging the destroyer 's turbo generator , rudder and antiaircraft guns . Left without power and unable to steer , Ibrahim el Awal surrendered to the Israeli destroyers . During the engagement , the Ibrahim el Awal 's crew lost 2 killed and 8 wounded . The Egyptian destroyer was subsequently incorporated into the Israeli Navy and renamed INS Haifa . On the night of 31 October in the northern Red Sea , the British light cruiser HMS Newfoundland challenged and engaged the Egyptian frigate Domiat , reducing it to a burning hulk in a brief gun battle . The Egyptian warship was then sunk by escorting destroyer HMS Diana . Of the Domiat 's crew , 38 were killed and 69 survived and were rescued . British losses in the engagement were 1 killed and 5 wounded . On 4 November , a squadron of Egyptian motor torpedo boats attacked a British destroyer off the northeast coast of the Nile Delta . The attack was repelled , with three torpedo boats sunk and the rest retreating . Hedgehog - Abu Uwayulah operations The village of Abu Uwayulah , 25 km ( 16 mi ) inside Egyptian territory , served as the road centre for the entire Sinai , and thus was a key Israeli target . To the east of Abu Uwayulah were several ridges that formed a natural defensive zone known to the Israelis as the `` Hedgehog '' . Holding the `` Hedgehog '' were 3,000 Egyptians of the 17th and 18th battalions of the 3rd Infantry Division commanded by Colonel Sami Yassa . Yassa 's men held a series of well - fortified trenches . The `` Hedgehog '' could only be assaulted from the east flank of Umm Qataf ridge and the west flank of Ruafa ridge . On 30 October , a probing attack by Israeli armour under Major Izhak Ben - Ari turned into an assault on the Umm Qataf ridge that ended in failure . During the fighting at Umm Qataf , Colonel Yassa was badly wounded and replaced by Colonel Saadedden Mutawally . To the south , another unit of the Israeli 7th Armored Brigade discovered the al - Dayyiqa gap in the Jebel Halal ridge of the `` Hedgehog '' . The Israeli forces stormed and took the al - Dayyiqa gap . Colonel Mutawally failed to appreciate the extent of the danger to his forces posed by the IDF breakthrough at al - Dayyiqa . Led by Colonel Avraham Adan , an IDF force entered the al - Dayyiqa and at dawn on 31 October attacked Abu Uwayulah . After an hour 's fighting , Abu Uwayulah fell to the IDF . At the same time , another IDF battalion attacked the Ruafa ridge . Concurrently , another attack was launched on the eastern edge of the `` Hedgehog '' by the IDF 10th Infantry Brigade ( composed mostly of reservists ) that ended in failure . By noon , the Israeli Air Force had carried out a series of punishing airstrikes on the Egyptian positions , sometimes accidentally hitting IDF ground forces . Such was the tendency of the IAF to stage `` friendly fire '' incidents the IAF was arguably as much as danger to the Israeli troops as to the enemy . After taking Abu Uwayulah , Adan committed all of his forces against the Ruafa ridge of the `` Hedgehog '' . Adan began a three - pronged attack with one armored force striking northeastern edge of Ruafa , a mixed infantry / armored force attacking the north edge and a feint attack from a neighbouring knoll . During the evening attack on 31 October , a chaotic battle raged on Ruafa ridge with much hand - to - hand fighting . Though every IDF tank involved was destroyed , after a night 's fighting , Ruafa had fallen to the IDF . Another IDF assault that night , this time by the 10th Infantry Brigade on Umm Qataf was less successful with much of the attacking force getting lost in the darkness , resulting in a series of confused attacks that ended in failure . Dayan , who had grown impatient with the failure to storm the `` Hedgehog '' , sacked the 10th Brigade 's commander Colonel Shmuel Golinda and replaced him with Colonel Israel Tal . On the morning of 1 November , Israeli and French aircraft launched frequent napalm attacks on the Egyptian troops at Umm Qataf . Joined by the 37th Armored Brigade , the 10th Brigade again assaulted Umm Qataf , and was again defeated . However , the ferocity of the IDF assault combined with rapidly dwindling stocks of water and ammunition caused Colonel Mutawally to order a general retreat from the `` Hedgehog '' on the evening of 1 November . Gaza Strip operations Play media U.S. newsreel on the Sinai and Gaza invasions The city of Rafah was strategically important to Israel because control of that city would sever the Gaza Strip from the Sinai and provide a way to the main centres of the northern Sinai , al - Arish and al - Qantarah . Holding the forts outside of Rafah were a mixture of Egyptian and Palestinian forces in the 5th Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier General Jaafar al - Abd . In Rafah itself the 87th Palestinian Infantry Brigade was stationed . Assigned to capture Rafah were 1st Infantry Brigade led by Colonel Benjamin Givli and 27th Armored Brigade commanded by Colonel Haim Bar - Lev of the IDF . To the south of Rafah were a series of mine - filled sand dunes and to the north were a series of fortified hills . Dayan ordered the IDF forces to seize Crossroads 12 in the central Rafah area , and to focus on breaking through rather than reducing every Egyptian strongpoint . The IDF assault began with Israeli sappers and engineers clearing a path at night through the minefields that surrounded Rafah . French warships led by the cruiser Georges Leygues provided fire support , through Dayan had a low opinion of the French gunnery , complaining that the French only struck the Egyptian reserves . Using the two paths cleared through the southern minefields , IDF tanks entered the Rafah salient . Under Egyptian artillery fire , the IDF force raced ahead and took Crossroads 12 with the loss of 2 killed and 22 wounded . In the north , the Israeli troops fought a confused series of night actions , but were successful in storming Hills 25 , 25A , 27 and 29 with the loss of six killed . In the morning of 1 November , Israeli AMX - 13s encircled and took Hills 34 and 36 . At that point , General al - Abd ordered his forces to abandon their posts outside of Rafah and retreat into the city . With Rafah more or less cut off and Israeli forces controlling the northern and eastern roads leading into the city , Dayan ordered the AMX - 13s of the 27th Armored Brigade to strike west and take al - Arish . By this point , Nasser had ordered his forces to fall back towards the Suez Canal , so at first Bar - Lev and his men met little resistance as they advanced across the northern Sinai . Hearing of the order to withdraw , General al - Abd and his men left Rafah on the morning of 1 November through a gap in the Israeli lines , and headed back towards the canal zone . Three hours later , the Israelis took Rafah . It was reported that after taking Rafah , Israeli troops killed 111 people , including 103 refugees , in Rafah 's Palestinian refugee camp . The circumstances of the killings are disputed . Not until the Jeradi Pass in the northern Sinai did the IDF run into serious opposition . A series of hooking attacks that out - flanked the Egyptian positions combined with airstrikes led to an Egyptian defeat at the Jeradi Pass . On 2 November , Bar - Lev 's forces took al - Arish . Meanwhile , the IDF attacked the Egyptian defenses outside of Gaza City late on 1 November . After breaking through the Egyptian lines , the Israeli tanks headed into Gaza City . Joined by infantry , the armor attacked the al - Muntar fortress outside of Gaza City , killing or capturing 3,500 Egyptian National Guard troops . By noon of 2 November , there was no more Egyptian opposition in the Gaza City area . On 3 November , the IDF attacked Egyptian and Palestinian forces at Khan Yunis . After a fierce battle , the Israeli 37th Armored Brigade 's Sherman tanks broke through the heavily fortified lines outside of Khan Yunis held by the 86th Palestinian Brigade . After some street - fighting with Egyptian soldiers and Palestinian fedayeen , Khan Yunis fell to the Israelis . There are claims that after taking Khan Yunis , the IDF committed a massacre , known as the Khan Yunis killings . Israel maintained that the Palestinians were killed in street - fighting , while the Palestinians claimed that Israeli troops started executing unarmed Palestinians after the fall of Khan Yunis . The claims of a massacre were reported to the UN General Assembly on 15 December 1956 by the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency , Henry Labouisse , who reported from `` trustworthy sources '' that 275 people were killed in the massacre of which 140 were refugees and 135 local residents . In both Gaza City and Khan Yunis , street - fighting led to the deaths of `` dozens , perhaps hundreds , of non-combatants '' . Food and medicine distribution for refugees in need of assistance was complicated when some Palestinians ransacked the warehouses belonging to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency . This was compounded by a widespread view in Israel that the responsibility for the care of the Palestinian refugees rested with the UNRWA , not Israel , which led the Israelis to be slow with providing aid . By noon of 3 November , the Israelis had control of almost the entire Gaza Strip save for a few isolated strong points , which were soon attacked and taken . The UN estimated that in total 447 to 550 Palestinian civilians were killed by Israeli troops during the first weeks of Israeli occupation of the strip . The manner that these people were killed is disputed . Sharm el - Sheikh operations By 3 November , with the IDF having successfully taken the Gaza Strip , Arish , the Hedgehog , and Mitla Pass , Sharm el - Sheikh was the last Israeli objective . The main difficulty faced by Colonel Abraham Yoffe 's 9th Infantry Brigade was logistical . There were no good roads linking Ras an - Naqb to Sharm el - Sheikh . After taking the border town of Ras an - Naqb on 30 October , Dayan ordered Yoffe to wait until air superiority was ensured . To outflank Sharm el - Sheikh , Dayan ordered paratroopers to take the town of Tor in the western Sinai . The Egyptian forces at Sharm el - Sheikh had the advantage of holding one of the most strongly fortified positions in the entire Sinai , but had been subjected to heavy Israeli air attacks from the beginning of the war . Yoffe set out for Sharm el - Sheikh on 2 November , and his major obstacles were the terrain and vehicle break - down . Israeli Navy ships provided support to the 9th Division during its advance . After numerous skirmishes on the outskirts of Sharm el - Sheikh , Yoffe ordered an attack on the port around midnight on 4 November . After four hours of heavy fighting , Yoffe ordered his men to retreat . On the morning of 5 November , Israeli forces launched a massive artillery barrage and napalm strikes against Egyptian forces defending Sharm el - Sheikh . At 9 : 30 am on 5 November , the Egyptian commander , Colonel Raouf Mahfouz Zaki , surrendered Sharm el - Sheikh . The Israelis had lost 10 killed and 32 wounded , while the Egyptians had lost about 100 killed and 31 wounded . Another 864 Egyptian soldiers were taken prisoner . Anglo - French canal invasion See also : Operation Musketeer ( 1956 ) and Operation Telescope A battle - damaged de Havilland Sea Venom on HMS Eagle To support the invasion , large air forces had been deployed to Cyprus and Malta by Britain and France and many aircraft carriers were deployed . The two airbases on Cyprus were so congested that a third field which was in dubious condition had to be brought into use for French aircraft . Even RAF Luqa on Malta was extremely crowded with RAF Bomber Command aircraft . The British deployed the aircraft carriers HMS Eagle , Albion and Bulwark and France had the battleship Jean Bart and aircraft carriers Arromanches and La Fayette on station . In addition , HMS Ocean and Theseus acted as jumping - off points for Britain 's helicopter - borne assault ( the world 's first ) . The combined fleet was shadowed and even harassed by the United States Sixth Fleet , commanded by Vice Admiral Charles R. Brown . The fleet was led by the carriers USS Coral Sea and USS Randolph , later reinforced by USS Forrestal . Revise : phases I and II A Hawker Sea Hawk of 899 Naval Air Squadron , armed with rockets , about to be launched from the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle for a strike on an Egyptian airfield In the morning of 30 October Britain and France sent ultimatums to Egypt and Israel . They initiated Operation Musketeer on 31 October , with a bombing campaign . Nasser responded by sinking all 40 ships present in the canal closing it to all shipping -- shipping would not move again until early 1957 . Despite the risk of an invasion in the canal zone , Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer ordered Egyptian troops in the Sinai to stay put , as Amer confidently assured Nasser that the Egyptians could defeat the Israelis in the Sinai and then defeat the Anglo - French forces once they came ashore in the canal zone . Amer also advised Nasser to send more troops into the Sinai to inflict his promised defeat on Israel , even though the risk of their being cut off if the canal zone were seized by Anglo - French forces was enormous . Not until late on 31 October did Nasser disregard Amer 's rosy assessment and ordered his forces to disengage in the Sinai and to retreat back to the canal zone to face the expected Anglo - French invasion . Eden and Mollet ordered Phase I of Operation Revise to begin 13 hours after the Anglo - French ultimatum . British bombers based in Cyprus and Malta took off to Cairo with the aim of destroying Cairo airport , only to be personally ordered back by Eden when he learned that American civilians were being evacuated at Cairo airport . Fearful of the backlash that might result if American civilians were killed in a British bombing attack , Eden sent the Valiant bombers back to Malta while the Canberra 's were ordered to hit Almaza airbase outside of Cairo . British night bombing proved ineffective . Starting on the morning of 1 November , carrier - based de Havilland Sea Venoms , Chance - Vought Corsairs and Hawker Sea Hawks began a series of daytime strikes on Egypt . By the night of 1 November the Egyptian Air Force had lost 200 planes . With the destruction of Egypt 's air force , Keightley ordered the beginning of Revise Phase II . As part of Revise Phase II , a wide - ranging interdiction campaign began . On 3 November F4U - 7 Corsairs from the 14. F and 15. F Aéronavale taking off from the French carriers Arromanches and La Fayette , attacked the aerodrome at Cairo . The very aggressive French General Beaufre suggested at once that Anglo - French forces seize the canal zone with airborne landings instead of waiting the planned ten days for Revise II to be worked through , and that the risk of sending in paratroopers without the prospect of sea - borne landings for several days be taken . By 3 November , Beaufre finally convinced Keightley and Stockwell of the merits of his approach , and gained the approval for Operation Telescope as Beaufre had code - named the airborne assault on the canal zone . On 2 November 1956 the First Sea Lord Admiral Mountbatten sent a letter to Eden telling him to stop the invasion before troops landed in the canal zone as the operation had already proved to be too costly politically . The next day , Mountbatten made a desperate phone call to Eden asking for permission to stop the invasion before it began , only to be refused . Mountbatten 's views led to clash of personalities with the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , General Gerald Templer who supported the invasion . In response to Mountbatten 's call to cancel the invasion , Templer penned a memo , which read : Some people in England today say that what we 're ( sic ? ) done in the Middle East will have terrible effects in the future ... The reality is that we have checked a drift . With a bit of luck we 're not only stopped a big war in the Middle East , but we 're halted the march of Russia through the Middle East and on to the African continent . Telescope modified : the paratroops land Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo - French assault on Port Said , 5 November 1956 . On late 5 November , an advance element of the 3rd Battalion of the British Parachute Regiment dropped on El Gamil Airfield , a narrow strip of land , led by Brigadier M.A.H. Butler . The `` Red Devils '' could not return Egyptian fire while landing , but once the paratroopers landed , they used their Sten guns , three - inch mortars and anti-tank weapons with great effect . Having taken the airfield with a dozen casualties , the remainder of the battalion flew in by helicopter . The Battalion then secured the area around the airfield . During the ensuing street fighting , the Egyptian forces engaged in methodical tactics , fighting on the defense while inflicting maximum casualties and retreating only when overwhelming force was brought to bear . In particular , the SU - 100 tank destroyers proved to be a formidable weapon in urban combat . The British forces moved up towards Port Said with air support before digging in at 13 : 00 to hold until the beach assault . With close support from carrier - based Westland Wyverns , the British paratroopers took Port Said 's sewage works and the cemetery while becoming engaged in a pitched battle for the Coast Guard barracks . At the same time , Lieutenant Colonel Pierre Chateau - Jobert landed with a force of the 2nd RPC at Raswa . Raswa imposed the problem of a small drop zone surrounded by water , but General Jacques Massu of the 10th Parachute Division assured Beaufre that this was not an insolvable problem for his men . 500 heavily armed paratroopers of the French 2nd Colonial Parachute Regiment ( 2ème RPC ) , hastily redeployed from combat in Algeria , jumped over the al - Raswa bridges from Nord Noratlas 2501 transports of the Escadrille de Transport ( ET ) 1 / 61 and ET 3 / 61 , together with some combat engineers of the Guards Independent Parachute Company . The paratroopers swiftly secured the western bridge at the cost of two soldiers , and F4U Corsairs of the Aéronavale 14. F and 15. F flew a series of close - air - support missions , destroying several SU - 100s . F - 84Fs also hit two large oil storage tanks in Port Said , which went up in flames and covered most of the city in a thick cloud of smoke for the next several days . Egyptian resistance varied , with some positions fighting back until destroyed , while others were abandoned with little resistance . The French paratroopers stormed and took Port Said 's waterworks that morning , an important objective to control in a city in the desert . Chateau - Jobert followed up this success by beginning an attack on Port Fuad . Derek Varble , the American military historian , later wrote `` Air support and fierce French assaults transformed the fighting at Port Fuad into a rout '' . During the fighting in the canal zone , the French paratroopers often practiced their `` no - prisoners ' '' code and executed Egyptian POWs . The Egyptian commander at Port Said , General Salahedin Moguy then proposed a truce . His offer was taken up , and in the ensuring meeting with General Butler , Chateau - Jobert and General Massu , was offered the terms of surrendering the city and marching his men to the Gamil airfield to be taken off to prisoner - of - war camps in Cyprus . Moguy had no interest in surrendering and had only made the truce offer to buy time for his men to dig in ; when fighting began again vans with loudspeakers traveled through the city encouraging resistance against the invaders , by announcing that London and Paris had been bombed by the Russians and that World War III had started . As the paratroopers alone were not enough , Beaufre and British Admiral Manley Laurence Power urged that the sea - borne landings be accelerated and that Allied forces land the very next day . Stockwell and Knightley , who wished to stick with the original plan , opposed this . Stockwell was always in favour of rigidly following already agreed to plans , and was most reluctant to see any changes , whereas Beaufre was all for changing plans to match with changed circumstances . The differences between Stockwell and Beaufre were summarized by the American historian Derek Varble as : `` Stockwell favored existing plans ; their methodical construction and underlying staff work reduced risks . Beaufre , by contrast an opportunist , saw plans merely a means to an end , without much inherent value . For him , altered circumstances or assumptions provided adequate justification to jettison part or all of the original plan '' . Royal Marines come ashore at Port Said Troops of the Parachute Regiment escort a captured Egyptian soldier at Port Said At first light on 6 November , commandos of No. 42 and 40 Commando Royal Marines stormed the beaches , using landing craft of World War II vintage ( Landing Craft Assault and Landing Vehicle Tracked ) . The battle group standing offshore opened fire , giving covering fire for the landings and causing considerable damage to the Egyptian batteries and gun emplacements . The town of Port Said sustained great damage and was seen to be alight . The men of 42 Commando as much as possible chose to by - pass Egyptian positions and focused on trying to break through inland . The Royal Marines of 40 Commando had the advantage of being supported by Centurion tanks as they landed on Sierra Red beach . Upon entering downtown Port Said , the Marines became engaged in fierce urban combat as the Egyptians used the Casino Palace Hotel and other strongpoints as fortresses . 2ème RPC paratroopers patrol in Port Said , October 1956 . Nasser proclaimed the Suez War to be a `` people 's war '' . As such , Egyptian troops were ordered to don civilian clothes while guns were freely handed out to Egyptian civilians . From Nasser 's point of view , a `` people 's war '' presented the British and French with an unsolvable dilemma . If the Allies reacted aggressively to the `` people 's war '' , then that would result in the deaths of innocent civilians and thus bring world sympathy to his cause while weakening morale on the home front in Britain and France . If the Allies reacted cautiously to the `` people 's war '' , than that would result in Allied forces becoming bogged down by sniper attacks , who had the advantage of attacking `` with near impunity by hiding among crowds of apparent non-combatants '' . These tactics worked especially well against the British . British leaders , especially Eden and the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Louis Mountbatten were afraid of being labelled `` murderers and baby killers '' , and sincerely attempted to limit Egyptian civilian deaths . Eden frequently interfered with Revise Phase I and II bombing , striking off various targets that he felt were likely to cause excessive civilian deaths , and restricted the gun sizes that could be used at the Port Said landings , again to minimize civilian deaths . The American historian Derek Varble has commented that the paradox between Eden 's concern for Egyptian civilians and the object of Revise Phase II bombing , which was intended to terrorize the Egyptian people , was never resolved . Despite Eden 's best efforts , British bombing still killed hundreds of Egyptian civilians during Revise II , though these deaths were due more to imprecise aiming rather than a deliberate policy of `` area bombing '' such as that employed against Germany in World War II . At Port Said , the heavy fighting in the streets and the resulting fires destroyed much of the city , killing many civilians . In the afternoon , 522 additional French paratroopers of the 1er REP ( Régiment Étranger Parachutiste , 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment ) were dropped near Port Fouad . These were also constantly supported by the Corsairs of the French Aéronavale , which flew very intensive operations : for example , although the French carrier La Fayette developed catapult problems , no less than 40 combat sorties were completed . The French were aided by AMX - 13 light tanks . While clearing Port Fuad , the 1er Regiment Etranger Parachutiste killed 100 Egyptians without losing a man in return . A British link up between the 3rd Battalion , The Parachute Regiment , and the Commandos at the Coast Guard barracks in Port Said . The paratroopers have with them a captured SU - 100 tank destroyer , and the Commandos a Buffalo amphibious assault vehicle . British commandos of No. 45 Commando assaulted by helicopter , meeting stiff resistance , with shore batteries striking several helicopters , while friendly fire from British carrier - borne aircraft caused casualties to 45 Commando and HQ . The helicopter borne assault of 45 Commando was the first time helicopters were used by UK forces to lift men directly into a combat zone . Lieutenant Colonel N.H. Tailyour , who was leading 45 Commando was landed by mistake in a stadium still under Egyptian control resulting in a very hasty retreat . Street fighting and house clearing , with strong opposition from well - entrenched Egyptian sniper positions , caused further casualties . Especially fierce fighting took place at the Port Said 's Customs House and Navy House . The Egyptians destroyed Port Said 's Inner Harbour , which forced the British to improvise and use the Fishing Harbour to land their forces . The 2nd Bn of the Parachute Regiment landed by ship in the harbour . Centurion tanks of the British 6th Royal Tank Regiment were landed and by 12 : 00 they had reached the French paratroopers . While the British were landing at Port Said , the men of the 2 RPC at Raswa fought off Egyptian counter-attacks featuring SU100 self - propelled guns . After establishing themselves in a position in downtown Port Said , 42 Commando headed down the Shari Muhammad Ali , the main north - south road to link up with the French forces at the Raswa bridge and the Inner Basin lock . While doing so , the Marines also took Port Said 's gasworks . Meanwhile , 40 Commando supported by the Royal Tank Regiment remained engaged in clearing the downtown of Egyptian snipers . Colonel Tailyour arranged for more reinforcements to be brought in via helicopter . Hearing rumours that Moguy wished to surrender , both Stockwell and Beaufre left their command ship HMS Tyne for Port Said . Upon landing , they learned the rumours were not true . Instead of returning to the Tyne , both Stockwell and Beaufre spent the day in Port Said , and were thus cut off from the news . Only late in the day did Beaufre and Stockwell learn of the acceptance of the United Nations ceasefire . Rather than focusing on breaking out to take al - Qantarah , the Royal Marines became bogged down in clearing every building in Port Said of snipers . The Centurions of the Royal Tank Regiment supported by the paratroopers of 2 RPC began a slow advance down to al - Qantarah on the night of 6 November . Egyptian sniper attacks and the need to clear every building led the 3 Para to be slowed in their attempts to link up with the Royal Marines . When Stockwell learned of the ceasefire to come into effect in five hours ' time at 9 : 00 pm , he ordered Colonel Gibbon and his Centurions to race down and take al - Qantarah with all speed in order to improve the Allied bargaining position . What followed was a confused series of melee actions down the road to al - Qantarah that ended with the British forces at al - Cap , a small village four miles north of al - Qantarah at 2 : 00 am , when the ceasefire came into effect . Casualties British casualties stood at 16 dead and 96 wounded , while French casualties were 10 dead and 33 wounded . The Israeli losses were 172 dead and 817 wounded . The number of Egyptians killed was `` never reliably established '' . Egyptian casualties to the Israeli invasion were estimated at 1,000 -- 3,000 dead and 4,000 wounded , while losses to the Anglo - French operation were estimated at 650 dead and 900 wounded . 1,000 Egyptian civilians are estimated to have died . End of hostilities Anti-war protests in Britain Play media Newsreel from 12 November 1956 about the end of the invasion Although the public believed the British government 's justification of the invasion as a separation of Israeli and Egyptian forces , protests against the war occurred in Britain after it began . On the popular television talk show Free Speech , an especially bitter debate took place on 31 October with the leftist historian A.J.P. Taylor and the Labour journalist and future party leader Michael Foot calling their colleague on Free Speech , the Conservative MP Robert Boothby , a `` criminal '' for supporting the war . One television critic spoke of Free Speech during the war that `` the team seemed to not only on the verge of , but actually losing their tempers ... Boothby boomed , Foot fumed and Taylor trephined , with apparent real malice ... '' The angry , passionate , much - watched debates about the Suez war on Free Speech mirrored the divided public response to the war . The British government pressured the BBC to support the war , and seriously considered taking over the network . Eden 's major mistake had been not to strike in July 1956 when there was widespread anger at Nasser 's nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company , as by the fall of 1956 public anger had subsided , with many people in Britain having come to accept the fait accompli , and saw no reason for war . This was especially the case as Eden 's claims that the Egyptians would hopelessly mismanage the canal had proven groundless , and that by September 1956 it was clear that the change of management had not affected shipping . Even more importantly , Eden 's obsession with secrecy and his desire to keep the preparations for war as secret as possible meant that the Eden government did nothing in the months running up to the attack to explain to the British people why it was felt that war was necessary . Many of the reservists who were called up for their National Service in the summer and fall of 1956 recalled feeling bewildered and confused as the Eden government started preparing to attack Egypt while at the same time Eden insisted in public that he wanted a peaceful resolution of the dispute , and was opposed to attacking Egypt . The British author David Pryce - Jones recalled that as a young officer , that after the ultimatum was submitted to Egypt he had to explain to his troops why war with Egypt was necessary without believing a word that he was saying . Only one British soldier , however , refused to fight . Gaitskell was much offended that Eden had kept him in the dark about the planning for action against Egypt , and felt personally insulted that Eden had just assumed that he would support the war without consulting him first . On 31 October he cited in Parliament the fact that , despite Eden 's claim that the British government had consulted closely with the Commonwealth , no other member nation did ; in the Security Council , not even Australia had supported the British action . He called the invasion an act of disastrous folly whose tragic consequences we shall regret for years . Yes , all of us will regret it , because it will have done irreparable harm to the prestige and reputation of our country ... we shall feel bound by every constitutional means at our disposal to oppose it The stormy and violent debates in the House of Commons on 1 November 1956 almost degenerated into fist - fights after several Labour MPs compared Eden to Hitler . Yet the Prime Minister insisted , `` We ( are not ) at war with Egypt now. ( ... ) There has not been a declaration of war by us . We are in an armed conflict . '' The British historian A.N. Wilson wrote that `` The letters to The Times caught the mood of the country , with great majority opposing military intervention ... '' The journalist Malcolm Muggeridge and actor Robert Speaight wrote in a public letter that The bitter division in public opinion provoked by the British intervention in the Middle East has already had one disastrous consequence . It has deflected popular attention from the far more important struggle in Hungary . A week ago the feelings of the British people were fused in a single flame of admiration for the courage and apparent success of the Hungarian revolt . Now , that success seems threatened by Russian treachery and brute force , and Hungary has appealed to the West ... It is the first , and perhaps will prove the only opportunity to reverse the calamitous decisions of Yalta ... The Prime Minister has told us that 50 million tons of British shipping are at stake in his dispute with President Nasser . What is at stake in Central Europe are rather more than 50 million souls . It may be objected that it is not so easy to help the Hungarians ; to this excuse they are entitled to reply that it was not so easy to help themselves . Lady Violet Bonham Carter , an influential Liberal Party member , wrote in a letter to the Times that I am one of the millions who watching the martyrdom of Hungary and listening yesterday to the transmission of her agonizing appeals of help ( immediately followed by our `` successful bombings '' of Egyptian `` targets '' ) who have felt a humiliation , shame and anger which are beyond expression ... We can not order Soviet Russia to obey the edict of the United Nations which we ourselves have defied , nor to withdraw her tanks and guns from Hungary while we are bombing and invading Egypt . Today we are standing in the dock with Russia ... Never in my lifetime has our name stood so low in the eyes of the world . Never have we stood so ingloriously alone . According to public opinion polls at the time , 37 % of the British people supported the war while 44 % were opposed . The Observer newspaper in a leader ( editorial ) attacked the Eden government for its `` folly and crookedness '' in attacking Egypt while the Manchester Guardian urged its readers to write letters of protest to their MPs . The Economist spoke of the `` strange union of cynicism and hysteria '' in the government and The Spectator stated that Eden would soon have to face `` a terrible indictment '' . The majority of letters written to MPs from their constituents were against the Suez attack . Significantly , many of the letters come from voters who identified as Conservatives . The historian Keith Feiling wrote `` the harm done seems to me terrifying : for my part I have resigned from the party while the present leader is there '' . The law professor and future Conservative cabinet minister Norman St. John - Stevas wrote at the time : I had wanted to stand for the party at the next election , but I can not bring myself to vote for the party at the moment , let alone stand for it . I am thinking of joining the Labour Party and am having lunch with Frank Pakenham next week . The historian Hugh Trevor - Roper expressed regret that no senior minister resigned and hoped `` some kind of national Tory party can be saved from the wreck '' . A master at Eton College in a letter to his MP declared : I write to you to express my complete abhorrence of the policy which the government is pursuing ... I have voted Conservative in the last three elections , but I am quite sure my next vote will be for a Labour candidate The Labour Party and the Trade Union Congress organized nation - wide anti-war protests , starting on 1 November under the slogan `` Law , not war ! '' On 4 November , at an anti-war rally in Trafalgar Square attended by 30,000 people ( making it easily the biggest rally in London since 1945 ) , the Labour MP Aneurin Bevan accused the government of `` a policy of bankruptcy and despair '' . Bevan stated at the Trafalgar rally : We are stronger than Egypt but there are other countries stronger than us . Are we prepared to accept for ourselves the logic we are applying to Egypt ? If nations more powerful than ourselves accept the absence of principle , the anarchistic attitude of Eden and launch bombs on London , what answer have we got , what complaint have we got ? If we are going to appeal to force , if force is to be the arbiter to which we appeal , it would at least make common sense to try to make sure beforehand that we have got it , even if you accept that abysmal logic , that decadent point of view . We are in fact in the position today of having appealed to force in the case of a small nation , where if it is appealed to against us it will result in the destruction of Great Britain , not only as a nation , but as an island containing living men and women . Therefore I say to Anthony , I say to the British government , there is no count at all upon which they can be defended . They have besmirched the name of Britain . They have made us ashamed of the things of which formerly we were proud . They have offended against every principle of decency and there is only way in which they can even begin to restore their tarnished reputation and that is to get out ! Get out ! Get out ! Inspired by Bevan 's speech , the crowd at Trafalgar Square then marched on 10 Downing Street chanting `` Eden Must Go ! '' , and attempted to storm the Prime Minister 's residence . The ensuing clashes between the police and the demonstrators which were captured by television cameras had a huge demoralizing effect on the Eden cabinet , which was meeting there . The British historian Anthony Adamthwaite wrote in 1988 that American financial pressure was the key factor that forced Eden to accept a ceasefire , but the public protests , declining poll numbers and signs that many Conservative voters were deserting the government were important secondary factors . Support for Eden According to some historians , the majority of British people were on Eden 's side . On 10 and 11 November an opinion poll found 53 % supported the war , with 32 % opposed . The majority of Conservative constituency associations passed resolutions of support to `` Sir Anthony '' . Gilbert Murray was among Oxford scholars who signed a statement supporting Eden ; such an act by the famous advocate of internationalism amazed both sides . He explained that , if not stopped , he believed Nasserism would become a Soviet - led worldwide anti-western movement . British historian Barry Turner wrote that The public reaction to press comment highlighted the divisions within the country . But there was no doubt that Eden still commanded strong support from a sizable minority , maybe even a majority , of voters who thought that it was about time that the upset Arabs should be taught a lesson . The Observer and Guardian lost readers ; so too did the News Chronicle , a liberal newspaper that was soon to fold as a result of falling circulation . A.N. Wilson wrote that The bulk of the press , the Labour Party and that equally influential left - learning party , the London dinner party , were all against Suez together with the rent - a-mob of poets , dons , clergy and ankle - socked female graduates who deplored British action , they did not necessarily constitute the majority of unexpressed public opinion The economist Roy Harrod wrote at the time that the `` more level - headed British , whom I believe to be in the majority though not the most vocal '' were supporting the `` notable act of courage and statesmanship '' of the government . Eden himself claimed that his mail went from eight to one against the military action immediately after its start , to four to one in support on the day before the ceasefire . The conflict exposed the division within the Labour Party between middle - class internationalist intelligentsia who opposed the conflict , and working - class voters who supported it . One Conservative MP wrote : `` I have lost my middle - class followers , but this has been at least balanced by backing from working - class electors who normally vote Socialist and who favour a strong line on Suez '' . Labour MP Richard Crossman said that `` when the Labour Party leadership tried to organise demonstrations in the Provinces of the kind they 'd held in Trafalgar Square , there was great reluctance among the working classes , because we were at war . It was Munich in reverse . And it was very , very acute '' . Labour MP James Callaghan agreed : `` The horny - handed sons of toil rallied to the call of the bugle . They reacted against us in the same way as they did against Chamberlain a few months after Munich '' . He recalled that up until the fighting started `` we had public opinion on our side ; but as soon as we actually went to war , I could feel the change '' . Labour MP Barbara Castle recalled that Labour 's protest against the conflict was `` drowned in a wave of public jingoism '' . During the Lewisham North and Warwick and Leamington by - elections held in February and March 1957 , Labour instructed its activists not to emphasise their opposition to Suez because the government 's action had considerable support . Callaghan believed that the Conservatives increased their majority at the 1959 election in part because working - class Labour voters were still angry at the party for opposing the conflict . Labour MP Stanley Evans resigned from his seat and his membership of the party due to his support for British action in Suez . International reaction Play media Eisenhower press conference about the crisis , 9 August The operation , aimed at taking control of the Suez Canal , Gaza , and parts of Sinai , was highly successful for the invaders from a military point of view , but was a disaster from a political point of view , resulting in international criticism and diplomatic pressure . Along with the Suez crisis , the United States was also dealing with the near - simultaneous Hungarian revolution . Vice President Richard Nixon later explained : `` We could n't on one hand , complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary and , on the other hand , approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against Nasser '' . Beyond that , it was Eisenhower 's belief that if the United States were seen to acquiesce in the attack on Egypt , that the resulting backlash in the Arab world might win the Arabs over to the Soviet Union . Despite having no commercial or military interest in the area , many countries were concerned with the growing rift between Western allied nations . The Swedish ambassador to the Court of St. James , Gunnar Hägglöf wrote in a letter to the anti-war Conservative M.P. Edward Boyle , I do n't think there is any part of the world where the sympathies for England are greater than in Scandinavia . But Scandinavian opinion has never been more shocked by a British government 's action -- not even by the British - German Naval Agreement of 1935 -- than by the Suez intervention . Presidents Eisenhower and Nasser meeting in New York , 1960 The attack on Egypt greatly offended many in the Islamic world . In Pakistan , 300,000 people showed up in a rally in Lahore to show solidarity with Egypt while in Karachi a mob chanting anti-British slogans burned down the British High Commission . In Syria , the military government blew up the Kirkuk -- Baniyas pipeline that allowed Iraqi oil to reach tankers in the Mediterranean to punish Iraq for supporting the invasion , and to cut Britain off from one of its main routes for taking delivery of Iraqi oil . King Saud of Saudi Arabia imposed a total oil embargo on Britain and France . When Israel refused to withdraw its troops from the Gaza Strip and Sharm el - Sheikh , Eisenhower declared , `` We must not allow Europe to go flat on its back for the want of oil . '' He sought UN-backed efforts to impose economic sanctions on Israel until it fully withdrew from Egyptian territory . Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and minority leader William Knowland objected to American pressure on Israel . Johnson told the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that he wanted him to oppose `` with all its skill '' any attempt to apply sanctions on Israel . Dulles rebuffed Johnson 's request , and informed Eisenhower of the objections made by the Senate . Eisenhower was `` insistent on applying economic sanctions '' to the extent of cutting off private American assistance to Israel which was estimated to be over $100 million a year . Ultimately , the Democratic Party - controlled Senate would not cooperate with Eisenhower 's position on Israel . Eisenhower finally told Congress he would take the issue to the American people , saying , `` America has either one voice or none , and that voice is the voice of the President -- whether everybody agrees with him or not . '' The President spoke to the nation by radio and television where he outlined Israel 's refusal to withdraw , explaining his belief that the UN had `` no choice but to exert pressure upon Israel '' . On 30 October , the Security Council held a meeting , at the request of the United States , when it submitted a draft resolution calling upon Israel immediately to withdraw its armed forces behind the established armistice lines . It was not adopted because of British and French vetoes . A similar draft resolution sponsored by the Soviet Union was also rejected . On 31 October , also as planned , France and the UK launched an air attack against targets in Egypt , which was followed shortly by a landing of their troops at the northern end of the canal zone . Later that day , considering the grave situation created by the actions against Egypt , and with lack of unanimity among the permanent members preventing it from exercising its primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security , the Security Council passed Resolution 119 ; it decided to call an emergency special session of the General Assembly for the first time , as provided in the 1950 `` Uniting for Peace '' resolution , in order to make appropriate recommendations to end the fighting . Play media Universal Newsreel from 4 December about Dag Hammarskjöld 's meeting with Nasser . The emergency special session was convened 1 November ; the same day Nasser requested diplomatic assistance from the U.S. , without requesting the same from the Soviet Union ; he was at first skeptical of the efficacy of US diplomatic efforts at the UN , but later gave full credit to Eisenhower 's role in stopping the war . In the early hours of 2 November , the General Assembly adopted the United States ' proposal for Resolution 997 ( ES - I ) ; the vote was 64 in favour and 5 opposed ( Australia , New Zealand , Britain , France , and Israel ) with 6 abstentions . It called for an immediate ceasefire , the withdrawal of all forces behind the armistice lines , an arms embargo , and the reopening of the Suez Canal , which was now blocked . The Secretary - General was requested to observe and report promptly on compliance to both the Security Council and General Assembly , for further action as deemed appropriate in accordance with the UN Charter . Over the next several days , the emergency special session consequently adopted a series of enabling resolutions , which established the first United Nations Emergency Force ( UNEF ) , on 7 November by Resolution 1001 . This proposal of the emergency force and the resulting cease - fire was made possible primarily through the efforts of Lester B. Pearson , the Secretary of External Affairs of Canada , and Dag Hammarskjöld , the Secretary - General of the United Nations . The role of Nehru , both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non Aligned Movement was significant ; the Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that `` Now Nehru -- who had tried to be even - handed between the two sides -- denounced Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorously . He had a powerful , if relatively silent , ally in the US president Dwight Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America 's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet behave '' . The Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote about Nehru 's role that : `` So the Suez War ended in Britain 's humiliation . Eden lost his job . Nehru achieved his objective of protecting Egypt 's sovereignty and Nasser 's honour '' . Britain and France agreed to withdraw from Egypt within a week ; Israel did not . A rare example of support for the Anglo - French actions against Egypt came from West Germany ; though the Cabinet was divided , the Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was furious with the United States for its `` chumminess with the Russians '' as Adenauer called the U.S. refusal to intervene in Hungary and voting with the Soviet Union at the UN Security Council , and the traditionally Francophile Adenauer drew closer to Paris as a result . Adenauer told his Cabinet on 7 November that Nasser was a pro-Soviet force that needed to cut down to size , and in his view the attack on Egypt was completely justified . Adenauer maintained to his Cabinet that the French had every right to invade Egypt because of Nasser 's support for the FLN in Algeria , but the British were partly to blame because they `` inexplicably '' shut down their Suez Canal base in 1954 . What appalled Adenauer about the crisis was that the United States had come against the attack on Egypt and voted with the Soviet Union at Security Council against Britain and France , which lead Adenauer to fear that the United States and Soviet Union would `` carve up the world '' according to their own interests with no thought for the interests of European states . Adenauer refused to cancel a planned visit to Paris on 5 -- 6 November 1956 and his summit with Mollet was clearly meant to be seen as a gesture of moral support . Adenauer was especially worried by the fact that the American embassy in Bonn would not provide a clear answer as to what was the American policy in response to the Bulganin letters . One of Adenauer 's aides Fritz von Eckardt commented about the opening ceremony in Paris where Mollet and Adenauer stood side by side while the national anthems were played that `` In the most serious hour France had experienced since the end of the war , the two governments were standing shoulder by shoulder '' . During the summit in Paris , Mollet commented to Adenauer that a Soviet nuclear strike could destroy Paris at any moment , which added considerably to the tension and helped to draw the French and Germans closer . On 7 November , David Ben - Gurion addressed the Knesset and declared a great victory , saying that the 1949 armistice agreement with Egypt was dead and buried , and that the armistice lines were no longer valid and could not be restored . Under no circumstances would Israel agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied . He also made an oblique reference to his intention to annex the Sinai Peninsula . Isaac Alteras writes that Ben - Gurion ' was carried away by the resounding victory against Egypt ' and while ' a statesman well known for his sober realism , ( he ) took flight in dreams of grandeur . ' The speech marked the beginning of a four - month - long diplomatic struggle , culminating in withdrawal from all territory , under conditions far less palatable than those envisioned in the speech , but with conditions for sea access to Eilat and a UNEF presence on Egyptian soil . The speech immediately drew increased international pressure on Israel to withdraw . That day in New York , the emergency session passed Resolution 1002 , again calling for the immediate withdrawal of Israeli troops to behind the armistice lines , and for the immediate withdrawal of British and French troops from Egyptian territory . After a long Israeli cabinet meeting late on 8 November , Ben - Gurion informed Eisenhower that Israel declared its willingness to accept withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai , ' when satisfactory arrangements are made with the international force that is about to enter the canal zone ' . Soviet threats Although the Soviet Union 's position in the crisis was as helpless as was the United States ' regarding Hungary 's uprising , Premier Nikolai Bulganin threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side , and to launch rocket attacks on Britain , France and Israel . Bulganin accused Ben - Gurion of supporting European colonialism , and Mollet of hypocrisy for leading a socialist government while pursuing a right - wing foreign policy . He did however concede in his letter to Eden that Britain had legitimate interests in Egypt . The Soviet threat to send troops to Egypt to fight the Allies led Eisenhower to fear that this might be the beginning of World War III . One of Eisenhower 's aides Emmet Hughes recalled that the reaction at the White House to the Bulganin letters was `` sombre '' as there was fear that this was the beginning to the countdown to World War III , a war that if it occurred would kill hundreds of millions of people . In private , Eisenhower told Undersecretary of State Herbert Hoover Jr. of his fears that : The Soviet Union might be ready for to undertake any wild adventure . They are as scared and furious as Hitler was in his last days . There 's nothing more dangerous than a dictatorship in that frame of mind . If the Soviet Union did go to war with NATO allies Britain and France , then the United States would be unable to remain neutral , because the United States ' obligations under NATO would come into effect , requiring them to go to war with the Soviet Union in defense of Britain and France . Likewise , if the Soviet Union attacked Israel , though there was no formal American commitment to defend Israel , the Eisenhower administration would come under heavy domestic pressure to intervene . From Eisenhower 's viewpoint , it was better to end the war against Egypt rather than run the risk of this escalating into the Third World War , in case Khrushchev was serious about going to war in defense of Egypt as he insisted in public that he was . Eisenhower 's reaction to these threats from the Soviet Union was : `` If those fellows start something , we may have to hit ' em -- and , if necessary , with everything in the bucket . '' Eisenhower immediately ordered the U-2s into action over Syria and Israel to search for any Soviet air forces on Syrian bases , so the British and French could destroy them . He told Hoover and CIA director Allan Dulles , `` If the Soviets attack the French and British directly , we would be in a war and we would be justified in taking military action even if Congress were not in session . '' ( The Americans excluded Israel from the guarantee against Soviet attack , however , alarming the Israeli government . ) Khrushchev often claimed to possess a vast arsenal of nuclear - tipped ICBMs , and while disclaiming any intention of starting a war , maintained that he would be more than happy to turn a conventional war into a nuclear one if war did come . The U-2 spy flights , which were intended to discover if the Soviet Union really did have the nuclear arsenal that it claimed to have , only started in July 1956 , and it was not until February 1959 that it firmly established that Khrushchev had vastly exaggerated his nuclear strength . In fact , the supposedly huge Soviet arsenal of ICBMs , with which Khrushchev would wipe out the cities of Britain , France , Israel , and if necessary the United States consisted only of four Semyorka missiles stationed at a swamp south of Arkhangelsk . From the viewpoint of Eisenhower , in 1956 he had no way of knowing for certain whether Khrushchev 's nuclear braggadocio was for real or not . Earlier in 1956 , Dulles had warned Eisenhower that Khrushchev was `` the most dangerous person to lead the Soviet Union since the October Revolution '' as Khrushchev was `` not a coldly calculating person , but rather one who reacted emotionally . He was obviously intoxicated much of the time and could be expected to commit irrational acts . '' Khrushchev later admitted in his memoirs that he was not seriously `` thinking of going to war '' in November 1956 as he claimed at the time as he lacked the necessary ICBMs to make good his threats . Financial pressure The United States also put financial pressure on the UK to end the invasion . Because the Bank of England had lost $45 million between 30 October and 2 November , and their oil supply had been damaged by the closing of the Suez Canal , the British sought immediate assistance from the IMF , but it was denied by the United States . Eisenhower in fact ordered his Secretary of the Treasury , George M. Humphrey , to prepare to sell part of the US Government 's Sterling Bond holdings . The UK government considered invading Kuwait and Qatar if oil sanctions were put in place by the US . Britain 's Chancellor of the Exchequer , Harold Macmillan , advised his Prime Minister , Anthony Eden , that the United States was fully prepared to carry out this threat . He also warned his Prime Minister that Britain 's foreign exchange reserves simply could not sustain the devaluation of the pound that would come after the United States ' actions ; and that within weeks of such a move , the country would be unable to import the food and energy supplies needed to sustain the population on the islands . However , there were suspicions in the Cabinet that Macmillan had deliberately overstated the financial situation in order to force Eden out . What Treasury officials had told Macmillan was far less serious than what he told the Cabinet . In concert with U.S. actions , Saudi Arabia started an oil embargo against Britain and France . The U.S. refused to fill the gap until Britain and France agreed to a rapid withdrawal . The other NATO members refused to sell oil they received from Arab nations to Britain or France . Cease fire Play media Israelis protesting against the UN order to evacuate Gaza and Sinai , 14 February 1957 The British government faced political and economic pressure . Sir Anthony Eden , the British Prime Minister , announced a cease fire on 6 November , warning neither France nor Israel beforehand . Troops were still in Port Said and on operational manoeuvres when the order came from London . Port Said had been overrun and the military assessment was that the Suez Canal could have been completely taken within 24 hours . Eisenhower initially agreed to meet with Eden and Mollet to resolve their differences , but then cancelled the proposed meeting after Secretary of State Dulles advised him it risked inflaming the Middle Eastern situation further . Eisenhower was not in favour of an immediate withdrawal of British , French and Israeli troops until the US ambassador to the United Nations , Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. pushed for it . Eden 's predecessor Sir Winston Churchill commented on 22 November , `` I can not understand why our troops were halted . To go so far and not go on was madness . '' Churchill further added that while he might not have dared to begin the military operation , nevertheless once having ordered it he would certainly not have dared to stop it before it had achieved its objective . Without further guarantee , the Anglo - French Task Force had to finish withdrawing by 22 December 1956 , to be replaced by Danish and Colombian units of the UNEF . The Israelis refused to host any UN force on Israeli controlled territory and left the Sinai in March 1957 . Before the withdrawal the Israeli forces systematically destroyed infrastructure in Sinai peninsula , such as roads , railroads and telephone lines , and all houses in the villages of Abu Ageila and El Quseima . Before the railway was destroyed , Israel Railways captured Egyptian National Railways equipment including six locomotives and a 30 - ton breakdown crane . The UNEF was formed by forces from countries that were not part of the major alliances ( NATO and the Warsaw Pact -- though Canadian troops participated in later years , since Canada had spearheaded the idea of a neutral force ) . By 24 April 1957 the canal was fully reopened to shipping . Aftermath This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media 1957 newsreels about the aftermath of the crisis . Egyptian sovereignty and ownership of the canal had been confirmed by the United States and the United Nations . In retirement , Anthony Eden , the British Prime Minister at the time , maintained that the military response had prevented a much larger war in the Middle East . Israel had been expecting an Egyptian invasion in either March or April 1957 , as well as a Soviet invasion of Syria . The crisis may also have hastened decolonization , as many of the remaining British and French colonies gained independence over the next few years . Some argued that the imposed ending to the Crisis led to over-hasty decolonization in Africa , increasing the chance of civil wars and military dictatorships in newly independent countries . The fight over the canal also laid the groundwork for the Six - Day War in 1967 due to the lack of a peace settlement following the 1956 war and rising of tensions between Egypt and Israel . The failure of the Anglo - French mission was also seen as a failure for the United States , since the western alliance had been weakened and the military response had ultimately achieved nothing . Additionally , the Soviet Union was able to avoid most repercussions from its violent suppression of the rebellion in Hungary , and were able to present an image at the United Nations as a defender of small powers against imperialism . As a direct result of the Crisis and in order to prevent further Soviet expansion in the region , Eisenhower asked Congress on 5 January 1957 for authorization to use military force if requested by any Middle Eastern nation to check aggression and , secondly , to set aside $200 million to help Middle Eastern countries that desired aid from the United States . Congress granted both requests and this policy became known as the Eisenhower Doctrine . The Soviet Union made major gains with regards to influence in the Middle East . As American historian John Lewis Gaddis wrote : When the British - French - Israeli invasion forced them to choose , Eisenhower and Dulles came down , with instant decisiveness , on the side of the Egyptians . They preferred alignment with Arab nationalism , even if it meant alienating pro-Israeli constituencies on the eve of a presidential election in the United States , even if it meant throwing the NATO alliance into its most divisive crisis yet , even if it meant risking whatever was left of the Anglo - American ' special relationship ' , even if it meant voting with the Soviet Union in the United Nations Security Council at a time when the Russians , themselves , were invading Hungary and crushing -- far more brutally than anything that happened in Egypt -- a rebellion against their own authority there . The fact that the Eisenhower administration itself applied crushing economic pressure to the British and French to disengage from Suez , and that it subsequently forced an Israeli pull - back from the Sinai as well -- all of this , one might thought , would won the United States the lasting gratitude of Nasser , the Egyptians and the Arab world . Instead , the Americans lost influence in the Middle East as a result of Suez , while the Russians gained it . Statue of Ferdinand de Lesseps ( a Frenchman who built the Suez Canal ) was removed following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 . Nikita Khrushchev 's much publicized threat expressed through letters written by Nikolai Bulganin to begin rocket attacks on 5 November on Britain , France , and Israel if they did not withdraw from Egypt was widely believed at the time to have forced a ceasefire . Accordingly , it enhanced the prestige of the Soviet Union in Egypt , the Arab world , and the Third World , who believed the USSR was prepared to launch a nuclear attack on Britain , France , and Israel for the sake of Egypt . Though Nasser in private admitted that it was American economic pressure that had saved him , it was Khrushchev , not Eisenhower , whom Nasser publicly thanked as Egypt 's saviour and special friend . Khrushchev later boasted in his memoirs : Our use of international influence to halt England , France and Israel 's aggression against Egypt in 1956 was a historic turning point ... Previously they had apparently thought that we were bluffing , when we openly said that the Soviet Union possessed powerful rockets . But then they saw that we really had rockets . And this had its effect . Khrushchev took the view that the Suez crisis had been a great triumph for Soviet nuclear brinksmanship , arguing publicly and privately that his threat to use nuclear weapons was what had saved Egypt . Khrushchev claimed in his memoirs : The governments of England and France knew perfectly well that Eisenhower 's speech condemning their aggression was just a gesture for the sake of public appearances . But when we delivered our own stern warning to the three aggressors , they knew we were n't playing games with public opinion . They took us seriously . The conclusion that Khrushchev drew from the Suez crisis , which he saw as his own personal triumph , was that the use of nuclear blackmail was a very effective tool for achieving Soviet foreign policy goals . Therefore , a long period of crises began , starting with the Berlin crisis of 1958 and culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles perceived that there was a power vacuum in the Middle East , and thought the United States should fill it . Dulles 's policies , which ultimately led to the Eisenhower Doctrine , were based on the assumption that Nasser and other Arab leaders shared America 's of the Soviet Union , which was emphatically untrue . In fact , Nasser never wanted Egypt to be aligned with one single superpower , and instead preferred the Americans and Soviets vying for his friendship . Nasser saw the Eisenhower Doctrine as a heavy - handed American attempt to dominate the Middle East ( a region that Nasser believed he ought to dominate ) , and led him to ally Egypt with the Soviet Union as an effective counter-weight . It was only with the quiet abandonment of the Eisenhower Doctrine in a National Security Council review in mid-1958 that Nasser started pulling away from the Soviet Union to resume his preferred role as an opportunist who tried to use both superpowers to his advantage , playing on their animosity . The American conservative historian Arthur L. Herman claims that the episode ruined the usefulness of the United Nations to support American ideals : Suez destroyed the United Nations as well . By handing it over to Dag Hammarskjöld and his feckless ilk , Eisenhower turned the organization from the stout voice of international law and order into at best a meaningless charade ; at worst , a Machiavellian cesspool . Instead of teaching Nasser and his fellow dictators that breaking international law does not pay , Suez taught them that every transgression will be forgotten and forgiven , especially if oil is at stake ... Suez destroyed the moral authority of the so - called world community . Fifty years later , we are all still living in the rubble . Military thought The great military lesson that was reinforced by the Suez War was the extent that the desert favoured highly fluid , mobile operations and the power of aerial interdiction . French aircraft destroyed Egyptian forces threatening paratroopers at Raswa and Israeli air power saved the IDF several days ' worth of time . To operate in the open desert without air supremacy proved to be suicidal for the Egyptian forces in the Sinai . The Royal Marine helicopter assault at Port Said `` showed promise as a technique for transporting troops into small landing zones '' . Strategic bombing proved ineffective . Revise Phase II failed to achieve its aim of breaking Egyptian morale while at the same time , those civilian deaths that did occur helped to turn world opinion against the invasion and especially hurt support for the war in Britain . Egyptian urban warfare tactics at Port Said proved to be effective at slowing down the Allied advance . Finally , the war showed the importance of diplomacy . Anglo - French operations against Egypt were militarily successful , but proved to be counterproductive as opinion in both in the home front in Britain and France and the world abroad , especially in the United States , was against the operation . Europe In West Germany , the Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was shocked by the Soviet threat of nuclear strikes against Britain and France , and even more by the quiescent American response to the Soviet threat of nuclear annihilation against two of NATO 's key members . The Bulganin letters showcased Europe 's dependence upon the United States for security against Soviet nuclear threats while at the same time seeming to show that the American nuclear umbrella was not as reliable as had been advertised . As a result , the French became determined to acquire their own nuclear weapons rather than rely upon the Americans while both Germanys became even more interested in the idea of a European `` Third Force '' in the Cold War . This helped to lead to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957 , which was intended to be the foundation of the European `` Third Force '' . The European Economic Community was the precursor to the European Union . Egypt Egypt ended as the winner , with UK and French troops withdrawn soon , and Israeli troops to withdraw later on , while keeping control over the Suez Canal . After the fighting ended , Abdel Hakim Amer , Egypt 's Chief - of - Staff , accused Nasser of provoking an unnecessary war and then blaming the military for the result . The British historian D.R. Thorpe wrote that the imposed ending to the Crisis gave Nasser `` an inflated view of his own power '' . In his mind , he had defeated the combined forces of the United Kingdom , France and Israel , whereas in fact the military operation had been `` defeated '' by pressure from the United States . Despite the Egyptian defeat , Nasser emerged as a hero in the Arab world . American historian Derek Varble commented : `` Although Egyptian forces fought with mediocre skill during the conflict , many Arabs saw Nasser as the conqueror of European colonialism and Zionism , simply because Britain , France and Israel left the Sinai and the northern canal zone '' . The Greek - American historian P.J. Vatikiotis wrote that Nasser in his speeches both in 1956 and after provided for `` superficial explanations of Egypt 's military collapse in Sinai , based on some extraordinary strategy '' and that `` Simplistic children 's tales about the Egyptian air force 's prowess in 1956 were linked in the myth of orderly withdrawal from Sinai . All this was necessary to construct yet another myth , that of Port Said . Inflating and magnifying odd and sporadic resistance into a Stalingrad - like tenacious defense , Port Said became the spirit of Egyptian independence and dignity . '' During the Nasser era , the fighting at Port Said become a huge symbol of the victory that Egypt was said to have won , which in turn was linked to as part and parcel of a wider anti-colonial struggle throughout the entire world . Thorpe wrote about Nasser 's post Suez hubris that `` The Six - Day War against Israel in 1967 was when reality kicked in -- a war that would never have taken place if the Suez crisis had had a different resolution '' . Summarizing the arguments of the Egyptian writer Tawfiq al - Hakim about the links between the 1956 and 1967 wars Vatikiotis wrote : `` Were bluffing and histrionics in the nature of Nasser ? It was bluffing that led to the crushing of Egypt in 1967 , because of the mass self - deception exercised by leaders and followers alike ever since the non-existent ' Stalingrad which was Port Said ' in 1956 . '' Abolishing civil liberties Further information : 1956 -- 57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries Communities Mizrahi Persian Baghdadi Sephardi Background Jews under Muslim rule Ottoman Old Yishuv Antisemitism in the Arab World The Holocaust in Libya Farhud Zionism Arab -- Israeli conflict 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Suez Crisis Six - Day War Algerian War Main events Magic Carpet ( Yemen ) Ezra and Nehemiah ( Iraq ) Lebanese exodus Egyptian exodus Moroccan exodus Operation Yachin Pied - Noir ( Algeria ) Day of Revenge ( Libya ) Exodus of Iran 's Jews Resettlement Aliyah HIAS Mossad LeAliyah Bet JDC Mizrahi Jews in Israel Iranian Iraqi Kurdish Moroccan Syrian Turkish Yemenite Transition camps Immigrant camps Development towns Austerity North African Jews in France Advocation Remembrance Day JIMENA JJAC WOJAC The Forgotten Refugees Related topics Arab Jews Musta'arabi Maghrebi Jews Berber Jews In October 1956 , when the Suez Crisis erupted , Nasser brought in a set of sweeping regulations abolishing civil liberties and allowing the state to stage mass arrests without charge and strip away Egyptian citizenship from any group it desired ; these measures were mostly directed against the Jews of Egypt . As part of its new policy , 1,000 Jews were arrested and 500 Jewish businesses were seized by the government . A statement branding the Jews as `` Zionists and enemies of the state '' was read out in the mosques of Cairo and Alexandria . Jewish bank accounts were confiscated and many Jews lost their jobs . Lawyers , engineers , doctors and teachers were not allowed to work in their professions . Thousands of Jews were ordered to leave the country . They were allowed to take only one suitcase and a small sum of cash , and forced to sign declarations `` donating '' their property to the Egyptian government . Some 25,000 Jews , almost half of the Jewish community left , mainly for Israel , Europe , the United States and South America . By 1957 the Jewish population of Egypt had fallen to 15,000 . Britain The political and psychological impact of the crisis had a fundamental impact on British politics . Anthony Eden was accused of misleading parliament and resigned from office on 9 January 1957 . Eden had barely been prime minister for two years when he resigned , and his unsuccessful handling of the Suez Crisis eclipsed the successes he had achieved in the previous 30 years . Eden 's successor , Harold Macmillan , accelerated the process of decolonisation and sought to recapture the benevolence of the United States . He enjoyed a close friendship with Eisenhower , dating from the North African campaign in World War II , where General Eisenhower commanded allied invasion forces and Macmillan provided political liaison with Winston Churchill . Benefiting from his personal popularity and a healthy economy , Macmillan 's government increased its Parliamentary majority in the 1959 general election . The Suez crisis , though a blow to British power in the Near East , did not mark its end . Britain intervened successfully in Jordan to put down riots that threatened the rule of King Hussein in 1958 and in 1961 deployed troops to Kuwait to successfully deter an Iraqi invasion ; the latter deployment had been a response to the threats of the Iraqi dictator General Abd al - Karim Qasim that he would invade and annex Kuwait . However , at the same time , though British influence continued in the Middle East , Suez was a blow to British prestige in the Near East from which the country never recovered . Increasingly , British foreign policy thinking turned away from acting as a great imperial power . During the 1960s there was much speculation that Prime Minister Harold Wilson 's continued refusals to send British troops to Vietnam , even as a token force , despite President Lyndon B. Johnson 's persistent requests , were partially due to the Americans failing to support Britain during the Suez Crisis . Edward Heath was dismayed by the U.S. opposition to Britain during the Suez Crisis ; as Prime Minister in October 1973 he refused the U.S. permission to use any of the UK 's air bases to resupply during the Yom Kippur War , or to allow the Americans to gather intelligence from British bases in Cyprus . The British relationship with the United States did not suffer lasting consequences from the crisis . `` The Anglo - American ' special relationship ' was revitalised immediately after the Suez Crisis '' , writes Risse Kappen . The United States wanted to restore the prestige of its closest ally and thus `` The two governments ... engaged in almost ritualistic reassurances that their ' special relationship ' would be restored quickly '' . One example came with Britain 's first Hydrogen bomb test Operation Grapple which led to the 1958 U.S. -- UK Mutual Defence Agreement . Six years after the crisis , the Americans amazed the British by selling them state - of - the - art missile technology at a moderate cost , which became the UK Polaris programme . France Franco - American ties never recovered from the Suez crisis . There were various reasons for this . Previously there had already been strains in the Franco - American relationship triggered by what Paris considered U.S. betrayal of the French war effort in Indochina at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 . The incident demonstrated the weakness of the NATO alliance in its lack of planning and co-operation beyond the European stage . Mollet believed Eden should have delayed calling the Cabinet together until 7 November , taking the whole canal in the meantime , and then veto with the French any UN resolution on sanctions . From the point of view of General de Gaulle , the Suez events demonstrated to France that it could not rely on its allies ; the British had initiated a ceasefire in the midst of the battle without consulting the French , while the Americans had opposed Paris politically . The damage to the ties between Paris and Washington , D.C. , `` culminated in President de Gaulle 's 1966 decision to withdraw from the military integration of NATO '' . The Suez war had an immense impact on French domestic politics . Much of the French Army officer corps felt that they been `` betrayed '' by what they considered to be the spineless politicians in Paris when they were on the verge of victory just as they believed they had been `` betrayed '' in Vietnam in 1954 , and accordingly become more determined to win the war in Algeria , even if it meant overthrowing the Fourth Republic to do so . The Suez crisis thus help to set the stage for the military disillusionment with the Fourth Republic , which was to lead to the collapse of the republic in 1958 . According to the protocol of Sèvres agreements , France secretly transmitted parts of its own atomic technology to Israel , including a detonator . Israel An Israeli soldier stands next to an Egyptian gun that had blocked the Tiran Straits . The Israel Defense Forces gained confidence from the campaign . The war demonstrated that Israel was capable of executing large scale military maneuvers in addition to small night - time raids and counter insurgency operations . David Ben - Gurion , reading on 16 November that 90,000 British and French troops had been involved in the Suez affair , wrote in his diary , ' If they had only appointed a commander of ours over this force , Nasser would have been destroyed in two days . ' The war also had tangible benefits for Israel . The Straits of Tiran , closed by Egypt since 1950 was re-opened . Israeli shipping could henceforth move freely through the Straits of Tiran to and from Africa and Asia . The Israelis also secured the presence of UN Peacekeepers in Sinai . Operation Kadesh bought Israel an eleven - year lull on its southern border with Egypt . Israel escaped the political humiliation that befell Britain and France following their swift , forced withdrawal . In addition , its stubborn refusal to withdraw without guarantees , even in defiance of the United States and United Nations , ended all Western efforts , mainly American and British ones , to impose a political settlement in the Middle East without taking Israel 's security needs into consideration . In October 1965 Eisenhower told Jewish fundraiser and Republican party supporter Max M. Fisher that he greatly regretted forcing Israel to withdraw from the Sinai peninsula ; Vice-President Nixon recalled that Eisenhower expressed the same view to him on several occasions . Other parties Lester B. Pearson , who would later become the Prime Minister of Canada , was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his efforts in creating a mandate for a United Nations Peacekeeping Force , and he is considered the father of the modern concept of peacekeeping . The Suez Crisis contributed to the adoption of a new national flag of Canada in 1965 , as the Egyptian government had objected to Canadian peacekeeping troops on the grounds that their flag at that time included a British ensign . As Prime Minister , Pearson would advocate the simple Maple Leaf that was eventually adopted . After Suez , Cyprus , Aden , and Iraq became the main bases for the British in the region while the French concentrated their forces at Bizerte and Beirut . UNEF was placed in the Sinai ( on Egyptian territory only ) with the express purpose of maintaining the cease - fire . While it was effective in preventing the small - scale warfare that prevailed before 1956 and after 1967 , budgetary cutbacks and changing needs had seen the force shrink to 3,378 by 1967 . The Soviet Union , after long peering through the keyhole of a closed door on what it considered a Western sphere of influence , now found itself invited over the threshold as a friend of the Arabs . Shortly after it reopened , the canal was traversed by the first Soviet warships since World War I . The Soviets ' burgeoning influence in the Middle East , although it was not to last , included acquiring Mediterranean bases , introducing multipurpose projects , supporting the budding Palestinian liberation movement and penetrating the Arab countries . Nasser claimed to be the defender of the Palestinian cause , but his anti-Israel warlike rhetoric damaged the Palestinians since it convinced a lot of the Israelis to oppose reconciliation with the Palestinians . See also Protocol of Sèvres Operation Tarnegol Egyptian Military museum 1965 war hall . General United Kingdom -- United States relations France -- United Kingdom relations France -- United States relations Israel -- United States relations Israeli casualties of war List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Notes ^ Jump up to : Tal ( 2001 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Mart , Michelle . Eye on Israel : How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally . p. 159 . ISBN 0791466876 . Jump up ^ Stewart ( 2013 ) p 133 Jump up ^ Kunz , Diane B . The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1967 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brown , Derek ( 14 March 2001 ) . `` 1956 : Suez and the end of empire '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( 24 July 2006 ) . `` Suez : End of empire '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ History 's worst decisions and the people who made them , pp. 167 -- 172 Jump up ^ Casualties in Arab -- Israeli Wars , Jewish Virtual Library ^ Jump up to : Casualties Of Mideast Wars , Los Angeles Times ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek The Suez Crisis 1956 , Osprey : London 2003 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Britain France Israel Egypt War 1956 ^ Jump up to : Schiff , A History of the Israeli Army , 1870 -- 1974 , p. 70 , Straight Arrow Books ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ A History of the Israeli Army : 1870 - 1974 - Zeev Schiff - كتب Google Jump up ^ Israel -- The Suez War of 1956 : U.S. newsreel footage . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 0 : 40 . Jump up ^ Ross , Stewart ( 2004 ) . Causes and Consequences of the Arab -- Israeli Conflict . Evans Brothers . pp. 76 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 237 - 52585 - 9 . Jump up ^ Isacoff , Jonathan B. ( 2006 ) . Writing the Arab -- Israeli Conflict : Pragmatism and Historical Inquiry . Lexington Books . pp. 79 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1273 - 1 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Neil ( 1983 ) . Futile Diplomacy : Operation Alpha and the Failure of Anglo - American Coercive Diplomacy in the Arab -- Israeli Conflict , 1954 -- 1956 . Psychology Press . pp. 15 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4757 - 9 . Jump up ^ Also named : Suez Canal Crisis , Suez War , Suez -- Sinai war , Suez Campaign , Sinai Campaign , Operation Musketeer `` Port Said Remembers ' Tripartite Aggression ' of 1956 ' '' . Daily News Egypt . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . ( Arabic : أزمة السويس / ‎ العدوان الثلاثي ‎ Azmat al - Suways / al - ʻUdwān al - Thulāthī , `` Suez Crisis '' / `` the Tripartite Aggression '' ; French : Crise du canal de Suez ; Hebrew : מבצע קדש ‎ Mivtza ' Kadesh `` Operation Kadesh '' , or מלחמת סיני Milẖemet Sinai , `` Sinai War '' ) Jump up ^ Mayer , Michael S. ( 2010 ) . The Eisenhower Years . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9780816053872 . Jump up ^ Abernathy , David ( 2000 ) . The Dynamics of Global Dominance : European Overseas Empires , 1415 -- 1980 . Yale University Press . p . CXXXIX . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Owen `` Suez Crisis '' The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World , Second edition . Joel Krieger , ed . Oxford University Press Inc. 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` An affair to remember '' . The Economist. 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Ellis ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of Anglo - American Relations . Scarecrow Press . p. 212 . Jump up ^ Peden , G.C. ( December 2012 ) , `` Suez and Britain 's Decline as a World Power '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , 55 ( 4 ) : 1073 -- 1096 , doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X12000246 ^ Jump up to : Major Jean - Marc Pierre ( 15 August 2014 ) . 1956 Suez Crisis And The United Nations . Tannenberg Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78289 - 608 - 1 . Still in 1950 Egypt blocked the Straits of Tiran barring Israel from the waterway ( Longgood 1958 , xii - xiii ) . Jump up ^ Mastny , Vojtech ( March 2002 ) . `` NATO in the Beholder 's Eye : Soviet Perceptions and Policies , 1949 -- 56 '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Adam ( 2010 ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution : Hungarian and Canadian Perspectives . University of Ottawa Press . p. 37 . ISBN 9780776607054 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry . Suez 1956 : The First Oil War . pp. 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Suez Canal '' . Egyptian State Information Service . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Sachar . A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 12 . Jump up ^ Yergin , p. 480 Jump up ^ State of Business : Middle - East Echoes , Time , 12 November 1956 Jump up ^ Donald Watt , `` Britain and the Suez Canal '' , Royal Institute of International Affairs , 1956 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , p. 207 . `` Nothing could have been better calculated to lash popular Muslim feeling to new fury ... and to redouble Egyptian hostility to Britain on whose ' betrayal ' of the Palestine Arabs the catastrophe could easily be blamed . '' Jump up ^ Butler , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Vakikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 230 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Butler , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal '' . BBC News . 26 July 1956 . ^ Jump up to : Darwin , p. 210 Jump up ^ See : Michael N. Barnett , Confronting the Costs of War : Military Power , State , and Society in Egypt and Israel ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1992 ) , 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt 1955 -- 1981 p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 167 -- 168 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , Simon & Schuster : New York , 1981 , pp. 18 -- 19 & 195 . Jump up ^ Vakikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy Towards Egypt , 1955 -- 1981 , State University of New York : Albany , 1985 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 892 -- 921 from English Historical Review , Volume CXIV , Issue # 483 , September 2004 , pp. 893 -- 894 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 892 -- 921 from English Historical Review , Volume CXIV , Issue # 483 , September 2004 , p. 900 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , p. 899 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 169 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 906 -- 907 . Jump up ^ Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : through Egyptian eyes edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 170 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 171 . Jump up ^ Love , Kenneth Suez , McGraw - Hill : New York , 1969 , pp. 306 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 170 -- 71 Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , William Economic Aid and American Policy towards Egypt , pp. 16 -- 17 & 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Guy Laron ( February 2007 ) . `` Cutting the Gordian Knot : The Post-WWII Egyptian Quest for Arms and the 1955 Czechoslovak Arms Deal '' . wilsoncenter.org . p. 16 . Egyptian representatives were able to sign a new commercial agreement with Czechoslovakia on 24 October 1951 , which included a secret clause stating that `` the government of Czechoslovakia will provide the Egyptian government with arms and ammunition -- to be selected by Egyptian experts -- worth about 600 million Egyptian pounds , to be paid in Egyptian cotton . '' The Egyptian experts requested 200 tanks , 200 armored vehicles , 60 to 100 MIG - 15 planes , 2,000 trucks , 1,000 jeeps , and other items ... . Czechoslovakia would not be able to supply weapons to Egypt in 1952 . And each year , from then until 1955 , Prague kept finding new reasons to delay the shipments Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Marshal Soviet Foreign Aid , New York : Fredrich Prager , 1968 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 450 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Mohamed ElBaradei ( 1982 ) , `` The Egyptian - Israeli Peace Treaty and Access to the Gulf of Aqaba : A New Legal Regime '' , American Journal of International Law , 76 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 554 , doi : 10.2307 / 2200785 Jump up ^ Kameel B. Nasr ( 1 December 1996 ) . Arab and Israeli Terrorism : The Causes and Effects of Political Violence , 1936 - 1993 . McFarland . pp. 40 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3105 - 2 . Fedayeen to attack ... almost always against civilians ^ Jump up to : Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and his Generation , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 250 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 160 -- 161 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 234 -- 236 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic aid and American Policy towards Egypt , pp. 24 -- 25 & 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Burns , William Economic aid and American Policy towards Egypt , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Darwin , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Kissinger , p. 529 Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Mason , Edward & Asher , Robert The World Bank Since Bretton Woods , Washington : Brookings Institution , 1973 , p. 638 Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Isaac Alteras , Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli relations , 1953 -- 1960 ( 1993 ) ch 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , p. 528 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 172 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 130 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Isaac Alteras ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 - 1960 . University Press of Florida . pp. 166 , 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 6 . p. 166 Egyptian territorial contiguity with Jordan ... ( Nasser ) said that `` the line should run from Dhahirya ... to Gaza Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Isaac Alteras ( 1993 ) . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. -- Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 . University Press of Florida . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , pp. 306 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Vatikitos , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Hasan Afif El - Hasan ( 1 January 2010 ) . Israel Or Palestine ? Is the Two - state Solution Already Dead ? : A Political and Military History of the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict . Algora Publishing . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 794 - 6 . in 1955 ... The U.S offered to finance the High Dam on the Nile river ... in exchange for Egypt 's help to settle the Arab - Israeli conflict peacefully ... But Nasser rejected the offer because it would mean siding with the West in the Cold War ... was the quasi alliance with the soviets more important than solving the Palestinian issue peacefully ? ... since the alternative to a negotiated settlement was a war with unpredictable consequences , Nasser 's refusal to accept the Negotiation offer was irrational . Jump up ^ Kissinger , p. 530 Jump up ^ BBC On This Day , 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt Seizes Suez Canal '' . BBC . 26 July 1956 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Sachar , p. 455 Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Israel '' . US State Department . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a book published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness ^ Jump up to : Eayrs , James ( 1964 ) . The Commonwealth and Suez : A Documentary Survey . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : What we failed to learn from Suez . Telegraph ( 1 November 2006 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Goodwin , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Low Conspiracy ? -- Government interference in the BBC '' ( PDF ) . Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture . 2 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 118 . ISSN 1744 - 6708 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Keith Kyle Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East ( I.B. Tauris , 2003 ) , pp. 225 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : R.G. Menzies ; Speech is of Time ; Cassell ; London ; 1958 ^ Jump up to : Brian Carroll ; From Barton to Fraser ; Cassell Australia ; 1978 Jump up ^ Le Canal de Suez et la nationalisation par le Colonel Nasser , Les Actualité Française -- AF , 08.01. 1956 Jump up ^ `` Compromise - Minded Conferees '' . Life . 27 August 1956 . p. 43 . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kingseed , Cole Christian ( 1995 ) . Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis of 1956 . Louisiana State Press . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISBN 9780807119877 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Tony Shaw ( 1996 ) . Eden , Suez and the Mass Media : Propaganda and Persuasion During the Suez Crisis . I.B. Tauris . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Charles Williams , Harold Macmillan ( 2009 ) p. 250 - 252 Jump up ^ Robert Rhodes James , Anthony Eden : A Biography ( 1986 ) , pp 462 -- 5 , quote p 472 dated 31 July 1956 Jump up ^ C. Philip Skardon , A Lesson for Our Times : How America Kept the Peace in the Hungary - Suez Crisis of 1956 ( 2010 ) pp 194 -- 5 Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Chaim Herzog and Shlomo Gazit , The Arab -- Israeli Wars : War and Peace in the Middle East from the 1948 War of Independence to the Present ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) pp. 113 -- 117 Jump up ^ Zeev Schiff , A History of the Israeli Army , pp. 65 -- 66 , Simon and Schuster ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Hazem Kandil ( 13 November 2012 ) . Soldiers , Spies and Statesmen : Egypt 's Road to Revolt . Verso Books . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 962 - 1 . ( Israel ) `` was alarmed by the Czech arms deal , and believed it had only a narrow window of opportunity to cripple Cairo 's drive for military parity '' . Jump up ^ Soviets Threaten Israel , Ben - Gurion Responds . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 22 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 295 -- 296 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 323 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 335 -- 336 . Jump up ^ Avi Shlaim ( 1997 ) . `` The Protocol of Sèvres , 1956 : Anatomy of a War Plot '' . International Affairs . pp. 509 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Patrick Tyler ( 2012 ) . `` Fortress Israel : The Inside Story of the Military Elite Who Run the Country '' ( Hardcover ed . ) . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 28104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zeev Maoz ( 2008 ) . `` Defending the Holy Land '' ( Paperback ed . ) . The University of Michigan Press . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11540 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : The Protocol of Sèvres 1956 Anatomy of a War Plot . Users.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez Britain 's End of Empire , London : I.B. Tauris 2011 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 201 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 25 . Jump up ^ Natan Aridan ( 2004 ) . Britain , Israel and Anglo - Jewry : 1949 -- 57 . Psychology Press . p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 16 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 18 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 18 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 28 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Benny Morris , Righteous Victims , p. 289 ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Herzog ( 1982 ) p. 118 Jump up ^ Norton , Bill ( 2004 ) -- Air War on the Edge -- A History of the Israeli Air Force and its Aircraft since 1947 ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Herzog , The Arab -- Israeli Wars , p. 138 Random House , ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Nordeen , Lon Fighters Over Israel London 1991 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ed . The Aerospace Encyclopedia of Air Warfare Volume Two : 1945 to the present Aerospace Publishing London 1997 , pp. 148 -- 153 ISBN 1 - 874023 - 88 - 3 Jump up ^ Midshipman RJH Griffiths , HMS Newfoundland : The Night we sank the Domiat Jump up ^ House of Commons Debates 19 December 1956 vol 562 c180W . Hansard.millbanksystems.com ( 19 December 1956 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Geoffrey -- Crises do Happen : The Royal Navy and Operation Musketeer , Suez , 1956 ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Michael : Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 -- 2015 , 4th ed , p. 573 Jump up ^ The battle of Haifa . The capture of Ibrahim el - Awal Jump up ^ Max Wurmbrand , The Valiant of Israel , p. 80 , Massada Press Ltd ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Pimlott -- editor British Military Operations , 1945 -- 1984 London : Guild Publishing 1984 p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 35 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 35 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 38 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 41 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 43 . Jump up ^ Special Report of the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Covering the period 1 November 1956 to mid-December 1956 , New York , 1957 Jump up ^ Rafah , Palestine : Information with Provenance ( PIWP database ) ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 46 . Jump up ^ Joe Sacco produces comics from the hot zones . New York Times . Jump up ^ UNRWA Report to the UN General Assembly November 1 -- December 14 , 1956 Archived 29 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sacco , Joe ( 2009 ) . Footnotes in Gaza : A Graphic Novel . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7347 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 86 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benny ( 1993 ) Israel 's Border Wars , 1949 -- 1956 . Arab Infiltration , Israeli Retaliation , and the Countdown to the Suez War . Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 827850 - 0 . p. 408 . `` On 3 November , the day Khan Yunis was conquered , IDF troops shot dead hundreds of Palestinian refugees and local inhabitants in the town . One UN report speaks of ' some 135 local resident ' and ' 140 refugees ' killed as IDF troops moved through the town and its refugee camp ' searching for people in possession of arms ' . In Rafah , which fell to the IDF on 1 -- 2 November , Israeli troops killed between forty - eight and one hundred refugees and several local residents , and wounded another sixty - one during a massive screening operation on 12 November , in which they sought to identify former Egyptian and Palestinian soldiers and Fedayeen hiding among the local population ... Another sixty - six Palestinians , probably Fedayeen , were executed in a number of other incidents during screening operations in the Gaza Strip between 2 and 20 November ... The United Nations estimated that , all told , Israeli troops killed between 447 and 550 Arab civilians in the first three weeks of the occupation of the Strip . '' ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` The Israel Navy Throughout Israel 's Wars '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 49 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Bill , Slettedahl Macpherson , Heidi ( 2005 ) Britain and the Americas : culture , politics , and history . ABC - CLIO , p. 939 . ISBN 1851094318 Jump up ^ Brown , Neville ( 2013 ) Global Instability and Strategic Crisis . Routledge , p. 40 . ISBN 1134409605 Jump up ^ Dunbabin , J.P.D. ( 1994 ) . International Relations Since 1945 : The post-imperial age : the great powers and the wider world . Longman , p. 294 . ISBN 0582227194 Jump up ^ Smith , Peter C. ( 2007 ) . Midway : Dauntless Victory : Fresh Perspectives on America 's Seminal Naval Victory of World War II . Pen & Sword , p. 277 . ISBN 1844155838 Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 53 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 54 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 50 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 pp. 457 -- 458 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 458 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 60 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 61 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 62 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 62 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 66 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 87 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 88 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 88 Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 89 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 77 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 66 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 69 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 66 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 72 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 78 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 79 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 80 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , R. Ernest ; Dupuy , Trevor N. ( 1994 ) . The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History . HarperCollins . p. 1343 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 91 . Jump up ^ Donald Neff , Warriors at Suez . Amana Books , Vermont . 1988 . ISBN 0 - 915597 - 58 - 6 . p. 414 . Quotes UN report : `` thousands of wounded and dead bodies all over Sanai ( sic ) '' . Neff estimates 4000 Egyptians wounded and 6000 captured or missing in Sinai and a further 900 wounded by the Anglo - French . Jump up ^ Varble , 1956 , 2003 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Fairhall , John ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Drama sparks Suez Crisis memories '' . Eastern Daily Press . Archived from the original on 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Robert A.J.P. Taylor the Traitor Within the Gates , London : Macmillan 1993 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Robert A.J.P. Taylor the traitor Within the Gates , London : Macmillan 1993 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 230 & 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 206 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Pryce - Jones , David The Closed Circle : An Interpretation of the Arabs , Chicago : Ivan Dee , 2002 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , pp. 230 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , pp. 388 -- 389 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Debate , 1 November 1956 , http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1956/nov/01/egypt-and-israel Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , pp. 65 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Lynn ( October 2006 ) . `` The Suez Fiasco 1956 '' . Socialism Today . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 463 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton 2006 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 pp. 455 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 pp. 456 -- 457 . ^ Jump up to : Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pp. 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 p. 456 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aneurin Bevan 1956 '' . New Statesman . UK . 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle , Keith Suez Britain 's End of Empire , London : I.B. Tauris 2011 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez Britain 's End of Empire , London : I.B. Tauris 2011 , pp. 441 -- 442 . Jump up ^ Russell Braddon , Suez : Splitting of a Nation ( London : Collins , 1973 ) , p. 111 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Alan Sked and Chris Cook , Post-War Britain : A Political History ( London : Penguin , 1984 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Dominic Sandbrook , Never Had It So Good : A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles ( London : Abacus , 2006 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. Our Times , Hutchinson : London 2008 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Sir Anthony Eden , Full Circle ( London : Cassell , 1960 ) , p. 546 . Jump up ^ Sandbrook , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Brian Harrison , Seeking a Role : The United Kingdom , 1951 - 1970 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) , p. 105 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Black , `` ' The Bitterest Enemies of Communism ' : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War '' , Contemporary British History , 15 : 3 , Autumn 2001 , pp. 50 - 51 . Jump up ^ Lawrence James , The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( London : Abacus , 1998 ) , p. 583 . Jump up ^ Braddon , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Braddon , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Barbara Castle , Fighting All The Way ( London : Pan , 1994 ) , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan , Britain Since 1945 : The People 's Peace ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ James Callaghan , Time and Chance ( London : Collins , 1987 ) , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Sked and Cook , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 88. n Jump up ^ Borhi , László ( 1999 ) . `` Containment , Rollback , Liberation or Inaction ? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cold War Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 67 -- 108 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039799316976814 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Pike , Francis Empires at War , London : I.B. Tauris 2009 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Lacey , Robert The Kingdom , New York : Avon 1981 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Divine , Robert ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower and the Cold War . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Establishment of UNEF , Background at UN.org Jump up ^ Love , Kennett ( 1969 ) . Suez : The Twice - Fought War . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ John Allphin Moore and Jerry Pubantz , Encyclopedia of the United Nations ( 2008 ) 2 : 399 Jump up ^ Hendershot , Robert ; Family Spats : Perception , Illusion , and Sentimentality in the Anglo - American Special Relationship Jump up ^ UNGA Emergency Special Sessions . Un.org . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ' Nothing common and there is no wealth ' . Indianexpress.com ( 5 March 2010 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dietl , Ralph `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' pp. 259 -- 273 from Journal of Contemporary History , Volume 43 , Issue # 2 , April 2008 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hans - Peter Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction , 1952 -- 1967 Oxford : Berghahn Books , 1995 pp. 241 -- 242 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Hans - Peter Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction , 1952 -- 1967 Oxford : Berghahn Books , 1995 p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Hans - Peter Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction , 1952 -- 1967 Oxford : Berghahn Books , 1995 p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli Relations , 1953 -- 1960 , Isaac Alteras , University Press of Florida , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1205 - 8 , p. 246 . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : A Restless Mind : Essays in Honor of Amos Perlmutter , Amos Perlmutter , Benjamin Frankel , Routledge , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4607 - 5 , Michael Brecher Essay , pp. 104 -- 117 . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Shlaim , Avi ( 2001 ) . The Iron Wall : Israel and the Arab World . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32112 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Neff , Donald Warriors at Suez , p. 403 . Jump up ^ Turner , Barry Suez 1956 , London : Hodder & Stoughton , 2006 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Suez Crisis . Globalsecurity.org ( 26 July 1956 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East , p. 458 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , pp. 237 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis We Now Know , 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charles Harold Macmillan ( 2009 ) pp. 259 -- 261 Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East , p. 464 Jump up ^ Kennett Love , Suez : The Twice - Fought War ( New York : McGraw Hill , 1969 ) , p. 651 Jump up ^ The Suez Crisis of 1956 Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Historylearningsite.co.uk ( 30 March 2007 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ The effect of Prime Minister Anthony Eden 's illness on his decision - making during the Suez crisis . Qjmed.oxfordjournals.org ( 6 May 2005 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Alteras , Issac Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. - Israeli relations , 1953 -- 1960 p. 243 Jump up ^ Service Cinématographique des Armées SCA reportage de Paul Corcuff , 22 December 1956 Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . French Ministry of Defense archives ECPAD MO56141AR14 Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1983 ) . The Fateful Triangle : The United States , Israel and the Palestinians . New York : South End Press . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 187 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cotterell , Paul ( 1984 ) . The Railways of Palestine and Israel . Tourret Publishing . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 905878 - 04 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery '' . Fun . Israel Railways . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Message to the Congress Transmitting the 11th Annual Report on United States Participation in the United Nations '' . University of California Santa Barbara . 14 January 1958 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Suez crisis , 1956 '' . The Arab -- Israeli Conflict , 1947 -- present . 28 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East , p. 493 Jump up ^ `` Suez : The ' betrayal ' of Eden '' , BBC News ( 30 October 2006 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Suez Canal Crisis . Novaonline.nvcc.edu . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Delauche , Frederic Illustrated History of Europe : A Unique Guide to Europe 's Common Heritage ( 1992 ) p. 357 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 173 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Keith Suez , London : I.B. Tauris , 2011 , p. 522 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) p. 236 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 236 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 236 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 173 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` A Man , A Plan , A Canal What Nasser wrought when he seized Suez a half century ago '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 92 . Jump up ^ Dietl , Ralph `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' pp. 259 -- 273 from Journal of Contemporary History , Volume 43 , Issue # 2 , April 2008 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Dietl , Ralph `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' pp. 259 -- 273 from Journal of Contemporary History , Volume 43 , Issue # 2 , April 2008 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Hazem Kandil ( 13 November 2012 ) . Soldiers , Spies and Statesmen : Egypt 's Road to Revolt . Verso Books . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84467 - 962 - 1 . meeting on November 15 ( 1956 ) ... Amer also lashed out at Nasser , accusing him of provoking an unnecessary war and then blaming the military for the result . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe , D.R. ( 1 November 2006 ) . `` What we failed to learn from Suez '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) p. 84 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Vatikiotis , P.J. Nasser and His Generation , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 , pp. 579 -- 580 . ^ Jump up to : Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 , p. 581 . ^ Jump up to : Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ WWII Behind Closed Doors : Stalin , the Nazis and the West . Biographies . Anthony Eden . PBS . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ J.M. Brown & W.R. Louis ( eds ) ( 1999 ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire , Vol. 4 : The Twentieth Century CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Horne 2008 , p. 158 . ^ Jump up to : Adamthwaite , Anthony , `` Suez Revisited '' , International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 page 449 . Jump up ^ US - UK Special Relationship 06 Intelligence Analysis and Reporting Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Spyinggame.wordpress.com ( 30 July 2011 ) . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous liaisons : post-September 11 intelligence alliances '' . Harvard International Review . 2002 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Dawson , R. ; Rosecrance , R. ( 1966 ) . `` Theory and Reality in the Anglo - American Alliance '' . World Politics . 19 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 2009841 . JSTOR 2009841 . ^ Jump up to : Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Risse - Kappen 1997 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Sowerwine , Charles France Since 1870 , London : Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 p. 278 . Jump up ^ Affaire de Suez , Le Pacte Secret , Peter Hercombe et Arnaud Hamelin , France 5 / Sunset Presse / Transparence , 2006 Jump up ^ Keith Kyle reviews Divided we stand by W. Scott Lucas and Blind Loyalty by W.J. Hudson LRB 25 February 1993 . Lrb.co.uk . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Herzog , p. 141 ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower and Israel : US - Israel relations 1953 -- 1960 . Isaac Alteras . Limited preview at Google Books . Jump up ^ Thorner , Thomas ( 2003 ) . A Country Nourished on Self - Doubt : Documents in Post-Confederation Canadian History . Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 548 - 4 . Jump up ^ MILITARIA Toon onderwerp -- Suez Crisis : Operation Musketeer . Militaria.forum-xl.com . Retrieved on 8 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan Afif El - Hasan ( 1 January 2010 ) . Israel Or Palestine ? Is the Two - state Solution Already Dead ? : A Political and Military History of the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict . Algora Publishing . pp. 154 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 794 - 6 . The ( 1956 ) war was waged by Israel , the French and the British . As stated before , Israel wanted to pre-empt the potential threat of the arms purchase , the French wanted to retaliate for Nasser 's support to the Algerian Liberation movement and the British wanted to prevent Nasser from Nationalizing the Suez Canal ... He ( Nasser ) promoted Arab nationalism and claimed himself the defender of the Palestinian cause ... but his ( Nasser ) anti Israel warlike rhetoric that was broadcast in public speeches and publicized in local press did not help the Palestinians . On the contrary , it convinced large section of the Israeli population to oppose reconciliation with the Palestinians References Adamthwaite , Anthony `` Suez Revisited '' pages 449 -- 464 from International Affairs , Volume 64 , Issue # 3 , Summer 1988 . Arnstein , Walter L. ( 2001 ) . Britain Yesterday and Today : 1830 to the Present . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 00104 - 0 . Alteras , Isaac . Eisenhower and Israel : U.S. -- Israeli relations , 1953 -- 1960 ( University Press of Florida , 1993 ) Barnett , Michael N. ( 1992 ) . Confronting the Costs of War : Military Power , State , and Society in Egypt and Israel . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 07883 - 0 . Beaufre , André ( 1969 ) . The Suez Expedition 1956 . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 571 - 08979 - 8 . ( translated from French by Richard Barry ) Bregman , Ahron ( 2002 ) . Israel 's Wars : A History Since 1947 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28716 - 2 . Bromberger , Merry and Serge Secrets of Suez Sidgwick & Jackson London 1957 ( translated from French Les Secrets de l'Expedition d'Egypte by James Cameron ) Burns , William J. ( 1985 ) . Economic Aid and American Policy toward Egypt , 1955 -- 1981 . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0873958683 . Butler , L.J. ( 2002 ) . Britain and Empire : Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 449 - X . Childers , Erskine B. ( 1962 ) . The Road To Suez . MacGibbon & Kee . ASIN B000H47WG4 . Darwin , John ( 1988 ) . Britain and Decolonisation : The Retreat From Empire in the Post Cold War World . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 29258 - 8 . Dietl , Ralph ( April 2008 ) , `` Suez 1956 : A European Intervention ? '' , Journal of Contemporary History , Sage Publications , 43 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 273 , doi : 10.1177 / 0022009408089032 Doran , Michael . Ike 's Gamble , Free Press . Oct. 2016 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1998 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 878071 - 7 . Hendershot , Robert M. ( 2008 ) . Family Spats : Perception , Illusion , and Sentimentality in the Anglo - American Special Relationship . VDM Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 639 - 09016 - 1 . Heikal , Mohamed ( 1986 ) . Cutting The Lion 's Tail : Suez Through Egyptian eyes . London : Deutsch . ISBN 0 - 233 - 97967 - 0 . Herzog , Chaim ( 1982 ) . The Arab - Israeli Wars : War and Peace in the Middle East . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50379 - 1 . Horne , Alistair ( 2008 ) ( 1988 ) . Macmillan : The Official Biography ( Twentieth anniversary ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 71083 - 2 . Hyam , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Britain 's Declining Empire : The Road to Decolonisation 1918 -- 1969 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68555 - 9 . James , Robert Rhodes ( 1986 ) . Anthony Eden : A Biography . McGraw Hill Book Company Inc . ASIN B0040YOVBQ . Kissinger , Henry ( 1994 ) . Diplomacy . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 51099 - 1 . Kyle , Keith ( 2003 ) . Suez : Britain 's End of Empire in the Middle East . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 811 - 8 . Kunz , Diane B. ( 1991 ) . The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis . U. of North Carolina Press . Laskier , Michael `` Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime , 1956 -- 70 '' pp. 573 -- 619 from Middle Eastern Studies , Volume 31 , Issue # 3 , July 1995 . Leuliette , Pierre ( 1964 ) . St. Michael and the Dragon : Memoirs of a Paratrooper . Houghton Mifflin . Love , Kenneth ( 1969 ) . Suez The Twice Fought War . McGraw - Hill . Lucas , Scott ( 1996 ) . Britain and Suez : The Lion 's Last Roar . Manchester University Press . pp. 118 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4579 - 7 . pp. 118 -- 130 on historiography Marshall , S.L.A ( 1958 ) . Sinai Victory : Command Decisions In History 's Shortest War , Israel 's Hundred - Hour Conquest of Egypt East of Suez , Autumn , 1956 . New York : Battery Press . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 085 - 0 . Neff , Donald ( 1981 ) . Warriors at Suez : Eisenhower takes America into the Middle - East . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 41010 - 5 . Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 39 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 . Pearson , Jonathan . ( 2002 ) Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis : Reluctant Gamble ( Springer , 2002 ) . online Reynolds , David ( 1991 ) . Brittania Overruled : British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38249 - 1 . Risse - Kappen , Thomas ( 1997 ) ( 1995 ) . Cooperation among Democracies : The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01711 - 2 . Sayed - Ahmed , Muhammad Add al - Wahab `` Relations between Egypt and the United States of America in the 1950s '' , pp. 89 -- 99 from Contemporary Egypt : Through Egyptian eyes : Essays in honour of Professor P.J. Vatikiotis edited by Charles Tripp , Routledge : London , 1993 , ISBN 0415061032 . Sachar , Howard M. A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time . Published by Alfred A. Knopf ( New York ) . 1976 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 48564 - 5 Sharon , Ariel ( 1989 ) . Warrior : The Autobiography Of Ariel Sharon . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 60555 - 0 . Stewart , Dona J. ( 2013 ) . The Middle East Today : Political , Geographical and Cultural Perspectives . Routledge . ISBN 9780415782432 . Tal , David , ed. ( 2001 ) . The 1956 War . London : Frank Cass Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4394 - 7 . Thornhill , Michael `` Britain , the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader '' , pp. 892 -- 921 from English Historical Review , Volume CXIV , Issue # 483 , September 2004 . Turner , Barry ( 2006 ) . Suez 1956 The World 's First War for Oil . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0340837683 . Varble , Derek ( 2003 ) . The Suez Crisis 1956 . London : Osprey . ISBN 1841764183 . Vatikiotis , Panayiotis ( 1978 ) . Nasser and His Generation . London : Croom Helm . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 433 - 1 . Verbeek , Bertjan ( 2003 ) . Decision - Making in Great Britain During the Suez Crisis . Small Groups and a Persistent Leader . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3253 - 5 . Wilson , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Our Times The age of Elizabeth II . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0091796717 . Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50248 - 4 ... Chapter 24 is devoted entirely to the Suez Crisis . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suez Crisis . Israel 's Second War of Independence , essay in Azure magazine . A Man , A Plan and A Canal by Arthur L. Herman Sinai Campaign 1956 Canada and the Suez Crisis July 2006 , BBC , Suez 50 years on Suez and the high tide of Arab nationalism International Socialism 112 ( 2006 ) Detailed report on the Suez campaign by Ground Forces Chief of Staff General Beaufre , French Defense Ministry archive ( French ) Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth anniversary exhibition Suez index at Britains-smallwars.com -- accounts by British servicemen that were present 26 July speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser ( French translation ) Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Original text in Arabic ) The short film The Middle East ( 1963 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Media links Newsreel film , British Prime Minister 's broadcast at Britishpathe.com Blue Vanguard ( 1957 ) , National Film Board of Canada film for the United Nations about its role in restoring peace after the Suez Crisis ( 60 min , Ian MacNeill , dir . ) Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - 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Day War ( 1967 ) War of Attrition ( 1967 -- 70 ) Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) Operation Litani ( 1978 ) First Lebanon War ( 1982 -- 85 ) South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) First Intifada ( 1987 -- 93 ) Second Intifada ( 2000 -- 05 ) Second Lebanon War ( 2006 ) Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) Israel -- Gaza conflict ( 2014 ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Baathist Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison - Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946 -- 47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin -- Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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who is the real winner of 1965 war	India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared . Although the two countries fought to a standoff , the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan , as it had neither succeeded in fomenting insurrection in Kashmir nor had it been able to gain meaningful support at an international level .	India	Indo - Pakistani war of 1965	indo - pakistani war of 1965		Indo -- Pakistani War of 1965 Part of the Indo -- Pakistani wars and conflicts Geopolitical map of Kashmir provided by the United States CIA , ca . 2004 Date August -- 23 September 1965 Location Western Front Indo - Pakistani border Line of Control , Working Boundary , Radcliffe Line , Sir Creek , and Zero - Point Arabian sea Eastern Front India - East Pakistan border Result Indian victory United Nations mandated ceasefire . No permanent territorial changes ( see Tashkent Declaration ) . Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders and leaders S. Radhakrishnan ( President of India ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( Prime Minister of India ) Gen J.N. Chaudhuri ( Chief of the Army Staff ) Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh ( GOC - in - C , Western Command ) Lt Gen P.O. Dunn ( GOC , I Corps ) Lt Gen Joginder Dhillon ( GOC , XI Corps ) Lt Gen Kashmir Singh Katoch ( GOC , XV Corps ) AM Arjan Singh ( Chief of the Air Staff ) Adm Bhaskar Soman ( Chief of the Naval Staff ) Ayub Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Gen Musa Khan Hazara ( Cdr - in - Chief , Army ) Lt. Gen Bakhtiar Rana ( Commander , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Attiqur Rahman ( Commander , IV Corps ) MGen A.H. Malik ( GOC , 12th Infantry Division ) MGen Yahya Khan ( GOC , 7th Infantry Division ) AM Nur Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Air Force ) VAdm A.R. Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Navy ) RAdm S.M. Ahsan ( ( Cdr . Eastern Naval Command ) Cdre S.M. Anwar ( OTC , 25th Destroyer Sqn ) Strength 700,000 Infantry 700 + aircraft 720 Tanks 186 Centurions 346 Shermans 90 AMX 90 PT - 76 628 Artillery 66x 3.7 `` How 450x 25pdr 96x 5.5 '' 16x 7.2 '' 260,000 Infantry 280 aircraft 756 Tanks 352 Pattons 308 Shermans 96 Chaffees 552 Artillery 72x105mm How 234X25pdr 126x155mm How 48x8 '' How 72x3. 7 '' How POK Lt Btys Casualties and losses Neutral claims 3,000 men 150 -- 190 tanks 60 -- 75 aircraft 540 km ( 210mi ) of territory lost ( primarily in Rann of Kutch ) Indian claims 35 -- 59 aircraft lost In addition , Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents , and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down . 322 km territory lost Pakistani claims 8,200 men killed or captured 110 -- 113 aircraft destroyed 500 tanks captured or destroyed 2602 , 2575 km territory gained 1600 square miles territory gained according to Husain Haqqani Neutral claims 3,800 men 200 - 300 Tanks 20 aircraft Over 1,840 km ( 710 mi ) of territory lost ( primarily in Sialkot , Lahore , and Kashmir sectors ) Pakistani claims 19 aircraft lost Indian claims 5259 men killed or captured 43 − 73 aircraft destroyed 471 tanks destroyed 3,900 km territory gained Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Operation Dwarka Operation Gibraltar Operation Grand Slam Battle of Asal Uttar Battle of Burki Battle of Phillora Battle of Chawinda Battle of Ichogil Bund Lahore Front Air War Tashkent Declaration Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India . The conflict began following Pakistan 's Operation Gibraltar , which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule . India retaliated by launching a full - scale military attack on West Pakistan . The seventeen - day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II . Hostilities between the two countries ended after a United Nations - mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States , and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration . Much of the war was fought by the countries ' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan . This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947 , a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001 -- 2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan . Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units , with substantial backing from air forces , and naval operations . Many details of this war , like those of other Indo - Pakistani Wars , remain unclear . India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared . Although the two countries fought to a standoff , the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan , as it had neither succeeded in fomenting insurrection in Kashmir nor had it been able to gain meaningful support at an international level . Internationally , the war was viewed in the context of the greater Cold War , and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent . Before the war , the United States and the United Kingdom had been major material allies of both India and Pakistan , as their primary suppliers of military hardware and foreign developmental aid . During and after the conflict , both India and Pakistan felt betrayed by the perceived lack of support by the western powers for their respective positions ; those feelings of betrayal were increased with the imposition of an American and British embargo on military aid to the opposing sides . As a consequence , India and Pakistan openly developed closer relationships with the Soviet Union and China , respectively . The perceived negative stance of the western powers during the conflict , and during the 1971 war , has continued to affect relations between the West and the subcontinent . In spite of improved relations with the U.S. and Britain since the end of the Cold War , the conflict generated a deep distrust of both countries within the subcontinent which to an extent lingers to this day . Contents 1 Pre-war escalation 2 The war 2.1 Aerial warfare 2.2 Tank battles 2.3 Naval hostilities 2.4 Covert operations 3 Assessment of losses 3.1 Neutral assessments 4 Ceasefire 5 Intelligence failures 5.1 Indian miscalculations 5.2 Pakistani miscalculations 6 Involvement of other nations 7 Aftermath 7.1 India 7.2 Pakistan 8 Military awards 8.1 Battle honours 8.2 Gallantry awards 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Sources and external links Pre-war escalation A declassified US State Department letter that confirms the existence of hundreds of `` infiltrators '' in the Indian - administered part of the disputed Kashmir region . Dated during the events running up to the 1965 war . Since the Partition of British India in 1947 , Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues . Although the Kashmir conflict was the predominant issue dividing the nations , other border disputes existed , most notably over the Rann of Kutch , a barren region in the Indian state of Gujarat . The issue first arose in 1956 which ended with India regaining control over the disputed area . Pakistani patrols began patrolling in territory controlled by India in January 1965 , which was followed by attacks by both countries on each other 's posts on 8 April 1965 . Initially involving border police from both nations , the disputed area soon witnessed intermittent skirmishes between the countries ' armed forces . In June 1965 , British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute . The verdict , which came later in 1968 , saw Pakistan awarded 350 square miles ( 910 km ) of the Rann of Kutch , as against its original claim of 3,500 square miles ( 9,100 km ) . After its success in the Rann of Kutch , Pakistan , under the leadership of General Ayub Khan , believed the Indian Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir as the Indian military had suffered a loss to China in 1962 in the Sino - Indian War . Pakistan believed that the population of Kashmir was generally discontented with Indian rule and that a resistance movement could be ignited by a few infiltrating saboteurs . Pakistan attempted to ignite the resistance movement by means of a covert infiltration , codenamed Operation Gibraltar . The Pakistani infiltrators were soon discovered , however , their presence reported by local Kashmiris , and the operation ended unsuccessfully . The war On 5 August 1965 between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir . Indian forces , tipped off by the local populace , crossed the cease fire line on 15 August . Initially , the Indian Army met with considerable success , capturing three important mountain positions after a prolonged artillery barrage . By the end of August , however , both sides had relative progress ; Pakistan had made progress in areas such as Tithwal , Uri and Poonch and India had captured the Haji Pir pass , 8 km into Pakistan - Administered Kashmir . On 1 September 1965 , Pakistan launched a counterattack , called Operation Grand Slam , with the objective to capture the vital town of Akhnoor in Jammu , which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops . Ayub Khan calculated that `` Hindu morale would not stand more than a couple of hard blows at the right time and place '' although by this time Operation Gibraltar had failed and India had captured the Haji Pir Pass . At 3 : 30 hours , on 1 September 1965 , the entire Chhamb area came under massive artillery bombardment . Pakistan had launched operation Grand Slam and India 's Army Headquarter was taken by surprise . Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks , Pakistan made gains against Indian forces , who were caught unprepared and suffered heavy losses . India responded by calling in its air force to blunt the Pakistani attack . The next day , Pakistan retaliated , its air force attacked Indian forces and air bases in both Kashmir and Punjab . India 's decision to open up the theatre of attack into Pakistani Punjab forced the Pakistani army to relocate troops engaged in the operation to defend Punjab . Operation Grand Slam therefore failed , as the Pakistan Army was unable to capture Akhnoor ; it became one of the turning points in the war when India decided to relieve pressure on its troops in Kashmir by attacking Pakistan further south . In the valley , another area of strategic importance was Kargil . Kargil town was in Indian hands but Pakistan occupied high ground overlooking Kargil and Srinagar - Leh road . However , after the launch of a massive anti-infiltration operation by the Indian army , the Pakistani infiltrators were forced out of that area in the month of August . Indian Army 's officers of 4 Sikh Regiment had captured a Police Station in Lahore , Pakistan India crossed the International Border on the Western front on 6 September On 6 September , the 15th Infantry Division of the Indian Army , under World War II veteran Major General Prasad , battled a massive counterattack by Pakistan near the west bank of the Icchogil Canal ( BRB Canal ) , which was a de facto border of India and Pakistan . The General 's entourage itself was ambushed and he was forced to flee his vehicle . A second , this time successful , attempt to cross the Ichhogil Canal was made over the bridge in the village of Barki , just east of Lahore . These developments brought the Indian Army within the range of Lahore International Airport . As a result , the United States requested a temporary ceasefire to allow it to evacuate its citizens in Lahore . However , the Pakistani counterattack took Khem Karan from Indian forces which tried to divert the attention of Pakistanis from Khem Karan by an attack on Bedian and the adjacent villages . General Musa Khan , C - in - C of Pakistani Armed Forces at Captured Khem Karan Railway Station , India . Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan and Brig . Sahib Dad Khan are on his right and left . The thrust against Lahore consisted of the 1st Infantry Division supported by the three tank regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade ; they quickly advanced across the border , reaching the Ichhogil ( BRB ) Canal by 6 September . The Pakistani Army held the bridges over the canal or blew up those it could not hold , effectively stalling any further advance by the Indians on Lahore . One unit of the Indian Jat Regiment , 3 Jat , had also crossed the Icchogil canal and captured the town of Batapore ( Jallo Mur to Pakistan ) on the west side of the canal . The same day , a counter offensive consisting of an armoured division and infantry division supported by Pakistan Air Force Sabres forced the Indian 15th Division to withdraw to its starting point . Although 3 Jat suffered minimal casualties , the bulk of the damage being taken by ammunition and stores vehicles , the higher commanders had no information of 3 Jat 's capture of Batapore and misleading information led to the command to withdraw from Batapore and Dograi to Ghosal - Dial . This move brought extreme disappointment to Lt - Col Desmond Hayde , CO of 3 Jat . Dograi was eventually recaptured by 3 Jat on 21 September , for the second time but after a much harder battle due to Pakistani reinforcements . On 8 September 1965 , a company of 5 Maratha Light Infantry was sent to reinforce a Rajasthan Armed Constabulary ( RAC ) post at Munabao -- a strategic hamlet about 250 kilometres from Jodhpur . Their brief was simple . To hold the post and to keep Pakistan 's infantry battalions from overrunning the post at bay . But at Maratha Hill ( in Munabao ) -- as the post has now been christened -- the Indian company could barely manage to thwart the intense attack for 24 hours . A company of 3 Guards with 954 heavy mortar battery ordered to reinforce the RAC post at Munabao could never reach . The Pakistani Air Force had strafed the entire area , and also hit a railway train coming from Barmer with reinforcements near Gadra road railway station . On 10 September , Munabao fell into Pakistani hands , and efforts to capture the strategic point did not succeed . On the days following 9 September , both nations ' premiere formations were routed in unequal battles . India 's 1st Armoured Division , labeled the `` pride of the Indian Army '' , launched an offensive towards Sialkot . The Division divided itself into two prongs , was forced back by the Pakistani 6th Armoured Division at Chawinda and was forced to withdraw after suffering heavy losses of nearly 100 tanks . The Pakistanis followed up their success by launching Operation Windup , which forced the Indians back farther . Similarly , Pakistan 's pride , the 1st Armoured Division , pushed an offensive towards Khem Karan , with the intent to capture Amritsar ( a major city in Punjab , India ) and the bridge on River Beas to Jalandhar . The Pakistani 1st Armoured Division never made it past Khem Karan , however , and by the end of 10 September lay disintegrated by the defences of the Indian 4th Mountain Division at what is now known as the Battle of Asal Uttar ( lit . meaning -- `` Real Answer '' , or more appropriate English equivalent -- `` Fitting Response '' ) . The area became known as ' Patton Nagar ' ( Patton Town ) , because of the large number of US - made Pakistani Patton tanks . Approximately 97 Pakistani tanks were destroyed or abandoned , with only 32 Indian tanks destroyed or damaged . The Pakistani 1st Armoured Division less 5th Armoured Brigade was next sent to Sialkot sector behind Pakistani 6th Armoured Division where it did n't see action as 6th Armoured Division was already in process of routing Indian 1st Armoured Division which was superior to it in strength . The hostilities in the Rajasthan sector commenced on September the 8th . Initially Pakistan Desert Force and the Hur militia ( followers of Pir Pagaro ) was placed in a defensive role , a role for which they were well suited as it turned out . The Hurs were familiar with the terrain and the local area and possessed many essential desert survival skills which their opponents and their comrades in the Pakistan Army did not . Fighting as mainly light infantry , the Hur inflicted many casualties on the Indian forces as they entered Sindh . The Hurs were also employed as skirmishers , harassing the Indians LOC , a task they often undertook on camels . As the battle wore on the Hurs and the Desert Force were increasingly used to attack and capture Indian villages inside Rajasthan . The war was heading for a stalemate , with both nations holding territory of the other . The Indian army suffered 3,000 battlefield deaths , while Pakistan suffered 3,800 . The Indian army was in possession of 758.9 miles2 ( 1,920 km2 ) of Pakistani territory and the Pakistan army held 210 mile2 ( 550 km2 ) of Indian territory . The territory occupied by India was mainly in the fertile Sialkot , Lahore and Kashmir sectors , while Pakistani land gains were primarily south in deserts opposite to Sindh and in Chumb sector near Kashmir in north . Pakistan claims that it held 1600 square miles of Indian territory , while lost 450 square miles of its own territory . Aerial warfare Main article : Aerial warfare in 1965 India Pakistan War Further information : Indian Air Force § Second Kashmir War 1965 , and Pakistan Air Force § Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 The war saw aircraft of the Indian Air Force ( IAF ) and the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) engaging in combat for the first time since independence . Though the two forces had previously faced off in the First Kashmir War during the late 1940s , that engagement was very limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict . The IAF was flying large numbers of Hawker Hunters , Indian - manufactured Folland Gnats , de Havilland Vampires , EE Canberra bombers and a squadron of MiG - 21s . The PAF 's fighter force comprised 102 F - 86F Sabres and 12 F - 104 Starfighters , along with 24 B - 57 Canberra bombers . During the conflict , the PAF claimed it was out - numbered by around 5 : 1 . The PAF 's aircraft were largely of American origin , whereas the IAF flew an assortment of British and Soviet aeroplanes . It has been widely reported that the PAF 's American aircraft were superior to those of the IAF . The F - 86 was vulnerable to the diminutive Folland Gnat , nicknamed `` Sabre Slayer . '' The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven Pakistani Canadair Sabres in the 1965 war . while two Gnats were downed by PAF fighters . The PAF 's F - 104 Starfighter of the PAF was the fastest fighter operating in the subcontinent at that time and was often referred to as `` the pride of the PAF '' . However , according to Sajjad Haider , the F - 104 did not deserve this reputation . Being `` a high level interceptor designed to neutralise Soviet strategic bombers in altitudes above 40,000 feet , '' rather than engage in dogfights with agile fighters at low altitudes , it was `` unsuited to the tactical environment of the region . '' In combat the Starfighter was not as effective as the IAF 's far more agile , albeit much slower , Folland Gnat fighter . Yet it zoomed into an ongoing dogfight between Sabres and Gnats , at supersonic speed , successfully broke off the fight and caused the Gnats to egress . An IAF Gnat , piloted by Squadron Leader Brij Pal Singh Sikand , landed at an abandoned Pakistani airstrip at Pasrur and was captured by the Pakistan Army . The pilot claimed that most of his equipment failed and even if he could get some chance on that , the Starfighters snuffed it . This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the Pakistan Air Force Museum , Karachi . Sqn Ldr Saad Hatmi who flew the captured aircraft to Sargodha , and later tested and evaluated its flight performance , was of view that Gnat was no `` Sabre Slayer '' when it came to dog fighting . The Pakistan Air Force had fought well in countering the much large Indian Air Force and supported the ground forces . Captured Indian Folland Gnat on display at the PAF Museum Karachi . The two countries have made contradictory claims of combat losses during the war and few neutral sources have verified the claims of either country . The PAF claimed it shot down 104 IAF planes and lost 19 of its own , while the IAF claimed it shot down 73 PAF planes and lost 59 . According to PAF , It flew 86 F - 86 Sabres , 10 F - 104 Starfighters and 20 B - 57 Canberras in a parade soon after the war was over . Thus disproving the IAF 's claim of downing 73 PAF fighters , which at the time constituted nearly the entire Pakistani front - line fighter force . Sqn Ldr . Muhammad Mahmood Alam , Pakistani Ace in a Day , shot down 9 Indian Jets with 5 Hawker Hunters downed in just one minute . Indian sources have pointed out that , despite PAF claims of losing only a squadron of combat craft , Pakistan sought to acquire additional aircraft from Indonesia , Iraq , Iran , Turkey and China within 10 days of the beginning war . The two air forces were rather equal in the conflict , because much of the Indian air force remained farther east to guard against the possibility of China entering the war . According to the independent sources , the PAF lost some 20 aircraft while the Indians lost 60 -- 75 . Pakistan ended the war having depleted 17 percent of its front line strength , while India 's losses amounted to less than 10 percent . Moreover , the loss rate had begun to even out , and it has been estimated that another three week 's fighting would have seen the Pakistani losses rising to 33 percent and India 's losses totalling 15 percent . Air superiority was not achieved , and were unable to prevent IAF fighter bombers and reconnaissance Canberras from flying daylight missions over Pakistan . Thus 1965 was a stalemate in terms of the air war with neither side able to achieve complete air superiority . However , according to Kenneth Werrell , the Pakistan Air Force `` did well in the conflict and probably had the edge '' . When hostilities broke out , the Pakistan Air Force with around 100 F - 86s faced an enemy with five times as many combat aircraft ; the Indians were also equipped with comparatively modern aircraft inventory . Despite this , Werrell credits the PAF as having the advantage of a `` decade 's experience with the Sabre '' and pilots with long flight hours experience . One Pakistani fighter pilot , MM Alam , was credited with the record of downing five Indian aircraft in less than a minute , becoming the first known flying ace since the Korean War . However , his claims were never confirmed by the PAF and is disputed by Indian sources and some PAF officials . Tank battles Main articles : Battle of Phillora , Battle of Asal Uttar , Battle of Burki , Lahore Front , and Battle of Chawinda 1965 Indo - Pak War Destroyed Sherman Tank The 1965 war witnessed some of the largest tank battles since World War II . At the beginning of the war , the Pakistani Army had both a numerical advantage in tanks , as well as better equipment overall . Pakistani armour was largely American - made ; it consisted mainly of Patton M - 47 and M - 48 tanks , but also included many M4 Sherman tanks , some M24 Chaffee light tanks and M36 Jackson tank destroyers , equipped with 90 mm guns . The bulk of India 's tank fleet were older M4 Sherman tanks ; some were up - gunned with the French high velocity CN 75 50 guns and could hold their own , whilst some older models were still equipped with the inferior 75 mm M3 L / 40 gun . Besides the M4 tanks , India fielded the British - made Centurion Tank Mk 7 , with the 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 gun , and the AMX - 13 , PT - 76 , and M3 Stuart light tanks . Pakistan fielded a greater number and more modern artillery ; its guns out - ranged those of the Indian artillery , according to Pakistan 's Major General T.H. Malik . At the outbreak of war in 1965 , Pakistan had about 15 armoured cavalry regiments , each with about 45 tanks in three squadrons . Besides the Pattons , there were about 200 M4 Shermans re-armed with 76 mm guns , 150 M24 Chaffee light tank and a few independent squadrons of M36B1 tank destroyers . Most of these regiments served in Pakistan 's two armoured divisions , the 1st and 6th Armoured divisions -- the latter being in the process of formation . Destroyed Sherman Tank The Indian Army of the time possessed 17 cavalry regiments , and in the 1950s had begun modernizing them by the acquisition of 164 AMX - 13 light tanks and 188 Centurions . The remainder of the cavalry units were equipped with M4 Shermans and a small number of M3A3 Stuart light tanks . India had only a single armoured division , the 1st ' Black Elephant ' Armoured Division , which consisted of the 17th Horse ( The Poona Horse ) , also called ' Fakhr - i - Hind ' ( ' Pride of India ' ) , the 4th Horse ( Hodson 's Horse ) , the 16th Cavalry , the 7th Light Cavalry , the 2nd Lancers , the 18th Cavalry and the 62nd Cavalry , the two first named being equipped with Centurions . There was also the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade , one of whose three regiments , the 3rd Cavalry , was also equipped with Centurions . Despite the qualitative and numerical superiority of Pakistani armour , Pakistan was outfought on the battlefield by India , which made progress into the Lahore - Sialkot sector , whilst halting Pakistan 's counteroffensive on Amritsar ; they were sometimes employed in a faulty manner , such as charging prepared defences during the defeat of Pakistan 's 1st Armoured Division at Asal Uttar . After India breached the Madhupur canal on 11 September , the Khem Karan counter-offensive was halted , affecting Pakistan 's strategy substantially . Although India 's tank formations experienced some results , India 's attack at the Battle of Chawinda , led by its 1st Armoured Division and supporting units , was brought to halt by the newly raised 6th Armoured Division ( ex-100th independent brigade group ) in the Chawinda sector . Pakistan claimed that Indians lost 120 tanks at Chawinda . compared to 44 of its own But later , Indian official sources confirmed India lost only 29 tanks at Chawinda . Neither the Indian nor Pakistani Army showed any great facility in the use of armoured formations in offensive operations , whether the Pakistani 1st Armoured Division at Asal Uttar or the Indian 1st Armoured Division at Chawinda . In contrast , both proved adept with smaller forces in a defensive role such as India 's 2nd Armoured Brigade at Asal Uttar and Pakistan 's 25th Cavalry at Chawinda . The Centurion battle tank , with its 105 mm gun and heavy armour , performed better than the overly complex Pattons . Naval hostilities Naval operations did not play a prominent role in the war of 1965 . On 7 September , a flotilla of the Pakistan Navy under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar , carried out a bombardment of the Indian Navy 's radar station coastal down of Dwarka , which was 200 miles ( 320 km ) south of the Pakistani port of Karachi . Operation Dwarka , as it is known , is a significant naval operation of the 1965 war contested as a nuisance raid by some . The attack on Dwarka led to questions being asked in India 's parliament and subsequent post-war modernization and expansion of the Indian Navy , with an increase in budget from Rs. 35 crores to Rs. 115 crores . According to some Pakistani sources , one submarine , PNS Ghazi , kept the Indian Navy 's aircraft carrier INS Vikrant besieged in Bombay throughout the war . Indian sources claim that it was not their intention to get into a naval conflict with Pakistan , and wished to restrict the war to a land - based conflict . Moreover , they note that the Vikrant was in dry dock in the process of refitting . Some Pakistani defence writers have also discounted claims that the Indian Navy was bottled up in Bombay by a single submarine , instead stating that 75 % of the Indian Navy was under maintenance in harbour . Covert operations The Pakistan Army launched a number of covert operations to infiltrate and sabotage Indian airbases . On 7 September 1965 , the Special Services Group ( SSG ) commandos were parachuted into enemy territory . According to Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Musa , about 135 commandos were airdropped at three Indian airfields ( Halwara , Pathankot and Adampur ) . The daring attempt proved to be an `` unmitigated disaster '' . Only 22 commandos returned to Pakistan as planned , 93 were taken prisoner ( including one of the Commanders of the operations , Major Khalid Butt ) , and 20 were killed in encounters with the army , police or civilians . The reason for the failure of the commando mission is attributed to the failure to provide maps , proper briefings and adequate planning or preparation . Despite failing to sabotage the airfields , Pakistan sources claim that the commando mission affected some planned Indian operations . As the Indian 14th Infantry Division was diverted to hunt for paratroopers , the Pakistan Air Force found the road filled with transport , and destroyed many vehicles . India responded to the covert activity by announcing rewards for captured Pakistani spies or paratroopers . Meanwhile , in Pakistan , rumors spread that India had retaliated with its own covert operations , sending commandos deep into Pakistan territory , but these rumors were later determined to be unfounded . Assessment of losses India and Pakistan make widely divergent claims about the damage they inflicted on each other and the amount of damage suffered by them . The following summarizes each nation 's claims . Indian claims Pakistani claims Independent Sources Casualties Army : 169 commissioned officers ( 1 brigadier , 9 lieutenant - colonels , 30 majors , 39 captains , 11 lieutenants , 79 second lieutenants ) , 80 junior commissioned officers ( JCO ) , 1,820 other ranks Air force : 19 officers , 21 other ranks -- 3,000 Indian soldiers , 3,800 Pakistani soldiers Combat flying effort 4,073 + combat sorties 2,279 combat sorties Aircraft lost 59 IAF ( official ) , 43 PAF . In addition , Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents , and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down . 19 PAF , 104 IAF 20 PAF , 60 -- 75 IAF ; Pakistan claims India rejected neutral arbitration . Aerial victories 17 + 3 ( post war ) 30 -- Tanks destroyed 128 Indian tanks , 152 Pakistani tanks captured , 150 Pakistani tanks destroyed . Officially 471 Pakistani tanks destroyed and 38 captured 165 Pakistan tanks Land area won 1,500 sq mi ( 3,900 km ) of Pakistani territory 250 sq mi ( 650 km ) of Indian territory India held 1,840 km ( 710 sq mi ) of Pakistani territory and Pakistan held 210 sq mi ( 540 km ) of Indian territory Neutral assessments There have been several neutral assessments of the losses incurred by both India and Pakistan during the war . Most of these assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared . Some of the neutral assessments are mentioned below -- According to the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the Federal Research Division of the United States -- The war was militarily inconclusive ; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other . Losses were relatively heavy -- on the Pakistani side , twenty aircraft , 200 tanks , and 3,800 troops . Pakistan 's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure , but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan . Most Pakistanis , schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess , refused to accept the possibility of their country 's military defeat by `` Hindu India '' and were , instead , quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government . Former New York Times reporter Arif Jamal wrote in his book Shadow War -- This time , India 's victory was nearly total : India accepted cease - fire only after it had occupied 740 square miles , though Pakistan had made marginal gains of 210 square miles of territory . Despite the obvious strength of the Indian wins , both countries claim to have been victorious . Devin T. Hagerty wrote in his book `` South Asia in world politics '' -- The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore , Pakistan 's second - largest city . By the time United Nations intervened on September 22 , Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat . In his book `` National identity and geopolitical visions '' , Gertjan Dijkink writes -- The superior Indian forces , however , won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts . An excerpt from Stanley Wolpert 's India , summarizing the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , In three weeks the second Indo - Pak War ended in what appeared to be a draw when the embargo placed by Washington on U.S. ammunition and replacements for both armies forced cessation of conflict before either side won a clear victory . India , however , was in a position to inflict grave damage to , if not capture , Pakistan 's capital of the Punjab when the cease - fire was called , and controlled Kashmir 's strategic Uri - Poonch bulge , much to Ayub 's chagrin . In his book titled The greater game : India 's race with destiny and China , David Van Praagh wrote -- India won the war . It held on to the Vale of Kashmir , the prize Pakistan vainly sought . It gained 1,840 km ( 710 sq mi ) of Pakistani territory : 640 km ( 250 sq mi ) in Azad Kashmir , Pakistan 's portion of the state ; 460 km ( 180 sq mi ) of the Sailkot sector ; 380 km ( 150 sq mi ) far to the south of Sindh ; and most critical , 360 km ( 140 sq mi ) on the Lahore front . Pakistan took 540 km ( 210 sq mi ) of Indian territory : 490 km ( 190 sq mi ) in the Chhamb sector and 50 km ( 19 sq mi ) around Khem Karan . Dennis Kux 's `` India and the United States estranged democracies '' also provides a summary of the war , Although both sides lost heavily in men and material , and neither gained a decisive military advantage , India had the better of the war . New Delhi achieved its basic goal of thwarting Pakistan 's attempt to seize Kashmir by force . Pakistan gained nothing from a conflict which it had instigated . `` A region in turmoil : South Asian conflicts since 1947 '' by Robert Johnson mentions -- India 's strategic aims were modest -- it aimed to deny Pakistani Army victory , although it ended up in possession of 720 square miles ( 1,900 km ) of Pakistani territory for the loss of just 220 square miles ( 570 km ) of its own . An excerpt from William M. Carpenter and David G. Wiencek 's `` Asian security handbook : terrorism and the new security environment '' -- A brief but furious 1965 war with India began with a covert Pakistani thrust across the Kashmiri cease - fire line and ended up with the city of Lahore threatened with encirclement by Indian Army . Another UN-sponsored cease - fire left borders unchanged , but Pakistan 's vulnerability had again been exposed . English historian John Keay 's `` India : A History '' provides a summary of the 1965 war -- The 1965 Indo - Pak war lasted barely a month . Pakistan made gains in the Rajasthan desert but its main push against India 's Jammu - Srinagar road link was repulsed and Indian tanks advanced to within a sight of Lahore . Both sides claimed victory but India had most to celebrate . Uk Heo and Shale Asher Horowitz write in their book `` Conflict in Asia : Korea , China - Taiwan , and India - Pakistan '' -- Again India appeared , logistically at least , to be in a superior position but neither side was able to mobilize enough strength to gain a decisive victory . According to the Office of the Historian within the U.S Department of State : Conflict resumed again in early 1965 , when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over disputed territory along the border between the two nations . Hostilities intensified that August when the Pakistani army attempted to take Kashmir by force . The attempt to seize the state was unsuccessful , and the second India - Pakistan War reached a stalemate . Ceasefire The United States and the Soviet Union used significant diplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian nations . The Soviet Union , led by Premier Alexei Kosygin , hosted ceasefire negotiations in Tashkent ( now in Uzbekistan ) , where Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement , agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than 25 February 1966 . With declining stockpiles of ammunition , Pakistani leaders feared the war tilting in India 's favor . Therefore , they quickly accepted the ceasefire in Tashkent . Despite strong opposition from Indian military leaders , India bowed to growing international diplomatic pressure and accepted the ceasefire . On 22 September , the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations . The war ended the following day . India 's Prime Minister , Shastri , suffered a fatal heart attack soon after the declaration of the ceasefire . As a consequence , the public outcry in India against the ceasefire declaration transformed into a wave of sympathy for the ruling Indian National Congress . The ceasefire was criticised by many Pakistanis who , relying on fabricated official reports and the controlled Pakistani press , believed that the leadership had surrendered military gains . The protests led to student riots . Pakistan State 's reports had suggested that their military was performing admirably in the war -- which they incorrectly blamed as being initiated by India -- and thus the Tashkent Declaration was seen as having forfeited the gains . Some recent books written by Pakistani authors , including one by ex-ISI chief titled `` The Myth of 1965 Victory '' , reportedly exposed Pakistani fabrications about the war , but all copies of the book were bought by Pakistan Army to prevent circulation because the topic was `` too sensitive '' . India and Pakistan accused each other of ceasefire violations ; India charged Pakistan with 585 violations in 34 days , while Pakistan countered with accusations of 450 incidents by India . In addition to the expected exchange of small arms and artillery fire , India reported that Pakistan utilized the ceasefire to capture the Indian village of Chananwalla in the Fazilka sector . This village was recaptured by Indian troops on 25 December . On 10 October , a B - 57 Canberra on loan to the PAF was damaged by 3 SA - 2 missiles fired from the IAF base at Ambala . A Pakistani Army Auster AOP was shot down on 16 December , killing one Pakistani army captain ; on 2 February 1967 , an AOP was shot down by IAF Hunters . The ceasefire remained in effect until the start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Intelligence failures Strategic miscalculations by both India and Pakistan ensured that the war ended in a stalemate -- Indian miscalculations Indian military intelligence gave no warning of the impending Pakistan invasion . The Indian Army failed to recognize the presence of heavy Pakistani artillery and armaments in Chumb and suffered significant losses as a result . The `` Official War History - 1965 '' , drafted by the Ministry of Defence of India in 1992 , was a long suppressed document that revealed other miscalculations . According to the document , on 22 September when the Security Council was pressing for a ceasefire , the Indian Prime Minister asked commanding Gen. Chaudhuri if India could possibly win the war , were he to delay accepting the ceasefire . The general replied that most of India 's frontline ammunition had been used up and the Indian Army had suffered considerable tank losses . It was determined later that only 14 % of India 's frontline ammunition had been fired and India held twice the number of tanks as Pakistan . By this time , the Pakistani Army had used close to 80 % of its ammunition . Air Chief Marshal ( retd ) P.C. Lal , who was the Vice Chief of Air Staff during the conflict , points to the lack of coordination between the IAF and the Indian army . Neither side revealed its battle plans to the other . The battle plans drafted by the Ministry of Defence and General Chaudhari , did not specify a role for the Indian Air Force in the order of battle . This attitude of Gen. Chaudhari was referred to by ACM Lal as the `` Supremo Syndrome '' , a patronizing attitude sometimes held by the Indian army towards the other branches of the Indian Military . Pakistani miscalculations The Pakistani Army 's failures started with the supposition that a generally discontented Kashmiri people , given the opportunity provided by the Pakistani advance , would revolt against their Indian rulers , bringing about a swift and decisive surrender of Kashmir . The Kashmiri people , however , did not revolt . Instead , the Indian Army was provided with enough information to learn of Operation Gibraltar and the fact that the Army was battling not insurgents , as they had initially supposed , but Pakistani Army regulars . Telegram from the Embassy of the United States in Karachi : `` Continuing propaganda regarding achievements of Pak forces seems to have convinced most that only Pak forbearance saved the Indians from disaster . '' The Pakistani Army also failed to recognize that the Indian policy makers would order an attack on the southern sector in order to open a second front . Pakistan was forced to dedicate troops to the southern sector to protect Sialkot and Lahore instead using them to support penetrating into Kashmir . `` Operation Grand Slam '' , which was launched by Pakistan to capture Akhnoor , a town north - east of Jammu and a key region for communications between Kashmir and the rest of India , was also a failure . Many Pakistani commentators criticised the Ayub Khan administration for being indecisive during Operation Grand Slam . These critics claim that the operation failed because Ayub Khan knew the importance of Akhnur to India ( having called it India 's `` jugular vein '' ) and did not want to capture it and drive the two nations into an all - out war . Despite progress being made in Akhnur , General Ayub Khan relieved the commanding Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik and replaced him with Gen. Yahya Khan . A 24 - hour lull ensued the replacement , which allowed the Indian army to regroup in Akhnur and successfully oppose a lackluster attack headed by General Yahya Khan . `` The enemy came to our rescue '' , asserted the Indian Chief of Staff of the Western Command . Later , Akhtar Hussain Malik criticised Ayub Khan for planning Operation Gibraltar , which was doomed to fail , and for relieving him of his command at a crucial moment in the war . Malik threatened to expose the truth about the war and the army 's failure , but later dropped the idea for fear of being banned . Some authors have noted that Pakistan might have been emboldened by a war game -- conducted in March 1965 , at the Institute of Defence Analysis , USA . The exercise concluded that , in the event of a war with India , Pakistan would win . Other authors like Stephen Philip Cohen , have consistently commented that the Pakistan Army had `` acquired an exaggerated view of the weakness of both India and the Indian military ... the 1965 war was a shock '' . Pakistani Air Marshal and Commander - in - Chief of PAF during the war , Nur Khan , later said that the Pakistan Army , and not India , should be blamed for starting the war . However propaganda in Pakistan about the war continued ; the war was not rationally analysed in Pakistan , with most of the blame being heaped on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Involvement of other nations The United States and the United Kingdom had been the principal suppliers of military materiél to India and Pakistan since 1947 . Both India and Pakistan were Commonwealth republics . While India had pursued a policy of nominal non-alignment , Pakistan was a member of both CENTO and SEATO and a purported ally of the West in its struggle against Communism . Well before the conflict began , however , Britain and the United States had suspected Pakistan of joining both alliances out of opportunism to acquire advanced weapons for a war against India . They had therefore limited their military aid to Pakistan to maintain the existing balance of power in the subcontinent . In 1959 , however , Pakistan and the United States had signed an Agreement of Cooperation in 1959 under which the United States agreed to take `` appropriate action , including the use of armed forces '' in order to assist the Government of Pakistan at its request . By 1965 , American and British analysts had recognised the two international groupings , CENTO and SEATO , and Pakistan 's continued alliance with the West as being largely meaningless . Following the start of the 1965 war , both the United States and Britain took the view that the conflict was largely Pakistan 's fault , and suspended all arms shipments to both India and Pakistan . While the United States maintained a neutral stance , the British Prime Minister , Harold Wilson , condemned India for aggression after its army advanced towards Lahore ; his statement was met with a furious rebuttal from India . Internationally , the level of support which Pakistan received was limited at best . Iran and Turkey issued a joint communiqué on 10 September which placed the blame on India , backed the United Nations ' appeal for a cease - fire and offered to deploy troops for a UN peacekeeping mission in Kashmir . Pakistan received support from Indonesia , Iran , Turkey , and Saudi Arabia in the form of six naval vessels , jet fuel , guns and ammunition and financial support , respectively . Since before the war , the People 's Republic of China had been a major military associate of Pakistan and a military opponent of India , with whom it had fought a brief war in 1962 . China had also become a foreign patron for Pakistan and had given Pakistan $60 million in development assistance in 1965 . During the war , China openly supported the Pakistani position . It took advantage of the conflict to issue a strongly worded ultimatum to India condemning its `` aggression '' in Tibet and hinting at nuclear retaliation by China ( China had exploded its first nuclear device the previous year ) . Despite strong fears of Chinese intervention on the side of Pakistan , the Chinese government ultimately exercised restraint . This was partly due to the logistical difficulties of a direct Chinese military intervention against India and India 's improved military strength after its defeat by China in 1962 . China had also received strong warnings by the American and Soviet governments against expanding the scope of the conflict by intervening . In the face of this pressure , China backed down , extending the deadline for India to respond to its ultimatum and warning India against attacking East Pakistan . Ultimately , Pakistan rejected Chinese offers of military aid , recognising that accepting it would only result in further alienating Pakistan internationally . International opinion considered China 's actions to be dangerously reckless and aggressive , and it was soundly rebuked in the world press for its unnecessarily provocative stance during the conflict . India 's participation in the Non-Aligned Movement yielded little support from its members . Support given by Indonesia to Pakistan was seen as a major Indian diplomatic failure , as Indonesia had been among the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement along with India . Despite its close relations with India , the Soviet Union was more neutral than other nations during the war , inviting both nations to peace talks under its aegis in Tashkent . Aftermath India Despite the declaration of a ceasefire , India was perceived as the victor due to its success in halting the Pakistan - backed insurgency in Kashmir . In its October 1965 issue , the TIME magazine quoted a Western official assessing the consequences of the war -- Now it 's apparent to everybody that India is going to emerge as an Asian power in its own right . In light of the failures of the Sino - Indian War , the outcome of the 1965 war was viewed as a `` politico - strategic '' victory in India . The Indian premier , Lal Bahadur Shastri , was hailed as a national hero in India . While the overall performance of the Indian military was praised , military leaders were criticised for their failure to effectively deploy India 's superior armed forces so as to achieve a decisive victory over Pakistan . In his book `` War in the modern world since 1815 '' , noted war historian Jeremy Black said that though Pakistan `` lost heavily '' during the 1965 war , India 's hasty decision to call for negotiations prevented further considerable damage to the Pakistan Armed Forces . He elaborates -- India 's chief of army staff urged negotiations on the ground that they were running out ammunition and their number of tanks had become seriously depleted . In fact , the army had used less than 15 % of its ammunition compared to Pakistan , which had consumed closer to 80 percent and India had double the number of serviceable tanks . In 2015 , Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh , the last surviving armed force commander of the conflict , gave his assessment that the war ended in a stalemate , but only due to international pressure for a ceasefire , and that India would have achieved a decisive victory had hostilities continued for a few days more : For political reasons , Pakistan claims victory in the 1965 war . In my opinion , the war ended in a kind of stalemate . We were in a position of strength . Had the war continued for a few more days , we would have gained a decisive victory . I advised then prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri not to agree for ceasefire . But I think he was under pressure from the United Nations and some countries . As a consequence , India focussed on enhancing communication and coordination within and among the tri-services of the Indian Armed Forces . Partly as a result of the inefficient information gathering preceding the war , India established the Research and Analysis Wing for external espionage and intelligence . Major improvements were also made in command and control to address various shortcomings and the positive impact of these changes was clearly visible during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 when India achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan within two weeks . China 's repeated threats to intervene in the conflict in support of Pakistan increased pressure on the government to take an immediate decision to develop nuclear weapons . Despite repeated assurances , the United States did little to prevent extensive use of American arms by Pakistani forces during the conflict , thus irking India . At the same time , the United States and United Kingdom refused to supply India with sophisticated weaponry which further strained the relations between the West and India . These developments led to a significant change in India 's foreign policy -- India , which had previously championed the cause of non-alignment , distanced itself further from Western powers and developed close relations with the Soviet Union . By the end of the 1960s , the Soviet Union emerged as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India . From 1967 to 1977 , 81 % of India 's arms imports were from the Soviet Union . After the 1965 war , the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far . Pakistan At the conclusion of the war , many Pakistanis considered the performance of their military to be positive . 6 September is celebrated as Defence Day in Pakistan , in commemoration of the successful defence of Lahore against the Indian army . The performance of the Pakistani Air Force , in particular , was praised . However , the Pakistani government was accused by foreign analysts of spreading disinformation among its citizens regarding the actual consequences of the war . In his book `` Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies '' , S.M. Burke writes -- After the Indo - Pakistani war of 1965 the balance of military power had decisively shifted in favor of India . Pakistan had found it difficult to replace the heavy equipment lost during that conflict while her adversary , despite her economic and political problems , had been determinedly building up her strength . Most observers agree that the myth of a mobile , hard hitting Pakistan Army was badly dented in the war , as critical breakthroughs were not made . Several Pakistani writers criticised the military 's ill - founded belief that their `` martial race '' of soldiers could defeat `` Hindu India '' in the war . Rasul Bux Rais , a Pakistani political analyst wrote -- The 1965 war with India proved that Pakistan could neither break the formidable Indian defences in a blitzkrieg fashion nor could she sustain an all - out conflict for long . The Pakistan airforce on the other hand gained a lot of credibility and reliability among Pakistan military and international war writers for successful defence of lahore and other important areas of Pakistan and heavy retaliation to India on the next day . The alertness of the airforce was also related to the fact that some pilots were scrambled 6 times in less than an hour on indication of Indian air raids . The Pakistan airforce along with the army is celebrated on Defence day and Airforce day in commemoration of this in Pakistan ( 6 and 7 September respectively ) . Moreover , Pakistan had lost more ground than it had gained during the war and , more importantly , failed to achieve its goal of capturing Kashmir ; this result has been viewed by many impartial observers as a defeat for Pakistan . Many senior Pakistani officials and military experts later criticised the faulty planning of Operation Gibraltar , which ultimately led to the war . The Tashkent declaration was also criticised in Pakistan , though few citizens realised the gravity of the situation that existed at the end of the war . Political leaders were also criticised . Following the advice of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , Pakistan 's foreign minister , Ayub Khan had raised very high expectations among the people of Pakistan about the superiority -- if not invincibility -- of its armed forces , but Pakistan 's inability to attain its military aims during the war created a political liability for Ayub . The defeat of its Kashmiri ambitions in the war led to the army 's invincibility being challenged by an increasingly vocal opposition . One of the farthest reaching consequences of the war was the wide - scale economic slowdown in Pakistan . The war ended the impressive economic growth Pakistan had experienced since the early 1960s . Between 1964 and 1966 , Pakistan 's defence spending rose from 4.82 % to 9.86 % of GDP , putting a tremendous strain on Pakistan 's economy . By 1970 -- 71 , defence spending comprised a whopping 55.66 % of government expenditure . According to veterans of the war , the war greatly cost Pakistan economically , politically , and militarily . Nuclear theorist Feroze Khan maintained that the 1965 war was a last conventional attempt to snatch Kashmir by military force , and Pakistan 's own position in the international community , especially with the United States , began to deteriorate from the point the war started , while on the other hand , the alliance with China saw improvements . Chairman joint chiefs General Tariq Majid claims in his memoirs that Chou En - Lai had longed advised the government in the classic style of Sun Tzu : `` to go slow , not to push India hard ; and avoid a fight over Kashmir , ' for at least , 20 -- 30 years , until you have developed your economy and consolidated your national power ' . '' General Majid maintained in Eating Grass that the `` sane , philosophical and political critical thinking '' was missing in Pakistan , and that the country had lost extensive human resources by fighting the war . Pakistan was surprised by the lack of support from the United States , an ally with whom the country had signed an Agreement of Cooperation . The US turned neutral in the war when it cut off military supplies to Pakistan ( and India ) ; an action that the Pakistanis took as a sign of betrayal . After the war , Pakistan would increasingly look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support . Another negative consequence of the war was growing resentment against the Pakistani government in East Pakistan ( present day Bangladesh ) , particularly for West Pakistan 's obsession with Kashmir . Bengali leaders accused the central government of not providing adequate security for East Pakistan during the conflict , even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the war for Kashmir . In fact , despite some Pakistan Air Force attacks being launched from bases in East Pakistan during the war , India did not retaliate in that sector , although East Pakistan was defended only by an understrengthed infantry division ( 14th Division ) , sixteen planes and no tanks . Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was critical of the disparity in military resources deployed in East and West Pakistan , calling for greater autonomy for East Pakistan , an action that ultimately led to the Bangladesh Liberation War and another war between India and Pakistan in 1971 . Military awards Battle honours After the war , a total of 16 battle honours and 3 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army , the notable amongst which are : Jammu and Kashmir 1965 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1965 ( theatre honour ) Rajasthan 1965 ( theatre honour ) Assal Uttar Burki Dograi Hajipir Hussainiwala Kalidhar OP Hill Phillora Gallantry awards For bravery , the following soldiers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries , the Indian award Param Vir Chakra and the Pakistani award Nishan - e-Haider : India Company Quarter Master Havildar Abdul Hamid ( Posthumous ) Lieutenant - Colonel Ardeshir Burzorji Tarapore ( Posthumous ) Pakistan Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed ( Posthumous ) See also India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Notes Jump up ^ Licence - built North American F - 86 Sabres with Canadian engines . References Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars : The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts ( 5 volumes ) : The United States in the Persian Gulf , Afghanistan , and Iraq Conflicts . ABC - CLIO . p. 946 . India 's victory in the war Jump up ^ George Perkovich . India 's Nuclear Bomb : The Impact on Global Proliferation . University of California Press . p. 106 . India 's military victory Jump up ^ McGarr , Paul M. ( 2013 ) . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 - 1965 . Cambridge University Press . p. 331 . ISBN 9781107008151 . Satisfied that it had secured a strategic and psychological victory over Pakistan by frustrating its attempt to seize Kashmir by force , when the UN resolution was passed , India accepted its terms . In Pakistan , Ayub Khan confided to Iran 's ambassador that he feared being lynched by his fellow countrymen for accepting a UN resolution that made no mention of a plebiscite in Kashmir , much less guarantee one . But , with Pakistan 's stocks of ammunition and other essential supplies all but exhausted , and with the military balance tipping steadily in India 's favour , Ayub Khan 's hands were tied . Jump up ^ Praagh , David Van ( 2003 ) . The Greater Game : India 's Race with Destiny and China . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 294 . ISBN 9780773526396 . India won the war . It held on to the Vale of Kashmir , the prize Pakistan vainly sought . It gained 1,840 km2 ( 710 sq mi ) of Pakistani territory : 640 km2 ( 250 sq mi ) in Azad Kashmir , Pakistan 's portion of the state ; 460 km2 ( 180 sq mi ) of the Sailkot sector ; 380 km2 ( 150 sq mi ) far to the south of Sindh ; and most critical , 360 km2 ( 140 sq mi ) on the Lahore front . Pakistan took 540 km2 ( 210 sq mi ) of Indian territory : 490 km2 ( 190 sq mi ) in the Chhamb sector and 50 km2 ( 19 sq mi ) around Khem Karan . ^ Jump up to : Rakshak , Bharat . `` Page 15 '' ( PDF ) . Official History . Times of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : T.V. Paul 1994 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : SIngh , Lt. Gen Harbaksh ( 1991 ) . War Despatches . New Delhi : Lancer International . p. 7 . ISBN 81 - 7062 - 117 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas M. Leonard ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the developing world . Taylor & Francis . pp. 806 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97663 - 3 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistan Wars '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 995 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Praagh , David . The greater game : India 's race with destiny and China . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2639 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Robert . A region in turmoil : South Asian conflicts since 1947 . Reaktion Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 257 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Jamal , Shadow War 2009 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Van Creveld , 2012 , pp. 286 -- 287 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official History of IAF in 65 War '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bharat-Rakshak.com `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : O ' Nordeen , Lon ( 1985 ) . Air Warfare in the Missile Age . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . pp. 84 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87474 - 680 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : 1965 War : A Different Legacy : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN . Pakistaniat.com ( 1965 - 09 - 06 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ 1965 War Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Pakistan army ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Tanks : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . p. 172 . Jump up ^ The Sunday Tribune -- Spectrum . Tribuneindia.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ceasefire & After '' . Bharat-rakshak.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ David R. Higgins 2016 . Jump up ^ Rachna Bisht 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 '' . Global Security . Jump up ^ Dijink , Gertjan ( 2002 ) . National Identity and Geopolitical Visions : Maps of Pride and Pain . Routledge . ISBN 9781134771295 . The superior Indian forces , however , won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts . ^ Jump up to : McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . `` Satisfied that it had secured a strategic and psychological victory over Pakistan by frustrating its attempt to seize Kashmir by force , when the UN resolution was passed , India accepted its terms ... with Pakistan 's stocks of ammunition and other essential supplies all but exhausted , and with the military balance tipping steadily in India 's favour . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan : : The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 '' . Library of Congress Country Studies , United States of America . April 1994 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . `` Losses were relatively heavy -- on the Pakistani side , twenty aircraft , 200 tanks , and 3,800 troops . Pakistan 's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure , but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan . '' Jump up ^ Hagerty , Devin . South Asia in world politics . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 . Quote : The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore , Pakistan 's second - largest city . By the time the United Nations intervened on 22 September , Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2005 ) . India ( 3rd ed. with a new preface . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24696 - 9 . Quote : India , however , was in a position to inflict grave damage to , if not capture , Pakistan 's capital of the Punjab when the cease - fire was called , and controlled Kashmir 's strategic Uri - Poonch bulge , much to Ayub 's chagrin . Jump up ^ Kux , Dennis ( 1992 ) . India and the United States : Estranged democracies , 1941 -- 1991 . Washington , DC : National Defense University Press . p. 238 . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 0279 - 6 . Quote : India had the better of the war . Jump up ^ `` Asia : Silent Guns , Wary Combatants '' . Time . 1 October 1965 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Quote : India , by contrast , is still the big gainer in the war . Alternate link : http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,834413,00.html Jump up ^ Kux , Dennis ( 2006 ) . India - Pakistan Negotiations : Is Past Still Prologue ? . US Institute of Peace Press . p. 30 . ISBN 9781929223879 . The conflict was short , but nasty . After seventeen days , both sides accepted a UN Security Council call for a cease - fire . Although the two militaries fought to a standoff , India won by not losing . ^ Jump up to : Small , Andrew . The China - Pakistan Axis : Asia 's New Geopolitics . Oxford University Press , 2013 . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 021075 - 5 . `` ... the war itself was a disaster for Pakistan , from the first failed attempts by Pakistani troops to precipitate an insurgency in Kashmir to the appearance of Indian artillery within range of Lahore International Airport . '' ^ Jump up to : Conley , Jerome . Indo - Russian military and nuclear cooperation : lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia . Lexington Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0217 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Profile of Pakistan -- U.S. Department of State , Failure of U.S. 's Pakistan Policy -- Interview with Steve Coll ^ Jump up to : Speech of Bill McCollum Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . in United States House of Representatives 12 September 1994 ^ Jump up to : South Asia in World Politics By Devin T. Hagerty , 2005 Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 , p. 26 Jump up ^ McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . `` ... after some initial success , the momentum behind Pakistan 's thrust into Kashmir slowed , and the state 's inhabitants rejected exhortations from the Pakistani insurgents to join them in taking up arms against their Indian `` oppressors . '' Pakistan 's inability to muster support from the local Kashmiri population proved a disaster , both militarily and politically . '' ^ Jump up to : Small , Andrew . The China - Pakistan Axis : Asia 's New Geopolitics . Oxford University Press , 2013 . pp. 17 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 021075 - 5 . `` Mao had decided that China would intervene under two conditions -- that India attacked East Pakistan , and that Pakistan requested Chinese intervention . In the end , neither of them ( were ) obtained . '' Jump up ^ McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . pp. 325 -- 327 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Bruce . Avoiding Armageddon : America , India , and Pakistan to the Brink and Back . Brookings Institution Press , 2013 . pp. 66 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 2408 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Bruce . Avoiding Armageddon : America , India , and Pakistan to the Brink and Back . Brookings Institution Press , 2013 . pp. 67 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 2408 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . pp. 324 -- 326 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . Jump up ^ McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . pp. 350 -- 353 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . `` In retrospect , it is clear that the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 represented a watershed in the West 's association with the subcontinent . '' Jump up ^ McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . pp. 360 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . `` By extending the Cold War into South Asia , however , the United States did succeed in disturbing the subcontinent 's established politico - military equilibrium , undermining British influence in the region , embittering relations between India and Pakistan and , ironically , facilitating the expansion of communist influence in the developing world . '' Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce . Avoiding Armageddon : America , India , and Pakistan to the Brink and Back . Brookings Institution Press , 2013 . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 2408 - 7 . `` The legacy of the Johnson arms cut - off remains alive today . Indians simply do not believe that America will be there when India needs military help ... the legacy of the U.S. `` betrayal '' still haunts U.S. - Pakistan relations today . '' ^ Jump up to : Brecher , Michael ; Wilkenfeld , Jonathan ( November 1997 ) . A study of crisis . University of Michigan Press . pp. 171 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 10806 - 0 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India , Islamabad bureau ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Pak 's intrusions on borders triggered 1965 war : Durrani '' . Times of India . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhushan , Chodarat . `` Tulbul , Sir Creek and Siachen : Competitive Methodologies '' Archived 21 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... South Asian Journal . March 2005 , Encyclopædia Britannica and Open Forum -- UNIDIR Archived 27 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Defence Journal . September 2000 Jump up ^ Mankekar , D.R. ( 1967 ) . Twentytwo fateful days : Pakistan cut to size . Manaktalas . pp. 62 -- 63 , 67 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/21haji.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Underestimating India '' . Indian Express . 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Endgame in Kashmir -- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace '' . Carnegieendowment.org . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Air Force : : Flight of the Falcon '' . Bharat-rakshak.com. 28 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 -- last chance to get Kashmir by force -- Bhutto '' . Defence.pk . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ R.D. Pradhan ( 1 January 2007 ) . 1965 War , the Inside Story : Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan 's Diary of India - Pakistan War . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0762 - 5 . Jump up ^ R.D. Pradhan ( 1 January 2007 ) . 1965 War , the Inside Story : Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan 's Diary of India - Pakistan War . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0762 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/6/newsid_3632000/3632092.stm Jump up ^ Brigadier Desmond E Hayde , `` The Battle of Dograi and Batapore '' , Natraj Publishers , New Delhi , 2006 Jump up ^ The Tribune , Chandigarh , India -- Opinions . Tribuneindia.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan '' . Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan . 1966 . Jump up ^ Grover , Verinder ; Arora , Ranjana ( 1998 ) . 50 Years of Indo - Pak Relations : Chronology of events , important documents , 1947 - 1997 . Deep and Deep Publications . p. 43 . ISBN 9788176290593 . Jump up ^ John Fricker , `` Pakistan 's Air Power '' , Flight International issue published 1969 , p. 89 , retrieved : 3 November 2009 Jump up ^ See the main article Sabre Slayer for the complete list on this issue including sources . Jump up ^ Rakshak , Bharat . `` Indian Air Force Combat Kills , Indo Pakistan War 1965 . '' Archived 5 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . History . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Spick 2002 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Ahmad Faruqui , `` The right stuff '' Archived 29 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Dawn News , 14 September 2009 , Retrieved : 1 November 2009 . Also published as `` The Debt Owed '' on 16 September 2009 by ( outlookindia.com ) Jump up ^ Edward V. Coggins ; Ed Coggins ( 15 May 2000 ) . Wings That Stay on . Turner Publishing Company . pp. 164 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 568 - 4 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Spick ( 5 August 2002 ) . The Illustrated Directory of Fighters . Zenith Imprint . pp. 161 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1343 - 5 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 War , Chapter 3 . '' Archived 6 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . bharat-rakshak.com . Retrieved : 4 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail . `` Run ... It 's a 104 '' . Jang News . Archived from the original on 19 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Dr Shah Alam ( 11 April 2012 ) . Pakistan Army : Modernisation , Arms Procurement and Capacity Building . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 81411 - 79 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 5 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . 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Columbia University East Asian Institute . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steve ; Laurier , Jim . The M47 and M48 Patton tanks . p. 35 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 825 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Zaloga ( 1999 ) . The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 825 - 9 . Jump up ^ Singh , Lt. Gen. Harbaksh ( 1991 ) . War Despatches . New Delhi : Lancer International . p. 159 . ISBN 81 - 7062 - 117 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rakshak , Bharat . `` Operations in Sialkot Sector pg32 '' ( PDF ) . Official History . Times of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` : PAKISTAN NAVY : . A Silent Force to Reckon with ... ( a 4 dimensional force ) '' . Paknavy.gov.pk . Archived from the original on 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . 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Jump up ^ South Asia 's Nuclear Security Dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China By Lowell Dittmer , pp 77 Jump up ^ THE INDIAN END OF THE TELESCOPE India and Its Navy by Vice Admiral Gulab Hiranandani , Indian Navy ( Retired ) , Naval War College Review , Spring 2002 , Vol . LV , No. 2 Jump up ^ Iqbal F Quadir -- Pakistan 's Defence Journal ^ Jump up to : `` SSG in the 1965 War '' . Defence Journal . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Fighter Gap by Shoab Alam Khan in Defence Journal Jump up ^ Defence Journal : The Way it was Extracts from Pakistan Army Brigadier ( Retd ) ZA Khan 's book Jump up ^ Ending the Suspense 17 September 1965 , TIME magazine Jump up ^ Remembering Our Warriors Brig ( Retd ) Shamim Yasin Manto S.I. ( M ) , S.Bt , Q&A session : ( `` How would you assess the failures and successes of the SSG in the 1965 War ? '' ) Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . February 2002 , Defence Journal Jump up ^ `` Grand Slam -- A Battle of Lost Opportunities '' . Defencejournal.com . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` onwar '' . onwar . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 9 October 1965 . p. 520 - 522 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 16 October 1965 . p. 538 - 540 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 6 November 1965 . p. 571 - 573 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 13 November 1965 . p. 587 - 588 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 27 November 1965 . p. 624 - 626 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 1 January 1966 . p. 4 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Part I - Section 4 : Ministry of Defence ( Army Branch ) '' . The Gazette of India . 29 January 1966 . p. 59 - 61 . Jump up ^ Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry , SJ -- Chowk : India Pakistan Ideas Identities.com Archived 11 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine ... Chowk ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Singh , Pushpindar ( 1991 ) . Fiza ya , Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force . Himalayan Books . ISBN 81 - 7002 - 038 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` IAF war kills in 1965 war '' ( PDF ) . Orbat.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hagerty , Devin . South Asia in world politics . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dijkink , Gertjan . National identity and geopolitical visions : maps of pride and pain . Routledge , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13934 - 1 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) India by Stanley Wolpert . Published : University of California Press , 1990 Jump up ^ `` India and the United States estranged democracies '' , 1941 -- 1991 , ISBN 1 - 4289 - 8189 - 6 , DIANE Publishing , Pg 238 Jump up ^ William M. Carpenter , David G. Wiencek . Asian security handbook : terrorism and the new security environment . M.E. Sharpe , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1553 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Keay . India : A History . Grove Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97779 - X . Jump up ^ Uk Heo , Shale Asher Horowitz . Conflict in Asia : Korea , China - Taiwan , and India - Pakistan . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 . Jump up ^ Source ^ Jump up to : Fortna , Virginia . Peace time : cease - fire agreements and the durability of peace . Princeton University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11512 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dilger , Robert . American transportation policy . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97853 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War By Victoria Schofield Published 2003 , by I.B. Tauris ISBN 1 - 86064 - 898 - 3 pp112 Jump up ^ CONTROVERSY : Why Gohar Ayub is wrong about 1965 -- Khalid Hasan quoting Pakistan author Husain Haqqani : `` The Pakistani people were told by the state that they had been victims of aggression and that the aggression had been repelled with the help of God ... official propaganda convinced the people of Pakistan that their military had won the war . '' Daily Times , 10 June 2005 Jump up ^ Can the ISI change its spots ? By Akhtar Payami , Dawn ( newspaper ) 7 October 2006 Jump up ^ Army attempts to prevent book sales by Amir Mir Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Gulf News 1 October 2006 Musharraf buys all copies of sensitive ' 65 war Daily News & Analysis Jump up ^ Inside Story of Musharraf - Mahmood Tussle by Hassan Abbas -- ( Belfer Center for International Affairs , John F. Kennedy School of Government ) Jump up ^ A Cease - Fire of Sorts 5 November 1965 -- TIME Jump up ^ `` The India - Pakistan Air War of 1965 '' , Jagan Mohan and Samir Chopra , Manohar Publications , New Delhi , 2005 Jump up ^ Musharraf , the ' poor man 's Ataturk ' By Khalid Hasan 19 September 2004 Daily Times Jump up ^ The Crisis Game : Simulating International Conflict by Sidney F. Giffin Jump up ^ 1965 decided fate of the subcontinent An Impending Nuclear War Between India and Pakistan over Kashmir , by Susmit Kumar , Ph. D . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Philip Cohen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 1 . Pages 103 , 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Noor Khan for early end to army rule -- Pakistan Daily The Nation Archived 21 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A word from Pak : 1965 was ' wrong ' The Times of India 6 September 2005 Jump up ^ Editorial : The army and the people Daily Times 1 June 2007 Jump up ^ The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971 Analysis and reappraisal after the 1965 War by Maj ( Retd ) Agha Humayun Amin Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce . Avoiding Armageddon : America , India , and Pakistan to the Brink and Back . Brookings Institution Press , 2013 . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 2408 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dimitrakis , Panagiotis . Failed Alliances of the Cold War : Britain 's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East . Tauris & Co. , 2012 . pp. 39 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 974 - 6 . `` Defence aid was restricted to the extent that Pakistan would be able to present only a limited defence in the event of communist aggression ... Western strategists sought to keep Pakistan ... in a position where it did not feel itself powerful enough to initiate a confrontation with India . '' Jump up ^ `` United States -- Pakistan Alliance '' . Library of Congress Country Studies , United States of America . April 1994 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dimitrakis , Panagiotis . Failed Alliances of the Cold War : Britain 's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East . Tauris & Co. , 2012 . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 974 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dimitrakis , Panagiotis . Failed Alliances of the Cold War : Britain 's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East . Tauris & Co. , 2012 . pp. 55 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 974 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Butt ; Schofield , Usama ; Julian . Pakistan : the U.S. , geopolitics and grand strategies . Pluto Press , 2012 . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 3206 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McGarr , Paul . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press , 2013 . pp. 330 -- 331 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dimitrakis , Panagiotis . Failed Alliances of the Cold War : Britain 's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East . Tauris & Co. , 2012 . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 974 - 6 . Jump up ^ Political Survival in Pakistan : Beyond Ideology , By Anas Malik page 84 Jump up ^ Political Survival in Pakistan : Beyond Ideology , By Anas Malik page 85 Jump up ^ Dimitrakis , Panagiotis . Failed Alliances of the Cold War : Britain 's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East . Tauris & Co. , 2012 . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 974 - 6 . Jump up ^ M.J. Akbar ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` High priest of modern India '' . ( The Economic Times . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ T.V. Paul 1994 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Silent Guns , Wary Combatants , TIME magazine , 1 October 1965 Jump up ^ The 1965 war with Pakistan -- Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Sunday Times , London . 19 September 1965 Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy . War in the modern world since 1815 . Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2587 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 war : We achieved air superiority in three days , says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh '' . Economic Times . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkovich , George . India 's nuclear bomb : the impact on global proliferation . University of California Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23210 - 0 . Jump up ^ Title : India and the United States estranged democracies , 1941 -- 1991 , ISBN 1 - 4289 - 8189 - 6 , DIANE Publishing Jump up ^ Brzoska , Michael . Women 's and Gender History in Global Perspective . Univ of South Carolina Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 982 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Ram . India - USSR relations . Discovery Publishing House , 1999 . ISBN 81 - 7141 - 486 - 9 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Peter . The Soviet Union and India . Routledge , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 00212 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zeev , Maoz . Paradoxes of war : on the art of national self - entrapmen . Routledge , 1990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 445113 - 6 . Jump up ^ Declassified telegram sent to the US Department of State Jump up ^ Pakistan And Its Three Wars by Vice Adm ( Retd ) Iqbal F Quadir -- Defence Journal , Pakistan Jump up ^ Insurgents , Terrorists , and Militias : The Warriors of Contemporary Combat Richard H. Shultz , Andrea Dew : `` The Martial Races Theory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor played a major role in the under - estimation of the Indian Army by Pakistani soldiers as well as civilian decision makers in 1965 . '' Jump up ^ An Analysis The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 -- 59 by AH Amin The army officers of that period were convinced that they were a martial race and the Hindus of Indian Army were cowards . This myth was largely disproved in 1965 Jump up ^ Rais , Rasul Bux . The Indian Ocean and the superpowers : economic , political and strategic perspectives . Routledge , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 4241 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Air Power '' , Flight International , issue published 5 May 1984 ( page 1208 ) . Can be viewed at FlightGlobal.com archives Retrieved : 22 October 2009 Jump up ^ Fricker , John ( 1979 ) . Battle for Pakistan : The Air War of 1965 . I. Allan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 0929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dr. Ahmad Faruqui Archived 14 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hassan Abbas ( 2004 ) . Pakistan 's Drift Into Extremism : Allah , the Army , and America 's War on Terror . M.E. Sharpe . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1497 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ali , Mahmud. ( 2003 - 12 - 24 ) South Asia The rise of Pakistan 's army . BBC News . Retrieved on 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Embassy of Pakistan Archived 16 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Second opinion : The insidious logic of war Khaled Ahmed 's Urdu Press Review Daily Times 3 June 2002 Jump up ^ Greg Cashman , Leonard C. Robinson . An introduction to the causes of war : patterns of interstate conflict from World War I to Iraq . Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5510 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Feroz Hassan . `` The Reluctant Phase '' . Eating grass : the making of the Pakistani bomb . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 45 -- 48 ( 48 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7601 - 1 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard N. Haass `` Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy '' , 1998 , Council on Foreign Relations , ISBN 0 - 87609 - 212 - 1 pp172 Jump up ^ Makers of Modern Strategy : From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age By Peter Paret , 1986 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 820097 - 8 pp802 Jump up ^ Rounaq Jahan ( 1972 ) . Pakistan : Failure in National Integration . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03625 - 6 . Pg 166 -- 167 Jump up ^ Reflections on two military presidents By M.P. Bhandara 25 December 2005 , Dawn Jump up ^ The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971 Yahya Khan as Army Chief - 1966 - 1971 by Maj ( Retd ) Agha Humayun Amin Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 242 -- 256 . ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Bibliography First & Further reflections on the second Kashmir War ( South Asia series ) -- 2 books by Louis Dupree . Asghar Khan , Mohammed ( 1979 ) . The first round : Indo - Pakistan War , 1965 . Islamic Information Services . ISBN 0 - 906041 - 11 - 2 . Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , its role and rule : a history of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1967 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 3 . Berindranath , Dewan ( 1966 ) . The war with Pakistan : A pictorial narration of the fifty days which rocked the sub-continent . Asia Press . Bisht , Rachna ( 15 August 2015 ) , 1965 : Stories from the Second Indo - Pakistan War , Penguin UK , p. 60 , ISBN 978 - 93 - 5214 - 129 - 6 Brines , Russell ( 1968 ) . The Indo - Pakistan Conflict . Pall Mall P. ISBN 0 - 269 - 16232 - 1 . Faruquii , Ahmad ( 2003 ) . Rethinking the national security of Pakistan : the price of strategic myopia . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 1497 - 2 . Fricker , John ( 1979 ) . Battle for Pakistan : the air war of 1965 . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0929 - 5 . Gupta , Hari Ram ( 1967 ) . India - Pakistan war , 1965 . 1 ( 1 ed . ) . Hariyana Prakashan . ASIN B0006FFBK8 . Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 0 - 87003 - 214 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 87003 - 223 - 2 . Higgins , David R. ( 20 January 2016 ) , M48 Patton vs Centurion : Indo - Pakistan War 1965 , Osprey Publishing , p. 103 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4728 - 1094 - 6 Ismail Siddiqui , Muhammad ( 1983 ) . Die to live : A selection of short stories based on the 1965 Indo - Pakistan war ( 1 ed . ) . Wajidalis . ASIN B0006EL2OI . Jamal , Arif ( 2009 ) , Shadow War : The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir , Melville House , ISBN 978 - 1 - 933633 - 59 - 6 McGarr , Paul ( 2013 ) . The Cold War in South Asia : Britain , the United States and the Indian Subcontinent , 1945 -- 1965 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 02207 - 1 . Mohan , Jagan ; Chopra , Samir ( 2005 ) ( 2005 ) . The India Pakistan Air War of 1965 ( 1 ed . ) . Manohar Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 641 - 7 . Paul , T.V. ( 10 March 1994 ) , Asymmetric Conflicts : War Initiation by Weaker Powers , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46621 - 9 Praval , Maj KC ( 2009 ) . Indian Army after Independence . Lancer InterConsult , Inc . ISBN 1 - 935501 - 10 - 0 . Singh , Bhupinder ( 1982 ) . 1965 war , role of tanks in India - Pakistan war . B.C. Publishers . ASIN B0000CQ9GQ . Singh , Lt. Gen. Harbaksh ( 1991 ) . War despatches : Indo - Pak Conflict , 1965 . Lancer InterConsult , Inc . ISBN 81 - 7062 - 117 - 8 . Sources and external links IAF Combat Kills -- 1965 war , ( Center for Indian Military History ) Mohammed Muhammad Musa ( 1983 ) . My Version : India - Pakistan War 1965 . Wajidalis . United States Library of Congress Country Studies -- India Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the 1965 War with Pakistan GlobalSecurity.org Indo - Pakistan War 1965 Pakistan Columnist AH Amin analyses the war . Grand Slam -- A Battle of lost Opportunities , Maj ( Retd ) Agha Humayun Amin -- very detailed roll of events and analysis The India - Pakistan War , 1965 : 40 Years On -- From Rediff.com Lessons of the 1965 War from Daily Times ( Pakistan ) Spirit of ' 65 & the parallels with today -- Ayaz Amir Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - 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Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Awards and decorations Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Military history Air Force history Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Military coups Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces Category Army Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965&oldid=854374707 '' Categories : Indo - 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which part of the brain is affected by hydrogen cyanide			Cyanide poisoning	cyanide poisoning	Cyanide poisoning is poisoning that results from exposure to a number of forms of cyanide . Early symptoms include headache , dizziness , fast heart rate , shortness of breath , and vomiting . This may then be followed by seizures , slow heart rate , low blood pressure , loss of consciousness , and cardiac arrest . Onset of symptoms is usually within a few minutes . If a person survives , there may be long - term neurological problems .	Toxic cyanide - containing compounds include hydrogen cyanide gas and a number of cyanide salts . Poisoning is relatively common following breathing in smoke from a house fire . Other potential routes of exposure include workplaces involved in metal polishing , certain insecticides , the medication nitroprusside , and certain seeds such as those of apples and apricots . Liquid forms of cyanide can be absorbed through the skin . Cyanide ions interfere with cellular respiration , resulting in the body 's tissues being unable to use oxygen . Diagnosis is often difficult . It may be suspected in a person following a house fire who has a decreased level of consciousness , low blood pressure , or high blood lactate . Blood levels of cyanide can be measured but take time . Levels of 0.5 -- 1 mg / L are mild , 1 -- 2 mg / L are moderate , 2 -- 3 mg / L are severe , and greater than 3 mg / L generally result in death . If exposure is suspected , the person should be removed from the source of exposure and decontaminated . Treatment involves supportive care and giving the person 100 % oxygen . Hydroxocobalamin ( vitamin B12 ) appears to be useful as an antidote and is generally first - line . Sodium thiosulphate may also be given . Historically cyanide has been used for mass suicide and by the Nazis for genocide . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Acute exposure 1.2 Chronic exposure 2 Cause 3 Mechanism 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 5.1 Decontamination 5.2 Antidote 6 History 6.1 Burnings 6.2 Gas chambers 6.3 War 6.4 Suicide 6.5 Mining and industrial 6.6 Murder 6.7 Terrorism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Acute exposure ( edit ) If cyanide is inhaled it can cause a coma with seizures , apnea , and cardiac arrest , with death following in a matter of seconds . At lower doses , loss of consciousness may be preceded by general weakness , giddiness , headaches , vertigo , confusion , and perceived difficulty in breathing . At the first stages of unconsciousness , breathing is often sufficient or even rapid , although the state of the person progresses towards a deep coma , sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema , and finally cardiac arrest . A cherry red skin color that changes to dark may be present as the result of increased venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation . Despite the similar name , cyanide does not directly cause cyanosis . A fatal dose for humans can be as low as 1.5 mg / kg body weight . Chronic exposure ( edit ) Exposure to lower levels of cyanide over a long period ( e.g. , after use of improperly processed cassava roots as a primary food source in tropical Africa ) results in increased blood cyanide levels , which can result in weakness and a variety of symptoms , including permanent paralysis , nervous lesions , hypothyroidism , and miscarriages . Other effects include mild liver and kidney damage . Cause ( edit ) Acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning can result from inhalation of fumes from burning polymer products that use nitrile in their production , such as polyurethane , or vinyl . It can also be caused by breakdown of nitroprusside into nitric oxide and cyanide . Nitroprusside may be used during treatment of hypertensive crisis . In addition to its uses as a pesticide and insecticide , cyanide is contained in tobacco smoke and smoke from building fires , and is present in many seeds or kernels such as those of almonds , apricots , apples , oranges , and in foods including cassava ( also known as yuca or manioc ) , and bamboo shoots . Vitamin B12 , in the form of hydroxocobalamin ( also spelled hydroxycobalamin ) , may reduce the negative effects of chronic exposure , and a deficiency can lead to negative health effects following exposure . Mechanism ( edit ) Cyanide poisoning is a form of histotoxic hypoxia because the cells of an organism are unable to create ATP , primarily through the inhibition of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase . Cyanide is quickly metabolized to 2 - amino - 2 - thiazoline - 4 - carboxylic acid and thiocyanate with a half life of 10 -- 30 minutes as a detoxifying mechanism . Within a few hours of single ingestion , no cyanide can be detected , since all of it is metabolized unless death occurs first . ( The detection of cyanide long after supposed ingestion is an indication of a false positive in the diagnostics . ) Thiocyanate has a long half life of > 24hrs , and is typically eliminated through the kidneys . Thiocyanate possesses ~ 1 / 100th the toxicity of the cyanide parent molecule . Diagnosis ( edit ) Old methods of detection involve colorimetric assays such as the Prussian Blue test , the pyridine - barbiturate assay , also known as the `` Conway diffusion method '' and the taurine fluorescence - HPLC but like all colorimetric assays these can be prone to false positives . Lipid peroxidation resulting in `` TBARS , '' an artifact of heart attack produces dialdehydes that cross-react with the pyridine - barbiturate assay . Meanwhile , the taurine - fluorescence - HPLC assay used for cyanide detection is identical to the assay used to detect glutathione in spinal fluid . Recently , cyanide and thiocyanate assays have been run with mass spectrometry ( LC / MS / MS ) , which are considered specific tests . Since cyanide has such a short half - life , the main metabolite , thiocyanate is typically measured to determine exposure . Treatment ( edit ) Decontamination ( edit ) Decontamination of people exposed to hydrogen cyanide gas only requires removal of the outer clothing and the washing of their hair . Those exposed to liquids or powders generally require full decontamination . Antidote ( edit ) The United States standard cyanide antidote kit first uses a small inhaled dose of amyl nitrite , followed by intravenous sodium nitrite , followed by intravenous sodium thiosulfate . Hydroxocobalamin is newly approved in the US and is available in Cyanokit antidote kits . Sulfanegen TEA , which could be delivered to the body through an intra-muscular ( IM ) injection , detoxifies cyanide and converts the cyanide into thiocyanate , a less toxic substance . Alternative methods of treating cyanide intoxication are used in other countries . Agent Description Nitrites The nitrites oxidize some of the hemoglobin 's iron from the ferrous state to the ferric state , converting the hemoglobin into methemoglobin . Cyanide binds avidly to methemoglobin , forming cyanmethemoglobin , thus releasing cyanide from cytochrome oxidase . Treatment with nitrites is not innocuous as methemoglobin can not carry oxygen , and severe methemoglobinemia may need to be treated in turn with methylene blue . Thiosulfate The evidence for sodium thiosulfate 's use is based on animal studies and case reports : the small quantities of cyanide present in dietary sources and in cigarette smoke are normally metabolized to relatively harmless thiocyanate by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese ( thiosulfate cyanide sulfurtransferase ) , which uses thiosulfate as a substrate . However , this reaction occurs too slowly in the body for thiosulfate to be adequate by itself in acute cyanide poisoning . Thiosulfate must therefore be used in combination with nitrites . Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin , a form ( or vitamer ) of vitamin B made by bacteria , and sometimes denoted vitamin B , is used to bind cyanide to form the harmless cyanocobalamin form of vitamin B . 4 - Dimethylaminophenol 4 - Dimethylaminophenol ( 4 - DMAP ) has been proposed in Germany as a more rapid antidote than nitrites with ( reportedly ) lower toxicity . 4 - DMAP is used currently by the German military and by the civilian population . In humans , intravenous injection of 3 mg / kg of 4 - DMAP produces 35 percent methemoglobin levels within 1 minute . Reportedly , 4 - DMAP is part of the US Cyanokit , while it is not part of the German Cyanokit due to side effects ( e.g. hemolysis ) . Dicobalt edetate Cobalt ions , being chemically similar to iron ions , can also bind cyanide . One current cobalt - based antidote available in Europe is dicobalt edetate or dicobalt - EDTA , sold as Kelocyanor . This agent chelates cyanide as the cobalticyanide . This drug provides an antidote effect more quickly than formation of methemoglobin , but a clear superiority to methemoglobin formation has not been demonstrated . Cobalt complexes are quite toxic , and there have been accidents reported in the UK where patients have been given dicobalt - EDTA by mistake based on a false diagnosis of cyanide poisoning . Because of its side effects , it should be reserved only for patients with the most severe degree of exposure to cyanide ; otherwise , nitrite / thiosulfate is preferred . Glucose Evidence from animal experiments suggests that coadministration of glucose protects against cobalt toxicity associated with the antidote agent dicobalt edetate . For this reason , glucose is often administered alongside this agent ( e.g. in the formulation ' Kelocyanor ' ) . It has also been anecdotally suggested that glucose is itself an effective counteragent to cyanide , reacting with it to form less toxic compounds that can be eliminated by the body . One theory on the apparent immunity of Grigori Rasputin to cyanide was that his killers put the poison in sweet pastries and madeira wine , both of which are rich in sugar ; thus , Rasputin would have been administered the poison together with massive quantities of antidote . One study found a reduction in cyanide toxicity in mice when the cyanide was first mixed with glucose . However , as yet glucose on its own is not an officially acknowledged antidote to cyanide poisoning . 3 - Mercaptopyruvate prodrugs The most widely studied cyanide - metabolizing pathway involves utilization of thiosulfate by the enzyme rhodanese , as stated above . In humans , however , rhodanese is concentrated in the kidneys ( 0.96 units / mg protein ) and liver ( 0.15 u / mg ) , with concentrations in lung , brain , muscle and stomach not exceeding 0.03 U / ml . In all these tissues , it is found in the mitochondrial matrix , a site of low accessibility for ionized , inorganic species , such as thiosulfate . This compartmentalization of rhodanese in mammalian tissues leaves major targets of cyanide lethality , namely , the heart and central nervous system , unprotected . ( Rhodanese is also found in red blood cells , but its relative importance has not been clarified . ) A different cyanide - metabolizing pathway , 3 - mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase ( 3 - MPST , EC 2.8. 1.2 ) , which is more widely distributed in mammalian tissues than rhodanese , is being explored . 3 - MPST converts cyanide to thiocyanate , using the cysteine catabolite , 3 - mercaptopyruvate ( 3 - MP ) . However , 3 - MP is extremely unstable chemically . Therefore , a prodrug , sulfanegen sodium ( 2 , 5 - dihydroxy - 1 , 4 - dithiane - 2 , 5 - dicarboxylic acid disodium salt ) , which hydrolyzes into 2 molecules of 3 - MP after being administered orally or parenterally , is being evaluated in animal models . Oxygen therapy Oxygen therapy is not a cure in its own right . However , the human liver is capable of metabolizing cyanide quickly in low doses ( smokers breathe in hydrogen cyanide , but it is such a small amount and metabolized so fast that it does not accumulate ) . The International Programme on Chemical Safety issued a survey ( IPCS / CEC Evaluation of Antidotes Series ) that lists the following antidotal agents and their effects : oxygen , sodium thiosulfate , amyl nitrite , sodium nitrite , 4 - dimethylaminophenol , hydroxocobalamin , and dicobalt edetate ( ' Kelocyanor ' ) , as well as several others . Other commonly - recommended antidotes are ' solutions A and B ' ( a solution of ferrous sulfate in aqueous citric acid , and aqueous sodium carbonate , respectively ) and amyl nitrite . The UK Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) has recommended against the use of solutions A and B because of their limited shelf life , potential to cause iron poisoning , and limited applicability ( effective only in cases of cyanide ingestion , whereas the main modes of poisoning are inhalation and skin contact ) . The HSE has also questioned the usefulness of amyl nitrite due to storage / availability problems , risk of abuse , and lack of evidence of significant benefits . It also states that the availability of Kelocyanor at the workplace may mislead doctors into treating a patient for cyanide poisoning when this is an erroneous diagnosis . The HSE no longer recommends a particular cyanide antidote . Qualified UK first aiders are now only permitted to apply oxygen therapy using a bag valve mask , providing they have been trained in its usage . Jump up ^ Methylene blue has historically been used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning , but is not a preferred therapy due to its theoretical risk of worsening of cyanide symptoms by displacement of cyanide from methemoglobin , allowing the toxin to bind to tissue electron transport chains . History ( edit ) Burnings ( edit ) On December 5 , 2009 , a fire in the night club Lame Horse ( Khromaya Loshad ) in the Russian city of Perm took the lives of 156 people . 111 people died on the spot and 45 later in hospitals . One of the main causes of death was poisoning from cyanide and other toxic gases released by the burning of plastic and polystyrene foam used in the construction of club interiors . Taking into account the number of deaths , this was the largest fire in post-Soviet Russia . On January 27 , 2013 , a fire at the Kiss nightclub in the city of Santa Maria , in the south of Brazil , caused the poisoning of hundreds of young people by cyanide released by the combustion of soundproofing foam made with polyurethane . By March 2013 , 241 fatalities were confirmed . Gas chambers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Empty Zyklon B canisters , found by the Soviets in January 1945 at Auschwitz Hydrogen cyanide in the form of Zyklon B was used in German extermination camps during World War II , and especially from March 1942 onwards , when it was first used experimentally to murder Russian prisoners of war at Auschwitz . Use of the poison was scaled up rapidly until custom - built gas chambers ( holding up to about 2000 victims ) were constructed as part of the new crematoria complex at Auschwitz - Birkenau . There was also a large undressing room next to the gas chamber , and the victims were told to undress and leave their clothes on a numbered peg for collection later . They were told that they would receive a hot shower , and false shower heads were fitted in the ceilings of the gas chambers , so as to maintain the deception . The gas chambers were sealed hermetically to prevent gas leakage . The Zyklon B pellets were then dropped into the chamber via small openings in the roof . When the pellets were exposed to moisture and human heat ( as in a closed chamber ) , they gave off gaseous HCN , which then killed the victims . Workers in the Sonderkommando were employed to remove the corpses from the gas chamber and strip them of any valuables , such as gold teeth , before the bodies were cremated . The gas was used mainly at Auschwitz , Majdanek and the Mauthausen - Gusen concentration camp . Hydrogen cyanide gas has also been used for judicial execution in some states of the United States , where cyanide was generated by reaction between potassium cyanide ( or sodium cyanide ) dropped into a compartment containing sulfuric acid , directly below the chair in the gas chamber . War ( edit ) Cyanide was stockpiled in chemical weapons arsenals in both the Soviet Union and the United States in the 1950s and 1960s . However , as a military agent , hydrogen cyanide was not considered very effective , since it is lighter than air and needs a significant dose to incapacitate or kill . Suicide ( edit ) Cyanide salts are sometimes used as fast - acting suicide devices . Cyanide reacts at a higher level with high stomach acidity . In February 1937 , the Uruguayan short story writer Horacio Quiroga committed suicide by drinking cyanide in a hospital at Buenos Aires . In 1937 , polymer chemist Wallace Carothers committed suicide by cyanide . In the 1943 Operation Gunnerside to destroy the Vemork Heavy Water Plant in World War II ( an attempt to stop or slow German atomic bomb progress ) , the commandos were given cyanide tablets ( cyanide enclosed in rubber ) kept in the mouth and were instructed to bite into them in case of German capture . The tablets ensured death within three minutes . Cyanide , in the form of pure liquid prussic acid ( a historical name for hydrogen cyanide ) , was the favored suicide agent of the Third Reich . It was used to commit suicide by Erwin Rommel ( 1944 ) , Adolf Hitler 's wife , Eva Braun ( 1945 ) , and by Nazi leaders Heinrich Himmler ( 1945 ) , possibly Martin Bormann ( 1945 ) , and Hermann Göring ( 1946 ) . It is speculated that , in 1954 , Alan Turing used an apple that had been injected with a solution of cyanide to commit suicide after being convicted of having a homosexual relationship -- illegal at the time in the UK -- and forced to undergo hormonal castration . Members of the Sri Lankan LTTE ( Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam , whose insurgency lasted from 1983 to 2009 ) , used to wear cyanide vials around their necks with the intention of committing suicide if captured by the government forces . On November 18 , 1978 , Jonestown . A total of 909 individuals died in Jonestown , many from apparent cyanide poisoning , in an event termed `` revolutionary suicide '' by Jones and some members on an audio tape of the event and in prior discussions . The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma , including United States Congressman Leo Ryan , an act that Jones ordered . Four other Temple members committed murder - suicide in Georgetown at Jones ' command . On June 6 , 1985 , serial killer Leonard Lake died in custody after having ingested cyanide pills he had sewn into his clothes . On June 28 , 2012 , Wall Street trader Michael Marin ingested a cyanide pill seconds after a guilty verdict was read in his arson trial in Phoenix , AZ ; he died minutes after . On June 22 , 2015 , John B. McLemore , an horologist and the central figure of the podcast S - Town , died after ingesting cyanide . On November 29 , 2017 , Slobodan Praljak died from drinking potassium cyanide , after being convicted of war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia . Mining and industrial ( edit ) In 2000 , a spill at Baia Mare , Romania resulted in the worst environmental disaster in Europe since Chernobyl . In 2000 , Allen Elias , CEO of Evergreen Resources was convicted of knowing endangerment for his role in the cyanide poisoning of employee Scott Dominguez . This was one of the first successful criminal prosecutions of a corporate executive by the Environmental Protection Agency . Murder ( edit ) John Tawell , a murderer who in 1845 became the first person to be arrested as the result of telecommunications technology . Grigori Rasputin ( 1916 ; attempted , later killed by gunshot ) Goebbels children ( 1945 ) Stepan Bandera ( 1959 ) Jonestown , Guyana , was the site of a large mass murder -- suicide , in which over 900 members of the Peoples Temple drank potassium cyanide -- laced Flavor Aid in 1978 . Chicago Tylenol murders ( 1982 ) Ronald Clark O'Bryan ( 1944 -- 1984 ) Bruce Nickell ( June 5 , 1986 ) Murdered by his wife who poisoned a bottle of Excedrin . Richard Kuklinski ( 1935 -- 2006 ) Janet Overton ( 1942 - 1988 ) Her husband , Richard Overton was convicted of poisoning her , but Janet 's symptoms did not match those of classic cyanide poisoning , the timeline was inconsistent with cyanide poisoning , and the amount found was just a trace . The diagnostic method used was prone to false positives . Richard Overton died in prison in 2009 . Urooj Khan ( 1966 - 2012 ) , won the lottery and was found dead a few days later . A blood diagnostic reported a lethal level of cyanide in his blood , but the body did not display any classic symptoms of cyanide poisoning , and no link to cyanide could be found in Urooj 's social circle . The diagnostic method used was the Conway diffusion method , prone to false positives with artifacts of heart attack and kidney failure . Autumn Marie Klein ( April 20 , 2013 ) , a prominent 41 - year - old neuroscientist and physician , died from cyanide poisoning . Klein 's husband , Robert J. Ferrante , also a prominent neuroscientist who used cyanide in his research , was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for her death . However , Klein never exhibited symptoms of cyanide poisoning and the amount measured in relation to the timeline ( 2.2 mg / L at 15 hours after supposed ingestion but zero thiocyanate levels ) suggest that the measurement was a false positive . Robert Ferrante is appealing his conviction . Mirna Salihin died in hospital on January 6 , 2016 after drinking a Vietnamese iced coffee at a cafe in a shopping mall in Jakarta . Police reports claim that cyanide poisoning was to most likely cause of her death . Mei Xiang Li of Brooklyn , NY , collapsed and died in April 2017 , with cyanide later reported to be in her blood . However , Mei never exhibited symtoms of cyanide poisoning and no link to cyanide could be found in her life . Terrorism ( edit ) In 1995 , a device was discovered in a restroom in the Kayabacho Tokyo subway station , consisting of bags of sodium cyanide and sulfuric acid with a remote controlled motor to rupture them in what was believed to be an attempt by the Aum Shinrikyo cult to produce toxic amounts of hydrogen cyanide gas . In 2003 , Al Qaeda reportedly planned to release cyanide gas into the New York City Subway system . The attack was supposedly aborted because there would not be enough casualties . See also ( edit ) List of poisonings Konzo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waters , Brenda L. ( 2010 ) . Handbook of Autopsy Practice ( 4 ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 427 . ISBN 9781597451277 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anseeuw , K ; Delvau , N ; Burillo - Putze , G ; De Iaco , F ; Geldner , G ; Holmström , P ; Lambert , Y ; Sabbe , M ( February 2013 ) . `` Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation : a European expert consensus '' . 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Retrieved 3 July 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Gas Chamber Executions '' . About.com . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Gunnerside '' in the book Bomb : The Race to Build -- and Steal -- the World 's Most Dangerous Weapon Jump up ^ `` Michael Marin , former Wall Street trader , took cyanide after arson conviction , says autopsy '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who is John B. McLemore , figure in new ' S - Town ' podcast ? ( spoilers ) '' . Alabama Local News . Archived from the original on 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary results autopsy Slobodan Praljak '' . Openbaar Ministerie . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Death of a river '' Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC , February 15 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Mr. Allen Elias '' . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 February 2015 . 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CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Parascandola , Kerry Burke , Rocco . `` Sunset Park family reeling after they learn their matriarch had high levels of cyanide in her blood when she died - NY Daily News '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo 's CBW Activities '' ( PDF ) . Monterey Institute of International Studies . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Suskind , Ron ( 19 June 2006 ) . `` The Untold Story of al - Qaeda 's Plot to Attack the Subway '' . Time magazine . Archived from the original on 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2007 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : T65. 0 ICD - 9 - CM : 989.0 DiseasesDB : 3280 External resources eMedicine : med / 487 Poisoning Toxicity Overdosing ( T36 -- T65 , 960 -- 989 ) History of poison Inorganic Metals Toxic metals Beryllium Cadmium Lead Mercury Nickel Silver Thallium Tin Dietary minerals Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Metalloids Arsenic Nonmetals Sulfuric acid Selenium Chlorine Fluoride Organic Phosphorus Pesticides Aluminium phosphide Organophosphates Nitrogen Cyanide Nicotine Nitrogen dioxide poisoning CHO alcohol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Methanol Carbon monoxide Oxygen Toluene Pharmaceutical Drug overdoses Nervous Anticholinesterase Aspirin Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Opioids Paracetamol Tricyclic antidepressants Cardiovascular Digoxin Dipyridamole Vitamin poisoning Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Biological Fish / seafood Ciguatera Haff disease Ichthyoallyeinotoxism Scombroid Shellfish poisoning Amnesic Diarrhetic Neurotoxic Paralytic Other vertebrates amphibian venom Batrachotoxin Bombesin Bufotenin Physalaemin birds / quail Coturnism snake venom Alpha - Bungarotoxin Ancrod Batroxobin Arthropods Arthropod bites and stings bee sting / bee venom Apamin Melittin scorpion venom Charybdotoxin spider venom Latrotoxin / Latrodectism Loxoscelism tick paralysis Plants / fungi Cinchonism Ergotism Lathyrism Locoism Mushrooms Strychnine including venoms , toxins , foodborne illnesses . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyanide_poisoning&oldid=865410092 '' Categories : Cyanides Neurotoxins Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with incomplete citations from December 2013 All articles with incomplete citations CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Use dmy dates from April 2012 RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português ไทย 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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who won the medals in women's figure skating			List of Olympic medalists in figure skating	list of olympic medalists in figure skating	Figure skating has been part of the Olympic Games since 1908 and has been included in 25 Olympic Games . There have been 271 medals ( 91 gold , 90 silver , and 90 bronze ) awarded to figure skaters representing 29 representing National Olympic Committees . Six events have been contested but one , men 's special figures , was discontinued after a single Olympics .	Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the only figure skaters to win five Olympic medals ( 3 gold , 2 silver ) . Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafström ( 3 gold , 1 silver ) and Russian figure skater Evgeni Plushenko ( 2 gold , 2 silver ) each have four medals . Seventeen figure skaters have won three medals . The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Grafström in men 's singles , Sonja Henie ( Norway ) in ladies ' singles , and Irina Rodnina ( Soviet Union ) in pairs . Sixteen figure skaters have earned two golds within the same discipline and five skaters have earned gold in two separate Olympic events . On two occasions , there has been a podium sweep . Russian figure skaters hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events . Three skaters won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 1.1 Men 's singles 1.2 Men 's special figures 1.3 Ladies ' singles 1.4 Pairs 1.5 Ice dancing 1.6 Team event 2 Multi-medalists 2.1 Most medals 2.2 Multiple golds 2.3 Multi-medalists by event 2.3. 1 Men 's singles 2.3. 2 Ladies ' singles 2.3. 3 Pairs 2.3. 4 Ice dancing 2.3. 5 Team event 2.4 Multiple events 2.4. 1 Two disciplines 2.4. 2 One discipline plus team event 2.5 Summer and Winter Games 3 Country records 3.1 Winning streak 3.2 Events won 3.3 Podium sweeps 4 Medal totals by country 4.1 Men 's singles 4.2 Men 's special figures 4.3 Ladies ' singles 4.4 Pairs 4.5 Ice dancing 4.6 Team event 5 Age records 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Medalists ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) Ulrich Salchow of Sweden , creator of the Salchow jump , was the first Olympic champion in men 's figure skating . Russian Evgeni Plushenko won the 2006 singles title with a world record score . 2014 Winter Olympics men 's singles medalists , from left to right : Patrick Chan ( silver ) , Yuzuru Hanyu ( gold ) , and Denis Ten ( bronze ) . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Ulrich Salchow Sweden Richard Johansson Sweden Per Thorén Sweden 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Gillis Grafström Sweden Andreas Krogh Norway Martin Stixrud Norway 1924 Chamonix details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Georges Gautschi Switzerland 1928 St. Moritz details Gillis Grafström Sweden Willy Böckl Austria Robert van Zeebroeck Belgium 1932 Lake Placid details Karl Schäfer Austria Gillis Grafström Sweden Montgomery Wilson Canada 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Karl Schäfer Austria Ernst Baier Germany Felix Kaspar Austria 1948 St. Moritz details Dick Button United States Hans Gerschwiler Switzerland Edi Rada Austria 1952 Oslo details Dick Button United States Helmut Seibt Austria James Grogan United States 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Hayes Alan Jenkins United States Ronnie Robertson United States David Jenkins United States 1960 Squaw Valley details David Jenkins United States Karol Divín Czechoslovakia Donald Jackson Canada 1964 Innsbruck details Manfred Schnelldorfer United Team of Germany Alain Calmat France Scott Allen United States 1968 Grenoble details Wolfgang Schwarz Austria Timothy Wood United States Patrick Péra France 1972 Sapporo details Ondrej Nepela Czechoslovakia Sergei Chetverukhin Soviet Union Patrick Péra France 1976 Innsbruck details John Curry Great Britain Vladimir Kovalev Soviet Union Toller Cranston Canada 1980 Lake Placid details Robin Cousins Great Britain Jan Hoffmann East Germany Charles Tickner United States 1984 Sarajevo details Scott Hamilton United States Brian Orser Canada Jozef Sabovčík Czechoslovakia 1988 Calgary details Brian Boitano United States Brian Orser Canada Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union 1992 Albertville details Viktor Petrenko Unified Team Paul Wylie United States Petr Barna Czechoslovakia 1994 Lillehammer details Alexei Urmanov Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 1998 Nagano details Ilia Kulik Russia Elvis Stojko Canada Philippe Candeloro France 2002 Salt Lake City details Alexei Yagudin Russia Evgeni Plushenko Russia Timothy Goebel United States 2006 Torino details Evgeni Plushenko Russia Stéphane Lambiel Switzerland Jeffrey Buttle Canada 2010 Vancouver details Evan Lysacek United States Evgeni Plushenko Russia Daisuke Takahashi Japan 2014 Sochi details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Patrick Chan Canada Denis Ten Kazakhstan 2018 Pyeongchang details Yuzuru Hanyu Japan Shoma Uno Japan Javier Fernández Spain Men 's special figures ( edit ) Nikolai Panin of Russia , the sole winner of the special figures event Men 's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued . The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin , who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Nikolai Panin Russian Empire Arthur Cumming Great Britain Geoffrey Hall - Say Great Britain Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Norwegian Sonja Henie holds the record of three consecutive victories in the ladies ' individual event ( 1928 -- 1936 ) . East Germany 's Katarina Witt won the 1988 ladies ' singles gold medal , becoming the second female figure skater to win back - to - back Olympic titles . Yuna Kim won the ladies ' title in 2010 with world record scores for the short program , free skating and overall total . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Madge Syers Great Britain Elsa Rendschmidt Germany Dorothy Greenhough - Smith Great Britain 1920 Antwerp details Magda Julin Sweden Svea Norén Sweden Theresa Weld United States 1924 Chamonix details Herma Szabo Austria Beatrix Loughran United States Ethel Muckelt Great Britain 1928 St. Moritz details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Beatrix Loughran United States 1932 Lake Placid details Sonja Henie Norway Fritzi Burger Austria Maribel Vinson United States 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Sonja Henie Norway Cecilia Colledge Great Britain Vivi - Anne Hultén Sweden 1948 St. Moritz details Barbara Ann Scott Canada Eva Pawlik Austria Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain 1952 Oslo details Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain Tenley Albright United States Jacqueline du Bief France 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Tenley Albright United States Carol Heiss United States Ingrid Wendl Austria 1960 Squaw Valley details Carol Heiss United States Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Barbara Roles United States 1964 Innsbruck details Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands Regine Heitzer Austria Petra Burka Canada 1968 Grenoble details Peggy Fleming United States Gabriele Seyfert East Germany Hana Mašková Czechoslovakia 1972 Sapporo details Beatrix Schuba Austria Karen Magnussen Canada Janet Lynn United States 1976 Innsbruck details Dorothy Hamill United States Dianne de Leeuw Netherlands Christine Errath East Germany 1980 Lake Placid details Anett Pötzsch East Germany Linda Fratianne United States Dagmar Lurz West Germany 1984 Sarajevo details Katarina Witt East Germany Rosalynn Sumners United States Kira Ivanova Soviet Union 1988 Calgary details Katarina Witt East Germany Elizabeth Manley Canada Debi Thomas United States 1992 Albertville details Kristi Yamaguchi United States Midori Ito Japan Nancy Kerrigan United States 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Baiul Ukraine Nancy Kerrigan United States Chen Lu China 1998 Nagano details Tara Lipinski United States Michelle Kwan United States Chen Lu China 2002 Salt Lake City details Sarah Hughes United States Irina Slutskaya Russia Michelle Kwan United States 2006 Torino details Shizuka Arakawa Japan Sasha Cohen United States Irina Slutskaya Russia 2010 Vancouver details Yuna Kim South Korea Mao Asada Japan Joannie Rochette Canada 2014 Sochi details Adelina Sotnikova Russia Yuna Kim South Korea Carolina Kostner Italy 2018 Pyeongchang details Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia Kaetlyn Osmond Canada Pairs ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London details Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger ( GER ) Phyllis Johnson and James H. Johnson ( GBR ) Madge Syers and Edgar Syers ( GBR ) 1912 Stockholm not included in the Olympic program 1920 Antwerp details Ludowika Jakobsson / Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Alexia Bryn and Yngvar Bryn ( NOR ) Phyllis Johnson and Basil Williams ( GBR ) 1924 Chamonix details Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger ( AUT ) Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson ( FIN ) Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) 1928 St. Moritz details Andrée Joly and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Lilly Scholz and Otto Kaiser ( AUT ) Melitta Brunner and Ludwig Wrede ( AUT ) 1932 Lake Placid details Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet ( FRA ) Beatrix Loughran and Sherwin Badger ( USA ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen details Maxi Herber and Ernst Baier ( GER ) Ilse Pausin and Erik Pausin ( AUT ) Emília Rotter and László Szollás ( HUN ) 1948 St. Moritz details Micheline Lannoy and Pierre Baugniet ( BEL ) Andrea Kékesy and Ede Király ( HUN ) Suzanne Morrow and Wallace Diestelmeyer ( CAN ) 1952 Oslo details Ria Falk and Paul Falk ( GER ) Karol Kennedy and Peter Kennedy ( USA ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo details Sissy Schwarz and Kurt Oppelt ( AUT ) Frances Dafoe and Norris Bowden ( CAN ) Marianna Nagy and László Nagy ( HUN ) 1960 Squaw Valley details Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul ( CAN ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Nancy Ludington and Ronald Ludington ( USA ) 1964 Innsbruck details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Marika Kilius and Hans - Jürgen Bäumler ( EUA ) Debbi Wilkes and Guy Revell ( CAN ) Vivian Joseph and Ronald Joseph ( USA ) 1968 Grenoble details Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov ( URS ) Tatyana Zhuk and Aleksandr Gorelik ( URS ) Margot Glockshuber and Wolfgang Danne ( FRG ) 1972 Sapporo details Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanov ( URS ) Lyudmila Smirnova and Andrei Suraikin ( URS ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1976 Innsbruck details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Romy Kermer and Rolf Österreich ( GDR ) Manuela Groß and Uwe Kagelmann ( GDR ) 1980 Lake Placid details Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev ( URS ) Marina Cherkasova and Sergei Shakhrai ( URS ) Manuela Mager and Uwe Bewersdorf ( GDR ) 1984 Sarajevo details Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Kitty Carruthers and Peter Carruthers ( USA ) Larisa Selezneva and Oleg Makarov ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( URS ) Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev ( URS ) Jill Watson and Peter Oppegard ( USA ) 1992 Albertville details Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( EUN ) Elena Bechke and Denis Petrov ( EUN ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov ( RUS ) Natalia Mishkutenok and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler ( CAN ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Kazakova and Artur Dmitriev ( RUS ) Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Mandy Wötzel and Ingo Steuer ( GER ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze ( RUS ) Jamie Salé and David Pelletier ( CAN ) None awarded Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Totmianina and Maxim Marinin ( RUS ) Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao ( CHN ) Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) 2010 Vancouver details Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo ( CHN ) Pang Qing and Tong Jian ( CHN ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2014 Sochi details Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov ( RUS ) Ksenia Stolbova and Fedor Klimov ( RUS ) Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy ( GER ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot ( GER ) Sui Wenjing and Han Cong ( CHN ) Meagan Duhamel and Eric Radford ( CAN ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1976 Innsbruck details Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov ( URS ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) Colleen O'Connor and James Millns ( USA ) 1980 Lake Placid details Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponossov ( URS ) Krisztina Regőczy and András Sallay ( HUN ) Irina Moiseyeva and Andrei Minenkov ( URS ) 1984 Sarajevo details Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) 1988 Calgary details Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin ( URS ) Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( URS ) Tracy Wilson and Robert McCall ( CAN ) 1992 Albertville details Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko ( EUN ) Isabelle Duchesnay and Paul Duchesnay ( FRA ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( EUN ) 1994 Lillehammer details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Maya Usova and Alexander Zhulin ( RUS ) Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ( GBR ) 1998 Nagano details Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov ( RUS ) Anjelika Krylova and Oleg Ovsyannikov ( RUS ) Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) 2002 Salt Lake City details Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat ( FRA ) Irina Lobacheva and Ilia Averbukh ( RUS ) Barbara Fusar - Poli and Maurizio Margaglio ( ITA ) 2006 Torino details Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov ( RUS ) Tanith Belbin and Benjamin Agosto ( USA ) Elena Grushina and Ruslan Goncharov ( UKR ) 2010 Vancouver details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Oksana Domnina and Maxim Shabalin ( RUS ) 2014 Sochi details Meryl Davis and Charlie White ( USA ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Elena Ilinykh and Nikita Katsalapov ( RUS ) 2018 Pyeongchang details Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir ( CAN ) Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron ( FRA ) Maia Shibutani and Alex Shibutani ( USA ) Team event ( edit ) The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event , first contested in the 2014 Games . It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines ( men 's singles , ladies ' singles , pairs , and ice dancing ) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold . Games Gold Silver Bronze 2014 Sochi details Russia ( RUS ) Evgeni Plushenko Yulia Lipnitskaya Ksenia Stolbova Fedor Klimov Elena Ilinykh Nikita Katsalapov Tatiana Volosozhar Maxim Trankov Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kevin Reynolds Kaetlyn Osmond Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Kirsten Moore - Towers Dylan Moscovitch Tessa Virtue Scott Moir United States ( USA ) Jeremy Abbott Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Gracie Gold Marissa Castelli Simon Shnapir Meryl Davis Charlie White 2018 Pyeongchang details Canada ( CAN ) Patrick Chan Kaetlyn Osmond Gabrielle Daleman Meagan Duhamel Eric Radford Tessa Virtue Scott Moir Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Mikhail Kolyada Evgenia Medvedeva Alina Zagitova Evgenia Tarasova Vladimir Morozov Natalia Zabiiako Alexander Enbert Ekaterina Bobrova Dmitri Soloviev United States ( USA ) Nathan Chen Adam Rippon Bradie Tennell Mirai Nagasu Alexa Scimeca Knierim Chris Knierim Maia Shibutani Alex Shibutani Multi-medalists ( edit ) Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir are the most decorated Olympic figure skaters with 5 medals . Ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko won a bronze medal in 1984 , improved to a silver in 1988 , and capped their Olympic appearances with a gold in 1992 . Russian ice dancing pair Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov won the 1994 and 1998 Olympic titles . Most medals ( edit ) Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event : four medals , three of which gold , in men 's singles . The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs . Counting multiple events , Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals , with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold . Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals , including a gold in men 's singles and a team event gold . Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below : Athlete Nation Events Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2018 0 5 Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) men 's singles 1920 -- 1932 0 Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) ladies ' singles 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) pairs 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles & team 2002 -- 2014 0 Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) pairs 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles & team 2014 -- 2018 0 Klimova , Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko , Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) ice dancing 1984 -- 1992 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing & team 2010 -- 2014 Meagan Duhamel ! Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford ! Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs & team 2014 -- 2018 Kaetlyn Osmond ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles & team 2014 -- 2018 Shen Xue ! Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo ! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) pairs 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko , Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) pairs 2010 -- 2018 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles & pairs 1924 -- 1932 0 Multiple golds ( edit ) Swedish Gillis Grafström , is a three - time Olympic figure skating gold medalist in the men 's singles . The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men 's singles , Sonja Henie in ladies ' singles , and Irina Rodnina in pairs . The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two , which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov . In addition , one ladies ' singles skater , three men 's singles skaters , and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles . Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles . Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events . Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men 's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014 . Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics , winning both pairs and team event . Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later , earning golds in ice dancing and team event . Athlete Nation Olympics Golds Event ( s ) Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1928 men 's singles Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 ladies ' singles Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 pairs Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 , 2018 2 in ice dancing ( 2010 , 2018 ) 1 in team event ( 2018 ) Schäfer , Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 men 's singles Button , Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 men 's singles Hanyu , Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 men 's singles Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2006 , 2014 1 in men 's singles ( 2006 ) 1 in team event ( 2014 ) Witt , Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 ladies ' singles Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1928 -- 1932 pairs Belousova , Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov , Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 pairs Zaitsev , Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 pairs Gordeeva , Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov , Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988 , 1994 pairs Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 , 1998 pairs Volosozhar , Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov , Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) 2014 1 in pairs 1 in team event Grishuk , Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov , Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 ice dancing Multi-medalists by event ( edit ) Sonja Henie and Karl Schäfer won a combined five Olympic titles . Men 's singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden ( SWE ) 1920 -- 1932 0 Schäfer , Karl Karl Schäfer Austria ( AUT ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Button , Dick Dick Button United States ( USA ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 Hanyu , Yuzuru Yuzuru Hanyu Japan ( JPN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 0 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2014 0 Jenkins , David David Jenkins United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Petrenko , Viktor Viktor Petrenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Böckl , Willy Willy Böckl Austria ( AUT ) 1924 -- 1928 0 0 Orser , Brian Brian Orser Canada ( CAN ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Stojko , Elvis Elvis Stojko Canada ( CAN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Péra , Patrick Patrick Péra France ( FRA ) 1968 -- 1972 0 0 Candeloro , Philippe Philippe Candeloro France ( FRA ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway ( NOR ) 1928 -- 1936 0 0 Witt , Katarina Katarina Witt East Germany ( GDR ) 1984 -- 1988 0 0 Albright , Tenley Tenley Albright United States ( USA ) 1952 -- 1956 0 Heiss , Carol Carol Heiss United States ( USA ) 1956 -- 1960 0 Dijkstra , Sjoukje Sjoukje Dijkstra Netherlands ( NED ) 1960 -- 1964 0 Kim , Yuna Yuna Kim South Korea ( KOR ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Altwegg , Jeannette Jeannette Altwegg Great Britain ( GBR ) 1948 -- 1952 0 Burger , Fritzi Fritzi Burger Austria ( AUT ) 1928 -- 1932 0 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) 1924 -- 1928 0 Kerrigan , Nancy Nancy Kerrigan United States ( USA ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Kwan , Michelle Michelle Kwan United States ( USA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Slutskaya , Irina Irina Slutskaya Russia ( RUS ) 2002 -- 2006 0 Chen , Lu ! Chen Lu China ( CHN ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Pairs ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Rodnina , Irina Irina Rodnina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1972 -- 1980 0 0 Dmitriev , Artur Artur Dmitriev Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1998 0 Brunet , Andrée Andrée Brunet / Brunet , Pierre Pierre Brunet France ( FRA ) 1924 -- 1932 0 Belousova , Ludmila Ludmila Belousova / Protopopov , Oleg Oleg Protopopov Soviet Union ( URS ) 1964 -- 1968 0 0 Zaitsev , Alexander Alexander Zaitsev Soviet Union ( URS ) 1976 -- 1980 0 0 Gordeeva , Ekaterina Ekaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov , Sergei Sergei Grinkov Soviet Union ( URS ) Russia ( RUS ) 1988 , 1994 0 0 Jakobsson , Ludowika Ludowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson , Walter Walter Jakobsson Finland ( FIN ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Mishkutenok , Natalia Natalia Mishkutenok Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Berezhnaya , Elena Elena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze , Anton Anton Sikharulidze Russia ( RUS ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Shen , Xue ! Shen Xue / Zhao , Hongbo ! Zhao Hongbo China ( CHN ) 2002 -- 2010 0 Savchenko , Aliona Aliona Savchenko Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Kilius , Marika Marika Kilius / Bäumler , Hans - Jürgen Hans - Jürgen Bäumler United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 1960 -- 1964 0 0 Johnson , Phyllis Phyllis Johnson Great Britain ( GBR ) 1908 -- 1920 0 Rotter , Emília Emília Rotter / Szollás , László László Szollás Hungary ( HUN ) 1932 -- 1936 0 0 Nagy , Marianna Marianna Nagy / Nagy , László László Nagy Hungary ( HUN ) 1952 -- 1956 0 0 Groß , Manuela Manuela Groß / Kagelmann , Uwe Uwe Kagelmann East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 -- 1976 0 0 Brasseur , Isabelle Isabelle Brasseur / Eisler , Lloyd Lloyd Eisler Canada ( CAN ) 1992 -- 1994 0 0 Szolkowy , Robin Robin Szolkowy Germany ( GER ) 2010 -- 2014 0 0 Ice dancing ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2010 -- 2018 0 Grishuk , Oksana Oksana Grishuk / Platov , Evgeny Evgeny Platov Russia ( RUS ) 1994 -- 1998 0 0 Klimova , Marina Marina Klimova / Ponomarenko , Sergei Sergei Ponomarenko Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1984 -- 1992 Bestemianova , Natalia Natalia Bestemianova / Bukin , Andrei Andrei Bukin Soviet Union ( URS ) 1984 -- 1988 0 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) 2010 -- 2014 0 Torvill , Jayne Jayne Torvill / Dean , Christopher Christopher Dean Great Britain ( GBR ) 1984 , 1994 0 Anissina , Marina Marina Anissina / Peizerat , Gwendal Gwendal Peizerat France ( FRA ) 1998 -- 2002 0 Usova , Maya Maya Usova / Zhulin , Alexander Alexander Zhulin Unified Team ( EUN ) Russia ( RUS ) 1992 -- 1994 0 Team event ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Bobrova , Ekaterina Ekaterina Bobrova / Soloviev , Dmitri Dmitri Soloviev Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Osmond , Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Duhamel , Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford , Eric Eric Radford Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) 2014 -- 2018 0 Multiple events ( edit ) Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines . All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event ( which , while being a separate event , is not considered its own skating discipline ) . Two disciplines ( edit ) In 1908 , Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics . The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936 . The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics . No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines . Athlete Nation Disciplines Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Baier , Ernst Ernst Baier Germany ( GER ) men 's singles pairs 1936 0 0 0 0 Syers , Madge Madge Syers Great Britain ( GBR ) ladies ' singles pairs 1908 0 0 0 0 Loughran , Beatrix Beatrix Loughran United States ( USA ) ladies ' singles pairs 1924 -- 1928 1932 0 0 0 One discipline plus team event ( edit ) The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics . It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline . On 9 February 2014 , Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events . On 12 February 2014 , Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics . Four years later , Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat . The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event . ( Team event medals are indicated by `` T '' in the gold , silver , and bronze columns . ) Athlete Nation Discipline Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Virtue , Tessa Tessa Virtue / Moir , Scott Scott Moir Canada ( CAN ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2018 2 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 5 Plushenko , Evgeni Evgeni Plushenko Russia ( RUS ) men 's singles 2002 -- 2014 1 + 1T 0 Volosozhar , Tatiana Tatiana Volosozhar / Trankov , Maxim Maxim Trankov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 1 + 1T 0 0 Chan , Patrick Patrick Chan Canada ( CAN ) men 's singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 1 + 1T 0 Davis , Meryl Meryl Davis / White , Charlie Charlie White United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2010 -- 2014 0 + 1T Duhamel , Meagan Meagan Duhamel / Radford , Eric Eric Radford Canada ( CAN ) pairs 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Osmond , Kaetlyn Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ( CAN ) ladies ' singles 2014 -- 2018 0 + 1T 0 + 1T Stolbova , Ksenia Ksenia Stolbova / Klimov , Fedor Fedor Klimov Russia ( RUS ) pairs 2014 0 + 1T 0 Zagitova , Alina Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 + 1T 0 Ilinykh , Elena Elena Ilinykh / Katsalapov , Nikita Nikita Katsalapov Russia ( RUS ) ice dancing 2014 0 + 1T 0 Medvedeva , Evgenia Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) ladies ' singles 2018 0 1 + 1T 0 Shibutani , Maia Maia Shibutani / Shibutani , Alex Alex Shibutani United States ( USA ) ice dancing 2018 0 0 1 + 1T Summer and Winter Games ( edit ) Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games , three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games . Men 's singles skater Gillis Grafström 's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics . His other three medals were won at the 1924 -- 1932 Winter Games . Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics . They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games . Country Records ( edit ) Winning streak ( edit ) From 1964 to 2006 , Russian figure skaters -- representing the Soviet Union , the Unified Team , or Russia -- won the gold medal in the pairs event , in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event . Events won ( edit ) Russian figure skaters , counting both Russian Federation ( IOC code RUS ) and Russian Empire ( IOC code RU1 ) , hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events . Since men 's special figures was discontinued , this record can not be matched . Russia ( IOC code RUS ) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events . Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events ( all except men 's singles ) . Great Britain , Unified Team , and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events . Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics , at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively . No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics . Podium sweeps ( edit ) There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history . This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event . Games Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze 1908 London Men 's singles Sweden ( SWE ) Ulrich Salchow Richard Johansson Per Thorén 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Men 's singles United States ( USA ) Hayes Alan Jenkins Ronnie Robertson David Jenkins Medal totals by country ( edit ) See also : Figure skating at the Olympic Games § Medal table Men 's singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 5 15 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 Russia ( RUS ) 6 Austria ( AUT ) 8 5 Japan ( JPN ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 8 Unified Team ( EUN ) United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 10 Canada ( CAN ) 5 9 11 Soviet Union ( URS ) Switzerland ( SUI ) 13 France ( FRA ) 5 14 Norway ( NOR ) 15 East Germany ( GDR ) / Germany ( GER ) 17 Belgium ( BEL ) Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) Spain ( ESP ) Men 's special figures ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russian Empire ( RU1 ) Great Britain ( GBR ) Ladies ' singles ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 7 8 8 23 East Germany ( GDR ) 5 Norway ( NOR ) Austria ( AUT ) 7 5 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 6 Canada ( CAN ) 6 7 Japan ( JPN ) Netherlands ( NED ) 9 Russia ( RUS ) Sweden ( SWE ) 11 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) South Korea ( KOR ) 13 Ukraine ( UKR ) 14 / Germany ( GER ) 15 China ( CHN ) 16 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) France ( FRA ) Italy ( ITA ) Soviet Union ( URS ) West Germany ( FRG ) Pairs ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union ( URS ) 7 12 Russia ( RUS ) 5 8 / / Germany ( GER ) 7 Canada ( CAN ) 8 5 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 France ( FRA ) 7 China ( CHN ) 6 8 Finland ( FIN ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 10 Belgium ( BEL ) 11 United States ( USA ) 6 12 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 13 Hungary ( HUN ) 5 14 East Germany ( GDR ) 15 Great Britain ( GBR ) 16 Norway ( NOR ) 17 West Germany ( FRG ) Ice dancing ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Russia ( RUS ) 8 Soviet Union ( URS ) 8 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 5 5 France ( FRA ) 6 Unified Team ( EUN ) Great Britain ( GBR ) 8 Hungary ( HUN ) 9 Italy ( ITA ) Ukraine ( UKR ) Team event ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada ( CAN ) Russia ( RUS ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) United States ( USA ) Age records ( edit ) Main article : List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age Title Age Name Nation Games Medal Date of Birth Date of Event Event Youngest female champion 7003560600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 128 days Maxi Herber Nazi Germany 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Gold October 8 , 1920 February 13 , 1936 Pairs Youngest female medalist 7003548800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 10 days Manuela Groß East Germany 1972 Sapporo Bronze January 29 , 1957 February 8 , 1972 Pairs Youngest male champion 7003677600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 202 days Dick Button United States 1948 St Moritz Gold July 18 , 1929 February 5 , 1948 Men 's singles Youngest male medalist 7003547600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 363 days Scott Allen United States 1964 Innsbruck Bronze February 8 , 1949 February 6 , 1964 Men 's singles Oldest female champion 7004130580000000000 ♠ 35 years , 276 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold July 25 , 1884 April 26 , 1920 Pairs Oldest female medalist 7004144330000000000 ♠ 39 years , 190 days Ludowika Jakobsson Finland 1924 Chamonix Silver July 25 , 1884 January 31 , 1924 Pairs Oldest male champion 7004139580000000000 ♠ 38 years , 80 days Walter Jakobsson Finland 1920 Antwerp Gold February 6 , 1882 April 26 , 1920 Pairs Oldest male medalist 7004166610000000000 ♠ 45 years , 225 days Edgar Syers Great Britain 1908 London Bronze March 18 , 1863 October 29 , 1908 Pairs See also ( edit ) Figure skating at the Olympic Games List of Olympic medalists in figure skating by age World Figure Skating Championships Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the 1964 Olympics , Marika Kilius / Hans - Jürgen Bäumler , Debbi Wilkes / Guy Revell , and Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph pairs placed 2nd , 3rd , and 4th respectively . Two years later , Kilius / Bäumler 's results were invalidated because the pair had signed a professional contract before the Olympics . The silver medals went to Wilkes / Revell and the bronze medals to Joseph / Joseph . However , in 1987 , the Germans were re-awarded the silvers after appealing that other pairs had signed similar contracts but were n't exposed and disqualified . After that , the placement of Wilkes / Revell and Joseph / Joseph pairs were unclear for many years . In November 2014 , the IOC clarified that since the 1987 decision that both the German and Canadian pairs are the silver medalist and the US pair are the bronze medalist . Jump up ^ No silver medal was awarded in the 2002 Olympic figure skating pairs event , as the Canadians Salé and Pelletier were also given a gold medal , in the aftermath of a judging scandal . ^ Jump up to : Irina Rodnina won three medals in pairs with two different partners . A golds in 1972 with Alexei Ulanov and two golds in 1976 and 1980 with Alexander Zaitsev . ^ Jump up to : Artur Dmitriev won three medals in pairs with two different partners . A gold in 1992 and a silver in 1994 with Natalia Mishkutenok and another gold medal in 1998 with Oksana Kazakova . ^ Jump up to : Aliona Savchenko won three medals in pairs with two different partners . Two bronze medals in 2010 and 2014 with Robin Szolkowy and a gold medal in 2018 with Bruno Massot . Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson won two medals in pairs with two different partners . A silver medal in 1908 with James H. Johnson and a bronze medal in 1920 with Basil Williams . References ( edit ) General `` Results database '' . Athletes . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . ISU -- Olympic Winter Games Figure Skating results : Men Ladies Pairs Ice Dance Specific Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( February 14 , 2006 ) . `` Record day for Russia 's Plushenko ; Weir second '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Windhausen , John D. ( 1976 ) . `` Russia 's First Olympic Victor '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sport History . United States of America : North American Society for Sport History . 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty years later , Joseph siblings find redemption '' . IceNetwork.com . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hersh , Philip ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` A half - century later , Joseph siblings recognized as Olympic medal - winners '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sale , Pelletier share gold with Russian pair '' . Salt Lake'02 Winter Games . ESPN . Associated Press . February 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Figure Skating '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheet : Records and medals at the Olympic Winter Games '' ( PDF ) . Official website of the Olympic Movement . International Olympic Committee . February 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Figure skating . List of Olympic medalists in men 's figure skating : photos and autographs Figure skating at the Olympic Games 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists ( by age ) List of venues Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_figure_skating&oldid=843409416 '' Categories : Lists of Winter Olympic medalists by sport Figure skating - related lists Olympic medalists in figure skating Figure skating at the Olympic Games Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Olympic%20medalists%20in%20figure%20skating	2,516
italian card games for two to four players			Scopa	scopa	Scopa is an Italian card game , and one of the two major national card games in Italy . It is also popular in Brazil , brought in by Italian immigrants , mostly in the Scopa di Quindici variation . Scopa is also played in former Italian colonies such as Libya and Somalia . It is played with a standard Italian 40 - card deck , mostly between two players or four in two partnerships , but it can also be played by 3 , 5 , or 6 players .	The name is an Italian noun meaning `` broom '' , since taking a scopa means `` to sweep '' all the cards from the table . Watching a game of scopa can be a highly entertaining activity , since games traditionally involve lively , colorful , and somewhat strong - worded banter in between hands . However , skill and chance are more important to the outcome of the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cards 2 Gameplay 3 Scoring 4 Idioms 5 Alternative variations 5.1 Playing with French - Suited Cards 5.2 Scopa d'Assi ( Asso piglia tutto ) 5.3 Scopone 5.4 Napola 5.5 Additional points 5.6 Scopa di Quindici 5.7 Cirulla 6 Libyan Scopa 7 Scoring the prime 8 Final score 9 Computer versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cards ( edit ) `` Napoletane '' cards by Modiano A deck of Italian cards consist of 40 cards , divided into four suits . Neapolitan , Piacentine , Triestine , and Sicilian cards are divided into Coppe ( Cups ) , Ori or Denari ( Golds or Coins ) , Spade ( Swords ) and Bastoni ( Clubs ) , while Piemontesi , Milanesi and Toscane cards use the ' French ' suits , that is Cuori ( Hearts ) , Quadri ( Diamonds , literally `` Squares '' ) , Fiori ( Flowers ) and Picche ( Spades , literally `` Pikes '' ) . The values on the cards range numerically from one through seven , plus three face cards in each suit : Knave ( Fante in Italian ) ( worth a value of 8 ) , Knight ( Cavallo in Italian ) in the Neapolitan - type decks , Queen ( Donna in Italian ) in the Milanese - type decks ( worth 9 ) , and King ( Re in Italian ) ( worth 10 ) . A Knave is a lone male figure standing . The Knight is a male figure riding a horse ; the Queen is a female figure . The King is a male figure wearing a crown . To determine the face value of any numeric card , simply count the number of suit icons on the card . Since the Coins / Diamonds are important in winning some points , the cards of that suit are also nicknamed as `` bello '' ( handsome ) : so , `` il settebello '' is the Seven of Coins / Diamonds , `` l'asso bello '' is the Ace of Coins / Diamonds . Gameplay ( edit ) All players arrange themselves around the playing surface . If playing in teams , team members should be opposite each other . One player is chosen to be the dealer . Initial setting of the game Beginning with the player on his right , and moving counter-clockwise , the dealer deals out three cards to each player , one card at a time . During this deal , the dealer will also place four cards face up on the table . A table card may be dealt before the deal begins , immediately after dealing a card to him but before dealing to the next player , or after dealing all players all three cards . As it is impossible to sweep in a game where the initial table cards include three or four kings , such a deal is considered invalid . The cards are re-shuffled , and the dealer deals again . The player to the dealer 's right begins play . This player has two options : Either place a card on the table , or play a card to capture one or more cards . A capture is made by matching a card in the player 's hand to a card of the same value on the table , or if that is not possible , by matching a card in the player 's hand to the sum of the values of two or more cards on the table . In both cases , both the card from the player 's hand and the captured card ( s ) are removed and placed face down in a pile in front of the player . These cards are now out of play until scores are calculated at the end of the round . If by capturing , all cards were removed from the table , then this is called a scopa , and an additional point is awarded at the end of the round . Opponent is capturing two cards with one card from his hand ( 1 + 3 = 4 ) . Example : The player 's hand contains the 2 of coins , 5 of swords , and 7 of clubs ( or batons ) . On the table are the ace of coins , 5 of cups , and 6 of swords . The player 's options are : Place the 2 of coins on the table ; Capture the 5 of cups using the 5 of swords , and place both cards face down in front of him ; Capture the 6 of swords and ace of coins using the 7 of clubs , and place all three cards face down in front of him . Note that it is not legal to place on the table a card that has the ability to capture . For example , if a 2 and a 4 are on the table and a player holds a 6 , the player must either take that trick or play a different card from his hand . In any circumstance in which a played card may capture either a single or multiple cards , the player is forced to capture only the single card . For example , if the cards on the table are 1 , 3 , 4 , and 8 ( Knave , or Fante in Italian ) , and the player plays another Knave , the player is not allowed to capture the 1 , 3 , and 4 , even though their total does add up to 8 . Instead , the player is only allowed to capture the Knave . After all players have played all three cards , the dealer deals out three more cards to each player , again beginning with the player to his right . That player then begins play again . No additional cards are dealt to the table . This process is repeated until no cards remain in the deck . After the dealer has played the final card of the final hand of the round , the player who most recently captured is awarded any remaining cards on the table , and points are calculated for each player or team . If no team has yet won the game , the deal moves to the right . The new dealer shuffles and deals the cards as described above . Scoring ( edit ) Points are awarded at the completion of each deal . If playing in teams , the team members combine their captured cards before counting to calculate points . Players get one point for each `` scopa '' . In addition , there are up to four points available for the following , each worth 1 point apiece : ( a ) captured the greatest number of cards . ( b ) captured the greatest number of cards in the suit of coins . ( c ) captured the seven of coins ( `` sette bello '' ) . ( d ) obtained the highest `` prime '' ( literally , primiera ) , erroneously referred to as simply `` capturing the majority of sevens '' . If two or more teams or players capture the same number of cards , same number of coin cards , or the same prime value , no point is awarded for that result , e.g. if both Team 1 and Team 2 capture 20 cards total , neither gets a point for the most cards . The `` prime '' for each team is determined by selecting the team 's `` best '' card in each of the four suits , and totaling those four cards ' point values . When calculating the prime , a separate point scale is used . The player with the highest number of points using this separate point scale gets one point toward the game score . The most common version of the separate scale is : Seven ( sette ) = 21 points Six ( sei ) = 18 points Ace ( asso ) = 16 points Five ( cinque ) = 15 points Four ( quattro ) = 14 points Three ( tre ) = 13 points Two ( due ) = 12 points Face cards = 10 points If one team captures the sevens of cups and coins , the six of clubs and the ace of swords , that team 's prime is ( 21 + 21 + 18 + 16 ) = 76 . Other versions of the prime 's point scale exist . Most use the same ranking of cards but have variant scores , e.g. 0 points for face cards instead of 10 . A variant that is popular in America but disliked by purists is to award the prime to the person with the most sevens , or the person with the most sixes if there is a tie , down to aces , and so on . Obviously , the seven of coins is the most valuable card in the deck , as it alone contributes to all the four points . A player or team can win the `` prime '' even with only one seven but other useful cards . If one player has three sevens ( 3x21 ) and no cards of the fourth suit ( sum = 63 ) , his opponent can win the `` prime '' with one seven ( 21 ) and three aces ( 3x16 ) , for his sum would be 69 . Therefore , it is a common tactic , while playing the game , to capture aces and sixes whenever possible . Likewise , if a player is holding a six and there are an ace , a two , a three , and a four on the table , he should choose the five plus the ace , unless he has already taken the seven or the six of the suit of the ace and unless one of the two remaining cards is of the coins suit and he has n't made the point of coins yet . In addition to the four standard points ( called `` punti di mazzo '' , literally `` deck 's points '' ) , teams are awarded additional points for every `` scopa '' they took during game play . A scopa is awarded when a team manages to sweep the table of all cards . That is , if the table contains only a 2 and a 4 , and player A plays a 6 , player A is awarded a scopa . Clearing the table on the last play of the last hand of a round does not count as a scopa . The game is played until one team has at least 11 points and has a greater total than any other team . No points , including scopa points , are awarded mid-round ; they are all calculated upon completion of the round . For that reason , if the current score is 10 to 9 , and the team with 10 points captures the seven of coins or a scopa , the team can not immediately claim victory . It is still possible that the opposing team could end up with a tied or higher score once all points are calculated . In some Italian cities before the game the players can agree to play with the `` cappotto '' variant , in that scenario if a player is winning 7 points to 0 , the game can be considered over and the player does not have to reach the total of 11 points . It is also possible to agree on a different score , usually with increments of five or ten , e.g. , 16 , 21 or 31 points . Idioms ( edit ) Traditionally , one card from a sweep is turned face up in the captured cards , to remind players while calculating points that a scopa was won , and to taunt them . Many players deal the initial table cards in a 2x2 square . Alternative variations ( edit ) There are many variations of scopa . Since there are no formal rules , it is good manners to agree with the other players on the rules that are to be used before starting a game . Many of the variations here can be combined . For example , a common variant in the Milan area combines `` Scopone scientifico '' , `` Scopa d'Assi '' and `` Napola '' . Playing with French - suited cards ( edit ) When playing with a standard 52 - card pack with French suits , 12 cards need to be removed from the deck . Easiest for most new players is to remove the face cards , and therefore play with cards ranging numerically from one through ten . More traditional is to remove the eights , nines , and tens from the deck , which yields the 40 - card `` Milanese '' deck . With the Milanese deck the Jack is 8 , the Queen is 9 , and the King is 10 ( note that in some Neapolitan decks , the Jack is called `` Lady '' and is worth 8 ) . Regardless of which cards are removed , the diamonds suit is used for the Italian coin suit , making capturing the most diamonds and the seven of diamonds each worth a point . Scopa d'Assi ( asso piglia tutto ) ( edit ) In this variation of the game , playing an Ace captures all cards currently on the table ( and does not count as a scopa ) . Depending on other chosen variants , it can happen that an ace is already on the table when one draws an ace . Rules vary as to whether or not the player will take all the cards , but usually the player who only take the ace that is there . This event , that every player will try to avoid , is called burning an ace . Scopone ( edit ) The game of Scopone is based on Scopa . In this game , which must be played in 2 teams of 2 , players are dealt all nine of their cards at the start of each round . Play proceeds around the table until all players have played all of their cards . In another form of the game , the scopone scientifico , the players are dealt ten cards each so that none is left . Scopa d'Assi is mostly played in the latter variant . Napola ( edit ) In this variation ( also known as Scopone trentino ) , a team capturing the ace , two , and three of coins achieves the Napola ( or Napoli ) and is awarded additional points equal to the highest consecutive coin they obtain , e.g. if a team captures the ace , two , three , four , and five , and eight of coins , that team is awarded 5 additional points . Because of the higher number of points awarded per game , the game is played until one team has 21 points , rather than 11 . Sometimes a team that manages to capture all 10 coins in a single round wins the game immediately . Additional points ( edit ) In the Re Bello ( `` Beautiful King '' ) version , the King of coins also counts as a point , just as does the Seven of coins . In some regions of Calabria ( especially near Cosenza ) , a point is awarded for the seven of cups in addition to the seven of coins . Scopa di quindici ( edit ) In this variation , the played card does not take a card or set of cards that sum to the value of the card played . Rather , it takes any set of cards including itself that add to 15 . If the table is A , 3 , 5 , 7 , playing a 2 would take itself plus the A , 5 and 7 ( A + 2 + 5 + 7 = 15 ) . Cirulla ( edit ) This Genoese variation is highly popular in Liguria and bordering zones ; it is basically a mixture of traditional scopa , `` Scopa di quindici '' and `` Scopa d'assi '' , plus it awards additional points for the `` Grande '' ( Big One - 5 points go to the player able to take all three figure cards of coins ) , `` Piccola '' ( Small Ones - 1 point awarded for each consecutive card of coins after the ace . It is entirely possible for a player to get the `` most coins '' point but neither the Big One nor Small One bonus due to the opponent securing vital cards in the sequence ) . Moreover , Cirulla players whose hand of three cards adds up to less than 7 ( 9 in some regions ) have to put all of them down on the table and mark three points as if he scored that many `` scopa '' . To the end of such calculations the seven of cups ( hearts in Milanese - types ) counts as `` matta '' ( `` joker '' ) : the player decides its value . With such a high degree of point - awarding combinations and the possibility of scoring dozens of points in a single hand Cirulla games are tense affairs , where seemingly desperate situations can be reversed in a matter of minutes and where the ultimate goal can be set at hundreds of points , up to 1001 in some cases . Libyan scopa ( edit ) Scopa is very popular in Libya and is usually played as mentioned above , but some local variations are often added : for example , a ) a sweep of Diamonds ( sometimes nine are enough ) will reset the opponent to zero , b ) players count Scopas based on the value of the winning card ( if the ' winning card ' is worth 7 , the scopa is worth 7 ) , and c ) players count Scopa values based on the total number of cards involved ( if a scopa numbers 5 cards , the number of points awarded for that scopa equals 5 ; if a scopa is but 2 cards , only 2 points are awarded ) . Scoring the prime ( edit ) A number of variant point systems are used for calculating the prime , most of which produce the same order of hands . One notable variant that does not produce the same order is to count 0 points for each face card . Final score ( edit ) Some play to 16 or 21 points , or even to an arbitrary score agreed to at the beginning of the game . Computer versions ( edit ) There is a playable version of Scopa within the Nancy Drew game The Phantom of Venice . There are apps for Android smartphones , and the Nokia internet tablet running the Maemo operating system , as well as for iOS iPads and iPhones . See also ( edit ) Briscola Cassino Escoba Mulle Pasur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( 1992 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Card Games . Oxford University Press . p. 251 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 869173 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Escopa '' . Jogos de Cartas ( in Portuguese ) . 2014 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scopa : A Traditional Italian Card Game '' . Life in Italy . 2014 . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Nikki ( 10 September 2004 ) . The Everything Card Games Book : A complete guide to over 50 games to please any crowd . Everything Books . p. 243 . ISBN 1 - 4405 - 2301 - 0 . External links ( edit ) McLeod , John , ed. , Scopone and Scopa , Card Games Website The five - point categories at the Italian Wikipedia ( in Italian ) Kaszinó Hungarian variant of Scopa at the Hungarian Wikipedia ( in Hungarian ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scopa&oldid=842208983 '' Categories : Italian card games Fishing card games Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with Italian - language external links Articles with Hungarian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska Vèneto 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who plays the school nurse in hannah montana forever	Lori ( Christine Taylor ) is a nurse at Seaview High School whom Robby Ray is dating . Miley first overhears her phone - conversation with her mother ( continuously trying to set her up with dates in order to get discounts ) , and sets her up with Robby Ray . She only appears in three episodes .	Christine Taylor	List of Hannah Montana characters	list of hannah montana characters	This list of Hannah Montana characters includes characters appearing in the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana as well as the related film Hannah Montana : The Movie . The characters listed are almost all fictional , except for stars who appear as themselves . Still others , such as Aunt Dolly , intentionally blur the line between fiction and non-fiction . Hannah 's best friend Lily	Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Hannah Montana main characters Miley Stewart ( Miley Cyrus ) is the central character , also called Hannah Montana when appearing as a popstar who plays a dual identity . ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Robby Stewart ( Billy Ray Cyrus ) is Miley 's and Jackson 's father . ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Jackson Stewart ( Jason Earles ) is Miley 's older and lazy and smelly brother . ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Lilly Truscott ( Emily Osment ) is Miley 's best friend . When Miley is Hannah , Lilly is under the alias of Lola Luftnagle . She is Oliver 's girlfriend in seasons 3 and 4 . ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Oliver Oken ( Mitchel Musso ) is Miley 's wimpy , wisecracking , bumbling , and second best friend . When Miley is Hannah , Oliver is under the alias of Mike Standley III . He is Lilly 's boyfriend in seasons 3 and 4 . ( Seasons 1 - 3 ; recurring role in season 4 ) Rico Suave ( Moises Arias ) is Jackson 's supervisor and sometimes his best friend as well as Miley , Lilly , and Oliver 's classmate . He is the series main antagonist . ( Seasons 2 - 4 ; recurring in season 1 ) His father is a billionaire and owns Rico 's concession stand for his son to manage in the beach . At the beginning of season 1 , only a few characters seem to know Miley 's secret . These include her immediate family ( Robby Ray and Jackson ) , Oliver and Lilly . As the series progresses , an increasing number of people are revealed to know the secret . These include members of her extended family ( Mamaw Ruthie , Aunt Dolly , Uncle Earl , Luann , etc . ) , Lilly 's mother , Jake Ryan , Jessie , Roxy Roker , and Officer Diaria and his daughter . In the movie , Hannah 's publicist Vita is aware and her secret is publicly revealed to the entire town of Crowley Corners . During season 4 , Jackson 's girlfriend Siena , the President of the United States , Rico , and the entire world finally learn the truth about Hannah / Miley . Major recurring characters ( edit ) Jake Ryan ( edit ) `` Dude , I slayed you once ; do n't make me slay you again ! '' Jake Ryan makes a dramatic introduction to his classmates in `` New Kid in School '' . Leslie `` Jake '' Ryan portrayed by Cody Linley ( season 1 -- 4 ) is an Emmy - nominated television and film actor best known for his role as a zombie slayer on the teen sitcom Zombie High . He has an on / off relationship with Miley , something that has been ongoing throughout much of the series . Jake got his start in acting as a baby , appearing in commercials for `` Wonder Diapers '' . He later got his big break in Zombie High ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer parody ) and went on to star in feature films such as Teen Bigfoot , Teen Gladiator and the Sword of Fire , and Roger Buck : Intergalactic Bounty Hunter ( Buck Rogers parody ) . He claims that his box office appeal is just as big as Shia LaBeouf 's . He also makes a brief appearance in the show Gotcha ! ( Candid Camera and `` Punk 'd '' parody ) . Jake first meets Miley at Seaview Middle School where he attends as a part - time learner before relocating . Jake 's arrival at Seaview causes a big stir among the students who are all big fans of Zombie High and are starstruck at meeting him . Jake basks in the attention , although Miley , who is a superstar herself , fails to be impressed at his star power and believes that Jake should be treated as a normal kid . This is what first attracts Jake to Miley , and with time , Miley begins to realize that she has feelings for him too , even though she refused to admit it at first . Throughout the course of Jake and Miley 's relationship , the series explores one of its central themes -- the ups and downs of celebrity life . Jake serves as Miley 's foil and represents the over-exposed lifestyle she is trying to avoid . While Jake often enjoys the benefits of being famous , he also admits to Miley `` sometimes I wish I could just turn it off '' . Jake and Miley first start dating in `` People Who Use People '' , but their relationship lasts only a matter of minutes as Jake kisses Miley and then tells her he is going away to Romania for four months . ( While he is there , it is extended to six months . ) He returns in `` Achy Jakey Heart '' where Miley learns to forgive Jake . They restart their relationship . Jake reveals his real name ' Leslie ' to Miley as his biggest secret , and says that he is glad that they do n't have to keep any more secrets from each other . This has guilt over Miley until she finally reveals to him that she is Hannah Montana . Their relationship , however , comes to an end again after Miley learns that Jake is too self - centered and they later agree to be just friends . However , in `` That 's What Friends Are For ? '' , Miley realizes that she is not over Jake , as she feels jealous about him spending time with Mikayla . Jake again returns in `` Jake ... a Little Piece of My Heart '' where it is revealed that both Jake and Miley still love each other , but wo n't admit it . The relationship is on again for the third time in `` He Could Be the One '' . Robby seems to have second thoughts about Jake because he has broken Miley 's heart multiple times , but nevertheless he is supportive of the relationship . In the season 4 episode `` It 's the End of Jake As We Know It '' Oliver gets a picture text to his phone of Jake cheating on Miley , so Miley confronts Jake during the taping of a Christmas special with guest star Sheryl Crow . This ends their relationship for good . Roxy Roker ( edit ) Roxy Roker portrayed by Frances Callier ( season 1 -- 2 ) is Miley 's personal bodyguard who works for her when she 's Hannah , and sometimes when she 's Miley . Roxy takes her job very seriously , and is known for her ridiculous attempts to keep Miley safe from danger . She is like family to the Stewarts , and sometimes watches the kids as a nanny , or helping cure Robby of sickness . Roxy used to be a Marine where she learned most of her techniques . She was also a bodyguard for the famous cellist Yo - Yo Ma . She later worked as a security guard , and while on duty at a place called `` Wig City '' , she met Miley and Robby for the first time . Miley was trying to create the Hannah disguise , and Roxy helped her pick an appropriate wig . She then took a job as her bodyguard . She briefly worked for the Secret Service presidential protection unit after saving the president from contaminated sushi . After this she returned to work for Hannah . Roxy also has 60 hours of firefighter training . Roxy 's catchphrases are `` Roxy like a Puma ! '' and `` I got my eyes on you ! '' Among her special abilities are dicing a pineapple with a karate chop , crushing a baseball into fine powder , and squeezing through air ducts . In `` Schooly Bully '' , Roxy attends Miley 's school under the pretense of keeping her safe from a bully , while all along trying to teach Miley that she can deal with the bully herself . Roxy owns a pair of bulletproof pantyhose , which she says `` keeps bullets out ; keeps Roxy in '' . Roxy is single and lives in an apartment with her dog named Diddy . She earlier had a goldfish named Denzel . The only time Roxy is seen to be intimidated was upon meeting an old high school friend . Roxy was insecure about her life , but later learned that she did n't need to be . Roxy appears in `` It 's a Mannequin 's World '' , `` On the Road Again ? '' , `` Schooly Bully '' , `` Bad Moose Rising '' , `` Take This Job and Love It '' , `` When You Wish You Were the Star '' , `` I Want You to Want Me ... to Go to Florida '' , and `` We 're All On This Date Together '' . Amber and Ashley ( edit ) Amber Addison portrayed by Shanica Knowles and Ashley Dewitt portrayed by Anna Maria Perez de Tagle ( season 1 -- 4 ) are extremely mean and snobby girls who are Miley and Lilly 's classmates and bitter rivals . They are typical school divas aka the mean girls , very popular among their peers and spoiled by their parents ' money . Amber and Ashley are ironically both big Hannah Montana fans , despite their disdain for Miley . Even though they are unaware that Miley is Hannah Montana . The girls first appear in the pilot episode and have since appeared in a total of 12 episodes , although they only appeared once in season three . However , they make their last appearance on the series finale , when Lily and Miley get into Standford University they become assigned roommates to Amber and Ashley . When they both see them , they all of sudden want to become best friends with Miley , since everyone found out about her secret . Amber seems to be the more competent of the duo with Ashley typically following her lead . Amber is the editor of the school yearbook , a great singer , and is the first in the class to hold a valid drivers license . Amber also does well in school , and it is revealed that Ashley often cheats off her test papers . They both try out for the cheer leading squad but get turned down . Ashley claims it 's because she 's `` too pretty '' . They are antagonistic towards Miley and Lilly , banishing them to the `` losers ' table '' at lunch and placing them at the bottom of the `` cool list '' , their annual listing of their classmates by their perceived coolness . D In `` The Idol Side of Me '' , Miley conspires with Lilly to embarrass Amber on live television with Lilly 's `` Green Gas '' science project , thinking she deserves it . Miley ( as Hannah ) has her first honest conversation with Amber backstage and learns that when she was younger , Amber was bullied and made fun of . Miley begins to feel sorry for her , and makes her promise to become a kinder person . In `` Achey Jakey Heart '' , Amber and Ashley try to become Miley and Lilly 's friends after Miley starts dating Jake Ryan . This gives Miley a small taste of why she maintains her Hannah secret , as Amber and Ashley only want to be her friend for selfish reasons . Whenever Amber and Ashley happen to say something at the same time , they say together `` Oooo , tsss ! '' and touch index fingers . This celebratory gesture becomes their trademark and a source of great annoyance to Miley and Lilly . At the end of the pilot episode , Miley and Lilly do the gesture in mockery of Amber and Ashley . Miley later initiates it with Lilly , but she declines , and they decide on a new best friends handshake . In `` It 's a Mannequin 's World '' , Roxy initiates the gesture with Robby , but he declines . Amber and Ashley appear in `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' , `` It 's a Mannequin 's World '' , `` Mascot Love '' , `` Ooh Ooh Itchy Woman '' , `` New Kid in School '' , `` Good Golly , Miss Dolly '' , `` Money for Nothing , Guilt for Free '' , `` The Idol Side of Me '' , `` You Are So Sue - able to Me '' , `` Achey Jakey Heart Part One '' , `` When You Wish You Were the Star '' , `` Song Sung Bad '' , `` No Sugar , Sugar '' ( unaired ) , `` Uptight ( Oliver 's Alright ) '' , `` Ready , Set , Do n't Drive '' and `` Wherever I Go '' . Traci van horn ( edit ) Traci van Horn portrayed by Romi Dames ( season 1 -- 3 ) is a socialite and friend of Hannah Montana . Her record producer is her father and Miley counts his self - centered daughter , Traci as a close friend of Hannah 's . Traci has had a frequent dislike for Hannah 's friend , Lola , claiming that she is ' so uncool ' . She has however , reluctantly accepted Lola at social events and maintains a friendly relationship with Hannah because of this . Traci talks with a nasal voice that is often noticed by others , which she claims is a `` deviated septum '' or else a `` nasal condition '' . She and Jake Ryan prank Hannah on a reality TV show called `` Gotcha ! '' , in which they make Hannah believe that the two are getting married . Hannah once went to Traci for boyfriend help when she asked to use her `` faux - beau '' to fool Lilly and Oliver ( who believe that Miley is alone now that the two are dating ) . She seems to have a crush on Jackson , and is frequently having celebrity parties , in which Hannah and her friends go to ( although Lilly only goes for the publicity ) . Traci appears in `` It 's My Party and I 'll Lie If I Want To '' , `` Torn Between Two Hannahs '' , `` My Boyfriend 's Jackson and There 's Gonna Be Trouble '' , `` Cuffs Will Keep Us Together '' , `` When You Wish You Were the Star '' , `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get the Phone '' , `` The Test of My Love '' , `` Uptight ( Oliver 's Alright ) '' , `` Once , Cooper ( edit ) Cooper Montgomery portrayed by André Jamal Kinney ( season 1 ) , also called `` Coop '' , is Jackson 's best friend in season one . Cooper has not made an appearance outside of season one , although he is mentioned and it 's assumed they still hang out . Cooper often plays the straight man to Jackson 's antics . He works at a movie theater called `` Nick 's Fat City '' . He enjoys Shirley Temple cocktails , calling them `` fruity and refreshing '' . He also has a secret love of baking , something he keeps secret because he believes it is a primarily female activity . Cooper has a little sister named `` Olivia '' ( Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly ) who is a student on the East Coast . In `` I Ca n't Make You Love Hannah if You Do n't '' , Olivia visits Malibu on break where she meets Jackson . She agrees to go out with Jackson . Cooper gets mad at Jackson for flirting with his sister then he learns Olivia is Coopers sister and she acts innocent . The incident causes a temporary rift in Jackson and Cooper 's friendship . They are good friends again after Cooper realizes that everything was Olivia 's fault . Cooper appears in `` Miley Get Your Gum '' , `` She 's a Supersneak '' , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Hannah If You Do n't '' , `` It 's a Mannequin 's World '' , `` Oops I Meddled Again '' , and `` Money for Nothing , Guilt for Free '' . Cooper is mentioned but unseen in the episodes `` My Boyfriend 's Jackson and There 's Gonna Be Trouble '' and `` Bad Moose Rising '' where he and Jackson have plans to go to a Los Angeles Dodgers game . In `` You Give Lunch a Bad Name '' Jackson says he had to miss Coop 's party because Mamaw came to visit . Dontzig ( edit ) Albert Dontzig portrayed by Peter Allen Vogt ( season 1 and 3 ) is the Stewarts ' wealthy , snobby , pretentious , obese , and obnoxious next - door neighbor who has an ongoing rivalry with both Robby and Jackson . He ca n't stand the Stewarts , saying `` I hate neighbors ! That 's why I have the big hedge ! '' He complains of leaves from their tree falling into his outdoor hot tub and makes fun of Jackson 's new used car . His wife once had a car similar to Jackson 's but traded it in because she thought it was too `` girly '' . Mr. Dontzig tricks the Stewarts into a competition to see who can make their house look the scariest for Halloween , while all he wanted to do was attract more children to his house . This plan of course , backfires on him . He takes advantage of the Stewarts ' generosity by faking a sickness to have them watch his bratty eight - year - old niece `` Patty '' ( Savannah Stehlin ) . Patty becomes the center of a bet between Jackson and Miley in `` Bad Moose Rising '' . Dontzig is an alumnus of the ( fictional ) State University of Santa Barbara and is a generous donor to the school . To write a letter of recommendation to the school in support of Jackson 's matriculating , Dontzig has Jackson perform menial favors for him . Dontzig is the only character in Hannah Montana to be portrayed by two separate actors . Paul Vogt debuted the role in `` Miley Get Your Gum '' , and his identical twin brother , Peter Allen Vogt , has performed the role ever since in the episodes `` Torn Between Two Hannahs '' , `` The Idol Side of Me '' , `` Bad Moose Rising '' , and `` Killing Me Softly with His Height '' . Paul returned in the episode `` Killing Me Softly with His Height '' in the role of Dontzig 's sister , `` Donna '' , who is a huge Robbie Ray fan . Dontzig also has a cousin named `` Francesca '' ( Lisa Rinna ) who is also a Robbie Ray fan . Susan Stewart ( edit ) Susan B. Stewart portrayed by Brooke Shields ( season 2 -- 3 ) was Robby 's wife and Miley and Jackson 's mother . Susan is the daughter of Grandma Ruby . She died three years prior to season one , but is often mentioned by the Stewarts and appears in household pictures . She also appears in person in three episodes by way of old home videos and various dream sequences . These are `` I Am Hannah , Hear Me Croak '' , `` The Way We Almost Were n't '' , and `` He Could Be the One '' . Although they were both from Tennessee , Robby and Susan first met on the West Coast in a small roadside cafe off Interstate 10 . Susan was working as a waitress at the cafe during her college days and Robby visited while driving home to Nashville . Robby claimed he fell in love with Susan immediately , and that he knew that Susan loved him too because she laughed at all his jokes . However , when Robby first asked Susan out she turned him down because she was already dating someone else . But with a little encouragement from Aunt Dolly , Robby persisted and Susan finally went out with him . Robby tells Oliver that he first got Susan to go out with him by using the line `` My name is Robby , hi ' . '' Susan was a supportive parent , but she was more strict than Robby and would n't let the children have sugar before bed because it gave them nightmares , as seen in `` I Am Hannah , Hear Me Croak '' . She was a skilled shopper and Miley remembers that she had great taste in fashion . Robby remembers that when he and Susan went shopping , all he did was carry the bags . Susan died at age 33 , when Miley was 10 , of unknown reasons . The family 's dealing with her death is first explored in the episode `` She 's a Supersneak '' in which Miley overreacts to Robby dating another woman . Miley dreams about meeting her in `` I Am Hannah , Hear Me Croak '' because she is afraid she will lose her singing voice . Susan comforts Miley and teaches her that even if she ca n't be Hannah Montana anymore , just being Miley is still `` pretty darn terrific '' . In `` He Could Be the One '' , Robby shares a pre-recorded video of Susan , who had anticipated a future personal struggle Miley would have . In the video Susan tells Miley to always listen to her heart . In `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' , it is learned that Susan gave Miley a special ankle charm bracelet which says `` Dream '' . Miley wears this bracelet in all of her Hannah concerts until it is thrown overboard the SS Tipton by London Tipton , who was disgusted when Miley told her diamonds were fake . Robby admits that he misses Susan , and when she died he did n't think he could raise the kids by himself , but he found the strength by feeling her presence with him . In `` What I Do n't Like About You '' , Jackson plans to lie to a college recruiter in order to be accepted into college . Robby is disappointed , but rather than stopping him , he points to a picture of Susan and says that she would not be proud of him . The so - called `` Mom card '' works in making Jackson finally tell the truth . In the pilot episode , Robby tells Miley that Susan would have been proud of her performance at the Los Angeles concert . Siena ( edit ) Siena portrayed by Tammin Sursok ( season 4 ) is Jackson 's long term girlfriend . She works a job as a bikini model . She lives next door to the Stewarts and has a cousin named TJ . Every time Jackson talks about her , he always stutters saying the word `` bikini . '' In `` Sweet Home Hannah Montana '' , Siena and Jackson start out as being friends , but throughout the season , Siena shows to have true feelings for Jackson and cares for him for who he is . In `` Hannah Montana to the Principal 's Office , '' she shows to have an immediate interest in Jackson and asks him out , even admitting to him that boys have always asked her out before , but that was the first time she herself had to ask . In `` California Screamin ' , '' Jackson admits to Siena that even though he wants to be more than just friends with her , he still feels insecure because he is not like the other guys she dates . Siena admits to Jackson that he is right , because he is `` way better , '' and they share their first kiss . In `` De-De - De-Do , Da - Do n't - Do n't - Do n't Tell My Secret , '' while visiting Jackson , she mistakenly thinks Jackson is cheating on her with Hannah Montana after seeing Miley outside in her Hannah disguise through the kitchen window . In the end , to save their relationship , Miley shows Siena her closet . This results in Siena finding out that Miley is really Hannah . She later visits Jackson at his new job as a video game tester and comments on his and Miley 's relationship . In the fourth season she appeared in 8 out of 13 episodes . Jesse ( edit ) Jesse portrayed by Drew Roy ( season 3 -- 4 ) is Hannah / Miley 's romance interest . In `` He Could Be The One , '' Miley repeatedly tries but fails to tell her dad that she 's dating Jake Ryan again . Soon , Robby winds up believing that she 's hiding something from him . To make her father thankful for Jake , she pretends to like her bad boy bandmate Jesse , but gets in over her head when she starts to have feelings for him so it 's up to Robby to help Miley listen to her heart and chose the guy who could `` be the one . '' In the end , Hannah tells Jesse that there is just something between her and Jake that is special and picks Jake after some help from a video of her mother and apparent intervention by her to help . In `` Been Here All Along '' , Jesse starts seeing Miley and Miley cancels a special father - daughter afternoon with her dad to go on a first date with Jesse instead . After Jesse receives a phone call from his deployed father , their heartfelt conversation leads Miley to realize how fortunate she is to have her father close to home whenever she needs him . Then , in `` I 'll Always Remember You '' , it is revealed that Jesse knew that Miley was Hannah when he told Miley that his dad was in Afghanistan . Jesse ends up figuring out that Miley is Hannah before she could even tell him , claiming that `` You both have the same beautiful eyes and amazing smile . '' Things go from bad to worse when Jesse kisses Hannah on stage and is soon criticized for two - timing Hannah when he is spotted with Miley , this is the moment that the Hannah - secret started interfering with Miley 's personal life to the point which it became too difficult to manage , and it served as the instigator to Miley revealing the secret to the world . Jesse later goes to see Miley off at the airport and they ( presumably ) kiss . Family members ( edit ) Stewart family ( edit ) Aunt Dolly ( left ) and Mamaw ( right ) smother Miley in a hug after putting their 30 - year feud behind them . ' Mamaw ' Ruthie Ray Stewart ( Vicki Lawrence ) is Miley and Jackson 's paternal grandmother and Robby 's mother ( `` Mamaw '' is a nickname given to a grandmother ) . She lives in Tennessee but occasionally visits California . Ruthie is a demanding and opinionated woman , often seen nagging Robby about his habits and parenting skills . Ruthie also makes fun of him for being fat . While in high school Ruthie dated fellow Tennessean Elvis Presley and claimed to have been the one to first give him the nickname `` The King '' after playing checkers with him . Elvis eventually started dating Aunt Dolly which began a 30 - year feud between the two women . A former Olympian who played volleyball at the 1964 Olympics , Ruthie maintained her competitive streak throughout life : From 1982 to 1999 , she won `` Lunch Lady of the Year '' from the North Central Nashville School District every single year and in `` Grandma Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Favorites '' she was seen competing with Queen Elizabeth II in an arcade dance - game . Both Miley and Jackson love `` Mamaw , '' but they often find her overbearing . Ruthie alienates Miley in `` Grandma Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Favorites '' by clearly showing favoritism toward Jackson . Ruthie feels that because of all Miley 's success , Jackson is often overlooked in the family , not realizing she 's overlooking Miley 's feelings as well . Ruthie reconciles with Miley and teaches her to better appreciate her brother . In the episode `` B-B-B - Bad to the Chrome '' , Ruthie is seen to have a battered old car called Loretta ( a 1980s Cadillac Eldorado convertible ) . Loretta has 40 years of smells including her husband 's hair tonic and tomato sauce in between the seats . Ruthie has appeared once in seasons 1 , 2 , and 4 , and twice in the third . The episodes include : `` Grandma Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Favorites , '' `` I Will Always Loathe You , '' `` You Give Lunch a Bad Name , '' `` B-B-B - Bad to the Chrome '' , and `` I am Mamaw , Hear Me Roar '' . `` Bubba '' Joe Stewart was Ruthie 's husband and Robby 's father . Very little is said about him except that he had large ears and that he and Ruthie started dating after a school dance . He is presumably deceased as the family refers to him in the past tense . Grandma Ruby ( Margo Martindale ) is Jackson and Miley 's maternal grandmother , Robby 's mother - in - law , and Susan 's mother , and lives in Crowley Corners , Tennessee . She is rarely mentioned in the series , although Robby says that she goes to singles bingo . In Hannah Montana : The Movie , Ruby 's birthday is Robby 's excuse for taking the family back to Tennessee for two weeks . Ruby helps teach Miley the value of family and staying true to oneself . Aunt Dolly ( Dolly Parton ) is a long - time friend of the Stewart family , long enough to remember when Robby was in diapers . Although not a blood relation , the Stewarts consider her a family member as she is Miley Stewart 's godmother . Miley is seen to rely on her advice and encouragement . Dolly is also partly responsible for Miley 's parents getting married . She lives in Nashville , Tennessee with her husband and dog Rufus . She has appeared in two episodes : `` Good Golly , Miss Dolly '' and `` I Will Always Loathe You '' in which she visits California . The character is primarily based on Parton herself who is the real - life godmother of Miley Cyrus . It is unclear if , like Dolly Parton , Aunt Dolly has a career in music ; although she does mention that she used to perform on stage , and she was a go - to person for Miley when she was considering becoming a professional singer and , in `` I Will Always Loathe You '' , Ruthie tells Dolly she `` put the ' old ' in Grand Ole Opry '' . She returned for the episode , `` Kiss It All Goodbye '' . Her decades long rivalry with Mamaw Ruthie Ray Stewart is due to both having dated Elvis Presley . Uncle Earl ( David Koechner ) is one of Robby 's brothers from Tennessee . Earl seems to have provided the family with endless stories and jokes , often at his own expense . Most of the stories about Uncle Earl concern his being overweight , lazy , smelly , or his fun - loving , childlike personality . For example , Uncle Earl once drilled for oil and accidentally hit a sewage pipe ; Uncle Earl once tried to box a kangaroo and got knocked out cold ; Uncle Earl once found a week - old sardine in his fat fold when he was looking for the remote ; Uncle Earl once fell off a horse and it took four people to help him up ; and Uncle Earl once chased a rolling quarter through a car wash and it was the cleanest he ever was in his life . It is learned that Earl enjoys watching football and playing poker , and he is a huge fan of Shakira . Robby says that Earl is one of the all - time great pranksters . He once went to college , but only stayed for four days . Earl is an unseen character for much of the series , but finally makes an appearance in the second - season episode `` ( We 're So Sorry ) Uncle Earl . '' It is revealed that Earl 's lifelong ambition is to be a rock star , and he hopes that Miley will be able to help him achieve that goal . Miley learns in a dream sequence that the table with the brightly - colored mannequin legs , often seen in the Stewarts ' kitchen , was bought by Robby at one of Uncle Earl 's garage sales . Aunt Pearl is Earl 's wife . In a similar manner to Earl , she has provided the family with endless stories and jokes . Unlike Earl , who did eventually appear , Aunt Pearl has remained completely unseen on screen , making her the longest - running unseen character in the show whose voice has not been heard . Luann Stewart ( Miley Cyrus ) is Miley 's cousin who visits from Tennessee in the episode `` Torn Between Two Hannahs . '' She looks very similar to Miley , except that she wears overalls , braids her hair , and speaks in a more exaggerated southern accent . Miley is convinced that Luann is evil , although Robby does n't believe it . Miley claims that Luann pushed her down a well when she was six years old ; Robby thinks that Luann is nice because she pulled Miley back out . Luann causes Miley trouble by dressing up as Hannah Montana and threatening to reveal her secret . Oliver and Luann are attracted to each other , but they never date . Throughout the episode , Miley makes several witch - related comments about Luann in keeping with the episode 's Halloween theme . Because Miley Cyrus portrayed Luann , this made her a type of evil twin . Bobby Ray Stewart ( Billy Ray Cyrus ) is Robby 's identical twin brother and Earl 's brother from Tennessee and Luanne 's father . Like his daughter , Bobby has an exaggerated southern accent . Truscott family ( edit ) Kenneth `` Ken '' Truscott ( Jon Cryer ) is an accountant . He first appears in season 3 in the episode `` The Wheel Near My Bed ( Keeps On Turnin ' ) '' and reappears in season 4 in the episode `` I am mamaw , Hear me roar '' . In `` It 's a Mannequin 's World , '' Lilly complains that he got her a savings bond for her birthday , seen by Lilly as worthless because she ca n't spend it . Although he is separated from Lilly 's mother , he is known to spend time with Lilly and keep her accountable for her school work . Lilly says that he likes bran muffins and is susceptible to back injuries . He lives an hour away from Lilly . He has his own business but he fakes that he 's successful and has an assistant called Margaret . He is lactose intolerant , but still eats ice cream , revealed in `` It 's the End of Jake As We Know It . '' Heather Truscott ( Heather Locklear ) is Lilly 's mother . She first appears at a PTA meeting at the Stewarts ' home in `` Lilly 's Mom has Got It Goin ' On . '' She goes on a date with Robby , but things turn cold when she refuses to let Robby pay for her meal . Miley describes Heather as `` uptight , '' and Lilly eventually agrees with her . She reconciles with Robby , but they are no longer seen dating . Heather gets a job in Atlanta forcing Lilly to move . She attends a Hannah concert dressed as Lola Luftnagle 's mother . She is divorced from Lilly 's father . Earlier Heather bought Lilly a pair of horn - rimmed glasses which Lilly is embarrassed to wear . Lilly 's brother is first mentioned in the episode `` Miley Get Your Gum '' but Lilly later wishes that she has a brother in `` Would I Lie To You Lilly ? '' . He had a pet hamster ( who is later seen under the ownership of Lilly ) . Other than him , no other siblings are mentioned . Mostly Lily 's brother disappeared like the Chuck Cunningham syndrome and Lily is an only child . Lilly 's grandfather got run over by a school bus . In the episode `` Good Golly Miss Dolly '' , Lilly says that Principal Fisher reminds her of him . Lilly 's other grandparents smell like oatmeal and Lilly says that her Dad uses the puppy dog look to make her shampoo Grandma . Oken family ( edit ) Nancy Oken is Oliver 's mother . Although unseen , Nancy is often portrayed as having exaggerated masculine characteristics . She is sometimes heard off screen using her `` man voice '' when she 's angry . When Oliver 's pet fish died , she flushed it down the toilet . She works as a police officer , then got promoted to detective and earlier had a job as a security officer . She makes homemade fried chicken . Mr. Oken is very over-protective and still holds Oliver 's hand in parking lots . Oliver 's brother loves to go to Mozzarella Mousie 's and Make A Moose . Aunt Harriet is Oliver 's aunt . Has a habit of chewing gum and is seen in season 1 episode 2 . Suave family ( edit ) Rico Suave Sr. is Rico 's father and owner of Rico 's post . Mrs. Suave Rico 's mother was heard in an episode `` Ready , Set , Do n't Drive '' . Mateo Suave ( Mateo Arias ) is Rico 's older brother . Rico 's sister is Rico 's older sister . She flirted with Jackson , but he is distracted by the fact that she is Rico 's sister . Teresa is Rico 's cousin . She goes out on a date with Jackson , but he is distracted again by the fact that she is Rico 's cousin . Alejandro Nuñez Gonzales Uberto Sifuentes , a.k.a. `` Angus '' ( Moises Arias ) Rico 's Australian / Mexican cousin . Rico thinks that he is more good - looking than him even though the two could be twins . Supporting characters ( edit ) School staff ( edit ) Francis Corelli ( Greg Baker ) is a teacher of Miley , Lilly and Oliver . He is sometimes weird . He often teaches in an exaggerated fashion , by trying to be the `` cool teacher '' , but he is the cool and fun teacher . He is usually star struck when he meets a celebrity like jake or Hannah Montana . Even though he is unaware that Miley is Hannah Montana . It is later revealed that he lives in his mom 's basement . He was Hannah 's private tutor in the episode `` When You Wish You Where The Star '' Karen Kunkle ( Erin Matthews ) is a teacher of Miley , Lilly , Oliver , Jackson and Rico . She is very strict to Miley and Jackson . In an attempt to get good grades , Jackson sets his father up on a date with Karen Kunkle , but fails when his father has an argument with her over his cooking ingredients . She revealed to Miley that she 's from Detroit , and that she does n't find her country sayings charming . Lori ( Christine Taylor ) is a nurse at Seaview High School whom Robby Ray is dating . Miley first overhears her phone - conversation with her mother ( continuously trying to set her up with dates in order to get discounts ) , and sets her up with Robby Ray . She only appears in three episodes . Students ( edit ) Sarah ( Morgan York ) , sometimes called `` Saint '' Sarah by Lilly , is Miley 's classmate who represents a typical nerd girl . She is an environmentalist , a supporter of animal rights , and especially concerned about the poor and needy . Her interest in causes is something she evidently inherited from her parents who met at a blood drive and honeymooned while volunteering for the Peace Corps . Sarah gets up every day at 4 a.m. , except for Saturdays , when she sleeps in to 5 : 30 a.m. She owns only two pairs of socks , thinking that having anymore would be extravagant . She once worked for Rico at the surf shop , and had her father Woody ( Ed Begley Jr . ) provide electric power by riding an exercise bike . Sarah is very polite and kind , but can also be quite assertive when she needs to . She briefly dated Oliver after they worked on a school project together , but she broke up with him because they had nothing to talk about . She also dated Jackson very briefly after a misunderstanding . Sarah 's trademark is saying something very unpleasant , and then saying a cheery `` Bye ! '' and walking away . Sarah also hyperventilates whenever she is in Hannah Montana 's presence , apparently unable to pronounce her name . This has now occurred on two occasions , `` Money for Nothing , Guilt for Free '' in Season 1 and `` Hannah Montana to the Principal 's Office '' in Season 4 . So far , Sarah has appeared in `` Money for Nothing , Guilt for Free '' , `` My Boyfriend 's Jackson and There 's Gonna Be Trouble '' , `` The Idol Side of Me '' , `` Cuffs Will Keep Us Together '' , `` You Are So Sue - able to Me '' , `` Song Sung Bad '' , `` Lilly 's Mom Has Got It Goin ' On '' , `` Would I Lie to You , Lilly ? '' , `` Sweet Home Hannah Montana '' , `` Hannah Montana to the Principal 's Office '' and `` Love That Let 's Go '' . It is revealed that her and Joannie 's parents are dating . Joannie Palumbo ( Hayley Chase ) is Lilly 's rival since the second grade . When they were young , Joannie used to bully Lilly , cutting her kite loose and popping her balloon . Lilly has been trying to beat Joannie at something since the second grade . She is a vegetarian . In `` Joannie B. Goode '' , Joannie starts to date Oliver much to the dismay of Lilly and Miley . However , after a sleepover , Lilly and Joannie learn that they have a lot in common and they become friends , driving Miley to become more competitive . Joannie and Oliver continue to date for 11 more episodes until their break up in `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Friend '' . In `` Sweet Home Hannah Montana '' , it is shown that Joannie also became friends with Miley . So far , Joannie appeared in `` Cuffs Will Keep Us Together '' , `` Joannie B. Goode '' , `` Do n't Go Breaking My Tooth '' , `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Friend '' , `` Sweet Home Hannah Montana '' and `` Hannah Montana to the Principal 's Office '' . It is revealed in ' ' Joannie B. Goode ' ' that she is not a fan of Hannah Montana and actually dislikes her music ( to Miley 's dismay ) , though she quickly changes her mind in ' ' Hannah Montana to the Principle 's Office ' ' when Hannah accidentally called her by her first name before being formally introduced , with Joannie claiming ' ' Her starpower cut right through my macho facade ' ' . It is said that her and Sarah 's parents are dating , so it is possible that they may have become stepsisters after the show had ended . Thor ( Andrew Caldwell ) is from fictional Mooville , Minnesota . He first appeared in `` Me and Rico Down by the School Yard '' , as the new kid at Seaview High . Thor became acquainted with Jackson on the first day of school , to which Thor quickly labeled him as his new best friend , much to Jackson 's annoyance . Later , Jackson remembered what it was like for him to be the new kid that everyone thought was a loser , and stuck up for Thor when he was being ridiculed by the other students . Thor usually comes off as being very friendly and has been known to be totally oblivious to when people make fun of him , or when he is found annoying to others . Thor was also seen in `` You Are So Sue - able to Me '' and `` Get Down and Study - udy - udy '' . Thor is mentioned in `` You Gotta Not Fight for Your Right to Party '' in which he lends Jackson his pickup truck . Max ( Teo Olivares ) tells Thor that Jackson is the welcoming committee and that California girls like guys who churn their own butter . Jackson invites Max to his party . Max says girls are saying hi to him just because he knows him . Max 's girlfriend is a stereotypical nerd and is in the chess club at school . Max appears in `` Me and Rico Down by the School Yard '' and `` Sleepwalk This Way '' . In `` Welcome to the Bungle '' , Jackson says that Max 's parents have extra Laker tickets . He and Jackson play basketball . Miley gives Max $20 to tell Lilly she has the ugliest ears in Seaview High history and a squeaky voice in `` What I Do n't Like About You '' . He 's normally seen hanging out at the beach . Johnny Collins ( Corbin Bleu ) is Miley 's schoolmate who appears in the pilot episode . Miley has a huge crush on him but is afraid to speak to him . Johnny is a fan of Hannah Montana , and gets her autograph after her Los Angeles concert . He asks her to sign it to Johnny , claiming that Johnny is his little brother . Johnny is not seen again until close to the end of the second season in `` We 're All On This Date Together '' . His two - year absence was the result of going to school in Arizona which is reference to Bleu 's role as Chad Danforth in High School Musical , which is actually set in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Rico calls Johnny `` Poodle Dude '' , referencing his curly afro . He apparently comes from a rich family as he buys a dinner date with Hannah Montana for $19,000 at a charity auction . Chad ( Kyle Kaplan ) is a schoolmate of Miley , Lilly and Oliver . In `` Miley Get Your Gum '' , Oliver has a feud with Chad which starts with Chad sticking his used gum onto Oliver 's `` Hannah hand '' . Later , when Chad 's locker is stuck , Oliver refuses to help him open it . Chad later sticks another piece of used gum on a picture of Hannah in Oliver 's locker . Chad makes a speaking cameo in `` Mascot Love '' where he complains that Pirate Pete is blocking his view of the cheerleaders . Gabe Lammatti ( Chris Zylka ) , called `` Hottie Lammatti with the Swimmer 's Body '' , is a student at Seaview High , who all the girls constantly fawn over . Sarah goes with him to the dance . He asks Miley out but Jackson blocks him . Todd ( Patrick Ryan Anderson ) is one of Lilly 's guy friends from high school . He does n't recognize Lilly after she changes her look . He asks Lilly to the dance , but she already had plans to go with Matt . He and Lilly also spend time surfing . Todd is the first person to taste the `` Cheese Jerky '' and realize how delicious it is , foreshadowing it 's possible commercial success . He appears in `` You Did n't Say It Was Your Birthday '' where he enthusiastically bids on the likeness of Darth Vader which Lilly and Oliver discovered in a bag of chips . ( This was a parody of the Virgin Mary grilled cheese sandwich . ) `` Dandruff '' Danny ( Jack Taylor ) is a classmate of Miley 's who has excessive dandruff . He is bullied by the Cracker . Danny appears in `` Good Golly , Miss Dolly '' , `` School Bully '' , `` New Kid At School '' and `` The Idol Side of Me '' . Other characters ( edit ) Blue Jeans is Miley 's horse . His first appearance was in Hannah Montana : The Movie . In `` Miley Says Goodbye ? '' , Miley brings him to Malibu . It is possible that the Hannah - song `` Old Blue Jeans '' is a reference to him , as Miley recalled in `` Love That Let 's Go '' how she named him because he was tugging on her old blue jeans . Mikayla ( Selena Gomez ) is a pop star who is very similar to Hannah , but is so far much less successful due to Hannah being in the industry for longer . Hannah first meets Mikayla on Colin Lassiter 's television show where , on air , the two girls share kind and supportive words . After cutting to commercials , Mikayla bluntly informs Hannah that she despises her , starting a rivalry between the girls . Hannah and Mikayla appear together with Lassiter a second time for a telethon fundraiser where they trade insults . However , to the public , the girls pretend to be friends . Mikaylas first top 10 hit is `` If Cupid Had a Heart '' . Like Hannah Montana , Mikayla 's career also includes acting . Her film debut is Roger Bucks : Intergalactic Bounty Hunter in which she stars as `` Alien Babe '' alongside Jake Ryan . Though her character may appear arrogant and shallow based on her behavior towards Hannah , Mikayla actually has been shown to have a much softer side towards others . Mikayla appears in `` I Want You to Want Me ... to Go to Florida , '' `` That 's What Friends Are For ? , '' and `` ( We 're So Sorry ) Uncle Earl . '' Mikayla 's music is panned by critic Barney Bittman ( Gilbert Gottfried ) who calls her a `` teen poop sensation , '' and says `` If Mikayla had a heart , she 'd stop singing ! '' Though Mikayla hates Hannah , she really likes Miley ( not knowing they are the same person ) and considers Miley her friend though she does n't like Lilly . Little girl ( Noah Cyrus ) is a recurring character who make brief appearances in seasons 1 , 2 and 4 . She portrays a mean and weird little girl in seven episodes so far . It is assumed that she knows Hannah 's secret because she is in the ball pit when Hannah and Lola switch wigs in `` Money for Nothing , Guilt for Free '' . It is revealed that her soccer mom has a tazor , and that she was able to climb a rope when she was four , mocking Miley because she is afraid . Liposuction Liza ( Lisa Arch ) is Hannah 's former assistant . She is mostly known for her photography and advertisement career , getting Hannah to promote zit cream and perfume in a couple of episodes in season 1 . She returns in season 3 to take pictures of Jackson and Oliver for her online dating ad , in which the two portray average , unattractive guys that women would not want to date . She seems to have a one - sided crush on Robby . Colin Lasitter ( Michael Kagan ) is a talkshow host . He is often blunt , asks very un-maneuverable questions , overly dramatic , but also is friendly throughout his six episode appearances in seasons 1 - 4 . Considering that he was the first to interview Hannah , and that he created a bond with her long before her secret came out , he was initially upset at Miley for doing her ' ' big reveal ' ' on rival talk show host Jay Leno 's show , and then an in - depth interview with news anchor Robin Roberts , leaving him last in line with her interview ( groaning while calling himself Colin ' ' Last In Line ' ' Lasitter ) . Miley 's ditching of the famous blonde wig caused many angry parents to call in and complain about her actions in `` killing - off Hannah '' , much in the same way fans of the series responded negatively towards Miley Cyrus ' more provocative image at the time . Wendy ( Sandy Brown ) is the over-enthusiastic host of the `` Wake - up it 's Wendy Show '' . She first interviewed Hannah in the wake of `` Jacksannah '' in `` My Boyfriend 's Jackson and There 's Gonna be Trouble '' , where Hannah `` broke up '' with Jackson . She appeared again in `` That 's What Friends Are For '' when interviewing Jake Ryan and Mikayla on their up - and - coming movie . She told Jake it takes her a while to shake - off her over-enthusiastic persona after finishing an interview . Mack and Mickey ( Terry Rhoads and Leigh - Allyn Baker respectively ) are 2 quirky talk show hosts that first appeared in Miley 's dream in `` He Ai n't A Hottie , He 's My Brother '' . Mack is portrayed as the egocentric and slightly dimwitted male counterpart to Mickey . In `` Welcome To The Bungle '' it is revealed that Mickey is pregnant , this is due to Baker 's real - life pregnancy at the time , which resulted in her being cast as Amy Duncan in the fellow Disney Channel Sitcom Good Luck Charlie . Byron and Andy ( Charles Shaughnessy and John Henton ) are 2 of Hannah 's co-judges on the talent show `` America 's Top Talent '' ( a parody of America 's Got Talent and American Idol ) . Byron is a parody of Simon Cowell and Andy is a parody of Randy Jackson . Real - life American Idol judge Kara DioGuardi portrayed herself alongside Byron and Andy in `` Judge Me Tender '' . Minor characters ( edit ) Rachel ( Summer Bishil ) is Miley and Jake 's classmate from Spanish class . She and Jake Ryan start dating in `` Good Golly , Miss Dolly , '' a fact that Miley learns just after working up the courage to tell Jake her feelings for him . In `` People Who Use People '' , it is said that Jake broke up with Rachel . Lucas ( Sterling Knight ) boyfriend of Lilly in the episode `` My Best Friend 's Boyfriend '' . Miley finds out he is cheating on Lilly in the same episode and then Lilly breaks up with him . Henrietta Laverne ( Jaelin Palmer ) also known as `` The Cracker '' appears in `` Schooly Bully '' . She bullys Dandruff Danny , then starts to bully Miley . Miley and Lilly hear rumor that she was kicked out of her old school and they get scared . Miley asks Roxy for help , but she refuses so Miley acts like a Puma to scare The Cracker off . Which does not work . In the end , Miley and Lilly conduct a plan for the principal to catch The Cracker , and it worked , which turned out to be Roxy using reverse psychology . It is also assumed that she bullies people because she was bullied because of her name . Guillermo Montoya ( Michael Steger ) is , in Oliver 's opinion , the greatest tennis player in the world . He appears backstage at a Hannah concert where he meets Hannah , Lola , and for the first time , Mike Standley . He is a fierce competitor and claims to never lose . He plays in the United People 's Relief Celebrity Pro-Am tournament , and picks Hannah as his celebrity partner after Kelly Clarkson has to drop out . Joey Vitolo ( Joey Fatone ) is a retired Major League Baseball player and was the first player to hit five home runs in his first five at bats . His career was abruptly ended after he injured his shoulder doing a celebratory cartwheel on his last home run . After leaving baseball he owns and operates `` Vitolo 's '' , an Italian restaurant in Pasadena . He tends to shy away from fans , possibly from the ill treatment he has received by sportscasters after his retirement . It is also revealed that he has an ambition of becoming a pop star . He performs with Hannah at `` Vitolo 's '' . His daughter , Angela Vitolo ( Juliette Goglia ) , Joey Vitolo 's daughter , is a huge fan of Hannah Montana . Cindy Merriweather ( Edie McClurg ) is the puppeteer of Pancake Buffalo ( actually performed by Victor Yerrid , voiced by Susie Geiser ) , the puppet star of a long running children 's television program . Pancake is a purple buffalo puppet and has a large number of loyal fans , known as `` Buffalo Buddies . '' Merriweather pretends that Pancake is real . She has a weakness for Swiss truffles . Isis ( Rachel York ) is a famous pop star who has dominated the charts for 20 years . Both Miley and Lilly have been fans of Isis since they were young . Hannah and Lola meet Isis in `` Yet Another Side of Me '' where she makes Hannah question her career . Isis is based on the real - life pop star Madonna . Both are named after revered maternal figures ( Isis and the Madonna ) and both are known for regularly changing their image . Isis ' songs `` Immaterial Girl '' and `` Impress Yourself '' reference Madonna 's songs `` Material Girl '' and `` Express Yourself '' . Austin Rain ( Mark Hapka ) is a young country rocker who collaborates with Hannah for the successful duet `` Us Is n't Us without You . '' Austin and Hannah 's publicists have them fake date in public , but they both secretly hate each other . Hannah comes clean about the relationship live on The Real Deal with Colin Lassiter , his real name is Albert Niedermayer . Evan ( Kunal Sharma ) is Traci 's boyfriend in `` It 's My Party and I 'll Lie If I Want To '' . Traci mentioned having an ex-boyfriend in `` Once , Twice , Three Times Afraidy '' . Holly ( Josie Lopez ) is an actress who appeared in a commercial for a toe fungus treatment . She stars alongside Jake Ryan in a film and they fake date to increase publicity . Marissa Hughes ( Nicole Anderson ) is an actress who stars in Teen Gladiators and the Sword of Fire with Jake Ryan . According to Jake , he and Marissa pretend to be dating to increase interest in the film , similarly to how he had earlier dated Holly . On Jake and Marissa 's fake date he says Miley 's name rather than Marissa . Alison ( Katerina Graham ) is Jackson 's on and off - again girlfriend . She appeared in episodes , `` No Sugar , Sugar . ( cancelled ) '' , `` Jake ... Another Little Piece of My Heart '' and `` Uptight ( Oliver 's all aight ) . She was last seen when she dumped Jackson after he got a good mark on a test because of her . Heather ( Gina DeVivo ) is a skateboard competitor . She has beaten Lilly multiple times in an annual competition , and enjoys taunting Lilly about it . Her sidekick friend is Kim ( Destiny Edmond ) . Crossover characters ( edit ) Hannah Montana is set in the same universe as That 's So Raven , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , Cory in the House , The Suite Life on Deck , Jessie and Austin and Ally . On a few rare occasions , characters from these shows ( with the exception of That 's So Raven and Wizards of Waverly Place and Jessie and Austin and Ally - which had n't been created yet ) have appeared in Hannah Montana in special crossover episodes . Maddie Fitzpatrick ( Ashley Tisdale ) , a character originating in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , is an employee of Boston 's Tipton Hotel and a big fan of Hannah Montana . Maddie appears in `` On the Road Again ? '' in which she meets Hannah and Robby while they visit the Tipton on tour . Hannah says that Maddie is a friend of hers , presumably from when they met in the Suite Life episode `` The That 's So Suite Life Of Hannah Montana . '' Hannah gave Maddie tickets to her concert . Maddie 's mother , Margie Fitzpatrick , is a fan of Robbie Ray . Maddie is starstruck when she meets him . She later appears in San Diego to see Robbie Ray 's comeback performance , but arrives too late to see the show . She is nonetheless excited to see that they have not left yet . President Richard Martinez ( John D'Aquino ) is the President of the United States . Hannah performs a concert for him and his family . The character originated in Cory in the House . The president embarrasses his daughter by trying to act cool in front of Hannah Montana . Roxy saves him from contaminated sushi and he immediately asks her to work for the Secret Service . Sophie Martinez ( Madison Pettis ) is President Martinez 's seven - year - old daughter , also originating in Cory in the House . Sophie is an enthusiastic Hannah Montana fan and is excited when she gets to meet her . She later dresses up like Hannah , and Lilly dresses up like Hannah in order to cover for Miley while she goes to look for Roxy . Sophie is unconvinced that Lilly is Hannah because she has no talent . Agent Kaplan ( Laird Macintosh ) is a childish Secret Service agent who is assigned to protect President Martinez and Sophie . He seems to enjoy playing with dolls and is excited about going to the `` Make - A-Moose '' store . He does not appear on Cory in the House , yet appears in the crossover episode `` Take This Job and Love It . '' Marion Moseby from The Suite Life on Deck appears in the episode `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' as part of the Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana crossover event . Mr. Moseby spends most of the time trying to make Hannah 's stay on the SS Tipton comfortable by keeping her away from crazed fans . Miley appears solely as Hannah in the whole crossover event . Lydia is a maid on board the S.S. Tipton who finds Miley 's charm anklet . London Tipton ( Brenda Song ) is bitter at Hannah that she will not record the theme song for Yay Me Starring London Tipton . She finds Hannah 's anklet and accidentally drops it overboard in disgust after learning the diamonds are synthetic imitations . Hannah apparently performed at one of London 's birthday parties , but she was never paid , and is still owed . Zack Martin ( Dylan Sprouse ) spots Hannah on the S.S. Tipton and tries to impress her by getting dessert for her . Cody Martin ( Cole Sprouse ) and Bailey Pickett ( Debby Ryan ) appear as a couple in `` Super ( stitious ) Girl . '' Hannah gives them tickets to her concert in Hawaii , as well as to the afterparty . Hannah met Cody years earlier , in `` The That 's So Suite Life Of Hannah Montana , '' though she was only able to recognize Cody ( mistaking him for Zack ) in Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana when he had cake on his shirt . ( This was because in `` That 's So Suite Life Of Hannah Montana '' she ate cake off Zack 's shirt ) . Real - life characters ( edit ) Real - life celebrities portrayed by themselves ( edit ) Larry David was the first celebrity to guest star as himself . He appeared in `` My Best Friend 's Boyfriend '' along with his daughters Cazzie and Romy David . The Davids wait over an hour to be seated at a restaurant . In order to get seated faster , Larry tells the maître d ' ( Jorge Luis Abreu ) it is Romy 's birthday , and then Cazzie 's birthday . When Hannah arrives at the restaurant she is seated immediately , prompting Romy to say `` face it dad , she 's bigger than you . '' This scene is a reference to the popular Seinfeld episode `` The Chinese Restaurant '' . Jesse McCartney attends a Hannah Montana concert in `` When You Wish You Were the Star . '' He later invites Hannah to come with him and some friends to `` The Dragon Room '' ( a reference to `` The Viper Room '' ) , but Hannah is unable to go because Miley is too busy . This leads her to make the wish that she was Hannah all the time , thinking that life would be much easier . After making her wish , Jesse McCartney is her hopelessly infatuated boyfriend . He even buys her a private island called `` Papoey . '' . He also guest starred as himself in an episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , as a guest of the Tipton Hotel . The Jonas Brothers ( Kevin , Joe , and Nick Jonas ) appear in `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' Hannah and Robbie Ray first meet the Jonas Brothers at the recording studios . Robby develops a friendship with the boys and writes the song `` We Got the Party '' for them . Robby seems to have so much fun hanging out with the Jonas Brothers , that Miley becomes jealous and tries to discredit his songwriting in front of the Jonas Brothers . Hannah later collaborates with the band in a rendition of `` We Got the Party . '' Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson comes to town for his new film in `` Do n't Stop Till You Get the Phone . '' Johnson falls victim to Miley 's plot to get an embarrassing picture of him -- something Miley does to keep a picture of Hannah being published that could reveal her secret . Miley and Lilly masquerade as complimentary hotel beauticians , visiting Johnson at his room and tricking him into getting a makeover . The plan works perfectly , although Miley immediately feels guilty about the plan and offers the picture back to Johnson . The girls wind up befriending him and he helps Miley get the Hannah picture back from the publisher . Donny Osmond appears at a charity auction for beach conservation in `` We 're All On This Date Together . '' Osmond serves as the auctioneer , credited as himself . John Cena appears on `` Love That Let 's Go . '' Jackson flips to a page in a wrestling magazine with John Cena , with the top of the page reading , `` Grrrrr ... '' on it . When he moves and says , `` What are you looking at me for , you troglodite ? '' Cena walks up to him from behind and touches him . Jackson steps away and Cena tells him to read the book ( not the magazine ) . Jackson replies , `` But reading hurts , '' so Cena picks him up and slams him . Then , he locks him up in a submission , uses the Attitude Adjustment on him , does his signature `` You Ca n't See Me '' and uses the Five Knuckle Shuffle . At the point of Jackson almost getting hit , he wakes up . Ray Romano , the star of the TV show Everybody Loves Raymond , appears in `` We 're All On This Date Together . '' A round of golf with Romano is being offered at a charity auction which is eventually sold to Oliver for $11 . Oliver winds up going with Lilly instead because Romano is too embarrassed that nobody knows who he is and that he only went for $11 ( out of pity ) . Rob Reiner , one of the top film directors in Hollywood , directs the feature film Indiana Joannie and the Curse of the Golden Cobra ( a parody of the Indiana Jones wfilm series ) hich stars Chace Crawford and Hannah Montana . Hannah at first desperately wants the part , but later tries to lose the job in order to impress Oliver . Hannah acts like a diva in front of Riener who assumes that she is trying to impress him with her acting skills . Hannah proves that she is not acting by dumping a cup of ice water down Reiner 's shirt . Nancy O'Dell appears as herself in `` Cheat It . '' She interviews Hannah and Austin Rain on the red carpet at the 15th annual Teen Scene Awards . David Archuleta comes to California in `` Promma Mia '' in order to do some recording . He asks Hannah to record a duet with him ( `` I Wanna Know You '' ) and she accepts , while at the same time going back on her promise to attend prom with her schoolmate Aaron . While recording the song , Archuleta gives Hannah a rose which reminds her of Aaron . She then decides not to break her promise , says a quick goodbye to Archuleta , and leaves the studio before finishing the song . Sheryl Crow appears as herself in the fourth season and sings a duet with Hannah called `` Need a Little Love '' Iyaz appears as himself in the fourth - season episode `` Hannah 's Gonna Get This '' and sings a duet with Hannah called `` Gonna Get This '' after her failure to make her fans like her new song . Jay Leno appears as himself . Hannah Montana : the Movie ( edit ) Tyra Banks fights with Hannah over a pair of shoes that are on sale . The `` shoe fight '' incident leads Robby to think that Miley may be letting her Hannah personality take her over completely . Steve Rushton performs at Lilly 's 16th birthday party in Hannah Montana : The Movie . The band Rascal Flatts are seen in Tennessee , performing at Grandma Ruby 's birthday party . Marcel sings with Robby at the barn party in Crowley Corners . Taylor Swift is also seen performing at the barn party . Oliver is a fan of Taylor Swift . Lilly tricks Oliver into bringing him to Miley 's house by blindfolding him and telling him they are going to Taylor Swift 's house . Later Oliver tries to come up with an understatement by saying `` Taylor Swift is a little bit cute . '' Bucky Covington also appears in Hannah Montana : The Movie . Colton Dixon and Schyler Dixon of American Idol fame appear as extras in the ending carnival scene . Real - life characters portrayed by others ( edit ) Don Sundquist , the Governor of Tennessee was at the October 1999 County Fair to award six - year - old Miley Ray Stewart the prize for winning the raspberry pie eating competition . Miley recalls throwing up on the governor , ruining his suit . Ever since Miley has been disgusted by raspberries . Orlando Bloom is seen briefly in `` Test of My Love , '' running away from Lola at a Putt - putt golf charity event . Bloom is often mentioned in the series as Lilly 's long - time celebrity crush . He is also mentioned in the series ' theme song `` The Best of Both Worlds '' . Arnold Schwarzenegger ( Lyndall Grant ) , the Governor of California , appears in `` Ready , Set , Do n't Drive . '' Schwarzenegger is in line at the Department of Motor Vehicles just in front of Miley and Lilly . He is denied his appointment by arriving two minutes late , and this helps Miley realize how strict the DMV is . Just before leaving , Schwarzenegger utters the famous line `` I 'll be back ! '' , referencing his role in the film The Terminator . Barack Obama ( Reggie Brown ) , the President of the United States of America , appears in `` Hannah Montana to the Principal 's Office '' . President Obama comes to the Stewart 's Ranch , after Miley makes a call to him to get her registered at her high school . He appears to be aware of Miley 's double - life , as well as other secrets about Lilly and Robby . Queen Elizabeth II ( Helen Duffy ) , the Queen of England , visits California and Hannah and Robby perform for her . Because the Queen is late , Hannah speeds the tempo of the song and abbreviates the lyrics so that she can still attend Jackson 's championship volleyball game . The Queen is attended by her humorless servant Simon Tisdale ( Patrick Kerr ) who briefs Hannah on Royal etiquette . The Queen is later seen , possibly in an apocryphal throwaway joke , visiting the Stewarts ' home and playing a dancing video game ( similar to Dance Dance Revolution ) with Mamaw . In `` Test of My Love , '' Trey 's parents invite Miley to a gala with Queen Elizabeth and Miley admits that she has already met the Queen , almost blowing her Hannah secret . Ozzy Osbourne ( Jason Earls ) Though this was not a fictional portrayal , Jackson impersonated Osbourne at a Hannah concert in order to lure Hannah 's critic Barney Bitman away from the concert . Characters from Hannah Montana : the Movie ( edit ) Travis Brody ( Lucas Till ) is Miley 's love interest in Hannah Montana : The Movie and comes from Crowley Corners in Tennessee . He was a childhood friend of Miley 's and does n't know her secret . When the towns people were angry about a mall being built , he suggests that Miley gets Hannah to perform a concert to support the town . When he finds out her secret he is upset that he was lied to , but learns to forgive her when she reveals her secret to the crowd at the concert . Their relationship does n't last into the TV series , as Miley ends up with Jesse . Vita ( Vanessa L. Williams ) is Hannah 's publicist and only appears in Hannah Montana : The Movie . She was not happy when she got into a fight with Tyra Banks over shoes , and later appears near the end of the film , to help keep Miley 's secret under wraps . Oswald Granger ( Peter Gunn ) is the main antagonist of the film . He is a paparazzo who tries to discover Miley 's secret . He follows her to Crowley Corners , on a tip given to him by Lilly . When he snaps a picture of Lilly dressed as Hannah , and thus keeps a low profile in the movie . When Miley decides to confess her secret to the people of Crowley Corners , Oswald snaps a picture and is chased down and cornered . He threatens to send the pictures to his editor , but is convinced by his own daughters not to spoil the secret . Lorelai ( Melora Hardin ) is Robby Ray 's love interest in Hannah Montana : The Movie . She is connected to the mayor as she was able to set up a meeting with him . Mr. Bradley ( Barry Bostwick ) is a land developer who plans on building a mall on the fields of Crowley Corners , much to the towns peoples objection , because of the loss of open land . He seems pretty set on his goal as he taunts the town by telling them they wo n't stop him . Travis convinces Miley to invite Hannah to support their town . After the concert at the end of the movie the mall development does n't pull through . Lucinda ( Jane Parr ) She is the editor of BonChic , a British Magazine and Oswald 's boss . She has a goal to find out Hannah Montana 's secret and expose it to the world , and has Oswald follow her to Crowley Corners , often giving him phone - calls to get his job done . When Oswald decides not to expose Miley / Hannah 's secret , he calls her and quits , calling Lucinda out for making others miserable . Ironically Miley 's secret is exposed in one of the final episodes of the series , I 'll Always Remember You . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` He Could Be The One '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 18 . July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Moose Rising '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 26 . March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We 're All on This Date Together '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 29 . October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's a Mannequin 's World '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 7 . May 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Idol Side of Me '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 24 . February 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ready , Set , Do n't Drive '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 2 . November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ooo , Ooo , Itchy Woman '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 9 . June 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mascot Love '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 8 . May 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Way We Almost Were n't '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 23 . May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Good Golly , Miss Dolly '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 16 . September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Oops ! I Meddled Again ! '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 11 . July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ This is the only hint at the cause of Susan 's death , as it seems the family had anticipated her death . Jump up ^ `` She 's a Supersneak '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 3 . April 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 20 . July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` You Give Lunch a Bad Name '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 12 . March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take This Job and Love It '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 8 . June 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smells Like Teen Sellout '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 25 . March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Debt It Be '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 20 . December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` That 's What Friends Are For ? '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 18 . October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Test of My Love '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 27 . August 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` We Are Family -- Now Get Me Some Water ! '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 22 . January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` More than a Zombie to Me '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 15 . September 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knock Knock Knockin ' on Jackson 's Head '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 11 . March 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Hannah , Hear Me Croak '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 5 . April 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Torn Between Two Hannahs '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 17 . October 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Achy Jakey Heart ( Part 1 ) '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 9 . June 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I Want You to Want Me ... to Go to Florida '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 13 . July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` You 're So Vain , You Probably Think This Zit is About You '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 13 . August 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Oliver says his mom is a cop in `` Me and Rico Down By the School Yard . '' In `` Hannah In the Streets With Diamonds , '' Oliver wears Nancy 's old uniform which is marked `` Security Officer . '' ^ Jump up to : `` You Are So Sue - able to Me '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 3 . April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( We 're So Sorry ) Uncle Earl '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 22 . March 21 , 2008 . 0 : 51 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Was Best - Friend Fighting '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 14 . July 29 , 2007 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Hannah In The Streets With Diamonds '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 25 . July 20 , 2008 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Yet Another Side of Me '' . Hannah Montana . Season 2 . Episode 26 . August 3 , 2008 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` Once , Twice , Three Times Afraidy '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 15 . May 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` People Who Use People '' . Hannah Montana . Season 1 . Episode 18 . November 3 , 2006 . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ No characters originating on That 's So Raven have appeared on Hannah Montana , yet Raven Baxter appeared alongside Hannah in a crossover episode on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . Hannah Montana also featured characters originating on Cory in the House which followed other characters from That 's So Raven . Jump up ^ `` Cheat It '' . Hannah Montana . Season 3 . Episode 10 . March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) ( hide ) Hannah Montana Episodes Season 1 Characters Miley Stewart Robby Stewart Main characters Notable episodes `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` Achy Jakey Heart '' `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' `` I 'll Always Remember You '' `` Wherever I Go '' Discography ( songs ) Hannah Montana Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana : The Movie Hannah Montana 3 Hannah Montana Forever Feature films Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert Hannah Montana : The Movie Concerts and tours Hannah Montana : Live in London Best of Both Worlds Tour Merchandise Books Home video releases Video games Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hannah_Montana_characters&oldid=807598335 '' Categories : Hannah Montana characters Lists of children 's television characters Lists of Disney television series characters Lists of minor fictional characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Lists of American television series characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Português Română Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 00 : 02 . 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when did jazz became popular in the united states	The Jazz Age was a period in the 1920s and 1930s in which jazz music and dance styles rapidly gained nationwide popularity . The Jazz Age 's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States , the birthplace of jazz . Originating in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music , jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period , and its influence on pop culture continued long afterwards . The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties . American author F. Scott Fitzgerald is widely credited with coining the term , first using it in the title of his 1922 short story collection , Tales of the Jazz Age .	a period in the 1920s and 1930s	Jazz Age	jazz age	The Jazz Age was a period in the 1920s and 1930s in which jazz music and dance styles rapidly gained nationwide popularity . The Jazz Age 's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States , the birthplace of jazz . Originating in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music , jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes in this period , and its influence on pop culture continued long afterwards . The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties . American author F. Scott Fitzgerald is widely credited with coining the term , first using it in the title of his 1922 short story collection , Tales of the Jazz Age .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Jazz music 1.2 Prohibition 2 History 3 Radio 4 Cultural impacts 4.1 Youth 4.2 Role of women 4.3 Classical music 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Jazz music ( edit ) Main article : Jazz Jazz music originated in New Orleans in the `` sub-style '' of Dixieland Jazz . Jazz is the hybrid of African and European influence . From African influence , jazz got its rhythm , `` blues '' quality , and traditions of playing or singing in one 's own expressive way . From European influence , jazz got its harmony and instruments ( saxophone , trumpet , piano , etc . ) . Both influences used improvisation which became a large part of jazz . New Orleans provided great opportunity for such an occurrence because it was a port city , with many different cultures and beliefs intertwined . While in New Orleans , jazz gained influence from creole , ragtime , and most importantly blues music . Two important aspects of jazz are swing and improvisation . The famous jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong 's most influential impact upon jazz was bringing an improvisational soloist to the forefront of a piece . The birth of jazz music is credited to African Americans , but expanded and over time became modified to become socially acceptable to middle - class white Americans . Those critical of jazz saw it as music from people with no training or skill . White performers were used as a vehicle for the popularization of jazz music in America . Even though the jazz movement was taken over by the middle - class white population , it facilitated the mesh of African American traditions and ideals with white middle - class society . Cities like New York and Chicago were cultural centers for jazz , and especially for African - American artists . People who were not familiar with jazz music could not recognize it by the way Africans Americans wrote it . Furthermore , the way African - American writers wrote about jazz music made it seem as though it was not a cultural achievement of the race . The birth of jazz music is credited to African Americans , but expanded and over time became modified to become socially acceptable to middle - class white Americans . Those critical of jazz saw it as music from people with no training or skill . White performers were used as a vehicle for the popularization of jazz music in America . Even though the jazz movement was taken over by the middle - class white population , it facilitated the mesh of African American traditions and ideals with white middle - class society . Cities like New York and Chicago were cultural centers for jazz , and especially for African - American artists . People who were not familiar with jazz music could not recognize it by the way Africans Americans wrote it . Furthermore , the way African - American writers wrote about jazz music made it seem as though it was not a cultural achievement of the race . Prohibition ( edit ) Main article : Prohibition in the United States Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production , importation , transportation , and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933 . In the 1920s the laws were widely disregarded , and tax revenues were lost . Very well organized criminal gangs took control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities , unleashing a crime wave that shocked the nation . By the late 1920s a new opposition mobilized nationwide . Wets attacked prohibition as causing crime , lowering local revenues , and imposing rural Protestant religious values on urban America . Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment , which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5 , 1933 . Some states continued statewide prohibition , marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era . History ( edit ) From 1920 to 1933 Prohibition in the United States banned the sale of alcoholic drinks , resulting in illicit speakeasies which became lively venues of the `` Jazz Age '' , hosting popular music including current dance songs , novelty songs and show tunes . Jazz began to get a reputation as being immoral , and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old cultural values and promoting the new decadent values of the Roaring Twenties . Professor Henry van Dyke of Princeton University wrote : `` ... it is not music at all . It 's merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing , a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion . '' The media too began to denigrate jazz . The New York Times used stories and headlines to pick at jazz : Siberian villagers were said by the paper to have used jazz to scare off bears , when in fact they had used pots and pans ; another story claimed that the fatal heart attack of a celebrated conductor was caused by jazz . From 1919 , Kid Ory 's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles , where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings . That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith , the most famous of the 1920s blues singers . Chicago , meanwhile , was the main center developing the new `` Hot Jazz '' , where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson . Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924 . That same year , Louis Armstrong joined the Fletcher Henderson dance band as featured soloist , leaving in 1925 . The original New Orleans style was polyphonic , with theme variation and simultaneous collective improvisation . Armstrong was a master of his hometown style , but by the time he joined Henderson 's band , he was already a trailblazer in a new phase of jazz , with its emphasis on arrangements and soloists . Armstrong 's solos went well beyond the theme - improvisation concept , and extemporized on chords , rather than melodies . According to Schuller , by comparison , the solos by Armstrong 's bandmates ( including a young Coleman Hawkins ) , sounded `` stiff , stodgy , '' with `` jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality . '' The following example shows a short excerpt of the straight melody of `` Mandy , Make Up Your Mind '' by George W. Meyer and Arthur Johnston ( top ) , compared with Armstrong 's solo improvisations ( below ) ( recorded 1924 ) . ( The example approximates Armstrong 's solo , as it does not convey his use of swing . ) Top : excerpt from the straight melody of `` Mandy , Make Up Your Mind '' by George W. Meyer & Arthur Johnston . Bottom : corresponding solo excerpt by Louis Armstrong ( 1924 ) . Armstrong 's solos were a significant factor in making jazz a true 20th - century language . After leaving Henderson 's group , Armstrong formed his virtuosic Hot Five band , which included instrumentalist 's Kid Ory ( trombone ) , Johnny Dodds ( clarinet ) , Johnny St. Cyr ( banjo ) , and wife Lil on piano , where he popularized scat singing . Jelly Roll Morton recorded with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in an early mixed - race collaboration , then in 1926 formed his Red Hot Peppers . There was a larger market for jazzy dance music played by white orchestras , such as Jean Goldkette 's orchestra and Paul Whiteman 's orchestra . In 1924 Whiteman commissioned Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue , which was premiered by Whiteman 's Orchestra . By the mid-1920s , Whiteman was the most popular bandleader in the U.S. His success was based on a `` rhetoric of domestication '' according to which he had elevated and rendered valuable a previously inchoate kind of music . Other influential large ensembles included Fletcher Henderson 's band , Duke Ellington 's band ( which opened an influential residency at the Cotton Club in 1927 ) in New York , and Earl Hines ' Band in Chicago ( who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928 ) . All significantly influenced the development of big band - style swing jazz . By 1930 , the New Orleans - style ensemble was a relic , and jazz belonged to the world . Some famous black artists of the time were Ella Fitzgerald , Louis Armstrong , Duke Ellington , and Count Basie . Several musicians grew up in musical families , where a family member would often teach how to read and play music . Some musicians , like Pops Foster , learned on homemade instruments . Urban radio stations played African - American jazz more frequently than suburban stations , due to the concentration of African Americans in urban areas such as New York and Chicago . Younger demographics popularized the black - originated dances such as the Charleston as part of the immense cultural shift the popularity of jazz music generated . The migration of African Americans from the American south introduced the culture born out of a repressive , unfair society to the American north where navigating through a society with little ability to change played a vital role in the birth of jazz . Radio ( edit ) The rapid national spread of jazz was enabled by the introduction of large - scale radio broadcasts in 1932 . The radio was described as the `` sound factory . '' Radio made it possible for millions to hear for free the music -- especially people who never attended expensive , distant big city clubs . These broadcasts originated from clubs in leading centers such as New York , Chicago , Kansas City , and Los Angeles . There were two categories of live music on the radio : concert music and big band dance music . The concert music was known as `` potter palm '' and was concert music by amateurs , usually volunteers . The next type of music is known as big band dance music . This type is played by professionals and was featured from nightclubs , dance halls , and ballrooms . Musicologist Charles Hamm described three types of jazz music at the time : black music for black audiences , black music for white audiences , and white music for white audiences . Jazz artists like Louis Armstrong originally received very little airtime because most stations preferred to play the music of white American jazz singers . Other jazz vocalists include Bessie Smith and Florence Mills . In urban areassuch as Chicago and New York , African - American jazz was played on the radio more often than in the suburbs . Big - band jazz , like that of James Reese Europe and Fletcher Henderson in New York , attracted large radio audiences . Cultural impacts ( edit ) Youth ( edit ) 1920s youth used the influence of jazz to rebel against the traditional culture of previous generations . This youth rebellion of the 1920s went hand - in - hand with fads like bold fashion statements ( flappers ) , women smoking cigarettes , free talk about sex , and new radio concerts . Dances like the Charleston , developed by African Americans , suddenly became popular among the youth . Traditionalists were aghast at what they considered the breakdown of morality . Some urban middle - class African Americans perceived jazz as `` devil 's music '' , and believed the improvised rhythms and sounds were promoting promiscuity . Role of women ( edit ) Women played an important role throughout jazz 's history . With women 's suffrage -- the right for women to vote -- at its peak with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment on August 18 , 1920 , and the entrance of the free - spirited flapper , women began to take on a larger role in society and culture . With women now taking part in the work force after the end of the First World War there were many more possibilities for women in terms of social life and entertainment . Ideas such as equality and free sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize during this period . The 1920s saw the emergence of many famous women musicians including Bessie Smith . Bessie Smith also gained attention because she was not only a great singer but also an African - American woman . She has grown through the ages to be one of the most well respected singers of all time . Singers such as Billie Holiday and Janis Joplin were inspired by Bessie Smith . Lovie Austin ( 1887 -- 1972 ) was a Chicago - based bandleader , session musician ( piano ) , composer , singer , and arranger during the 1920s classic blues era . She and Lil Hardin Armstrong are often ranked as two of the best female jazz blues piano players of the period . Piano player Lil Hardin Armstrong was originally a member of King Oliver 's band with Louis , and went on to play piano in her husband 's band the Hot Five and then his next group called the Hot Seven It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that many women jazz singers , such as Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday were recognized as successful artists in the music world . Another famous female vocalist , dubbed `` The First Lady of Song , '' Ella Fitzgerald was the one of the most popular female jazz singers in the United States for more than half a century . In her lifetime , she won 13 Grammy awards and sold over 40 million albums . Her voice was flexible , wide - ranging , accurate and ageless . She could sing sultry ballads , sweet jazz and imitate every instrument in an orchestra . She worked with all the jazz greats , from Duke Ellington , Count Basie and Nat King Cole , to Frank Sinatra , Dizzy Gillespie and Benny Goodman . These women were persistent in striving to make their names known in the music industry and lead the way for many more women artists to come . Classical music ( edit ) As jazz flourished , American elites who preferred classical music sought to expand the listenership of their favored genre , hoping that jazz would not become mainstream . Controversially , jazz became an influence on composers as diverse as George Gershwin and Herbert Howells . See also ( edit ) 1920s portal Flapper Roaring Twenties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' What the Great Gatsby Got Right About the Jazz Age `` '' . www.smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dixieland ( AKA Early Jazz ) '' . www.jazzinamerica.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jazzinamerica.org/LessonPlan/5/1/249 Jump up ^ `` Where did jazz come from ? '' . www.jazzinamerica.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Biocca , Frank ( 1990 ) . `` Media and Perceptual Shifts : Early Radio and the Clash of Musical Cultures '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 24 ( 2 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1990. 2402_1. x . ^ Jump up to : McCANN , PAUL. 2008 . `` Performing Primitivism : Disarming the Social Threat of Jazz in Narrative Fiction of the Early Sixties . '' Journal of Popular Culture 41 , no . 4 : 658 -- 675 . America : History & Life , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Morroe ( 1 January 1947 ) . `` Jazz : Resistance to the Diffusion of a Culture - Pattern '' . The Journal of Negro History . 32 ( 4 ) : 461 -- 494 . doi : 10.2307 / 2714928 . JSTOR 2714928 . ^ Jump up to : Barlow , William ( 1 January 1995 ) . `` Black Music on Radio During the Jazz Age '' . African American Review . 29 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 328 . doi : 10.2307 / 3042311 . JSTOR 3042311 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sands Orchowski ( 2015 ) . The Law that Changed the Face of America : The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Geoffrey C. ; Burns , Ken ( October 8 , 2002 ) . Jazz : A History of America 's Music ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 76539 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cooke 1999 , p. 54 Jump up ^ `` Kid Ory '' . The Red Hot Archive . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bessie Smith '' . The Red Hot Archive . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fletcher Henderson : ' Architect of Swing ' '' . NPR . December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schuller ( 1968 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Schuller ( 1968 : 93 ) Jump up ^ Cooke 1999 , pp. 56 -- 59 , 78 -- 79 , 66 -- 70 Jump up ^ Mario Dunkel , `` W.C. Handy , Abbe Niles , and ( Auto ) biographical Positioning in the Whiteman Era , '' Popular Music and Society 38.2 ( 2015 ) : 122 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Cooke 1999 , pp. 82 -- 83 , 100 -- 103 Jump up ^ Schuller ( 1968 : 88 ) Jump up ^ Cunningham , Lawrence , John J. Reich , and Lois Fichner - Rathus . Culture & Values : A Survey of the Humanities . 8th ed . Boston , MA : Wadsworth / Cengage Learning , 2014 . Print . Jump up ^ Chevan , David . `` Musical Literacy and Jazz Musicians in the 1910s and 1920s . '' Current Musicology ; Spring 2001 / 2002 ; 71 -- 73 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The Jazz Age '' . Boundless.com . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Harlem Renaissance and the Jazz Age '' . Tdl.org . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biocca , Frank , `` Media and Perceptual Shifts : Early Radio and the Clash of Musical Cultures '' , Journal of Popular Culture , 24 : 2 ( 1990 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Linda De Roche ( 2015 ) . The Jazz Age : A Historical Exploration of Literature : A Historical Exploration of Literature . ABC - CLIO . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Savran , David . `` The Search for America 's Soul : Theatre in the Jazz Age . '' Theatre Journal 58.3 ( 2006 ) , 459 - 476 . Print . Jump up ^ Paula S. Fass , The Damned and the Beautiful : American Youth in the 1920s ( 1977 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Dinerstein , Joel . `` Music , Memory , and Cultural Identity in the Jazz Age . '' American Quarterly 55.2 ( 2003 ) , 303 - 313 . Print . Jump up ^ Ward , Larry F. `` Bessie '' , Notes , Volume 61 , Number 2 , December 2004 , pp. 458 -- 460 ( review ) . Music Library Association . Jump up ^ For her music see `` Black Women in America : Lovie Austin '' ( June 6 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Santelli , Robert . The Big Book of Blues , Penguin Books ( 2001 ) , p. 20 ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 100145 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Borzillo , Carrie , `` Women in Jazz : Music on Their Terms -- As Gender Bias Fades , New Artists Emerge '' , Billboard 108 : 26 ( June 29 , 1996 ) , pp. 1 , 94 -- 96 . Jump up ^ http://www.ellafitzgerald.com/ Jump up ^ Biocca , Frank , `` Media and Perceptual Shifts : Early Radio and the Clash of Musical Cultures '' , Journal of Popular Culture , 24 : 2 ( 1990 ) , p. 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Allen , Frederick Lewis ( 1931 ) . Only Yesterday : An Informal History of the Nineteen - Twenties . online edition Barlow , William . `` Black music on radio during the jazz age . '' African American Review 29.2 ( 1995 ) : 325 - 328 . Best , Gary Dean . The Dollar Decade : Mammon and the Machine in 1920s America . Praeger Publishers , 2003 . Berger , Morroe . `` Jazz : Resistance to the Diffusion of a Culture - Pattern '' . The Journal of Negro History 32 ( October 1947 ) : 461 - 494 Chevan , David . `` Musical Literacy and Jazz Musicians in the 1910s and 1920s . '' Current Musicology Dinerstein , Joel . `` Music , memory , and cultural identity in the jazz age . '' American Quarterly 55.2 ( 2003 ) : 303 - 313 . Doerksen , Clifford J. American Babel : Rogue Radio Broadcasters of the Jazz Age ( 2005 ) ( L : http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=13658 online review ) Dumenil , Lynn . The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s . Hill and Wang , 1995 . Fass , Paula . The Damned and the Beautiful : American Youth in the 1920s . Oxford University Press , 1977 . David E. Kyvig ; Daily Life in the United States , 1920 -- 1939 : Decades Promise and Pain . Greenwood Press , ( 2002 ) . online edition Leuchtenburg , William . The Perils of Prosperity , 1914 -- 1932 University of Chicago Press , 1955 . Lynd , Robert S. , and Helen Merrell Lynd . Middletown : A Study in Modern American Culture . Harcourt , Brace and World , 1929 . Famous sociological study of Muncie , Indiana , in the 1920s . Mowry ; George E. ( ed . ) . The Twenties : Fords , Flappers , & Fanatics . Prentice - Hall , 1963 ; readings . Parrish , Michael E. Anxious Decades : America in Prosperity and Depression , 1920 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton , 1992 . Peretti , Burton W . `` The Great Travelers . '' The Creation of Jazz : Music , Race , and Culture in Urban America . Savran , David . `` The Search for America 's Soul : Theatre in the Jazz Age '' . Theatre Journal . Snelson , Tim . `` ' They 'll Be Dancing in the Aisles ! ' : Youth audiences , cinema exhibition and the mid-1930s swing boom . '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television 37.3 ( 2017 ) : 455 - 474 . External links ( edit ) The Jazz Age In America Roaring Twenties from US History.com Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia American Temperance Society Anti-Saloon League Association Against the Prohibition Amendment Blaine Act Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Cullen -- Harrison Act Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 Molly Pitcher Club Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Voluntary Committee of Lawyers Webb -- Kenyon Act Wickersham Commission Willis -- Campbell Act Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Lyman Beecher Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. 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India Navigation JMT Landmark Mainstream Milestone MPS Muse Prestige Riverside Strata - East Verve Winter & Winter Festivals Beaches ( Toronto ) Cape Town Copenhagen Jakarta Monterey Montreal Montreux New Orleans Newport North Sea Saint Lucia Culture Contrafacts Institutions and organizations Jazz funeral Jazz poetry Jazz royalty Jazz theory See Template : Jazz theory Rare groove Second line Venues Regional scenes Australian jazz Armenian jazz Azerbaijani jazz Balkan jazz Bulgarian jazz Baltimore jazz Belgian jazz Brazilian jazz British jazz British dance band Canadian jazz Chicago jazz Continental European jazz Cuban jazz Czech and Slovak jazz Danish jazz Dutch jazz European free jazz French jazz German jazz Haitian jazz Indian jazz Indo jazz Iranian jazz Italian jazz Japanese jazz Kansas City jazz Latin American jazz Malawian jazz New Orleans jazz New York City jazz Polish jazz Yass South African jazz Cape jazz Spanish jazz Swedish jazz West Coast jazz History Bibliography of jazz Blues music British dance band Ragtime Jazz Age Continental jazz Straight - ahead jazz Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Related Contradanza Bluegrass music Blues music Boogie - woogie Brass band Jug band Jump blues Ragtime Novelty ragtime Rhythm & Blues Rock and roll Soul music Swamp pop West African music Western swing Zydeco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jazz_Age&oldid=835331519 '' Categories : 1920s in American music 1920s in music 1930s in American music 1930s in music Jazz culture Roaring Twenties Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 01 : 32 . 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when was the last time tennessee went winless in the sec			List of Tennessee Volunteers football seasons	list of tennessee volunteers football seasons	The following is a complete list of Tennessee Volunteers football seasons through 2016 . In 2017 , not included , the Volunteers went 4 - 8 and 0 - 8 in the SEC for the first time in program history . This was also the first time the program ever had 8 losses overall as well .	Year - by - year results ( edit ) Claimed National Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Bowl Eligible Year Conference Overall Conference Coach Games Win Loss Tie Pct . Games Win Loss Tie Pct . 1891 Independent 0 0 . 000 0 0 0 0 . 000 Student 1892 Independent 7 5 0 . 290 0 0 0 0 . 000 Student 1893 Independent 6 0 . 333 0 0 0 0 . 000 Student 1894 No team 1895 No team 1896 SIAA 0 0 1.000 0 0 0 0 . 000 Student 1897 SIAA 5 0 . 800 0 0 0 0 . 000 Student 1898 No team Due To Spanish -- American War 1899 SIAA 8 6 0 . 750 0 0 0 0 . 000 J.A. Pierce 1900 SIAA 6 . 583 0 0 0 0 . 000 Pierce 1901 SIAA 8 . 500 0 0 0 0 . 000 George Kelley 1902 SIAA 8 6 0 . 750 0 0 0 0 . 000 H.F. Fisher 1903 SIAA 9 5 0 . 444 0 0 0 0 . 000 Fisher 1904 SIAA 9 5 . 389 0 0 0 0 . 000 S.D. Crawford 1905 SIAA 9 5 . 389 0 0 0 0 . 000 J.D. DePree 1906 SIAA 9 6 . 222 0 0 0 0 . 000 DePree 1907 SIAA 10 7 . 750 0 0 0 0 . 000 George Levene 1908 SIAA 9 7 0 . 778 0 0 0 0 . 000 Levene 1909 SIAA 9 6 . 222 0 0 0 0 . 000 Levene 1910 SIAA 9 5 . 389 0 0 0 0 . 000 Alex Stone 1911 SIAA 9 . 444 0 0 0 0 . 000 Z.G. Clevenger 1912 SIAA 8 0 . 500 0 0 0 0 . 000 Clevenger 1913 SIAA 9 6 0 . 667 0 0 0 0 . 000 Clevenger 1914 SIAA 9 9 0 0 1.000 0 0 0 0 . 000 Clevenger 1915 SIAA 8 0 . 500 0 0 0 0 . 000 Clevenger 1916 SIAA 9 8 0 . 944 0 0 0 0 . 000 John R. Bender 1917 No team Due To World War I 1918 No team Due To World War I 1919 SIAA 9 . 500 0 0 0 0 . 000 Bender 1920 SIAA 9 7 0 . 778 0 0 0 0 . 000 Bender 1921 Southern 9 6 . 722 0 . 833 M.B. Banks 1922 Southern 10 8 0 . 800 6 0 . 667 Banks 1923 Southern 10 5 . 550 6 . 750 Banks 1924 Southern 8 5 0 . 376 0 0 . 000 Banks 1925 Southern 8 5 . 688 5 . 500 Banks 1926 Southern 9 8 0 . 889 6 5 0 . 834 Robert Neyland 1927 Southern 9 8 0 . 944 6 5 0 . 917 Neyland 1928 Southern 10 9 0 . 950 6 5 0 . 917 Neyland 1929 Southern 10 9 0 . 950 7 6 0 . 929 Neyland 1930 Southern 10 9 0 . 900 7 6 0 . 857 Neyland 1931 Southern 10 9 0 . 900 7 6 0 . 858 Neyland 1932 Southern 10 9 0 . 980 8 7 0 . 938 Neyland 1933 SEC 10 7 0 . 700 7 5 0 . 715 Neyland 1934 SEC 10 8 0 . 800 6 5 0 . 834 Neyland 1935 SEC 9 5 0 . 444 5 0 . 400 W.H. Britton 1936 SEC 10 6 . 700 6 . 667 Neyland 1937 SEC 10 6 . 650 7 0 . 572 Neyland 1938 SEC 11 11 0 0 1.000 7 7 0 0 1.000 Neyland 1939 SEC 11 10 0 . 910 6 6 0 0 1.000 Neyland 1940 SEC 11 10 0 . 910 5 5 0 0 1.000 Neyland 1941 SEC 10 8 0 . 800 0 . 751 John Barnhill 1942 SEC 11 9 . 864 5 0 . 800 Barnhill 1943 No team Due To World War II 1944 SEC 9 7 . 833 6 5 0 . 834 Barnhill 1945 SEC 9 8 0 . 888 0 . 751 Barnhill 1946 SEC 11 9 0 . 818 5 5 0 0 1.000 Neyland 1947 SEC 10 5 5 0 . 500 5 0 . 400 Neyland 1948 SEC 10 . 500 6 . 417 Neyland 1949 SEC 10 7 . 750 6 . 750 Neyland 1950 SEC 12 11 0 . 917 5 0 . 800 Neyland 1951 SEC 11 10 0 . 910 5 5 0 0 1.000 Neyland 1952 SEC 11 8 . 773 6 5 0 . 834 Neyland 1953 SEC 11 6 . 591 6 . 583 Harvey Robinson 1954 SEC 10 6 0 . 400 6 5 0 . 167 Robinson 1955 SEC 10 6 . 650 6 . 583 Bowden Wyatt 1956 SEC 11 10 0 . 910 6 6 0 0 1.000 Wyatt 1957 SEC 11 8 0 . 728 7 0 . 572 Wyatt 1958 SEC 10 6 0 . 400 7 0 . 572 Wyatt 1959 SEC 10 5 . 550 8 . 376 Wyatt 1960 SEC 10 6 . 600 7 . 438 Wyatt 1961 SEC 10 6 0 . 600 7 0 . 572 Wyatt 1962 SEC 10 6 0 . 400 8 6 0 . 270 Wyatt 1963 SEC 10 5 5 0 . 500 8 6 0 . 376 Jim McDonald 1964 SEC 10 5 . 450 7 5 . 214 Doug Dickey 1965 SEC 11 8 . 818 5 . 600 Dickey 1966 SEC 11 8 0 . 728 5 0 . 600 Dickey 1967 SEC 11 9 0 . 819 6 6 0 0 1.000 Dickey 1968 SEC 11 8 . 773 6 . 750 Dickey 1969 SEC 11 9 0 . 819 6 5 0 . 834 Dickey 1970 SEC 12 11 0 . 917 5 0 . 800 Bill Battle 1971 SEC 12 10 0 . 834 6 0 . 667 Battle 1972 SEC 12 10 0 . 834 6 0 . 667 Battle 1973 SEC 12 8 0 . 667 6 0 . 500 Battle SEC 12 7 . 667 6 . 417 Battle SEC 12 7 5 0 . 583 6 0 . 500 Battle 1976 SEC 11 6 5 0 . 546 6 0 . 334 Battle 1977 SEC 11 7 0 . 363 6 5 0 . 167 Johnny Majors 1978 SEC 11 5 5 . 500 6 0 . 500 Majors 1979 SEC 12 7 5 0 . 584 6 0 . 500 Majors 1980 SEC 11 5 6 0 . 455 6 0 . 500 Majors 1981 SEC 12 8 0 . 667 6 0 . 500 Majors 1982 SEC 12 6 5 . 542 6 . 583 Majors SEC 12 9 0 . 750 6 0 . 667 Majors 1984 SEC 12 7 . 625 6 0 . 500 Majors 1985 SEC 12 9 . 792 6 5 0 . 833 Majors 1986 SEC 12 7 5 0 . 584 6 0 . 500 Majors SEC 13 10 . 808 6 . 750 Majors 1988 SEC 11 5 6 0 . 455 7 0 . 429 Majors 1989 SEC 12 11 0 . 917 7 6 0 . 858 Majors 1990 SEC 13 9 . 769 7 5 . 786 Majors 1991 SEC 12 9 0 . 750 7 5 0 . 715 Majors 1992 SEC 12 9 0 . 750 8 5 0 . 625 Majors 5 - 3 / Phillip Fulmer 4 - 0 1993 SEC 12 10 0 . 834 8 7 0 . 875 Fulmer 1994 SEC 12 8 0 . 667 8 5 0 . 625 Fulmer 1995 SEC 12 11 0 . 917 7 6 0 . 875 Fulmer SEC 12 10 0 . 834 8 7 0 . 875 Fulmer 1997 SEC 13 11 0 . 847 8 7 0 . 875 Fulmer 1998 SEC 13 13 0 0 1.000 8 8 0 0 1.000 Fulmer 1999 SEC 12 9 0 . 750 8 6 0 . 750 Fulmer 2000 SEC 12 8 0 . 667 8 5 0 . 625 Fulmer 2001 SEC 13 11 0 . 847 8 7 0 . 875 Fulmer 2002 SEC 13 8 5 0 . 615 8 5 0 . 626 Fulmer 2003 SEC 13 10 0 . 770 8 6 0 . 750 Fulmer SEC 13 10 0 . 770 8 7 0 . 875 Fulmer 2005 SEC 11 5 6 0 . 455 8 5 0 . 375 Fulmer 2006 SEC 13 9 0 . 693 8 5 0 . 692 Fulmer 2007 SEC 14 10 0 . 715 8 6 0 . 750 Fulmer 2008 SEC 12 5 7 0 . 417 8 5 0 . 375 Fulmer 2009 SEC 13 7 6 0 . 538 8 0 . 500 Lane Kiffin SEC 13 6 7 0 . 461 8 5 0 . 375 Derek Dooley 2011 SEC 12 5 7 0 . 417 8 7 0 . 125 Dooley 2012 SEC 12 5 7 0 . 417 8 7 0 . 125 Dooley 4 - 7 / Jim Chaney 1 - 0 2013 SEC 12 5 7 0 . 417 8 6 0 . 250 Butch Jones 2014 SEC 13 7 6 0 . 538 8 5 0 . 375 Jones 2015 SEC 13 9 0 . 692 8 5 0 . 625 Jones 2016 SEC 13 9 0 . 692 8 0 . 500 Jones 2017 SEC 12 8 0 . 333 8 0 8 0 . 000 Jones 4 - 6 / Brady Hoke 0 - 2 Totals 1263 832 378 53 . 680 629 383 219 27 . 630 References : References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University of Tennessee Athletics - Football '' . Utsports.Com. 2008 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` University of Tennessee Athletics - Football '' . Utsports.Com. 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Volunteers '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee bowl game history '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Tennessee Volunteers football Venues Waite Field ( 1892 - 1920 ) Shields - Watkins Field ( 1921 - 1962 ) Neyland Stadium ( 1962 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama : Third Saturday in October Auburn Florida Georgia Georgia Tech Kentucky Vanderbilt Culture & lore History Smokey `` Rocky Top '' Pride of the Southland Band Battle at Bristol Porter Cup People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks NFL draftees Seasons 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_seasons&oldid=816640689 '' Categories : Lists of college football seasons Tennessee Volunteers football seasons Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 17 : 59 . 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bring back my bonnie to me to me			My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean	my bonnie lies over the ocean	`` My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean '' is a traditional Scottish folk song which remains popular in Western culture .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 3 Parodies 4 In popular culture 5 References History ( edit ) Although the song 's origin is uncertain , its subject may be Charles Edward Stuart ( ' Bonnie Prince Charlie ' ) : after the defeat of the Prince at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 and his subsequent exile , his Jacobite supporters could have sung the tune in his honour ; and thanks to the ambiguity of the term `` bonnie '' , which can refer to a woman as well as to a man , they could pretend it was a love song . In 1881 , under the duo of pseudonyms H.J. Fuller and J.T. Wood , Charles E. Pratt published sheet music for `` Bring Back My Bonnie to Me '' . Theodore Raph in his 1964 book American song treasury : 100 favorites , writes that people were requesting the song at sheet music stores in the 1870s , and Pratt was convinced to publish a version of it under the pseudonyms , and the song became a big hit , especially popular with college singing groups but also popular for all group singing situations . Lyrics ( edit ) My Bonnie lies over the ocean My Bonnie lies over the sea My Bonnie lies over the ocean Oh , bring back my Bonnie to me ... Bring back , bring back Oh , bring back my Bonnie to me , to me Bring back , bring back Oh , bring back my Bonnie to me Last night as I lay on my pillow Last night as I lay on my bed Last night as I lay on my pillow I dreamt that my Bonnie was dead Oh , blow the winds o'er the ocean And blow the winds o'er the sea Oh , blow the winds o'er the ocean And bring back my Bonnie to me REFRAIN Parodies ( edit ) There are numerous variations and parodies of the song . Many of these are a result of the song being sung often to children and being a common campfire song for organizations such as the Boy Scouts . These campfire versions are occasionally accompanied by interactive movements , such as sitting down or standing up every time a word that begins with the letter `` b '' is sung . My Bonnie leaned over the gas tank , The height of its contents to see , I lit a small match to assist her , O Bring back my Bonnie to me . Repeat chorus Last night as I lay on my pillow , Last night as I lay on my bed , I stuck my feet out of the window , In the morning the neighbors were dead . Repeat chorus Oh , Dory swam over the ocean , Oh , Dory swam over the sea , Oh , Dory swam over the ocean , Now Dory has swum back to me . Repeat chorus My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean , My Bonnie Lies over the Sea , My Daddy laid over my Mommy , And that is how I came to be . Repeat chorus My mother , she drowned in the bathtub , My father , he died from his gin , My sister she choked on her chocolate , My stars , what a fix I am in . Repeat chorus I tried making beer in the bathtub , I tried making synthetic gin , I tried making fudge for a living , Now look at the shape that I 'm in . Repeat chorus In popular culture ( edit ) The Fleischer brothers filmed this song in DeForest Phonofilm , part of their Song Car - Tunes series , released 15 September 1925 , and notable as the first film to use the ' follow the bouncing ball ' technique . Arthur Housman 's drunken character merrily sings this song in the Laurel & Hardy 1932 short Scram ! whilst pouring liquor into a jug . In the Woody Woodpecker 1944 cartoon `` The Beach Nut '' , this song is sung by Woody and by Wally Walrus . My Bunny Lies Over The Sea , a short ' Bugs Bunny ' cartoon film whose title parodies the song , was released by Warner Brothers in 1948 . In the Abbott and Costello film The Naughty Nineties ( June 20 , 1945 ) , Costello auditions for Captain Sam 's riverboat show by singing `` My Bonnie '' . Behind him , Abbott shouts directions to the stage crew in setting up a backdrop curtain ( `` Move it to the left '' , `` Lower '' , `` Higher '' , `` Lift up the right leg '' , etc . ) Oblivious to this , Costello thinks Abbott is directing him and follows his every command , moving to the left , singing higher , lower , and so forth . The song plays a prominent role in the I Love Lucy episode `` The Quiz Show '' ( first aired November 10 , 1951 ) . Duane Eddy hit the US Top 30 and UK Top 15 in 1960 with an instrumental rock and roll version titled `` Bonnie Came Back '' A rock n ' roll arrangement of the song , entitled just ' My Bonnie ' , was recorded in 1961 by Tony Sheridan and the Beat Brothers , peaking at # 5 on the Hit Parade in West Germany . ( The ' Beat Brothers ' were actually The Beatles -- record executives felt their not - yet - famous real name was too phonetically similar to a German obscenity -- and the recording was re-released on the Anthology 1 compilation album in 1995 . ) Episode 13 of Season 1 of the television series Murder She Wrote ( 1985 ) is entitled `` My Johnny Lies Over The Sea '' Episode 17 of Season 15 ( My Big Fat Geek Wedding ) of the television series `` The Simpsons '' ( 2004 ) uses My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean with a scene of Principal Skinner . On December 20 , 2011 , JibJab released a video about the year 2011 in review with a song called `` 2011 , Buh - Bye '' , to the tune of the title song . Laura Wright recorded a version , featured on her album The Last Rose ( 2011 ) MTV 's Jackass Present 's Bad Grandpa had the character Billy ( Jackson Nicoll ) and the Grandpa ( Johnny Knoxville ) decide to enter Billy as a girl into a girls beauty pageant and perform the song with a dance in one of the rounds . In How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 , episode 10 ) , Barney Stinson and Marshall Eriksen sing `` My Blitzy Lies Over the Ocean '' in reference to the `` Blitz phenomenon '' by which the `` Blitzed '' person misses all the amazing events at a party ( they occur after the Blitz abandons the party ) . In 2016 , Disney and sound button book company Play - a-Sound published a musical sound button book based on its 2016 animated feature film Finding Dory , titled `` Swim Along with Me '' . In the book , there is a sound button that features the character Destiny the whale shark . It plays the tune to the song , and the parody is called `` Oh , Dory Swam Over the Ocean '' , that the terms `` over the ocean '' and `` over the sea '' is used , though it does not have to do anything with a whale shark . It tells the story about how Dory got lost and how she returned for $6 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herman Finer ( 1956 ) . Governments of greater European powers : a comparative study of the governments and political culture of Great Britain , France , Germany , and the Soviet Union , Volume 1 . Holt . p. 178 . Jump up ^ Burton , Jack . The blue book of Tin Pan Alley : a human interest encyclopedia of American popular music , Volume 1 , p. 9 , 47 ( 1965 ) ^ Jump up to : Raph , Theodore . The American song treasury : 100 favorites , pp. 201 -- 03 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Herder , Ronald . 500 best - loved song lyrics , p. 231 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Campfire Song Book - Audience participation songs Jump up ^ John Grant ( 2001 ) . Masters of Animation . Watson -- Guptill . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 3041 - 5 . Jump up ^ IMDb entry Jump up ^ Warner Brothers ( 1948 ) My Bunny Lies Over The Sea on IMDb ; Animation , Short , Comedy Jump up ^ Everett , Walter ( 2001 ) . The Beatles As Musicians : The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514105 - 4 . Jump up ^ http://sendables.jibjab.com/originals/2011_buh_bye ( hide ) Duane Eddy Studio albums Have ' Twangy ' Guitar Will Travel Especially for You Road Trip Singles `` Rebel - ' Rouser '' `` Ramrod '' `` Cannonball '' `` Peter Gunn '' `` Yep ! '' `` Forty Miles of Bad Road '' `` Some Kind - A Earthquake '' `` Bonnie Came Back '' `` Shazam ! '' `` Because They 're Young '' `` Kommotion '' `` Pepe '' `` Theme from Dixie '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` The Ballad of Paladin '' `` ( Dance With The ) Guitar Man '' `` Play Me Like You Play Your Guitar '' Cover Songs `` Along the Navajo Trail '' `` Anytime '' `` Detour '' `` I Almost Lost My Mind '' `` Just Because '' `` The Lonesome Road '' `` Lover '' `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Tuxedo Junction '' Film Appearances Because They 're Young A Thunder of Drums The Wild Westerners The Savage Seven Kona Coast Related articles Jamie Records RCA Victor Roulette Records Corning , New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Bonnie_Lies_over_the_Ocean&oldid=793390262 '' Categories : Scottish folk songs Children 's songs Songs about women The Beatles with Tony Sheridan songs 1961 singles Year of song unknown MGM Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 12 : 54 . 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what is the cut for the masters golf	After 36 holes of play , a cut - off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds . To `` make the cut '' , players must be either in the top 50 places ( ties counting ) , or within 10 strokes of the leader 's score . These criteria have applied since 2013 . From 1957 to 1960 , the top 40 scores ( including ties ) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut . From 1961 to 2012 , it was the top 44 ( and ties ) or within 10 strokes of the lead . Before 1957 , there was no 36 - hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds , if desired .	in the top 50 places ( ties counting )\|within 10 strokes of the leader 's score	Masters tournament	masters tournament	The Masters Tournament ( usually referred to as simply The Masters , or the U.S. Masters outside of North America ) is one of the four major championships in professional golf . Scheduled for the first full week of April , the Masters is the first major of the year , and unlike the others , it is held at the same location , Augusta National Golf Club , a private course in the southeastern United States , in the city of Augusta , Georgia .	The Masters was started by noted amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts . After his grand slam in 1930 , Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie . First played 84 years ago in 1934 , the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour , the European Tour , and the Japan Golf Tour . The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event , held by the Augusta National Golf Club . The tournament has a number of traditions . Since 1949 , a green jacket has been awarded to the champion , who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory , although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions ' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom . In most instances , only a first - time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds . A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win ( unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket ) . The Champions Dinner , inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952 , is held on the Tuesday before each tournament , and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club . Beginning in 1963 , legendary golfers , usually past champions , have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play . These have included Fred McLeod , Jock Hutchinson , Gene Sarazen , Sam Snead , Byron Nelson , Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , and Gary Player . Since 1960 , a semi-social contest at the par - 3 course has been played on Wednesday , the day before the first round . Nicklaus has the most Masters wins , with six between 1963 and 1986 . Palmer and Tiger Woods won four each , and five have won three titles at Augusta : Jimmy Demaret , Sam Snead , Gary Player , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson . Player , from South Africa , was the first non-American player to win the tournament , in 1961 ; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain , the champion in 1980 and 1983 . The Augusta National course first opened 85 years ago in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects . Among the changes : greens have been reshaped and , on occasion , entirely re-designed , bunkers have been added , water hazards have been extended , new tee boxes have been built , hundreds of trees have been planted , and several mounds have been installed . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Augusta National Golf Club 1.2 Early tournament years 1.3 1960s -- 1970s 1.4 1980s -- 2000s 2 Traditions 2.1 Awards 2.2 Pre-tournament events 2.3 Par - 3 contest 2.4 Player invitations 2.5 Opening tee shot 2.6 Champions ' Dinner 2.7 Caddies 2.8 Other traditions 3 Format 4 Course 4.1 Course adjustments 5 Field 6 Champions 7 Low amateurs 8 Records 9 Broadcasting 9.1 United States television 9.2 Radio coverage 9.3 International television 10 Ticketing 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Masters logo at the club entrance Augusta National golf club ( edit ) Main article : Augusta National Golf Club The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones , who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game . He sought advice from Clifford Roberts , who later became the chairman of the club . They came across a piece of land in Augusta , Georgia , of which Jones said : `` Perfect ! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it . '' The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857 . Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course , and work began in 1931 . The course formally opened in 1933 , but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played . Early tournament years ( edit ) The first `` Augusta National Invitational '' Tournament , as the Masters was originally known , began on March 22 , 1934 , and was won by Horton Smith , who took the first prize of $1,500 . The present name was adopted in 1939 . The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine , and 1 through 9 as the second nine then reversed permanently to its present layout for the 1935 tournament . Initially the Augusta National Invitational field was composed of Bobby Jones ' close associates . Jones had petitioned the USGA to hold the U.S. Open at Augusta but the USGA denied the petition , noting that the hot Georgia summers would create difficult playing conditions . Gene Sarazen hit the `` shot heard ' round the world '' in 1935 , holing a shot from the fairway on the par 5 15th for a double eagle ( albatross ) . This tied Sarazen with Craig Wood , and in the ensuing 36 - hole playoff Sarazen was the victor by five strokes . The tournament was not played from 1943 to 1945 , due to World War II . To assist the war effort , cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds . 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) The Big Three of Arnold Palmer , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus dominated the Masters from 1960 through 1978 , winning the event 11 times among them during that span . After winning by one stroke in 1958 , Palmer won by one stroke again in 1960 in memorable circumstances . Trailing Ken Venturi by one shot in the 1960 event , Palmer made birdies on the last two holes to prevail . Palmer would go on to win another two Masters in 1962 and 1964 . Jack Nicklaus at the 2006 par 3 contest Jack Nicklaus emerged in the early 1960s , and served as a rival to the popular Palmer . Nicklaus won his first green jacket in 1963 , defeating Tony Lema by one stroke . Two years later , he shot a then - course record of 271 ( 17 under par ) for his second Masters win , leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played `` a game with which I am not familiar . '' The next year , Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18 - hole playoff against Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer . This made Nicklaus the first player to win consecutive Masters . He won again in 1972 by three strokes . In 1975 , Nicklaus won by one stroke in a close contest with Tom Weiskopf and Johnny Miller in one of the most exciting Masters to date . Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in 1961 , beating Palmer , the defending champion . In 1974 , he won again by two strokes . After not winning a tournament on the U.S. PGA tour for nearly four years , and at the age of 42 , Player won his third and final Masters in 1978 by one stroke over three players . Player currently shares ( with Fred Couples ) the record of making 23 consecutive cuts , and has played in a record 52 Masters . A controversial ending to the Masters occurred in 1968 . Roberto De Vicenzo signed a scorecard ( scored by playing partner Tommy Aaron ) which incorrectly showed him as making a par 4 instead of a birdie 3 on the 17th hole of the final round . By the rules of golf , if a player signs a scorecard ( thereby attesting to its veracity ) that records a score on a hole higher than what he actually made on the hole , the player receives the higher score for that hole . This extra stroke cost De Vicenzo a chance to be in an 18 - hole Monday playoff with Bob Goalby , who won the green jacket . De Vicenzo 's mistake led to the famous quote , `` What a stupid I am . '' In 1975 , Lee Elder became the first African American to play in the Masters , doing so 15 years before Augusta National admitted its first black member , Ron Townsend , as a result of the Shoal Creek Controversy . 1980s -- 2000s ( edit ) Non-Americans collected 11 victories in 20 years in the 1980s and 1990s , by far the strongest run they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S. Open . The first European to win the Masters was Seve Ballesteros in 1980 . Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46 . During this period , no golfer suffered from the pressure of competing at Augusta more than Greg Norman . In 1987 , Norman lost a sudden - death playoff to Larry Mize when Mize holed out a remarkable 45 - yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole and win the Masters . In 1996 , Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63 , and had a six - stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round . Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots ( for his third Masters championship ) . Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes , and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead and force a Monday playoff , he badly pushed his 4 - iron approach on 18 and missed his par putt for a closing bogey . At age 21 in 1997 , Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots and broke the 72 - hole record that had stood for 32 years . Woods completed his `` Tiger Slam '' by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters in 2001 . He won again the following year , making him only the third player in history to win the tournament in consecutive years , as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years . The club was targeted by Martha Burk , who organized a failed protest at the 2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members . Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament , but her application for a permit to do so was denied . A court appeal was dismissed . In 2004 , Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club . Augusta National Chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010 , however , when he commented ( at the annual pre-Masters press conference ) on Tiger Woods ' off - the - course behavior . `` It 's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here , '' Payne said , in his opening speech . `` It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids . '' The 2003 tournament was won by Mike Weir , who became the first Canadian to win a men 's major championship , and the first left - hander to win the Masters . The following year , another left - hander , Phil Mickelson , won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke . Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010 . In 2011 , the tournament was won by South African Charl Schwartzel , who birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes . In 2012 , Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole . Watson 's win marked the fifth time that a left - hander won the Masters in the previous ten tournaments . Prior to 2003 , no left - hander had ever won the Masters . The 2013 Masters was won by Adam Scott , the first Australian to win the tournament . Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt . It was his second Masters victory in three years . In 2015 , Spieth would become the second - youngest winner in just his second Masters . Traditions ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The total prize money for the 2014 tournament was $9,000,000 , with $1,620,000 going to the winner . In the inaugural year of 1934 , the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse . After Nicklaus 's first win in 1963 , he received $20,000 , while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000 . In recent years the purse has grown quickly . Between 2001 and 2014 , the winner 's share grew by $612,000 , and the purse grew by $3,400,000 . In addition to a cash prize , the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket , formally awarded since 1949 , and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that . The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds ; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club . The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament , and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons . Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory , then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit . The tradition began in 1949 , when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles . The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion , after which it must remain at the club . Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player , who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory ( although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket ) ; Seve Ballesteros who , in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña , showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room ; and Henry Picard , whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established , remained in his closet for a number of years , and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio , where he was the club professional for many years . By tradition , the winner of the previous year 's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament . In 1966 , Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself . When Nick Faldo ( in 1990 ) and Tiger Woods ( in 2002 ) repeated as champions , the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them . There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament . The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase , while players who score a hole - in - one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl . For each eagle a player makes he receives a pair of crystal goblets . In addition to the green jacket , winners of the tournament receive a gold medal . They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy , introduced in 1961 , which depicts the clubhouse . This trophy remains at Augusta National ; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica . The runner - up receives a silver medal , introduced in 1951 . Beginning in 1978 , a silver salver was added as an award for the runner - up . In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . In 2017 , a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000 . Pre-tournament events ( edit ) In 2013 , Augusta National partnered with the USGA and the PGA of America to organize Drive , Chip and Putt , a youth golf skills competition which was first held in 2014 . The event was established as part of an effort to help promote the sport of golf among youth ; the winners of local qualifiers in different age groups advance to the national finals , which have been held at Augusta National on the Sunday immediately preceding the Masters . The driving and chipping portions of the event are held on the course 's practice range , but the putting portion has been played on the course 's 18th hole . On April 4 , 2018 , prior to the 2018 tournament , new Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley announced that the club would host a new Women 's amateur championship beginning in 2019 . The first two rounds will be held at the Champion 's Retreat club in Evans , Georgia , with the final two rounds hosted by Augusta National ( the final round will take place on the Saturday directly preceding the tournament ) . Ridley stated that `` it was the right time for the women 's game . I thought for us to have the greatest impact on women 's golf that we needed to be committed to do it here at Augusta National , and I also wanted to be able to tell all of you about it today . '' Although concerns were raised that the event would conflict with the LPGA Tour 's Dinah Shore major ( which has invited top amateur players to compete ) , Ridley stated that he had discussed the event with commissioner Mike Whan , and stated that he agreed on the notion that any move to bolster the prominence of women 's golf would be a `` win '' for the LPGA over time . Par - 3 contest ( edit ) Main article : Masters Tournament Par - 3 contest The 9th hole on the par 3 course . The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in 1960 , and was won that year by Snead . Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts . The par 3 course was built in 1958 . It is a nine - hole course , with a par of 27 , and measures 1,060 yards ( 970 m ) in length . There have been 94 holes - in - one in the history of the contest , with a record nine occurring in 2016 . Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes - in - one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest . No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year . There have been several repeat winners , including Pádraig Harrington , Sandy Lyle , Sam Snead , and Tom Watson . The former two won in successive years . In this event , golfers may use their children as caddies , which helps to create a family - friendly atmosphere . In 2008 , the event was televised for the first time by ESPN . The winner of the par 3 competition , which is played the day before the tournament begins , wins a crystal bowl . Player invitations ( edit ) As with the other majors , winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship ) for the next five years ( except for amateur winners , unless they turn pro within the five - year period ) , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years . Because the tournament was established by an amateur champion , Bobby Jones , the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf . It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world . Also , the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament . Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the `` Crow 's Nest '' atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament . The Crow 's Nest is 1,200 square feet ( 110 m ) with lodging space for five during the competition . Opening tee shot ( edit ) Since 1963 , the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole , typically by one or more legendary players . The original honorary starters were Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod ; this twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973 , when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club . McLeod continued on until his death in 1976 . Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981 , and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984 . This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died , while Nelson stopped in 2001 . Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002 , a little over a month before he died . In 2007 , Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter . Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009 . At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments , Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co-starter for the event . In 2012 , Gary Player joined them . Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot . Palmer was still in attendance for the ceremony . Following Palmer 's death in 2016 , the 2017 ceremony featured tributes ; his green jacket was draped over an empty white chair , while everyone in attendance wore `` Arnie 's Army '' badges . Champions ' dinner ( edit ) The Champions ' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday 's first round . The dinner was first held in 1952 , hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan , to honor the past champions of the tournament . At that time 15 tournaments had been played , and the number of past champions was 11 . Officially known as the `` Masters Club '' , it includes only past winners of the Masters , although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members , usually the chairman . The defending champion , as host , selects the menu for the dinner . Frequently , Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions . Notable examples have included haggis , served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989 , and bobotie , a South African dish , served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman . Other examples include German Bernhard Langer 's 1986 Wiener schnitzel , Britain 's Nick Faldo 's fish and chips , Canadian Mike Weir 's elk and wild boar , and Vijay Singh 's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry . In 1997 , 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken , dishes commonly associated with Afro - American culture , at the dinner . The 2011 dinner of Phil Mickelson was a Spanish - themed menu in hopes that Seve Ballesteros would attend , but he was too sick to attend and died weeks later . Caddies ( edit ) Until 1983 , all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddie , who by club tradition was always an African American man . Indeed , club co-founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said , `` As long as I 'm alive , golfers will be white , and caddies will be black . '' Since 1983 , players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie to the tournament . The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit , a green Masters cap , and white tennis shoes . The surname , and sometimes first initial , of each player is found on the back of his caddie 's uniform . The defending champion always receives caddie number `` 1 '' : other golfers get their caddie numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament . The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s ; the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976 . Other traditions ( edit ) The day after the tournament closes , The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four - ball round on the course -- the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre-tournament standard . Format ( edit ) The Masters is the first major championship of the year . Since 1948 , its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April , with several exceptions . It ended on the first Sunday four times ( 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 ) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15 , the month 's third Sunday . The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April , with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday . Similar to the other majors , the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each , Thursday through Sunday ( when there are no delays ) . The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders , when compared with other golf tournaments , so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds ( 36 holes ) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees , unless weather shortens the available playing time . The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA . Originally , the Masters was the only tournament to use two - man pairings during the first two rounds . It was also the only event to re-pair based on the leaderboard before Friday 's round , as most tournaments only do this on the weekend . This practice ended in the early 2000s , when the Masters switched to the more standard three - man groups and the groups are now kept in - tact on Friday , with players sharing the same playing partners in both of the first two rounds . After 36 holes of play , a cut - off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds . To `` make the cut '' , players must be either in the top 50 places ( ties counting ) , or within 10 strokes of the leader 's score . These criteria have applied since 2013 . From 1957 to 1960 , the top 40 scores ( including ties ) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut . From 1961 to 2012 , it was the top 44 ( and ties ) or within 10 strokes of the lead . Before 1957 , there was no 36 - hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds , if desired . Following the cut , an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days . Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner , all players tied for the lead enter a sudden - death playoff . Play begins on the 18th hole , followed by the adjacent 10th , repeating until one player remains . Adopted in 1976 , the sudden - death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole , but was not needed for the first three years . It was changed for 1979 to the inward ( final ) nine holes , starting at the tenth tee , where the television coverage began . First employed that same year , the Masters ' first sudden - death playoff ended on the eleventh green . The current arrangement , beginning at the 18th tee , was amended for 2004 and first used the following year . Through 2017 , the eleven sudden - death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole . Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day , except for the first in 1935 , which was 36 holes ; the last 18 - hole playoff was in 1970 , and none of the full - round playoffs went to additional holes . Course ( edit ) The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated . The course layout in 2014 : Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) The course was lengthened to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) in 2006 . The first hole was shortened by 10 yards ( 9 m ) in 2009 , resulting in the current length of 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) . Course adjustments ( edit ) As with many other courses , Augusta National 's championship setup was lengthened in recent years . In 2001 , the course measured 6,925 yards ( 6,332 m ) and was extended to 7,270 yards ( 6,648 m ) for 2002 , and again in 2006 to 7,445 yards ( 6,808 m ) ; 520 yards ( 475 m ) longer than the 2001 course . The changes attracted many critics , including the most successful players in Masters history , Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Tiger Woods . Woods claimed that the `` shorter hitters are going to struggle . '' Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed , stating , `` We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course . '' After a practice round , Gary Player defended the changes , saying , `` There have been a lot of criticisms , but I think unjustly so , now I 've played it ... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit ( in his prime ) '' . Originally , the grass on the putting greens was the wide - bladed Bermuda . The greens lost speed , especially during the late 1970s , after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow - bladed Bermuda , which thrived and grew thicker . In 1978 , the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass , a narrow - bladed species that could be mowed shorter , eliminating grain . After this test run , the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters . The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces , which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time . Just before the 1975 tournament , the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now - signature white feldspar . It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina . Field ( edit ) The Masters has the smallest field of the major championships , with 90 -- 100 players . Unlike other majors , there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments . It is an invitational event , with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria . The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited . Past champions are always eligible , but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age . Some will later become honorary starters . Invitation categories See footnote . Note : Categories 7 -- 11 are honored only if the participants maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament . Masters Tournament Champions ( lifetime ) U.S. Open champions ( five years ) The Open champions ( five years ) PGA champions ( five years ) Winners of the Players Championship ( three years ) Current Olympic Gold Medalist ( one year ) Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner - up Current British Amateur champion Current Asia - Pacific Amateur champion Current U.S. Mid-Amateur champion Current Latin America Amateur champion The first 12 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Masters Tournament The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's U.S. Open The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Open Championship The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's PGA Championship Winners of PGA Tour regular - season and playoff events that award at least a full - point allocation for the FedEx Cup , starting with the RBC Heritage the week after the Masters to the Shell Houston Open the week beforehand . Those qualifying for the previous year 's season - ending Tour Championship ( top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament ) The 50 leaders on the Final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation . The Masters Committee , at its discretion , can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified , although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players . Changes since 2014 Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour , which now begin the wraparound season , tightening of qualifications ( top 12 plus ties from the Masters , top 4 from the U.S. Open , Open Championship , and PGA Championship ) , and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season - ending points before the Tour Championship , not the former annual money list . The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship , which effectively replaced the exemption for the United States Amateur Public Links Championship , which ended after the 2014 tournament . ( The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters . ) Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Masters Tournament champions The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934 , and he repeated in 1936 . The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus , who won six times between 1963 and 1986 . Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four , and Jimmy Demaret , Gary Player , Sam Snead , Nick Faldo , and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name . Player was the tournament 's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961 . Two - time champions include Byron Nelson , Ben Hogan , Tom Watson , Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , Ben Crenshaw , José María Olazábal , and Bubba Watson . Year Champion Country To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) 2018 Patrick Reed United States − 15 1 stroke Rickie Fowler 1,980,000 2017 Sergio García Spain − 9 Playoff Justin Rose 1,980,000 2016 Danny Willett England − 5 3 strokes Jordan Spieth Lee Westwood 1,800,000 2015 Jordan Spieth United States -- 18 4 strokes Phil Mickelson Justin Rose 1,800,000 2014 Bubba Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 3 strokes Jonas Blixt Jordan Spieth 1,620,000 2013 Adam Scott Australia − 9 Playoff Ángel Cabrera 1,440,000 2012 Bubba Watson United States − 10 Playoff Louis Oosthuizen 1,440,000 2011 Charl Schwartzel South Africa − 14 2 strokes Jason Day Adam Scott 1,440,000 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States − 16 3 strokes Lee Westwood 1,350,000 2009 Ángel Cabrera Argentina − 12 Playoff Kenny Perry Chad Campbell 1,350,000 2008 Trevor Immelman South Africa − 8 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000 2007 Zach Johnson United States + 1 2 strokes Retief Goosen Rory Sabbatini Tiger Woods 1,305,000 2006 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Tim Clark 1,260,000 2005 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States − 12 Playoff Chris DiMarco 1,260,000 Phil Mickelson United States − 9 1 stroke Ernie Els 1,117,000 2003 Mike Weir Canada − 7 Playoff Len Mattiace 1,080,000 2002 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States − 12 3 strokes Retief Goosen 1,008,000 2001 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States − 16 2 strokes David Duval 1,008,000 2000 Vijay Singh Fiji − 10 3 strokes Ernie Els 828,000 1999 José María Olazábal ( 2 ) Spain − 8 2 strokes Davis Love III 720,000 1998 Mark O'Meara United States − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples David Duval 576,000 1997 Tiger Woods United States − 18 12 strokes Tom Kite 486,000 Nick Faldo ( 3 ) England − 12 5 strokes Greg Norman 450,000 1995 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States − 14 1 stroke Davis Love III 396,000 1994 José María Olazábal Spain − 9 2 strokes Tom Lehman 360,000 1993 Bernhard Langer ( 2 ) Germany − 11 4 strokes Chip Beck 306,000 1992 Fred Couples United States − 13 2 strokes Raymond Floyd 270,000 1991 Ian Woosnam Wales − 11 1 stroke José María Olazábal 243,000 1990 Nick Faldo ( 2 ) England − 10 Playoff Raymond Floyd 225,000 1989 Nick Faldo England − 5 Playoff Scott Hoch 200,000 1988 Sandy Lyle Scotland − 7 1 stroke Mark Calcavecchia 183,800 Larry Mize United States − 3 Playoff Seve Ballesteros Greg Norman 162,000 1986 Jack Nicklaus ( 6 ) United States − 9 1 stroke Tom Kite Greg Norman 144,000 1985 Bernhard Langer West Germany − 6 2 strokes Seve Ballesteros Raymond Floyd Curtis Strange 126,000 1984 Ben Crenshaw United States − 11 2 strokes Tom Watson 108,000 Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) Spain − 8 4 strokes Ben Crenshaw Tom Kite 90,000 1982 Craig Stadler United States − 4 Playoff Dan Pohl 64,000 1981 Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States − 8 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 60,000 1980 Seve Ballesteros Spain − 13 4 strokes Gibby Gilbert Jack Newton 55,000 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller United States − 8 Playoff Ed Sneed Tom Watson 50,000 1978 Gary Player ( 3 ) South Africa − 11 1 stroke Rod Funseth Hubert Green Tom Watson 45,000 1977 Tom Watson United States − 12 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 40,000 1976 Raymond Floyd United States − 17 8 strokes Ben Crenshaw 40,000 Jack Nicklaus ( 5 ) United States − 12 1 stroke Johnny Miller Tom Weiskopf 40,000 Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa − 10 2 strokes Dave Stockton Tom Weiskopf 35,000 1973 Tommy Aaron United States − 5 1 stroke J.C. Snead 30,000 1972 Jack Nicklaus ( 4 ) United States − 2 3 strokes Bruce Crampton Bobby Mitchell Tom Weiskopf 25,000 1971 Charles Coody United States − 9 2 strokes Johnny Miller Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1970 Billy Casper United States − 9 Playoff Gene Littler 25,000 1969 George Archer United States − 7 1 stroke Billy Casper George Knudson Tom Weiskopf 20,000 1968 Bob Goalby United States − 11 1 stroke Roberto De Vicenzo 20,000 1967 Gay Brewer United States − 8 1 stroke Bobby Nichols 20,000 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States 0 ! E Playoff Tommy Jacobs ( 2nd ) Gay Brewer ( 3rd ) 20,000 1965 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States − 17 9 strokes Arnold Palmer Gary Player 20,000 1964 Arnold Palmer ( 4 ) United States − 12 6 strokes Dave Marr Jack Nicklaus 20,000 1963 Jack Nicklaus United States − 2 1 stroke Tony Lema 20,000 1962 Arnold Palmer ( 3 ) United States − 8 Playoff Gary Player ( 2nd ) Dow Finsterwald ( 3rd ) 20,000 1961 Gary Player South Africa − 8 1 stroke Charles Coe ( a ) Arnold Palmer 20,000 1960 Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States − 6 1 stroke Ken Venturi 17,500 1959 Art Wall , Jr . United States − 4 1 stroke Cary Middlecoff 15,000 1958 Arnold Palmer United States − 4 1 stroke Doug Ford Fred Hawkins 11,250 1957 Doug Ford United States − 5 3 strokes Sam Snead 8,750 1956 Jack Burke , Jr . United States + 1 1 stroke Ken Venturi ( a ) 6,000 1955 Cary Middlecoff United States − 9 7 strokes Ben Hogan 5,000 1954 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States + 1 Playoff Ben Hogan 5,000 1953 Ben Hogan ( 2 ) United States − 14 5 strokes Ed Oliver 4,000 1952 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States − 2 4 strokes Jack Burke , Jr . 4,000 1951 Ben Hogan United States − 8 2 strokes Skee Riegel 3,000 1950 Jimmy Demaret ( 3 ) United States − 5 2 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,400 1949 Sam Snead United States − 6 3 strokes Johnny Bulla Lloyd Mangrum 2,750 1948 Claude Harmon United States − 9 5 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1947 Jimmy Demaret ( 2 ) United States − 7 2 strokes Byron Nelson Frank Stranahan ( a ) 2,500 1946 Herman Keiser United States − 6 1 stroke Ben Hogan 2,500 1943 -- 45 : Cancelled due to World War II 1942 Byron Nelson ( 2 ) United States − 8 Playoff Ben Hogan 1,500 1941 Craig Wood United States − 8 3 strokes Byron Nelson 1,500 1940 Jimmy Demaret United States − 8 4 strokes Lloyd Mangrum 1,500 1939 Ralph Guldahl United States − 9 1 stroke Sam Snead 1,500 1938 Henry Picard United States − 3 2 strokes Harry Cooper Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1937 Byron Nelson United States − 5 2 strokes Ralph Guldahl 1,500 1936 Horton Smith ( 2 ) United States − 3 1 stroke Harry Cooper 1,500 1935 Gene Sarazen United States − 6 Playoff Craig Wood 1,500 1934 Horton Smith United States − 4 2 strokes Craig Wood 1,500 In the `` Runner ( s ) - up '' column , the years are sorted alphabetically , based on the name of the country of ( 1 ) that year 's runner - up or ( 2 ) the first player listed , in years that have multiple runners - up . The sudden - death format was adopted in 1976 , first used in 1979 , and revised in 2004 . None of the 11 sudden - death playoffs has advanced past the second hole ; four were decided at the first hole , seven at the second . Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18 - hole rounds , except for 1935 , which was 36 holes . None of the 6 full - round playoffs were tied at the end of the round ; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954 . The 1962 playoff included three players : Arnold Palmer ( 68 ) , Gary Player ( 71 ) , and Dow Finsterwald ( 77 ) . The 1966 playoff included three players : Jack Nicklaus ( 70 ) , Tommy Jacobs ( 72 ) , and Gay Brewer ( 78 ) . Low amateurs ( edit ) In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest - scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner - up . There have been six players to win low amateur and then go on to win the Masters as a professional . These players are Cary Middlecoff , Jack Nicklaus , Ben Crenshaw , Phil Mickelson , Tiger Woods and Sergio García . Year Champion Country To par Place 1934 Charlie Yates United States + 9 T21 1935 Lawson Little United States 6 1936 Johnny Dawson United States + 6 T9 1937 Charlie Yates ( 2 ) United States + 13 T26 1938 Tommy Tailer United States + 10 T18 1939 Chick Harbert Charlie Yates ( 3 ) United States United States + 8 T18 1940 Charlie Yates ( 4 ) United States + 5 T17 1941 Dick Chapman United States + 9 T18 1942 Charlie Yates ( 5 ) United States + 16 T28 1943 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Cary Middlecoff United States + 5 T12 1947 Frank Stranahan United States − 5 T2 1948 Skee Riegel United States + 5 T13 1949 Charles Coe Johnny Dawson ( 2 ) United States United States + 7 T16 1950 Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) United States + 9 T14 1951 Charles Coe ( 2 ) United States + 5 T12 1952 Chuck Kocsis United States + 9 T14 1953 Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) Harvie Ward United States United States + 3 T14 1954 Billy Joe Patton United States + 2 1955 Harvie Ward ( 2 ) United States + 2 T8 1956 Ken Venturi United States + 2 1957 Harvie Ward ( 3 ) United States 1958 Billy Joe Patton ( 2 ) United States 8 1959 Charles Coe ( 3 ) United States 6 1960 Jack Nicklaus Billy Joe Patton ( 3 ) United States United States + 5 T13 1961 Charles Coe ( 4 ) United States − 7 T2 1962 Charles Coe ( 5 ) United States T9 1963 Labron Harris , Jr . United States + 10 T32 1964 Deane Beman United States T25 1965 Downing Gray United States + 6 T31 1966 Jimmy Grant United States + 11 T28 1967 Downing Gray ( 2 ) United States + 9 T36 1968 Vinny Giles United States T22 1969 Bruce Fleisher United States + 12 44 1970 Charles Coe ( 6 ) United States + 4 T23 1971 Steve Melnyk United States + 4 T24 1972 Ben Crenshaw United States + 7 T19 1973 Ben Crenshaw ( 2 ) United States + 7 T24 None made the cut George Burns United States + 4 T30 1976 Curtis Strange United States + 3 T15 1977 Bill Sander United States + 11 49 1978 Lindy Miller United States − 2 T16 1979 Bobby Clampett United States + 2 T23 1980 Jay Sigel United States + 1 T26 1981 Jay Sigel ( 2 ) United States + 6 T35 1982 Jodie Mudd United States + 6 T20 Jim Hallet United States + 9 T40 1984 Rick Fehr United States T25 1985 Sam Randolph United States + 2 T18 1986 Sam Randolph ( 2 ) United States + 5 T36 Bob Lewis United States + 21 54 1988 Jay Sigel ( 3 ) United States + 12 T39 1989 None made the cut 1990 Chris Patton United States + 9 T39 1991 Phil Mickelson United States + 2 T46 1992 Manny Zerman South Africa + 6 T59 1993 None made the cut 1994 John Harris United States + 17 T50 1995 Tiger Woods United States + 5 T41 None made the cut 1997 None made the cut 1998 Matt Kuchar United States T21 1999 Sergio García Spain + 7 T38 2000 David Gossett United States + 15 T54 2001 None made the cut 2002 None made the cut 2003 Ricky Barnes United States + 3 21 Casey Wittenberg United States T13 2005 Ryan Moore United States − 1 T13 2006 None made the cut 2007 None made the cut 2008 None made the cut 2009 None made the cut Matteo Manassero Italy + 4 T36 2011 Hideki Matsuyama Japan − 1 T27 2012 Patrick Cantlay United States + 7 T47 2013 Guan Tianlang China + 12 58 2014 Oliver Goss Australia + 10 49 2015 None made the cut 2016 Bryson DeChambeau United States + 5 T21 2017 Stewart Hagestad United States + 6 T36 2018 Doug Ghim United States + 8 T50 Records ( edit ) Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters ( six ) and was 46 years , 82 days old when he won in 1986 , making him the oldest winner of the Masters . Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens , with 22 , and the most cuts made , with 37 . The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods , who was 21 years , 104 days old when he won in 1997 . In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 ( − 18 ) . Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015 . In 2013 , Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters , at age 14 years , 168 days on the opening day of the tournament ; the following day , he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men 's major championship . Gary Player holds the record for most appearances , with 52 . Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made , with 23 between 1959 and 1982 ( Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery ) . He shares this record with Fred Couples , who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007 , not competing in 1987 and 1994 . Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63 , with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively . The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) has occurred three times : Sam Snead in 1954 , Jack Burke , Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round . There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters ; the latest was by a contender in the fourth round in 2012 . In the penultimate pairing with eventual champion Bubba Watson , Louis Oosthuizen 's 260 - yard ( 238 m ) downhill 4 iron from the fairway made the left side of the green at the par - 5 second hole , called Pink Dogwood , rolled downhill , and in . The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen 's double eagle on the fabled course 's Fire Thorn hole in 1935 : Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards ( 227 m ) out with a 4 - wood at the eighth hole ( Yellow Jasmine ) in the first round in 1967 , while Jeff Maggert hit a 3 - iron 222 yards ( 203 m ) at the 13th hole ( Azalea ) in the fourth round in 1994 . Three players share the record for most runner - up finishes with four : Ben Hogan ( 1942 , 1946 , 1954 , 1955 ) , Tom Weiskopf ( 1969 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 ) , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1971 , 1977 , 1981 ) Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of Masters Tournament broadcasters United States television ( edit ) CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956 , when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes . Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers , but by 2006 , more than 50 cameras were used . Chairman Jack Stephens felt that the back nine was always more `` compelling '' , increased coverage would increase the need for sponsorship spending , and that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance and television viewership for the tournament . USA Network added first - and second - round coverage in 1982 . In 2008 , ESPN replaced USA as broadcaster of early - round coverage . These broadcasts use the CBS Sports production staff and commentators , but with ESPN personality Scott Van Pelt ( succeeding Mike Tirico , who replaced Bill Macatee 's similar role under USA Network ) as studio host . In 2005 , CBS broadcast the tournament with high - definition fixed and handheld wired cameras , as well as standard - definition wireless handheld cameras . In 2006 , a webstream called `` Amen Corner Live '' began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11 , 12 , and 13 through all four rounds . This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship . In 2007 , CBS added `` Masters Extra , '' an extra hour of full - field bonus coverage daily on the internet , preceding the television broadcasts . In 2008 , CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web . In 2011 , `` Masters Extra '' was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday . In 2016 , the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV -- as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format . A second channel of 4K coverage covering holes 15 and 16 was added in 2017 , and this coverage will be produced in high - dynamic - range video in 2018 . While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner , it has done so in successive one - year contracts . Former CBS Sports president Neal Pilson stated that their relationship had gotten to the point where the contracts could be negotiated in just hours . Due to the lack of long - term contractual security , as well as the club 's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees ( owing to its affluent membership ) , it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast , or at least performs some form of self - censorship , in order to maintain future rights . The club , however , has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast . Despite this , announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed , notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord , and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National , such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests . Coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts ; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans . Gallery itself is also used . The club also disallows promotions for other network programs , or other forms of sponsored features . Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament 's broadcast hours compared to other major championships . Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18 - hole coverage of the leaders , a standard at the other three majors . Since 1982 , CBS has used `` Augusta '' by Dave Loggins as the event telecast 's distinctive theme music . Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981 . The club mandates minimal commercial interruption , currently limited to four minutes per hour ( as opposed to the usual 12 or more ) ; this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to two or three companies -- currently these `` global sponsors '' are AT&T , IBM , and Mercedes - Benz . AT&T ( then SBC ) and IBM have sponsored the tournament since 2005 , joined at first by ExxonMobil , which in 2014 was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes - Benz . In 2002 , in the wake of calls to boycott tournament sponsors over the Martha Burk controversy , club chairman Hootie Johnson suspended all television sponsorship of the 2003 tournament . He argued that it was `` unfair '' to have the Masters ' sponsors become involved with the controversy by means of association with the tournament , as their sponsorship is of the Masters and not Augusta National itself . CBS agreed to split production costs for the tournament with the club to make up for the lack of sponsorship . After the arrangement continued into 2004 , the tournament reinstated sponsorships for 2005 , with the new partners of ExxonMobil , IBM , and SBC . The club also sells separate sponsorship packages , which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts , to two `` international partners '' ; in 2014 , those companies were Rolex and UPS ( the latter of which replaced Mercedes - Benz upon that company 's elevation to `` global sponsor '' status ) . Radio coverage ( edit ) WestwoodOne ( previously Dial Global and CBS Radio ) has provided live radio play - by - play coverage in the United States since 1956 . This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website . The network provides short two - or three - minute updates throughout the tournament , as well as longer three - and four - hour segments towards the end of the day . International television ( edit ) The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986 , and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live . With the 2007 launch of BBC HD , UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format . BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010 . The BBC 's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee . From the 2011 Masters , Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days , as well as the par 3 contest in HD and , for the first time ever , in 3D . The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days ' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports , with full live coverage on the final two days of play . In Ireland , Setanta Ireland previously showed all four rounds , and now since 2017 Eir Sport broadcast all four rounds live having previously broadcast the opening two rounds with RTÉ broadcasting the weekend coverage . In Canada , broadcast rights to the Masters are held by Bell Media , with coverage divided between TSN ( cable ) , which carries live simulcasts and primetime encores of CBS and ESPN coverage for all four rounds , CTV ( broadcast ) , which simulcasts CBS 's coverage of the weekend rounds , and RDS , which carries French - language coverage . Prior to 2013 , Canadian broadcast rights were held by a marketing company , Graham Sanborn Media , which in turn bought time on the Global Television Network , TSN , and RDS ( except for 2012 when French - language coverage aired on TVA and TVA Sports ) to air the broadcasts , also selling all of the advertising for the Canadian broadcasts . This was an unusual arrangement in Canadian sports broadcasting , as in most cases broadcasters acquire their rights directly from the event organizers or through partnerships with international rightsholders , such as ESPN International ( ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN ) . In 2013 , Global and TSN began selling advertising directly , and co-produced supplemental programs covering the tournament ( while still carrying U.S. coverage for the tournament itself ) . On December 15 , 2015 , TSN parent company Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive Canadian rights to the tournament beginning 2016 under a multi-year deal . Broadcast television coverage moved to co-owned broadcast network CTV , while TSN uses its expanded five - channel service to carry supplemental feeds ( including the Amen Corner feed and early coverage of each round ) that were previously exclusive to digital platforms . In 53 countries , including much of Latin America , broadcast rights for the entire tournament are held by the ESPN International networks . Ticketing ( edit ) Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive , they are very difficult to come by . Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into . Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot . Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list , which is closed . A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978 . It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again . In 2008 , the Masters also began allowing children ( between the ages of 8 and 16 ) to enter on tournament days free if they are accompanied by the patron who is the owner of his or her badge . The difficulty in acquiring Masters badges has made the tournament one of the largest events on the secondary - ticket market . A majority of the badges for the Masters are delivered to the same group of patrons , fans , and members each year , and these perennial ticket holders sometimes decide to sell their badges through large ticket marketplaces such as StubHub , TicketCity , and VividSeats . Some of these marketplaces will allow fans to purchase a Masters badge for a single day , as opposed to the traditional 4 - day pass . See also ( edit ) Men 's major professional golf championships -- Wikipedia book Golf portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Masters Preview '' . Sports Network . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Shane ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shane ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masters Milestones '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Do Masters Champions Get to Keep the Green Jacket ? '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Owen , David ( 1999 ) . The Making of the Masters : Clifford Roberts , Augusta National , and Golf 's Most Prestigious Tournament . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 85729 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Curt ( 1999 ) . The Masters : Golf , Money , and Power in Augusta , Georgia . New York City : Villard Books . p. 22 . ISBN 0375753370 . ^ Jump up to : Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Although front and back are the terms more commonly used , for the Masters they are called the `` first '' and `` second '' nines Jump up ^ `` The Augusta National Golf Club '' . February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 10 , 2002 ) . `` With 1 shot , Sarazen gave Masters fame '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners & Results '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 : Jack Nicklaus wins second pro Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 : Nicklaus wins by nine to shatter Masters record '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1966 : Jack Nicklaus first to win consecutive Masters '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 : Nicklaus wins fifth Masters as Elder breaks color barrier '' . The Augusta Chronicle . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Tournaments Entered '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Records & Stats -- Cut Information '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( March 13 , 2003 ) . `` City of Augusta Is Sued Over Protest at the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Court Rejects Burk Appeal '' . The New York Times . October 4 , 2003 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` To Burk , No Point Picketing Masters '' . The New York Times . February 29 , 2004 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Masters chairman Billy Payne rips Tiger Woods for ' disappointing all of us ' '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Svrluga , Barry ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Billy Payne disappointed in Tiger Woods 's ' egregious ' behavior '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Payne 's remarks regarding Tiger Woods playing at Augusta '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` As it happened : Scott wins US Masters '' . TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 21 , leads Masters wire to wire for 1st major win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` $9,000,000 Masters Results '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( April 7 , 2001 ) . `` Purse exceeds $1 Million '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1986 ) . `` Day Of Glory For A Golden Oldie '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicklaus , Jack ; Bowden , Ken ( 1974 ) . Golf My Way . Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 51350 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Masters Prize Money Announced '' . Augusta Chronicle. April 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` The real story behind the green jacket '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lispey , Rick ( April 10 , 1995 ) . `` Master Teacher : Nearly forgotten now , teaching pro Henry Picard was a big star when he won the 1938 Masters '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Kernicki hosts Major Championship at Canterbury Golf Club '' . GolfGuide.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Masters - style green jacket bought for $5 at Toronto thrift store sells for $139 K '' . Toronto Star . Associated Press . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Stephen . `` Inaugural Drive , Chip and Putt Championship has juniors living Augusta National dreams '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Masters unveils drive , chip and putt contest '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Drive , Chip & Putt winners crowned at Augusta '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Herrington , Ryan . `` Masters 2018 : Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship to debut in 2019 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Uhles , Steven ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` Par - 3 Contest will be family show '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Par 3 Contest '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` The Par - 3 Contest at The Masters '' . About.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Trophy Case '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- Qualifications for Invitation '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold Palmer to hit opening Masters tee shot '' . Golf Today . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gola , Hank ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus kick off 2011 Masters as honorary starters with tee shots at Augusta '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Palmer to skip opening tee shot at Masters '' . Albany Times Union . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Masters 2016 : Arnold Palmer makes poignant appearance on 1st tee '' . The Guardian . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus join Masters tribute to Arnold Palmer '' . The Guardian . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fit for a King : Arnold Palmer honored in moving tribute at Augusta National '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions at the Masters '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Club '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Masters Champions Dinner : Everything you need to know Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . Washington . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , North Carolina . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( April 21 , 1997 ) . `` Strokes of Genius '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` Masters tweaks qualifications '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cut Information '' . www.masters.org . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters goes to sudden death '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Florida . Associated Press . February 6 , 1976 . p. 2E . Jump up ^ `` In sudden death , Masters playoff shifts to no . 10 '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . April 11 , 1979 . p . D2 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Changes afoot at Augusta '' . BBC Sport . August 7 , 2001 . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( June 29 , 2005 ) . `` Augusta National plans to add length '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Row over Augusta changes goes on '' . BBC Sport. April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Westin , David ( March 28 , 2001 ) . `` Desire for faster greens led to use of Bentgrass '' . CNNSI.com & The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Guide '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Tournament Invitees '' . masters.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Martin ( April 9 , 2002 ) . `` The Masters : Augusta bows to change with a pompous flourish '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Masters Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Tournament Invitees '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Masters , Latin America team up '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Masters : Host Courses and Winners '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Masters playoff format is changed '' . CNN.com. April 7 , 2004 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Finishers '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scoring Statistics '' . www.masters.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guan Tianlang , 14 , headed to Masters '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tianlang Guan youngest to make cut '' . ESPN . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberson , Doug ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Oosthuizen gives away souvenir after rare double - eagle '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' . PGA Tour . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( April 7 , 1998 ) . `` CBS and the Masters Keep Business Simple '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Denne H. ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Augusta 's front nine cloaked in secrecy '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why is n't the Masters on TV all day ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Replaces USA as Early - Round Home of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN will show first two rounds of 2008 Masters tournament '' . ESPN . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Masters broadcast will use shot tracer technology '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for Amen Corner live '' . March 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV 's first live 4K show is the Masters golf tournament '' . Engadget . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters in 4K : DirecTV , CBS Sports Tee Up First Live 4K UHD Broadcast in U.S. '' Sports Video Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DirecTV doubles its live 4K broadcasts for this year 's Masters '' . Engadget . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dachman , Jason Dachman . `` AT&T / DirecTV Will Deliver The Masters in 4K HDR for the First Time '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hinds , Richard ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Why coverage of US Masters is so polite '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martzke , Rudy ( April 13 , 2003 ) . `` CBS managed to get Masters right despite silence on protests '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Tim . `` Is the Masters really the most prestigious sporting event in America ? '' . WorldGolf . Golf Channel . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How The Masters Theme Song Came To Be '' . Deadspin. April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes , UPS Form New Partnerships with Masters Tournament '' ( Press release ) . Augusta National Golf Club . April 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Masters Is Back to Commercials '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ YEN , William Gallo Reporting by Tom Finnerty COMPILED BY YI - WYN . `` The Battle of Augusta : HOOTIE VS . MARTHA '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Masters '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport keeps Masters contract '' . BBC Sport . October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Sky seizes share of the Masters from BBC '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` We are fully committed to providing a public service -- without public funding '' . Irish Independent . August 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Houston , William ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` As usual , Woods is the star of Masters coverage '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Val ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global partner to sell The Masters '' . Media in Canada . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Sports Network and Global Television Network ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` TSN and Global Partner to Give Canadians Complete Coverage of The Masters '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television wars continue as CTV takes Masters deal away from Global '' . Yahoo ! Sports Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CTV , TSN , and RDS announce exclusive , multi-year deal with The Masters '' . TSN.ca . Bell Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN at the Masters Tournament '' . ESPN ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . Masters.org . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reviewed Work : The Masters : Golf Money and Power in Augusta , Georgia by Curt Sampson Jump up ^ `` Masters Badges '' . TicketCity . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masters Tournament . Official website Masters Tournament on Facebook Masters Tournament on Instagram Augusta.com -- coverage by The Augusta Chronicle Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Masters Tournaments 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments UBS Hong Kong Open Australian PGA Championship AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Joburg Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth NBO Oman Open Commercial Bank Qatar Masters WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Open de España Trophée Hassan II Volvo China Open Rocco Forte Sicilian Open Belgian Knockout BMW PGA Championship Italian Open Shot Clock Masters BMW International Open HNA Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Standard Investments Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Nordea Masters D + D Real Czech Masters Made in Denmark Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship British Masters Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup European Golf Team Championships Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ 11 '' N 82 ° 01 ′ 12 '' W / 33.503 ° N 82.020 ° W / 33.503 ; - 82.020 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masters_Tournament&oldid=843394256 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Men 's major golf championships Recurring sporting events established in 1934 Economy of Augusta , Georgia Tourist attractions in Augusta , Georgia Annual sporting events in the United States 1934 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf tournaments in the United States April sporting events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 21 : 32 . 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anjali tarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah real name	Neha Mehta ( born 9 June 1978 ) is an Indian television actress . She is best known for her role of Anjali Mehta in India 's longest running sitcom TV serial Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Her title role of Saroj in Star Plus serial Bhabhi made her a popular face in Indian television .	Neha Mehta	Neha Mehta	neha mehta	Neha Mehta ( born 9 June 1978 ) is an Indian television actress . She is best known for her role of Anjali Mehta in India 's longest running sitcom TV serial Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Her title role of Saroj in Star Plus serial Bhabhi made her a popular face in Indian television .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Television 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) Mehta was born in Bhavnagar , Gujarat . Mehta ancestrally belongs to Patan , Gujarat . Mehta was brought up in Vadodara and Ahmedabad . She comes from a family that has deep roots in Gujarati literature and she herself is a Gujarati speaker . Her father is a popular writer and that inspired her to become an actress . She holds a degree in Masters in Performing arts ( MPA ) in Indian Classical Dance and Diploma in Vocal and drama . Career ( edit ) Mehta did Gujarati theatre for many years . She started her Indian television career in 2001 Zee TV channel serial called Dollar Bahu . From 2002 to 2008 she played title role in STAR Plus TV serial Bhabhi . It was India 's fourth longest running TV serial . She also acted in a Telugu Film Dham as a lead role . Since July 28 , 2008 , she is playing the role of Anjali Mehta in SAB TV 's television series Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah which is currently her longest television run . Anjali Mehta is the wife of the narrator and main character in the show , Taarak Mehta . Her character is a young , sophisticated and modern woman . Anjali is a dietician and controls her husband Taarak Mehta 's diet as well . She also hosted a SAB TV show Wah ! Wah ! Kya Baat Hai ! as herself with Shailesh Lodha during 2012 -- 2013 . Television ( edit ) Year Show Channel Role Dollar Bahu Zee TV Vaishali 2002 -- 2008 Bhabhi Star Plus Saroj 2002 Sau Dada Sasu Na ETV Gujarati Anuradha Raat Hone Ko Hai Sahara One Kushik 2004 -- 2005 Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand Star Plus Heer Yash Diwan ( Fake Gungun ) 2006 - 2007 Mamta Zee TV Mamta # 1 2008 -- present Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Sony Sab Anjali Taarak Mehta 2012 -- 2013 Wah ! Wah ! Kya Baat Hai ! Sony sab Herself 2013 - 2013 Jeannie Aur Juju Sony Sab Jia Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2003 Dham Anjali Better Half Gujarati Movie Prem Ek Pooja - Gujarati Movie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` neha - mehta - in - tarak - mehta - ka - ulta - chashma '' . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Shweta Bhosle and Gurucharan Singh at on Location of Tarak Mehta Ka Oolta Chashma TopNews . Topnews.in ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Best Gujarati Actress Neha Mehta Tarak Mehta Fame Interview by Devang Bhatt . YouTube . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed ! You will be shocked to know the education qualifications of'Taarak Mehta ... ' star cast '' . Daily Bhaskar . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Home . SAB TV . Retrieved on 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ SAB TV . `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta 's 500 episode celebration ! '' . The Times of India . 18 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neha Mehta . Neha Mehta on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neha_Mehta&oldid=803108910 '' Categories : Living people Indian television actresses Actresses from Mumbai Indian stage actresses Gujarati theatre Actresses in Hindi television 21st - century Indian actresses People from Patan district Actresses from Gujarat Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha%20Mehta	2,523
the govt of india presents its annual budget in the	The Union Budget of India , also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India , is the annual budget of the Republic of India . The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April . Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament . The budget , which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1 , the start of India 's financial year .	Finance bill\|Appropriation bill	Union Budget of India	union budget of india	The Union Budget of India , also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India , is the annual budget of the Republic of India . The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April . Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament . The budget , which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1 , the start of India 's financial year .	An Interim Budget is not the same as a ' Vote on Account ' . While a ' Vote on Account ' deals only with the expenditure side of the government 's budget , an Interim Budget is a complete set of accounts , including both expenditure and receipts . An Interim Budget gives the complete financial statement , very similar to a full Budget . While the law does not debar the Union government from introducing tax changes , normally during an election year , successive governments have avoided making any major changes in income tax laws during an Interim Budget . As of September 2017 , Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram 's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee 's 8 . Yashwant Sinha , Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Pre-liberalisation 1.2 Post-liberalisation 2 Traditions 2.1 Time of Budget announcement 2.2 Date of Budget announcement 2.3 Halwa Ceremony 3 References 4 External links Chronology ( edit ) Pre-liberalisation ( edit ) The first Union budget of independent India was presented by R.K. Shanmukham Chetty on November 26 , 1947 . The Union budgets for the fiscal years 1959 - 61 to 1963 - 64 , inclusive of the interim budget for 1962 - 63 , were presented by Morarji Desai. On February 29 in 1964 and 1968 , he became the only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday . Desai presented budgets that included five annual budgets and an interim budget during his first stint and three final budgets and one interim budget in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of India . After Desai 's resignation , Indira Gandhi , the then Prime Minister of India , took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the Finance Minister . Pranab Mukherjee , the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio , presented the annual budgets for the financial years 1982 - 83 , 1983 -- 84 and 1984 - 85 . Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987 - 89 , after V.P. Singh quit his government , and in the process became the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather . N.D. Tiwari presented the budget for 1988 - 89 , S.B. Chavan for 1989 - 90 , while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990 - 91 . Dr. Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister and presented the interim budget for 1991 - 92 as elections were forced . Due to political developments , early elections were held in May 1991 following which the Indian National Congress returned to political power and Manmohan Singh , the Finance Minister , presented the budget for 1991 - 92 . Post-liberalisation ( edit ) Manmohan Singh under P.V. Narasimha Rao , in his next annual budgets from 1992 -- 93 , opened the economy , encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent . After elections in 1996 , a non-Congress ministry assumed office . Hence the financial budget for 1996 - 97 was presented by P. Chidambaram , who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress . Following a constitutional crisis when the I.K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out , a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram 's 1997 - 98 budget . This budget was passed without a debate . After the general elections in March 1998 that led to the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Central Government , Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister in this government , presented the interim and final budgets for 1998 - 99 . After general elections in 1999 , Sinha again became the Finance Minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999 - 2000 to 2002 - 2003 . Due to elections in May 2004 , an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh . Former Finance Minister Morarji Desai presented the budget ten times , the most by any . The Union Budget of India for 2012 -- 2013 was presented by Pranab Mukherjee , the Finance Minister of India on 16 March 2012 , which was the 7th budget of his career . These budgetary proposals would be applicable for financial year 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013 . The Union Budget of India for 2013 -- 2014 was presented by P. Chidambaram on 28 February 2013 . The Interim Union Budget for 2014 -- 2015 was presented on February 17 , 2014 . The Union Budget of India for 2014 -- 2015 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 10 July 2014 . The Union Budget of India for 2015 -- 2016 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 28 February 2015 . The Union Budget of India for 2016 -- 2017 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 29 February 2016 . The Union Budget of India for 2017 -- 2018 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2017 . The Union Budget of India for 2018 -- 2019 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018 . Traditions ( edit ) Time of Budget announcement ( edit ) Until the year 1999 , the Union Budget was announced at 5 : 00 pm on the last working day of the month of February . This practice was inherited from the Colonial Era , Another reason was that until the 1990s , all that budgets seem to do was to raise taxes , a presentation in the evening gave producers and the tax collecting agencies the night to work out the change in prices . It was Mr. Yashwant Sinha , the then Finance Minister of India in the NDA government ( led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Atal Bihari Vajpayee , who changed the ritual by announcing the 1999 Union Budget at 11 am . Date of Budget announcement ( edit ) Also again in 2017 , departing from the colonial - era tradition of presenting the Union Budget on the last working day of February , Minister of Finance ( India ) Arun Jaitley , in the NDA government ( led by Bharatiya Janata Party ) of Narendra Modi government announced that it will now be presented on 1 February . Additionally Rail Budget , presented separately for 92 Years , merged with union budget . Halwa ceremony ( edit ) The printing of budget documents starts roughly a week ahead of presenting in the Parliament with a customary ' Halwa ceremony ' in which halwa ( a sweet dish ) is prepared in large quantities and served to the officers and support staff involved . They remain isolated and stay in the North Block office until the Budget is presented . Halwa is also served by the Finance Minister . This ceremony is performed as a part of the Indian tradition of having something sweet before starting an important work . 1947 Union budget of India 2009 Union budget of India 2010 Union budget of India 2011 Union budget of India 2012 Union budget of India 2013 Union budget of India 2014 Interim - Union budget of India 2014 Union budget of India 2015 Union budget of India 2016 Union budget of India 2017 Union budget of India 2018 Union budget of India Railway Budget of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Procedure in Financial Matters '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) . p. 24 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Central Budgets in retrospect '' . pib.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Meet Manmohan Singh , the economist '' . 2004 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Salient Features of Interim Union Budget of India for 2014 - 15 '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Expectation from union budget 2014 - 15 '' . Patrika Group . 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of union budget 2015 - 16 '' . The Hindu . 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live : Jaitley presents Union Budget 2016 - 17 : ' Govt . will pay EPF contribution of 8.33 % to all new employees for first three years ' '' . The Hindu . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 '' . 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Desk , Internet . `` Highlights of Union Budget 2017 - 18 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2018 Highlights : Key takeaways from Arun Jaitley 's fifth Budget '' . Moneycontrol . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Budget with a difference '' . 2001 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Union Budget 2017 on 1 Feb : End of a colonial hangover for speedy implementation of schemes '' . Firstpost.com . Firstpost. 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Budget , Presented For 92 Years , Merged With Union Budget '' . NDTV.com . NDTV . Jump up ^ `` Printing Of Union Budget Document Begins With ' Halwa ' Ceremony '' . NDTV . Press Trust of India . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Government of India : Union Budget and Economic Survey Economic Survey and Union Budget List of Budget Speeches ( since 1947 ) Live financial minister Mr arun jaitley Budgets of India Union 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Railway 2014 2015 2016 National government budgets Australia Canada France Germany India Malaysia Norway Russia Switzerland United Kingdom Scotland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_budget_of_India&oldid=840658083 '' Categories : Union budgets of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20budget%20of%20India	1,162
who played thalia in the sea of monsters	Paloma Kwiatkowski as Thalia Grace , the demigod daughter of Zeus . Katelyn Mager portrays the younger Thalia .	Paloma Kwiatkowski\|Katelyn Mager	Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters	percy jackson : sea of monsters	Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( also known as Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Sea of Monsters ) is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Thor Freudenthal . It is the second installment in the Percy Jackson film series and is loosely based on the novel The Sea of Monsters by Rick Riordan . It is a stand - alone sequel to the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief .	The film continues the adventures of Percy Jackson ( Logan Lerman ) and his friends , as they search for the Golden Fleece at the Sea of Monsters . Brandon T. Jackson , Alexandra Daddario , and Jake Abel reprise their roles from the previous film , while Nathan Fillion and Anthony Head replace Dylan Neal and Pierce Brosnan . New additions to the cast include Leven Rambin , Douglas Smith , and Stanley Tucci . The film was produced by Michael Barnathan and Karen Rosenfelt . Chris Columbus , who directed Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , serves as executive producer . The plot centers on Percy and his friends as they journey to the eponymous Sea of Monsters to retrieve the Golden Fleece in order to save the tree ( barrier ) that protects their home . The film was released in North America on August 7 , 2013 , receiving mixed critical reviews and became commercially successful having grossed over $202 million at the box office exceeding its $90 million budget . The film was released on 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 17 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Demigods 2.2 Gods 2.3 Other characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Home media 8 Possible sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) While in Camp Half - Blood , Percy recounts the story of Thalia and her sacrifice . A young Annabeth , Luke , Grover and Thalia are running to Camp Half - Blood while being pursued by monsters . Thalia sacrifices herself to get the others into the camp , and her father Zeus transforms her into a pine tree , creating a magical border around the camp . Soon a Cyclops passes through the border and is revealed to be Tyson , Percy 's half - brother . The camp is later attacked by a Colchis Bull who breaks through the border and ravages Camp Half - Blood . Percy defeats it with the help of Tyson , Annabeth , and Clarisse . Following this , Luke ( who had survived his and Percy 's battle in the previous film ) appears and confronts Percy , trying to convert him to his cause . When Percy refuses , Luke disappears . The campers realize that Thalia 's tree has been poisoned by Luke and they are vulnerable to attacks . Percy visits the Oracle , who tells him of a prophecy of a half - blood of the eldest gods either saving or destroying Olympus . Chiron tells Percy that he is the only living , human half - blood of the eldest gods , so the half - blood in the Prophecy may refer to him . Annabeth and Grover learn about the Golden Fleece , which has the power to heal anything , and propose a quest in which they retrieve the Fleece and use it to heal Thalia 's tree . Mr. D chooses Clarisse to lead the quest , much to Annabeth 's and Percy 's dismay . Percy convinces Grover and Annabeth to accompany him on the quest , and Tyson joins them . Annabeth hails the Chariot of Damnation , and Percy threatens the three drivers ( the Graeae ) to tell him of his prophecy , giving him coordinates for the Sea of Monsters ( the Bermuda Triangle ) before ejecting the group from the cab in Washington D.C. because they lack money . While walking down the street , Grover is kidnapped by Chris Rodriguez and taken to Luke . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson first locate Luke with the help of Hermes , then ride a Hippokampos to his yacht , the Andromeda . Luke reveals his plan to revive Kronos using the Fleece so Olympus will be destroyed . Percy and they are then locked in the brig , though they later escape when Percy uses his ability to manipulate water . The group is consumed by Charybdis , and they discover Clarisse in the monster 's stomach . Percy and Clarisse work together to escape Charybdis by shooting a hole through its gut , and soon they arrive at Circeland , Polyphemus 's lair . Percy finds Grover , and the five escape Polyphemus , retrieving the fleece and trapping him in his cave . Afterwards , Luke arrives and demands the fleece from Percy , who refuses . Luke shoots a crossbow bolt at Percy , but Tyson takes the bolt in the chest and falls into the water below . Luke begins reviving Kronos and Annabeth encourages Percy to take leadership . The team escapes captivity , and Percy grapples with Luke over the Fleece , like the prophecy said they would , but Luke easily gains the upper hand . Luke is suddenly thrown away by Tyson , revealed to have survived his wound due to the water healing it , as he is Poseidon 's son . Kronos rises from the sarcophagus and consumes Luke and Grover before battling Percy . Percy realizes that Riptide is the `` cursed blade '' of the prophecy and slices Kronos into pieces imprisoning Kronos in the sarcophagus once again , causing him to regurgitate Grover and Luke , the latter landing in Polyphemus 's Lair . Their victory is short lived as Annabeth is stabbed by the Manticore , who is killed in turn by Clarisse and Grover . Annabeth dies in Percy 's arms but is resurrected by the Fleece . Percy then gives the fleece to Clarisse , and they return to Camp Half - Blood . Clarisse places the fleece on Thalia 's tree . The group returns the next day to find Thalia alive , as the fleece returned her to human form . Percy realizes that Thalia , as a child of Zeus , is another possible child of the prophecy about either preserving or destroying Olympus . The film ends showing the sarcophagus with Kronos 's remains in it glowing , implying that Kronos still has some degree of his power , and is still planning to return . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members Demigods ( edit ) Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson , the demigod son of Poseidon . Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase , the demigod daughter of Athena , and Percy 's secret crush . Alisha Newton portrays the younger Annabeth . Douglas Smith as Tyson , Percy 's Cyclops half - brother . Leven Rambin as Clarisse La Rue , the demigod daughter of Ares . Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood , Percy 's best friend and keeper , a satyr . Bjorn Yearwood portrays the younger Grover . Jake Abel as Luke Castellan , the demigod son of Hermes and the main antagonist . Samuel Braun portrays the younger Luke . Paloma Kwiatkowski as Thalia Grace , the demigod daughter of Zeus . Katelyn Mager portrays the younger Thalia . Grey Damon as Chris Rodriguez , a rogue demigod of unknown parentage who helps Luke to resurrect Kronos . Gods ( edit ) Stanley Tucci as Mr. D / Dionysus , the god of wine , celebrations , ecstasy , and theatre and director of Camp Half - Blood . Nathan Fillion as Hermes , Luke 's father ; the god of trade , thieves , travelers , sports , athletes , and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus . Octavia Spencer as Martha ( voice ) , a snake that is in Hermes ' caduceus . Craig Robinson as George ( voice ) , a snake that is in Hermes 's caduceus . Robert Knepper as Kronos , the King of the Titans , father of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Hestia , Demeter , Hera , Chiron , Luke 's master . Other characters ( edit ) Anthony Head as Chiron , the activities director at Camp Half Blood . Chiron is a centaur and the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Demeter , Hestia and Hera . Chiron was previously played by Pierce Brosnan in The Lightning Thief . Robert Maillet as Polyphemus , the Cyclops that is guarding the Golden Fleece . Ron Perlman as Polyphemus ( voice ) Shohreh Aghdashloo as the Oracle of Delphi ( voice ) Missi Pyle , Yvette Nicole Brown and Mary Birdsong as the Graeae Jordan Weller as Ichneutae , the acolyte of Clarisse Derek Mears and Aleks Paunovic as Cyclopes . Production ( edit ) Reports of a second Percy Jackson film first surfaced in March 2011 . On October 12 , 2011 , a sequel was officially confirmed by 20th Century Fox . Filming for Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters began on April 16 , 2012 . The film was originally going to be released on March 15 , 2013 , but in May 2012 , the release date was postponed to August 16 , 2013 . In April 2013 , a final release date was set for August 7 , 2013 . Filming took place in Robert Burnaby Park in Burnaby , B.C. ; however from June 20 to July 22 , they filmed in New Orleans for Princess Andromeda scenes , including the former site of Six Flags New Orleans . More filming took place in January 2013 . On January 22 , 2013 , Logan Lerman released a statement on Twitter that read `` Last day of shooting on Percy Jackson 2 '' accompanied by a photo of the shooting . Development ( edit ) Logan Lerman on the last day for the shooting of the film . In February 2011 , it was revealed in the online subscription magazine Production Weekly that the film was in production . In another source , the lead cast members from the first movie were expected to return for their roles . Chris Columbus would not be returning as director , though he would be producing the movie together with Karen Rosenfelt ( producer of the Twilight movie Breaking Dawn ) . Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired as the scriptwriters . Marc Guggenheim was hired to re-write the screenplay and Alexander and Karaszewski were uncredited . On June 16 , 2011 , it was announced that Thor Freudenthal would be directing the movie . Shooting began in summer 2012 . On October 12 , 2011 , it was announced that the film would be released on March 26 , 2013 . On April 6 , it was announced that the movie was pushed up to August 7 , 2013 . On May 31 , 2012 , it was announced that the movie had been pushed back to August 16 , 2013 . Filming ( edit ) On January 13 , 2012 , a brand new production list was released and stated that filming would take place between April 26 , 2012 and July 11 , 2012 . It was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia and New Orleans , Louisiana with the abandoned Six Flags New Orleans also serving as a filming location . Filming wrapped up in July and then started again in January for reshoots . It wrapped up on January 22 , 2013 . Marketing ( edit ) Five official stills were released on March 21 , 2013 . On April 2 , the trailer for the film was uploaded on YouTube . A teaser poster was released on April 16 . A second trailer was released on May 29 , 2013 . A third international trailer was released on the June 25 , 2013 , on YouTube . Since July 19 , three TV spots have been released known as `` Story '' , `` Cast '' and `` Family '' . A clip from the film was released on the internet on July 23 , where it was later uploaded onto YouTube . Later many more new clips were released . Smart & Final stores in California , Arizona , and Nevada offered Hollywood Movie Money Certificate good for one free movie ticket with the purchase of two First Street Bakery items as part of the movie promotion . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 41 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 based on 111 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's pretty and packed with action ; unfortunately , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters is also waterlogged with characters and plots that ca n't help but feel derivative . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 39 based on 33 collected reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the movie as 6.0 out of 10 , awarding `` There are worse sequels than the CG - heavy Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , but it 's just such overly familiar territory . '' Gary Goldstein from Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review , saying that `` tweens and young teens should be sufficiently distracted by the movie 's brisk pace and heroic mayhem -- if they 're not too unnerved by its at times nightmarish imagery '' , while James Rocchi from ScreenCrush said `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters is hardly the stuff of legend , but by keeping the plot straightforward and the storytelling clean , it 's an odyssey the intended young audience will be glad to take . '' Marsha McCreadie on Roger Ebert 's website gave the movie two and a half stars out of four and called it `` a gentler - spirited , less flashy enterprise , though it still presents a natural world that can morph at the whim of a god . '' New York Times writer Andy Webster states , `` Sea of Monsters is diverting enough -- the director , Thor Freudenthal is savvy with effects and keeps his young cast on point -- but it does n't begin to approach the biting adolescent tension of the Harry Potter movies . '' In a negative review , Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter posted as the bottom line that `` Buoyant effects help keep this sequel from being a noisily hit and myth proposition . '' Bruce Ingram of Chicago Sun - Times thought the movie had a `` deficit of thrills '' and `` faithful fans of the novels will be unhappy with the liberties taken with the adaptation like they were with the first film . '' Some critics were merciless , like Josh Bell of Las Vegas Weekly who called the series `` a thoroughly second - rate franchise '' and said `` with movies like Sea of Monsters , it can probably continue in acceptable mediocrity for years to come '' and Connie Ogle of The Miami Herald who says `` In Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , choosing the dumbest character is a colossal task . '' Box Office ( edit ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters grossed an $68,559,554 in North America and $133,688,197 internationally for a worldwide total of $202,247,751 . The film grossed $5.4 million on its opening day , taking the number No. 2 spot at the domestic box office . During its extended five - day opening weekend the film debuted at the No. 4 spot and grossed $23,258,113 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2014 Young Artist Award Best Supporting Young Actress in a Feature Film Katelyn Mager Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Hero : Percy Jackson Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Soundtrack album by Andrew Lockington Released August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 68 : 54 Label Sony Classical Producer Brian Liesegang No . Title Length 1 . `` Thalia 's Story '' 3 : 42 2 . `` Percy at the Lake '' 1 : 29 3 . `` Colchis Bull '' 4 : 08 4 . `` The Shield is Gone '' 1 : 31 5 . `` The Oracle 's Prophecy '' 3 : 08 6 . `` Cursed Blade Shall Reap '' 1 : 43 7 . `` Wild Taxi Ride '' 3 : 25 8 . `` Hermes '' 2 : 34 9 . `` Hippocampus '' 3 : 34 10 . `` Onboard the Yacht '' 1 : 39 11 . `` Wave Conjuring '' 6 : 49 12 . `` Sea of Monsters '' 2 : 31 13 . `` Belly of the Beast '' 3 : 52 14 . `` New Coordinates '' 2 : 13 15 . `` Polyphemus '' 2 : 58 16 . `` Thank You Brother '' 6 : 01 17 . `` Kronos '' 5 : 08 18 . `` Annabeth and the Fleece '' 2 : 03 19 . `` Resurrection '' 3 : 04 20 . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters -- Main Titles '' 3 : 15 21 . `` To Feel Alive '' ( composed by Andrew Lockington & Tiff Randol and performed by IAMEVE ) 4 : 06 `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' by Fall Out Boy and `` Cameo Lover '' by Kimbra were featured in the movie but are unavailable on the soundtrack . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on 3D Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on December 17 , 2013 . The film was additionally released for Digital HD download on December 3 . Possible sequel ( edit ) On March 25 , 2014 , Lerman said that a sequel to Sea of Monsters would not be made . However , a report of March 31 , 2014 stated `` Logan Lerman has said Percy Jackson 3 could still go ahead '' and that the previous report `` was taken out of context '' . At the 2015 Santa Barbara International Film Festival , Lerman said that while he finds the Percy Jackson films fun to make , he has not heard anything about the production of a third film and expressed concern that he and his co-stars were growing too old for their parts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea Of Monsters '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . proboxoffice . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOffice ® -- Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . 2014 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Head to Play Chiron in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy ' sequel zeroes in on Smith '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Logan Lerman Returns for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' with New Backup ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look at Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . ComingSoon.net . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' First Look : Stanley Tucci in Leopard Print ! '' . Screencrush.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson and the Olympians ' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon ? First Showing . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson ' sequel could be on its way Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean . `` Percy Jackson Sequel Moves Up Calendar 7500 Disappears '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Photos.nola.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' shoot '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LoganLerman : Last day of shooting on Percy '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Production Weekly issue 749 , February 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel ' The Sea of Monsters ' Hires Screenwriters '' PageToPremier.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thor Freudenthal to Direct PERCY JACKSON AND THE OLYMPIANS : THE SEA OF MONSTERS ; Logan Lerman Confirmed for Return '' Collider.com . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' ComingSoon.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' release date pushed back several months '' Hypable.com . Retrieved September 2013 . Jump up ^ Directors Guild of Canada British Columbia Jump up ^ `` Brandon T Jackson ( brandontjackson ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Michael ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Vancouver Film Production Update - April 2012 '' . Sneakpeek.ca . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Six Flags New Orleans site comes alive for ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' shoot '' . NOLA.com . July 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' : First look at 5 official stills '' . Hypable.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Free Percy Jackson Movie Ticket at Smart and Final '' . Comic Con Family . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Review : ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' a heroic effort for demigod Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rocchi , James ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' Review '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PERCY JACKSON : SEA OF MONSTERS Roger Ebert 's website . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What a Hero Goes Through to Become a Healer ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , ' With Logan Lerman '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters : Film Review The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thrills lacking in Percy Jackson 's second film mission Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bell , Josh ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` The second - rate franchise that is ' Percy Jackson ' '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' ( PG ) '' . Miami.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Wednesday , August 7 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Audiences Travel to ' Elysium ' Over Crowded Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson Sea of Monsters - Official Movie Site - View Trailers '' . Percyjacksonthemovie.com . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ' hits DVD / Blu - ray December 17 '' . Hypable.com . October 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles . `` Logan Lerman Says ' Percy Jackson 3 ' Is Officially Dead '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Daisy ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Noah star Logan Lerman : Percy Jackson 3 could still happen '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A-List Celebrities Flood to the Arlington for Virtuosos Award '' . The Daily Nexus . External links ( edit ) Official website Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters on IMDb Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters at Rotten Tomatoes Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters at Box Office Mojo The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Works by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski Films written Problem Child ( 1990 ) Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) That Darn Cat ( 1997 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Agent Cody Banks ( 2003 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) TV series created American Crime Story ( 2016 -- present ) Films directed Screwed ( 2000 ) Films directed by Thor Freudenthal Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Today : The Movie ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Jackson:_Sea_of_Monsters&oldid=800200009 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2013 3D films Teen fantasy films Teen adventure films American fantasy adventure films American films Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films shot in British Columbia Films shot in New Orleans Sequel films Percy Jackson & the Olympians Giants in film Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan 1492 Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 39 . 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when does the new texas chainsaw massacre come out			Leatherface ( 2017 film )	leatherface ( 2017 film )	Leatherface is a 2017 American horror film directed by Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo , written by Seth M. Sherwood , and starring Stephen Dorff , Vanessa Grasse , Sam Strike , and Lili Taylor . It is the eighth film in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise ( TCM ) , and works as a prequel to 1974 's The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , explaining the origin of the series ' lead character .	Following the financial success of Texas Chainsaw 3D , a sequel went into development from director John Luessenhop for a planned shoot in Louisiana , but failed to receive the greenlight to move forward . In favor of avoiding the convoluted continuity of the previous films whilst going in an unexpected direction , Seth M. Sherwood pitched Leatherface to Millennium Films as a prequel that would follow the titular character in a mentally competent state , enduring trauma that transforms him into the intellectually disabled murderer seen in the previous films . Maury and Bustillo signed on as directors after reading the screenplay , impressed with what they found to be a unique take on the long - running franchise . The film takes place in the canon established by The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and Texas Chainsaw 3D , chronologically taking place before the two films . Principal photography commenced in Bulgaria in May and June 2015 , with locations and sets chosen for their resemblance to the Texas terrain and as homage to the series ' previous films . After being temporarily shelved by Lionsgate Films in 2016 , the film was made exclusive via DirecTV on September 21 , 2017 , before receiving a wider release on video on demand and limited theaters , simultaneously , in North America on October 20 , 2017 . It received generally mixed reviews from film critics , and garnered $887,540 worldwide . Lionsgate and Millennium Films lost the rights to produce future Texas Chainsaw Massacre films because of the delay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Concept and development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Continuity 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Future 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 External links Plot ( edit ) At the Sawyer homestead , a birthday party is being held by the family matriarch Verna Sawyer ( Lili Taylor ) for the youngest member of the Sawyer family , Jedidiah . As his birthday present and to induct him into the murderous family rituals , he is presented with a chainsaw and is urged to slaughter a man who they have accused of attempting to steal from them . Jed refuses , visibly disturbed , and the victim is instead killed by Grandpa Sawyer . In 1955 , couple Betty Hartman and Ted Hardesty are driving down a country road when they come across the seemingly wounded Jedidiah Sawyer . Betty follows him to a dilapidated barn , where she is promptly killed by the Sawyer family . Her father , Sheriff Hartman ( Stephen Dorff ) , is called to the crime scene , where he is shocked to find his daughter deceased . Despite the efforts of Verna , Hartman quickly takes Jedidiah into custody as revenge , sending him to a mental institution known as the Gorman House Youth Reformery . Ten years later , recently - hired nurse Elizabeth White ( Vanessa Grasse ) forms a bond with patients Bud and Jackson ( Sam Strike ) at the Gorman House . Verna arrives later that night with an injunction to allow family visitation for a now teenage Jedidiah , only to be rejected by the director of the facility , Doctor Lang ( Chris Adamson ) . On the way out , she violates security , causing a riot during which many of the nurses and patients are killed . Elizabeth is saved by Jackson , who gets her outside to safety where the two are taken hostage by crazed escapees Ike ( James Bloor ) and Clarice . As they leave , they come across a bloodied Bud , having just killed Director Lang in a fit of rage , and decide to take him with them . The group arrives at a rest stop diner shortly after changing clothes . Following an altercation with waitress Tammy , Ike and Clarice begin a murder spree within the diner in which Bud is injured and the group is forced to flee . Hartman arrives on the scene with Deputy Sorells ( Finn Jones ) and discovers that one of the escaped inmates is in fact Jedidiah . That night , the escapees take refuge in an abandoned mobile home where Clarice and Ike engage in sexual intercourse , revealing her scarred body and involving the corpse of the former home owner in the debauchery . While everyone is asleep , Elizabeth tries to escape but is stopped by Ike . Ike continually insults Bud , provoking him to brutalize him to death when the others are n't around . The next morning , Clarice notices Ike is missing and heads off to find him ; Jackson and Elizabeth find Bud sleeping on Ike 's corpse and quickly take him away . Clarice wanders into the woods in search of Ike and is apprehended by Hartman . Upon disparaging both him and his dead daughter , she is shot in the head as the others watch from a distance . Jackson and Bud continue on with Elizabeth in tow . As a Deputy passes , Elizabeth screams out , inadvertently leading to Bud getting shot . Bud 's death sends Jackson into a rage , as he kills the Deputy and has Elizabeth drive them in the deputy 's vehicle in attempt to reach safety . During their drive , the two are pursued by the deranged Hartman , who opens fire on them with one of the bullets severing Jackson 's face and causing the vehicle to careen off the side of the road . Later that night , Elizabeth awakes handcuffed in Hartman 's car and answers a dispatch call , alerting Sorells to her location . Sorells visits Verna and reveals to her that Hartman has Jedidiah at the old barn where Betty was killed . Verna feeds Sorells to her pigs and then gathers the family to converge on Hartman 's location . At the barn , Hartman takes Elizabeth and the injured Jackson hostage , revealing that Jackson is Jedidiah Sawyer . Verna arrives and Hartman is soon incapacitated by the other Sawyers . Back at the Sawyer home , Verna stitches the remnants of the mentally - scarred Jedidiah Sawyer 's face and applies a muzzle to hold them together . She then leads him into a room where his siblings are holding Elizabeth and Hartman captive . She gifts Jedidiah with his original chainsaw and Elizabeth watches on in horror as he bisects Hartman to death . As the family celebrates , Elizabeth flees into the woods while the Sawyers give chase . She nearly escapes , only to be caught in a bear trap . Elizabeth attempts to appeal to Jedidiah 's sympathy , while Verna encourages him to kill her to protect their family . Jedidiah begins to listen to Elizabeth 's pleas that he is not a killer , unable to recall events prior to his injury , until she insults Verna . This causes him to decapitate her in retaliation . The next morning , Verna burns the evidence of the prior night 's events and the other Sawyers feed the remains of their victims to the pigs . In the house basement , Jedidiah crafts Hartman 's and Elizabeth 's flesh into a mask and dons it to a mirror as he applies lipstick . The film ends with him smashing the mirror at the sight of his reflection . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information on the characters : List of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre characters Stephen Dorff as Texas Ranger Hal Hartman Stephen Dorff portrays Hal Hartman , an unhinged Texas Ranger that pursues Leatherface and his family for revenge for the murder of his daughter . Dorff described Leatherface as a `` survival film for my character and a retribution film for Hartman , who I play . But it definitely has the moments of some sick stuff going on , and I think you realize that this family 's not to be messed with . You want to stay clear away from the Sawyers and not confront them . '' He was given reign by the directors to develop the character the way he envisioned him from reading the script . Vanessa Grasse as Elizabeth `` Lizzy '' White Lizzy , played by Vanessa Grasse , is a nurse working at a mental institution that is kidnapped by patients Ike and Clarice , as they escape with Bud and Jackson . Sam Strike as Jedidiah Sawyer / Jackson Sam Strike plays Jackson , born Jedidiah Sawyer , as one of the four inmates that escape the mental institution , before ultimately becoming the eponymous Leatherface after enduring tragedies that destroy his cognitive stability . Leatherface is a mentally disabled serial killer seen throughout the TCM franchise , known for wearing masks made of human skin , and using a chainsaw and mallet as his signature weapons . Strike joined the film after reading the script , which he opined was , for a horror film , very character - driven . He felt that there needed to be a contrast between the two sides of the character , to show how a somewhat kind person can become such a killer : `` It could happen to anybody . He had it in him because of his mother , but was at the mercy of his environment . '' Strike integrated aspects from the original film into his performance out of respect , but wanted to give his own interpretation instead of imitating what came before . To make the character 's transformation more believable , Strike intentionally tried to gain physical body weight before filming : `` I was trying to eat as much as I could to just feel physically capable . Chainsaws , in reality , are very heavy , especially ones that are manufactured back in the ' 50s and ' 60s . Leatherface looks like he could take your head off with a slap ; I wanted to be able to feel that way . '' Strike believed that the character 's bursts of rage throughout the film contributed to his final permanent state as a monster . He developed a `` battle cry '' for whenever Leatherface lost his temper . As someone who was taken from his biological family and put into foster care at an early age , Jedidiah Sawyer was written in the screenplay to have been adopted at one point by a family that wanted a little girl , forcing him to wear drag clothing as a child and foreshadowing his gender ambiguity in the 1974 Texas Chain Saw Massacre . This plot point was absent from the final cut of the film . Lili Taylor as Verna Sawyer Verna is the matriarch of the Sawyer family , a bloodline of killers from which Leatherface was spawned . According to Taylor , `` What attracted me to Leatherface was really talking with the directors . When they told me they wanted to do something that was a cross between Terrence Malick , like Badlands , and The Virgin Suicides , I thought ' I 'm there ' because what I love is this stuff that 's happening with people pushing a genre as far as they could push it and it 's exciting to me . '' Taylor chose to concentrate more on Verna 's maternal instincts for her family than her murderous ways , with the character having a denial or compartmentalization about her motherhood and the murder . The film reunites Taylor with Stephen Dorff , who both starred in the 1996 film I Shot Andy Warhol . Chris Adamson as Doctor Lang Chris Adamson 's renewed interest in the horror film genre stemmed from his viewing of 1931 's Frankenstein . To prepare for his role in Leatherface , he watched The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and the 2003 remake , preferring the former : `` It seemed to have an innocence somehow compared to some of the chopped up limb movies you get now and which I have sometimes worked on . '' The character Doctor Lang is the director of the mental institution from which Jedidiah Sawyer and the other inmates escape ; the Gorman House Youth Reformery . Finn Jones as Deputy Sorells The fictional Deputy Sorells is Hal Hartman 's fellow law enforcement officer and is played by actor Finn Jones . James Bloor as Ike The character Ike , one of the mental patients that breaks out of the asylum , is performed by James Bloor . Jessica Madsen as Clarice Clarice is one of the escaped inmates and was originally intended to be an homage to Chop Top Sawyer , a character from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 , but was later developed into her own character . Seth M. Sherwood stated that `` When you see her , you can see a little of that DNA in there '' , describing Chop Top as his favourite Sawyer . A revisionist take on Chop Top was added due to the diminished role of the family in earlier drafts of the script , but was removed when the filmmakers began to feel that she was more of a `` rip - off '' than a genuine tribute . The version of Clarice that appears in the final film emerged when Sherwood imagined `` an image of this little girl in pigtails burning down her house with her parents inside '' . Out of all the performances in Leatherface , Sherwood called Jessica Madsen 's the most accurate of what he envisioned while writing . Deciding that Clarice is `` much more than just a pyromaniac '' , Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo removed scenes detailing her backstory , such as her weaponising fire for the first time , her addiction for `` watching the flames dancing '' , and exposition on her family 's disappearance . As the film begins , it remains ambiguous as to which inmate is actually Jedidiah Sawyer , the eventual Leatherface . Maury and Bustillo even considered leading the audience to believe that Clarice could become the titular character , `` It was n't a so crazy idea to have regarding the passion Leatherface had for dresses and makeup in the previous movies . '' Sam Coleman as Bud Sam Coleman portrays Bud , a hulking mental patient that escapes the institution with Jackson , Clarice , and Ike . Additionally , Julian Kostov portrays Ted Hardesty in the film , the father of Sally Hardesty and Franklin Hardesty from The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . Although his role is brief , there was going to be an additional scene exploring his family that was removed for budgetary reasons . Nubbins Sawyer , the older brother of Leatherface known simply as `` The Hitchhiker '' in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , is played by Dejan Angelov . Lorina Kamburova fills the role of Hal Hartman 's daughter , whose death sets the plot into motion , while Boris Kabakchief plays Jedidiah Sawyer in his child years . Other acting credits include Dimo Alexiev , Nathan Cooper , and Nicole Andrews . Production ( edit ) Concept and development ( edit ) `` In a way , there is nothing behind the mask . That , I think , is why he is such a frightening character . The reason he wore a mask , according to Tobe and Kim , was that the mask really determined his personality . So , when the Cook comes home with Sally , Leatherface is wearing the `` Old Lady '' mask and his wearing an apron ; he wants to be domestic . At dinner he wears a different face -- the `` Pretty Woman , '' which has make up . Behind the mask , really , Leatherface was very simple -- he killed anything that came along , he obeyed his brothers , he loved his Grandpa . '' -- Actor Gunnar Hansen on Leatherface 's characterisation The screenplay 's story of man who loses his sense of identity was derived from actor Gunnar Hansen 's origination of the Leatherface character . In January 2013 , it was revealed that due to the success of Texas Chainsaw 3D , Millennium Films began planning a sequel film to be called Texas Chainsaw 4 which was expected to begin filming later in 2013 in the state of Louisiana . Millennium Films Chairman Avi Lerner stated that the project was brought to him by Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman and that Millennium had signed on to produce , with Lionsgate distributing the finished product . Executive producer Mark Burg clarified that the sequel was prematurely announced and had not been authorised , `` The rights are controlled by Carl ( Mazzocone ) and Main Line Pictures , no matter what Millennium says . Millennium simply sold the foreign rights and they will not tell us when a sequel is ready to be made . The script was developed by Carl , myself and writer / director John Luessenhop . Maybe they 're looking for something to sell at Berlin , but they have no right to announce this sequel . '' The idea for a prequel came when Seth M. Sherwood was given the chance to pitch the film to the studio . Dissatisfied with the inconsistencies of the franchise 's continuity , he opted to make a Chainsaw film that was n't just another sequel to the original : `` My pitch was always about doing it completely out of left field and making it different . The first thing I said to Millennium was ' I bet I can tell you what everybody else is pitching you and it 's X-Y-Z , but I want to do 1 - 2 - 3 ' , and luckily , that 's the direction they were interested in going as well . '' The script was approached as a story of identity , based on the statements given by Tobe Hooper and Gunnar Hansen on how the character Leatherface is entirely devoid of personality beyond the masks he wears and what his family commands him to do . Sherwood chose not to have Leatherface be born as mentally disabled , finding the story of a functional person that has their mental capabilities reduced to be more fascinating . Producer Les Whedon detailed the reasoning behind accepting Sherwood 's pitch : `` What interested and enticed us about this production was the fact that we were presented with an opportunity to re-invent the franchise . It was the opportunity to almost go behind - the - scenes into the beginning of how Leatherface was created . What happened ? Who is Leatherface and how did the whole character come to be ? '' Despite the film 's explanatory premise , co-director Julien Maury found it important to maintain some of the lead character 's mystique , referring the project simply as `` moments from his young years . '' Pre-production ( edit ) On August 13 , 2014 , Seth M. Sherwood was announced to write the film , under the title Leatherface . On October 31 , 2014 , Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo were hired to direct the film , who admired its distinction in narrative from the series ' previous installments : `` When we first received the script , of course it 's not everyday that you have the opportunity to see Leatherface on the front page and we were very surprised , in a good way , that the script was taking a different path , and it 's quite original . '' Producer Whedon elucidated that the directors were chosen because of their `` perfect vision '' and their `` edge to their storytelling '' . Upon signing on to the project , Maury and Bustillo requested rewrites , in which Sherwood gave his support . The general plot structure remained the same , though the directors wanted the screenplay to match their vision . Nearly every death sequence was altered and the ending , originally a mass murder involving Leatherface killing at least thirty people with his chainsaw , was changed , `` It was really over the top and even if we like blood and gore , we were like , no , that 's not the character , we can not do that . '' In March and April 2015 , Sam Strike , James Bloor , Stephen Dorff , and Jessica Madsen joined the cast , respectively . On May 5 , 2015 , Lili Taylor was publicised to replace Angela Bettis , who dropped out due to a scheduling conflict . The following day , Vanessa Grasse joined the cast to play Lizzy . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on May 18 , 2015 , shooting on locations in Bulgaria . The Bulgaria location was used for budgetary reasons , as Millennium Films had a studio in the area . To accommodate the 1960s era in which the film is set , cars modeled after that of the period were sent to the filming areas . Sites were also chosen for an aesthetic of wild , open fields and scrubs that resemble the Texas landscape . Seth M. Sherwood likened the film 's visual style to that of an art film , comparing it to `` Badlands with gore '' . In addition to the brutal murders in the screenplay , additional kills were inserted by directors Bustillo and Maury during filming , with the creation of Leatherface 's first flesh - mask cited by Sherwood as his personal favourite . Practical effects were primarily used to bring the killings , corpses , and gore to life ; much of the budget was spent on building a realistic cow carcass . The crew utilised computer - generated imagery as necessary , albeit to a much lesser extent . Two chainsaws were created for filming , a rubber chainsaw and an electric chainsaw . The rubber chainsaw was a variant used for the safety of the actors , with the intention of only using the computer - generated effects when needed . As such , a life - like dummy of Doctor Lang 's bloodied corpse was also used in the scenes taking place after his death . Leatherface was made intentionally graphic in response to fan criticisms of Texas Chainsaw 3D lacking sufficient violence . Lati Globman said on the matter , `` Gore is not always the point in horror movies , although there will be plenty , it needs to be psychologically challenging and twisted . '' While five of the TCM franchise 's seven films have been shot in Texas , one in California and one in Louisiana , Bulgarian filming marks the first time one has been shot outside the United States . Filming continued through June 2015 , lasting a sum of twenty - seven days . The 1974 Texas Chain Saw Massacre house , now residing in Kingsland , Texas , was replicated as a prominent location for Leatherface . A previous duplicate was created for the 2013 sequel Texas Chainsaw 3D . Sherwood wrote some of the film 's locations into the script as homage to Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III . As Sherwood explains , `` The original Leatherface , Chainsaw 3 , took the idea of the backwoods isolation of the original and exploded it tenfold . I always think of the locations of this film -- the scrub brush filled badlands and remote roadside outposts as feeling like another world -- a dark fairy tale land in some way . I filled my story with similar locations to hopefully capture a similar vibe . '' The fictional Sawyer farm is a key location in Leatherface , which was rebuilt to accurately resemble its appearance in the first Texas Chain Saw Massacre . The farm was originally going to be used sparingly , until Sherwood discussed the matter with directors Maury and Bustillo . Sherwood stated , `` Developing the script with the directors was actually just super-easy . We knew what we wanted to do from the start , and they got it and they were right along with me . I did n't have the farmhouse a lot and they were like ' If we are going to build the set and this is the famous farmhouse , we should use it ' and I totally agreed with that . And so we moved the third act , mostly taking place at the farmhouse . '' The Sawyer homestead was adduced by cinematographer Antoine Sanier as being particularly rousing to film : `` It 's a real house that has been shot many times , but we can not see it very well ( in the previous films ) . It 's always a little bit hidden or dark , so it was really impressive to get into this process and also to be a link to the other guys that have been shooting this kind of set . '' Continuity ( edit ) Serving as a direct prequel to The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , Leatherface was written by Seth M. Sherwood to also act as a prelude to the series as a whole . Sherwood intentionally distanced the film from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake and its prequel The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning , while respecting the fictional events of the original film and its various sequels . Leatherface 's characterisation is based on Gunnar Hansen 's performance from the original film . Certain character names , such as Drayton , Nubbins , and the Sawyer surname , were pulled from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 . The creation of the deranged lawman Hal Hartman was inspired by Lefty Enright , a Texas Ranger that appeared in the second film , while Clarice was originally conceived as a tribute to Chop Top Sawyer . Hal Hartman is the father of Burt Hartman , a vigilante character that first appeared in Texas Chainsaw 3D . The character Verna Sawyer ( Lili Taylor ) was played by Marilyn Burns in Texas Chainsaw 3D . Sherwood confirmed that the Texas Chainsaw film canon followed by Lionsgate Pictures and Millennium Films consists of , chronologically , Leatherface , The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , and Texas Chainsaw 3D : `` While there 's plenty of things for fans , one could also go into ( Leatherface ) blind as their first TCM film and effectively see the beginning of the story . '' Release ( edit ) Leatherface was originally slated for a 2016 release , which it did not meet . Despite having reached completion , it was temporarily shelved by Lionsgate Films . Sherwood speculated that the studio might have been afraid that they would n't make back their investment after another film underperformed , but admitted that he had no concrete explanation for the delay : `` In a strange way , I started to romanticize the idea it became some legendary lost film . It would be coveted -- something spoken about , something people would try to contrive some way of seeing , something that would show up on a tired unused media at a convention in 50 years . '' A film titled Leatherface received a direct - to - video release from Lightning Pictures in the United Kingdom in January 2017 , featuring a masked chainsaw - brandishing figure on the home video cover . However , this film was not the Texas Chain Saw Massacre prequel , but rather a re-packaging of the unrelated Playing With Dolls : Bloodlust . The release was criticised by members of the press for its misleading marketing , with William Bibbiani scrutising on Blumhouse.com that `` It 's not uncommon for horror movies to pick up new titles in domestic or foreign markets in an attempt to capitalize on various trends , but this is a particularly egregious example . It goes beyond mockbusters , which try to trick you into thinking it 's the real deal , and simply takes the title of an upcoming , anticipated horror movie and tries to pass itself off as that movie . '' Playing With Dolls director Rene Perez apologised for the title change , `` I am apposed ( sic ) to this title change but I am powerless to stop it . The sales agency did n't even inform me that a sale was made to the UK . At the moment I am making a 3rd Playing with Dolls movie . I will be self releasing the new Playing with Dolls online to avoid any issues like this in the future . '' In May 2017 , producer Christa Campbell stated that the prequel would be released in October 2017 . It premiered at FrightFest 2017 on August 25 , followed by an exclusive release through the DirecTV satellite service on September 21 , and wide distribution via Video on demand and a limited theatrical run coinciding on October 20 , making a reported total of $887,540 at the worldwide box office . It was also selected as programming for the 2017 Screamfest Horror Film Festival , which ran from October 10 , 2017 , to October 19 at the TCL Chinese Theatre , as well as the Nightmares Film Festival on October 19 . The motion picture was published on home video platforms , specifically Blu - ray , DVD , and digital media , on December 19 , 2017 . Additional Blu - ray features included deleted scenes , a Making of featurette , and an alternate ending . Critical response ( edit ) Stephen Dorff ( left ) and Lili Taylor were highlighted by critics for their performances . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Leatherface received an approval rating of 31 % based on 35 reviews , and an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter referred to the film as `` a respectful origin story for the long - running Texas Chainsaw Massacre horror franchise '' and also complemented the performances of Stephen Dorff and Lili Taylor . Variety reflected that `` This Texas Chainsaw ' origin story ' is a somewhat mixed bag , but it 's also an earnest and well - crafted attempt at franchise course - correction . There 's plenty of graphic violence here , but Leatherface is plot - driven rather than merely kill - driven . But that , too , is a useful re-direction : Nothing is ever going to fully recapture the berserker mood that made Hooper 's original so terrifying , despite its deceptive lack of actual on - screen gore . '' Bloody Disgusting gave it a 3.5 / 5 score , saying that `` Bustillo and Maury have made the best TCM film in quite some while . The fact that Leatherface avoids the slasher playbook in its road movie set - up may alone be enough to explain the lack of a wide theatrical release , but this is an entertaining splatter film well worth a digital rental . '' Rating the film 4 / 5 stars , Eye for Film commented that `` Of all the films in the Texas Chainsaw series , this is probably the least gory , a fact that will no doubt disappoint some fans . It certainly has its moments and those disturbed by gore should still approach it with caution , but it 's nothing like as gratuitous as much of what has gone before . Events happen to serve the story more than the theme . Horror is found in different places . '' Staci Wilson of Dread Central wrote that `` Not to say I loved Leatherface - It 's far too disgusting for my taste ( I 'm okay with gore , but there 's some gooey necrophilia in this flick that I felt was just thrown in for the ick of it ) , and there are too many plot holes . Still , it 's a very well made film , the cinematography is gorgeous , and the acting is aces across the board '' , giving a final verdict of 3 / 5 stars . Anton Bitel of SciFiNow appraised , `` In spite , or perhaps because , of all the splatter and excess , this still does not come close to the elusively non-explicit horrors of the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , even as it serves as their grim rites of passage . If ' Nobody messes with our family ' is the ultimate message , then Maury and Bustillo certainly maintain a respectful continuity to reunite the old clan , as Jed pieces together his future identity from the different influences around him . '' For being what he called `` the most entertaining and pleasing TCM film since 1974 's classic '' , ComingSoon.Net writer Jerry Smith gave the prequel a positive review . He assessed that `` Do we really need yet another horror icon origin story and if so , would the explanation be anything we have n't seen before ? The answers to these questions are quite refreshing '' , contrasting the origin story given to that of Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning as having been able to `` acknowledge what came before it without ever seeming like a wink - wink to the previous films in the series '' . V.O.D. zilla 's Matthew Turner assigned a 6.2 rating , opining `` This Texas Chainsaw prequel lacks the original 's terror but gets by on style , strong performances and a bucket or two of the red stuff . '' In a negative review , Flickering Myth critiqued that `` Some stories just do n't need telling , and Leatherface is one of them . It 's not that it retcons elements of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre mythology , or that it 's a ' pointless prequel ' -- it 's just an empty movie . You 'll have forgotten you 've seen it as soon as the credits roll . Prequels , sequels and remakes can all enrich a story and tell it from a new perspective , but Leatherface just does n't do that . '' Screen International called the film `` a production line effort with an eye on cashflow rather than the demented work of art Hooper loosed on the world '' , stating `` this eighth entry is above average for its attenuated series . Gore levels are as high as expected and , naturally , the finale leaves things open for further installments . '' Regarding the film 's viewer appeal , HeyUGuys theorised , `` Not only is this prequel attempting to deliver something fans of the series do n't necessarily want , it does n't really do what it promises particularly well either . One for completists for sure , but on the whole Leatherface is too detached for TCM fans , and too extreme for the wider public . '' William Bibbiani of IGN ranked it as the worst Texas Chainsaw Massacre film because `` it adds nothing new or interesting to the series . The problem is not just that this film is a prequel , so we know exactly where it 's going , but that the road to the inevitable takes us through almost unbearably familiar territory . It honestly looks as though the filmmakers who made Leatherface did n't watch the original films , but watched all of the films that ripped off The Texas Chain Saw Massacre instead . '' Film critic Rob Gonsalves reviewed that `` Hooper 's Chainsaw is often imitated , never duplicated ( or bested , say I ) , a sui generis sweatbox odyssey that seems to owe nothing to any other film before it . Leatherface feels properly respectful , made by filmmakers who idolize the original , and that 's also its weakness : it 's a jumped - up fan film , and because it 's meant to be a prequel to Hooper 's movie it 's locked into whatever happens in that movie . It ca n't deviate from what we know , and ca n't truly surprise us . '' Heather Wixson of Daily Dead went into Leatherface `` primed to love it '' , but felt that the final product `` never quite makes up its mind about just what kind of movie it wants to be , and suffers for its indecision . But as a whole , Leatherface is such a disappointing entry because it spends so much time trying to be so many other things than just a straight - up Texas Chainsaw movie , and I could n't help but wonder why . '' Wixson commended the cinematography , practical effects , and Lili Taylor 's acting , but slammed the third act . Future ( edit ) Subsequent to the release of Leatherface , the producers had the rights to make five more Texas Chainsaw Massacre films . In April 2015 , producer Christa Campbell stated that the fate of the potential films would largely depend on the financial reception and perceived fan reactions toward the 2017 prequel. Campbell later clarified in December 2017 that Lionsgate and Millennium Films had lost the franchise rights due to the time it took to release it . See also ( edit ) List of horror films of 2017 List of prequels Leatherface ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` Texas Chain Saw Massacre Prequel To Be Released In October '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barkan , Jonathan ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` FrightFest 2017 : Cult of Chucky 's World Premiere Leads a Stellar List of Horror '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leatherface ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` First ' Leatherface ' Poster Teases the Horror Origin Story '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Latest ' Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' Franchise Reboot Will Get a New Prequel '' . Slash Film . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Leatherface 's Puberty : New ' Texas Chainsaw ' Details ! ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Texas ChainsawMassacre Prequel is Now Titled Leatherface and Has a Writer '' . Collider . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Stephen Dorff To Star In ' Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' Prequel ' Leatherface ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Dorff Joins ' Leatherface ' As a Texas Ranger ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Dorff is deranged sheriff out for revenge in terrifying trailer for Texas Chainsaw Massacre prequel Leatherface '' . DailyMail . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leatherface - Behind the Scenes '' . M2 Pictures . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leatherface - Behind the Bloody Mask featurette ( Blu - Ray ) . Lionsgate Films. 19 December 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sneider ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` ' Leatherface ' Casts Newcomer Vanessa Grasse as Female Lead ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sneider ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' EastEnders ' Star Sam Strike in Talks for Lead in ' Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' Prequel ' Leatherface ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jason Stephens ( 2010 - 12 - 22 ) . `` MEZCO 12 '' LEATHERFACE - MTV GEEK FIRST LOOK EXCLUSIVE ! `` . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Steve Seigh ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) . `` WITNESS THE ORIGIN OF AN ICONIC KILLER IN THE NEW TRAILER FOR LEATHERFACE '' . Joblo . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Xan Brooks ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) . `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : the film that frightened me most '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lili Taylor & Sam Strike Stop By To Discuss `` Leatherface '' `` . BUILD series . 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ BUILD series . `` Sam Strike Describes Unleashing `` Leatherface '' `` . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tn Horror News The Horror Basement Podcast 53 '' . TN Horror News . 2017 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Lili Taylor Joins ' Texas Chainsaw ' Prequel ' Leatherface ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Review : ' Leatherface ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ CrypticRock ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) . `` INTERVIEW -- LILI TAYLOR '' . Cryptic Rock . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Gonsalves , Rob ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Movie Review Leatherface '' . eFilmCritic . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leatherface '' . Millennium Films . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Welsh Demoness ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Interview Christopher Adamson for The Sleeping Room '' . Love Horror . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brad Miska ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Here 's Stephen Dorff In ' Leatherface ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Ge and Jeff Sneider ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) . `` James Bloor in Final Negotiations to Join ' Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' Prequel ' Leatherface ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sneider ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) . `` ' Mr. Selfridge ' Actress Jessica Madsen Joins Horror Movie ' Leatherface ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : John Squires ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) We Will Meet Sally and Franklin 's Father in ' Leatherface ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ John Squires ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ( Exclusive ) Chop Top Was Almost in ' Leatherface ' But Inspired a New Character Instead ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Staci Layne Wilson ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Exclusive : Julien Maury Talks Leatherface '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mike Sprague ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) . `` UPCOMING TEXAS CHAINSAW MASSACRE PREQUEL ALMOST HAD A FEMALE LEATHERFACE ? '' . JoBlo . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Exclusive ) Writer of ' Leatherface ' Talks Connections to Previous ' Chainsaw ' Films '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Gunnar `` Leatherface '' Hansen `` . Geocities . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Walkuski , Eric ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Texas Chainsaw 2 ' Is Coming , Will Strangely Be Titled ' Texas Chainsaw 4 ' '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Evan ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Confirmed ! New ' Texas Chainsaw ' Sequel To Start Shooting Later This Year ! Oddly Titled ' Texas Chainsaw 4 ' ? ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` Millennium Films Revs Another ' Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Evan ( April 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Texas Chainsaw 4 ′ NOT Moving Ahead With `` Hannah Montana '' Star `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flemming , Mike ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Not So Fast , Avi Lerner ! ' Chainsaw ' Rights Holder Slices Sequel Plans '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jerry ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` We Chat With Seth Sherwood , Writer Of The Upcoming LEATHERFACE '' . Blumhouse . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1981 , Jinx ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` TWIN PEAKS : FIRE WALK WITH ME WITH LEATHERFACE ' 17 SCREENWRITER SETH M. SHERWOOD '' . Scream Addicts . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGrew , Shannon ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Writer Seth Sherwood Talks Origins of Leatherface '' . iHorror . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cerulli , Mark ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` World , Meet Leatherface ( An Interview with Co-Director Julien Maury ) '' . Fangoria . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Sneider ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) . `` ' Texas Chainsaw Massacre ' Prequel ' Leatherface ' Draws Blood List Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ On , Cs ( 2014 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Julian Maury and Alexandre Bustillo to Take on Leatherface '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Clément Cuyer ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Leatherface : the prequel of Chainsaw Massacre unveils ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Allocine . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Nu Image Adds Leatherface To Cannes Market '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Leatherface ' Cast , Crew and Location Shots ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` One More On the Run From ' Leatherface ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walkuski , Eric ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : LEATHERFACE PRODUCERS TALK HARDCORE PREQUEL AND DAY OF THE DEAD ! '' . JoBlo . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sokol , Tony ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Leatherface Producers Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman Interview '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` PICS EMERGE FROM THE SET OF ALEXANDRE BUSTILLO / JULIEN MAURY 'S LEATHERFACE '' . JoBlo . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germaine ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Leatherface ' Texas Chainsaw 3D ' Set Visit : A House of Horrors Rebuilt , a Franchise Revered '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` ' LEATHERFACE ' POSTER TEASES THE BEGINNING OF SOMETHING EVIL '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` THE WALKING DEAD , HELLBOY 3 and LEATHERFACE -- Horror News Rundown '' . Blumhouse Productions . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Faux Leatherface UK Debacle -- The Director Speaks ! '' . Dread Central . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEATHERFACE '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` A Movie Titled ' Leatherface ' Was Just Released But Do n't Be Fooled '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rougeau , Michael ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` How To Watch The New , 2017 Leatherface Movie '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Texas Chainsaw Massacre Prequel Leatherface Sets Release Date '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` FrightFest 2017 to open with ' Cult Of Chucky ' starring Jennifer Tilly '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` ' Leatherface ' : ' Texas Chainsaw ' Prequel Finally Gets a Release Date and Brutal First - Look Images '' . Collider . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Dominic Monaghan announced as Screamfest ambassador '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . NightmaresFest . Archived from the original on 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Joseph , Matt ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Here 's When Leatherface Will Slice Its Way Onto Blu - Ray '' . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Leatherface '' . Amazon . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrow , Kevan ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Leatherface Carves its way to Blu - ray '' . ScreamHorrorMag . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dalton , Stephen ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Leatherface ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Luke ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Horror Channel FrightFest Review -- Leatherface ( 2017 ) '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Leatherface ' : FrightFest Review '' . Screen International . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wixson , Heather ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : LEATHERFACE is a Giant Step Backwards for the TEXAS CHAINSAW Franchise '' . Daily Dead . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leatherface ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leatherface reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seal , Benedict ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` ( FrightFest Review ) ' Leatherface ' is a Graceful Gut Punch '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Jennie ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Leatherface ( 2017 ) Movie Review from Eye for Film '' . Eye for Film . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Staci ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Leatherface ( 2017 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bitel , Anton ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` LEATHERFACE : HORROR CHANNEL FRIGHTFEST WORLD PREMIERE FIRST LOOK '' . SciFiNow . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jerry ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Leatherface Review '' . ComingSoon.Net . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner , Matthew ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` FrightFest film review : Leatherface '' . VODzilla Magazine . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robins , Ben ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Leatherface Review '' . HeyUGuys . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Leatherface Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Samuel ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sequel Talk : Flipping It Follows , More Leatherface '' . ComingSoon.Net . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Campbell , Crista ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` christa campbell on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Blu - Ray release contains an option to play the film with a different ending . In this version , Elizabeth does not flee into the woods after Hartman 's death , but is rather cornered upstairs by the Sawyers . She attempts to hide in a dark room , where Grandpa Sawyer resides in his rocking chair . Verna finds her in there , and orders Jedidiah to kill her . He manages to amputate half of her leg with his chainsaw , but ca n't bring himself to kill her . Grandpa takes matters into his own hands and incapacitates her with a mallet . The next morning , Jedidiah carves Hartman and Elizabeth 's flesh into a mask , donning it to a mirror . He then gets up and visits Elizabeth , who is hanging from a meat hook in the room , conscious with half of her face skinned off . The film ends with him admiring her body . External links ( edit ) Official website Leatherface at AllMovie Leatherface on IMDb Leatherface at Metacritic Leatherface at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo Inside ( 2007 ) Livid ( 2011 ) Among the Living ( 2014 ) Leatherface ( 2017 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Films The Texas Chain Saw Massacre ( 1974 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Next Generation The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Texas Chainsaw 3D Leatherface Characters Characters Leatherface Sally Hardesty Miscellaneous Chain Saw Confidential Comics Texas Chainsaw House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leatherface_(2017_film)&oldid=828793405 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films American horror films Cannibalism in fiction Necrophilia in fiction Films set in 1955 Films set in 1965 Films set in Texas Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films shot in Bulgaria Prequel films The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( film series ) Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 20 : 09 . 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all penguins live together in one area called a	Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies , the exceptions being the yellow - eyed and Fiordland species ; these colonies may range in size from as few as a 100 pairs for gentoo penguins , to several hundred thousand in the case of king , macaroni and chinstrap penguins . Living in colonies results in a high level of social interaction between birds , which has led to a large repertoire of visual as well as vocal displays in all penguin species . Agonistic displays are those intended to confront or drive off , or alternately appease and avoid conflict with , other individuals .		Penguin	penguin		Penguins Temporal range : Paleocene - recent , 62 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Chinstrap penguin ( Pygoscelis antarctica ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Sphenisciformes Sharpe , 1891 Family : Spheniscidae Bonaparte , 1831 Modern genera Aptenodytes Eudyptes Eudyptula Megadyptes Pygoscelis Spheniscus For prehistoric genera , see Systematics Range of penguins , all species ( aqua ) Penguins ( order Sphenisciformes , family Spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic , flightless birds . They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere , with only one species , the Galapagos penguin , found north of the equator . Highly adapted for life in the water , penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage , and their wings have evolved into flippers . Most penguins feed on krill , fish , squid and other forms of sea life which they catch while swimming underwater . They spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea . Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere , they are not found only in cold climates , such as Antarctica . In fact , only a few species of penguin live so far south . Several species are found in the temperate zone , and one species , the Galápagos penguin , lives near the equator . The largest living species is the emperor penguin ( Aptenodytes forsteri ) : on average , adults are about 1.1 m ( 3 ft 7 in ) tall and weigh 35 kg ( 77 lb ) . The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor ) , also known as the fairy penguin , which stands around 40 cm ( 16 in ) tall and weighs 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) . Among extant penguins , larger penguins inhabit colder regions , while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates ( see also Bergmann 's rule ) . Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes , becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human . These were not restricted to Antarctic regions ; on the contrary , subantarctic regions harboured high diversity , and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region around 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya , in a climate decidedly warmer than today . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Systematics and evolution 2.1 Living species and recent extinctions 2.2 Fossil genera 2.3 Taxonomy 2.4 Evolution 2.4. 1 Basal fossils 2.4. 2 Palaeeudyptines 2.4. 3 Origin and systematics of modern penguins 2.4. 4 Relationship to other bird orders 3 Anatomy and physiology 3.1 Isabelline penguins 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behaviour 5.1 Breeding 6 Penguins and humans 6.1 In popular culture 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Etymology A group of Emperor penguins ( Aptenodytes forsteri ) in Antarctica . The word penguin first appears in the 16th century as a synonym for great auk . When European explorers discovered what are today known as penguins in the Southern Hemisphere , they noticed their similar appearance to the great auk of the Northern Hemisphere , and named them after this bird , although they are not closely related . The etymology of the word penguin is still debated . The English word is not apparently of French , Breton or Spanish origin ( the latter two are attributed to the French word pingouin `` auk '' ) , but first appears in English or Dutch . Some dictionaries suggest a derivation from Welsh pen , `` head '' and gwyn , `` white '' , including the Oxford English Dictionary , the American Heritage Dictionary , the Century Dictionary and Merriam - Webster , on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk , either because it was found on White Head Island ( Welsh Pen Gwyn ) in Newfoundland , or because it had white circles around its eyes ( though the head was black ) . An alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis , which means `` fat '' or `` oil '' . Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin , fettgans or `` fat - goose '' , and the related Dutch word vetgans . Systematics and evolution Living species and recent extinctions Adélie penguin ( Pygoscelis adeliae ) feeding young . Like its relatives , a neatly bi-coloured species with a head marking . Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus ) . The closed neck collar denotes this species . Closeup of southern rockhopper penguin ( Eudyptes chrysocome ) Two king penguins and one gentoo penguin walking on a beach on South Georgia , British overseas territory The number of extant penguin species is debated . Depending on which authority is followed , penguin biodiversity varies between 17 and 20 living species , all in the subfamily Spheniscinae . Some sources consider the white - flippered penguin a separate Eudyptula species , while others treat it as a subspecies of the little penguin ; the actual situation seems to be more complicated . Similarly , it is still unclear whether the royal penguin is merely a color morph of the macaroni penguin . The status of the rockhopper penguins is also unclear . Updated after Marples ( 1962 ) , Acosta Hospitaleche ( 2004 ) , and Ksepka et al. ( 2006 ) . Subfamily Spheniscinae -- modern penguins Aptenodytes -- great penguins King penguin , Aptenodytes patagonicus Emperor penguin , Aptenodytes forsteri Pygoscelis -- brush - tailed penguins Adélie penguin , Pygoscelis adeliae Chinstrap penguin , Pygoscelis antarctica Gentoo penguin , Pygoscelis papua Eudyptula -- little penguins Little blue penguin , Eudyptula minor Australian little penguin , Eudyptula novaehollandiae White - flippered penguin , Eudyptula albosignata ( provisional ) Spheniscus -- banded penguins Magellanic penguin , Spheniscus magellanicus Humboldt penguin , Spheniscus humboldti Galapagos penguin , Spheniscus mendiculus African penguin , Spheniscus demersus Megadyptes Yellow - eyed penguin , Megadyptes antipodes † Waitaha penguin , Megadyptes waitaha ( extinct ) Eudyptes -- crested penguins Fiordland penguin , Eudyptes pachyrynchus Snares penguin , Eudyptes robustus Erect - crested penguin , Eudyptes sclateri Western rockhopper penguin , Eudyptes chrysocome Eastern rockhopper penguin , Eudyptes filholi Northern rockhopper penguin , Eudyptes moseleyi Royal penguin , Eudyptes schlegeli ( disputed ) Macaroni penguin , Eudyptes chrysolophus † Chatham penguin , Eudyptes chathamensis ( extinct ) Fossil genera Phylogeny of Spheniscidae † Waimanu † Kumimanu † Delphinornis † Marambiornis † Mesetaornis † Perudyptes † Anthropornis † Palaeeudyptes † Icadyptes † Pachydyptes † Inkayacu † Kairuku † Paraptenodytes Spheniscinae Order Sphenisciformes Basal and unresolved taxa ( all fossil ) Anthropodyptes ( Middle Miocene ) Arthrodytes ( San Julian Late Eocene / Early Oligocene -- Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia , Argentina ) Aprosdokitos Hospitaleche , Reguero & Santillana 2017 Crossvallia ( Cross Valley Late Paleocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Ichthyopteryx Wiman 1905 Inguza ( Late Pliocene ) Kaiika Fordyce & Tomas 2011 ( Maxwell 's penguin ) Korora ( Late Oligocene of S Canterbury , New Zealand ) Nucleornis ( Early Pliocene of Duinfontain , South Africa ) Orthopteryx Wiman 1905 Palaeoapterodytes ( Late Oligocene / Early Miocene of Argentina ) Pseudaptenodytes ( Late Miocene / Early Pliocene ) Tasidyptes Van Tets & O'Connor 1983 nomen dubium ( Hunter Island penguins ) Tereingaornis ( Middle Pliocene of New Zealand ) Tonniornis ( Late Eocene -- ? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Wimanornis ( Late Eocene -- ? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Spheniscidae A reconstruction of the ancient penguin Icadyptes Waimanu Jones , Ando & Fordyce 2006 ( Middle - Late Paleocene ) Kumimanu Mayr , 2017 Delphinornis Wiman 1905 ( Middle / Late Eocene ? -- Early Oligocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Marambiornis Myrcha et al. 2002 ( Late Eocene -- ? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Mesetaornis Myrcha et al. 2002 ( Late Eocene -- ? Early Oligocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Perudyptes Clarke et al. 2007 ( Middle Eocene of Atacama Desert , Peru ) Anthropornis Wiman 1905 ( Middle Eocene ? -- Early Oligocene of Seymour Island , Antarctica ) Palaeeudyptes Huxley 1859 ( Middle / Late Eocene -- Late Oligocene ) Icadyptes Clarke et al. 2007 ( Late Eocene of Atacama Desert , Peru ) Pachydyptes Oliver 1930 ( Late Eocene ) Inkayacu Clarke et al. 2010 ( Late Eocene of South America ) Kairuku Ksepka et al. 2012 ( Late Oligocene of E South Island , New Zealand ) Paraptenodytes Ameghino 1891 ( Early -- Late Miocene / Early Pliocene ) Archaeospheniscus Marples 1952 ( Middle / Late Eocene -- Late Oligocene ) Duntroonornis Marples 1953 ( Late Oligocene of Otago , New Zealand ) Platydyptes Marples 1952 ( Late Oligocene of New Zealand ) Dege Simpson 1979 ( Early Pliocene of South Africa ) -- possibly Spheniscinae Marplesornis Simpson 1972 ( Early Pliocene ) Subfamily Palaeospheniscinae ( slender - footed penguins ) ( fossil ) Eretiscus Olson 1986 ( Patagonia Early Miocene of Patagonia , Argentina ) Palaeospheniscus Moreno & Mercerat 1891 ( Early ? -- Late Miocene / Early Pliocene ) -- includes Chubutodyptes Subfamily Spheniscinae Spheniscidae gen. et sp . indet . CADIC P 21 ( Leticia Middle Eocene of Punta Torcida , Argentina ) Spheniscidae gen. et sp . indet . ( Late Oligocene / Early Miocene of Hakataramea , New Zealand ) Madrynornis ( Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Argentina ) The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae , however reexamination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae . Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis . Taxonomy Some recent sources apply the phylogenetic taxon Spheniscidae to what here is referred to as Spheniscinae . Furthermore , they restrict the phylogenetic taxon Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa , and establish the phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to the Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes , i.e. , including any flying basal `` proto - penguins '' to be discovered eventually . Given that neither the relationships of the penguin subfamilies to each other nor the placement of the penguins in the avian phylogeny is presently resolved , this is confusing , so the established Linnean system is followed here . Evolution Penguin tracks in the sand on Bruny Island , Tasmania The evolutionary history of penguins is well - researched and represents a showcase of evolutionary biogeography ; though as penguin bones of any one species vary much in size and few good specimens are known , the alpha taxonomy of many prehistoric forms still leaves much to be desired . Some seminal articles about penguin prehistory have been published since 2005 ; the evolution of the living genera can be considered resolved by now . The basal penguins lived around the time of the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event somewhere in the general area of ( southern ) New Zealand and Byrd Land , Antarctica . Due to plate tectonics , these areas were at that time less than 1,500 kilometres ( 930 mi ) apart rather than the 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) of today . The most recent common ancestor of penguins and their sister clade can be roughly dated to the Campanian -- Maastrichtian boundary , around 70 -- 68 mya . What can be said as certainly as possible in the absence of direct ( i.e. , fossil ) evidence is that , by the end of the Cretaceous , the penguin lineage must have been evolutionarily well distinct , though much less so morphologically ; it is fairly likely that they were not yet entirely flightless at that time , as flightless birds have generally low resilience to the breakdown of trophic webs that follows the initial phase of mass extinctions because of their below - average dispersal capabilities ( see also Flightless cormorant ) . Basal fossils The oldest known fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi , which lived in the early Paleocene epoch of New Zealand , or about 62 mya . While they were not as well - adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins , Waimanu were generally loon - like birds but already flightless , with short wings adapted for deep diving . They swam on the surface using mainly their feet , but the wings were -- as opposed to most other diving birds ( both living and extinct ) already adapting to underwater locomotion . Perudyptes from northern Peru was dated to 42 mya . An unnamed fossil from Argentina proves that , by the Bartonian ( Middle Eocene ) , some 39 -- 38 mya , primitive penguins had spread to South America and were in the process of expanding into Atlantic waters . Palaeeudyptines During the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene ( 40 -- 30 mya ) , some lineages of gigantic penguins existed . Nordenskjoeld 's giant penguin was the tallest , growing nearly 1.80 meters ( 5.9 feet ) tall . The New Zealand giant penguin was probably the heaviest , weighing 80 kg or more . Both were found on New Zealand , the former also in the Antarctic farther eastwards . Traditionally , most extinct species of penguins , giant or small , had been placed in the paraphyletic subfamily called Palaeeudyptinae . More recently , with new taxa being discovered and placed in the phylogeny if possible , it is becoming accepted that there were at least two major extinct lineages . One or two closely related ones occurred in Patagonia , and at least one other -- which is or includes the paleeudyptines as recognized today -- occurred on most Antarctic and Subantarctic coasts . But size plasticity seems to have been great at this initial stage of penguin radiation : on Seymour Island , Antarctica , for example , around 10 known species of penguins ranging in size from medium to huge apparently coexisted some 35 mya during the Priabonian ( Late Eocene ) . It is not even known whether the gigantic palaeeudyptines constitute a monophyletic lineage , or whether gigantism was evolved independently in a much restricted Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae -- whether they were considered valid , or whether there was a wide size range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited as usually done these days ( i.e. , including Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi ) . The oldest well - described giant penguin , the 5 - foot ( 1.5 m ) - tall Icadyptes salasi , actually occurred as far north as northern Peru about 36 mya . In any case , the gigantic penguins had disappeared by the end of the Paleogene , around 25 mya . Their decline and disappearance coincided with the spread of the Squalodontoidea and other primitive , fish - eating toothed whales , which certainly competed with them for food , and were ultimately more successful . A new lineage , the Paraptenodytes , which includes smaller but decidedly stout - legged forms , had already arisen in southernmost South America by that time . The early Neogene saw the emergence of yet another morphotype in the same area , the similarly sized but more gracile Palaeospheniscinae , as well as the radiation that gave rise to the penguin biodiversity of our time . Origin and Systematics of modern penguins Modern penguins constitute two undisputed clades and another two more basal genera with more ambiguous relationships . The origin of the Spheniscinae lies probably in the latest Paleogene , and geographically it must have been much the same as the general area in which the order evolved : the oceans between the Australia - New Zealand region and the Antarctic . Presumably diverging from other penguins around 40 mya , it seems that the Spheniscinae were for quite some time limited to their ancestral area , as the well - researched deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia have not yielded Paleogene fossils of the subfamily . Also , the earliest spheniscine lineages are those with the most southern distribution . The genus Aptenodytes appears to be the basalmost divergence among living penguins they have bright yellow - orange neck , breast , and bill patches ; incubate by placing their eggs on their feet , and when they hatch the chicks are almost naked . This genus has a distribution centered on the Antarctic coasts and barely extends to some Subantarctic islands today . Pygoscelis contains species with a fairly simple black - and - white head pattern ; their distribution is intermediate , centered on Antarctic coasts but extending somewhat northwards from there . In external morphology , these apparently still resemble the common ancestor of the Spheniscinae , as Aptenodytes ' autapomorphies are in most cases fairly pronounced adaptations related to that genus ' extreme habitat conditions . As the former genus , Pygoscelis seems to have diverged during the Bartonian , but the range expansion and radiation that led to the present - day diversity probably did not occur until much later ; around the Burdigalian stage of the Early Miocene , roughly 20 -- 15 mya . The genera Spheniscus and Eudyptula contain species with a mostly Subantarctic distribution centered on South America ; some , however , range quite far northwards . They all lack carotenoid coloration , and the former genus has a conspicuous banded head pattern ; they are unique among living penguins by nesting in burrows . This group probably radiated eastwards with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current out of the ancestral range of modern penguins throughout the Chattian ( Late Oligocene ) , starting approximately 28 mya . While the two genera separated during this time , the present - day diversity is the result of a Pliocene radiation , taking place some 4 -- 2 mya . The Megadyptes -- Eudyptes clade occurs at similar latitudes ( though not as far north as the Galapagos penguin ) , has its highest diversity in the New Zealand region , and represents a westward dispersal . They are characterized by hairy yellow ornamental head feathers ; their bills are at least partly red . These two genera diverged apparently in the Middle Miocene ( Langhian , roughly 15 -- 14 mya ) , but again , the living species of Eudyptes are the product of a later radiation , stretching from about the late Tortonian ( Late Miocene , 8 mya ) to the end of the Pliocene . The geographical and temporal pattern or spheniscine evolution corresponds closely to two episodes of global cooling documented in the paleoclimatic record . The emergence of the Subantarctic lineage at the end of the Bartonian corresponds with the onset of the slow period of cooling that eventually led to the ice ages some 35 million years later . With habitat on the Antarctic coasts declining , by the Priabonian more hospitable conditions for most penguins existed in the Subantarctic regions rather than in Antarctica itself . Notably , the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current also started as a continuous circumpolar flow only around 30 mya , on the one hand forcing the Antarctic cooling , and on the other facilitating the eastward expansion of Spheniscus to South America and eventually beyond . Despite this , there is no fossil evidence to support the idea of a crown radiation from the Antarctic continent in the Paleogene , although DNA study favors such a radiation . Later , an interspersed period of slight warming was ended by the Middle Miocene Climate Transition , a sharp drop in global average temperature from 14 -- 12 mya , and similar abrupt cooling events followed at 8 mya and 4 mya ; by the end of the Tortonian , the Antarctic ice sheet was already much like today in volume and extent . The emergence of most of today 's Subantarctic penguin species almost certainly was caused by this sequence of Neogene climate shifts . Relationship to other bird orders Penguin ancestry beyond Waimanu remains unknown and not well - resolved by molecular or morphological analyses . The latter tend to be confounded by the strong adaptive autapomorphies of the Sphenisciformes ; a sometimes perceived fairly close relationship between penguins and grebes is almost certainly an error based on both groups ' strong diving adaptations , which are homoplasies . On the other hand , different DNA sequence datasets do not agree in detail with each other either . Humboldt penguins in an aquarium . The penguin is an accomplished swimmer , having flippers instead of wings . What seems clear is that penguins belong to a clade of Neoaves ( living birds except paleognaths and fowl ) that comprises what is sometimes called `` higher waterbirds '' to distinguish them from the more ancient waterfowl . This group contains such birds as storks , rails , and the seabirds , with the possible exception of the Charadriiformes . Inside this group , penguin relationships are far less clear . Depending on the analysis and dataset , a close relationship to Ciconiiformes or to Procellariiformes has been suggested . Some think the penguin - like plotopterids ( usually considered relatives of anhingas and cormorants ) may actually be a sister group of the penguins , and that penguins may have ultimately shared a common ancestor with the Pelecaniformes and consequently would have to be included in that order , or that the plotopterids were not as close to other pelecaniforms as generally assumed , which would necessitate splitting the traditional Pelecaniformes in three . A 2014 analysis of whole genomes of 48 representative bird species has concluded that penguins are the sister group of Procellariiformes , from which they diverged about 60 million years ago ( 95 % CI , 56.8 - 62.7 ) . The distantly related puffins , which live in the North Pacific and North Atlantic , developed similar characteristics to survive in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments . Like the penguins , puffins have a white chest , black back and short stubby wings providing excellent swimming ability in icy water . But , unlike penguins , puffins can fly , as flightless birds would not survive alongside land - based predators such as polar bears and foxes ; there are no such predators in the Antarctic . Their similarities indicate that similar environments , although at great distances , can result in similar evolutionary developments , i.e. convergent evolution . Anatomy and physiology Orcas swim by an iceberg with Adélie penguins in the Ross Sea , Antarctica . The Drygalski ice tongue is visible in the background . Taxidermized penguin skin Penguins are superbly adapted to aquatic life . Their vestigial wings have become flippers , useless for flight in the air . In the water , however , penguins are astonishingly agile . Penguins ' swimming looks very similar to bird 's flight in the air . Within the smooth plumage a layer of air is preserved , ensuring buoyancy . The air layer also helps insulate the birds in cold waters . On land , penguins use their tails and wings to maintain balance for their upright stance . All penguins are countershaded for camouflage -- that is , they have black backs and wings with white fronts . A predator looking up from below ( such as an orca or a leopard seal ) has difficulty distinguishing between a white penguin belly and the reflective water surface . The dark plumage on their backs camouflages them from above . Diving penguins reach 6 to 12 km / h ( 3.7 to 7.5 mph ) , though there are reports of velocities of 27 km / h ( 17 mph ) ( which are more realistic in the case of startled flight ) . The small penguins do not usually dive deep ; they catch their prey near the surface in dives that normally last only one or two minutes . Larger penguins can dive deep in case of need . Dives of the large emperor penguin have been recorded reaching a depth of 565 m ( 1,854 ft ) for up to 22 minutes . Penguins either waddle on their feet or slide on their bellies across the snow while using their feet to propel and steer themselves , a movement called `` tobogganing '' , which conserves energy while moving quickly . They also jump with both feet together if they want to move more quickly or cross steep or rocky terrain . Penguins have an average sense of hearing for birds ; this is used by parents and chicks to locate one another in crowded colonies . Their eyes are adapted for underwater vision , and are their primary means of locating prey and avoiding predators ; in air it has been suggested that they are nearsighted , although research has not supported this hypothesis . Gentoo penguin swimming underwater at Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium . Penguins have a thick layer of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water ( heat loss in water is much greater than in air ) . The emperor penguin has the largest body mass of all penguins , which further reduces relative surface area and heat loss . They also are able to control blood flow to their extremities , reducing the amount of blood that gets cold , but still keeping the extremities from freezing . In the extreme cold of the Antarctic winter , the females are at sea fishing for food leaving the males to brave the weather by themselves . They often huddle together to keep warm and rotate positions to make sure that each penguin gets a turn in the center of the heat pack . Calculations of the heat loss and retention ability of marine endotherms suggest that most extant penguins are too small to survive in such cold environments . In 2007 , Thomas and Fordyce wrote about the `` heterothermic loophole '' that penguins utilize in order to survive in Antarctica . All extant penguins , even those that live in warmer climates , have a counter-current heat exchanger called the humeral plexus . The flippers of penguins have at least three branches of the axillary artery , which allows cold blood to be heated by blood that has already been warmed and limits heat loss from the flippers . This system allows penguins to efficiently use their body heat and explains why such small animals can survive in the extreme cold . They can drink salt water because their supraorbital gland filters excess salt from the bloodstream . The salt is excreted in a concentrated fluid from the nasal passages . The great auk of the Northern Hemisphere , now extinct , was superficially similar to penguins , and the word penguin was originally used for that bird , centuries ago . They are only distantly related to the penguins , but are an example of convergent evolution . Isabelline penguins Isabelline Adélie penguin on Gourdin Island . Perhaps one in 50,000 penguins ( of most species ) are born with brown rather than black plumage . These are called isabelline penguins . Isabellinism is different from albinism . Isabelline penguins tend to live shorter lives than normal penguins , as they are not well - camouflaged against the deep , and are often passed over as mates . Distribution and habitat See also : List of Sphenisciformes by population Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere , they are not found only in cold climates , such as Antarctica . In fact , only a few species of penguin actually live so far south . Several species live in the temperate zone ; one , the Galápagos penguin , lives as far north as the Galápagos Islands , but this is only made possible by the cold , rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt Current that flows around these islands . Several authors have suggested that penguins are a good example of Bergmann 's Rule where larger bodied populations live at higher latitudes than smaller bodied populations . There is some disagreement about this , and several other authors have noted that there are fossil penguin species that contradict this hypothesis and that ocean currents and upwellings are likely to have had a greater effect on species diversity than latitude alone . Major populations of penguins are found in Angola , Antarctica , Argentina , Australia , Chile , Namibia , New Zealand , and South Africa . Satellite images and photos released in 2018 show the population of two million in France 's remote Ile aux Cochons has collapsed , with barely 200,000 remaining , according to a study published in Antarctic Science . Behaviour. Play media Chinstrap penguins in Antarctica . Breeding Gentoo watching over a sleeping chick at Brown Bluff Penguins for the most part breed in large colonies , the exceptions being the yellow - eyed and Fiordland species ; these colonies may range in size from as few as a 100 pairs for gentoo penguins , to several hundred thousand in the case of king , macaroni and chinstrap penguins . Living in colonies results in a high level of social interaction between birds , which has led to a large repertoire of visual as well as vocal displays in all penguin species . Agonistic displays are those intended to confront or drive off , or alternately appease and avoid conflict with , other individuals . Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season , though the rate the same pair recouples varies drastically . Most penguins lay two eggs in a clutch , although the two largest species , the emperor and the king penguins , lay only one . With the exception of the emperor penguin , where the male does it all , all penguins share the incubation duties . These incubation shifts can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea . Penguins generally only lay one brood ; the exception is the little penguin , which can raise two or three broods in a season . Penguin eggs are smaller than any other bird species when compared proportionally to the weight of the parent birds ; at 52 g ( 2 oz ) , the little penguin egg is 4.7 % of its mothers ' weight , and the 450 g ( 1 lb ) emperor penguin egg is 2.3 % . The relatively thick shell forms between 10 and 16 % of the weight of a penguin egg , presumably to reduce the effects of dehydration and to minimize the risk of breakage in an adverse nesting environment . The yolk , too , is large , and comprises 22 -- 31 % of the egg . Some yolk often remains when a chick is born , and is thought to help sustain the chick if the parents are delayed in returning with food . When emperor penguin mothers lose a chick , they sometimes attempt to `` steal '' another mother 's chick , usually unsuccessfully as other females in the vicinity assist the defending mother in keeping her chick . In some species , such as king and emperor penguins , the chicks assemble in large groups called crèches . Penguins and humans The cook on the Endurance preparing an emperor penguin for consumption An adélie penguin encounters a human during Antarctic summer . Penguins appear to have no special fear of humans , and will approach groups of people without hesitation . This is probably because penguins have no land predators in Antarctica or the nearby offshore islands . Dogs preyed upon penguins while they were allowed in Antarctica during the age of early human exploration as sled dogs , but dogs have long since been banned from Antarctica . Instead , adult penguins are at risk at sea from predators such as sharks , the orca , and the leopard seal . Typically , penguins do not approach closer than around 9 feet ( 3 meters ) at which point they appear to become nervous . This is also the distance that Antarctic tourists are instructed to maintain between themselves and penguins : tourists are instructed not to approach closer than 9 feet , but need not withdraw if the penguins come closer . In June 2011 , a penguin came ashore on New Zealand 's Peka Peka Beach , 3200 km off course on its journey to Antarctica . Nicknamed Happy Feet , after the movie of the same name , it was suffering from heat exhaustion and had to undergo a number of operations to remove objects like driftwood and sand from its stomach . Happy Feet was a media sensation , with extensive coverage on TV and the web , including a live stream that had thousands of views and a visit from English actor Stephen Fry . Once he had recovered , Happy Feet was released back into the water south of New Zealand . In popular culture Main article : Cultural depictions of penguins Tux the Linux kernel mascot Penguins are popularly loved around the world , primarily for their unusually upright , waddling gait , impressive swimming ability and ( compared to other birds ) lack of fear of humans . Their striking black - and - white plumage is often likened to a white tie suit . Mistakenly , some artists and writers have penguins based at the North Pole . This is incorrect , as there are no wild penguins in the Northern Hemisphere . The cartoon series Chilly Willy helped perpetuate this myth , as the title penguin would interact with northern - hemisphere species , such as polar bears and walruses . Penguins have been the subject of many books and films , such as Happy Feet , Surf 's Up and The Penguins of Madagascar , all CGI films ; March of the Penguins , a documentary based on the migration process of the emperor penguin ; and a parody titled Farce of the Penguins . Mr. Popper 's Penguins is a children 's book written by Richard and Florence Atwater ; it was named a Newbery Honor Book in 1939 . Penguins have also found their way into a number of cartoons and television dramas ; perhaps the most notable of these is Pingu , created by Silvio Mazzola in 1986 and covering more than 100 short episodes . At the end of 2009 , Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Whether they were walking ( March of the Penguins ) , dancing ( Happy Feet ) , or hanging ten ( Surf 's Up ) , these oddly adorable birds took flight at the box office all decade long . '' A video game called Pengo was released by Sega in 1982 . Set in Antarctica , the player controls a penguin character who must navigate mazes of ice - cubes . The player is rewarded with cut - scenes of animated penguins marching , dancing , saluting and playing peekaboo . Several remakes and enhanced editions have followed , most recently in 2012 . Several pro , minor , college and high school sport teams have named themselves after the species , with the Pittsburgh Penguins team in the National Hockey League and the Youngstown State Penguins being the most recognizable . The tendency of penguins to form large groups feeds the stereotype that they all look exactly alike , a popular notion exploited by cartoonists such as Gary Larson . Penguins featured regularly in the cartoons of UK cartoonist Steve Bell in his strip in The Guardian newspaper , particularly during and following the Falklands War , and the well - known Opus the Penguin , from the cartoons of Berkeley Breathed , is also described as hailing from the Falklands . Opus was a comical , `` existentialist '' penguin character in the cartoons Bloom County , Outland and Opus . He was also the star in the Christmas show A Wish for Wings That Work . In the mid-2000s , penguins became one of the most publicized species of animals that form lasting homosexual couples . A children 's book , And Tango Makes Three , was written about one such penguin family in the New York Zoo . References Jump up ^ DK ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . Animal ! . Penguin . ISBN 9781465459008 . ^ Jump up to : `` PINGOUIN : Etymologie de PINGOUIN '' . Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crofford , Emily ( 1989 ) . Gone Forever : The Great Auk . New York : Crestwood House . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 89686 - 459 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` penguin '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ pingüino . Diccionario de la lengua española . rae.es Jump up ^ `` penguin '' . p. 1 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` penguin '' . Wordnik.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Penguin -- Definition '' . Merriam-webster.com . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tui De Roy ; Mark Jones ; Julie Cornthwaite ( 2013 ) . Penguins : The Ultimate Guide . Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Williams Jump up ^ Davis ; Lloyd S. & Renner ; M. ( 1995 ) . Penguins . London : T & AD Poyser . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 6550 - 5 Jump up ^ Banks , Jonathan C. ; Mitchell , Anthony D. ; Waas , Joseph R. & Paterson , Adrian M. ( 2002 ) . `` An unexpected pattern of molecular divergence within the blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor ) complex '' ( PDF ) . Notornis. 49 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Marples , B.J. ( 1962 ) : Observations on the history of penguins . In : Leeper , G.W. ( ed . ) , The evolution of living organisms . Melbourne , Melbourne University Press . pp. 408 -- 416 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Acosta Hospitaleche , Carolina ( 2004 ) Los pingüinos ( Aves , Sphenisciformes ) fósiles de Patagonia . Sistemática , biogeografía y evolución . Doctoral thesis , Department of Natural Sciences and Museum , Universidad Nacional de La Plata . La Plata , Argentina . ^ Jump up to : Ksepka , D.T.B. , Sara ; Giannini , Norberto P ; ( 2006 ) . `` The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) '' . Cladistics. 22 ( 5 ) : 412 -- 441 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2006. 00116. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mayr , Gerald ; Scofield , R. Paul ; Vanesa L. , De Pietri ; Tennyson , Alan J.D. ( 2017 ) . `` A Paleocene penguin from New Zealand substantiates multiple origins of gigantism in fossil Sphenisciformes '' . Nature Communications . 8 ( 1927 ) . Bibcode : 2017NatCo ... 8.1927 M . doi : 10.1038 / s41467 - 017 - 01959 - 6 . Jump up ^ Haaramo , Mikko . `` Sphenisciformes -- penguins '' . Mikko 's Phylogeny Archive . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Platydyptes novaezealandiae ; holotype '' . Collections Online . Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Julia A. ; Olivero , Eduardo B. & Puerta , Pablo ( 2003 ) . `` Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra Del Fuego , Argentina '' ( PDF ) . American Museum Novitates. 3423 : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 ( 2003 ) 423 2.0.co ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , A. J ; Pereira , S.L. ; Haddrath , O. P ; Edge , K. - A. ( 2006 ) . `` Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 273 ( 1582 ) : 11 -- 7 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3260 . PMC 1560011 . PMID 16519228 . Jump up ^ Simpson , G.G. ( 1946 ) . `` Fossil penguins '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 81 . Jump up ^ Olson , S.L. ( 1985 ) . `` Faunal Turnover in South American Fossil Avifaunas : The Insufficiencies of the Fossil Record '' ( PDF ) . Evolution. 39 ( 5 ) : 1174 -- 1177 . doi : 10.2307 / 2408747 . JSTOR 2408747 . ^ Jump up to : Bertelli , S. ; Giannini , N.P. ( 2005 ) . `` A phylogeny of extant penguins ( Aves : Sphenisciformes ) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences '' . Cladistics. 21 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 239 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2005. 00065. x . ^ Jump up to : Slack , Kerryn E. ; Jones , Craig M. ; Ando , Tatsuro ; Harrison , G.L. `` Abby '' ; Fordyce , R. Ewan ; Arnason , Ulfur ; Penny , David ( 2006 ) . `` Early Penguin Fossils , plus Mitochondrial Genomes , Calibrate Avian Evolution '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 ( 6 ) : 1144 -- 1155 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.113. 4549 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msj124 . PMID 16533822 . Supplementary Material Jump up ^ The exact divergence dates according to Baker et al. ( 2006 ) mentioned in this section are not as precisely resolved as it appears to be due to uncertainties of the molecular clock used . Jump up ^ Elliott , K.H. ; Ricklefs , R.E. ; Gaston , A.J. ; Hatch , S.A. ; Speakman , J.R. ; Davoren , G.K. ( 2013 ) . `` High flight costs , but low dive costs , in auks support the biomechanical hypothesis for flightlessness in penguins '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 ( 23 ) : 9380 -- 9384 . Bibcode : 2013PNAS ... 110.9380 E . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1304838110 . PMC 3677478 . PMID 23690614 . Jump up ^ Contra Baker et al. ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jadwiszczak , Piotr ( 2006 ) . `` Eocene penguins of Seymour Island , Antarctica : taxonomy '' ( PDF ) . Polish Polar Research . 27 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Christidis L , Boles WE ( 2008 ) . Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Canberra : CSIRO Publishing . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 06511 - 6 . Jump up ^ It is likely that , during the Bartonian , there was a near - synchronous but allopatric split between the ancestors of Aptenodytes , Pygoscelis , and the common ancestor of all remaining genera ( Baker ) . ^ Jump up to : Baker , A. , Pereira , SL , Haddrath , OP , Edge , KA ( 2006 ) . `` Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 273 ( 1582 ) : 11 -- 7 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2005.3260 . PMC 1560011 . PMID 16519228 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fain , M.G. ; Houde , P. ( 2004 ) . `` Parallel Radiations in the Primary Clades of Birds '' ( PDF ) . Evolution. 58 ( 11 ) : 2558 -- 73 . doi : 10.1554 / 04 - 235 . PMID 15612298 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayr , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Tertiary plotopterids ( Aves , Plotopteridae ) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins ( Spheniscidae ) '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . 43 : 61 -- 71 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0469.2004. 00291. x . Jump up ^ Jarvis , E.D. ; Mirarab , S. ; Aberer , A.J. ; Li , B. ; Houde , P. ; Li , C. ; Ho , S.Y.W. ; Faircloth , B.C. ; Nabholz , B. ; Howard , J.T. ; Suh , A. ; Weber , C.C. ; Da Fonseca , R.R. ; Li , J. ; Zhang , F. ; Li , H. ; Zhou , L. ; Narula , N. ; Liu , L. ; Ganapathy , G. ; Boussau , B. ; Bayzid , M.S. ; Zavidovych , V. ; Subramanian , S. ; Gabaldon , T. ; Capella - Gutierrez , S. ; Huerta - Cepas , J. ; Rekepalli , B. ; Munch , K. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Whole - genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds '' ( PDF ) . Science . 346 ( 6215 ) : 1320 -- 1331 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 346.1320 J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1253451 . PMC 4405904 . PMID 25504713 . Jump up ^ Li , C. ; Zhang , Y. ; Li , J. ; Kong , L. ; Hu , H. ; Pan , H. ; Xu , L. ; Deng , Y. ; Li , Q. ; Jin , L. ; Yu , H. ; Chen , Y. ; Liu , B. ; Yang , L. ; Liu , S. ; Zhang , Y. ; Lang , Y. ; Xia , J. ; He , W. ; Shi , Q. ; Subramanian , S. ; Millar , C.D. ; Meader , S. ; Rands , C.M. ; Fujita , M.K. ; Greenwold , M.J. ; Castoe , T.A. ; Pollock , D.D. ; Gu , W. ; et al. ( 2014 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment '' . GigaScience. 3 : 27 . doi : 10.1186 / 2047 - 217X - 3 - 27 . PMC 4322438 . PMID 25671092 . Jump up ^ `` Penguin swimming under water , Galapagos '' . Youtube.com. April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buskey , Theresa . `` The Antarctic Polar Region '' . In Alan Christopherson , M.S. The Polar Regions . LIFEPAC. 804 N. 2nd Ave . E. , Rock Rapids , IA : Alpha Omegan Publications , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58095 - 156 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wever , E.G. ; Herman , P.N. ; Simmons , J.A. ; Hertzler , D.R. ( 1969 ) . `` Hearing in the blackfooted penguin , Spheniscus demersus , as represented by the cochlear potentials '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 63 ( 3 ) : 676 -- 80 . Bibcode : 1969PNAS ... 63 ... 676W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 63.3. 676 . JSTOR 59401 . PMC 223504 . PMID 5259756 . Jump up ^ Jouventin , P ; Aubin , T ; Lengagne , T ( 1999 ) . `` Finding a parent in a king penguin colony : The acoustic system of individual recognition '' . Animal Behaviour. 57 ( 6 ) : 1175 -- 1183 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1999.1086 . PMID 10373249 . Jump up ^ Sivak , J ; Howland , H.C. ; McGill - Harelstad , P ( 1987 ) . `` Vision of the Humboldt penguin ( Spheniscus humboldti ) in air and water '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 229 ( 1257 ) : 467 -- 72 . Bibcode : 1987RSPSB. 229 ... 467S . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1987.0005 . JSTOR 36191 . PMID 2881308 . Jump up ^ Downhower , J.F. ; Blumer , L.S. ( 1988 ) . `` Calculating just how small a whale can be '' . Nature . 335 ( 6192 ) : 675 -- 675 . Bibcode : 1988Natur. 335 ... 675D . doi : 10.1038 / 335675b0 . Jump up ^ Williams , T.D. ( 1995 ) . The penguins : Spheniscidae . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Thomas , D.B. ; Fordyce , R.E. ( 2007 ) . `` The heterothermic loophole exploited by penguins '' . Australian Journal of Zoology. 55 : 317 -- 321 . doi : 10.1071 / zo07053 . Jump up ^ Thomas , D.B. ; Fordyce , R.E. ( 2012 ) . `` Biological plasticity in penguin heat - retention structures '' . Anatomical Record . 295 : 249 -- 256 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 21538 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Fact Sheets '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Humboldt Penguin : Saint Louis Zoo '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ van der Merwe , H.J. `` African Penguins and Penguins of the World '' . iafrica.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds Archived May 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . by Marcel Van Tuinen , Dave Brian Butvill , John A.W. Kirsch and S. Blair Hedges . Jump up ^ Askew , Nick ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` List of Penguin Species '' . BirdLife International . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) , Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals , Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Ashton , K. ( 2002 ) . `` Patterns of within - species body size variation of birds : strong evidence for Bergmann 's rule '' . Global Ecology and Biogeography. 11 ( 6 ) : 505 -- 523 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1466 - 822X. 2002.00313. x . Jump up ^ Meiri , S ; Dayan , T. ( 2003 ) . `` On the validity of Bergmann 's rule '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biogeography. 30 ( 3 ) : 331 -- 351 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.2003. 00837. x . Jump up ^ Clarke , J.A. ; Ksepka ; Stucchi ; Urbina ; Giannini ; Bertelli ; Narváez ; Boyd ( 2007 ) . `` Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography , diversity , and Cenozoic climate change '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 28 ) : 11545 -- 11550 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10411545C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0611099104 . PMC 1913862 . PMID 17601778 . Jump up ^ Gohlich , U.B. ( 2007 ) . `` The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus -- a new species from the Miocene of Peru '' . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 : 285 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins of Australia and New Zealand '' . Southern Indian Education Center . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Jadwiszczak , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Penguin past : The current state of knowledge '' . Polish Polar Research . 30 : 3 -- 28 . Jump up ^ `` World 's biggest king penguin colony shrinks 90 percent '' . World 's biggest king penguin colony shrinks 90 percent ( in Turkish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 23 Jump up ^ Numata , M. ; Davis , L.S. ; Renner , M. ( 2000 ) . `` Prolonged foraging trips and egg desertion in little penguins ( Eudyptula minor ) '' . New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 27 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 289 . doi : 10.1080 / 03014223.2000. 9518236 . Jump up ^ Reilly PN , Balmford P ( 1975 ) . `` A breeding study of the little penguin , Eudyptula minor , in Australia '' . In Stonehouse , Bernard . The Biology of Penguins . London : Macmillan . pp. 161 -- 87 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 16791 - 0 . Jump up ^ Meyer - Rochow V.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Examples of four incompletely resolved aspects of the biology of penguins elated to digestive and reproductive physiology , vision and locomotion '' . In Jenkins Owen P. Advances in Animal Science and Zoology . Hauppauge , N.Y. : Nova Sci Publ Inc . pp. 65 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63483 - 328 - 8 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 24 Jump up ^ Removal of the sledge dogs from Antarctica . British Antarctic Survey Jump up ^ `` Emperor penguin not out of the woods yet '' . 3 News NZ . June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Feet pulls through third operation '' . 3 News NZ . June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The truth about Happy Feet 's home '' . 3 News NZ . August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry visits Happy Feet '' . 3 News NZ . August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Happy Feet starts the long journey home '' . 3 News NZ . August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate , `` The 100 Greatest Movies , TV Shows , Albums , Books , Characters , Scenes , Episodes , Songs , Dresses , Music Videos , and Trends That Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 11 , 2009 ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Bibliography Williams ; Tony D. ( 1995 ) . The Penguins -- Spheniscidae . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854667 - X . External links Library resources about Penguin Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikispecies has information related to Sphenisciformes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penguin . Two new fossil penguin species found in Peru . news.nationalgeographic.com Information about penguins at pinguins.info Integrated Taxonomic Information System Penguin information on 70South Penguin research projects on the web Penguin videos and photos on the Internet Bird Collection Penguin World Penguins in Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand the Encyclopedia of New Zealand Seaworld Penguin Information `` Lessons in a Land of Wind and Ice '' from National Wildlife Magazine 1 / 15 / 2010 Live 24 / 7 camera inside a penguin habitat Penguins ( order : Sphenisciformes family : Spheniscidae subfamily : Spheniscinae ) Genus Species Aptenodytes ( great penguins ) King penguin Emperor penguin Pygoscelis ( brush - tailed penguins ) Adelie penguin Chinstrap penguin Gentoo penguin Eudyptula ( little penguins ) Little penguin ( or little blue penguin ) White - flippered penguin ( or northern little penguin ) Spheniscus ( banded penguins ) Magellanic penguin Humboldt penguin Galapagos penguin African penguin Megadyptes Yellow - eyed penguin Waitaha penguin ( extinct ) Eudyptes ( crested penguins ) Fiordland penguin Snares penguin Erect - crested penguin Southern rockhopper penguin Northern rockhopper penguin Royal penguin Macaroni penguin Chatham Islands penguin ( extinct ) Birds ( class : Aves ) Anatomy Bird anatomy Flight Eggs Feathers Plumage Beak Vision Dactyly Preen gland Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin 's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Apsaraviformes Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Bird collections Birdwatching Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Egg collecting Ornithomancy Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Recently extinct birds Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Notable birds Individuals Fictional Neornithes Palaeognathae Struthioniformes ( ostriches ) Rheiformes ( rheas ) Tinamiformes ( tinamous ) Apterygiformes ( kiwis ) Casuariiformes ( emus and cassowaries ) Neognathae Galloanserae ( fowls ) Anseriformes ( waterfowls ) Anatidae ( ducks ) Anatinae Anserinae swans true geese Aythyinae Dendrocygninae Merginae Oxyurinae Plectropterinae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Thalassorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anatalavis Anseranas Galliformes ( landfowls - gamebirds ) Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae Perdicinae Phasianinae ( pheasants and relatives ) Tetraoninae Neoaves Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes ( doves and pigeons ) Mesitornithiformes ( mesites ) Pteroclidiformes ( sandgrouses ) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes ( flamingos ) Podicipediformes ( grebes ) Passerea Otidimorphae Cuculiformes ( cuckoos ) Musophagiformes ( turacos ) Otidiformes ( bustards ) Strisores Caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and relatives ) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes ( swifts and hummingbirds ) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes ( hoatzin ) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes ( gulls and relatives ) Gruiformes ( cranes and relatives ) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) Eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) Aequornithes Gaviiformes ( loons or divers ) Sphenisciformes ( penguins ) Procellariiformes ( albatrosses and petrels ) Ciconiiformes ( storks ) Suliformes ( cormorants and relatives ) Pelecaniformes ( pelicans and relatives ) Australaves Cariamiformes ( seriemas and relatives ) Falconiformes ( falcons and relatives ) Psittaciformes ( parrots ) Passeriformes ( perching birds ) Afroaves Cathartiformes ( New World vultures and condors ) Accipitriformes ( eagles and hawks ) Strigiformes ( owls ) Coliiformes ( mousebirds ) Trogoniformes ( trogons and quetzals ) Leptosomatiformes ( cuckoo roller ) Bucerotiformes ( hornbills and hoopoes ) Coraciiformes ( kingfishers and rollers ) Piciformes ( woodpeckers and relatives ) Portal Outline Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q9147 Wikispecies : Spheniscidae ADW : Spheniscidae BioLib : 8345 EoL : 7986 EPPO : 1ZPHNF Fossilworks : 39710 GBIF : 5284 iNaturalist : 3806 IRMNG : 100371 ITIS : 174443 NBN : NBNSYS0000164612 NCBI : 9231 NZOR : cde60235 - d69f - 4d81 - a72d - 1914ff14f319 uBio : 21597 WoRMS : 196034 GND : 4174708 - 2 NDL : 00569083 NKC : ph325849 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penguin&oldid=854012493 '' Categories : Flightless birds Penguins Seabirds Spheniscidae Spheniscinae Sphenisciformes Danian first appearances Extant Paleocene first appearances Birds by common name Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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who plays norman's teacher in bates motel			Bates Motel ( season 1 )	bates motel ( season 1 )	The first season of Bates Motel premiered on March 18 , 2013 , and concluded on May 20 , 2013 . The season consisted of 10 episodes and aired on Mondays at 10 p.m. ET / PT on A&E . The series is described as a `` contemporary prequel '' to the 1960 film Psycho and follows the life of Norman Bates and his mother Norma prior to the events portrayed in the Hitchcock film . The series takes place in the fictional town of White Pine Bay , Oregon .	The season received positive reviews from television critics . In its premiere episode , the series broke rating records for an original drama series on A&E , drawing in a total of 3.04 million viewers . Bates Motel was renewed for a second season after three episodes of the first season had aired . Vera Farmiga received particular praise for her performance as Norma Louise Bates , she won the 2013 Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television , and was nominated for the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , the 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series , and the 2013 TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on September 17 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Production 2.1 Casting 2.2 Filming 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel characters Main ( edit ) Vera Farmiga , Freddie Highmore , and Max Thieriot ( left to right ) portray leading roles Norma Louise Bates , Norman Bates , and Dylan Massett , respectively , who appear in all episodes . Olivia Cooke , Nicola Peltz , and Nestor Carbonell ( left to right ) portray Emma Decody , Bradley Martin , and Sheriff Alex Romero , respectively . Vera Farmiga as Norma Louise Bates Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates Max Thieriot as Dylan Massett Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody Nicola Peltz as Bradley Martin Recurring ( edit ) Nestor Carbonell as Sheriff Alex Romero Mike Vogel as Deputy Zack Shelby Keegan Connor Tracy as Miss Blair Watson Brittney Wilson as Lissa Jere Burns as Jake Abernathy Diana Bang as Jiao Vincent Gale as Gil Turner Richard Harmon as Richard Sylmore Ian Tracey as Remo Wallace Terry Chen as Ethan Chang Ian Hart as Will Decody Hiro Kanagawa as Dr. Fumhiro Kurata David Cubitt as Sam Bates Keenan Tracey as Gunner Aliyah O'Brien as Regina Guest ( edit ) W. Earl Brown as Keith Summers Lara Gilchrist as Rebecca Craig Ben Cotton as Danny Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) On July 2 , 2012 , A&E gave Bates Motel a straight - to - series order . Vera Farmiga was the first to be cast , as protagonist Norma Louise Bates , on August 27 , 2012 . Shortly after , Freddie Highmore was cast as Norman Bates on September 14 , 2012 . Also on that day , Max Thieriot was cast as Norman 's half brother , Dylan Massett . Later , on September 19 , 2012 , Nicola Peltz was cast as Bradley Martin . Finally , on September 20 , 2012 , Olivia Cooke was the final main cast member to join the series , portraying Emma Decody . Filming ( edit ) A replica of the original Bates Motel set from the film Psycho was built on location in Aldergrove , British Columbia on 272nd Street , where the series is filmed . Production also took place in Greater Vancouver , and Richmond , British Columbia . Principal photography for the first season began on October 1 , 2012 . Though filming for the first season was expected to wrap on January 24 , 2013 , production continued into early February 2013 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Bates Motel episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` First You Dream , Then You Die '' Tucker Gates Story by : Carlton Cuse , Kerry Ehrin & Anthony Cipriano Teleplay by : Kerry Ehrin & Anthony Cipriano March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 3.04 Widow Norma Louise Bates and her 17 - year - old son , Norman , move from Arizona to White Pine Bay , Oregon , where they buy a rundown motel six months after Norman 's father 's sudden death . Norma intends to reopen the motel in an attempt to build a new life . On his first day at his new high school , Norman befriends popular local girl , Bradley Martin , who takes him out for a night on the town with her outgoing friends . Norman also meets Miss Watson , his advanced English teacher . While Norman is out with Bradley for the evening , the drunkard former motel owner , Keith Summers , breaks into the house and rapes Norma . Norman arrives back and knocks him out , before Norma murders him . The duo dump the body in the bay harbor . That same night , Norma and Norman meet Sheriff Romero and Deputy Shelby , who show up to have a look around the motel for reasons unknown . In room 4 of the motel , Norman finds a sketchbook full of lurid drawings that show women being tortured . Similarly , a woman is seen drugged and chained somewhere , indicating that a sinister presence , much more than Norman and his mother , resides in the town . Norma renames the motel the Bates Motel . `` Nice Town You Picked , Norma ... '' Tucker Gates Kerry Ehrin March 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) 2.84 Tension arises when Dylan Massett , Norma 's troubled and violent son from a previous relationship , arrives in White Pine Bay to stay . Norman and Bradley witness Bradley 's father get badly burned in a car accident . Meanwhile , Norman and his cystic fibrosis - stricken classmate , Emma Decody , look into the mystery of the sketchbook . Deputy Shelby suggests to Norma that the town 's wealth is earned through illegal means , and that the whole town council and police force is in on some massive conspiracy . Norma sees a body hanging upside - down and on fire in the middle of town , witnessed by townspeople , showing `` justice '' is often resolved extrajudicially . Emma and Norman stumble upon a huge marijuana field hidden in the nearby forest and are chased away by two armed men , barely escaping . `` What 's Wrong with Norman '' Paul A. Edwards Jeff Wadlow April 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) 2.82 Norman passes out at school and is taken to hospital . Norma is asked if Norman has experienced an episode like this before , to which she says no . Dylan states he has a new job , not mentioning it is guarding the marijuana field with his new partner , Ethan . Norma discharges Norman from the hospital , who tells her that he kept Summers ' utility belt , which is now missing after the police carry out a property search . Dylan tells Norman to get out more and not let Norma smother him . Meanwhile , Deputy Shelby reveals that he took Summers ' belt without Sheriff Romero 's knowledge , because he wants to protect Norma from being investigated for Summers ' disappearance ; the two then kiss . Norman envisions his mother telling him to get the utility belt back ; he then breaks into Shelby 's house to retrieve it , but instead discovers that one of the women from the sketchbook is being held captive in Shelby 's basement . `` Trust Me '' Johan Renck Kerry Ehrin April 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) 2.30 Deputy Shelby arrives home while Norman is still inside . Dylan , who had followed Norman to the house , distracts Shelby to give Norman enough time to escape . Norma tells Norman he imagines things that do n't really happen . With Emma unreachable , Norman draws more closely to Bradley , who is mourning the death of her father . Meanwhile , Sheriff Romero finds a decomposing hand in the bay that has Keith Summers ' wristwatch attached to it . That same evening , Norman meets with Bradley at her house , and the two of them end up sleeping together for the first time ; when Norma finds out , she becomes upset . Dylan confronts Norma , stating he knows what she has done , which gives him the right to take Norman to stay with him . Just then , the police show up and arrest Norma for the murder of Keith Summers . 5 5 `` Ocean View '' David Straiton Jeff Wadlow April 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) 2.66 Norman posts bail for his mother and she is released the next day . Dylan proposes that Norman should live with him instead of their mother . Shelby gets rid of the evidence incriminating Norma , claiming to be in love with her . Meanwhile , Dylan borrows $5,000 from Ethan , his work partner , so he can buy his own house . Afterward , a drug addict appears and shoots Ethan , and Dylan rushes him to the hospital . Dylan later runs the drug addict over with his car . At dinner , Norman reveals to Emma that the girl from the sketchbook is real , and the two later find her in Summers ' abandoned boat . They take the girl , named Jiao , back to the Bates Motel and show her to Norma . She then identifies Shelby as the man who had been assaulting her , shocking and horrifying Norma . 6 6 `` The Truth '' Tucker Gates Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin April 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 22 ) 2.93 Norman and Dylan find Summers ' utility belt and throw it in the harbor in order to protect their mother . Dylan 's boss , Gil , informs him that Ethan has died of his wounds . Dylan says that he took out his partner 's killer as payback , which pleases Gil . He is then introduced to his new partner , Remo . Shelby finds out that Jiao is staying at the Bates Motel and she subsequently flees . He then holds the Bates family at gunpoint and assaults Norma , causing Norman to angrily attack him . After a shootout commences , Dylan kills Shelby to save his family . Meanwhile , Norma reveals the truth about Norman 's father 's death to Dylan : Norman killed him in a fit of rage after seeing his father beating Norma and has absolutely no recollection of it , believing his father 's death was an accident . She tells Dylan that Norman needs to be protected . 7 7 `` The Man in Number 9 '' S.J. Clarkson Kerry Ehrin April 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 29 ) 2.99 Sheriff Romero arrives at the scene but makes up a story that he caught and killed Deputy Shelby in a gun fight . Meanwhile , Dylan meets Jake Abernathy , who checks into the motel , as he had room 9 reserved for a week every two months before Summers sold the motel . Norma hires Emma to work at the motel as a cleaner . Norman grows close to a stray dog , whom he names Juno . Norman heads to Bradley 's house to declare his love for her , only for Bradley to tell Norman they are not meant for each other . Norman witnesses Juno being hit and killed by a car , and is devastated . 8 8 `` A Boy and His Dog '' Ed Bianchi Bill Balas May 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 06 ) 2.71 Emma 's father , Will , teaches Norman taxidermy after Norman takes his dead dog to him . Upon the school principal 's request , Norma has Norman meet with a psychologist , who suggests Norma may have control issues over her son . Meanwhile , Jake reveals to Norma that he knows the full story about Shelby and Summers ' sex - slave business . Norma kicks Jake out in retaliation . Dylan brings `` trimmers '' to stay at the motel . Norma decides to take Dylan out to dinner to thank him for bringing new customers , but is horrified to see the autopsied corpse of Shelby on her bed . 9 9 `` Underwater '' Tucker Gates Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 2.48 Norma receives a threatening note and decides to put the motel up for sale . She enlists Romero to help track down Jake , but he informs her he can not find anything on the man . To calm her , he has the house patrolled on the half - hour . Dylan helps Bradley get access to her father 's office , where she finds love letters exchanged between her dad and someone known as `` B '' . Meanwhile , Emma gets to know a `` trimmer '' named Gunner and experiences her first high . Norma 's realtor tells her that her property wo n't go up for sale , angering her to the point of beating him with her bag . Afterward , Norma finds Jake in her car with a pistol ; he reveals that Shelby owed him $150,000 from the sex - slave business and , thinking she has the cash , threatens to kill her and her sons unless she delivers the money to him the following night . Terrified , Norma agrees . 10 10 `` Midnight '' Tucker Gates Carlton Cuse & Kerry Ehrin May 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 20 ) 2.70 Romero tells Norma that he 'll help her with the Jake situation . Norma reveals to Norman a secret : her brother began raping her when she was 13 . Norman and Emma decide to go to the school winter dance as friends . At the dance , Norman repeatedly eyes Bradley , causing a heartbroken Emma to storm out and Bradley 's jealous boyfriend to punch Norman . Miss Watson offers to tend to Norman 's injured eye and takes him back to her place . Meanwhile , Norma witnesses Romero shoot and kill Jake . At Miss Watson 's home , Norman observes his teacher stripping off to change . A hallucination of Norma convinces Norman that Miss Watson is seducing him . Norman rushes home where he tells Norma that Miss Watson was going to drive him , but the next thing he remembers is running home . Miss Watson 's corpse is shown with her throat slashed , wearing a `` B '' necklace , hinting that she may be Bradley 's father 's secret lover . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Bates Motel received mostly positive reviews . It received 66 out of 100 from Metacritic , based on 34 critical responses , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes aggregated that 81 % of 37 television critics gave the series a positive review . The site 's consensus reads , `` Bates Motel utilizes mind manipulation and suspenseful fear tactics , on top of consistently sharp character work and wonderfully uncomfortable familial relationships . '' On April 8 , 2013 , A&E renewed the series for a second season following the positive reviews and good ratings after the first three episodes . Ratings ( edit ) On its premiere night , the series broke rating records for an original drama series on A&E . It drew in a strong 3.04 million viewers total , including 1.6 million viewers watching it in the 18 - 49 demographic . The season finale episode drew in a total of 2.70 million viewers , with a 1.2 ratings share in the 18 -- 49 demo . Overall , the first season averaged 2.70 million viewers , with 1.5 million tuning in from both the 18 -- 49 and 25 -- 54 demographics . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bates Motel In its first season , Bates Motel was nominated for 24 awards , winning one . Year Awards Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2013 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Drama Series Vera Farmiga Nominated 29th Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Nominated 65th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 17th Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Best Cinematography in a Series John S. Bartley , Thomas Yatsko Nominated Best Production Design in a Series Peter Bodnarus , Mark S. Freeborn , Margot Ready , Rose Marie McSherry Nominated 28th Imagen Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Nestor Carbonell Nominated 29th Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting April Webster , Sara Isaacson , Jennifer Page , Corinne Clark Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hairstyling -- Television and New Media Series Donna Bis Nominated 15th Women 's Image Network Awards Best Drama Series Bates Motel Nominated Best Actress -- Drama Series Vera Farmiga Nominated 5th Dorian Awards TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Lead Actress in a Drama Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Freddie Highmore Nominated 40th People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Anti-Hero Nominated 18th Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Vera Farmiga Nominated ACTRA Awards Best Actor Vincent Gale Nominated IGN Awards Best New TV Series Bates Motel Nominated Best TV Horror Series Nominated Best TV Actress Vera Farmiga Nominated 40th Saturn Awards Best Actress on Television Won Best Actor on Television Freddie Highmore Nominated Best Television Presentation Bates Motel Nominated The listed years are of television release , annual ceremonies are usually held the following year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Bates Motel ' a twisty , moody modern prequel to ' Psycho ' '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Bates Motel : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Ratings -- Bates Motel Series Premiere on A&E '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' renewed for second season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , David ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Nominees : Vera Farmiga of ' Bates Motel ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Bates Motel -- Season 1 of the Modern ' Psycho ' Re-Imagining on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` A&E Orders Carlton Cuse 's ' Psycho ' Prequel ' Bates Motel ' Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Norman Bates ' mother cast in A&E 's ' Psycho ' series '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Bates Motel Casts Its Norman '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Adds Max Thieriot as Norman 's Brother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' Adds ' Last Airbender ' Actress as Love Interest for Norman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Psycho ' TV prequel ' Bates Motel ' adds ' Blackout ' star Olivia Cooke '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Bates Motel ' : What 's going on in that bucolic Oregon coastal town '' . OregonLive.com . Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Set in Aldergrove is Spitting Image of Alfred Hitchcock 's Set in Psycho -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Felix ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` A&E 's Psycho prequel Bates Motel , has started production in Vancouver '' . VancityBuzz.com . Jump up ^ `` BATES MOTEL Sets Up Woodchuck Festival in Fort Langley for 1 x 02 -- Updated '' . YVR Shoots . October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PROMO : BATES MOTEL `` A Boy 's Best Friend is His Mother '' Poster `` . YVR Shoots . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Being Human ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Being Human ' , ' Love and Hip Hop ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' MTV Movie Sneak Peek ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Defiance ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + WWE Raw , ' Teen Mom II ' , NBA Playoffs & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Teen Mom II ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' & ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Win Night ; ' Bates Motel ' , ' Defiance ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bates Motel -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` A&E 's ' Bates Motel ' Rises In Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards : Big Bang Theory , Game of Thrones , New Girl and More Earn Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` FX 's ' The Americans ' Leads 2013 TCA Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumyer , Scott ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Talks Bates Motel , Family & What She 'd Be Doing If She Were n't Acting '' . Parade . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association -- Television Branch : 2012 - 13 '' . OFTA . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 28th Annual Imagen Awards Announced '' . Imagen.org . June 2013 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals 2013 Nominees '' . Variety . August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neal , Wayne ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Orpah Winfrey , Kerry Washington Among Women 's Image Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jeretho ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dorian Awards : Gay and Lesbian Critics Announce TV and Film Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Derby Awards ( 2013 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 nominees : ' Glee , ' ' Castle , ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' and more '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' Tops Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UBCP / ACTRA Awards , Vancouver ( 2014 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( June 28 , 2014 ) . `` Gravity , The Walking Dead , and Breaking Bad Win Big at the Fortieth Annual Saturn Awards '' . Nerdist . External links ( edit ) Official website Bates Motel on IMDb Bates Motel at TV.com ( hide ) Bates Motel Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Characters Norma Louise Bates Norman Bates Marion Crane Related articles Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bates_Motel_(season_1)&oldid=831941535 '' Categories : 2013 American television seasons Bates Motel ( TV series ) Murder in television Patricide in fiction Rape in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 23 : 04 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates%20Motel%20%28season%201%29	2,526
difference between low pass channel and bandpass channel			Baseband	baseband	Baseband is a signal that has a very narrow and near - zero frequency range , i.e. a spectral magnitude that is nonzero only for frequencies in the vicinity of the origin ( termed f = 0 ) and negligible elsewhere . In telecommunications and signal processing , baseband signals are transmitted without modulation , that is , without any shift in the range of frequencies of the signal . Baseband has a low - frequency -- contained within the bandwidth frequency close to 0 hertz up to a higher cut - off frequency . Baseband can be synonymous with lowpass or non-modulated , and is differentiated from passband , bandpass , carrier - modulated , intermediate frequency , or radio frequency ( RF ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Various uses 1.1 Baseband signal 1.2 Baseband channel 1.3 Digital baseband transmission 1.3. 1 Baseband transmission in Ethernet 1.4 Baseband processor 1.5 Equivalent baseband signal 2 Modulation 3 See also 4 References Various uses ( edit ) Baseband signal ( edit ) A baseband signal or lowpass signal is a signal that can include frequencies that are very near zero , by comparison with its highest frequency ( for example , a sound waveform can be considered as a baseband signal , whereas a radio signal or any other modulated signal is not ) . A baseband bandwidth is equal to the highest frequency of a signal or system , or an upper bound on such frequencies , for example the upper cut - off frequency of a low - pass filter . By contrast , passband bandwidth is the difference between a highest frequency and a nonzero lowest frequency . Baseband channel ( edit ) A baseband channel or lowpass channel ( or system , or network ) is a communication channel that can transfer frequencies that are very near zero . Examples are serial cables and local area networks ( LANs ) , as opposed to passband channels such as radio frequency channels and passband filtered wires of the analog telephone network . Frequency division multiplexing ( FDM ) allows an analog telephone wire to carry a baseband telephone call , concurrently as one or several carrier - modulated telephone calls . Digital baseband transmission ( edit ) Main article : Line code Digital baseband transmission , also known as line coding , aims at transferring a digital bit stream over baseband channel , typically an unfiltered wire , contrary to passband transmission , also known as carrier - modulated transmission . Passband transmission makes communication possible over a bandpass filtered channel , such as the telephone network local - loop or a band - limited wireless channel . Baseband transmission in Ethernet ( edit ) The word `` BASE '' in Ethernet physical layer standards , for example 10BASE5 , 100BASE - TX and 1000BASE - SX , implies baseband digital transmission ( i.e. that a line code and an unfiltered wire are used ) . Baseband processor ( edit ) A baseband processor also known as BP or BBP is used to process the down - converted digital signal to retrieve essential data for the wireless digital system . The baseband processing block in receivers is usually responsible for providing observable data : code pseudo-ranges and carrier phase measurements , as well as navigation data . Equivalent baseband signal ( edit ) An equivalent baseband signal or equivalent lowpass signal is -- in analog and digital modulation methods for ( band - pass ) signals with constant or varying carrier frequency ( for example ASK , PSK QAM , and FSK ) -- a complex valued representation of the modulated physical signal ( the so - called passband signal or RF signal ) . The equivalent baseband signal is Z ( t ) = I ( t ) + j Q ( t ) ( \ displaystyle Z ( t ) = I ( t ) + jQ ( t ) \ , ) where I ( t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) ) is the inphase signal , Q ( t ) ( \ displaystyle Q ( t ) ) the quadrature phase signal , and j ( \ displaystyle j ) the imaginary unit . In a digital modulation method , the I ( t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) ) and Q ( t ) ( \ displaystyle Q ( t ) ) signals of each modulation symbol are evident from the constellation diagram . The frequency spectrum of this signal includes negative as well as positive frequencies . The physical passband signal corresponds to I ( t ) cos ⁡ ( ω t ) − Q ( t ) sin ⁡ ( ω t ) = R e ( Z ( t ) e j ω t ) ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) \ cos ( \ omega t ) - Q ( t ) \ sin ( \ omega t ) = \ mathrm ( Re ) \ ( Z ( t ) e ^ ( j \ omega t ) \ ) \ , ) where ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega ) is the carrier angular frequency in rad / s . Modulation ( edit ) A signal at baseband is often used to modulate a higher frequency carrier signal in order that it may be transmitted via radio . Modulation results in shifting the signal up to much higher frequencies ( radio frequencies , or RF ) than it originally spanned . A key consequence of the usual double - sideband amplitude modulation ( AM ) is that the range of frequencies the signal spans ( its spectral bandwidth ) is doubled . Thus , the RF bandwidth of a signal ( measured from the lowest frequency as opposed to 0 Hz ) is twice its baseband bandwidth . Steps may be taken to reduce this effect , such as single - sideband modulation . Some transmission schemes such as frequency modulation use even more bandwidth . The figure shows what happens with AM modulation : Comparison of the equivalent baseband version of a signal and its AM - modulated ( double - sideband ) RF version , showing the typical doubling of the occupied bandwidth . See also ( edit ) Complex envelope Broadband Narrowband Wideband References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leon W. Couch II ( 1993 ) . Digital and Analog Communication Systems . Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ B.P. Lathi ( 1983 ) . Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Jump up ^ Steven Alan Tretter ( 1995 ) . Communication System Design Using Dsp Algorithms : With Laboratory Experiments for the TMS320C30 . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45032 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mischa Schwartz ( 1970 ) . Information , Transmission , Modulation and Noise : A Unified Approach to Communication Systems . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Chris C. Bissell and David A. Chapman ( 1992 ) . Digital Signal Transmission . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42557 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mikael Gustavsson and J. Jacob Wikner ( 2000 ) . CMOS Data Converters for Communications . Springer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7780 - X . Jump up ^ Jan W.M. Bergmans ( 1996 ) . Digital Baseband Transmission and Recording . Springer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 9775 - 4 . Jump up ^ IEEE 802.3 1.2. 3 Physical layer and media notation Jump up ^ `` IEEE Get Program '' . standards.ieee.org . IEEE . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Proakis , John G. Digital Communications , 4th edition . McGraw - Hill , 2001 . p150 GND : 4656240 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseband&oldid=837888628 '' Categories : Signal processing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Basa Sunda Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 16 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband	2,527
who is clarisse and what eventually happens to her			The Princess Diaries	the princess diaries	The Princess Diaries is a series of epistolary young adult novels written by Meg Cabot , and is also the title of the first volume , published in 2000 . The series revolves around Amelia ' Mia ' Thermopolis , a teenager in New York who discovers that she is the princess of a small European principality called Genovia .	Meg Cabot quotes the series ' inspiration on her website stating : `` I was inspired to write The Princess Diaries when my mom , after the death of my father , began dating one of my teachers ; they later went on to get married just as Mia 's mom does in the book ! I have always had a ' thing ' for princesses ( my parents used to joke that when I was smaller , I did a lot of insisting that my ' real ' parents , the king and queen , were going to come get me soon , and that everyone had better start being a LOT nicer to me ) so I stuck a princess in the book just for kicks ... and VOILÀ ! The Princess Diaries was born . '' The books are noted for containing many popular culture references , which include singers , movies , and fads in modern culture . Many critics have taken unkindly to this form of storytelling . In response , Cabot added an English teacher in the book , Princess in Training , who criticizes Mia 's writing , telling her that it relies too much on `` slick pop culture references . '' By the final novel , this has allowed Mia to progress and grow as a person . The latest book in the series , The Princess Diaries , Volume XI : Royal Wedding was published in 2015 . A spin - off series for tweens featuring Mia 's half - sister , From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess was released in May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series description 2 Setting 3 Characters 3.1 Mia Thermopolis 3.2 Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo 3.3 Lilly Moscovitz 3.4 Michael Moscovitz 3.5 Secondary characters 4 Volumes 5 Errata 6 Awards and nominations 7 Adaptations 8 Meta - References 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Footnotes 11 External links Series description ( edit ) Plot summaries have been moved to their individual volume pages . The story of Mia Thermopolis ' adolescent turmoil as an average teenager and a princess of royal descent is chronicled in her on - going journal , where she explores topics of teenage angst , love , and betrayal through an opinionated eye . The main series follows Mia from her freshman year of high school to her graduation , with a two - year jump between the ninth and tenth books . Setting ( edit ) Genovia Flag of Genovia The Princess Diaries location Other name ( s ) Principality of Genovia Created by Meg Cabot Genre Young adult fiction Type Parliamentary Monarchy Notable locations Pyrus ( capital ) New Pyrus ( largest city ) Population 64,486 Motto The whole body works Anthem Genovia , the land I call my home Language ( s ) English and French Currency Genoves ( LKM ) The series is set primarily in the Manhattan borough of New York City ( although the first film is set in San Francisco ) . Some books take place in Genovia , a fictional European country . The Genovia described in the books differs significantly from the Genovia depicted in the films : in the former , Genovia is referred to as a principality between France and Italy ruled by Mia 's father , Prince Philippe Renaldi , similar to Monaco ; in the latter , Genovia is a kingdom located between France and Spain , similar to Andorra , and is ruled by Mia 's grandmother , Queen Clarisse Renaldi . Characters ( edit ) Mia Thermopolis ( edit ) Amelia Mignonette Grimaldi Thermopolis Renaldo ( ' Mia ' ) is the protagonist of the series . She is the daughter of Helen Thermopolis and Philippe Renaldo . She is also the princess and heir to the throne of Genovia , a small country in Europe located between France and Italy . Having spent most of her life in Greenwich Village with her mother , Mia attends Albert Einstein High School with her few close friends ( including her best friends , Lilly Moscovitz and Tina Hakim - Baba ) . Her special talent is writing , and she chronicles the main aspects of her life in various personal diaries . She prefers to be called Mia , although Lilly often calls her BL ( Baby Licker ) , POG ( Princess Of Genovia ) , or PIT ( Princess In Training ) . Mia is known for her sarcastic and un-girly personality , her flat chest , 5 - foot - 9 height , weird hair , and extremely large feet . She also has a tendency to over-analyze things and worry too much . Mia develops an interest for writing during the series . During Forever Princess , Mia writes and publishes her own novel called Ransom My Heart , a historical romance set in England in the year 1291 . She tries to use her fame to raise awareness for causes , and makes donations to Greenpeace , with the money her father pays her to take `` princess lessons '' from her grandmother . Between the tenth and eleventh books , Mia goes to Sarah Lawrence College , and establishes a youth community center . By the end of Royal Wedding , she is preparing to become crown princess of Genovia . Mia 's friendship with Lilly Moscovitz is a focal point of the series . Though they often clash due to Mia 's insecurity and Lilly 's forcefulness , they remain best friends until Mia accidentally kisses J.P. after he dumps Lilly in Princess on the Brink . As a result , Lilly refuses to speak to Mia , and they stop being friends , despite Mia 's repeated attempts to reenter Lilly 's good graces . The two finally make up in Forever Princess , when Lilly reveals J.P. 's lies to Mia . Another central plot line of the books is Mia 's relationship with Michael Moscovitz , Lilly 's older brother . Mia finally admits her feelings to Michael in Princess in Love , and to her delight , he reciprocates . Their relationship survives obstacles such as their age difference and Mia 's ( often overwrought ) anxieties until Princess on the Brink , when Michael decides to move to Japan to develop his prototype for a robot arm that would allow doctors to perform open heart surgery . In an attempt to keep him in the city , Mia proposes sex , but is upset to find out that he lost his virginity to Judith Gershner , a former classmate , before they began dating . Angry and heartbroken , she breaks up with him by returning the snowflake necklace that he gave her on her fifteenth birthday in Princess In Pink , but quickly regrets the decision . However , when she accidentally kisses J.P. , their relationship ends for good . In Princess Mia , Mia confides in her therapist , Dr. Knutz , about feeling inferior to Michael , whom she expected to dump her for someone better , and admits that she overreacted about Judith in order to dump Michael first . She attempts to salvage her romantic relationship with Michael ; he refuses , but they become friends again . Michael is hinted to have been abstinent during his tenure in Japan and later returns to New York as a multi-millionaire in Forever Princess . Despite the fact that she is now dating J.P. , Mia remains in love with Michael ; during a horse - carriage ride in Central Park , they kiss , and he tells her that he never stopped loving her . They reunite towards the end of the book , and he eventually becomes her consort in Royal Wedding . Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo ( edit ) Clarisse Marie was formally known as the Dowager Princess Clarisse Marie Grimaldi Renaldo . Clarisse is the dowager princess of Genovia and Mia 's paternal grandmother . Mia refers to her as `` Grand - mère '' ( French for `` Grandmother '' ) . As a young woman , she married Prince Rupert Renaldo and had two sons . She habitually omits Mia 's mother 's surname `` Thermopolis '' from her granddaughter 's lengthy list of names and titles , much to Mia 's annoyance . She speaks French most of the time , but she can also speak English . She is almost always accompanied by her miniature poodle , Rommel , who is notable for having a severe case of OCD that causes him to lick his own fur off . She smokes often and enjoys drinking sidecars . She is not hesitant about lying or manipulating others in order to get her own way . She and Mia do n't see eye to eye : Clarisse is concerned with attracting publicity to Genovia and ensuring Mia does not embarrass her country while Mia prefers to focus on politics . Though she and Mia butt heads often , she does care for her granddaughter and gives her advice about love and relationships that Mia takes with a grain of salt due to her grandmother 's cold nature . For example , when Clarisse was married to the king of Genovia , she led him to believe that she was only interested in his status and money and never once said `` I love you '' , in order to keep her husband on his toes . Mia also mentions that her father is terrified of his mother because she would lock him in the palace dungeons whenever he misbehaved ( although when she informs him that he gives the appearance of being a little bit scared of Clarisse in Princess in the Spotlight , her father replies that he is not scared of his mother and that she really is n't as bad as Mia thinks ; in his view , Clarisse `` just needs proper handling '' ) . While in New York to give Mia her princess lessons , the dowager princess resided in the Plaza Hotel , and was dissatisfied with other quality luxury hotels she was placed in during Princess On the Brink , when the Plaza was being remodeled . Lilly Moscovitz ( edit ) Mia 's best friend since kindergarten , Lilly is a highly intelligent and opinionated person who has her own public - access television show , titled Lilly Tells It Like It Is , in which she discusses political and social issues . By the end of the series , her TV show is picked up by a network and is apparently very popular in South Korea . Mia admires Lilly 's bravery and unwillingness to be pushed around by others , though Lilly knows her insensitivity and forceful personality can cause her to be disliked . Mia and Lilly often enjoy discussing popular culture , but Lilly 's strong stances often cause her and Mia to clash , especially when Mia feels Lilly is becoming too critical of her . Nevertheless , Lilly 's blunt attitude is what often keeps Mia from over-analyzing things , such as her relationship with Michael , Lilly 's older brother . Mia was initially afraid to share her crush on Michael with Lilly , but in fact , Lilly was one of the conspirators who helped Mia and Michael get together in Princess in Love . Lilly is not considered to be very pretty ; Mia often describes her face as being `` squashed in like a pug 's '' . However , she has a well - developed figure , which earns her several romantic suitors , including Boris Pelkowski , Mia 's cousin Hank , Jangbu the immigrant busboy , J.P. Reynolds , and Kenny Showalter . Boris is Lilly 's first boyfriend , but the relationship ends when she begins seeing Jangbu in Princess in Pink . In Party Princess , Lilly hooks up with J.P. , but he dumps her in Princess On the Brink . Lilly becomes angry at Mia when she finds out that Mia kissed J.P. , and refuses to speak to her any more , going so far as to start a website called ' ihatemiathermopolis.com ' . Lilly ignores Mia 's attempts to make up until she finds out that Mia is planning to lose her virginity to J.P. , when she tells Mia about his lies and plans to use Mia 's fame to his own advantage . Lilly also helps indirectly repair Mia and Michael 's relationship . The girls make up and become best friends again ; they are still close by the events of Royal Wedding , with Lilly now attending Columbia Law School . Michael Moscovitz ( edit ) Lilly 's older brother , and Mia 's main love interest throughout the series . Mia states that she has been in love with Michael since the day he came over to give Lilly a school project when they were in the first grade and he was in the fourth . From the end of the first book to the third , Mia has an unrequited crush on Michael , which he finally reciprocates in Princess in Love . Their relationship continues through Mia 's sophomore year and Michael 's first year at Columbia University , but their relationship becomes slightly strained when Michael tells Mia he would like to have sex while Mia would prefer to wait until her prom night . Michael respects Mia 's wishes but when Michael gets an offer to move to Japan , he believe it would be easier for their relationship as he is `` tired of taking cold showers '' . Mia proposes sex in order to keep him from leaving , but is upset to find out that he slept with Judith Gershner before they began dating , and the two break up . Michael believes Mia is overreacting and attempts to reconcile with her before leaving for Japan , but is hurt to find her sharing a kiss with J.P. Mia attempts to reunite and work out the distance situation but Michael decides that it is best they remain `` just friends '' and they begin a regular email correspondence . When Michael returns from Japan after an absence of almost two years , he flirts with Mia during her interview for the school paper . Mia notices that Michael still looks incredibly hot and realises that she does still , indeed , love him . The two eventually kiss , despite Mia having a boyfriend , and Michael declares that he still loves Mia and will wait for her . They reunited on Mia 's prom night and they have sex . Michael has brown eyes and thick , dark hair and is tall . He is extremely handsome , nice , funny , smart , and manly , despite staying cooped up writing songs or on his computer the whole day . Mia insists that he is the third best - looking guy at AEHS after Josh Richter and Justin Baxendale and describes his nose as aquiline , mouth as `` eminently kissable '' , and neck as aromatic due to an intoxicating blend of Tide from his shirt collar , his Gillette shaving foam , and Ivory soap . Michael is described as romantic and talented . Though he often clashes with his younger sister , Michael and Lilly are in fact close siblings and friends . He used to run his own webzine , Crackhead , but had to disband it after an editorial stating the merits of Linux over Windows , which caused a loss of advertisers and funds . Shortly after this , Michael starts a band called Skinner Box ( a name suggested by Mia ) with a few friends , including Boris Pelkowski . Michael loves Mia just as she is , though her neurotic behavior and insecurity frustrate him . In fact , Michael is the one who often feels insecure in their relationship , because he knows Grandmere does not think he is an appropriate consort , and all the gossip magazines would much rather prefer to see Mia date a fellow royal or celebrity like James Franco or ( as Mamaw suggests ) Zac Efron . He moves to Japan to develop the CardioArm for this reason , believing it would prove to the world that he is , in fact , worthy of dating a princess . Michael returns to New York a multi-millionaire and the president / owner of his own robotics company , Pavlov Robotics , named after his dog . Michael donates a robot arm to Genovia from his company for free even though the waiting list is long , helping Mia 's father win the election . Mia realizes that she is still in love with Michael , but tries to convince herself otherwise . When she and Michael kiss on a coach ride , however , she writes , `` I ca n't do this to J.P. I just ca n't . Oh my God , though , I love Michael so much . '' When J.P. and Mia split due to J.P using her and lying to her , she and Michael reunite , spending the night together . Secondary characters ( edit ) Lars van der Hooten : Mia 's very protective Swedish bodyguard . He voices his mind in a way that is annoying when he thinks Mia is being particularly ridiculous , but goes along with her schemes anyway . He also turns a blind eye to Mia and Michael when they make out , for which Mia is grateful . He gets on very well with Michael ( especially in the first book when Lars seems to know that Michael likes Mia ) , never offers any opinion on Lilly , and becomes friends with Tina 's bodyguard , Wahim . Lars also likes Mia 's French teacher Mademoiselle Klein . He is known to be a ' big softie ' deep down inside . Tina Hakim Baba : A student at AEHS , Tina is the daughter of a Saudi Arabian oil sheik and a British former supermodel . Because of her father 's status , she has to have the protection of a bodyguard , Wahim , who isolates her from the other students until Mia sits with her after a fight with Lilly in the first novel . The three girls quickly develop a solid friendship , and Tina eventually uses her generous weekly allowance to support Lilly 's public - access television show . She first goes out with Dave Farouq - El - Abar from another school , ' Trinity ' , and after he breaks up with her , she begins dating Boris Pelkowski . After Mia and Lilly 's estrangement at the end of the eighth novel , Mia comes to see Tina as her best friend . Tina constantly reads romance novels , making Mia consider her an expert in romance . Though prone to imaginative flights of fancy and often a little silly , Tina can be extremely acute about both academic and social matters . She is very loyal to Mia , who often consults her for sensitive advice rather than the harsher Lilly . Tina also believes that she must remain pure , because she dreams that one day she will marry Prince William , and to do so , she must remain a virgin , though she admits to having slept with Boris by Forever Princess . She becomes a medical student at New York University , and has broken up with Boris by the beginning of book eleven , though they eventually get back together . Helen Thermopolis : Mia 's mother . She has a career as an artist and spends most of her time in her studio , and becomes pregnant with Frank 's son and Mia 's half brother Rocky in the second book . According to Mia , she is very pretty and her neck smells of Dove ( soap ) , turpentine and coffee , but according to Mia 's dad , her neck smells of freesias . She clearly wants the best for her daughter and is very carefree . Frank Gianini : Mia 's algebra and homeroom teacher . He dates her mother , Helen , and marries her when she becomes pregnant with Mia 's half - brother , Rocky . He plays the drums , which annoys the neighbors . He is unfazed by his stepdaughter 's fame , and treats her the same as every other student during class ; he also `` has a thing about cell - phone usage during class time '' , as Lana finds out in Princess in Waiting . Mia grows to appreciate his after - school algebra review sessions , and though their relationship begins awkwardly , Mia and Mr. G seem to get along well after the seventh installment . He passes away from a heart attack before the eleventh book , and Mia names her community center after him . John Paul `` J.P. '' Reynolds Abernathy IV : Initially known as `` The Guy Who Hates It When They Put Corn In the Chili , '' J.P. meets Mia via Grandmère 's school musical in Party Princess . He joins Mia 's friend group soon after , and begins to date Lilly at the end of the book . J.P. is first described as having `` broad shoulders , floppy brown hair , and surprisingly blue eyes , '' though several characters later state that Mia and J.P. look good together because they are both so `` tall and blond . '' He breaks up with Lilly in book eight , and kisses Mia after her breakup with Michael . They grow closer in book nine , with shared interests in musicals and writing , and begin dating after he confesses his love for Mia . They break up in the last book when Mia finds out that he used her to further his playwriting career , and lied about saving his virginity for her . By Royal Wedding , he is an unsuccessful screenwriter and novelist , and continues attempting to reconcile with Mia . Michael later discovers that he is RoyalRabbleRouser - an Internet blogger posting vicious comments about Mia - and has him reported to Interpol . Boris Pelkowski : A Russian violin virtuoso , and Lilly 's boyfriend until book five . His habits include tucking his sweater into his pants , breathing through his mouth , and playing the violin in Gifted and Talented class , when everyone else wants him to be quiet . After Lilly dumps him , he starts dating Tina Hakim Baba . During the summer before sophomore year , he lifts weights , gets laser eye surgery and becomes ( by Mia 's standards ) a hottie . Boris is a `` say it like it is or say nothing at all '' sort of guy . He becomes friends with Michael after joining his band , and in the ninth installment , it appears that they remain in contact , as he implores Mia to respond to Michael 's emails so that he wo n't think she 's ' forgotten ' about him . By the eleventh book , he has become a popstar known as ' Boris P ' . Tina breaks up with him when she finds photos of him with another girl , but they get back together at Mia and Michael 's wedding when he proves that they were photoshopped . Josh Richter : Lana Weinberger 's boyfriend until the fifth book . He is on the crew team and is co-valedictorian . Mia describes him as the most attractive boy in school ; he is very tall and muscular and has `` electric '' blue eyes . At the end of the first book , Josh takes Mia to the Cultural Diversity Dance , where he kisses her on the entrance steps of her school . Realizing that he used her to enter the media spotlight , Mia dumps him afterwards and tries to avoid him , even though this is difficult because of their adjacent lockers . Lana Weinberger : A popular junior cheerleader with long blonde hair , a peaches - and - cream complexion , baby blue eyes and a voluptuous figure . She dates Josh Richter from the start of the series until the summer break between the fifth and sixth books , when they split up after he goes to college . Lana has a younger sister , Gretchen , who starts at AEHS in book eight and has a very similar personality . Lana is very spiteful towards Mia and constantly taunts her until a major shift in book nine , when she offers the olive branch after Lilly and Mia 's friendship ends . They become good friends , with Mia noting that Lana is actually a nice but misunderstood person , though she is sometimes frustrated by Lana 's shallowness . Shameeka Taylor : One of Mia 's friends , she has an overprotective father . She is athletic and the most attractive of Mia 's friends , but also sensible , and headstrong , joining the cheerleading team because she is tired of letting Lana push her around . After she joins the cheerleaders , Lana claims that the African - American Shameeka was put on the team to `` fill our freak quota '' . Nevertheless , Shameeka becomes quite popular , apparently leaving Mia 's group in books seven and eight while remaining on friendly terms , but returning in book nine when Lana and Trisha become friends with Mia . In book eleven , Mia mentions that she now works in marketing for Vera Wang . Ling Su Wong : An Asian American artist friend of Mia 's with illegible `` artist handwriting '' . She admires Mia 's mother Helen , mainly because they are both talented artists . Mia thinks she is very pretty ; in the first book , she is apparently asked out seven times . In book seven , she is the treasurer for Mia 's school government until they go broke . She concentrates more on academic matters rather than things such as prom and dating , though Mia likes her despite her nerdiness . In the tenth book , she goes to prom with Perin , and they become a couple by the eleventh book . Prince René of Italy : First seen in the fourth novel , René is Mia 's distant cousin . Clarisse tries to fix them up , but fails because of their mutual lack of interest . He is described as devilishly handsome ; Mia notes that he has a `` impressing '' six - pack , accentuated by the tiny Speedos he enjoys wearing on the beach . His exploits include playing strip - tennis with a government official 's wife , strip bowling with Lilly and the other royals , entertaining topless sunbathers in the pool house , disappearing with a prime minister 's eighteen - year - old daughter , and photo - copying his nether - region in the palace administration office . After being deposed from his ancestral palace , which is bought by a shoe designer , Rene resides at the Palais de Genovia . In the ninth installment , René impregnates Contessa Trevanni 's niece , Bella , and they are suddenly married ; although the circumstances sound unfavorable , their marriage seems happy . In the tenth book , he runs against Mia 's dad for Prime Minister of Genovia , but loses . `` Mamaw '' Shirley Thermopolis and `` Papaw '' Thermopolis : Helen 's mother and father from Versailles , Indiana , whom she constantly feuds with . Nevertheless , they keep in touch , and are portrayed in the second novel as perfect stereotypes of the `` small - town '' American lifestyle . Helen tries to contact them as little as possible , due to their disapproval of her decision to keep Mia and her liberal upbringing . Hank Thermopolis : Mia 's handsome cousin , who has spent most of his life in Indiana with his grandparents . When they visit Helen and Mia in Manhattan , he disappears with Lilly Moscovitz . Mia thinks they are in love , but he merely confesses to Lilly his secret desire to become a model , and Lilly helps him sign up with Elite Model Agency and land a contract with Calvin Klein . His Hoosier drawl then disappears . From then on , he stays in New York and becomes a famous underwear model . Kenneth `` Kenny '' Showalter : Mia 's first boyfriend . Kenny is good at biology and chemistry , and a fan of anime . He wants to discover a cure for cancer when he becomes older . It is hinted that his feelings for Mia are still romantic even after they break up . In book six , he pretends to have a `` perfect '' girlfriend named Heather , but later admits that he invented her to make Mia jealous . Kenny later forms a much more requited and equal relationship with Lilly , who is more similar to him than Mia is , and they end up going to Columbia together . Like Mia , Kenny is tall , blond and skinny , and Mia thinks he is pretty cute , but finds the idea of kissing him revolting . Perin Thomas : A new student at AEHS introduced in book six . At first , Mia ca n't figure out whether Perin is a boy or a girl . She turns out to be a girl and eventually joins Mia 's friend group , though she is again mistaken for a boy in Grandmère 's musical , in which she is given a male role . Perin is one of Mia 's ' nicer ' friends , and is also surprisingly strong and well - mannered . In book ten , it is implied that Perin and Ling Su are romantically involved with each other , though this is not confirmed until the eleventh book , when they are shown running the Frank Gianini Community Center with Mia . Trisha Hayes : Introduced in book six , one of Lana 's cronies who helps terrorize Mia , but later befriends her at Lana 's whim . Like Lana , Trisha is a pretty , popular mean girl , though Mia comments that Geometry teacher Mr. Harding once made her cry over her isoceles triangles . Judith Gershner : A friend of Michael , whom Mia suspects of having romantic feelings for him . She later becomes the cause of Mia and Michael 's breakup in book eight when it is revealed that he lost his virginity to her , but did not tell Mia about it . She is known for being able to clone fruit flies . Karen Martinez : An overly critical English teacher who continually demands more from Mia 's writing , though this may be an excuse to personally pick on Mia . Tina thinks she is very pretty , comparing her to Maggie Gyllenhaal , and often comments on her clothes , but turns against her after giving her a B in English . Mia and J.P. decide that it is simply because she does n't like their writing style . Rocky Thermopolis - Gianini : Mia 's half - brother , the son of her mother , Helen , and her algebra teacher , Mr. Gianini . Mia is incredibly over-protective of him , so much that Helen seems to be irritated that Mia thinks her mother is incapable of raising her second child . Lilly has also expressed that she thinks Mia is over-protective of him , repeatedly calling her a baby - licker in book six . Rocky is very cute but slightly overweight . Sebastiano Grimaldi : Mia 's second cousin , and second in line to the throne of Genovia after Mia . He is an up - and - coming fashion designer who designs some of Mia 's gowns , and often has trouble pronouncing multi syllable words ( example : `` butt '' instead of `` butter '' ) . He once took photos of Mia trying on dresses , but apologises by making her a nice dress for the Non-denominational Winter Dance , which turns out to be the best night of Mia 's life . In the tenth book , it is revealed that he becomes a famous fashion designer , and even has a line of jeans in Walmart . Ruth and Morty Moscovitz : Michael and Lilly 's parents , both psychoanalysts . They separate in book seven , but begin to rekindle their relationship in book eight . As shown in the seventh installment , they tend to focus too much on their own lives and concerns . When they do broach sensitive subjects with their children , they usually psychoanalyze them as well , a habit that has a very bad effect on Lilly , who inherits her intelligence and hobby of analyzing people from them . Michael , who is more perceptive , avoids their attention by keeping more to himself . Olivia Grace Clarisse Mignonette Harrison Renaldo : First introduced in book eleven , Olivia is Mia 's biracial 12 - year - old half - sister , the daughter of Prince Philippe and Elizabeth , an American pilot . After her mother 's death , she was raised by her aunt and uncle , who used Olivia 's child support money for their personal means , and lives with them in Cranbrook , New Jersey , until Mia finds her . Like Mia , she keeps a diary which is used for the series spin - off , From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess . Volumes ( edit ) The Princess Diaries , October 2000 The Princess Diaries , Volume II : Princess in the Spotlight , June 2001 - a.k.a. - Take 2 The Princess Diaries , Volume III : Princess in Love , March 2002 - a.k.a. - Third Time Lucky The Princess Diaries , Volume IV : Princess in Waiting , April 2003 - a.k.a. - Mia goes Fourth The Princess Diaries , Volume IV and 1 / 2 : Project Princess , August 2003 The Princess Diaries , Volume V : Princess in Pink , March 2004 - a.k.a. - Give me Five The Princess Diaries , Volume VI : Princess in Training , March 2005 - a.k.a. - Sixsational The Princess Diaries , Volume VI and 1 / 2 : The Princess Present , October 2005 The Princess Diaries , Volume VII : Party Princess , March 2006 - a.k.a. - Seventh Heaven The Princess Diaries , Volume VII and 1 / 2 : Sweet Sixteen Princess , May 2006 The Princess Diaries , Volume VII and 3 / 4 : Valentine Princess , published December 2006 , but chronologically fits here , being presented as an old journal Mia finds of her Freshman Valentine 's Day two years after the fact . The Princess Diaries , Volume VIII : Princess on the Brink , January 2007 - a.k.a. - After Eight The Princess Diaries , Volume IX : Princess Mia , December 26 , 2007 - a.k.a. - To the Nines The Princess Diaries , Volume X : Forever Princess , January 2009 - a.k.a. - Ten out of Ten From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess , May 19 , 2015 The Princess Diaries , Volume XI : Royal Wedding , June 2 , 2015 Illustrated by Chelsey McLaren : Princess Lessons , March 2003 Perfect Princess , March 2004 Holiday Princess , November 2005 Errata ( edit ) On April 6 , 2006 , Cabot announced a mistake on the back cover of her new book , Party Princess . In New Zealand and Australia , the picture on the back features Georgia Byng instead of Cabot . She said , `` Do n't worry . The copies of Princess Diaries 7 with Georgia Byng 's picture on the back were pulled from shops , and swapped for copies of the book with the correct author 's photo ( mine ) on the back . '' In December 2006 , Cabot announced that a mistake had been made in the front cover summary of Valentine Princess . Since the book chronicles Mia glancing at her old diaries , the characters Boris and Tina were not dating , rather Boris and Lilly . On the book flap , however , it says Boris and Tina are a couple . Cabot has announced that this has been fixed by the publishing company . Tina was dating Dave Farouq El - Abar at the time of books one and two . In the tenth book ( Forever Princess ) Mia is writing a novel for her senior project , though she keeps it a secret from everyone but Michael , until the end of the book . At the end however she reveals this to Tina and J.P. Tina reads it instantly and thinks it is about Mia and Michael ; J.P. does n't read it and this upsets Mia , which is part of the reason they break up . At the end of the book , Mia receives an offer to get it published . ( When Mia shares this news with Michael , they celebrate and this leads to a kiss , which proves that they are still in love . ) Meg Cabot published `` Mia 's '' book Ransom My Heart that can be bought in bookstores under the author name Princess of Genovia Mia Thermopolis . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2001 American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults 2001 American Library Association Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers 2001 New York Public Library Book for the Teen Age 2002 International Reading Association / Children 's Book Council Young Adults ' Choice 2002 -- 2003 Volunteer State Book Award ( Tennessee ) 2003 Evergreen Young Adult Book Award ( Washington ) Adaptations ( edit ) In 2001 and 2004 respectively , two films based on the novels were produced by Walt Disney Pictures , The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement starring Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews . Cabot has thanked the films many times in interviews and on her website because she believes that they helped boost her book sales , as well as making her the success that she is today . In May 2006 , The Harvard Crimson released reports that 19 - year - old author Kaavya Viswanathan plagiarised passages from Cabot 's Princess Diaries series , and other books , to place in her novel How Opal Mehta Got Kissed , Got Wild , and Got a Life . Viswanathan 's novels were subsequently pulled from the shelves . Meta - references ( edit ) Mia makes many references to `` the movie '' , which in the book is supposed to be a movie made about her life . She refers to things that relate to the real movie , for example : her dead dad , Grandmere being NICE , and breaking up with Michael in the sequel ( which she thought would never happen ) . Lilly complains that in the movie , the portrayal of her is mean and untrue , and Tina Hakim Baba was not allowed to be in it as her overprotective father forbade it for security reasons . Mia also makes references to the other Princess books : in the fourth book , Mia says that there are already three or four unofficial biographies out there , and that one made the bestseller list for a few seconds . The original The Princess Diaries novel did make the bestseller list . The eighth novel mentions Samantha Madison and Jessica Mastriani , two heroines from other Meg Cabot books ( All - American Girl and 1 - 800 - Where - R - You , respectively ) . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Princess Charlotte , Duchess of Valentinois ( 1898 -- 1977 ) : the illegitimate daughter of Louis II , Prince of Monaco , later legitimized as his legal heiress ; mother of Rainier III , Prince of Monaco . Jazmin Grace Grimaldi ( 1992 -- present ) : the illegitimate daughter of Albert II , Prince of Monaco , born and living in the U.S. Republic of Genoa : a historical republic bearing geographical and cultural similarities to the fictional modern Genovia . Ruritanian romance : the general genre of story . References ( edit ) Cabot , Meg ( 2001 ) . The Princess Diaries . New York , New York . HarperTrophy . ISBN 0 - 380 - 81402 - 1 . Cabot , Meg ( 2006 ) . The Princess Diaries , Volume VII : Party Princess . New York , New York . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 072453 - 6 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Princess Diaries , Vol I , Meg Cabot ^ Jump up to : FAQS Meg Cabot Website . ^ Jump up to : `` Meg Cabot Blog '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ALA 2001 Best Books for Young Adults '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ALA 2001 Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers '' Archived June 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries , Volume I '' Archived January 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Young Adults ' Choices for 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Volunteer State Book Award Winners 1978 -- present '' Archived June 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of the Evergreen Young Adult Book Award '' Archived October 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Opal ' Similar to More Books '' , Paras D. Bhayani and David Zhou , The Harvard Crimson , May 2 , 2006 External links ( edit ) Official site of Meg Cabot Official site of Mia Thermopolis hide The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot Novels The Princess Diaries Princess in the Spotlight Princess in Love Princess in Waiting Princess in Pink Princess in Training Party Princess Princess on the Brink Princess Mia Forever Princess Royal Wedding Novellas Project Princess The Princess Present Sweet Sixteen Princess Valentine Princess Spin - off From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess Royal Wedding Disaster films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement soundtracks BNF : cb392154621 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries&oldid=839757792 '' Categories : American young adult novels Young adult novel series Fictional diaries Novels by Meg Cabot HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from July 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2017 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 13 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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what happened to the cast of the donna reed show			The Donna Reed show	the donna reed show	The Donna Reed Show is an American sitcom starring Donna Reed as the middle - class housewife Donna Stone . Carl Betz co-stars as her pediatrician husband Dr. Alex Stone , and Shelley Fabares and Paul Petersen as their teenage children , Mary and Jeff . The show originally aired on ABC from September 24 , 1958 to March 19 , 1966 . When Fabares left the show in 1963 , Petersen 's younger sister , Patty Petersen , joined the cast as adopted daughter Trisha . Patty Petersen had first appeared in the episode `` A Way of Her Own '' , on January 31 , 1963 . Janet Landgard was a series regular from 1963 - 1965 as Karen Holmby .	Bob Crane and Ann McCrea appeared in the last seasons as Dr. Dave Kelsey and his wife , Midge , friends of the Stones , and Darryl Richard became a near regular in thirty - two episodes as Smitty , Jeff 's best buddy . The show featured a variety of celebrity guests including Esther Williams as a famous dress designer , baseball superstars Don Drysdale and Willie Mays as themselves , teen heartthrob James Darren as a pop singer with the measles , canine superstar Lassie , and young Jay North of CBS 's Dennis the Menace . The series was created by William S. Roberts and developed by Reed and her then husband , producer Tony Owen . Episodes revolved around typical family problems of the period such as firing a clumsy housekeeper , throwing a retirement bash for a colleague , and finding quality time away from the children . Then - daring themes such as women 's rights and freedom of the press were occasionally explored . The show had an uncertain start in the ratings and was almost cancelled , but fared better when it was moved from Wednesday to Thursday nights . In the show 's middle seasons , Fabares sang what became a # 1 teen pop hit `` Johnny Angel '' , and Petersen had above average success with the song `` My Dad '' , also introduced during the course of the series . The Donna Reed Show was one of television 's top 25 shows in 1963 - 1964 . Reed was repeatedly nominated for Emmy Awards between 1959 and 1962 , and won a Golden Globe as Best Female TV Star in 1963 . She eventually grew tired of the workaday grind involved in the program , and it was cancelled in 1966 after 275 episodes . The series was sponsored by Campbell Soup Company , with Johnson & Johnson as the principal alternate sponsor ( succeeded in the fall of 1963 by The Singer Company ) . Following first - run , the show entered daytime reruns on ABC and then syndication on Nick at Nite and TV Land for several years . The first five seasons have been released on DVD . This show was the first TV family sitcom to feature the mother as the center of the show . Reed 's character , Donna Stone , is a loving mother and wife , but also a strong woman , an active participant in her community , a woman with feelings and a sense of humor . According to many of Reed 's friends and family , Reed shared many similarities to the character that she portrayed on screen , implying that the fictional Donna Stone was a near - identical copy of Reed herself . In a 2008 interview , Paul Petersen ( Jeff Stone ) stated , `` ( The Donna Reed Show ) depicts a better time and place . It has a sort of level of intelligence and professionalism that is sadly lacking in current entertainment products . The messages it sent out were positive and uplifting . The folks you saw were likable , the family was fun , the situations were familiar to people . It provided 22 - and - a-half - minutes of moral instructions and advice on how to deal with the little dilemmas of life . Jeff and Mary and their friends had all the same problems that real kids in high school did . '' Petersen continued , `` That 's what the show was really about , the importance of family . That 's where life 's lessons are transmitted , generation to generation . There 's a certain way in which these are transmitted , with love and affection . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Characters and cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Secondary 3.3 Guest stars 4 Syndication 5 DVD releases 6 Awards and nominations 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Episodes revolve around the lightweight and humorous sorts of situations and problems a middle - class family experienced in the late 1950s and the early 1960s set in fictional Hilldale , state never mentioned . Donna , for example , would sometimes find herself swamped with the demands of community theatricals and charity drives ; Mary had problems juggling boyfriends and finding dresses to wear to one party or another ; and Jeff was often caught in situations appropriate to his age and gender such as joining a secret boys ' club , avoiding love - smitten classmates , or bidding at auction on an old football uniform . Alex was the family 's Rock of Gibraltar , but often found himself in situations that tested his patience : in one episode , Donna volunteered him as the judge of a baby contest , and , in another episode , Mary insisted her gawky , geeky boyfriend was the spitting image of her father . Very occasionally eccentric relatives would descend on the Stones to complicate the household situation . When Mary left for college in the middle seasons , a runaway orphan named Trisha was adopted by the family . In the last seasons , Jeff would spend much time with best buddy Smitty , and Donna and Alex would find best friends in Dave Kelsey , Alex 's professional colleague , and his wife Midge . While mainly concerned with various household and family affairs , the show sometimes addressed edgier issues such as women 's rights ( `` Just a Housewife '' and `` All Women Are Dangerous '' ) freedom of the press ( `` The Editorial '' ) , and in the final season drug addiction was seriously addressed ( `` The Big League Shock '' ) . Production ( edit ) From the 1958 first season ( L-R ) : Donna Reed as Donna Stone , Carl Betz as Dr. Alex Stone , Paul Petersen as Jeff Stone , and Shelley Fabares as Mary Stone David Tucker writes in The Women Who Made Television Funny that most family sitcoms of the 1950s such as Father Knows Best , The Life of Riley , and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet focus on the father figure with the mother as `` adjunct '' . He points out however that The Donna Reed Show `` established the primacy of the mother on the domestic front '' and notes that Mother Knows Better was even briefly considered as the show 's title . Though The Donna Reed Show did sometimes use recycled Father Knows Best scripts that had been slightly altered , such as character name changes . The series was created by William Roberts and developed by Reed and her then husband , producer Tony Owen ( the production company `` Todon '' is an amalgamation of their first names . ) Roberts intended the show to respectfully picture the many demanding roles a stay - at - home woman was expected to master - wife , mom , companion , housekeeper , cook , laundress , seamstress , PTA officer , choir singer , scout leader , etc. - all the while being `` effervescent , immaculate , and pretty . '' Reed stated , `` We started breaking rules right and left . We had a female lead , for one thing , a strong , healthy woman . We had a story line told from a woman 's point of view that was n't soap opera . '' In addition , Reed described her show , accordingly : `` I would call The Donna Reed Show a realistic picture of small town life - with an often humorous twist . Our plots revolve around the most important thing in America -- a loving family . '' In its first year on the struggling ABC network , the show was up against Milton Berle 's popular Texaco Star Theater and Reed ratings were low . ABC nearly cancelled the show , but it was renewed and ratings improved when the show was moved from Wednesday to Thursday nights . The series flourished for the next seven years , but made television 's top 25 only in 1963 - 1964 . In a 1964 interview , Reed said , `` We have proved on our show that the public really does want to see a healthy woman , not a girl , not a neurotic , not a sexpot ... I am so fed up with immature ' sex ' and stories about kooky , amoral , sick women . '' The opening credits showed Reed coming down the stairs to answer the telephone . She hands the receiver to Alex , then goes to the front door to hand the children their bag lunches and schoolbooks as they leave for school . Alex then leaves , kissing his wife good - bye . On some opening themes , he forgets to kiss Donna good - bye , but returns as she closes the door to give her a quick kiss . She closes the door and smiles happily . A late series variant showed Donna departing after her husband , possibly for shopping , church or community matters , or some other concern . Reed brought personal friends Esther Williams , Jimmy Hawkins , and Buster Keaton to the program in guest spots . On February 1 , 1962 , Fabares debuted her single `` Johnny Angel '' in the episode `` Donna 's Prima Donna '' . It rose to # 1 and sold over a million copies . Petersen introduced his single `` My Dad '' eight months later on October 25 , 1962 . It peaked at # 6 . Reed with Patty Petersen , who played Trisha , 1963 . By 1962 Reed felt the writers were running out of fresh ideas and had exhausted plot devices . She also wanted to spend more time with her family and was worn out from producing nearly 30 episodes a year . To coincide with Fabares 's plans to leave at the end of season 5 ( 1962 - 1963 ) , Reed and her husband decided to end the show . Since the series was still very popular ABC offered Reed a more lucrative contract with an extension of three seasons , to which she agreed . Their new contract called for fewer episodes and other incentives to allow Reed more personal time . Beginning in Season 6 the number of episodes produced was reduced and work hours were shortened to please Reed . In season 5 , ( 1963 ) Mary departed for college , reducing Fabares 's appearances , something which continued yearly with her role becoming a minor character . Fabares left the full - time cast to pursue opportunities in films . She eventually returned seven times for guest appearances ( Season 6 episodes 8 , 11 , 14 - Season 7 episodes 5 , 15 , 30 & Season 8 episode 13 ) . Following Fabares 's departure , Petersen 's real - life sister Patty Petersen joined the show as Trisha , a runaway orphan eventually adopted by the Stones . The program achieved its highest Nielsen ratings in Season 6 , reaching # 16 after Fabares ' departure . A possible reason for higher ratings was the addition of new characters , Ann McCrea and disc jockey - turned actor Bob Crane as the Stones ' neighbors , Midge and Dave Kelsey . This not only provided both Donna and Alex with best friends , but co-conspirators , as well . So popular were their roles that by the fall of 1964 , both McCrea and Crane began receiving billing in the opening credits of the program . Crane left the series in 1965 to star in the CBS sitcom Hogan 's Heroes . As a result , he was written out of the show although his character continued to be referred to and McCrea 's character remained with the program . Also , towards the end of the series , actor Darryl Richard was regularly featured as Jeff Stone 's best friend , Morton `` Smitty '' Smith . Richard first appeared in 1962 and `` Smitty '' became a major character after Season 6 . In the spring of 1966 , Reed had grown tired of the weekly grind and wanted to retire . The program was rated # 89 during its final season . After 275 episodes and eight seasons on ABC , The Donna Reed Show ended its prime - time run . Reed expressed no interest in taking on another series , declined television guest appearances , and shunned films because she thought their depictions of women vapid . She did express interest in a television reunion for the Stone family at one point , but the concept was discarded after Carl Betz 's death in 1978 . Tucker writes that women libbers of the 1970s targeted the Donna Stone character as an unrealistic portrait of a modern woman and a stereotype of the impossibly perfect wife and mother . He believes that Reed `` gave motherhood a tinge of glamour it usually lacked on TV '' . Characters and cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Donna Stone ( Donna Reed ) is the idealized middle class housewife to Alex , and the mother of Mary and Jeff . She grew up on a farm and became a nurse . She sometimes works as a nurse on the show . Donna was married to Alex when she was 18 and the couple live in fictional Hilldale . She participates in community activities such as charity campaigns and amateur theatricals . Like several television wives and mothers of the 1950s , she inexplicably wears heels , pearls , and chic frocks to do the housework . ( Note : In one episode , it is revealed that Donna Stone 's maiden name , like Donna Reed , is Donna Belle Mullenger and she is also from Denison , Iowa . ) Alex Stone ( Carl Betz ) is a pediatrician . Like most television couples of the 1950s , Alex and Donna sleep in twin beds . The two show a physical affection for each other slightly more intense than other television couples of the period . Mary Stone ( Shelley Fabares ) is 14 `` almost fifteen '' and a freshman in high school when the show opens . She has a few boyfriends during the course of the show with Jimmy Hawkins as Scotty being a regular . Mary plays the piano like a professional and studies ballet . She leaves the show to attend college . Jeff Stone ( Paul Petersen ) is `` almost twelve '' when the show opens . He is a typical American boy ; he plays sports , likes to eat , and teases his older sister . Jeff is a complex character : he champions the underdog at school but cheats at board games . Atypical for the fictional children in 1960s sitcoms , Jeff and Mary often get away with `` talking back '' to their parents . Trisha ( Patty Petersen ) is a runaway orphan about the age of six whom the Stones adopt after Mary leaves for college . She remained for the duration of the program . Secondary ( edit ) Bob Crane as Dr. Dave Kelsey with Donna and Alex Stone Jack Kelk and Susan Dorn Dr. Dave Kelsey ( Bob Crane ) and his wife Midge ( Ann McCrea ) are friends of the Stones . Dave , Alex 's colleague , appeared for the first time on March 14 , 1963 in the episode `` The Two Doctor Stones '' . Dave continued on the series until 1965 ; Midge appeared from 1963 -- 1966 . Crane 's character was written out of the show at the end of season 7 when he was cast in the CBS series , Hogan 's Heroes . McCrea remained with the show until its conclusion . David Barker ( Charles Herbert ) - a young military school student who the Reeds look after in many episodes . David is very disobedient and troubled in the beginning but the Reed family soon grow to love , and reform , him . Uncle Bo ( Jack Kelk ) is Dr. Boland , Alex 's bachelor colleague and friend in the first season . Morton `` Smitty '' Smith ( Darryl Richard ) is Jeff 's best friend and first appeared on the show in 1962 . Zachary Blake ( Stephen Pearson ) is Jeff 's friend in the early seasons . Herbie Bailey ( Tommy Ivo ) is Mary 's fairly regular boyfriend . Scotty ( Jimmy Hawkins ) is another of Mary 's boyfriends . He appeared in two first season episodes as her boyfriend ' George Haskell ' . Hawkins ' character returned to the show in season 3 as ' Scotty ' , one of Mary 's dates ( for seasons 3 - 4 ) then as ' Jerry ' for seasons 7 & 8 ( his last appearance was in December , 1965 ) . Hawkins became one of the few actors or regular cast on any show who appeared as 3 different characters . Roger ( Jan Stine ) is Mary 's boyfriend in several third season episodes . Angie ( Candy Moore ) is Jeff 's girlfriend in several fourth season episodes . Moore returned to the program during season 8 as Jeff 's ' new ' girlfriend Bernice / Bebe , in episodes 3 , 12 , 16 , & 19 . Moore had just finished 3 seasons playing Lucille Ball 's teenaged daughter Chris on The Lucy Show . Moore was written out after season 3 ( 1965 ) . Moore had acted on the program from 1962 - 1965 . ' The Lucy Show ' was her last acting assignment as a major character on a regular network program . Babs ( Melinda Plowman ) is Mary 's first season best girlfriend . Mr. and Mrs. Wilgus ( Howard McNear and Kathleen Freeman ) are busybody Stone neighbors in season one . Lydia Langley ( Mary Shipp ) is Donna 's snobbish acquaintance in the early seasons . Guest stars ( edit ) James Darren and Shelley Fabares The Donna Reed Show featured several celebrity guest stars appearing as themselves during its eight - year run . Baseball player Don Drysdale appeared in four episodes while Willie Mays appeared in three episodes and Leo Durocher once . Musician Harry James and singers Tony Martin and Lesley Gore appeared as themselves . Gore was featured in the series ' finale , `` By - Line -- Jeff Stone '' , on March 19 , 1966 . Lassie and film director George Sidney appear as themselves in the 1961 episode `` The Stones Go To Hollywood '' . The episode plugged Sidney 's then current feature film , Pepe , in which Reed made a cameo appearance . Silent film comedian Buster Keaton guest starred in two episodes , `` A Very Merry Christmas '' ( December 24 , 1958 ) as Charlie , a hospital janitor who brings gifts to the children 's ward , and `` Now You See It , Now You Do n't '' ( 1965 ) . Child actor Charles Herbert also had a recurring guest role in four episodes as David Barker , a runaway child whom the Stones assist . In the 1960 crossover episode `` Donna Decorates '' , Jay North appeared with his Dennis the Menace co-star , Joseph Kearns as Mr. George Wilson . Esther Williams guest starred as Molly , a fashion designer and friend of Donna 's who is herself about to marry a doctor in `` The Career Woman '' ( 1960 ) . In real life , Williams and Reed had been close friends since the early 1940s , when they were rising MGM contract stars . Several actors guest starred numerous times in different roles including Richard Deacon , Gale Gordon , Harvey Korman , Miyoshi Umeki , Doodles Weaver , and Dick Wilson . As Fabares co-starred in the Mickey Mouse Club serial Annette before the Donna Reed Show , four other Annette co-stars ( Deacon , Cheryl Holdridge , Doreen Tracey & Mary Wickes ) would also make respective guest appearances on this show . Other notable guest stars include : Lee Aaker Jack Albertson John Astin Raymond Bailey Bobby Buntrock Bobby Burgess Harry Cheshire Dabney Coleman Richard Conte Ellen Corby Johnny Crawford Kim Darby Stuart Erwin Tiger Fafara Jamie Farr Florida Friebus Harold Gould George Hamilton Arte Johnson DeForest Kelley Ted Knight Sheila James Kuehl Charles Lane Cloris Leachman Gigi Perreau Marion Ross William Schallert Hal Smith James Stacy Tisha Sterling Olive Sturgess Stephen Talbot Marlo Thomas Mary Treen Jesse White William Windom Estelle Winwood Will Wright Syndication ( edit ) The series was originally syndicated by Screen Gems , and , later , Columbia Pictures Television and Sony Pictures Television . In 2008 , Sony lost the full rights to the estates of Donna Reed and Tony Owen , and as a result the series is now rarely seen on television , although reruns aired on Nick at Nite from 1985 through 1994 and on TV Land from 2002 through 2004 . Me - TV began airing reruns of the show ( seasons 1 through 5 ) starting in September 2011 . DVD releases ( edit ) For a limited time in 2004 , General Mills offered a DVD of two episodes inside boxes of Total cereal and Oatmeal Crisp . Virgil Films and Entertainment ( under license from the estates of Donna Reed and Tony Owen ) released the first three seasons of the show on DVD in Region 1 . Virgil also released a four - episode `` best of '' DVD on April 13 , 2010 . On December 17 , 2010 , it was announced that MPI Home Video had acquired the rights to release seasons 4 and 5 of The Donna Reed Show . Season 4 was subsequently released on December 20 , 2011 and Season 5 was released on December 4 , 2012 . On September 30 , 2014 , MPI Home Video re-released the first season on DVD . Season 2 was re-released on March 24 , 2015 . Season 3 was re-released on June 30 , 2015 . Season Ep # Release Date Season 1 37 October 28 , 2008 September 30 , 2014 ( re-release ) Season 2 38 July 28 , 2009 March 24 , 2015 ( re-release ) Season 3 38 December 1 , 2009 June 30 , 2015 ( re-release ) Season 4 39 December 20 , 2011 Season 5 34 December 4 , 2012 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Recipient 1959 Emmy Awards Nominated Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Continuing Character ) in a Comedy Series Donna Reed 1960 Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead or Support ) Donna Reed 1961 Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead ) Donna Reed 1962 Nominated Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Series ( Lead ) Donna Reed 1963 Golden Globe Award Won Best TV Star -- Female Donna Reed Young Artist Awards Won Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Shelley Fabares Won Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award Paul Petersen TV Land Award Nominated Favorite Teen Dream -- Female Shelley Fabares In popular culture ( edit ) In Gilmore Girls season 1 episode 14 `` That Damn Donna Reed '' , Rory and her boyfriend Dean have a disagreement about women 's roles after watching an episode of the show . The episode involved Reed 's character making a ton of food . Later , Rory dresses up in a dress like Donna Reed and serves Dean a steak dinner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donna Reed Org Jump up ^ Leibman , Nina Clare ( 1995 ) . Living Room Lectures : The Fifties Family in Film and Television . University of Texas Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 74684 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Life was better in ' Donna Reed ' world '' . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , David C. The women who made television funny : ten stars of 1950s sitcoms . McFarland . pp. 109ff . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Call The Donna Reed Show ' Situation Comedy ' '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits : The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard 's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present . Billboard Books . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fultz , Jay ( 1998 ) . In Search of Donna Reed . University of Iowa Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 625 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 9 , 2004 ) . `` Site News -- Sony , General Mills serve TV - on - DVD for Breakfast : King Of Queens , Barney Miller , Mad About You , & Donna Reed '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Donna Reed Show -- Box Front Art Changes on Virgil 's ' Family Favorites ' DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Donna Reed Show - MPI Home Video Picks Up DVD Rights to the 4th and 5th Seasons '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` The Donna Reed Show - ' Season 5 ' Announced by MPI : Date , Cost , Box Art , More ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MPI Home Video is Preparing to Re-Release ' Season 1 ' on DVD Jump up ^ MPI Sets a Finalized Date for their ' Season 2 ' Re-Release Jump up ^ MPI Home Video to Re-Release ' Season 3 ' this Summer External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Donna Reed Show . The Donna Reed Show on IMDb The Donna Reed Show at TV.com The Donna Reed Show at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Donna_Reed_Show&oldid=832658870 '' Categories : 1958 American television series debuts 1966 American television series endings 1950s American sitcoms 1960s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 08 : 24 . 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who was the leader of austria during ww2			Axis leaders of World war II	axis leaders of world war ii	The Axis leaders of World War II were important political and military figures during World War II . The Axis was established with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 and pursued a strongly militarist and nationalist ideology ; with a policy of anti-communism . During the early phase of the war , puppet governments were established in their occupied nations . When the war ended , many of them faced trial for war crimes . The chief leaders were Adolf Hitler of Germany , Benito Mussolini of Italy and Emperor Hirohito of Japan . Unlike what happened with the Allies , there was never a joint meeting of the main Axis heads of government , although Mussolini and Adolf Hitler did meet on a regular basis .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Kingdom of Bulgaria ( 1941 -- 1944 ) 2 The Third Reich ( Nazi Germany ) 3 Kingdom of Hungary ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 4 Imperial State of Iran ( 1941 ) 5 Kingdom of Iraq ( 1941 ) 6 Kingdom of Italy ( 1940 -- 1943 ) , Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 7 Empire of Japan 8 Finland ( 1941 -- 1944 ) 9 Kingdom of Romania ( 1941 -- 1944 ) 10 Kingdom of Thailand ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 11 Client state and protectorate of Axis 11.1 Albanian Kingdom ( 1939 -- 1940 ) 11.2 Independent State of Croatia ( 1941 -- 1943 ) 11.3 French State ( 1940 -- 1942 ) 11.4 Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) 12 Puppet states of Nazi Germany 12.1 Protectorate of Denmark ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 12.2 Province of Ljubljana ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 12.3 Norwegian National government ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 12.4 Government of National Salvation , Serbia ( 1941 -- 1944 ) 13 Puppet states of the Kingdom of Italy 13.1 Albanian Kingdom ( 1940 -- 1943 ) 13.2 Kingdom of Montenegro ( 1941 -- 1943 ) 14 Joint German - Italian puppet states 14.1 Hellenic State ( 1941 -- 1944 ) 15 Puppet states of Imperial Japan 15.1 State of Burma ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 15.2 Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1945 ) 15.3 Republic of China - Nanjing ( 1940 -- 1945 ) 15.4 Provisional Government of Free India ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 15.5 Kingdom of Laos ( 1945 ) 15.6 Great Manchu Empire 15.7 Mengjiang United Autonomous Government 15.8 Second Philippine Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) 15.9 Empire of Vietnam ( 1945 ) 16 See also 17 References Kingdom of Bulgaria ( 1941 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) Tsar Boris III . Bogdan Filov Boris III was the Tsar from 1918 until his death in 1943 . Simeon II was Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 until 1946 , was underage and did not have any power . Kyril , Prince ( knyaz ) of Bulgaria , head of the regency council , 1943 -- 44 . Bogdan Filov , prime minister , 1940 -- 43 , member of the regency council , 1943 -- 44 . Dobri Bozhilov , prime minister , 1943 -- 44 . Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov was prime minister in 1944 . He attempted to pull Bulgaria out of the war and declare neutrality . Konstantin Muraviev , prime minister , 1944. Bulgarian Agrarian National Union . Kimon Georgiev , prime minister , 1944 -- 46 . Zveno Aleksandar Tsankov , prime minister of the Bulgarian government - in - exile . Nikola Mikhov was a lieutenant general , Minister of Defence of Bulgaria Constantine Lukasz was a lieutenant general , Chief of Staff of the Bulgarian Army Stoyan Stoyanov was the highest scoring Bulgarian fighter ace of the Royal Bulgarian Air Force with 14 victories . Ferdinand Kozovski was a lieutenant - general in the Bulgarian who served as the Chairman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria from 1950 -- 1965 . Damyan Velchev was a Bulgarian colonel - general , Minister of Defence of Bulgaria . Vladimir Stoychev was a Bulgarian colonel - general , diplomat and horse rider . The Third Reich ( Nazi Germany ) ( edit ) Adolf Hitler was the Austrian - born leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party Heinrich Himmler was Commander of the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) and Minister of the Interior Adolf Hitler was leader of Nazi Germany , first as Chancellor from 1933 until 1934 . He later became Germany 's Führer from 1934 until his suicide in 1945 . Hitler came to power during Germany 's period of crisis after the Great War . During his rule , Germany became a fascist state with a policy of anti-Semitism that led to the Holocaust . Hitler pursued an extremely aggressive foreign policy that triggered World War II . He committed suicide on April 30 , 1945 along with Eva Braun his long term mistress whom he had married less than 24 hours before they committed suicide . Joseph Goebbels was Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda from 1933 until 1945 . An avid supporter of the war , Goebbels did everything in his power to prepare the German people for a large - scale military conflict . He was one of Hitler 's closest associates and most devout followers . After Hitler 's suicide , Goebbels and his wife Magda had their six children poisoned and then also committed suicide . He became Chancellor for one day before his death . Hermann Göring was Reichsmarschall and Prime Minister of Prussia . Within the short life of the Third Reich , Göring held a variety of public offices heaped upon him by Hitler . He was the commander - in - chief of the Luftwaffe , President of the Reichstag , Original Head of the Gestapo , Minister of Economics , Paramount Chief of the War Economy , Head of the Four Year Plan , Reichmarshall of the Greater German Reich , Minister of the Forests of the Third Reich and finally defendant Number 1 at the Nuremberg Trials . Hitler awarded Göring the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for his successful leadership . Originally , Hitler 's designated successor , and the second highest - ranking Nazi official . However , by 1942 , with his power waning , Göring fell out of favor with the Führer , but continued to be the de jure second - in - command of the Third Reich . Göring was the highest - ranking Nazi official brought before the Nuremberg Trials . He committed suicide with cyanide before his sentence was carried out . Heinrich Himmler became the second - in - command of Nazi Germany following Göring 's downfall after the repeated losses of the Luftwaffe which the Reichsmarshall commanded , as Supreme Commander of the Home Army and Reichsführer - SS . As commander of the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) , Himmler also held overall command of the Gestapo . He was the chief architect of the `` Final Solution '' and through the SS was overseer of the Nazi concentration camps , extermination camps , and Einsatzgruppen death squads . He held final command responsibility for annihilating `` subhumans '' who were deemed unworthy of living . Shortly before the end of the war , he offered to surrender `` Germany '' to the Western Allies if he was spared from prosecution as a Nazi leader . Himmler committed suicide with cyanide after he became a captive of the British Army . Joachim von Ribbentrop was the German Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1945 . He was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged . Karl Dönitz was made Großadmiral of the Kriegsmarine on 30 January 1943 and was President for 23 days after Hitler 's suicide . Under his command the U-boat fleet conducted unrestricted submarine warfare during the Battle of the Atlantic . After the war he was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to ten years in prison . Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk was Leading Minister of the German Reich in the short - lived Flensburg government in 1945 . Martin Bormann was head of the Party Chancellery ( Parteikanzlei ) and private secretary to Adolf Hitler . He gained Hitler 's trust and derived immense power within the Third Reich by controlling access to the Führer and by regulating the orbits of those closest to him . Rudolf Hess was Hitler 's deputy in the Nazi Party . Hess hoped to score a stunning diplomatic victory by sealing a peace between the Third Reich and Britain . He flew to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace , but was arrested . He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to life imprisonment . Albert Speer was German Minister of Armaments from 1942 until the end of the war , in which position he was responsible for organizing most of the logistical aspects of Germany 's war effort . He was tried at Nuremberg and sentenced to twenty years in prison . Alfred Rosenberg was a German philosopher and an influential ideologue of the Nazi Party . He is considered one of the main authors of key National Socialist ideological creeds , including its racial theory , persecution of the Jews , Lebensraum , abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles , and opposition to degenerate modern art . During the war he headed the NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs and later the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories . After the war he was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged . Reinhard Heydrich was SS - Obergruppenführer ( general ) and General der Polizei , chief of the Reich Main Security Office ( including the Gestapo , Kripo , and SD ) and Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor ( Deputy / Acting Reich - Protector ) of Bohemia and Moravia ( in what is now the Czech Republic ) . Heydrich served as president of the ICPC ( later known as Interpol ) and was one of the main architects of the Holocaust . He died of wounds from an assassination attempt in Prague 1942 . Ernst Kaltenbrunner was an SS - Obergruppenführer . He was appointed by Himmler as chief of the SD ( Sicherheitsdienst ) in January 1943 , the SiPo , ( Sicherheitspolizei ) made up of the combined forces of the Gestapo ( secret state police ) and the Kripo ( Kriminalpolizei ) and the RSHA ( Reichssicherheitshauptamt ) ; after Reinhard Heydrich 's assassination . Further , Kaltenbrunner was in command of the Einsatzgruppen death squads . He was the highest - ranking SS leader to face trial at Nuremberg and be executed . Wilhelm Canaris was a German admiral , and chief of the Abwehr , the German military intelligence service , from 1935 to 1944 . During the Second World War , he was among the military officers involved in the clandestine opposition to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime . He was executed in the Flossenbürg concentration camp for the act of high treason . Wilhelm Keitel was an army general and the chief of the OKW , the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or High Command of the German Military , throughout the war . He was condemned to death at Nuremberg for the commission of war crimes and hanged . Alfred Jodl was an army general and operations chief of the OKW throughout the war . Like his chief , Keitel , he was condemned to death at Nuremberg and hanged . Franz Halder was a German general and the chief of the OKH , Oberkommando des Heeres , from 1938 until September 1942 , when he was dismissed after frequent disagreements with Hitler Kurt Zeitzler was a German general and the chief of the OKH , from 1942 until July 1944 . Walther von Brauchitsch was commander - in - chief of the army from 1940 until his dismissal in December 1941 , when Hitler took personal command of the army . Erich Raeder was Großadmiral of the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) from 1 April 1939 until 30 January 1943 . Fedor von Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in 1939 and commander of Army Group B during the Invasion of France in 1940 . Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , he was named commander of Army Group Center and commanded Operation Typhoon , the ultimately failed attempt to capture Moscow during the winter of 1941 . His final command was that of Army Group South in 1942 before being dismissed by Hitler . He was killed by British aircraft on May 4 , 1945 . Albert Kesselring was a German Luftwaffe general . He served as commander of Luftflotte 2 for the early part of the war , commanding air campaigns in west and east , before being assigned as commander - in - chief of German forces in the Mediterranean , a position he would occupy for most of the war , commanding German forces in the defense of Italy . In March 1945 , he became the last German commander - in - chief in the west . Gerd von Rundstedt was a Generalfeldmarschall ( field marshal ) in the German army and held some of the highest field commands in all phases of the war . He commanded large formations during the invasion of Poland and Battle of France . During Operation Barbarossa , he was named commander of Army Group South . In 1942 he was appointed commander of OB West . He retained this command ( with several interruptions ) until his dismissal by Hitler in March 1945 . Erich von Manstein is credited with the drawing up of the Ardennes invasion plan of France . In the Soviet campaign , he also conquered Sevastopol in 1942 and was then made Generalfeldmarschall and took command of Army Group South . A command he held until he was dismissed by Hitler in March , 1944 . He is often considered one of the finest German strategists and field commanders of World War II . Heinz Guderian was the principal creator of Blitzkrieg . He commanded several front line armies in the early years of the war , most notably Panzergruppe Guderian during Operation Barbarossa . Guderian later served as chief of staff of the army from July 1944 to March 1945 . Erwin Rommel was the commander of the Afrika Korps in the North African campaign and became known by the nickname `` The Desert Fox '' . Rommel was admired as a tactical genius by both Axis and Allied leaders during the war . He was subsequently in command of the German forces during the battle of Normandy . He was forced to commit suicide on October 14 , 1944 for being implicated in the July 20th plot against Hitler . Walter Model was a general in the German army who became best known as a skilled practitioner of defensive warfare on both the Eastern and Western Fronts . Following the invasion of Normandy in June , 1944 he was reassigned to the west where he took command of Army Group B. He was also the principal architect of the Ardennes Offensive . He committed suicide on April 21 , 1945 . Hans - Jürgen von Arnim was a German colonel general and commander - in - chief of the Army Group Africa and de facto commander of the Afrika Korps from March 9 , 1943 until his capture by the British Indian Army 's 14th Infantry Division on May 12 , 1943 . Kingdom of Hungary ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Regent Miklós Horthy of Hungary Ferenc Szálasi Miklós Horthy was the supreme regent ( head of state ) from 1920 until 1944 . László Bárdossy was his prime minister from 1941 until 1942 . After World War II , Bárdossy was tried by a People 's Court in November 1945 . He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946 . Miklós Kállay was prime minister from 1942 until 1944 . Döme Sztójay was prime minister from March until August 1944 . Sztójay was captured by American troops and extradited to Hungary in October 1945 , after which time he was tried by a Communist People 's Tribunal in Budapest . He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946 . Géza Lakatos was a general in the Hungarian Army during World War II who served briefly as prime minister , under governor Miklós Horthy from August 29 , 1944 until October 15 the same year . Ferenc Szálasi was the leader of the fascist Arrow Cross Party , the `` Leader of the Hungarian Nation '' ( Nemzetvezető ) , and the prime minister from 1944 to 1945 . He was tried by the People 's Tribunal in Budapest . He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946 . Béla Miklós was acting as prime minister , at first in opposition , from 1944 to 1945 . Károly Bartha was a colonel general , Minister of Defence . Ferenc Feketehalmy - Czeydner Ferenc Szombathelyi was a colonel general , chief of the General Staff . Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak Iván Hindy was a colonel - general in the Hungarian Army . He orchestrated the defence of Budapest . Hindy was captured by the Soviets On February 11 , 1945 , when he tried to escape just prior to the fall of the city on February 13 . He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946 . Gusztáv Jány was the commander of the Hungarian forces at the Battle of Stalingrad . Zoltán Szügyi was the commander of the Szent László Infantry Division . László Háry was the commander of the Hungarian Air Force . Elemér Gorondy - Novák was the commander of the Hungarian Third Army . Imperial State of Iran ( 1941 ) ( edit ) Rezā Shāh Rezā Shāh was the Shah of Iran from 1925 until 1941 . Rezā Shāh was a reformist who modernized Iran during his rule . During World War II , Rezā Shāh had a policy of neutrality , continuing relations with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , and refusing to expel their citizens when requested to by the British . Fearing that Iran 's oil would fall under Nazi control , and wishing to ensure communications between them , Britain and the USSR invaded Iran . Rezā Shāh was deposed and went into exile in South Africa . His son , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , took the throne and brought Iran into line with the Allied powers . Mohammad Ali Foroughi , Iranian minister and diplomat . Fazlollah Zahedi was an Iranian general during the Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran . Zahedi was named military governor of Khuzestan province , the hub of Iran 's oil industry . When the British invaded , he was arrested and held in Palestine until 1945 . After World War II he became prime minister . Kingdom of Iraq ( 1941 ) ( edit ) Faisal II Faisal II of Iraq was King of Iraq Rashid Ali al - Kaylani was Prime Minister of Iraq in 1940 and 1941 . He overthrew the pro-British Nuri Said Pasha and established an anti-British regime . Britain responded with severe economic sanctions against Iraq and an invasion . The Anglo - Iraqi War ended with a British victory and Ali al - Kaylani out of power . Haj Amin al - Husseini was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem who had been exiled from the British Mandate of Palestine for his nationalist activities . Husayni issued a ' fatwa ' for a holy war against British rule in May 1941 . The Mufti 's widely heralded proclamation against Britain was declared in Iraq , where he was instrumental in the anti-British Iraqi revolt . Kingdom of Italy ( 1940 -- 1943 ) , Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III Benito Mussolini , prime minister , Duce and leader of the National Fascist Party . Victor Emmanuel III of Italy was King of Italy and the supreme head , with Mussolini , of the Royal Italian Army , from 1935 he became Emperor of the Italian Empire . He supported Mussolini in 1922 during the March on Rome and he named him prime minister . In 1943 , after successive military defeats , he , along with Marshal Pietro Badoglio , dissolved the Fascist government , dismissed and arrested Mussolini and arranged an armistice with the Allies , setting up a Royalist government in Southern Italy led by the Marshal . Benito Mussolini was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943 . The founder of fascism , Mussolini made Italy the first fascist state , using the ideas of nationalism , militarism , anti-communism and anti-socialism combined with state propaganda . In 1925 , he assumed dictatorial powers as the Duce ( `` Leader '' ) of Fascism , and was subsequently called Duce by his Fascist supporters . From 1925 , King Victor Emmanuel III delegated his powers to Mussolini and opposition to Mussolini and the Fascist state was seen as treason . Though his regime influenced Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany , Mussolini did not subscribe to Nazi racial theories , dismissing them as mythical and fabricated . Only in 1938 , under increased pressure from Hitler , did he adopt anti-Semitism as a state policy , and opposed the deportation of Jews by the Germans from Italian territory . Mussolini was the official head of the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale , MVSN ( `` Volunteer Militia for National Security '' ) , often called the `` Blackshirts '' , who were Fascist partisans loyal specifically to him , rather than the King . Successive military defeats from 1941 , culminating in the Battle of El Alamein in 1942 and the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 , led to Mussolini and his government 's dissolution and dismissal by the King . Arrested on the orders of the King , Mussolini was rescued by the Germans and became the puppet Head of State of the Italian Social Republic ( regime under control of Nazi Germany ) in northern Italy . Mussolini was executed by Italian partisans on 28 April 1945 , while attempting to flee to Spain . Pietro Badoglio was Marshal of the Army . He led the Italian Army during the Second Italo - Abyssinian War . He resigned in 1940 after the Italian defeat in Greece . In 1943 he arranged with the Allies for an armistice and set up a Royalist government in Southern Italy ( Brindisi ) . Ugo Cavallero was the head of the Italian Royal Army during the Second World War , his powers being delegated to him from the King , who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Army . He led Italian forces during the Greco - Italian War in which Italian forces faltered badly . Italo Gariboldi was the commander of the Italian forces at the Battle of Stalingrad . Arturo Riccardi was the head of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) from 1940 to 1943 , his powers being delegated to him from the King , who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Navy . Inigo Campioni was a commander of the Italian Royal Navy during the battles of Taranto , Cape Spartivento , and Calabria . Angelo Iachino succeeded Campioni as commander of the Royal Italian Navy . Italo Balbo was the most important person of the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) from the 1930s until his death in 1940 . His powers were officially delegated to him from the King , who was the official supreme commander of the Italian Royal Air Force . He also commanded the Tenth army in Libya until his death . Galeazzo Ciano was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 1936 by Mussolini ( who was also his father - in - law ) and remained in that position until the end of the Fascist regime in 1943 . Ciano signed the Pact of Steel with Germany in 1939 and subsequently the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Japan in 1940 . Ciano attempted to convince Mussolini to bring Italy out of the war as casualties mounted but was ignored . In 1943 , Ciano supported the ousting of Mussolini as prime minister . Ciano was later executed by Fascists in the Italian Social Republic for betraying Mussolini . Rodolfo Graziani was commander of Italian North Africa and Governor - General of Libya . Graziani was ordered to invade Egypt by Mussolini . Graziani expressed doubts about the ability of his largely un-mechanized force to defeat the British , however , he followed orders and the Tenth Army attacked on September 13 . He resigned his commission in 1941 after being defeated by the British in Operation Compass . Graziani was the only one of the Italian marshals to remain loyal to Mussolini after Dino Grandi 's Grand Council of Fascism coup , and was appointed Minister of Defense of the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana , or RSI ) . Graziani had under his command the mixed Italo - German LXXXXVII `` Liguria '' Army ( Armee Ligurien ) of the RSI . Giovanni Messe was the commander of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia ( Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia , or CSIR ) . The CSIR fought on the Eastern Front , fighting with German forces against the Soviet Union . He later led Axis forces in the Tunisia Campaign . He is considered by many to be the best Italian general of the war . Alfredo Guzzoni was commander - in - chief of the Italian forces during the Allied Invasion of Sicily . Rino Corso Fougier was a general in the Royal Italian Air Force and Chief of Staff 1941 - 43 . Giuseppe Fioravanzo was one of the `` intellectuals '' of the Regia Marina ; he was one of the main authors of the development of Italian naval doctrine between the two World Wars . Junio Valerio Borghese was the commander of the Decima Flottiglia MAS . Empire of Japan ( edit ) Hirohito , the Emperor of Japan Hideki Tojo , Prime Minister of Japan from 1941 to 1944 Hirohito ( posthumously known as Emperor Shōwa ) was the Emperor from 1926 until his death in 1989 . He was viewed as a semi-divine leader . He was Commander of the Imperial General Headquarters from 1937 to 1945 and authorized in 1936 , by imperial decree , the expansion of Shiro Ishii 's bacteriological research unit , while , according to some authors , assuming control over the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons . His generals took the full blame and he was exonerated from criminal prosecution , with all members of the imperial family , by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ( SCAP ) . Fumimaro Konoe was prime minister from 1937 to 1939 and 1940 until 1941 . Konoe authorized the publications of Kokutai no Hongi ( 1937 ) and Shinmin no Michi ( 1941 ) . He joined the military to recommended to emperor Shöwa the invasion of China and launched the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement , the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War and the Taisei Yokusankai to promote a total war effort . Konoe was opposed to war with the Occidental powers . During the occupation of Japan , he refused to collaborate with the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers to exonerate Hirohito and the imperial family of criminal responsibility and came under suspicion of war crimes . He committed suicide in 1945 . Hiranuma Kiichirō was prime minister from 5 January 1939 to 30 August 1939 . He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment . Nobuyuki Abe was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army , Governor - General of Korea , and Prime Minister of Japan from 30 August 1939 to 16 January 1940 . Mitsumasa Yonai was prime minister in 1940 and minister of the Navy from 1937 to 1939 and 1944 to 1945 . During his second mandate as Navy minister , the Imperial Japanese Navy implemented the tokkōtai or suicide units against the Allied fleet . He cooperated with SCAP to fix the testimony of the senior officers accused in the Tokyo trials and was exonerated from criminal prosecutions . Hideki Tojo was Supreme Military Leader from 1936 until 1944 and prime minister from 1941 until 1944 . He was a strong supporter of the Tripartite Pact between Japan , Germany and Italy . Minister of War in the second cabinet of Fumimaro Konoe , he was chosen as prime minister by the emperor in October 1941 . He was a main proponent of the war against the Occidental powers . Tojo strengthened the Taisei Yokusankai to create a single - party state . He was demoted in July 1944 by the emperor , following the Battle of Saipan and condemned to death by the Tokyo tribunal and executed . Kuniaki Koiso was a senior army general who served as prime minister from July 1944 to April 1945 . Kantarō Suzuki was an admiral who served as prime minister from April to August 1945 . He agreed to Japan 's surrender to the Allies on August 15 , 1945 . Sadao Araki was Minister of the Army from 1931 to 1933 and Education Minister from 1938 to 1939 . Araki was one of the main proponents of militarism and expansionism during the Shōwa era . He developed the fascist ideas of the Kōdōha and led the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement to promote the Holy war against China . After the war Araki was tried and sentenced to life imprisonment but was released in 1955 with all the other major convicts . Kotohito Kanin was Chief of Staff of the Army from 1931 to 1940 . During his mandate , the Army committed the Nanking massacre and regularly used chemical weapons in China . Kan'in was one of the main proponents of State Shinto . He died before the end of the war . Hajime Sugiyama was Minister of the Army from 1937 to 1938 , then chief of staff from 1940 to 1944 . During this period , the Army kept using chemical weapons and implemented the sanko sakusen . He committed suicide in 1945 . Yoshijirō Umezu was the chief of staff from 1944 to 1945 . Hiroyasu Fushimi was Chief of Staff of the Navy from 1932 to 1941 . Starting in 1937 , the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service implemented strategic bombing of Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou . He was exonerated from criminal prosecutions with all members of the imperial family by SCAP . Osami Nagano was Chief of Staff of the Navy from 1941 to 1944 . During this period , the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service committed the attack of Pearl Harbor and the strategic bombing of Chongqing . He was tried before the Tokyo tribunal but died in prison before his sentence was carried out . Isoroku Yamamoto was Commander - in - Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1939 to 1943 and was responsible for Japan 's early naval victories , including the attack on Pearl Harbor . Considered the most brilliant Japanese naval commander of the war , his death in 1943 deprived the military of a skilled tactician and was a severe blow to Japanese morale . Tomoyuki Yamashita was lieutenant - general of the Japanese Imperial Army from 1905 to 1945 . He was most famous for conquering the British colonies of Malaya and Singapore , earning the nickname `` The Tiger of Malaya '' . He was hanged on 23 February 1946 . Masaharu Homma was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army , most noted for his victory in conquering the Philippines in the Philippines Campaign . Jisaburō Ozawa was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy , commander of the Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 . He was the last commander - in - chief of the Japanese fleet . Tadamichi Kuribayashi was commander of the Japanese forces who was killed at the battle of Iwo Jima . Isamu Yokoyama was commander of Japanese forces in China . Shigeyoshi Inoue was commander of the Japanese forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea Iwane Matsui Prince Yasuhiko Asaka Finland ( 1941 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was the commander - in - chief of the Finnish Defense Forces and a Marshal of Finland . Kyösti Kallio was the 4th President of Finland . Risto Ryti was 5th President of Finland and the 14th Prime Minister of Finland . Johan Wilhelm Rangell was the Prime Minister of Finland 1941 - 1943 . Eric Heinrichs commanded the Army of Karelia during the Continuation War . Karl Lennart Oesch commanded the Army of Karelia and Aunus Group during the trench warfare phase of the Continuation War . Jarl Lundqvist commanded the Finnish Air Force during the Continuation War . Väinö Valve commanded the Finnish Navy during the Continuation War . Kingdom of Romania ( 1941 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) Ion Antonescu Ion Antonescu was the Prime Minister of Romania and the Conducător ( Leader ) with dictatorial powers from 1940 to 1944 . He was sentenced to death and executed in 1946 . Michael I was King from 1940 until 1947 . He was installed by Antonescu to replace Michael 's father Carol II . He was not intended to have much power . He led a coup to overthrow Antonescu and switched sides to the Allies in 1944 . Helen of Greece and Denmark , mother of Michael I , criticised by Nazi Germany for being the real power of the country . Constantin Sănătescu was the prime minister 1944 . Nicolae Rădescu was the prime minister 1944 - 45 . Petre Dumitrescu commanded the Romanian Third Army on its campaign against the Soviet Union . Constantin Constantinescu - Claps commanded the Romanian Fourth Army . Emanoil Ionescu commanded the Royal Romanian Air Force . Ermil Gheorghiu commanded the Royal Romanian Air Force . Horia Macellariu commanded the Royal Romanian Navy . Horia Sima was head of the pro-Nazi `` government in exile '' . Kingdom of Thailand ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Plaek Pibulsongkram Ananda Mahidol was King of Thailand from 1935 until his death in 1946 . During the war , Mahidol stayed in neutral Switzerland . He returned to Thailand in 1945 after the war . Plaek Phibunsongkhram was Field Marshal of the Thai Army and was Prime Minister of Thailand from 1938 until 1944 . The Pibulsonggram regime embarked upon a course of economic nationalism and anti-Chinese policies . In 1940 , he decided to invade Indo - China in hostilities known as the French - Thai War . In 1941 , he allied Thailand with Japan and allowed it to use the country for the invasions of Burma and Malaya . When Japanese defeat was imminent , he was pressured to resign in 1944 . Jarun Rattanakun Seriroengrit was a general who commanded Phayap Army that occupied the Shan State of British Burma . Pridi Banomyong a former revolutionary and cabinet minister , was appointed to the regency council in 1941 . By 1944 , he became sole Regent and de facto Head of State , but this position was only nominal . He secretly became leader of the resistance forces or the Free Thai Movement in 1942 . Khuang Aphaiwong , Prime Minister of Thailand , 1944 -- 45 . Client State and protectorate of Axis ( edit ) King Zog I Albanian Kingdom ( 1939 -- 1940 ) ( edit ) Zog I was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939 . He fled into exile following the Italian Invasion of Albania . Xhemal Aranitasi was a general and commander in chief of the Royal Albanian Army . Gustav von Myrdacz was influential in organising the Royal Albanian Army from the early 1920s to 1945 . Independent State of Croatia ( 1941 -- 1943 ) ( edit ) Ante Pavelić Philippe Pétain Jozef Tiso Ante Pavelić , Headman ( Poglavnik ) of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) from 1941 to 1945 . Tomislav II , the Italian - born King of Croatia . Nikola Mandić , prime minister under Pavelić from 1943 to 1945 . Mladen Lorković , the Foreign Minister and Minister of the Interior of the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) Slavko Kvaternik , Minister of Defense . Vladimir Laxa , Army Chief of Staff . Vladimir Kren , was the commander of the Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia . Edgar Angeli , was the commander of the Navy of the Independent State of Croatia . Vjekoslav Luburić , was the commander of the Croatian Armed Forces . Jure Francetić , was the commander of the Black Legion . Marko Mesić , was the commander of the Croatian Legion . Andro Vrkljan , was the commander of the Croatian Naval Legion . French State ( 1940 -- 1942 ) ( edit ) Philippe Pétain was an Army Marshal and Chief of State of Vichy France from its establishment in 1940 until the invasion of Normandy in 1944 . The Pétain government collaborated with the Nazis , and organized raids to capture French Jews . The Pétain government was opposed by General de Gaulle 's Free French Forces , and eventually fell to them . After the war , Pétain was tried for treason and sentenced to life in prison . Pierre Laval was Pétain 's head of government in 1940 , and from 1942 to 1944 . Under his second government , collaboration with Nazi Germany intensified . In 1945 , Laval was tried for treason , sentenced to death and executed . René Bousquet was the deputy head of the Vichy police force . Joseph Darnand was the commander of the paramilitary French Militia . A pro-Nazi leader , he was a strong supporter of the Hitler and Pétain governments . He established the Milice to round - up Jews and fight the French Resistance . He was tried for treason and executed after the war . Jean Decoux was the Governor - General of French Indochina representing the Vichy government . Decoux 's task in Indochina was to reverse the policy of appeasement towards the Japanese led by his predecessor General Georges Catroux , but political realities soon forced him to continue down the same road . Arrested and tried after the war , Decoux was not convicted . Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Jozef Tiso , President of the Slovak Republic . Vojtech Tuka , prime minister . Ferdinand Čatloš was commander of the Field Army Bernolák during the Invasion of Poland . Rudolf Pilfousek was commander of the SS - Heimatschutz Slowakei . Augustín Malár Ján Golian Puppet states of Nazi Germany ( edit ) Leonhard Kaupisch Vidkun Quisling Milan Nedić Protectorate of Denmark ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Leonhard Kaupisch , Military commander of Denmark . Werner Best , served as a civilian administrator in Denmark . Erik Scavenius , Prime minister of Denmark from 1942 -- 1943 . He pursued a collaborative policy with the German occupation force until he dissolved the Danish government in 1943 , and was replaced by German martial law . Frits Clausen , National Socialist Workers ' Party of Denmark Christian Peder Kryssing , was commander of the Free Corps Denmark . Christian Frederik von Schalburg , was commander of the Free Corps Denmark . Knud Børge Martinsen , was commander of the Schalburg Corps . Province of ljubljana ( 1943 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Leon Rupnik , was the President of the provincial government . Gregorij Rožman , Ernest Peterlin , Battle of Turjak Castle Norwegian National government ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Vidkun Quisling , Minister - President of the Norwegian national government from 1942 to 1945 . Kjeld Stub Irgens Ragnar Skancke Sverre Riisnæs Jonas Lie , Minister of Police and SS - Standartenführer of the Germanic - SS Norway . Karl Marthinsen , General of Police , head of Norwegian STAPO ( Statspolitiet ) and SIPO ( Sikkerhetspolitiet ) . He was assassinated by the resistance in 1945 due to increasing power and influence over the Norwegian military . Sophus Kahrs , was commander of the SS Ski Jäger Battalion `` Norwegen '' . Arthur Qvist , was commander of the Norwegian Legion . Government of National Salvation , serbia ( 1941 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) Milan Nedić , general and Prime Minister of the Government of National Salvation . Milan Aćimović Dimitrije Ljotić , Zbor Dragomir Jovanović , was commander of the Serbian State Guard . Kosta Mušicki , was commander of the Serbian Volunteer Corps . Kosta Pećanac , was commander of the Pećanac Chetniks . Momčilo Đujić , was commander of the Dinara Division . Strahinja Janjić , was commander of the 1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment . Puppet states of the Kingdom of Italy ( edit ) Albanian Kingdom ( 1940 -- 1943 ) ( edit ) Shefqet Vërlaci , Prime Minister of the Albanian Kingdom . Tefik Mborja , Albanian Fascist Party Midhat Frashëri , Balli Kombëtar Abaz Kupi , Legality Movement Kingdom of Montenegro ( 1941 -- 1943 ) ( edit ) Sekula Drljević was founder of the Montenegrin Federalist Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Montenegro until his imprisonment in 1941 . Blažo Đukanović was later military leader of Montenegro , as head of the Central Nationalist Committee , from 1942 to 1943 . Pavle Đurišić was commander of the Montenegrin Volunteer Corps . Krsto Popović was commander of the Lovćen Brigade . Joint German - Italian puppet states ( edit ) Hellenic State ( 1941 -- 1944 ) ( edit ) Georgios Tsolakoglou was Prime Minister of the Greek collaborationist government from April 30 , 1941 to December 2 , 1942 . Konstantinos Logothetopoulos was prime minister from December 2 , 1942 to April 7 , 1943 . Ioannis Rallis was prime minister from April 7 , 1943 to October 12 , 1944 . Georgios Bakos Minister of Defence . Puppet states of Imperial Japan ( edit ) Chairman Wang Jingwei Emperor Puyi Zhang Jinghui Chairman Demchugdongrub State of Burma ( 1943 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Ba Maw , political leader . Kingdom of cambodia ( 1945 ) ( edit ) Sisowath Monivong was the King from 1927 until his death in 1941 . Norodom Sihanouk was the King following Monivong 's death . Son Ngoc Thanh , prime minister . Republic of China - nanjing ( 1940 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Wang Jingwei , Head of State , President of the Executive Yuan and Chairman of the National Government , officially known as the Republic of China . Chen Gongbo , Head of the Legislative Yuan . Zhou Fohai , Head of the Executive Yuan . Provisional government of Free India ( 1943 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Subhas Chandra Bose , Head of State , The Prime Minister and the Minister for War and Foreign Affairs of the Free India government . Kingdom of laos ( 1945 ) ( edit ) Phetsarath Ratanavongsa , prime minister from 1942 to 1945 and vice-king . Great manchu Empire ( edit ) Puyi was the Emperor of Manchukuo from 1934 until the disestablishment of the state in 1945 . He was installed by the Japanese after the Invasion of Manchuria . He was captured and imprisoned by the Soviet Union , and later handed over to the People 's Republic of China . Zhang Jinghui was the Prime Minister of Manchukuo . Zhang was a Chinese general and politician during the Warlord Era who collaborated with the Japanese to establish Manchukuo . After the war , he was captured and imprisoned by the Red Army . Xi Qia was the finance superintendent of Manchukuo in 1932 , a minister of Manchukuo in 1934 , and palace and interior minister in 1936 . At the end of World War II he was captured by the Soviets and held in a Siberian prison until he was returned to China in 1950 , where he died in prison . Chang Hai - peng , general of the Manchukuo Imperial Army . Mengjiang united Autonomous government ( edit ) Demchugdongrub was the vice-chairman , then the chairman . In 1941 he became chairman of the Mongolian Autonomous federation . Li Shouxin Second Philippine Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) José P. Laurel , President . Empire of Vietnam ( 1945 ) ( edit ) Bảo Đại was the King of Annam from 1926 until 1945 and Emperor of Vietnam from 1945 until 1949 . Tran Trong Kim , prime minister . See also ( edit ) World War II portal War portal Axis powers of World War II Allied leaders of World War II Commanders of World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Barenblat , A plague upon humanity , 2004 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Yoshiaki Yoshimi , Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II , Kaisetsu ( Materials on Poison Gas Warfare ) , 1997 , pp. 25 -- 29. , Herbert P. Bix , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , 2001 World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II&oldid=808633448 '' Categories : Military leaders of World War II Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Português Română Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 03 : 16 . 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what is a curate in the anglican church	In the Church of England today , `` curate '' refers to priests ( or , in the first year , transitional deacons ) who are in their first post after ordination ( usually for four years ) , and are completing their training ( not unlike an apprenticeship ) . The technical term `` curate '' , as found in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , meant the incumbent of a benefice , that is the person licensed by the diocesan bishop to the `` cure of souls '' , who , depending on how the benefice income was raised and distributed , was either a rector , a vicar , or a perpetual curate .	priests ( or , in the first year , transitional deacons ) who are in their first post after ordination ( usually for four years ) , and are completing their training ( not unlike an apprenticeship )	Curate	curate	A curate ( / ˈkjuːrɪt / KEW - rit ) is a person who is invested with the care or cure ( cura ) of souls of a parish . In this sense , `` curate '' correctly means a parish priest ; but in English - speaking countries the term curate is commonly used to describe clergy who are assistants to the parish priest . The duties or office of a curate are called a curacy .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and other terms 2 Roman Catholicism 3 Anglican Communion 4 History 5 Minor canons 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading Etymology and other terms ( edit ) The term is derived from the Latin curatus ( compare Curator ) . In other languages , derivations from curatus may be used differently . In French , the curé is the chief priest of a parish , as is the Italian curato , the Spanish cura , and the Filipino term kura pároko ( which almost always refers to the parish priest ) , which is derived from Spanish . Roman catholicism ( edit ) Part of a series on the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Saint Peter Ecclesiastical titles ( order of precedence ) Pope Cardinal Cardinal - nephew Cardinal protector Crown - cardinal Cardinal Vicar Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic Delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar Apostolic Apostolic Exarch Apostolic Prefect Assistant at the Pontifical Throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Bishop Archbishop Bishop Emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles ( show ) Acolyte Consecrator Lector Reader Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles ( show ) Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Defender of the Bond Definitor Devil 's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Episcopal vicar Exorcist Judicial vicar Lay brother Lay cardinal Monsignor Officialis Pastor Assistant pastor Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Priest Protonotary Apostolic Saint Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar forane Vicar general Consecrated and professed titles ( show ) Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand Master Hermit Master general Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles ( show ) Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Chorbishop Commissary Apostolic Datarius Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Precentor Prince - bishop Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Organization titles ( show ) Grand Master Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Catholicism portal In the Catholic Church , the English word `` curate '' is used for a priest assigned to a parish in a position subordinate to that of the parish priest . The parish priest ( or in the United States the `` pastor '' ) is the priest who has canonical responsibility for the parish . He may be assisted by one or more other priests , referred to as curates , assistant priests , parochial vicars or ( in America ) `` associate / assistant pastors '' . Anglican communion ( edit ) Edgar Sheppard , Curate at Marlow and Hornsey and a canon of St George 's Windsor In the Church of England today , `` curate '' refers to priests ( or , in the first year , transitional deacons ) who are in their first post after ordination ( usually for four years ) , and are completing their training ( not unlike an apprenticeship ) . The technical term `` curate '' , as found in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , meant the incumbent of a benefice , that is the person licensed by the diocesan bishop to the `` cure of souls '' , who , depending on how the benefice income was raised and distributed , was either a rector , a vicar , or a perpetual curate . Although the expression `` curate - in - charge '' was mainly used of an informal arrangement whereby an incumbent gave substantial responsibility for one of the churches within the parish to an assistant , in law it denoted a cleric licensed by the bishop to exercise some or all of the cure of souls when the incumbent had failed to make adequate provision for them or was subject to disciplinary measures . Once in possession of their benefices , rectors and vicars enjoyed a freehold , and could only be removed after due legal process , and for a restricted number of reasons . Perpetual curates were placed on a similar footing in 1838 and were commonly styled `` vicars '' , and this practice was legally recognised in 1868 . Clergy ( both transitional deacons and priests ) who assist the `` curate '' were , and are , properly called assistant curates , but are often referred to as `` the curate '' . A house provided for an assistant curate is sometimes colloquially called a `` curatage '' . Assistant curates are also licensed by the bishop , but only at the request of the `` curate '' , who had the right of dismissal subject to certain conditions . Although it is customary for a priest to serve as a curate in one or more parishes before becoming an incumbent , it is by no means unknown for priests who have previously been beneficed or consecrated bishop to return to a curacy ( as assistant curate ) , sometimes as a matter of choice . For example , Geoffrey Francis Fisher served as Curate of Trent near Sherborne after retiring as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1961 . With the 1968 Pastoral Measure and subsequent legislation , the Church of England has undergone a major process of reform which still continues today , and much of above no longer holds good . Ministers in the Church of England whose main financial income comes from sources other than their work as clergy may be termed `` Self Supporting Ministers '' or `` Curate ( SSM ) '' . Terms like `` rector '' and `` curate '' were carried overseas with the spread of Anglicanism , but their exact meaning depends on local conditions and regulations . In the Church of Ireland some curates are styled `` bishop 's curates '' as they are accountable directly to the diocesan bishop , while sometimes mentored by local parish clergy , and are perceived to have more autonomy than other assistant curates . In Anglican parishes with a Charismatic or evangelical ( low church ) tradition , the roles of curates are usually seen as being an assistant leader to the overall leader , often in a larger team of pastoral leaders . Many of the larger Charismatic and Evangelical parishes have larger ministry teams with a number of pastoral leaders , some ordained and others who are not . In the Episcopal Church of the United States , the curacy may be a temporary place to continue training after ordination , similar to an internship , or it may be a permanent , subordinant position , more akin to a perpetual curate . History ( edit ) Originally a bishop would entrust a priest with the `` cure of souls '' ( pastoral ministry ) of a parish . When , in medieval Europe , this included the legal freehold of church land in the parish , the parish priest was a `` perpetual curate '' ( curatus perpetuus ) , an assistant would be a ( plain ) curate ( curatus temporalis ) . The words perpetuus and temporalis distinguish their appointments but not the length of service , the apparent reference to time is accidental . A curate is appointed by the parish priest and paid from parish funds . A perpetual curate is a priest in charge of a parish who was ( usually ) appointed and paid by the bishop . As the church became more embedded into the fabric of feudal Europe , various other titles often supplanted `` curate '' for the parish priest . `` Rector '' was the title given to a priest in possession of the tithe income . This right to the income was known as a `` living '' . The title of rector comes from regere -- `` to rule '' . Those parishes where a monastery had appropriated the rights to the tithe income , a portion of this income was set aside for a priest to occupy the parish , essentially acting on behalf of the monastery , in other words vicariously -- hence `` vicar '' . In some cases , a portion of a tithe for a vicar could exceed the income of some rectors , depending on the value of the livings being compared . Minor canons ( edit ) Minor canons are those clergy who are members of a cathedral 's establishment and take part in the daily services but are not part of the formal chapter . These are generally clergy who are nearer to the beginning than the end of their ministries , who have already served their curacy ( title post ) in a parish church . They are often selected for their singing and liturgical ability . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Catholicism portal Curate 's egg Roman Curia Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 545 in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 545 in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America Archived January 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 1974 ) , arts `` Curate '' , `` Incumbent '' & `` Perpetual Curate '' Jump up ^ Neep & Edinger . A Handbook of Church Law for the Clergy A.R. Mowbray & C ° ( 1928 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Neep & Edinger . A Handbook of Church Law for the Clergy A.R. Mowbray & C ° ( 1928 ) , p. 7 and following Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 1974 ) , art . `` Perpetual Curate '' Jump up ^ Neep & Edinger . A Handbook of Church Law for the Clergy A.R. Mowbray & C ° ( 1928 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , E. , Archbishop Fisher , His Life and Times , London , Canterbury Press , 2012 Jump up ^ of Bristol : Self Supporting Ministry , 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ See , Paul Moore , Jr. , Presences : A Bishop 's Life in the City ( 1999 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Hart , A. Tindal ( 1970 ) The Curate 's Lot : the story of the unbeneficed English clergy . London : J. Baker Lewis , Robert Michael ( 2016 ) Curacy Express : A Training Resource for New Clergy . Eugene , OR : Wipf and Stock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curate&oldid=810680297 '' Categories : Anglican ecclesiastical offices Catholic priesthood Christian terminology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 19 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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list of all science and technology university in bangladesh			List of universities in Bangladesh	list of universities in bangladesh	Universities in Bangladesh are mainly categorized into three different types : public ( government owned and subsidized ) , private ( private sector owned universities ) , and international ( operated and funded by international organizations such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) . Bangladeshi universities are affiliated with the University Grants Commission , a commission created according to the Presidential Order ( P.O. No 10 of 1973 ) of the Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh .	Most universities focus on general studies , mixing together such areas of study as business , engineering and technology . Seven universities have specialized curricula . Two of these are focused on Islamic studies , two on agricultural science , one on healthcare science , one on veterinary medicine , and one on women 's studies . A detailed evaluation of all the universities can be found in the Bangladesh University Ranking 2017 report . Contents 1 Public universities 2 Private universities 3 International universities 4 Special universities 5 Proposed universities 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Public universities ( edit ) Bangladesh has 40 public universities to the bulk of higher studies students . These universities are funded by the government while managed as self - governed organizations . Dhaka division is home to thirteen public universities , among which eight are in Dhaka City . There are seven public universities in Chittagong division , four in Khulna division , three in Rajshahi division . Each of Mymensingh Division , Rangpur division , Sylhet division & Barisal division has two . TSC , University of Dhaka Library building , University of Chittagong Civil Engineering building , BUET Academic Tower Military Institute of Science and Technology ( MIST ) University Entrance Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology Auditorium , Islamic University Auditorium , Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Academic building , Barisal University Campus of Begum Rokeya University War memorial sculpture in Bangladesh Agricultural University Administrative building of Jagannath University Portion of new academic building of KUET as seen from the front University Acronym Established Location Division Specialization PhD granting University of Dhaka DU 1921 Dhaka Dhaka division General Yes University of Rajshahi RU 1953 Rajshahi Rajshahi division General Yes Bangladesh Agricultural University BAU 1961 Mymensingh Mymensingh division Agricultural Science Yes Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology BUET 1962 Dhaka Dhaka division Engineering Yes University of Chittagong CU 1966 Chittagong Chittagong division General Yes Jahangirnagar University JU 1970 Savar , Dhaka Dhaka division General Yes Islamic University , Bangladesh IU 1979 Kushtia Khulna division General & Technological Yes Shahjalal University of Science and Technology SUST 1986 Sylhet Sylhet division Science & Technology Yes Khulna University KU 1991 Khulna Khulna division General Yes Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University BSMMU 1998 Dhaka Dhaka division Medical Yes Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University BSMRAU 1998 Gazipur Dhaka division Agricultural Science Yes Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University HSTU 1999 Dinajpur Rangpur division Science & Technology Yes Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University MBSTU 1999 Tangail Dhaka division Science & Technology Yes Patuakhali Science and Technology University PSTU 2000 Patuakhali Barisal division Science & Technology Yes Sher - e-Bangla Agricultural University SAU 2001 Dhaka Dhaka division Agricultural Science Yes Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology DUET 2003 Gazipur Dhaka division Engineering Yes Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology RUET 2003 Rajshahi Rajshahi division Engineering Yes Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology CUET 2003 Chittagong Chittagong division Engineering Yes Khulna University of Engineering & Technology KUET 2003 Khulna Khulna division Engineering Yes Jagannath University JnU 2005 Dhaka Dhaka division General Yes Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University JKKNIU 2005 Mymensingh Mymensingh division General Yes Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University CVASU 2006 Chittagong Chittagong division Veterinary Science Yes Sylhet Agricultural University SAU 2006 Sylhet Sylhet division Agricultural Science Yes Comilla University CoU 2006 Comilla Chittagong division General Yes Noakhali Science and Technology University NSTU 2006 Noakhali Chittagong division Science & Technology Yes Jessore University of Science & Technology JUST 2008 Jessore Khulna division Science & Technology Yes Pabna University of Science and Technology PUST 2008 Pabna Rajshahi division Science & Technology Yes Bangladesh University of Professionals BUP 2008 Dhaka Dhaka division General Yes Begum Rokeya University BRU 2008 Rangpur Rangpur division General Yes Bangladesh University of Textiles BUTEX Dhaka Dhaka division Textile Engineering Yes University of Barisal BU 2011 Barisal Barisal division General Yes Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University BSMRSTU 2011 Gopalganj Dhaka division Science & Technology Yes Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University BSMRMU 2014 Dhaka Dhaka division Maritime Yes Rangamati Science and Technology University RMSTU 2014 Rangamati Chittagong division Science & Technology Yes Rabindra University , Bangladesh RUB 2017 Sirajganj Rajshahi division General No Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital University BDU 2018 Gazipur Dhaka division Science , Technology and Engineering No Private universities ( edit ) Establishment of private universities in Bangladesh was initiated after the institution of the Private University Act 1992 . There are 80 such universities that are operational in five out of seven divisions of the country . Another 12 universities has been approved by UGC recently but yet to start operation . So the total number of approved private university is now 97 ( as of April 2018 ) . Most of the private universities are in Dhaka Division , totaling 51 . All of them have their campuses in Dhaka city , concentrated mostly in the Gulshan , Dhanmondi , Panthapath and Uttara regions of the city . Two private universities in Dhaka specialize in science and technology , one specializes in women 's studies , and the others are general universities . Six private universities are located in Chittagong Division . All six have their main campuses in Chittagong city . One has its urban campus in Kumira , outside the main city . Five of them are general universities , while one specializes in science and technology . The only private university in Rajshahi Division has its campus in Bogra . In Sylhet Division there are four private universities , all having their main campuses in Sylhet city . There is no private university in Barisal Division and Rangpur Division . North South University Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology East West University ( Dhaka , Bangladesh ) Independent University , Bangladesh Prime University Daffodil International University permanent campus . American International University - Bangladesh permanent campus . University Acronym Established Location Division Specialization PhD granting Dhaka International University DIU 1995 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology AUST 1995 Dhaka Dhaka Division Engineering No BRAC University BRAC 2001 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No East West University EWU Dhaka Dhaka Division General No North South University NSU 1992 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No American International University - Bangladesh AIUB Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Independent University , Bangladesh IUB 1993 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Bangladesh University of Business and Technology BUBT 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division Science and technology No Gono Bishwabidyalay GB Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Hamdard University Bangladesh HUB 2012 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No International Islamic University , Chittagong IIUC 1995 Chittagong Chittagong General No BGC Trust University Bangladesh BGCTUB 2001 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No Chittagong Independent University ( CIU ) CIU 1999 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No University of Science & Technology Chittagong USTC 1992 Chittagong Chittagong Division Science and technology No East Delta University EDU 2006 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No Bangladesh Army University of Science and Technology BAUST 2015 Saidpur Rangpur Division Engineering and Technology No Bangladesh Army International University of Science & Technology BAIUST 2015 Comilla Chittagong Division Science and Technology No Britannia University BU Comilla Chittagong Division General No CCN University of Science & Technology CCNUST 2015 Comilla Chittagong Division Science and Technology No Feni University FU Feni Chittagong Division General No Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology BAUET 2015 Natore Rajshahi Division Engineering and Technology No Premier University , Chittagong PU 2001 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No Exim Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh EBAUB 2013 Chapainawabganj Rajshahi Division Agricultural No Southern University , Bangladesh SUB 2001 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No Port City International University PCIU 2012 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No Coxs Bazar International University CBIU 2013 Cox 's Bazar Chittagong Division General No Notre Dame University Bangladesh NDUB 2013 Dhaka Dhaka Division General Asian University of Bangladesh AUB Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Asa University Bangladesh ASAUB 2006 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology ADUST Dhaka Dhaka Division Science and technology No Bangladesh Islami University BIU 2006 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Bangladesh University BU 2001 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Central Women 's University CWU 1993 Dhaka Dhaka Division Women 's studies No City University , Bangladesh CUB 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Daffodil International University DIU 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Eastern University , Bangladesh EU 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Green University of Bangladesh GUB 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No IBAIS University IU 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Sonargaon University SU 2012 Dhaka Dhaka Division Engineering & Technology , Business , Law No International University of Business Agriculture and Technology IUBAT 1991 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Manarat International University MIU 2001 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Millennium University MU 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Northern University , Bangladesh NUB 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No North Western University , Bangladesh NWU 2012 Khulna Khulna Division General No The University of Comilla , Bangladesh UNIC 1995 Uttara , Dhaka - 1230 Dhaka Science and Technology No People 's University of Bangladesh PUB Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Presidency University PU 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division Science & Technology No Pundra University of Science and Technology PUST 2001 Bogra Rajshahi Division Science & Technology No Prime University PU 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No European University of Bangladesh EUB 2012 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Primeasia University PAU 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Queens University QU Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Rajshahi Science & Technology University RSTU 2013 Rajshahi Rajshahi Division Science and Technology No Royal University of Dhaka RUD 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Shanto - Mariam University of Creative Technology SMUCT 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division Creative technology No Southeast University SEU 2002 Dhaka Dhaka and Sylhet Division General No Stamford University Bangladesh SU 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No State University of Bangladesh SUB 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No United International University UIU 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No University of Asia Pacific ( Bangladesh ) UAP Dhaka Dhaka Division General No University of Development Alternative UODA 2002 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No University of Information Technology and Sciences UITS 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh ULAB Dhaka Dhaka Division Media studies and journalism No Fareast International University FIU 2013 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No University of South Asia , Bangladesh USAB 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Uttara University UU 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Victoria University of Bangladesh VUB 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Varendra University VU 2012 Rajshahi Rajshahi Division General No World University of Bangladesh WUB 2003 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No Leading University LU 2002 Sylhet Sylhet and Dhaka Division General No Metropolitan University MU 2003 Sylhet Sylhet Division General No North East University Bangladesh NEUB 2012 Sylhet Sylhet Division General No Sylhet International University SIU 2001 Sylhet Sylhet Division General No Khwaja Yunus Ali University KYAU Enayetpur , Sirajgonj Rajshahi Division General No Global University Bangladesh GUB 2015 Barisal Barisal Division General No University of Creative Technology Chittagong UCTC 2015 Chittagong Chittagong Division General No ZH Sikder University of Science & Technology ZHSUST 2012 Shariatpur Dhaka Division Science & Technology No Central University of Science and Technology CUST 2016 Dhaka Dhaka Division Science & Technology No Canadian University of Bangladesh CUST 2015 Dhaka Dhaka Division General No First Capital University of Bangladesh FCUB 2012 Chuadanga Khulna Division General No Ishaka International University IIUB 2012 Kishoreganj Dhaka Division General No Northern University of Business & Technology , Khulna NUBT 2015 Khulna Khulna Division Business Technology No North Bengal International University NBIU 2013 Rajshahi Rajshahi Division General No Ranada Prasad Shaha University RPSU 2013 Naryanganj Dhaka Division General No Bangladesh University of Health Sciences BUHS ( 1 ) 2012 Dhaka Dhaka Division Health Sciences No BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology BUFT 1999 Dhaka Dhaka Division Textile Engineering No International universities ( edit ) There are only two international universities in Bangladesh . They are neither managed nor funded by the government , like public universities , nor established under the Private University Act and managed by a private governing body , like private universities . International Culture University , established by civil society organization and branded by United Nations Academic Impact ( UNAI ) and United Nations Global Compact ( UNGC ) , is an internationally accredited - affiliated and an active partner of different international organizations working for internationalization of education and international quality . Islamic University of Technology was established by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and is located in Gazipur , Dhaka division , while another is located in Chittagong division and funded by the Asian University for Women Support Foundation ( AUWSF ) , a United States -- based non-profit corporation . Five Fundamentals Gate , Islamic University of Technology University Acronym Founded Location Specialization Islamic University of Technology IUT 1981 Gazipur Engineering and technology ( Muslim students only ) Asian University for Women AUW 2008 Chittagong ( Female students only ) Special universities ( edit ) Following are the public universities that operate through a number of colleges all over Bangladesh instead of a localized campus . Both have headquarters in Gazipur . University Acronym Founded Location Specialization Bangladesh Open University BOU 1992 Gazipur General National University of Bangladesh NU 1992 Gazipur General Islamic Arabic University IAB 2013 Dhaka Islamic Proposed universities ( edit ) In 2016 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced bringing out Higher Educations reforms to establish at least one university or sub-campus at district level across the country for promotion of higher education . The following is a list of proposed new universities . Rajshahi Medical University Chittagong Medical University Sylhet Medical University Bangladesh University of Juridical Sciences Bangladesh University of Educational Planning and Administration Pandit University . Khulna Agricultural University Habiganj Agricultural University Maritime University of Chittagong Marine Science University of Barisal See also ( edit ) University Grants Commission ( Bangladesh ) List of institutes in Bangladesh Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Year when given university status with degree granting rights , started functioning as independent higher education institute Jump up ^ Many public universities in Bangladesh were not established as university , but since 1990s many prominent colleges and institutes were transformed into universities Jump up ^ Year when given university status with degree granting rights , started functioning as independent higher education institute Jump up ^ Many public universities in Bangladesh were not established as university , but since 1990s many prominent colleges and institutes were transformed into universities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University Grant Commission ( UGC ) '' . Ministry of Education , Government of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ The ResearchHUB ( 2017 ) . `` Bangladesh University Ranking 2017 '' . The ResearchHUB . Jump up ^ `` List of Public Universities '' . University Grants Commission . Archived from the original on 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` University of Dhaka '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University of Rajshahi '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Agricultural University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jahangirnagar University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shahjalal University of Science and Technology '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Khulna University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Patuakhali Science and Technology University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sher - e-Bangla Agricultural University '' . Banglapedia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Khulna University of Engineering and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jagannath University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sylhet Agricultural University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Foundation stone of Comilla University laid '' . The Daily Star . UNB . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Noakhali Science and Technology University '' . Varsityadmission.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jessore University of Science & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pabna University of Science and Technology launched '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` University of Professionals inaugurated '' . The Daily Star . 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Begum Rokeya University begins academic activities '' . The Financial Express . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About University of textiles '' . Jump up ^ `` Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rangamati University of Science & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rabindra University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digitla University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Private University Act 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 2003 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` List of Private Universities '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dhaka International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` BRAC University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` East West University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` North South University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` American International University - Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Independent University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh University of Business & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Gono Bishwabidyalay '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` International Islamic University Chittagong '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` BGC Trust University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` Chittagong Independent University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University of Science & Technology Chittagong '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` East Delta University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Army University of Science & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Army International University of Science & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` Britannia University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` CCN University of Science & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` Feni University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ `` Premier University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Exim Bank Agricultural University Bangladeshh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Southern University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Port City International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Coxs Bazar International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Asian University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ASA University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Islami University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` List of Universities in Bangladesh '' . ISRT , University of Dhaka . Archived from the original on 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Daffodil International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` IBAIS University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sonargaon University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` International University of Business Agriculture & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Manarat International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Millennium University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Northern University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` List of Private Universities '' . University Grants Commission . Archived from the original on 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At a Glance '' . The University of Comilla . Jump up ^ `` Review and web popularity ranking of People 's University of Bangladesh PUB '' . International education directory of colleges and universities . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` People 's University of Bangladesh PUB '' . Varsityadmission.com . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidency University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pundra University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Prime University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` European University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Primeasia University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rajshahi Science & Technology University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Royal University of Dhaka '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shanto - Mariam University of Creative Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Stamford University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` United International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University of Asia Pacific ( Bangladesh ) '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University of Development Alternative '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University of Information Technology and Sciences '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fareast International University '' . www.ugc.gov.bd . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` University of South Asia , Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Uttara University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Varendra University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` World University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Leading University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sylhet International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Khwaja Yunus Ali University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Global University Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Creative Technology , Chitagong '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZH Sikder University of Science & Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central University of Science and Technology '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Capital University of Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ishaka International University , Bangladesh '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NUBT , Khulna '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` North Bengal International University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ranada Prasad Shaha University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://dab-bd.org/sub-page.php?sub_category=28 Jump up ^ http://ugc.gov.bd/en/home/universityDetails/48 Jump up ^ United Nations Academic Impact Jump up ^ United Nations Global Compact Jump up ^ `` Asian University for Women Support Foundation '' . Idealist.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Islamic University of Technology ( IUT ) '' . Organisation of the Islamic Conference . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Ali , Zeynab ( 13 April 2005 ) . `` Asian University for Women '' . Chowk . Archived from the original on 27 August 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh Open University '' . University Grants Commission of Bangladesh . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Structure of Bangladesh '' . Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics . Archived from the original on 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Every district to have at least one university , says PM '' . www.theindependentbd.com . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Each district to get at least one varsity : PM '' . www.risingbd.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM : MP Liton killed for protesting Jamaat torture '' . www.dhakatribune.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet sanctions two public medical universities in Bangladesh '' . www.bdnews24.com . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet approves establishment of two new medical universities in Bangladesh '' . www.albd.org . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 4th medical university in Sylhet soon '' . Daily Sun . BSS . 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Resource Development Report '' ( PDF ) . www.mof.gov.bd . Ministry of Finance ( Bangladesh ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Bihar University To Be Set Up Soon in Chittagong '' . Edu Icon . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . External links ( edit ) University Grants Commission of Bangladesh Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics Education in Bangladesh Ministry of Education Ministry of Primary and Mass Education Higher education Regulating organisations Ministry of Education University Grants Commission Public academies Universities ( List ) Colleges Medical Dental Architecture Business Institutes Research Polytechnic Learned societies Bangla Academy Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Bangladesh Computer Society Bangladesh Computer Samity Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists Zoological Society of Bangladesh Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Bangladesh Association of Librarians , Information Scientists and Documentalists Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development Bangladesh Education and Research Network Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Bishwo Shahitto Kendro Shilpakala Academy Nazrul Institute Related organisations Political organisations Leo clubs Young Bangla School education Boards General Education Boards Barisal Chittagong Comilla Dhaka Dinajpur Jessore Mymensingh Rajshahi Sylhet Madrasah Education Board Technical Education Board National Curriculum and Textbook Board Institutes Schools Primary school High school Cadet Colleges Junior college Examinations PSC : Primary School Certificate ( 5th grade ) JSC : Junior School Certificate ( 8th grade ) SSC : Secondary School Certificate ( 10th grade ) HSC : Higher Secondary School Certificate ( 12th grade ) Co-curriculars Scouts Mathematical Olympiad Bangla Olympiad HSBC - Prothom Alo Language Competition National Debate Federation Girl Guides Shishu Academy Anushandhitshu Chokro Science Organization National Child Award Notun Kuri Alternative education English - medium school Madrasas Alia Madrasas Qawmi Charity Madrasas ( List ) Templates Category Public universities in Bangladesh Barisal division Patuakhali Science and Technology University University of Barisal Chittagong division Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology Chittagong University Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chittagong Medical University Comilla University Noakhali Science and Technology University Rangamati Science and Technology University Dhaka division Bangladesh University of Professionals Bangladesh National University Bangladesh Open University Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Bangladesh University of Textiles Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology Dhaka University Islamic Arabic University Jagannath University Jahangirnagar University Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University Sher - e-Bangla Agricultural University Khulna division Islamic University Jessore University of Science & Technology Khulna University Khulna University of Engineering & Technology Mymensingh division Bangladesh Agricultural University Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib University of Science & Technology Sheikh Hasina University Rajshahi division Pabna University of Science & Technology University of Rajshahi Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology Rabindra University Bangladesh Rajshahi Medical University Rangpur division Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University Begum Rokeya University Sylhet division Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet Agricultural University Sylhet Medical University Private universities in Bangladesh Barisal Division Global University Bangladesh University of Global Village Chittagong Division BGC Trust University Bangladesh East Delta University International Islamic University , Chittagong Premier University , Chittagong Southern University , Bangladesh University of Science and Technology Chittagong Port City International University Feni University Dhaka Division Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology American International University - Bangladesh America Bangladesh University Asian University of Bangladesh Asa University Bangladesh Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology Bangladesh Islami University Bangladesh University Bangladesh University of Business and Technology BRAC University Central Women 's University City University , Bangladesh Daffodil International University Darul Ihsan University Dhaka International University Eastern University East West University Fareast International University Gono University Green University of Bangladesh Hamdard University Bangladesh IBAIS University Independent University , Bangladesh Institute of Science and Technology International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Manarat International University Millennium University Northern University , Bangladesh North South University Notre Dame University Bangladesh People 's University of Bangladesh Presidency University Primeasia University Prime University Queens University Royal University of Dhaka Shanto - Mariam University of Creative Technology Southeast University Stamford University State University of Bangladesh United International University University of Asia Pacific University of Development Alternative University of Information Technology and Sciences University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh University of South Asia Uttara University Victoria University of Bangladesh Viqarunnisa University World University of Bangladesh Khulna Division North Western University Northern University Rajshahi Division Exim Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology Khwaja Yunus Ali University Varendra University North Bengal International University Sylhet Division Leading University Metropolitan University , Sylhet North East University Sylhet International University List of universities in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh&oldid=865321882 '' Categories : Public engineering universities of Bangladesh Lists of universities and colleges by country Public universities of Bangladesh Private universities in Bangladesh Bangladesh education - 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where did the white house christmas tree come from this year	Image Year Species and location grown Ornamentation notes First Lady Location Theme 2016 Douglas fir , Octono , Wisconsin Michelle Obama Blue Room 2015 Fraser fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room tree was `` dedicated to our nation 's service members , veterans , and their families , it is ornamented with holiday messages of hope for our troops and patriotic symbols of red , white , and blue . '' Michelle Obama Blue Room A Timeless Tradition 2014 Concolor fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room Tree had a theme within the overall theme - `` America the Brave '' . Ornaments were made by children on U.S. military bases worldwide . The ornaments included many thank - you cards from children to members of the U.S. military . Michelle Obama Blue Room A Children 's Winter Wonderland 2013 Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania Ornaments paid tribute to military families . Children living on military bases contributed greeting cards in the shape of their home state . Those were hung from the tree along with round ornaments that silhouetted each state and territory . Michelle Obama Blue Room Gather Around : Stories of the Season 2012 Fraser fir , Jefferson , North Carolina Tree dedicated to U.S. military members , veterans and their families . Ornaments were decorated by children living on U.S. military bases worldwide . Michelle Obama Blue Room Joy to All 2011 Balsam fir , Neshkoro , Wisconsin Medals , badges , and patches from all of the military branches were displayed on ornaments . Michelle Obama Blue Room Shine , Give , Share Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room tree had a specific theme within the overall theme -- `` Gift of the American Spirit . '' It honored state and county fairs and featured prize ribbons from each state and territory . Michelle Obama Blue Room `` Simple Gifts '' 2009 Douglas fir , Shepherdstown , West Virginia `` We took about 800 ornaments left over from previous administrations , we sent them to 60 local community groups throughout the country , and asked them to decorate them to pay tribute to a favorite local landmark and then send them back to us for display here at the White House . '' Michelle Obama Blue Room Reflect , Rejoice , Renew 2008 Fraser fir , Crumpler , North Carolina Ornaments designed by artists from around the country selected by members of Congress . The ornaments had a patriotic theme . Laura Bush Blue Room A Red , White , and Blue Christmas 2007 Fraser fir , Laurel Springs , North Carolina Each ornament represented one of the 391 National Park Service sites . Laura Bush Blue Room Holiday in the National Parks 2006 Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania Crystals and ornaments of iridescent glass Laura Bush Blue Room Deck the Halls and Welcome All 2005 Fraser fir , Laurel Springs , North Carolina White lilies , crystal spheres and light - catching garland Laura Bush Blue Room All Things Bright and Beautiful Noble fir , Rochester , Washington Musical instruments hand - painted by members of the Society of Decorative Painters . Laura Bush Blue Room A Season of Merriment and Melody 2003 Fraser fir , Wisconsin Ornaments first used by Barbara Bush in 1989 . Laura Bush Blue Room A Season of Stories 2002 Noble fir , Elma , Washington An artist from each state designed an ornament based on a native bird . Laura Bush Blue Room All Creatures Great and Small White fir , Middleburg , Pennsylvania An artist from each state designed miniature replicas of historic houses from their region . Laura Bush Blue Room Home for the Holidays 2000 Douglas fir , Auburn , Pennsylvania Ornaments were from the First Lady 's past . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Holiday Reflections 1999 Noble fir , Elma , Washington Doll makers fashioned toys of American historical figures for this tree . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Holiday Treasures at the White House 1998 Balsam fir , Endeavor , Wisconsin Knitting Guild of America and the Society of Decorative Painters worked together with fabric artists from each state on the ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Winter Wonderland Fraser fir , Grassy Creek , North Carolina Members of the National Needlework Association and Council of Fashion Designers of America joined with glass artisans to design the trimmings . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Santa 's Workshop Colorado blue spruce , Coshocton , Ohio Woodcraft artisans and professional ballet companies helped with the ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Nutcracker Suite 1995 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments contributed by American architecture students and members of the American Institute of Architects . Hillary Clinton Blue Room A Visit From St. Nicholas Blue spruce , Missouri Ornaments contributed by American art students . Hillary Clinton Blue Room The Twelve Days of Christmas Fraser fir , North Carolina More than 1,000 artists contributed angel - themed ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Angels Grand fir , Oregon White House florists made 88 gift - giving characters . Barbara Bush Blue Room Gift - givers 1991 Noble fir , Salem , Oregon Saintly Stitchers of St. Martin 's Episcopal Church in Houston created a needlepoint village and 92 pieces for a White House staff built Noah 's Ark . Barbara Bush Blue Room Needle work tree Fraser fir , North Carolina Used miniature porcelain dancers . Barbara Bush Blue Room Nutcracker Suite Fraser fir , Pennsylvania White House staff created 80 soft - sculpture literary characters . Barbara Bush Blue Room Family literacy Balsam fir , Montello , Wisconsin Reused hand - blown glass ornaments from the Eisenhower administration , and reused Nixon 's state flower balls . White House carpenters made 300 wood candles . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Old - fashioned tree Fraser fir , West Virginia Miniature instruments , notes and sheet music made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Musical theme 1986 Fraser fir , Washington 15 soft - sculpture nursery rhyme scenes and 100 geese made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Mother Goose theme 1985 Blue spruce , Michigan 1,500 Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments made from Christmas cards sent to the Reagans in 1984 . 1984 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments made from plant material and other handcrafted natural ornaments . Noble fir , Orting , Washington Reused 1982 ornaments and added old - fashioned toys lent by Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Old - Fashioned toys . 1982 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Foil paper cones and metallic snowflakes 1981 Douglas fir , Pennsylvania Nancy Reagan 's first tree did not involve Second Genesis . The ornaments were loaned by the Museum of American Folk Art . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments from the Museum of American Folk Art . 1980 Douglas fir , Bristol , Indiana Dolls , hats , fans , tapestries and laces . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Victorian theme 1979 Douglas fir , West Virginia Corcoran School of Art created ornaments from balsa wood , fabric and dried flowers . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room American folk art of the colonial period 1978 Veitch fir , New York Victorian dolls and miniature furniture lent by the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Antique toys 1977 Noble fir , Washington National Association for Retarded Citizens made eggshell ornaments . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Painted milkweed pods , nut pods , foil and eggshell ornaments . 1976 Balsam fir , Wisconsin Natural ornaments made by the Garden Club of America . Betty Ford Blue Room `` Love that is the spirit of Christmas '' Douglas fir , New York Used ornaments from 1974 plus experts from Colonial Williamsburg made ornaments from paper snowflakes , acorns , dried fruits , pinecones , vegetables , straw , cookies and yarn . Betty Ford Blue Room Old - fashioned children 's Christmas Concolor fir , Michigan Ornaments made by Appalachian women and senior citizens groups . Betty Ford Blue Room Handmade crafts , thrift and recycling 1973 Fraser fir , North Carolina In honor of James Madison Pat Nixon Blue Room Gold theme 1972 Noble fir , Washington Reused 1969 ornaments , added 3,000 pastel satin finish balls , and 150 gold federal stars . Pat Nixon Blue Room Still Life with Fruit and Nature 's Bounty , paintings by Severin Roesen 1971 Fraser fir , North Carolina Reused 1969 ornaments , added Monroe fans , and gold foil angels . Pat Nixon Blue Room American Flower Tree 1970 White spruce , Wisconsin Reused 1969 ornaments , added 53 Monroe fans . Pat Nixon Blue Room American Flower Tree 1969 Blue spruce , Ohio Disabled workers from Florida made velvet and satin balls featuring each state 's state flower . Pat Nixon North Entrance American Flower Tree 1968 White pine , Indianapolis 19th century American style with gingerbread cookies . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 19th century gingerbread tree 1967 Blue spruce , Ohio Same as 1965 -- 66 but with silver baubles , silver stars , and round mirrors added . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1966 Balsam fir , Wisconsin Traditional ornaments : nuts , fruit , popcorn , dried seedpods , gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1965 Traditional ornaments : nuts , fruit , popcorn , dried seedpods , gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1964 Balsam fir Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 1963 The tree was very subdued as the nation mourned John F. Kennedy 's assassination . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 1962 Reused ornaments from 1961 plus other ornaments made by disabled and senior citizens . Jacqueline Kennedy North Entrance Childhood 1961 Balsam fir Toys , birds , and angels modeled after Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite ballet . Jacqueline Kennedy Blue Room Nutcracker Suite	Octono , Wisconsin	White House Christmas tree	white house christmas tree	The White House Christmas Tree , also known as the Blue Room Christmas Tree , is the official indoor Christmas tree at the residence of the President of the United States , the White House . The first indoor Christmas tree was installed in the White House sometime in the 19th century ( there are varying claims as to the exact year ) and since 1961 the tree has had a themed motif at the discretion of the First Lady of the United States .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First tree 1.2 General 1.3 Years without a tree 1.4 Controversy 2 Tree 2.1 Description 2.2 List of White House Christmas trees ( 1961 -- 2016 ) 2.3 List of other known White House Christmas trees 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with the first themed Blue Room tree in 1961 . The 2002 Blue Room Christmas tree . First tree ( edit ) There are two claims to the `` first '' genuine White House Christmas tree . President Franklin Pierce is said to have had the first indoor Christmas tree at the White House during the 1850s , variously reported as 1853 or 1856 . Others claim the first tree was during President Benjamin Harrison 's administration ( either in 1888 , 1889 , or 1891 ) . First Lady Caroline Harrison helped decorate the tree , which was installed in the second floor oval parlor today 's Yellow Oval Room . There is an 1880 reference to President John Tyler in the 1840s , hosting a children 's party at which there was a Christmas tree with gifts . General ( edit ) Following the Harrison administration indoor trees were not always used at the White House . First Lady Lou Henry Hoover began the tradition of presidential wives decorating the White House tree with the first `` official '' White House Christmas tree in 1929 . In 1961 First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began the tradition of selecting a theme for the White House Christmas tree by decorating with a Nutcracker motif . Years Without a tree ( edit ) As stated , there were years where no indoor White House Christmas tree was installed at all . It is verifiable that there was no Christmas tree in the White House in 1902 , 1904 , 1907 , and 1922 . The lack of a tree in 1902 was due to the fact that President Theodore Roosevelt had not ordered one by December 23 . Additionally , other presidents never displayed a tree in the White House . First U.S. President George Washington held office at a time when there was no White House , thus it is impossible for him to have displayed a tree there . There is no evidence that Abraham Lincoln ever displayed a Christmas tree in the White House . In 1922 First Lady Florence Harding 's illness led to a more subdued Christmas celebration at the White House and no Christmas tree . Controversy ( edit ) The 1995 Blue Room Christmas tree -- one of its ornaments was a source of political controversy for some . The official White House Christmas tree has several times been seen as controversial by some . In 1899 the White House of President William McKinley received letters urging the president to forgo participation in the `` Christmas tree habit '' . The letter writers , which the Chicago Daily Tribune noted had taken up the `` forestry fad '' , referred to `` arboreal infanticide '' , according to the Tribune . Those opposed to a tree in the White House that year also termed Christmas trees `` un-American '' because it was a historically German tradition . At least one tree was displayed in the White House that year , in the kitchen department , for the maids . The Nixon administration 's choice of tree topper , the atomic symbol of peace rather than a traditional star , was criticized . The 1995 Blue Room Christmas Tree sought ornaments made by architecture students from across the United States . Contest winner Rene Spineto stirred up some controversy when she designed an ornament that depicted two stockings , one marked `` Bill '' and the other marked `` Newt '' ( in reference to President Bill Clinton and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich ) . While the stocking marked `` Bill '' was filled with candy and presents , the one marked `` Newt '' was filled with coal . The Clinton administration hung the ornament on the tree without censorship . In his 1998 book Unlimited Access , former - FBI agent Gary Aldrich describes what he claims he saw in the White House during the Clinton administration . The book , published by an established conservative publishing house , Regnery Publishing , states that the 1994 White House Christmas Tree was decorated with condoms and drug paraphernalia . George Stephanopoulos called the book a `` work of fiction '' ; it has also been called `` infamous '' . In 2008 one of the ornaments designed by a Seattle artist , Deborah Lawrence , was rejected for inclusion on the Blue Room Christmas Tree . The rejected ornament was a red and white striped 9 - inch ( 23 cm ) ball with the words `` Impeach Bush '' emblazoned on it . The ornament was the only one of about 370 submitted that was rejected . Tree ( edit ) The 2007 Blue Room Christmas tree arrives by horse - drawn carriage Description ( edit ) The White House Christmas tree is selected from various growers nationwide . Growers in the state of North Carolina have provided 11 trees , more than any other state . The states of Washington and Wisconsin , as of 2011 , share the second highest total of trees provided for the White House with seven . The White House Christmas tree has been displayed in the Blue Room many times since 1961 . It has also occasionally been displayed in the Entrance Hall . Generally , there is more than one Christmas tree in and around the White House , for instance , in 1997 there were 36 , in 2008 there were 27 . Traditionally , the tree in the Blue Room is the official White House Christmas tree . The White House Christmas tree usually stands nearly 20 feet tall and the crystal chandelier in the Blue Room must be removed for the tree to fit the room . Frequently , the tree 's height is reported as 18 or 181⁄2 feet tall . The Blue Room tree is donated each year by the National Christmas Tree Association ( NCTA ) . The NCTA has donated the tree since 1966 ; it is chosen through a contest among members of the trade group . The 2015 Christmas Tree was chosen from the Bustard 's Christmas Tree farm in Pennsylvania . List of White House Christmas trees ( 1961 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Image Year Species and location grown Ornamentation notes First Lady Location Theme 2016 Douglas fir , Octono , Wisconsin Michelle Obama Blue Room 2015 Fraser fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room tree was `` dedicated to our nation 's service members , veterans , and their families , it is ornamented with holiday messages of hope for our troops and patriotic symbols of red , white , and blue . '' Michelle Obama Blue Room A Timeless Tradition 2014 Concolor fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room Tree had a theme within the overall theme - `` America the Brave '' . Ornaments were made by children on U.S. military bases worldwide . The ornaments included many thank - you cards from children to members of the U.S. military . Michelle Obama Blue Room A Children 's Winter Wonderland 2013 Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania Ornaments paid tribute to military families . Children living on military bases contributed greeting cards in the shape of their home state . Those were hung from the tree along with round ornaments that silhouetted each state and territory . Michelle Obama Blue Room Gather Around : Stories of the Season 2012 Fraser fir , Jefferson , North Carolina Tree dedicated to U.S. military members , veterans and their families . Ornaments were decorated by children living on U.S. military bases worldwide . Michelle Obama Blue Room Joy to All 2011 Balsam fir , Neshkoro , Wisconsin Medals , badges , and patches from all of the military branches were displayed on ornaments . Michelle Obama Blue Room Shine , Give , Share Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania The Blue Room tree had a specific theme within the overall theme -- `` Gift of the American Spirit . '' It honored state and county fairs and featured prize ribbons from each state and territory . Michelle Obama Blue Room `` Simple Gifts '' 2009 Douglas fir , Shepherdstown , West Virginia `` We took about 800 ornaments left over from previous administrations , we sent them to 60 local community groups throughout the country , and asked them to decorate them to pay tribute to a favorite local landmark and then send them back to us for display here at the White House . '' Michelle Obama Blue Room Reflect , Rejoice , Renew 2008 Fraser fir , Crumpler , North Carolina Ornaments designed by artists from around the country selected by members of Congress . The ornaments had a patriotic theme . Laura Bush Blue Room A Red , White , and Blue Christmas 2007 Fraser fir , Laurel Springs , North Carolina Each ornament represented one of the 391 National Park Service sites . Laura Bush Blue Room Holiday in the National Parks 2006 Douglas fir , Lehighton , Pennsylvania Crystals and ornaments of iridescent glass Laura Bush Blue Room Deck the Halls and Welcome All 2005 Fraser fir , Laurel Springs , North Carolina White lilies , crystal spheres and light - catching garland Laura Bush Blue Room All Things Bright and Beautiful Noble fir , Rochester , Washington Musical instruments hand - painted by members of the Society of Decorative Painters . Laura Bush Blue Room A Season of Merriment and Melody 2003 Fraser fir , Wisconsin Ornaments first used by Barbara Bush in 1989 . Laura Bush Blue Room A Season of Stories 2002 Noble fir , Elma , Washington An artist from each state designed an ornament based on a native bird . Laura Bush Blue Room All Creatures Great and Small White fir , Middleburg , Pennsylvania An artist from each state designed miniature replicas of historic houses from their region . Laura Bush Blue Room Home for the Holidays 2000 Douglas fir , Auburn , Pennsylvania Ornaments were from the First Lady 's past . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Holiday Reflections 1999 Noble fir , Elma , Washington Doll makers fashioned toys of American historical figures for this tree . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Holiday Treasures at the White House 1998 Balsam fir , Endeavor , Wisconsin Knitting Guild of America and the Society of Decorative Painters worked together with fabric artists from each state on the ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Winter Wonderland Fraser fir , Grassy Creek , North Carolina Members of the National Needlework Association and Council of Fashion Designers of America joined with glass artisans to design the trimmings . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Santa 's Workshop Colorado blue spruce , Coshocton , Ohio Woodcraft artisans and professional ballet companies helped with the ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Nutcracker Suite 1995 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments contributed by American architecture students and members of the American Institute of Architects . Hillary Clinton Blue Room A Visit From St. Nicholas Blue spruce , Missouri Ornaments contributed by American art students . Hillary Clinton Blue Room The Twelve Days of Christmas Fraser fir , North Carolina More than 1,000 artists contributed angel - themed ornaments . Hillary Clinton Blue Room Angels Grand fir , Oregon White House florists made 88 gift - giving characters . Barbara Bush Blue Room Gift - givers 1991 Noble fir , Salem , Oregon Saintly Stitchers of St. Martin 's Episcopal Church in Houston created a needlepoint village and 92 pieces for a White House staff built Noah 's Ark . Barbara Bush Blue Room Needle work tree Fraser fir , North Carolina Used miniature porcelain dancers . Barbara Bush Blue Room Nutcracker Suite Fraser fir , Pennsylvania White House staff created 80 soft - sculpture literary characters . Barbara Bush Blue Room Family literacy Balsam fir , Montello , Wisconsin Reused hand - blown glass ornaments from the Eisenhower administration , and reused Nixon 's state flower balls . White House carpenters made 300 wood candles . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Old - fashioned tree Fraser fir , West Virginia Miniature instruments , notes and sheet music made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Musical theme 1986 Fraser fir , Washington 15 soft - sculpture nursery rhyme scenes and 100 geese made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Mother Goose theme 1985 Blue spruce , Michigan 1,500 Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments made from Christmas cards sent to the Reagans in 1984 . 1984 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments made from plant material and other handcrafted natural ornaments . Noble fir , Orting , Washington Reused 1982 ornaments and added old - fashioned toys lent by Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Old - Fashioned toys . 1982 Fraser fir , North Carolina Ornaments made by patients at Second Genesis , drug - treatment program . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Foil paper cones and metallic snowflakes 1981 Douglas fir , Pennsylvania Nancy Reagan 's first tree did not involve Second Genesis . The ornaments were loaned by the Museum of American Folk Art . Nancy Reagan Blue Room Ornaments from the Museum of American Folk Art . 1980 Douglas fir , Bristol , Indiana Dolls , hats , fans , tapestries and laces . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Victorian theme 1979 Douglas fir , West Virginia Corcoran School of Art created ornaments from balsa wood , fabric and dried flowers . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room American folk art of the colonial period 1978 Veitch fir , New York Victorian dolls and miniature furniture lent by the Margaret Woodbury Strong Museum . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Antique toys 1977 Noble fir , Washington National Association for Retarded Citizens made eggshell ornaments . Rosalynn Carter Blue Room Painted milkweed pods , nut pods , foil and eggshell ornaments . 1976 Balsam fir , Wisconsin Natural ornaments made by the Garden Club of America . Betty Ford Blue Room `` Love that is the spirit of Christmas '' Douglas fir , New York Used ornaments from 1974 plus experts from Colonial Williamsburg made ornaments from paper snowflakes , acorns , dried fruits , pinecones , vegetables , straw , cookies and yarn . Betty Ford Blue Room Old - fashioned children 's Christmas Concolor fir , Michigan Ornaments made by Appalachian women and senior citizens groups . Betty Ford Blue Room Handmade crafts , thrift and recycling 1973 Fraser fir , North Carolina In honor of James Madison Pat Nixon Blue Room Gold theme 1972 Noble fir , Washington Reused 1969 ornaments , added 3,000 pastel satin finish balls , and 150 gold federal stars . Pat Nixon Blue Room Still Life with Fruit and Nature 's Bounty , paintings by Severin Roesen 1971 Fraser fir , North Carolina Reused 1969 ornaments , added Monroe fans , and gold foil angels . Pat Nixon Blue Room American Flower Tree 1970 White spruce , Wisconsin Reused 1969 ornaments , added 53 Monroe fans . Pat Nixon Blue Room American Flower Tree 1969 Blue spruce , Ohio Disabled workers from Florida made velvet and satin balls featuring each state 's state flower . Pat Nixon North Entrance American Flower Tree 1968 White pine , Indianapolis 19th century American style with gingerbread cookies . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 19th century gingerbread tree 1967 Blue spruce , Ohio Same as 1965 -- 66 but with silver baubles , silver stars , and round mirrors added . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1966 Balsam fir , Wisconsin Traditional ornaments : nuts , fruit , popcorn , dried seedpods , gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1965 Traditional ornaments : nuts , fruit , popcorn , dried seedpods , gingerbread cookies and wood roses from Hawaii . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room Early American 1964 Balsam fir Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 1963 The tree was very subdued as the nation mourned John F. Kennedy 's assassination . Claudia ' Lady Bird ' Johnson Blue Room 1962 Reused ornaments from 1961 plus other ornaments made by disabled and senior citizens . Jacqueline Kennedy North Entrance Childhood 1961 Balsam fir Toys , birds , and angels modeled after Tchaikovsky 's Nutcracker Suite ballet . Jacqueline Kennedy Blue Room Nutcracker Suite List of other known White House Christmas trees ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Species and location grown General notes First Lady Location Theme ( if any ) 1960 `` Presents were piled high under the magnificent tree and stretched for yards into the East Room . '' Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1959 Of the 26 trees there were trees in the laundry room , the maid 's sitting room and David Eisenhower had his own private tree in the children 's quarters . Mamie Eisenhower 26 trees throughout the White House 1958 `` ... decorated with electric candle lights , glass balls and large amounts of tinsel . '' Mamie Eisenhower 27 trees throughout the White House 1957 Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1955 Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1954 Silver tinsel , Eisenhower grandchildren opened presents under this tree . Mamie Eisenhower East Room 1947 Bess Truman East Room 1944 Elliot Roosevelt : `` ... the Christmas tree was in place and decorated , the piles of presents were ready for the unwrapping -- each person 's pile heaped on a separate chair . '' Eleanor Roosevelt Family quarters 1939 Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1937 `` ... gleamed with snow and silver trimming . '' Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1936 Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1934 Multiple trees were installed in the White House , some for public viewing and others for private enjoyment of the Roosevelts . A large tree was installed in the White House East Room . Eleanor Roosevelt East Room 1929 First `` official '' White House tree . Lou Henry Hoover 1926 Mrs. Coolidge chose to display three Christmas trees at the White House . Grace Coolidge 1923 Norway spruce White House had two Christmas trees . Grace Coolidge Blue Room , and family quarters 1917 Edith Bolling Galt Wilson 1916 Edith Bolling Galt Wilson Library The tree was for Wilson 's great niece Josephine Cothran . 1915 Laden with gifts from members of the family and household . Edith Bolling Galt Wilson Library 1914 none White House library 1912 Helen Taft Blue Room 1908 The first time there was a tree in the Roosevelt White House that was not attributed to young Archie Roosevelt . Edith Roosevelt 1905 Tree decorated and set up by Archie Roosevelt , as the only member of the family who had `` a fondness '' for Christmas trees he distributed the presents `` through this medium '' . Edith Roosevelt 1903 Tree decorated solely by young Archie Roosevelt . Edith Roosevelt Living Room ( The President 's Den ) ( then Archie Roosevelt 's bedroom ) 1896 Decorated with red , white and blue electric lights . The decorating was supervised by Mrs. Cleveland and included tinsel ornaments and toys . Frances Cleveland Library 1895 Cedar Tree featured electric lights . Frances Cleveland Library 1894 `` Beautifully trimmed and decorated '' . Decorated with `` tiny parti - colored electric lamps instead of the old - time wax candles . '' Frances Cleveland Library 1893 Frances Cleveland Library 1891 Caroline Harrison Library 1890 At least one tree was displayed `` for the little ones '' . Caroline Harrison 1889 Foxtail hemlock Glass balls and pendants , gold tinsel . Four - sided - lanterns used candles used for lighting . Credited as the first White House Christmas tree though the claim is disputed ( see above ) . Caroline Harrison Yellow Oval Room 1888 `` ... tree laden with gifts , for most of the prominent people about Washington . '' Frances Cleveland East Room 1853 or 1856 Decorated for a group of Washington , D.C. school children . Credited as the first White House Christmas tree though the claim is disputed ( see above ) . Jane Pierce See also ( edit ) National Christmas Tree Capitol Christmas Tree The Tree at Rockefeller Center White House Hanukkah Party References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Christmas Reversal '' , The New York Times December 25 , 1994 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas trees '' , National Christmas Tree Association , archived December 23 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Trees & More '' , University of Illinois Extension , Urban Programs Resource Network , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Decatur Republican , December 27 , 1888 , page 6 , Mrs. Cleveland has returned to Washington from the Quaker City . And it is asserted that despite the late disaster to his business , Grover did not reduce her allowance of pin money , with which she purchased what - ever trinkets , she deemed indispensable , for the decoration of the Christmas tree at the White House . And when the doors of the famous East Room are thrown open next Monday night there will be a tree laden with gifts , for most of the prominent people about Washington . ^ Jump up to : `` The Start of a Holiday Tradition '' , White House Historical Association , accessed September 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Christmas Trees '' , photo gallery , Whitehouse.gov , 2001 , accessed April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reminiscences of Washington : The Tyler Administration 1841 - 1843 . Atlantic Monthly . 1880 . p . Volume 46 , page 448 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jacqueline Kennedy Refines the Season '' , White House Historical Association , accessed September 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White House Christmas ; Mrs. Roosevelt Will Act as Santa Claus 's Agent Without a Tree '' , The New York Times , December 24 , 1902 , accessed March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yuletide in Washington ; No Christmas Tree at the White House -- Many Family Parties '' , The New York Times , December 25 , 1904 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WHITE HOUSE CHRISTMAS PLANS : Members of President 's Family Will Observe Day Without Formality -- Possum for Dinner ... `` , ( ProQuest link ( pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , p. 6. , December 25 , 1907 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 403734231 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Harding Christmas Quiet ; Mrs. Harding 's Illness Prevents Celebration in White House '' , The New York Times , December 24 , 1922 , accessed March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George and Martha Washington '' , Christmas at the White House , Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum , accessed March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham and Mary Lincoln '' , Christmas at the White House , Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum , accessed March 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Christmas '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , December 24 , 1899 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Olshan , Jeremy . `` Impeach Bush for Christmas '' , Salon.com , December 3 , 2008 , accessed March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Burros , Marian . `` Clintons ' Tree : Politics And Mice '' , The New York Times , November 30 , 1995 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanopoulos , George . 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Associated Press . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 2011 Holidays at the White House White House web page ^ Jump up to : `` White House Christmas Tree : 2010 , White House Staff Select Blue Room Christmas Tree '' , ( Press release ) , National Christmas Tree Association , September 28 , 2010 , archived November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White House Christmas Tree : 2010 Crystal Spring Tree Farm II Named 2010 Grand Champion '' , ( Press release ) , National Christmas Tree Association , August 16 , 2010 , archived September 17 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Friend , Daniel . `` White House tree gift of Sundbacks '' , The Shepherdstown Chronicle , October 23 , 2009 , accessed October 16 , 2010 . `` By Christmas 1987 -- the third time they provided the tree for the Blue Room ... '' Jump up ^ `` White House Christmas Trees '' , photo gallery , Whitehouse.gov , accessed March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Profiles in Warmth and Hospitality '' , The New York Times , November 22 , 1985 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Willian E. and Weaver , Jr. , Warren . `` Briefing ; Tass Joins Yule Tour '' , The New York Times , December 10 , 1984 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Christmas Tree Arrives by Wagon '' , The New York Times , December 9 , 1983 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Reagan Takes First Look at White House Christmas Tree , ( Photo caption ) , UPI News Photos Archive , 1982 photo slideshow , UPI.com , accessed October 16 , 2010 . `` First Lady Nancy Reagan takes her first look at the 24 - foot Fraser Fir , the 1982 White House Christmas Tree . The tree grown in Ashe County , North Carolina , will stand in the Blue Room . '' Jump up ^ Krebs , Albin and Thomas , Jr. , Robert McG . `` Notes on People ; A Christmas Wish '' , The New York Times , December 8 , 1981 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree for White House '' , The New York Times , December 11 , 1980 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosalynn Carter Recaptures the Past '' , White House Historical Association , accessed September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 White House Christmas Tree Recreated at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library '' , ( Press release ) , Jimmy Carter Library and Museum , December 13 , 2005 , accessed March 30 , 2009 . 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Hopkins Among Those Entertained '' , The New York Times , December 28 , 1937 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris & Ewing . `` Christmas tree in the East Room of the White House '' , Library of Congress , ( Photograph ) , December 23 , 1936 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White House Plans Merry Christmas ; Four Big Trees Are Put in Place , Lights Are Strung and Wreaths Hung '' , The New York Times , December 22 , 1934 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White House Prepares for Santa Claus '' , Library of Congress , via AP , ( Photograph ) , 1934 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White House to Have Three Christmas Trees ; Mrs. Coolidge Will Decorate Them Herself '' , The New York Times , December 23 , 1926 , accessed April 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marling , Karal Ann . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday , ( Google Books ) , Harvard University Press , 2000 , p. 185 , ( ISBN 0674003187 ) . Jump up ^ `` Big Tree at White House ; President 's Grandniece a Holiday Guest -- Many Relatives at Dinner '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1916 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` President Stays at Home ; Christmas Tree for Grandchildren at the White House '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1917 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mme . Z . `` WASHINGTON SOCIETY '' ( ( ProQuest link ) pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , December 24 , 1916 , p . C8 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 382983601 ) . Jump up ^ Staff . `` WILSONS HELP POOR CHILDREN : President and Daughter Send Many Gifts to Little Ones ... '' ( ProQuest link pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , p. 3 , December 25 , 1915 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 382837941 ) . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Quiet Day at the Capital ; Christmas Tree at White House , but None at the Embassies '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1914 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Xmas Tree in Blue Room ; Miss Helen Taft 's Guvenile Party an Innovation in White House '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1912 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` S0CIETY AT NATION 'S CAPITAL : President and Mrs. Roosevelt Will Entertain More than Fifty at Luncheon on Christmas ... '' ( ProQuest link pdf ) ) , Chicago Daily Tribune ( 1872 -- 1922 ) , p. 9 , December 23 , 1908 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 409435771 ) . Jump up ^ `` HAPPY HOLIDAY AT WHITE HOUSE : Younger Members of Roosevelt Family Lead in Christmas Festivities . CABINET MEMBERS HOSTS . Children 's Party at Cuban Legation Adds to the Joy and Cheer . Roosevelts Out for Luncheon . Children 's Party Largely Attended ... '' , ( ProQuest link ( pdf ) ) Chicago Daily Tribune , p. 8 , accessed November 5 , 2011 , from ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune ( 1849 -- 1987 ) . ( Document ID : 409985621 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Christmas ; Turkeys Distributed by President Roosevelt to All Employes . Young Archie Trims Tree and Will Manage Its Gifts -- Simmons Gets a ' Possum '' , The New York Times , December 25 , 1903 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Living Room '' , White House Museum , accessed March 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santa at the Capital '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 25 , 1896 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All ready for St. Nick '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 23 , 1895 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas at the White House ; President Cleveland 's Children Have Their First Christmas Tree '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1894 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` At the home of the President '' ( pdf , ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 26 , 1894 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The White House Tree ; Young Benjamin 's Many Presents -- Christmas in Official Circles '' , The New York Times , December 26 , 1891 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Where they will dine '' ( pdf / ProQuest link ) , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 24 , 1890 , accessed November 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus in Washington ; Stockings and a Christmas Tree in the White House '' , The New York Times , December 25 , 1889 , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the History of Your Christmas Tree '' , WFTV , accessed March 29 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White House Christmas tree . Moorman , Margaret . `` Rough Rider Spares That Tree '' , The New York Times ( Books ) , December 20 , 1998 , accessed March 30 , 2009 . Morello , Carol . `` Christmas tree farm refills tall order for White House '' , Washington Post , October 21 , 2009 , accessed November 2 , 2009 . Pickens , Jennifer B. Christmas at the White House , ( Google Books link ) , Fife & Drum Press , 2009 , ( ISBN 0615287646 ) . External links ( edit ) Jackson , Lawrence . `` Behind - the - Scenes Look : Time - Lapse Of The White House Christmas Tree '' , ( video ) , The White House Blog , December 2 , 2010 , accessed December 3 , 2010 . `` White House Christmas Ornaments '' , snopes.com , October 14 , 2009 , accessed November 2 , 2009 . 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guest actors on the good doctor march 12			The Good Doctor ( TV series )	the good doctor ( tv series )	The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award - winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series .	The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . The series debuted on September 25 , 2017 . The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to San Jose , California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 . Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of Surgery , attending plastic surgeon , and board member . Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital 's funding . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor . Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment . Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) . Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) . Notable guests ( edit ) Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning the helicopter ca n't take off due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . Meanwhile , at the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his transplant eligibility . Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients , the hospital denies Chuck the liver . Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save their baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life . Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Meanwhile , Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient , Olivia , who has a boil in her genital area . However , when doctors attempt to drain it , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve . The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy , Evan , who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve . Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm . However , we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer , a fact his parents have kept hidden from him . Meanwhile , the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man , brought in by his estranged son , with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull . A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways . 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father . 13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun . 14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving . 15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown . 16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88 Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him . 17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date . 18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . It will premiere in the fall of 2018 . Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu ( originally Dr. Jared Unger ) ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews ( originally Dr. Horace Andrews ) ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman ( originally Dr. Ira Glassman ) , the hospital president and Shaun 's mentor . Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . In April 2018 , it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season , after recurring in the first as Alex , Morgan , Audrey , and Lea , respectively . In addition , it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season . The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and concluded on March 1 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . In the Netherlands , the series began airing on January 29 , 2018 , on RTL 4 and on video - on - demand service Videoland . Marketing ( edit ) A full - length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . On March 22 , 2018 , members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series , along with a screening of the season finale of the first season . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85 The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's performance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won Banff Rockie Awards Scripted Melodrama Series The Good Doctor Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Fiona Gubelmann Joins ABC Medical Drama As New Resident '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor Adds a New Rival for Shaun '' . TV Guide . 2018 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Hannah ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Recruits Actor From ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . PopCulture.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Hipes , Patrick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Renewed For Season 2 At ABC '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang & Paige Spara Promoted To Series Regulars , Chuku Modu Not Returning For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wereldwijde hitserie ' The Good Doctor ' bij RTL 4 en Videoland '' . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` PaleyFest LA Sets Talent From ' Handmaid 's Tale ' , ' Queen Sugar ' , ' Riverdale ' For TV Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor Finally Won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Humanitas Prize Winners Include ' Mudbound ' , ' The Post ' & ' Lady Bird ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Rockies Program Competition Official Nominees '' . Banff World Media Festival . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 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who has won the 2017 kenya presidential election			Kenyan general election , 2017	kenyan general election, 2017	Uhuru Kenyatta Jubilee	President - elect None ( Results annulled ) General elections were held in Kenya on 8 August 2017 to elect the President , members of Parliament and devolved governments . The reported results indicated that incumbent President Uhuru Kenyatta was re-elected with 54 % of the vote . His main opponent , Raila Odinga , refused to accept the results and contested them in the Supreme Court . The results of the presidential election were subsequently annulled and fresh elections were ordered to be held within 60 days . It was later announced that a new election would be held on October 17 . However , the results of the parliamentary and local elections remained valid . The date for the presidential election was later changed to 26 October 2017 . Despite the ruling for a new Presidential election , Odinga later announced his decision to withdraw from the repeat election on October 10 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Electoral system 3 Party primaries 4 Pre-election violence 4.1 William Ruto home siege 4.2 Msando murder 5 Results 5.1 President 5.1. 1 By county 5.2 Senate 5.3 National Assembly 5.4 Governors 6 Reactions 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 7 Aftermath 7.1 Inaugurations 7.2 Supreme Court decision 7.2. 1 Evidence 7.2. 2 Calls to prosecute IEBC officials 7.2. 3 Odinga Withdrawal from Second Election 7.2. 4 Doubts of Fair Second Presidential Election 8 References Background ( edit ) The Kenyan Constitution requires a general election on the second Tuesday in August in every fifth year . There have been public discussions to move the date from August to December with proponents pointing to fiscal timeline ( 1 July -- 30 June ) clashing with an August date because most ministries that support critical election processes will not have been fully funded and that a possible presidential runoff vote may interfere with the national examinations calendar of October and December . Opponents of the election date change have argued for protecting the constitutional provision and that any change would be mired by legal challenges and might drag on to the next elections and still require a referendum to decide , putting the country 's stability at risk . On 7 August 2017 , one day before the election , Barack Obama , who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017 and whose father , Barack Obama Sr. , was Kenyan , called for calm and acceptance of the election results . Electoral system ( edit ) The President of Kenya is elected using a modified version of the two - round system : to win in the first round , a candidate must receive over 50 % of the vote and at least 25 % of the vote in a minimum of 24 of the 47 counties . The 337 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods ; 290 are elected in single - member constituencies by first - past - the - post voting . The remaining 47 are reserved for women and are elected from single - member constituencies based on the 47 counties , also using the first - past - the - post system . The 67 members of the Senate are elected by four methods ; 47 are elected in single - member constituencies based on the counties by first - past - the - post voting . Parties are then assigned a share of 16 seats for women , two for youth and two for disabled people based on their seat share . Party primaries ( edit ) The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission set the duration for political parties to conduct their primaries in April 2017 following the review of Kenya 's Election Laws . Parties would have 14 days between 20 April and 2 May to conduct their primaries and submit their candidates to the electoral commission . Pre-election violence ( edit ) William Ruto home siege ( edit ) On 29 July 2017 , Deputy President William Ruto 's house was attacked by a local man armed with a machete . During the siege , the deputy president and his family were not present . The assailant first injured the guard on duty , held him hostage and then killed him . The siege lasted 18 hours before the Kenyan Police special forces shot the attacker dead . The motives of the attacker were unknown and members of the public were unaware how a man armed with a machete held the elite police forces at bay for 18 hours . Msando murder ( edit ) On 27 July 2017 , two bodies were found on the outskirts of Nairobi . One of the dead , Christopher Msando , was the head of information , communication , and technology at the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . He played a major role in developing the new voting system for the election . His body showed apparent marks of torture before he was murdered for unclear reasons . Alongside it was the body of a 21 - year - old woman , Maryanne Ngumbu . The FBI and Scotland Yard offered to help in the investigation . The murder of Msando raised suspicion among the opposition that it was part of a plot by the ruling party to rig the election as it appeared Msando was standing in the way . Andrew Kipkoech Rono , 58 , who was arrested over allegations he sent a threatening message to Msando before he was killed , appeared before High Court judge James Wakiaga . Results ( edit ) President ( edit ) Kenyatta had maintained 10 + % lead over Odinga in most polls for many weeks , but the two most recent polls before the election suggested a much closer race . The outcome was reported as a 9.5 - percentage - point victory for Kenyatta . On 10 August , provisional results released by the Kenyan electoral commission put Kenyatta ahead by 54.2 % to Odinga 's 44 % . The head of the EU delegation Marietje Schaake said there had been no sign of manipulation of the result at central or local level and urged all sides to accept the result . The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission ( IEBC ) declared incumbents Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto as president - elect and deputy president - elect respectively on the evening of 11 August 2017 . The National Super Alliance disputed the results . Candidate Running mate Party Votes % Uhuru Kenyatta William Ruto Jubilee Party of Kenya 8,223,369 54.17 Raila Odinga Kalonzo Musyoka National Super Alliance 6,822,812 44.94 Joseph Nyagah Moses Marango Independent 38,029 0.25 Abduba Dida Titus Ngetuny Alliance for Real Change 38,004 0.25 Ekuru Aukot Emmanuel Nzai Thirdway Alliance Kenya 27,400 0.18 Japheth Kaluyu Muthiora Kariara Independent 11,774 0.08 Cyrus Jirongo Joseph Momanyi United Democratic Party 11,282 0.07 Michael Wainaina Miriam Mutua Independent 8,870 0.06 Invalid / blank votes 411,510 -- Total 15,593,050 100 Registered voters / turnout 19,611,423 79.51 Source : IEBC By county ( edit ) ( show ) # County Uhuru Kenyata Raila Odinga Others Total Registered voters Turnout Votes Votes Votes Mombasa 99,508 29.10 238,943 69.90 3,575 1.00 342,026 580,223 58.95 Kwale 43,812 23.70 138,664 75.00 2,307 1.20 184,783 281,041 65.75 Kilifi 49,693 15.20 273,852 83.60 4,196 1.30 327,741 508,068 64.51 Tana River 40,317 46.10 45,641 52.20 1,490 1.70 87,448 118,327 73.90 5 Lamu 24,225 48.90 24,423 49.30 868 1.80 49,516 69,776 70.96 6 Taita Taveta 31,158 27.70 79,832 70.90 1,542 1.40 112,532 155,716 72.27 7 Garissa 54,825 48.30 54,784 48.30 3,905 3.40 113,514 163,350 69.49 8 Wajir 61,199 51.20 52,840 44.20 5,482 4.60 119,521 162,902 73.37 9 Mandera 113,469 83.00 18,122 13.30 5,054 3.70 136,645 175,642 77.80 10 Marsabit 92,681 83.60 16,114 14.50 2,026 1.80 110,821 141,708 78.20 11 Isiolo 26,732 49.30 19,029 35.10 8,440 15.60 54,201 75,338 71.94 12 Meru 483,033 88.90 55,951 10.30 4,596 0.80 543,580 702,480 77.38 13 Tharaka -- Nithi 162,923 93.30 10,334 5.90 1,458 0.80 174,715 213,154 81.97 14 Embu 232,409 92.20 17,623 7.00 2,108 0.80 252,140 309,468 81.48 15 Kitui 64,726 18.00 287,198 79.90 7,434 2.10 359,358 474,512 75.73 16 Machakos 83,039 17.60 381,220 80.90 6,853 1.50 471,112 620,254 75.95 17 Makueni 27,424 8.20 301,155 90.60 3,903 1.20 332,482 423,310 78.54 18 Nyandarua 286,555 99.00 2,305 0.80 624 0.20 289,484 335,634 86.25 19 Nyeri 388,362 98.40 4,719 1.20 1,428 0.40 394,509 456,949 86.34 20 Kirinyaga 297,086 98.60 3,117 1.00 1,058 0.40 301,261 349,836 86.11 21 Murang'a 498,051 97.90 9,133 1.80 1,624 0.30 508,808 587,126 86.66 22 Kiambu 913,607 92.70 69,157 7.00 2,653 0.30 985,417 1,180,920 83.44 23 Turkana 59,239 44.90 71,326 54.10 1,249 0.90 131,814 191,435 68.86 24 West Pokot 97,677 64.80 51,930 34.40 1,174 0.80 150,781 180,232 83.66 25 Samburu 31,786 49.70 31,661 49.50 541 0.80 63,988 82,787 77.29 26 Trans Nzoia 110,338 44.60 134,462 54.30 2,840 1.10 247,640 339,622 72.92 27 Uasin Gishu 267,392 78.20 72,574 21.20 1,934 0.60 341,900 450,055 75.97 28 Elgeyo Marakwet 138,755 94.70 7,046 4.80 784 0.50 146,585 180,664 81.14 29 Nandi 235,739 86.80 34,148 12.60 1,686 0.60 271,573 346,007 78.49 30 Baringo 161,634 84.90 27,725 14.60 1,085 0.60 190,444 232,258 82.00 31 Laikipia 177,747 89.10 20,872 10.50 927 0.50 199,546 246,487 80.96 32 Nakuru 639,528 84.80 111,789 14.80 3,220 0.40 754,537 949,618 79.46 33 Narok 149,989 53.10 130,056 46.10 2,166 0.80 282,211 341,730 82.58 34 Kajiado 186,326 57.10 138,585 42.50 1,386 0.40 326,297 411,193 79.35 35 Kericho 281,773 92.90 19,562 6.40 2,135 0.70 303,470 375,668 80.78 36 Bomet 229,581 87.00 32,002 12.10 2,279 0.90 263,862 322,012 81.94 37 Kakamega 63,910 11.50 485,373 87.40 6,298 1.10 555,581 743,736 74.70 38 Vihiga 18,562 9.10 181,889 89.60 2,451 1.20 202,902 272,409 74.48 39 Bungoma 127,415 30.20 287,316 68.10 7,185 1.70 421,916 559,850 75.36 40 Busia 34,496 12.50 240,416 86.80 2,022 0.70 276,934 351,048 78.89 41 Siaya 2,533 0.70 376,647 99.10 840 0.20 380,020 457,953 82.98 42 Kisumu 7,743 1.80 430,229 97.90 1,451 0.30 439,423 539,210 81.49 43 Homa Bay 1,952 0.50 400,218 99.40 666 0.20 402,836 476,875 84.47 44 Migori 45,655 14.20 274,938 85.40 1,534 0.50 322,127 388,633 82.89 45 Kisii 175,415 43.20 224,855 55.40 5,602 1.40 405,872 546,580 74.26 46 Nyamira 106,894 52.10 95,470 46.50 2,912 1.40 205,276 278,853 73.61 47 Nairobi City 793,065 48.50 834,032 51.00 8,319 0.50 1,635,416 2,250,853 72.66 48 Diaspora 1,504 52.90 1,321 46.40 19 0.70 2,844 4,393 64.74 49 Prisons 1,887 45.70 2,214 53.60 30 0.70 4,131 5,528 74.73 Total 8,223,369 54.17 6,822,812 44.94 135,359 0.89 15,181,540 19,611,423 77.41 Senate ( edit ) Three women , Uasin Gishu 's Margaret Kamar , Susan Kihika of Nakuru and Fatuma Dullo of Isiolo became the first women in Kenya 's history to be elected to the Senate rather than appointed . Kihika was also elected Senate Majority Whip on 31 August . Party Votes % Seats Constituency Women Youth Disabled Total + / -- Jubilee Party 24 8 34 -- 2 Orange Democratic Movement 13 5 20 + 3 Wiper Democratic Movement -- Kenya 0 0 -- 2 Amani National Congress 0 0 New Kenya African National Union 0 0 0 FORD -- Kenya 0 0 0 -- 3 Chama Cha Uzalendo 0 0 0 + 1 Party of Development and Reforms 0 0 0 New Independents 0 0 0 + 1 Invalid / blank votes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 47 16 67 0 Registered voters / turnout -- -- -- -- -- -- Source : IPU National Assembly ( edit ) Party Constituency County ( women ) Appointed seats Total seats + / -- Votes % Seats Votes % Seats Jubilee Party 140 25 6 171 -- 33 Orange Democratic Movement 62 11 76 -- 20 Wiper Democratic Movement -- Kenya 19 23 -- 3 Amani National Congress 12 14 New FORD -- Kenya 10 12 + 2 Kenya African National Union 8 0 10 + 4 Economic Freedom Party 0 5 New Maendeleo Chap Chap Party 0 New Party of Development and Reforms 0 New Chama Cha Mashinani 0 0 New Kenya National Congress 0 0 0 Kenya People 's Party 0 0 New Peoples Democratic Party 0 0 + 1 Chama Cha Uzalendo 0 0 -- 1 Muungano Party 0 0 0 New Democrats 0 0 + 1 Party of National Unity 0 0 New Democratic Party 0 0 + 1 Frontier Alliance Party 0 0 New National Agenda Party 0 0 + 1 Independents 13 0 14 + 10 Invalid / blank votes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 289 47 12 348 -- 1 Registered voters / turnout -- -- -- -- -- Source : IPU Governors ( edit ) Three women were elected as governors for the first time for their respective counties -- Joyce Laboso of Bomet County , Charity Ngilu of Kitui County , and Anne Waiguru of Kirinyaga County . 25 out of 47 governors lost their seats as well . 29 of the 47 governors are members of the ruling Jubilee Party . Reactions ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) Opposition leader Raila Odinga alleged that the results had been tampered with by hackers . At that time , he offered no evidence to justify his claim , which the head of Kenya 's electoral commission dismissed . Following the election , there were protests in Kisumu , Kibera and Mathare where Odinga enjoys major political support , some of which turned violent and deadly . Odinga published his own results , which put him ahead , and claimed that the commission 's IT system had been hacked and that Kenya had seen the worst `` voter theft '' in its history . The chairman of the electoral commission , Wafula Chebukati , responded that his organisation was the only body allowed to count votes and that while there had been an attempt to hack the commission , it had failed . A week after the vote , Odinga announced he would challenge the results in Kenya 's Supreme Court . The Economist did its own count of a small sample of paper ballots , which tallied with the electronic results . Kenyatta 's reaction incorporated invitations of several world leaders to his inauguration , including : former US President Barack Obama ; German Chancellor Angela Merkel ; British Prime Minister Theresa May ; Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi ; Chinese President Xi Jinping ; Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ; Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhar ; Rwandan President Paul Kagame ; Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni ; Tanzanian President John Magufuli ; South African President Jacob Zuma ; His Royal Highness Aga Khan IV ; and Nigerian billionaire tycoon Aliko Dangote . International ( edit ) African Union : The AU mission led by Thabo Mbeki commended the Kenyan people on conducting the election in a peaceful environment . The AU acknowledged the dispute by the opposition , however , Mbeki refused to get involved in the investigation , citing the lack of mandate . Carter Center : The mission headed by John Kerry commended the Kenyan people in conducting the election peacefully . The Carter Center also commended the role of the judiciary throughout the entire electoral process . Kerry , who initially said he was `` confident in the integrity of the Kenyan elections and praised the country 's election commission for its transparency and diligence '' , later urged that all disputes with the election be handled within the law . Commonwealth of Nations : The Chair of the Commonwealth Observer Group , former President of Ghana John Mahama , declared in the group 's interim statement that the Kenyan elections across all six levels of government has been `` credible , fair and inclusive '' . He appealed for continued patience as the results continue to be finalised . On allegations of fraud by the opposition leader , Mahama called for political leaders to show `` restraint and magnanimity '' . East African Community : The EAC mission led by Edward Rugumayo also said that the election conducted was free and fair and that the observer team was also satisfied with the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission 's response to the hacking claims . The commission also appealed for patience towards journalists until the final results are published . European Union : The EU observer team deemed the election free and fair , and commended the role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission . It expressed concern , however , about the high number of spoilt ballots . Aftermath ( edit ) On 13 August , police said a total of 16 people have been killed in recent protests . Inaugurations ( edit ) It was announced on 13 August that the new Parliament would be sworn in on 22 August , with Kenyatta 's second inauguration to follow a week later . However , Kenyatta 's inauguration was pushed back to at least 12 September after Odinga agreed to challenge the results in court . It was later announced that the reconvening of the Kenyan parliament was delayed to no later than 7 September due to a petition which was filed by groups affiliated with the Federation of Women Lawyers in Kenya ( FIDA - Kenya ) over the new parliament 's lack of women needed to meet the two - thirds gender rule criteria . Despite the FIDA - Kenya lawsuit , the IEBC announced on 22 August that it will publish the full list of elected Members of the National Assembly and Members of County Assembly later that day and that the gender - rule lawsuit will not be heard in court until 20 September ; the IEBC had already published the final results and names of the 47 Governors , Woman Representatives and Senators on 14 August . The Standard later reported on 22 August that the Kenyan Parliament will reconvene in the next week . On 23 August , Kenyatta issued a decree stating that the Parliament will reconvene on 31 August when they assemble to swear in new members and elect respective Speakers and Deputy Speakers . On 29 August , members - elect of the new Parliament officially underwent the process of registering their political orientation and held their first unofficial meetings in Parliament before being sworn - in . They then met with respective party leaders on 30 August . The 12th Kenyan Parliament was then sworn in on 31 August and various leaders were elected by members of the Kenyan National Assembly and Kenyan Senate to serve their respective houses as well . Supreme Court decision ( edit ) On 28 August , the Kenyan Supreme Court heard Odinga 's arguments for the first time . Permission was granted to allow two agents of both the ruling party and Odinga 's NASA party to audit the IEBC results , though Odinga 's lawyer James Orengo alleged afterwards that the IEBC was denying his team full access to the servers and other equipment that transmitted results from polling stations to the tallying centre despite the court allowing `` read - only '' access . Closing arguments then concluded on 29 August and it was announced that the court would make a decision on 1 September surrounding the results of the presidential election . It was later announced on 30 August that the IEBC had submitted all result forms for scrutiny to give the Supreme Court a clear picture on how Kenyans voted during the elections . On 1 September , the Supreme Court nullified Kenyatta 's election victory and ordered that a new presidential election take place within 60 days . On 5 September the IEBC set the next presidential election to be held on 17 October , although Odinga announced that he would not participate in a new presidential election without `` legal and constitutional guarantees '' against alleged electoral fraud . However , It was later announced on 21 September that the election would be delayed until 26 October after the IEBC sought more time to reform the voting processes . The same day , IEBC Legal Affairs officer Praxedes Tororey succumbed to sustained pressure from NASA and resigned from her post . Evidence ( edit ) Evidence was based on examining the 41,451 forms 34A , the 291 forms 34B and one form 34C that represented the stages of vote collection . The court requested the originals of all forms be brought for inspection . Form 34A : 10,438 of the forms , out of a total of 41,451 were missing when the result was declared . Some presented by IEBC were carbon copies while others did not bear the IEBC stamp , and some had the IEBC stamp on a photocopy of the original . Form 34B : 10 were illegible , 56 of them had no watermark , 10 of the forms were not signed by the returning officer , and 66 bore no stamp . 31 forms had no serial number , and 32 were not signed by party agents . Form 34C : had no security features or serial number . `` The form looked like a photocopy '' The NASA opposition claimed this jeopardized 7 million votes when the margin of the result was 1.5 million votes . On 20 September Justice Philomena Mwilu issued a court statement saying that the IEBC 's refusal to provide access and failure to provide information on the IT system 's firewall configuration left the court `` no choice but to accept the petitioner 's claims that the IEBC 's IT system was infiltrated and compromised , and the data therein interfered with , or IEBC 's officials themselves interfered with the data . '' A day before the court delivered its statement , Chief Justice David Maraga said judges on the bench had faced death threats since declaring the election results void , and criticized the police for `` ignoring calls to act . '' On 21 September Kenyatta decried the ruling as a `` coup . '' Calls to prosecute IEBC officials ( edit ) On 22 September Mathare MP Anthony Olouch , a member of NASA who runs a firm called AT Olouch and Company Advocates , issued a statement to the Director of Public Prosecutions ( DPP ) Keriako Tobik saying calling for the prosecution of the following IEBC officials : CEO Ezra Chiloba , Chairman Wafula Chebukati , Betty Nyabuto , Immaculate Kassait , James Muhati , Praxedes Tororey ( who has since retired ) , Moses Kipkogei , Abdi Guliye , Molu Boya and Marjan Marjan . The letter also stated `` unless investigation leading into criminal charges and prosecution is commenced within 72 hours ( by ) this office , our instructions are to institute private prosecutions pursuant to Section 28 of the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions ( Act ) . '' Odinga withdrawal from second election ( edit ) On 10 October , Odinga quit the second election , citing problems with the IEBC and withdrawals from his coalition . Odinga strongly believes he can not go into another election with no reforms in the IEBC . Doubts of fair second presidential election ( edit ) On 18 October recently resigned IEBC Commissioner , who fled to the United States , issued a statement declaring that the second Kenyan Presidential election would not be a fair election . The same day , IEBC Chairman Wafula Chebukati expressed skepticism about a fair election as well , claiming the IEBC commissioners were partisan - minded and that he resign unless certain conditions are met to reform the IEBC . On 20 October , the IEBC 's chief executive officer Ezra Chiloba announced that he will not be monitoring the election and that starting 23 October , he will take a three - week vacation . Chiloba 's departure has created more uncertainty over who will monitor the election . On 24 October , the IEBC announced that it would now count back - up paper ballots and not rush to announce the official results based only on numbers sent from the polling stations like in the first Presidential election as well . The same day , Chebukati appointed IEBC Vice Chair Consolata N.B. Maina as the IEBC Deputy National Returning Officer . Second Petition Filing Honorable Mwau , Njonjo Mue and Khalef Khalifa files petitions challenging the declaration at Supreme Court on November 8. This act triggers political deadlock and uncertainty . President Uhuru Kenyatta launched his 24 - page response stating his legally elected and accuses the petitioners for being used as NASA ' agents ' . He also states his acceptance on the verdict made to repeat the elections , and further accuses the Opposition for frustrating IEBC 'S capability of handling the elections and attaching the Jubilee administration of interference in the electoral decisions putting it as propaganda . He further denies claims of sing state resources for campaigning and involvement of cabinet ministers in his campaign , voter influence , intimidation and corruption during the repeat polls . NASA defended its withdrawal in the second polls through its Chief Principal Raila Odinga . NASA Co - Principal has maintained that the election was a ' sham ' and IEBC was at all not independent as its decisions were solmenly made by foreign organs acting as relations officers to the public and the Jubilee Administration . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics per polling station IEBC Jump up ^ IEBC announces 2017 election date Daily Nation , 10 December 2015 Jump up ^ Kenya presidential election cancelled by Supreme Court BBC News , 1 September 2017 Jump up ^ https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/new-kenya-presidential-vote-announced-for-october-17/4016339.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41572128 Jump up ^ `` 101 . Election of members of Parliament -- Kenya Law Reform Commission ( KLRC ) '' . klrc.go.ke . ^ Jump up to : Majority MPs back election date change from August to December Daily Nation , 6 August 2015 Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Obama Weighs in on Kenyan Election , Urging Calm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Presidential Candidates Kenya Diaspora Vote Jump up ^ Article 138 ( 4 ) Constitution of Kenya 2010 Jump up ^ Electoral system Inter-Parliamentary Union Jump up ^ art. 90 ( 3 ) Constitution of Kenya Jump up ^ Party primaries slotted for April as IEBC reviews timelines ahead of polls The Star , 10 February 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kenya Deputy President Ruto 's home entered by knifeman '' . BBC News . 29 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Team , Standard . `` More questions as 18 - hour siege at Ruto 's residence end '' . The Standard . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan police : Man with machete attacks VP Ruto 's home '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Freytas - tamura , Kimiko De ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Kenyan Election Official Is Killed on Eve of Vote '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Kenyan election official ' tortured and murdered ' as fears of violence grow '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woman found alongside murdered IEBC 's Msando identified '' Capital News `` . Capital News . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Msando murder : Hire foreign IT experts , accept FBI , Scotland Yard help -- NASA '' . The Star , Kenya . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Star newspaper . `` Pollsters differ on Uhuru , Raila support '' . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Adrian Bloomfield ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Uhuru Kenyatta on course for re-election in Kenya as Raila Odinga says he rejects preliminary results '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya election monitors urge losing candidates to accept poll results '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History as Kenya set to have first elected women senators '' . Daily Nation . August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Githae , Wanjohi ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya : Jubilee Pointmen Lusaka and Tuju Set for Key Posts '' . AllAfrica . Jump up ^ `` Jubilee wins more than half governor races '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Protests over election fraud claim turn deadly in Kenya '' . Al Jazeera. 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Aglionby , John ; Pilling , David ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya opposition leader Raila Odinga claims election fraud '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya election 2017 : Odinga supporters warned over claims '' . BBC News . 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya 's election may turn nasty as the opposition disputes the count '' . The Economist. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mabel , Winnie . `` List : Barack Obama and 11 other world leaders invited to Uhuru 's swearing in ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Mbeki : AU has no mandate to probe ' hacking ' claims in Kenya polls ... at least for now '' . News24 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya election was fair , no sign of manipulation -- EAC , EU observers '' . The Star , Kenya . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan challenger claims election was hacked , but John Kerry disagrees '' . CNN . 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Kerry urges Kenya to resolve any vote disputes '' . WFMZ. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyan elections ' credible , fair and inclusive ' -- Chair of Commonwealth Observer Group '' . thecommonwealth.org. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU observers urge poll losers to concede or follow judicial process '' Capital News `` . Capital News . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Protest death toll rises to 7 : police '' . Pulse Nigeria. 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ President Uhuru , DP Ruto to be sworn in on August 29 Standard Digital , 14 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kenya : Uhuru Kenyatta 's Swearing - in Plan Put On Hold '' . allAfrica. 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Parliament convenes not later than Sept 7 amid gender row '' Capital News `` . 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of Parliament , MCAs to be gazetted Wednesday '' Capital News `` . 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ KTN News Kenya ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` The 12th Parliament : Parliament set to open next week ( Part 2 ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Njagih , Moses . `` Uhuru Kenyatta calls first sitting of 12th Parliament , Speakers to be elected '' . Jump up ^ Njagih , Moses . `` Excitement as new young MPs enter parliament '' . Jump up ^ Ndonga , Simon ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya : Jubilee , Nasa Leaders Meet MPs - Elect Ahead of Parliament 's Re-Opening '' . AllAfrica . Jump up ^ Kalekye , Margaret ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Senators and National Assembly members take oath of office '' . Kenya Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` FACTSHEET : Kenya 's new parliament by numbers -- Africa Check '' . Jump up ^ Craig , Jill ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Kenya 's Supreme Court Opens Hearings on Presidential Election '' . Voice of America . Jump up ^ Okuoro , Sara . `` Supreme Court allows NASA to audit IEBC election materials '' . ^ Jump up to : News , ABC . `` Kenya : Electoral body defies court in presidential petition '' . ^ Jump up to : Muthoni , Kamau ; Ogemba , Paul ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Presidential petition : What scrutiny of key IEBC forms revealed '' . Standard Digital . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ de Freytas - Tamura , Kimiko ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Kenya Supreme Court Nullifies Presidential Election '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Ombuor , Rael ( 5 September 2017 ) . `` Kenyan opposition leader rejects new presidential poll , demands ' guarantees ' against fraud '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya election : Poll body delays re-run by nine days '' . BBC News . 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.tuko.co.ke/252636-top-iebc-official-resigns-sustained-pressure-nasa.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/20/africa/kenya-election-supreme-court/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.africanews.com/2017/09/21/kenyatta-says-kenya-s-supreme-court-ruling-was-a-coup/ Jump up ^ http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Nasa-lawyers-sought-refuge-at-Raila-residence/1056-4063996-vcykn4z/index.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Nasa-DPP-charge-IEBC-officials-72-hours/1064-4107486-102dadvz/index.html Jump up ^ http://ntv.co.ug/news/international/10/oct/2017/i-will-not-be-forced-participate-election-re-run-says-raila-odinga#sthash.Cjs9fhpG.dpbs Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-kenya-election-threats-20171018-story.html Jump up ^ http://www.nation.co.ke/news/Roslyn-Akombe-quits-The-full-statement-/1056-4144484-eja12hz/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.tuko.co.ke/255062-chebukati-admits-frustrations-iebc-expresses-doubts-fairness-election-emotio.html#255062 Jump up ^ https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001257758/wafula-chebukati-sets-conditions-for-him-to-remain-as-iebc-chair Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/20/africa/kenya-election-commission-official/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-election/eyes-on-odinga-as-kenya-election-board-ceo-takes-leave-before-vote-idUSKBN1CP0FP Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-election-result/kenya-officials-change-way-of-announcing-election-results-idUSKBN1CT2EP?il=0 Jump up ^ https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/23993-wafula-chebukati-makes-new-appointment-iebc-teamhttps://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/23993-wafula-chebukati-makes-new-appointment-iebc-team Elections and referendums in Kenya Presidential elections 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 2017 ( Aug ) 2017 ( Oct ) Parliamentary elections 1920 1924 1927 1931 1934 1938 1944 1948 1952 1956 1957 1961 1963 1966 1969 1979 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 2017 Local elections 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 Referendums 2005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyan_general_election,_2017&oldid=827890873 '' Categories : 2017 elections in Africa 2017 in Kenya August 2017 events in Africa Elections in Kenya Annulled elections Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Election and referendum articles with incomplete results Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Русский Svenska Thuɔŋjäŋ 粵語 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 09 : 55 . 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why is agar used as a solidifying agent in culture media	Agar exhibits hysteresis , melting at 85 ° C ( 358 K , 185 ° F ) and solidifying from 32 -- 40 ° C ( 305 -- 313 K , 90 -- 104 ° F ) . This property lends a suitable balance between easy melting and good gel stability at relatively high temperatures . Since many scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature ( 37 ° C ) , agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature , such as gelatin .		Agar	agar	Agar ( pronounced / ˈeɪɡɑːr / , sometimes / ˈɑːɡər / ) or agar - agar is a jelly - like substance , obtained from red algae .	Agar is a mixture of two components : the linear polysaccharide agarose , and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called agaropectin . It forms the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae , and is released on boiling . These algae are known as agarophytes , and belong to the Rhodophyta ( red algae ) phylum . Agar has been used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Asia , and also as a solid substrate to contain culture media for microbiological work . Agar can be used as a laxative , an appetite suppressant , a vegetarian substitute for gelatin , a thickener for soups , in fruit preserves , ice cream , and other desserts , as a clarifying agent in brewing , and for sizing paper and fabrics . The gelling agent in agar is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae , primarily from tengusa ( Gelidiaceae ) and ogonori ( Gracilaria ) . For commercial purposes , it is derived primarily from ogonori . In chemical terms , agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar galactose . Contents 1 History 2 Etymology 3 Composition 4 Uses 4.1 Culinary 4.2 Microbiology 4.2. 1 Motility assays 4.3 Plant biology 4.4 Other uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The structure of an agarose polymer . Agar may have been discovered in Japan in 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon ( 美濃太郎左衛門 ) , an innkeeper who , according to legend , was said to have discarded surplus seaweed soup and noticed that it gelled later after a winter night 's freezing . Over the following centuries , agar became a common gelling agent in several Southeast Asian cuisines . Agar was first subjected to chemical analysis in 1859 by the French chemist Anselme Payen , who had obtained agar from the marine algae Gelidium corneum . Beginning in the late 19th century , agar began to be used heavily as a solid medium for growing various microbes . Agar was first described for use in microbiology in 1882 by the German microbiologist Walther Hesse , an assistant working in Robert Koch 's laboratory , on the suggestion of his wife Fannie Hesse . Agar quickly supplanted gelatin as the base of microbiological media , due to its higher melting temperature , allowing microbes to be grown at higher temperatures without the media liquefying . With its newfound use in microbiology , agar production quickly increased . This production centered on Japan , which produced most of the world 's agar until World War II . However , with the outbreak of World War II , many nations were forced to establish domestic agar industries in order to continue microbiological research . Around the time of World War II , approximately 2,500 tons of agar were produced annually . By the mid-1970s , production worldwide had increased dramatically to approximately 10,000 tons each year . Since then , production of agar has fluctuated due to unstable and sometimes over-utilized seaweed populations . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` agar '' comes from agar - agar , the Malay name for red algae ( Gigartina , Gracilaria ) from which the jelly is produced . It is also known as Kanten ( Japanese : 寒天 ) ( from the phrase kan - zarashi tokoroten ( 寒晒心太 ) or `` cold - exposed agar '' ) , Japanese isinglass , Ceylon moss or Jaffna moss . Gracilaria lichenoides is specifically referred to as agal - agal or Ceylon agar . Composition ( edit ) Agar consists of a mixture of two polysaccharides : agarose and agaropectin , with agarose making up about 70 % of the mixture . Agarose is a linear polymer , made up of repeating units of agarobiose , a disaccharide made up of D - galactose and 3 , 6 - anhydro - L - galactopyranose . Agaropectin is a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules that occur in lesser amounts , and is made up of alternating units of D - galactose and L - galactose heavily modified with acidic side - groups , such as sulfate and pyruvate . Agar exhibits hysteresis , melting at 85 ° C ( 358 K , 185 ° F ) and solidifying from 32 -- 40 ° C ( 305 -- 313 K , 90 -- 104 ° F ) . This property lends a suitable balance between easy melting and good gel stability at relatively high temperatures . Since many scientific applications require incubation at temperatures close to human body temperature ( 37 ° C ) , agar is more appropriate than other solidifying agents that melt at this temperature , such as gelatin . Uses ( edit ) Culinary ( edit ) Sago at gulaman in Filipino cuisine is made from agar ( gulaman ) , pearl sago , and fruit juice flavored with pandan Agar - agar is a natural vegetable gelatin counterpart . White and semi-translucent , it is sold in packages as washed and dried strips or in powdered form . It can be used to make jellies , puddings , and custards . For making jelly , it is boiled in water until the solids dissolve . Sweetener , flavouring , colouring , fruit or vegetables are then added and the liquid is poured into molds to be served as desserts and vegetable aspics , or incorporated with other desserts , such as a jelly layer in a cake . Agar - agar is approximately 80 % fiber , so it can serve as an intestinal regulator . Its bulking quality has been behind fad diets in Asia , for example the kanten ( the Japanese word for agar - agar ) diet . Once ingested , kanten triples in size and absorbs water . This results in the consumers feeling fuller . This diet has recently received some press coverage in the United States as well . The diet has shown promise in obesity studies . One use of agar in Japanese cuisine ( Wagashi ) is anmitsu , a dessert made of small cubes of agar jelly and served in a bowl with various fruits or other ingredients . It is also the main ingredient in mizu yōkan , another popular Japanese food . In Philippine cuisine , it is used to make the jelly bars in the various gulaman refreshments or desserts such as sago gulaman , buko pandan , agar flan , halo - halo , and the black and red gulaman used in various fruit salads . In Vietnamese cuisine , jellies made of flavored layers of agar agar , called thạch , are a popular dessert , and are often made in ornate molds for special occasions . In Indian cuisine , agar agar is known as `` China grass '' and is used for making desserts . In Burmese cuisine , a sweet jelly known as kyauk kyaw ( tɕaʊʔtɕɔ́ ) is made from agar . In Russia , it is used in addition or as a replacement to pectin in jams and marmalades , as a substitute to gelatin for its superior gelling properties , and as a strengthening ingredient in souffles and custards . Another use of agar - agar is in ptich'ye moloko ( bird 's milk ) , a rich jellified custard ( or soft meringue ) used as a cake filling or chocolate - glazed as individual sweets . Agar - agar may also be used as the gelling agent in gel clarification , a culinary technique used to clarify stocks , sauces , and other liquids . Mexico has traditional candies made out of Agar gelatin , most of them in colorful , half - circle shapes that resemble a melon or watermelon fruit slice , and commonly covered with sugar . They are known in Spanish as Dulce de Agar ( Agar sweets ) Agar - agar is an allowed nonorganic / nonsynthetic additive used as a thickener , gelling agent , texturizer , moisturizer , emulsifier , flavor enhancer , and absorbent in certified organic foods . Microbiology ( edit ) 100mm diameter Petri dishes containing agar gel for bacterial culture Main article : Agar plate An agar plate or Petri dish is used to provide a growth medium using a mix of agar and other nutrients in which microorganisms , including bacteria and fungi , can be cultured and observed under the microscope . Agar is indigestible for many organisms so that microbial growth does not affect the gel used and it remains stable . Agar is typically sold commercially as a powder that can be mixed with water and prepared similarly to gelatin before use as a growth medium . Other ingredients are added to the agar to meet the nutritional needs of the microbes . Many specific formulations are available , because some microbes prefer certain environmental conditions over others . Agar is often dispensed using a sterile media dispenser . Motility assays ( edit ) As a gel , an agar or agarose medium is porous and therefore can be used to measure microorganism motility and mobility . The gel 's porosity is directly related to the concentration of agarose in the medium , so various levels of effective viscosity ( from the cell 's `` point of view '' ) can be selected , depending on the experimental objectives . A common identification assay involves culturing a sample of the organism deep within a block of nutrient agar . Cells will attempt to grow within the gel structure . Motile species will be able to migrate , albeit slowly , throughout the gel and infiltration rates can then be visualized , whereas non-motile species will show growth only along the now - empty path introduced by the invasive initial sample deposition . Another setup commonly used for measuring chemotaxis and chemokinesis utilizes the under - agarose cell migration assay , whereby a layer of agarose gel is placed between a cell population and a chemoattractant . As a concentration gradient develops from the diffusion of the chemoattractant into the gel , various cell populations requiring different stimulation levels to migrate can then be visualized over time using microphotography as they tunnel upward through the gel against gravity along the gradient . Plant biology ( edit ) Physcomitrella patens plants growing axenically in vitro on agar plates ( Petri dish , 9 cm diameter ) . Research grade agar is used extensively in plant biology as it is supplemented with a nutrient and vitamin mixture that allows for seedling germination in Petri dishes under sterile conditions ( given that the seeds are sterilized as well ) . Nutrient and vitamin supplementation for Arabidopsis thaliana is standard across most experimental conditions . Murashige & Skoog ( MS ) nutrient mix and Gamborg 's B5 vitamin mix in general are used . A 1.0 % agar / 0.44 % MS + vitamin dH O solution is suitable for growth media between normal growth temps . When using agar , within any growth medium , it is important to know that the solidification of the agar is pH - dependent . The optimal range for solidification is between 5.4 - 5.7 . Usually , the application of KOH is needed to increase the pH to this range . A general guideline is about 600 μl 0.1 M KOH per 250 ml GM . This entire mixture can be sterilized using the liquid cycle of an autoclave . This medium nicely lends itself to the application of specific concentrations of phytohormones etc. to induce specific growth patterns in that one can easily prepare a solution containing the desired amount of hormone , add it to the known volume of GM , and autoclave to both sterilize and evaporate off any solvent that may have been used to dissolve the often - polar hormones . This hormone / GM solution can be spread across the surface of Petri dishes sown with germinated and / or etiolated seedlings . Experiments with the moss Physcomitrella patens , however , have shown that choice of the gelling agent -- agar or Gelrite - does influence phytohormone sensitivity of the plant cell culture . Other Uses ( edit ) Agar is used : As an impression material in dentistry . As a medium to precisely orient the tissue specimen and secure it by agar pre-embedding ( especially useful for small endoscopy biopsy specimens ) for histopathology processing To make salt bridges and gel plugs for use in electrochemistry . In formicariums as a transparent substitute for sand and a source of nutrition . As a natural ingredient to form modelling clay for young children to play with . As an allowed biofertilizer component in organic farming . As a substrate for precipitin reactions in immunology . Gelidium agar is used primarily for bacteriological plates . Gracilaria agar is used mainly in food applications . In 2016 , AMAM , a Japanese company , developed a prototype for Agar - based commercial packaging system called Agar Plasticity , intended as a replacement for oil - based plastic packaging . See also ( edit ) Agarose gel electrophoresis Algaculture Alginic acid Asepsis Carrageenan Immunodiffusion Immunoelectrophoresis Lima bean agar Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion R2a agar Radial immunodiffusion SEAgel Tokoroten References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of English ( 2 ed . ) . 2005 . Jump up ^ Williams , Peter W. ; Phillips , Glyn O. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Agar '' . Handbook of hydrocolloids . Cambridge : Woodhead . p. 91 . ISBN 1 - 85573 - 501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edward Balfour ( 1871 ) . Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia , commercial , industrial and scientific : products of the mineral , vegetable and animal kingdoms , useful arts and manufactures . Scottish and Adelphi Presses . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Davidson ( 2006 - 09 - 21 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280681 - 9 . Jump up ^ Edward Green Balfour ( 1857 ) . Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia , commercial , industrial and scientific ... p. 13 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , Natsu ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Agar '' . The Tokyo Foundation . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mary Jo Zimbro , David A. Power , Sharon M. Miller , George E. Wilson , Julie A. Johnson ( eds . ) . Difco & BBL Manual ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Becton Dickinson and Company . p. 6 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hopley , David ( 2010 - 11 - 26 ) . Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs : Structure , Form and Process . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 31 . ISBN 9789048126385 . Jump up ^ Payen , Anselme ( 1859 ) `` Sur la gélose et le nids de salangane '' ( On agar and swiftlet nests ) , Comptes rendus ... , 49 : 521 - 530 , appended remarks 530 - 532 . Jump up ^ Robert Koch ( 10 April 1882 ) `` Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose '' ( The etiology of tuberculosis ) , Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift ( Berlin Clinical Weekly ) , 19 : 221 - 230 . From page 225 : `` Die Tuberkelbacillen lassen sich auch noch auf anderen Nährsubstraten kultiviren , wenn letztere ähnliche Eigenschaften wie das erstarrte Blutserum besitzen . So wachsen sie beispielsweise auf einer mit Agar - Agar bereiteten , bei Blutwärme hart bleibenden Gallerte , welche einen Zusatz von Fleischinfus und Pepton erhalten hat . '' ( The tubercule bacilli can also be cultivated on other media , if the latter have properties similar to those of congealed blood serum . Thus they grow , for example , on a gelatinous mass which was prepared with agar - agar , which remains solid at blood temperature , and which has received a supplement of meat broth and peptone . ) Jump up ^ Smith , A. ( November 1 , 2005 ) . `` History of the Agar Plate '' . Laboratory News . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hesse , W. ( 1992 ) . Translated by Gröschel , D.H.M. `` Walther and Angelina Hesse -- Early Contributors to Bacteriology '' ( PDF ) . ASM News . 58 ( 8 ) : 425 -- 428 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lobban , Christopher S. ; Wynne , Michael James ( 1981 ) . The Biology of Seaweeds . University of California Press . pp. 734 -- 735 . ISBN 9780520045859 . Jump up ^ Ewen Callaway ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Lab staple agar hit by seaweed shortage '' . Nature News . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Balfour , Edward . ( 1885 ) . The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia : commercial , industrial and scientific , products of the mineral , vegetable , and animal kingdoms , useful arts and manufactures . B. Quaritch . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Agar - Agar at Agar-Agar.org Jump up ^ `` Agar - Agar '' . Botanical.com . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` III : Properties , Manufacture , and Application of Seaweed Polysaccharides - Agar , Carageenan , and Algin '' . Training manual on Gracilaria culture and seaweed processing in China . Food and Agriculture Organization , United Nations . August 1990 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Rafael Armisen ; Fernando Galatas ( 1987 ) . `` Chapter 1 - Production , Properties and Uses of Agar '' . In McHugh DJ . Production and Utilization of Products from Commercial Seaweeds . Food and Agriculture Organization , United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 102612 - 2 . Jump up ^ Agar Archived October 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . at lsbu.ac.uk Water Structure and Science Jump up ^ `` All About Agar '' . Sciencebuddies.org . Archived from the original on 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maeda H , Yamamoto R , Hirao K , Tochikubo O ( January 2005 ) . `` Effects of agar ( kanten ) diet on obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes '' . Diabetes , Obesity , and Metabolism. 7 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 1326.2004. 00370. x . PMID 15642074 . Jump up ^ Agar - agar Review Sheet , USDA Organic Materials Review , April 1995 . Jump up ^ Kim , Se - Kwon ( 2011 ) . Handbook of marine macroalgae : biotechnology and applied phycology ( 1st imp . ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons Inc . ISBN 9780470979181 . Jump up ^ Birgit Hadeler ; Sirkka Scholz ; Ralf Reski ( 1995 ) . `` Gelrite and agar differently influence cytokinin - sensitivity of a moss '' . Journal of Plant Physiology. 146 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 371 . doi : 10.1016 / s0176 - 1617 ( 11 ) 82071 - 7 . Jump up ^ about agar pre-embedding in histopathology ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Integrated Organic Farming Handbook , H. Panda , ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. , Oct 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` New Seaweed - Based Material Could Replace Plastic Packaging '' . GOOD Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Design Looks Ahead '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . 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Schwartz Related Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegetarian and vegan symbolism NDL : 00564983 Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agar&oldid=849816873 '' Categories : Edible thickening agents Microbiological gelling agent Dental materials Algal food ingredients Red algae Gels Polysaccharides Japanese inventions Food stabilizers Jams and jellies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 15 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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where will the australian space agency be located	Australian Space Agency Agency overview Formed 1 July 2018 Jurisdiction Australia Headquarters Canberra , Australian Capital Territory , Australia Ministers responsible Senator Michaelia Cash , Minister for Jobs and Innovation Senator Zed Seselja , Assistant Minister for Science , Jobs and Innovation Agency executive Dr. Megan Clark , Chief executive Website www.space.gov.au		Australian space agency	australian space agency	The Australian Space Agency is the incoming public service agency of Australia responsible for the development of Australia 's space industry , coordinating domestic activities , identifying opportunities and facilitating international space engagement .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Responsibilities 2 History 2.1 Agency executives 3 See also 4 References 5 External Links Responsibilities ( edit ) The Agency will have four core responsibilities : support the development of Australia 's space industry so that it can compete effectively in the global space sector coordinate domestic activities in Australia 's space sector engage closely with key stakeholders , including state and territory governments , to identify opportunities to harness industry advantages and create a globally competitive space industry in Australia facilitate international space engagement , both in policy and industry forums , to build the networks needed to develop Australia 's space capability and ensure our industry players can access global supply chains . The Agency will also administer legislative arrangements for Australian civil space activities , ensuring that these activities are in Australia 's national interests and align to our international obligations in space . History ( edit ) As of 2008 , Australia was the only OECD country without a space agency . Following this , the Space Policy Unit funded the Australian Space Research Program over three years . On the 25 September 2017 , at the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide , Senator Simon Birmingham announced that the Australian Government would be launching a national space agency following an expert reference group investigation lead by Dr. Megan Clark , ex-chief executive of CSIRO . As part of the Australian Government 's 8 May 2018 budget announcement , $26 m in seed funding over four years from 2018 was included to establish the Australian Space Agency , with a further $15 m for international space investment starting from 2019 . On 14 May 2018 , Senator Michaelia Cash officially announced the launch of the Australian Space Agency , identifying 1 July 2018 as the commencement date of the agency . It will be located with the Industry Department in Canberra , and Dr. Megan Clark will be the inaugural Chief Executive of the agency for at least the first year Agency executives ( edit ) Name Postnominal ( s ) Term began Term ended Dr. Clark , Megan Megan Clark AC , FTSE 000000002018 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2018 Incumbent See also ( edit ) Australia 's Satellite Utilisation Policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Australian Space Agency '' . Department of Industry , Innovation & Science . Australian Government . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dempster , Andrew . `` Ten reasons why Australia urgently needs a space agency '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia commits to space agency '' . News.com.au. 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budget 2018 : space agency details still scant - but GPS and satellite imagery funded '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budget 2018 : ' Seed funding ' for Australian space agency to be unveiled '' . ABC News . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 - 19 Portfolio Budget Statements '' . Budget 2018 - 19 . Australian Government . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Space Agency to launch on 1 July '' . Computerworld from IDG . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New government space agency to join Industry Department '' . Financial Review . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Website hide Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space toilet Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE ASA AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Portal WikiProject ← 2018 in Australia Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Darling Range state by - election Braddon by - election Fremantle by - election Longman by - election Mayo by - election Perth by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast Australian Space Agency The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Touch Premiership NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Space_Agency&oldid=843499630 '' Categories : Space agencies Space programme of Australia 2018 establishments in Australia Government agencies established in 2018 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Australian English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Space%20Agency	2,536
how many taxpayers are there in south africa	taxable income per assessed taxpayer by province in 2013 Province Total number of tax payers Average taxable income Total taxable income Percentage of total taxable income Eastern Cape 440 406 R193 931 R85. 41 billion 7 % Free State 258 998 R178 251 R46. 17 billion 3.9 % Gauteng 1 847 903 R272 188 R502. 98 billion 42.6 % KwaZulu - Natal 707 335 R208 142 R147. 23 billion 12.5 % Limpopo 261 252 R196 862 R51. 43 billion 4.4 % Mpumalanga 301 871 R212 113 R64. 03 billion 5.4 % Northern Cape 111 572 R184 038 R50. 97 billion 4.3 % North West 276 937 R187 702 R20. 94 billion 1.8 % Western Cape 801 441 R228 053 R182. 77 billion 15.5 % Unknown province 166 857 R177 602 R29. 63 billion 2.5 %		Taxation in South Africa	taxation in south africa	Projected constituents of South African taxation receipts for the tax year 2012 -- 2013 .	Secondary tax on companies / dividends ( 1.2 % ) Specific excise duties ( 3.5 % ) Customs duties ( 4.8 % ) Fuel levy ( 4.9 % ) Other direct and indirect taxes ( 5.3 % ) Company income tax ( 19.8 % ) VAT ( 26.4 % ) Personal income tax ( 34 % ) South Africa This article is part of a series on the politics and government of South Africa Constitution ( show ) Bill of Rights Executive ( show ) President Jacob Zuma Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa Cabinet Shadow Cabinet Legislative ( show ) National Council of Provinces Chairperson Thandi Modise National Assembly Speaker Baleka Mbete Leader of the Opposition Mmusi Maimane Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng Deputy Chief Justice Bess Nkabinde ( Acting ) Courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal President : Mandisa Maya High Court Magistrate 's courts Electoral Court Elections ( show ) General 1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Municipal 2000 2006 2011 2016 Referendums 1960 1983 1992 Political parties Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces Districts Metropolitan municipality District municipality Municipalities ( list ) Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Related topics ( show ) Human rights Taxation Protests Repression Political assassinations Other countries Atlas Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany Greece Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay Taxation in South Africa may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government : central government through the South African Revenue Service ( SARS ) or to local government . Central government revenues come primarily from income tax , value added tax ( VAT ) , corporation tax and fuel duty . Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds and municipal rates . In the 2012 / 2013 fiscal year SARS collected R 813.8 billion ( equivalent to US $ 73.1 billion ) in tax revenue , a figure R71. 2 billion ( or 9.6 % ) more than that from the previous fiscal year . In 2012 / 13 financial year South Africa had a tax - to - GDP ratio of 25.3 % reflecing a marginal increase from 25 % in 2011 / 12 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Direct taxation 2.1 Income tax 2.1. 1 Normal tax 2.1. 1.1 Individual income tax 2.1. 1.2 Company income tax 2.1. 2 Donations tax 2.1. 3 Dividends tax 2.1. 4 Withholding tax 2.2 Estate duty 2.3 Capital gains tax 3 Indirect taxation 3.1 Value Added Tax ( VAT ) 3.2 Fuel levy 4 Centenary of income tax 5 References Overview ( edit ) Of the R813. 8 billion collected by SARS in 2012 / 2013 , R459. 6 billion ( 56 % ) came from direct taxes and R353. 3 billion ( 43 % ) from indirect taxes . Breakdown of tax revenues by source Type of tax Amounts in billions of Rands percentage of total Income from direct taxes for 2012 / 13 Personal Income Tax R276. 67 bn 34 % Company Income Tax R160. 89 bn 19.7 % Secondary taxes on companies & Dividends R9. 81 bn 1.2 % Other R12. 47 bn 1.5 % Income from indirect taxes for 2012 / 13 VAT R215. 02 bn 26.4 % Fuel levy R40. 41 bn 4.9 % Customs duties R38. 99 bn 4.7 % Specific excise duties R28. 37 bn 3.4 % Other R31. 15 bn 3.8 % Total R813. 8 bn 100 % The cost of collecting tax revenue has remained somewhat constant ; decreasing slightly from 1.11 % of total revenue in 2011 / 12 to 1.07 % in 2012 / 13 . In the 2010 / 11 financial year SARS collected a total of R674. 2 bn . Three provinces , Gauteng , the Western Cape , and KwaZulu - Natal was the source of 78 % of total tax assessed in 2013 . Direct taxation ( edit ) Direct taxes are taxes which are imposed on individuals , trusts , deceased estates , companies and close corporations ; all of whom are otherwise known as persons . Income tax ( edit ) South Africa has a progressive income taxation system which is based on the premise that the wealthy should contribute a greater proportion towards supporting the State than the poor . This means that the more a person earns the higher percentage tax they pay . By law all employers have to register all employees as taxpayers regardless of their tax liability . In terms of individual income tax South Africans pay the 31st highest average income tax rate in the world . Income tax in South Africa was first introduced in 1914 with the introduction of the Income Tax Act No 28 , an act that had its origins in the New South Wales Act of 1895 . The act has gone through numerous amendments with the act presently in force is the Income Tax Act No 58 of 1962 which contains provisions for four different types of income tax . These four types of tax are : normal tax donations tax secondary tax on companies withholding tax Normal tax ( edit ) Normal tax in South Africa is a levy imposed on all persons in the form of an annual tax that is calculated by applying predetermined rates to a person 's taxable income . This type of income tax can be divided into individual income tax and company income tax . Individual income tax ( edit ) Individual income tax ( otherwise known as Personal income tax ) rates in South Africa range from 18 % ( for income below R188 , 000 p.a ) to 41 % ( for amounts over R701 , 300 ) , although the tax threshold of R75 , 000 ( for persons below age 65 ) means that anyone earning less than this amount pays no income tax . Individuals earning less than R75 , 000 ( 2016 ) a year do not need to declare their income and do not need to submit an income tax return so long as their remuneration is from a single employer , their remuneration is for the full tax year and no allowance was paid , from which PAYE was not deducted in full with regards to travel allowance . In 2012 / 13 there were a total of 13.7 million registered individual taxpayers . There were a total of 5.1 million assessed taxpayers in 2012 / 13 with total taxable income of R1 trillion , of that they were liable to pay R206. 7 billion . 40.1 % of assessed taxpayers were registered in Gauteng Province and 27.3 % of them employed in finance , insurance , real estate , or the business service sector. 27.5 % of them were aged 35 to 44 and 5.7 % or 289,476 declared a business income . The 2012 tax year saw an increase in the threshold for the top Personal Income Tax bracket to R580 , 000 . Other increases in tax thresholds include : R59 , 750 for people below the age of 65 . R93 , 150 for people aged between 65 and 75 . R104 , 261 for people aged 75 and above . In 2009 there were 3.5 million assessed taxpayers with a total taxable income of R632. 6 billion , of that they were liable to pay R154. 1 billion . Of them 28.8 % were between 35 and 44 years old and 56.7 % were male , 3.9 % ( 136,124 ) of them had business income . Over 60 % of taxable income came from salaries , wages and remuneration . Travel allowances were the largest allowance claim , the largest fringe benefit was medical aid paid on behalf of employees and contributions to retirement funds were the largest tax deductions . Although the number of tax payers has increased most taxpayers fall below the R63 , 556 ( 2013 ) taxable income threshold and so are not required to submit an income tax return and are therefore not included in the 3.5 million assessed taxpayers . In 2015 / 16 financial year out of a total 33 million eligible tax payers around 10 % or 3.3 million people paid 93 % of total income tax collected in that period . Of them 1.1 million or 3.7 % of all income tax payers paid just under 70 % of all income tax collected in that period . This means that South African income tax receipts are highly reliant on a relatively small number of high income tax payers . Income tax table ( 2015 / 2016 ) Taxable Income ( in Rands ) Rate of Tax 0 -- 188,000 18 % of taxable income 188,001 -- 293,600 R33 , 840 + 26 % of taxable income above R188 , 000 293,601 -- 406,400 R61 , 296 + 31 % of taxable income above R293 , 600 406,401 -- 550,100 R96 , 264 + 36 % of taxable income above R406 , 400 550,101 -- 701,300 R147 , 996 + 39 % of taxable income above R550 , 100 701,301 and above R206 , 964 + 41 % of taxable income above R701 , 300 taxable income per assessed taxpayer by province in 2013 Province Total number of tax payers Average taxable income Total taxable income Percentage of total taxable income Eastern Cape 440 406 R193 931 R85. 41 billion 7 % Free State 258 998 R178 251 R46. 17 billion 3.9 % Gauteng 1 847 903 R272 188 R502. 98 billion 42.6 % KwaZulu - Natal 707 335 R208 142 R147. 23 billion 12.5 % Limpopo 261 252 R196 862 R51. 43 billion 4.4 % Mpumalanga 301 871 R212 113 R64. 03 billion 5.4 % Northern Cape 111 572 R184 038 R50. 97 billion 4.3 % North West 276 937 R187 702 R20. 94 billion 1.8 % Western Cape 801 441 R228 053 R182. 77 billion 15.5 % Unknown province 166 857 R177 602 R29. 63 billion 2.5 % Company income tax ( edit ) The company income tax rate is levied at 26.67 % ( According to the Company Law No. 71 of 2008 ) of the taxable income of the company . Certain companies qualifying as a small business corporation where tax is levied at 10 % for taxable income above R 59,750 up to a limit of R 300,000 and 28 % on taxable income above R 300,000 . Employment companies pay a tax of 33 % . Dividends were subject to an additional tax called the Secondary Tax on Companies which was 10 % of declared dividends . This tax was replaced by Dividend Tax on 1 April 2012 ; however Secondary Tax on Companies credits can be used until 31 March 2015 . In the 2009 tax year 34.2 % of 473,034 companies in South Africa had taxable income . Of them 56.5 % of the tax was paid by 222 large companies with a taxable income in excess of R200 million . Around 50 % of the collectively assessed companies were from the finance , retail and wholesale trade sectors and were responsible for over 35 % of this tax . The mining and quarrying sector - consisting of only 0.3 % of the companies assessed - shrunk from 8.6 % in 2006 to 5.7 % in 2008 reflecting the declining importance of the mining sector to the South African economy. ( ( rp 3 Donations tax ( edit ) Tax on donations is linked to Estate Duty which was first introduced in South Africa in 1955 . It is not a tax on income but rather on the transfer of wealth but differs from estate duty in that it specifically taxes gifts and donations as opposed to inheritance . This tax subjects certain donations made by persons to a flat rate of 20 % . Dividends tax ( edit ) Dividends Tax is a policy tax imposed by government with the aim of encouraging companies to retain profits instead of giving out dividends . It takes the form of a 20 % tax on receipt of dividends given by companies and closed corporations . Some of the recent growth in this tax revenue for 2012 / 13 occurred due to increases in the value of taxable economic activities and higher compliance rates even though this tax rate remained the same . Prior to 1 April 2012 this tax was known as the Secondary Tax on Companies and took the form of a 10 % tax on the net dividend distributed by companies and closed corporations . Withholding tax ( edit ) Withholding tax , also called retention tax , is a government requirement for a South African payer of an item of income to a non-resident in South Africa to withhold or deduct tax from the payment , and pay that tax to the government . This tax can be divided into two categories : A withholding tax on royalties of 12 % unless double taxation agreements apply . A withholding tax on payments for fixed property which applies to any person who must pay a non-resident for immovable property in South Africa . This tax ranges between 5 % to 10 % . Estate duty ( edit ) Estate duty is similar to donations tax in that it is a tax on the transfer of wealth . The duty is charged on the death of a person and is based on the value of the deceased 's estate at the date of their death . It is 20 % on the amount remaining in the deceased 's estate over R3. 5 million . Capital gains tax ( edit ) First introduced on 1 October 2001 , capital gains tax is effectively charged by adding a percentage of the increase in value of an asset , that was disposed of for more than its base cost , to the taxpayer 's taxable income ( see normal tax ) . For individuals , deceased estates and special trusts 40 % of the net gain exceeding R 40 000 exclusion for individuals is added to their taxable income . For companies , close corporations and trusts 80 % is added . Net capital losses in any given year can not be used as a set - off against ordinary income ; but can be carried forward to the following years to be used as a set - off against future capital gains . Indirect taxation ( edit ) Indirect taxes are taxes which are levied on transactions rather than on persons ( whether individuals or corporate ) . Value added tax ( VAT ) ( edit ) Value Added Tax ( VAT ) is a broad tax made by vendors on the supply of goods and services that is charged upon purchase . VAT must be paid irrespective of whether or not it is a capital good or trading stock so long as the vendor uses the goods in his / her enterprise . It 's compulsory for a business to register VAT remission when the value of taxable supplies in a 12 - month period exceeds or is expected to exceed R1 million . Value Added Tax ( VAT ) was first introduced in South Africa on 29 September 1991 at a rate of 10 % . Currently VAT is set at 14 % . If given price on an item charged by a vendor does not mention VAT then that price is deemed to include VAT . SARS VAT Calculator In 2009 / 10 fiscal year about 72 % of the 685,523 registered VAT vendors were active . Over 55 % of VAT vendors had a turnover of less than R1 million . People who are not South African passport holders and are not resident in South Africa are eligible to claim back VAT on movable goods purchased in the country provided they present a tax invoice ( such as a receipt ) for those goods . Fuel levy ( edit ) The fuel levy in South Africa represents a tax paid at the pump on fuel , predominantly processed fossils fuels like petrol and diesel . In 2011 this tax represented about 29.6 % of the price of 93 octane petrol and 30.3 % of the price of diesel . 5 % of the total fuel price paid at the pump in South Africa goes to the Road Accident Fund which is a state insurer that provides insurance cover to all drivers of motor vehicles in South Africa in respect of liability incurred or damage caused as a result of a traffic collision . Centenary of income tax ( edit ) University of Cape Town , 17 November 2014 : Dr Beric John Croome ( right ) addresses attendees at the historic `` Income Tax in South Africa : The First 100 Years '' conference , with Professor Jennifer Roeleveld , Head : Taxation , Department of Finance and Tax , UCT and a conference organiser , looking on . ( Photograph by Michael Hammond / University of Cape Town ) During 1914 , General Jan Smuts , in his capacity as Minister of Finance , tabled legislation in the Parliament of the Union of South Africa , introducing income tax in the country , with the Income Tax Act of 1914 . Taxpayers in the Union of South Africa became liable to pay income tax , with effect from 20 July 1914 . In 2014 , 20 years since South Africa became a full democracy , the University of Cape Town marked that milestone , of the introduction of income tax in South Africa , with the `` INCOME TAX IN SOUTH AFRICA : THE FIRST 100 YEARS 1914 -- 2014 '' conference and later , a publication of papers presented . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Tax Statistics '' ( PDF ) . South African Revenue Service . October 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US dollar / ZAR exchange rate for 5 Feb 2014 '' . xe.com . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Tax Statistics - Highlights '' ( PDF ) . SARS . October 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Outcome of Revenue Collection for the 2010 / 2011 Fiscal Year '' . SARS. 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Tax Statistics '' ( PDF ) . South African Revenue Service & National Treasury of South Africa . November 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 621 - 42856 - 8 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huxham , Keith ; Hauput , Philip ( 2004 ) . Notes on South African Income Tax 2005 . Roggebaai , South Africa : H&H Publications . ISBN 1 - 874929 - 28 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Do we pay too much income tax in South Africa ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` SARS Budget Pocket Guide 2016 '' ( PDF ) . South African Revenue Service . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Income Tax '' . SARS . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Tax Statistics -- Highlights '' . SARS. 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Do we pay too much income tax in South Africa ? '' . Business Tech. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.sars.gov.za/TaxTypes/STC/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.sars.gov.za/AllDocs/OpsDocs/Guides/LAPD-CGT-G02%20-%20The%20ABC%20of%20Capital%20Gains%20Tax%20for%20Individuals%20-%20External%20Guide.pdf Jump up ^ http://africa.calculator.co.ke/south-africa-value-added-tax-vat-calculator Jump up ^ `` Taxes and VAT Refunds '' . South African Consolate in New York . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Steyn , Greta ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` Fuel levy hike to hit motorists '' . Finance 24 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel Levy '' . Road Accident Fund . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hundred Year Milestone for Taxpayers '' . 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2014/05/26/a-century-later-income-tax-still-rests-on-a-narrow-base Jump up ^ `` UCT Conference Celebrating a Century of Income Tax in South Africa '' . 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hundred - year milestone for taxpayers '' . 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Income Tax in South Africa : The First Hundred Years ( 1914 - 2014 ) '' . 5 March 2016 . 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Trade unions Corruption Companies JSE Limited Traded companies Krugerrand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_South_Africa&oldid=799067042 '' Categories : Taxation in South Africa Government of South Africa Economy of South Africa Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use South African English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 12 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation%20in%20South%20Africa	2,537
who posited that deviance is learned through social interaction			Social learning theory	social learning theory	Social learning theory is a theory of learning and social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others . It states that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction , even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement . In addition to the observation of behavior , learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments , a process known as vicarious reinforcement . When a particular behavior is rewarded regularly , it will most likely persist ; conversely , if a particular behavior is constantly punished , it will most likely desist . The theory expands on traditional behavioral theories , in which behavior is governed solely by reinforcements , by placing emphasis on the important roles of various internal processes in the learning individual .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History and theoretical background 2 Theory 2.1 Observation and direct experience 2.2 Modeling and underlying cognitive processes 2.3 Evolution and cultural intelligence 3 Social learning in neuroscience 4 Applications 4.1 Criminology 4.2 Developmental psychology 4.3 Management 4.4 Media violence 4.5 Creating social change with media 4.5. 1 Applications for Social Change 4.6 Psychotherapy 4.7 School psychology 4.8 Social learning algorithm for computer optimization 5 References 6 External links History and theoretical background ( edit ) In the 1940s , B.F. Skinner delivered a series of lectures in Sunyani Fiapre , Ghana on verbal behavior , putting forth a more empirical approach to the subject than existed in psychology at the time . In them , he proposed the use of stimulus - response theories to describe language use and development , and that all verbal behavior was underpinned by operant conditioning . He did however mention that some forms of speech derived from words and sounds that had previously been heard ( echoic response ) , and that reinforcement from parents allowed these ' echoic responses ' to be pared down to that of understandable speech . While he denied that there was any `` instinct or faculty of imitation '' , Skinner 's behaviorist theories formed a basis for redevelopment into social learning theory . At around the same time , Clark Lewis Hull , an American psychologist , was a strong proponent of behaviorist stimulus - response theories , and headed a group at Yale University 's Institute of Human Relations . Under him , Neil Miller and John Dollard aimed to come up with a reinterpretation of psychoanalytic theory in terms of stimulus - response . This led to their book , Social Learning Theory , published in 1941 , which posited that personality consisted of learned habits . They used Hull 's drive theory , where a drive is a need that stimulates a behavioral response , crucially conceiving a drive of imitation , which was positively reinforced by social interaction and widespread as a result . Julian B. Rotter , a professor at Ohio State University published his book , Social Learning and Clinical Psychology in 1954 . His theories moved away from the strictly behaviorist learning of the past , and considered instead the holistic interaction between the individual and the environment . In his theory , the social environment and individual personality created probabilities of behavior , and the reinforcement of these behaviors led to learning. He emphasized the subjective nature of the responses and effectiveness of reinforcement types . While his theory used vocabulary common to that of behaviorism , the focus on internal functioning and traits differentiated his theories , and can be seen as a precursor to more cognitive approaches to learning . In 1959 , Noam Chomsky published his criticism of Skinner 's book Verbal Behavior , an extension of Skinner 's initial lectures . In his review , Chomsky stated that pure stimulus - response theories of behavior could not account for the process of language acquisition , an argument that contributed significantly to psychology 's cognitive revolution . He theorized that `` human beings are somehow specially designed to '' understand and acquire language , ascribing a definite but unknown cognitive mechanism to it . Within this context , Albert Bandura studied learning processes that occurred in interpersonal contexts and were not adequately explained by theories of operant conditioning or existing models of social learning . Specifically , Bandura argued that `` the weaknesses of learning approaches that discount the influence of social variables are nowhere more clearly revealed than in their treatment of the acquisition of novel responses . '' Skinner 's explanation of the acquisition of new responses relied on the process of successive approximation , which required multiple trials , reinforcement for components of behavior , and gradual change . Rotter 's theory proposed that the likelihood of a behavior occurring was a function of the subjective expectancy and value of the reinforcement . This model assumed a hierarchy of existing responses and thus did not ( according to Bandura ) account for a response that had not yet been learned . Bandura began to conduct studies of the rapid acquisition of novel behaviors via social observation , the most famous of which were the Bobo doll experiments . Theory ( edit ) Social learning theory integrated behavioral and cognitive theories of learning in order to provide a comprehensive model that could account for the wide range of learning experiences that occur in the real world . As initially outlined by Bandura and Walters in 1963 and further detailed in 1977 , key tenets of social learning theory are as follows : Learning is not purely behavioral ; rather , it is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context . Learning can occur by observing a behavior and by observing the consequences of the behavior ( vicarious reinforcement ) . Learning involves observation , extraction of information from those observations , and making decisions about the performance of the behavior ( observational learning or modeling ) . Thus , learning can occur without an observable change in behavior . Reinforcement plays a role in learning but is not entirely responsible for learning . The learner is not a passive recipient of information . Cognition , environment , and behavior all mutually influence each other ( reciprocal determinism ) . Observation and direct experience ( edit ) Typical stimulus - response theories rely entirely upon direct experience ( of the stimulus ) to inform behavior . Bandura opens up the scope of learning mechanisms by introducing observation as a possibility . He adds to this the ability of modeling -- a means by which humans `` represent actual outcomes symbolically '' . These models , cognitively mediated , allow future consequences to have as much of an impact as actual consequences would in a typical S-R theory . An important factor in social learning theory is the concept of reciprocal determinism . This notion states that just as an individual 's behavior is influenced by the environment , the environment is also influenced by the individual 's behavior . In other words , a person 's behavior , environment , and personal qualities all reciprocally influence each other . For example , a child who plays violent video games will likely influence their peers to play as well , which then encourages the child to play more often . This could lead to the child becoming desensitized to violence , which in turn will likely affect the child 's real life behaviors . Modeling and underlying cognitive processes ( edit ) Social learning theory draws heavily on the concept of modeling as described above . Bandura outlined three types of modeling stimuli : Live models , where a person is demonstrating the desired behavior Verbal instruction , in which an individual describes the desired behavior in detail and instructs the participant in how to engage in the behavior Symbolic , in which modeling occurs by means of the media , including movies , television , Internet , literature , and radio . Stimuli can be either real or fictional characters . Exactly what information is gleaned from observation is influenced by the type of model , as well as a series of cognitive and behavioral processes , including : Attention -- in order to learn , observers must attend to the modeled behavior . Experimental studies have found that awareness of what is being learned and the mechanisms of reinforcement greatly boosts learning outcomes . Attention is impacted by characteristics of the observer ( e.g. , perceptual abilities , cognitive abilities , arousal , past performance ) and characteristics of the behavior or event ( e.g. , relevance , novelty , affective valence , and functional value ) . In this way , social factors contribute to attention -- the prestige of different models affects the relevance and functional value of observation and therefore modulates attention . Retention -- In order to reproduce an observed behavior , observers must be able to remember features of the behavior . Again , this process is influenced by observer characteristics ( cognitive capabilities , cognitive rehearsal ) and event characteristics ( complexity ) . The cognitive processes underlying retention are described by Bandura as visual and verbal , where verbal descriptions of models are used in more complex scenarios . Reproduction -- By reproduction , Bandura refers not to the propagation of the model but the implementation of it . This requires a degree of cognitive skill , and may in some cases require sensorimotor capabilities . Reproduction can be difficult because in the case of behaviors that are reinforced through self - observation ( he cites improvement in sports ) , it can be difficult to observe behavior well . This can require the input of others to provide self - correcting feedback . Newer studies on feedback support this idea by suggesting effective feedback , which would help with observation and correction improves the performance on participants on tasks . Motivation -- The decision to reproduce ( or refrain from reproducing ) an observed behavior is dependent on the motivations and expectations of the observer , including anticipated consequences and internal standards . Bandura 's description of motivation is also fundamentally based on environmental and thus social factors , since motivational factors are driven by the functional value of different behaviors in a given environment . Evolution and cultural intelligence ( edit ) Social learning theory has more recently applied alongside and been used to justify the theory of cultural intelligence . The cultural intelligence hypothesis argues that humans possess a set of specific behaviors and skills that allow them to exchange information culturally . This hinges on a model of human learning where social learning is key , and that humans have selected for traits that maximize opportunities for social learning . The theory builds on extant social theory by suggesting that social learning abilities , like Bandura 's cognitive processes required for modeling , correlate with other forms of intelligence and learning . Experimental evidence has shown that humans overimitate behavior compared to chimpanzees , lending credence to the idea that we have selected for methods of social learning . Some academics have suggested that our ability to learn socially and culturally have led to our success as a species . Social learning in neuroscience ( edit ) Recent research in neuroscience has implicated mirror neurons as a neurophysiology basis for social learning , observational learning , motor cognition and social cognition . Mirror neurons have been heavily linked to social learning in humans . Mirror neurons were first discovered in primates in studies which involved teaching the monkey motor activity tasks . One such study , focused on teaching primates to crack nuts with a hammer . When the primate witnessed another individual cracking nuts with a hammer , the mirror neuron systems became activated as the primate learned to use the hammer to crack nuts . However , when the primate was not presented with a social learning opportunity , the mirror neuron systems did not activate and learning did not occur . Similar studies with humans also show similar evidence to the human mirror neuron system activating when observing another person perform a physical task . The activation of the mirror neuron system is thought to be critical for the understanding of goal directed behaviors and understanding their intention . Although still controversial , this provides a direct neurological link to understanding social cognition . Applications ( edit ) Criminology ( edit ) Social learning theory has been used to explain the emergence and maintenance of deviant behavior , especially aggression . Criminologists Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess integrated the principles of social learning theory and operant conditioning with Edwin Sutherland 's Differential Association Theory to create a comprehensive theory of criminal behavior . Burgess and Akers emphasized that criminal behavior is learned in both social and nonsocial situations through combinations of direct reinforcement , vicarious reinforcement , explicit instruction , and observation . Both the probability of being exposed to certain behaviors and the nature of the reinforcement are dependent on group norms . Developmental psychology ( edit ) In her book Theories of Developmental Psychology , Patricia H. Miller lists both moral development and gender - role development as important areas of research within social learning theory . Social learning theorists emphasize observable behavior regarding the acquisition of these two skills . For gender - role development , the same - sex parent provides only one of many models from which the individual learns gender - roles . Social learning theory also emphasizes the variable nature of moral development due to the changing social circumstances of each decision : `` The particular factors the child thinks are important vary from situation to situation , depending on variables such as which situational factors are operating , which causes are most salient , and what the child processes cognitively . Moral judgments involve a complex process of considering and weighing various criteria in a given social situation . '' For social learning theory , gender development has to do with the interactions of numerous social factors , involving all the interactions the individual encounters . For social learning theory , biological factors are important but take a back seat to the importance of learned , observable behavior . Because of the highly gendered society in which an individual might develop , individuals begin to distinguish people by gender even as infants . Bandura 's account of gender allows for more than cognitive factors in predicting gendered behavior : for Bandura , motivational factors and a broad network of social influences determine if , when , and where gender knowledge is expressed . Management ( edit ) Social Learning theory proposes that rewards are n't the sole force behind creating motivation . Thoughts , beliefs , morals , and feedback all help to motivate us . Three other ways in which we learn are vicarious experience , verbal persuasion , and physiological states . Modeling , or the scenario in which we see someone 's behaviors and adopt them as our own , aide the learning process as well as mental states and the cognitive process. ( citation ? more description ) Media violence ( edit ) Main article : Media violence research Principles of social learning theory have been applied extensively to the study of media violence . Akers and Burgess hypothesized that observed or experienced positive rewards and lack of punishment for aggressive behaviors reinforces aggression . Many research studies have discovered significant correlations between viewing violent television and aggression later in life and many have not , as well as playing violent video games and aggressive behaviors . The role of observational learning has also been cited as an important factor in the rise of rating systems for TV , movies , and video games . Creating social change with media ( edit ) Entertainment - education in the form of a telenovela or soap opera can help viewers learn socially desired behaviors in a positive way from models portrayed in these programs . The telenovela format allows the creators to incorporate elements that can bring a desired response . These elements may include music , actors , melodrama , props or costumes . Entertainment education is symbolic modeling and has a formula with three sets of characters with the cultural value that is to be examined is determined ahead of time : Characters that support a value ( positive role models ) Characters who reject the value ( negative role models ) Characters who have doubts about the value ( undecided ) Within this formula there are at least three doubters that represent the demographic group within the target population . One of these doubters will accept the value less than halfway through , the second will accept the value two - thirds of the way through and the third doubter does not accept the value and is seriously punished . This doubter is usually killed . Positive social behaviors are reinforced with rewards and negative social behaviors are reinforced with punishment . At the end of the episode a short epilog done by a recognizable figure summarizes the educational content and within the program viewers are given resources in their community . Applications for social change ( edit ) Through observational learning a model can bring forth new ways of thinking and behaving . With a modeled emotional experience , the observer shows an affinity towards people , places and objects . They dislike what the models do not like and like what the models care about . Television helps contribute to how viewers see their social reality . `` Media representations gain influence because people 's social constructions of reality depend heavily on what they see , hear and read rather than what they experience directly '' . Any effort to change beliefs must be directed towards the sociocultural norms and practices at the social system level . Before a drama is developed , extensive research is done through focus groups that represent the different sectors within a culture . Participants are asked what problems in society concern them most and what obstacles they face , giving creators of the drama culturally relevant information to incorporate into the show . The pioneer of entertainment - education is Miguel Sabido a creative writer / producer / director in the 1970s at the Mexican national television system , Televisa . Sabido spent 8 years working on a method that would create social change and is known as the Sabido Method . He credits Albert Bandura 's social learning theory , the drama theory of Eric Bentley , Carl Jung 's theory of archetypes , MacLean 's triune brain theory and Sabido 's own soap opera theory for influences his method . Sabido 's method has been used worldwide to address social issues such as national literacy , population growth and health concerns such as HIV . Psychotherapy ( edit ) Another important application of social learning theory has been in the treatment and conceptualization of anxiety disorders . The classical conditioning approach to anxiety disorders , which spurred the development of behavioral therapy and is considered by some to be the first modern theory of anxiety , began to lose steam in the late 1970s as researchers began to question its underlying assumptions . For example , the classical conditioning approach holds that pathological fear and anxiety are developed through direct learning ; however , many people with anxiety disorders can not recall a traumatic conditioning event , in which the feared stimulus was experienced in close temporal and spatial contiguity with an intrinsically aversive stimulus . Social learning theory helped salvage learning approaches to anxiety disorders by providing additional mechanisms beyond classical conditioning that could account for the acquisition of fear . For example , social learning theory suggests that a child could acquire a fear of snakes by observing a family member express fear in response to snakes . Alternatively , the child could learn the associations between snakes and unpleasant bites through direct experience , without developing excessive fear , but could later learn from others that snakes can have deadly venom , leading to a re-evaluation of the dangerousness of snake bites , and accordingly , a more exaggerated fear response to snakes . School psychology ( edit ) Many classroom and teaching strategies draw on principles of social learning to enhance students ' knowledge acquisition and retention . For example , using the technique of guided participation , a teacher says a phrase and asks the class to repeat the phrase . Thus , students both imitate and reproduce the teacher 's action , aiding retention . An extension of guided participation is reciprocal learning , in which both student and teacher share responsibility in leading discussions . Additionally , teachers can shape the classroom behavior of students by modelling appropriate behavior and visibly rewarding students for good behavior . By emphasizing the teacher 's role as model and encouraging the students to adopt the position of observer , the teacher can make knowledge and practices explicit to students , enhancing their learning outcomes . Social learning algorithm for computer optimization ( edit ) In modern field of computational intelligence , the social learning theory is adopted to develop a new computer optimization algorithm , the social learning algorithm . Emulating the observational learning and reinforcement behaviors , a virtual society deployed in the algorithm seeks the strongest behavioral patterns with the best outcome . This corresponds to searching for the best solution in solving optimization problems . Compared with other bio-inspired global optimization algorithms that mimic natural evolution or animal behaviors , the social learning algorithm has its prominent advantages . First , since the self - improvement through learning is more direct and rapid than the evolution process , the social learning algorithm can improve the efficiency of the algorithms mimicking natural evolution . Second , compared with the interaction and learning behaviors in animal groups , the social learning process of human beings exhibits a higher level of intelligence . By emulating human learning behaviors , it is possible to arrive at more effective optimizers than existing swarm intelligence algorithms . Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the social learning algorithm , which has in turn also verified through computer simulations the outcomes of the social learning behavior in human society . There also several mathematical models of social learning which try to model this phenomenon using probabilistic tools . References ( edit ) Library resources about Social learning theory Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ^ Jump up to : Albert Bandura ( 1971 ) . `` Social Learning Theory '' ( PDF ) . General Learning Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bandura , Albert ( 1963 ) . Social learning and personality development . New York : Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . Jump up ^ Renzetti , Claire ; Curran , Daniel ; Maier , Shana ( 2012 ) . Women , Men , and Society . Pearson . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0205863693 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , B.F. ( 1947 ) . `` Verbal Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hull , C.L. `` Simple trial and error learning : A study in psychological theory '' . Psychological Review . 37 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 256 . doi : 10.1037 / h0073614 . ^ Jump up to : `` Learning '' . socrates.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Social Learning Theory of Julian B. Rotter '' . psych.fullerton.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Chomsky , Noam ( 1959 ) . `` A review of B.F. Skinner 's Verbal Behavior '' . Language . 35 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 411334 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1957 ) . Verbal behavior . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1963 ) . Science and human behavior . New York : Appleton . Jump up ^ Rotter , Julian ( 1954 ) . Social learning and clinical psychology . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . ^ Jump up to : Bandura , Albert ( 1977 ) . Social Learning Theory . Oxford , England : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Grusec , Joan ( 1992 ) . `` Social learning theory and developmental psychology : The legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 5 ) : 776 -- 786 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 5.776 . Jump up ^ Bandura , A. ( 1972 ) . `` Modeling theory : Some traditions , trends , and disputes '' . In Parke , R.D. Recent trends in social learning theory . New York : Academic Press , Inc . Jump up ^ Postman , Leo ; Sassenrath , Julius ( 1961 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Automatic Action of Verbal Rewards and Punishments '' . The Journal of General Psychology . 65 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 136 . doi : 10.1080 / 00221309.1961. 9920464 . ISSN 0022 - 1309 . PMID 13737423 . Jump up ^ Wang , Shu - Ling ; Wu , Pei - Yi ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The role of feedback and self - efficacy on web - based learning : The social cognitive perspective '' . Computers & Education . 51 ( 4 ) : 1589 -- 1598 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compedu. 2008.03. 004 . ^ Jump up to : Schaik , Carel P. van ; Burkart , Judith M. ( 2011 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Social learning and evolution : the cultural intelligence hypothesis '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 366 ( 1567 ) : 1008 -- 1016 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2010.0304 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 3049085 . PMID 21357223 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Esther ; Call , Josep ; Hernàndez - Lloreda , María Victoria ; Hare , Brian ; Tomasello , Michael ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition : The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis '' . Science . 317 ( 5843 ) : 1360 -- 1366 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1146282 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17823346 . Jump up ^ Whiten , Andrew ; McGuigan , Nicola ; Marshall - Pescini , Sarah ; Hopper , Lydia M. ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Emulation , imitation , over-imitation and the scope of culture for child and chimpanzee '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences . 364 ( 1528 ) : 2417 -- 2428 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2009.0069 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 2865074 . PMID 19620112 . Jump up ^ `` THE SECRET OF OUR SUCCESS '' . secretofoursuccess.fas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Uddin , L.Q. ; Iacoboni , M. ; Lange , C. ; Keenan , J.P. ( 2007 ) . `` The self and social cognition : the role of cortical mid line structures and mirror neurons '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 11 ( 4 ) : 153 -- 157 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2007.01. 001 . PMID 17300981 . Jump up ^ Rear ( 2014 ) . `` Monkey brains wired to share '' . Nature . 506 ( 7489 ) : 416 -- 417 . doi : 10.1038 / 506416a . PMID 24572401 . Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , D. ; Ravignani , A. ; Marshall - Pescini , S. ; Whiten , A. ( 2014 ) . `` Synchrony and motor mimicking in chimpanzee observational learning '' . Scientific Reports . 4 : 5283 . doi : 10.1038 / srep05283 . PMID 24923651 . Jump up ^ Pfohl , S.J. Images of deviance and social control : A sociological history , New York : McGraw - Hill 1994 , pp. 1 - 16,301 - 303 Jump up ^ Burgess , R. , & Akers , R. A Differential Association - Reinforcement Theory of Criminal Behavior . Social Problems , Vol. 14 , No. 2 ( Autumn , 1966 ) , pp. 128 - 147 ^ Jump up to : Miller , Patricia H. ( 2011 ) . Theories of developmental psychology . New York : Worth Publishers . Jump up ^ Anderson , C.A. ; Bushman , B.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior , aggressive cognition , aggressive affect , physiological arousal , and pro-social behavior : A meta - analytic review of the scientific literature '' . Psychological Science . 12 ( 5 ) : 353 -- 359 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9280.00366 . PMID 11554666 . Jump up ^ Paik , H. ; Comstock , G. ( 1994 ) . `` The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior : A meta - analysis '' . Communication Research . 21 ( 4 ) : 516 -- 546 . doi : 10.1177 / 009365094021004004 . ^ Jump up to : Bandura , A. ( 2004 ) . Social cognitive theory for personal and social change by enabling media . Retrieved from http://web.stanford.edu/dept/psychology/bandura/pajares/Bandura2004Media.pdf ^ Jump up to : Singhal , A. , Rogers2 , E.M. , & Brown3 , W.J. ( 1993 ) . Harnessing the potential of entertainment - education telenovelas ( Journal article ) . Gazene , 51 , 1 - 18 . Retrieved from http://utminers.utep.edu/asinghal/technical%20reports/harnessing%20ee.pdf ^ Jump up to : Bandura , A. ( 2002 , March ) . Growing primacy of human agency in adaptation and change in the electronic era ( Journal article ) . European Psychologist , 7 ( 1 ) , 2 - 16 . Retrieved from http://utminers.utep.edu/asinghal/technical%20reports/harnessing%20ee.pdf Jump up ^ Singhal , A. , & Obregon , R. ( 1999 ) . Social uses of commercial soap operas : A conversation with Miguel Sabido ( Journal article ) . Journal of Development Communication , 10 ( 1 ) , 68 - 77 . Retrieved from http://www.media-diversity.org/en/additional-files/documents/D%20Miscellaneous/Social%20Uses%20of%20Commercial%20Soap%20Operas;%20Miguel%20Sabido%20[EN].pdf Jump up ^ Rachman , S ( 1991 ) . `` Neo-conditioning and the classical theory of fear acquisition '' . Clinical Psychology Review . 11 : 155 -- 173 . doi : 10.1016 / 0272 - 7358 ( 91 ) 90093 - a . Jump up ^ Mathews , A. , Gelder , M. & Johnston , D. ( 1981 ) . Agoraphobia : Xature L3 Treatment . New York : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Ost , L.G. ; Hugdahl , K. ( 1981 ) . `` Acquisition of phobias and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients '' . Behavior Research and Therapy . 19 : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 7967 ( 81 ) 90134 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mineka , S. ; Zinbarg , R. ( 2006 ) . `` A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders : It 's not what you thought it was '' . American Psychologist. 61 : 10 -- 26 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 61.1. 10 . PMID 16435973 . Jump up ^ Kumpulainen , K. , Wray , D. ( 2002 ) . Classroom Interaction and Social Learning : From Theory to Practice . New York , NY : RoutledgeFalmer . Jump up ^ There are some limitations to the social learning theory that make it more complicated than it is made out to be . Some of the limitations are that a changes in the environment does not automatically mean that a person changes too . The theory also seems to ignore biological and hormonal dispositions of people . You can read more about this by clicking on this link . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Gong , Yue - Jiao ( 2014 - 10 - 11 ) . `` From the social learning theory to a social learning algorithm for global optimization '' ( PDF ) . Systems , Man and Cybernetics ( SMC ) . External links ( edit ) Media related to Social learning theory at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_learning_theory&oldid=842425213 '' Categories : Social learning theory Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Ελληνικά Español Français Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Polski Русский සිංහල 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 10 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how many players are there in fifa 18			FIFA 18	fifa 18	FIFA 18 is a football simulation video game in the FIFA series of video games , developed and published by Electronic Arts and was released worldwide on 29 September 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and Nintendo Switch . It is the 25th instalment in the FIFA series . Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo appears as the cover athlete of the regular edition . Ronaldo Nazario appears on the icon edition of the game .	FIFA 18 is the second instalment in the series to use the Frostbite 3 game engine , although some versions of the game use a different game engine . The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions include a continuation of `` The Journey '' a story - based mode that was originally in FIFA 17 entitled `` The Journey : Hunter Returns '' . The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions , known as FIFA 18 : Legacy Edition , do not contain any new gameplay features aside from updated kits and rosters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 The Journey : Hunter Returns 2.1 Story 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Gameplay FIFA 18 is a sports game that simulates association football . The game features 52 fully licensed stadiums from 12 countries , including new stadiums , plus 30 generic fields equals to a total of 82 . All 20 Premier League stadiums are represented in the series . Commentary is once again provided by Martin Tyler and Alan Smith with Alan McInally ( in - game score updates ) , Geoff Shreeves ( injury reports ) and Mike West ( classified results ) . FIFA 18 Ultimate Team Icons , the new version of what has previously been called Legends is playable on the PS4 , Xbox One and PC versions of the game . Diego Maradona was added as a legend to the Ultimate Team , joining Brazilian stars Pelé and Ronaldo , Russian goalkeeper Lev Yashin , French star Thierry Henry for the 95 - rated card and other famous players retired like Ronaldinho and Roberto Carlos . FIFA 18 features the third tier of Germany 's Bundesliga , the 3 . Liga . It also features the Iceland national football team , the Saudi Arabia national football team , both the men 's and women 's national New Zealand teams and has again the Turkish Super League after EA renewed its license with them . EA Sports have introduced Quick Subs into FIFA 18 where the player can make a substitute when the ball goes out of play . Also now in Career Mode players can watch interactive transfer negotiations happen and can also see their new signings unveiled in cut scenes . The Journey : Hunter returns The story - based Journey mode that was introduced in FIFA 17 returns in this instalment and continues the narrative under the title `` The Journey : Hunter Returns '' . If one completed the original story , they will begin FIFA 18 at the same club -- with traits and honours , such as a Premier League title or FA Cup win , being carried over . As for those starting fresh , they will see a montage of key plot points in the game , then be able to select from any current English Premier League side . Alex Hunter , the 18 - year - old main character from Clapham , London , returns and is fully customisable . Players can unlock items which include new clothes and hairstyles for Hunter . While FIFA 17 locked Hunter to the English Premier League and Championship , in FIFA 18 players can now experience new locations , such as Brazil and the United States . The trailer released for this game mode also shows numerous widely - known football players making an appearance such as Cristiano Ronaldo , Antoine Griezmann , Dele Alli , Thomas Müller , Gyasi Zardes , Rio Ferdinand and Thierry Henry . NBA player James Harden is also featured in the trailer and on the video game itself . Alex Morgan and Megan Rapinoe also make cameo appearances . The story mode also has new playable characters , such as Danny Williams , who is Alex Hunter 's best friend , and also featuring a character new to the series , Alex Hunter 's half - sister , Kim Hunter . Story The story begins with a TV - style ' previously on ' section that recaps the key events of the first journey . Then the game cuts to Alex Hunter and his friend Danny Williams , enjoying their last day on holiday in Brazil , before they are approached by some young kids who challenge them to a football game . After returning home to England , Alex and his team are informed about a pre-season tournament in the USA , before which Alex is invited to an interview with Rio Ferdinand , but later runs into his old friend and rival Gareth Walker , who says he ca n't believe that Alex is still with his agent Michael . Then at the tour in LA , Alex 's team faces off against Real Madrid and at the end of the match , regardless of the result , Alex swaps numbers with Cristiano Ronaldo , who suggests that Alex comes and plays for Madrid , having been impressed by his play . If the player beats Real Madrid , you play against LA Galaxy , where Hunter encounters Gyasi Zardes in the tunnel before the match starts . Alex also meets his father during the tour , and begrudgingly accepts an invitation to have dinner with him . After the tour , Alex Hunter and his teammates go to Chicago where they participate in the MLS All - Star Game . Following the first game of the new Premier League season , Michael tells Alex that none other than Real Madrid are keen on signing him . Despite it being a risky move with Alex who is still in his youth , he decides to follow his dreams , and put forward a transfer request . This causes both Alex 's teammates and the fans to lose faith in his commitment to the team - even to the point of the fans booing him when he is subbed on during a game . Unfortunately , just one day before the transfer window closes , Michael reveals that he found out that the Real Madrid deal was a scam , and that they were never interested in him joining their team . While the club executive appreciates that neither Michael or Alex had any reason to believe the deal was fake , it does n't counter the fact that Alex put a transfer request in - meaning that he wanted to leave . Alex is subsequently pulled from the senior squad and put on the youth squad . With just hours till the deadline , Michael admits that he really wanted to sign Alex with Madrid because he was falling behind in his reputation as an agent , and so he went with the deal without really thinking too much . Alex is enraged at Michael for gambling his football career for his personal gain , and the player is then given the option to forgive Michael and stay with him , or fire him due to his almost career ending mistake . Regardless of the player 's decision , Alex then gets a call from his Dad , who is now working for LA Galaxy . The team offer him a contract to play for LA , due to some injuries their strikers have suffered from . With no other option to go for , aside from training with the youth squad , Alex accepts the deal , helping the team to reach the playoffs . Shortly after he arrives in the USA , a young girl recognizes him in the changing rooms . While dining out with his father , Alex learns that she is Kim Hunter - his half sister . Less than impressed with his father for not telling him about Kim , Alex storms off , but later comes to support Kim during her international debut for the US ladies against Germany . With Christmas coming around , Alex returns home to England after the season with LA ends , but gives Kim their grandfather 's football for luck in her future games . After reuniting with Danny , who signed up with Alex 's former club when he left , Alex learns that Atletico Madrid , PSG , and Bayern Munich are interested in signing him ( if the player kept Michael , he signs him or if the player fired him , Alex is signed by his dad ) . Alex signs to one of them and when he arrives finds out that Dino , the manager of Alex 's former loan club , is at his new club as well . Dino pairs Alex up with either Thomas Muller , Antoine Griezmann , or Dele Alli , the player serving as Alex 's strike partner . Just three games in however , Alex suffers a knee injury that sidelines him from the pitch for most of the season . At this point the game switches to Danny Williams ' perspective , whose career at Alex 's former club is at risk . After playing a game , the player is given the option to either play as Williams and try and save his career , or simply give it up and take control of Hunter in the next chapter . Having recovered from his injury in rehab , Alex meets up with Kim for a kick around before going back to his European team , where he finds out that Dino 's job is at risk , and he may be fired if the club does n't win any silverware by the season 's end . If Hunter plays well and wins the league or cup final , Dino keeps his job . If not , Dino will indeed be fired and Alex helps him clean out his desk . After the season ends , Alex takes Jim over to the US to meet Kim for the first time and they dine at the restaurant . After he eats however , Alex receives a call from an agent who claims to have been keeping her eye on him . She offers to make him an icon and tells him to meet up with her , ending the story on a cliffhanger . Development FIFA 18 was developed and published by Electronic Arts . In January 2017 , during the Nintendo Switch Presentation , EA announced a custom - built port of FIFA 18 on the Nintendo Switch console . It runs on an internally developed game engine , as opposed to Frostbite engine that several versions of the game run on . While the Switch version includes a career mode , it excludes the story - based Journey mode . The Switch version runs at a resolution of 1080p at 60 frames per second when docked to a TV , and 720p at 60 frames per second in the handheld / tabletop mode . The Switch version marks the first time Ultimate Team ever made an appearance on a Nintendo system . Features exclusive to the Switch version include local multiplayer in the form of the new mode Local Seasons , allowing up to 2 Nintendo Switches to connect and compete in a five - match sequence . Another mode exclusive to Switch is the Switch Kick - Off mode , allowing players to instantly get into local / solo matches . The faces for Forest Green Rovers were captured for the game , a first for a club outside of Europe 's top leagues . EA chose the club after they were promoted to the Football League after a 128 - year wait . Release FIFA 18 was released worldwide on 29 September 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and Nintendo Switch . Cristiano Ronaldo is featured on the cover of the game 's retail box . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 84 / 100 ( XONE ) 84 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( PC ) 68 / 100 ( NS ) Review scores Publication Score Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 7 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 8.1 / 10 ( NS ) 5.5 / 10 FIFA 18 received `` generally favorable '' reviews for the PS4 , Xbox One and PC versions of the game , while the Nintendo Switch version received `` mixed or average '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . In their 7 / 10 review , GameSpot wrote , `` From the variety of game modes on offer and how everything 's presented , to the constant updates in FUT 's Team of the Week , Daily Objectives , and discussion of real - world happenings in commentary , FIFA 18 captures the world of football and confidently translates it into a video game . On the pitch , however , EA 's soccer series is still lagging far behind PES 2018 's more fluid , satisfying football . '' IGN gave it an 8.1 / 10 , saying , `` A sharp focus on attack but few new additions make this a spectacular if somewhat shallow experience . '' Accolades Eurogamer ranked the game 30th on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . The game won the award for `` Best Sports Game '' at the 2017 Game Critics Awards , and was nominated for `` Best Console Game ( Nintendo Switch ) '' and `` Best Sports Game '' at the Gamescom 2017 Awards . It was also nominated for `` Best Multiplayer Game '' at the Golden Joystick Awards , and for `` Best Sports / Racing Game '' at The Game Awards 2017 , while it took first place for `` Best Sports '' at the Global Game Awards 2017 . It won the award for `` Best Story '' at Game Informer 's 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards , while it took the lead for `` Best Sports Game '' in their Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards . It won the award for `` Sports Game of the Year '' at the 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards , and was nominated for `` Game , Franchise Sports '' at the upcoming 17th Annual NAVGTR Awards , and for `` eSports Game of the Year '' at the upcoming 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards . Controversy FIFA 18 faced a backlash from fans due to its bugs and microtransactions system in Ultimate Team mode which makes it pay - to - win resulting in a Black Friday boycott by fans in November 2017 and a petition being launched by fans with the # FixFifa . Players criticized EA of changing the game through patches which resulted in players not getting what they paid for and the need to spend a large amount of real currency in order to get a good team as well as the large amount of glitches and bugs in the game . FIFA Ultimate Team pack have been called loot boxes in another name and the similarity to addictive gambling due to their use of variable - ratio scheduling used in gambling . Players also accused Ultimate Team packs of having terrible drop rates . FIFA 18 , alongside several other EA games such as Star Wars : Battlefront II , are also under investigation by countries such as Belgium for their loot box systems . References Jump up ^ `` The World 's Game EA SPORTS FIFA 18 is Available Worldwide Today '' . Electronic Arts Inc . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT IS FIFA 18 LEGACY EDITION ? - FAQ '' . EA Sports . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 : EVERY STADIUM IN THE GAME '' ( 30 June 2017 ) . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` EA Sports announce four new FIFA 18 Ultimate Team Icons including Diego Maradona and Thierry Henry '' . mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gameplay Trailer , Pre-Order , Icons , PS4 , Xbox One , Switch , Ultimate Team , Ronaldo Cover Star - Everything we Know and Want '' . usgamer . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 to include 95 - rated icon Diego Maradona as EA Sports adds footballing legend to Ultimate Team '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 to include German 3 . Liga for first time in series Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland national team included in FIFA 18 Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Super League renews license for FIFA 18 '' . DailySabah . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 : EA Sports announce introduction of ' quick subs ' '' . Dream Team FC. 2017 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 Career mode : Everything you need to know Goal.com '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` FIFA 17 's New Story Mode Wo n't Be in Xbox 360 , PS3 Versions '' . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE JOURNEY IN FIFA 18 : ALEX HUNTER 'S STORY SO FAR & WHAT TO EXPECT IN SEASON TWO '' . Goal.com. 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LOVE IS IN THE AIR FIFA 18 : The Journey 2 -- Does Alex Hunter get a girlfriend ? '' . thesun.co.uk. 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When is FIFA 18 out ? Cristiano Ronaldo on the cover , Alex Hunter in Journey 2 and full UK release details '' . mirror.co.uk. 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 's story mode goes heavy on the special guest stars '' . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Thomas ( 10 June 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 on Switch to Include Ultimate Team , EA Boasts of Most ' Advanced ' Portable Version '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 on Nintendo Switch is the best portable FIFA ever '' . Wesley Yin - Poole. 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forest Green Rovers become first club outside Europe 's top leagues to have players ' faces captured in FIFA 18 '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 - release date , trailer , The Journey 2 details and everything you need to know '' . gamesradar . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 trailer released with Cristiano Ronaldo the face of the game '' . Liverpool Echo. 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 : XBOX ONE AND PS4 RELEASE DATES , COST , PRE-ORDER AND COMPLETE GUIDE AS CRISTIANO RONALDO BAGS THE COVER '' . Goal.com. 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA 18 for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA 18 for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 for Switch Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kato , Matthew ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 : Alex Hunter Makes His Mark Again '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 Review -- The Greatest FIFA in Years '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dayus , Oscar ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ben ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , John ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 Review ( PC , PS4 , XOne ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , John ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` FIFA 18 Switch Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( 28 December 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 30 - 21 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2017 ( 2017 Winners ) '' . Game Critics Awards . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Khan , Zubi ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Gamescom 2017 Award Nominees '' . CGM . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaito , Eri ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sports Award Global Game Awards 2017 '' . Game Debate . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` The 2017 Sports Game Of The Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 4 ) '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 14 January 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 ULTIMATE TEAM MICROTRANSACTIONS CAUSE FAN UPROAR '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 18 fans organize Black Friday in - game purchase boycott '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Getting rid of FIFA Ultimate Team packs is the best thing EA Sports can do '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Micro Transactions system used in Fifa Ultimate team , Star Wars battlefront and other popular games could be banned '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . External links Official website Association football video games by EA FIFA series International Soccer Soccer 95 Soccer 96 97 Road to World Cup 98 2000 Football 2002 Football 2003 Football 2004 Football 2005 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 FIFA World Cup series World Cup 98 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil UEFA Euro series UEFA Euro 2000 UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA Euro 2008 UEFA Euro 2012 UEFA Champions League series UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 2007 Online games FIFA Online 2 FIFA Online ( western version ) FIFA Superstars FIFA Online 3 FIFA World FIFA Mobile FIFA Street series FIFA Street ( 2005 ) FIFA Street ( 2012 ) Related EA Trax Football Academy FIFA eWorld Cup FIFA Manager series The F.A. 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Cinema Bend It Like Beckham ( 2002 ) Dare to Dream ( 2005 ) Offside ( 2006 ) Gracie ( 2007 ) Her Best Move ( 2007 ) Football Under Cover ( 2008 ) SEC Storied ( 2013 ) An Equal Playing Field ( 2015 ) Stage Bend It Like Beckham the Musical ( 2015 ) Television series Just for Kicks ( 2002 ) Nine for IX ( 2013 ) The Kicks ( 2015 ) Video games Mia Hamm Soccer 64 ( 2000 ) FIFA 16 ( 2015 ) FIFA 17 ( 2016 ) FIFA 18 ( 2017 ) Portal WikiProject 2010s portal Video games portal Association football portal Women 's association football portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_18&oldid=827329498 '' Categories : 2017 video games Association football video games Women 's association football video games EA Sports games FIFA ( video game series ) Frostbite ( game engine ) games J. 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bob dylan can you please crawl out your window lyrics			Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ?	can you please crawl out your window?	`` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' was a 1965 single by American rock artist Bob Dylan . The single , released in December of that year , reached # 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 17 on the UK chart in January 1966 . Dylan is accompanied on the song by the musical group then known as the Hawks , who would back the singer on his 1966 world tour and subsequently go on to fame in their own right as The Band : Robbie Robertson ( guitar ) , Rick Danko ( bass ) , Richard Manuel ( piano ) , Garth Hudson ( organ ) , and Levon Helm ( drums ) .	Dylan played the song to Phil Ochs as the two were riding in a limousine . When Ochs expressed a lukewarm feeling about the piece , Dylan ejected him from his limousine , yelling `` You 're not a folk singer . You 're a journalist . '' Numerous takes of the song were recorded on July 30 , 1965 during the sessions for the album Highway 61 Revisited with a band including Mike Bloomfield , Al Kooper and Paul Griffin ; one was mistakenly issued on a false pressing of the single Positively 4th Street that autumn . The official single version , with the Hawks , is generally considered to have been recorded on November 30 , 1965 , although at least one Dylan scholar contends that the recording date was October 5 . The entire July 1965 and October / November 1965 recording sessions were released on the 18 - disc Collector 's Edition of The Bootleg Series Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 in 2015 , while highlights from the outtakes appeared on the 2 - disc and 6 - disc versions of that album . Originally available as a single only , the song was eventually included ( in its original mono form ) on Dylan 's compilations Masterpieces ( 1978 ) and Biograph ( 1985 ) , and on the Band 's box set A Musical History ( 2005 ) . An extended stereo mix of the original single version appeared on the limited Collector 's Edition of The Bootleg Series Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 . The song was included in Nick Hornby 's book 31 Songs , published in the U.S. as Songbook . Covers ( edit ) English pub rock mainstay Wilko Johnson recorded a version for his 1981 album `` Ice on the Motorway '' The Vacels , a New York group , recorded the song in 1965 , releasing it on Kama Sutra in the US and on Pye International in the UK . It is believed that their version pre-dates Dylan 's own version . The Jimi Hendrix Experience covered the song for BBC Radio . This version was later released on the BBC Sessions album . The Hold Steady covered the song for the soundtrack to the Dylan quasi-biopic I 'm Not There . Transvision Vamp covered the song on their third album , Little Magnets Versus the Bubble of Babble . Les Fradkin covers it in his 2006 Dylan cover album If Your Memory Serves You Well . Wilko Johnson and Roger Daltrey covered it for their album Going Back Home Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael , There But for Fortune : The Life of Phil Ochs . New York ; Hyperion , 1996 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton , Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago ; Chicago Review Press , 2009 , pp. 252 , 254 Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Inside Bob Dylan 's Massive New Sixties Bootleg Series Trove '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Hornby , Nick ( 2002 ) Songbook , McSweeney 's Books , ISBN 0 - 9719047 - 7 - 4 Bob Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Book Portal Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' 1988 `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) 1993 `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can_You_Please_Crawl_Out_Your_Window%3F&oldid=797142377 '' Categories : Songs written by Bob Dylan Bob Dylan songs 1965 singles Columbia Records singles 1965 songs Bob Dylan singles not released on LP Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 05 : 47 . 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who holds the record for most strikeouts in a single game			List of major league Baseball single - game strikeout Leaders	list of major league baseball single - game strikeout leaders		Roger Clemens ( left ) and Randy Johnson ( right ) are the only pitchers to strike out 18 or more batters in a nine - inning game on three separate occasions . In baseball , a strikeout occurs when a pitcher throws three strikes to a batter during his time at bat . Twenty different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in a single nine - inning Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game as of 2016 , the most recent being Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals on May 11 , 2016 . Four players have accomplished the feat more than once in their career ; no player has ever struck out more than 20 batters in a nine - inning game . ( Tom Cheney struckout 21 in a 16 - inning game . ) Charlie Sweeney was the first player to strike out 18 batters in a single game , doing so for the Providence Grays against the Boston Beaneaters on June 7 , 1884 . In spite of this , Bob Feller is viewed as the first pitcher to accomplish the feat , since his then - record 18 strikeouts was the first to occur during the 20th century and the live - ball era . Out of the twenty pitchers who have accomplished the feat , fifteen were right - handed and five pitched left - handed . Five of these players have played for only one major league team . Five pitchers -- Steve Carlton , Roger Clemens , Randy Johnson , Nolan Ryan and Tom Seaver -- are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club . Sweeney has the fewest career strikeouts in the group with 505 , while Nolan Ryan , with 5,714 , struck out more batters than any other pitcher in major league history . Bill Gullickson and Kerry Wood are the only rookies to have achieved the feat . Tom Seaver concluded his milestone game by striking out the final ten batters he faced , setting a new major league record for most consecutive strikeouts . Of the eleven players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have struck out 18 batters in a game , six have been elected ; all six were elected on the first ballot . Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons , and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months . These requirements leave two players ineligible who are active , two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons , and five who did not play in 10 major league seasons . Contents 1 Players 1.1 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Players ( edit ) Kerry Wood tied Roger Clemens ' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine - inning game on May 6 , 1998 . Sandy Koufax is one of six pitchers who have 18 strikeouts in a game to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Bob Feller was the first player to achieve 18 strikeouts in a game during the live - ball era . Max Scherzer tied Kerry Wood and Roger Clemens ' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine - inning game on May 11 , 2016 . Nolan Ryan amassed 18 or more strikeouts in a nine - inning game twice , as well as 19 strikeouts in extra-inning games three times . Key Pitcher Name of the pitcher Date Date of the game Team The player 's team at the time of the game Opposing team The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players Score Final score of the game , with the player 's team score listed first Strikeouts Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded Career Ks Career strikeouts Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame * Player is active Indicates the player 's team lost the game MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine - inning game Pitcher Date Team Opposing team Score Strikeouts Career Ks Refs Max Scherzer May 11 , 2016 Washington Nationals Detroit Tigers 3 -- 2 20 2,149 Kerry Wood May 6 , 1998 Chicago Cubs Houston Astros 2 -- 0 20 1,582 Roger Clemens September 18 , 1996 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 4 -- 0 20 4,672 Roger Clemens April 29 , 1986 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 3 -- 1 20 4,672 Randy Johnson August 8 , 1997 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 5 -- 0 19 4,875 Randy Johnson June 24 , 1997 Seattle Mariners Oakland Athletics 1 -- 4 19 4,875 David Cone October 6 , 1991 New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies 7 -- 0 19 2,668 Nolan Ryan August 12 , 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4 -- 2 19 5,714 Tom Seaver April 22 , 1970 New York Mets San Diego Padres 2 -- 1 19 3,640 Steve Carlton September 15 , 1969 St. Louis Cardinals New York Mets 3 -- 4 19 4,136 Hugh Daily July 7 , 1884 Chicago Browns Boston Reds 10 -- 4 19 846 Charlie Sweeney June 7 , 1884 Providence Grays Boston Beaneaters 2 -- 1 19 505 Corey Kluber May 13 , 2015 Cleveland Indians St. Louis Cardinals 2 -- 0 18 1,201 Ben Sheets May 16 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Atlanta Braves 4 -- 1 18 1,325 Roger Clemens August 25 , 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Kansas City Royals 3 -- 0 18 4,672 Randy Johnson September 27 , 1992 Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers 2 -- 3 18 4,875 Ramón Martínez June 4 , 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves 6 -- 0 18 1,427 Bill Gullickson September 10 , 1980 Montreal Expos Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 18 1,279 Ron Guidry June 17 , 1978 New York Yankees California Angels 4 -- 0 18 1,778 Nolan Ryan September 10 , 1976 California Angels Chicago White Sox 3 -- 2 18 5,714 Don Wilson July 14 , 1968 Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 6 -- 1 18 1,283 Sandy Koufax April 24 , 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 10 -- 2 18 2,396 Sandy Koufax August 31 , 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 5 -- 2 18 2,396 Bob Feller October 2 , 1938 Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 1 -- 4 18 2,581 Henry Porter October 3 , 1884 Milwaukee Brewers Boston Reds 4 -- 5 18 659 Dupee Shaw July 19 , 1884 Boston Reds St. Louis Maroons 0 -- 1 18 950 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games ( edit ) Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game to date . Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game . The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine - inning game . This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game , the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made , and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings . Key IP Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game Pitcher Date Team Opposing team Score Strikeouts IP Career Ks Refs Tom Cheney September 12 , 1962 Washington Senators Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 1 21 16 345 Randy Johnson May 8 , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 3 20 9 4,875 Luis Tiant July 3 , 1968 Cleveland Indians Minnesota Twins 1 -- 0 19 10 2,416 Nolan Ryan June 14 , 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 19 13 5,714 Nolan Ryan August 20 , 1974 California Angels Detroit Tigers 0 -- 1 19 11 5,714 Nolan Ryan June 8 , 1977 California Angels Toronto Blue Jays 2 -- 1 19 10 5,714 Warren Spahn June 14 , 1952 Boston Braves Chicago Cubs 1 -- 3 18 15 2,583 Chris Short October 2 , 1965 Philadelphia Phillies New York Mets 0 -- 0 18 15 1,629 Jim Maloney June 14 , 1965 Cincinnati Reds New York Mets 0 -- 1 18 11 1,605 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 3,000 strikeout club Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 18 strikeouts is utilized as the benchmark because it signifies approximately ⁄ of a nine - inning game 's 27 outs were made by a single pitcher via a strikeout ( `` approximately '' due to the fact that a pitcher can record more than three strikeouts in an inning with the uncaught third strike rule ) . Jump up ^ Although the game went into extra innings ( 11 total ) , Johnson was relieved by Byung - hyun Kim after nine innings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to baseball '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Baseball Rules '' ( PDF ) . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules : 6.00 -- The Batter '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Roaring 20 ! Max Ties K Mark , Mauls Tigers '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caruso , Gary ( October 25 , 1995 ) . The Braves Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9781566393843 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Bob Feller , Whose Fastball Dazzled , Dies at 92 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blevins , Dave ( December 23 , 2011 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9781461673705 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Maury ( May 8 , 1961 ) . `` The 18 Strikeouts Of Bob Feller '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Gullickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kerry Wood Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bock , Hal ( April 23 , 1970 ) . `` Seaver Fans 19 '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . p. 2B . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Terr - whiff - ic ! Seaver Ties Record With 19 Strikeouts '' . New York Post . p. 87 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May 11 , 2016 Detroit Tigers at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Max Scherzer Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` May 6 , 1998 Houston Astros at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 6 , 1998 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 18 , 1996 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 18 , 1996 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 29 , 1986 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 29 , 1986 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` August 8 , 1997 Chicago White Sox at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 8 , 1997 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June 24 , 1997 Oakland Athletics at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 24 , 1997 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 6 , 1991 New York Mets at Philadelphia Phillies Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 6 , 1991 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Cone Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 12 , 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 12 , 1974 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 22 , 1970 San Diego Padres at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 22 , 1970 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 15 , 1969 New York Mets at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 15 , 1969 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Frank . `` Hugh Daily '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Daily Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Charlie Sweeney '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Baseball Library . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Sweeney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May 13 , 2015 St. Louis Cardinals at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Kluber Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` May 16 , 2004 Atlanta Braves at Milwaukee Brewers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 16 , 2004 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Sheets Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 25 , 1998 Kansas City Royals at Toronto Blue Jays Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 25 , 1998 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` September 27 , 1992 Seattle Mariners at Texas Rangers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 27 , 1992 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 4 , 1990 Atlanta Braves at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 4 , 1990 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ramon Martinez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 10 , 1980 Chicago Cubs at Montreal Expos Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 10 , 1980 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 17 , 1978 California Angels at New York Yankees Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 17 , 1978 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Guidry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 10 , 1976 California Angels at Chicago White Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 10 , 1976 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` July 14 , 1968 Houston Astros at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 14 , 1968 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Wilson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 24 , 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 24 , 1962 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandy Koufax Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 31 , 1959 San Francisco Giants at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 31 , 1959 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` October 2 , 1938 Detroit Tigers at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 2 , 1938 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Feller Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bevis , Charlie . `` George Bignell '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Porter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Early Records Of Lou Gehrig While At College Minus '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . April 16 , 1929 . p. 11 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dupee Shaw Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 12 , 1962 Washington Senators at Baltimore Orioles Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 12 , 1962 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cheney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 8 , 2001 Cincinnati Reds at Arizona Diamondbacks Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 8 , 2001 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` July 3 , 1968 Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 3 , 1968 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Tiant Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1974 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August 20 , 1974 Detroit Tigers at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 20 , 1974 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 8 , 1977 Toronto Blue Jays at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 8 , 1977 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1952 Chicago Cubs at Boston Braves Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1952 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Spahn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` October 2 , 1965 Philadelphia Phillies at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 2 , 1965 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Short Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1965 New York Mets at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1965 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Maloney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Top Individual Performances -- List Retrosheet ( scroll down ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_strikeout_leaders&oldid=856602744 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Major League Baseball lists Baseball pitching Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 11 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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who is the lead singer in five finger death punch	Ivan L. Moody ( born Ivan Lewis Greening ) , ( born January 7 , 1980 ) known by the pseudonym Ghost during his time with Motograter , is the lead vocalist for American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch . He had performed for several bands before settling down with Five Finger Death Punch ( often abbreviated to FFDP or 5FDP ) . As an actor , he also starred in the films Bled as Incubus , and The Devil 's Carnival as the hobo clown .	Ivan L. Moody	Ivan L. Moody	ivan l. moody	Ivan L. Moody ( born Ivan Lewis Greening ) , ( born January 7 , 1980 ) known by the pseudonym Ghost during his time with Motograter , is the lead vocalist for American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch . He had performed for several bands before settling down with Five Finger Death Punch ( often abbreviated to FFDP or 5FDP ) . As an actor , he also starred in the films Bled as Incubus , and The Devil 's Carnival as the hobo clown .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Alcoholism 4 Awards and nominations 5 Discography 5.1 Motograter 5.2 Ghost Machine 5.3 Five Finger Death Punch 5.4 Guest appearances 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Career ( edit ) Moody moved from his hometown Denver to Los Angeles in 2001 , where he joined his first band called Toiz . The band played a few shows around the Los Angeles area in 2002 and made a demo which was not released . The following year , he joined the nu metal band Motograter . They released their self - titled studio album of the same name on June 24 , 2003 . They gained some mainstream success playing the second stage at Ozzfest 2003 and touring with bands like Korn , Disturbed , Marilyn Manson , Nothingface , Slipknot , Mushroomhead , and Killswitch Engage . Motograter went on a hiatus in 2005 but played a one - time re-union show in 2006 at the Delicious Rox Festival and Moody made it perfectly clear to fans and band members alike that he was finished with the band . Moody also made songs with old roommates and family members , Ryan Morrow ( bass ) , Bill Stonebraker ( guitar ) , and Jim `` Dugan '' Demongey ( drums ) , calling themselves Black Blood Orchestra . Soon after , Moody joined the heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch and his side project Ghost Machine released their debut self - titled album on July 26 , 2005 . Ghost Machine released their second album , Hypersensitive , on November 21 , 2006 . On the same year , Five Finger Death Punch entered the studio to record their debut album at Next Level Studios and Complex Studios in Los Angeles , California with Steve Bruno and Mike Sarkisyan . The album was produced by guitarist Zoltan Bathory and drummer Jeremy Spencer and was mixed by former Machine Head and Soulfly guitarist Logan Mader . Moody also starred in the 2009 horror film Bled , playing the role of Incubus . They achieved rapid commercial success : their debut album , The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) has currently sold over 600,000 copies in the United States and spawned three top 10 hit singles . Their second album , War is the Answer ( 2009 ) , sold more than 44,000 copies in its first week of release , spawned 5 top 10 singles and has gone on to sell more than 700,000 copies to date . Their even more successful third record American Capitalist debuted # 3 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold over 90,000 copies in its first week of release . It was the band 's third consecutive RIAA - certified Gold record , however , has sold less copies than War is the Answer overall , with total sales to date around 550,000 . Then , on July 30 , 2013 , The Wrong side of Heaven and Righteous side of Hell Volume One was released , having sold over 210,000 copies so far , and is debuted as the # 1 rock album across the globe . Roughly four months later , The Wrong Side of Heaven and Righteous Side of Hell Volume Two was released , landing # 2 on the billboard 200 , and widely recognized for its extremely popular single , Battle Born . They have played many major tours and festivals including Korn 's Family Values and Bitch We Have a Problem Tours , the Jägermeister Stage ( second stage ) at Mayhem Festival in 2008 and the main stage at Mayhem Festival in 2010 and 2013 . They also performed at Download Festival during 2009 , 2010 , 2013 & 2015 and the Monster Stage ( main stage ) at Rock on the Range in Columbus , Ohio in 2008 , 2010 , 2012 and 2014 as well as at Rockfest 2012 in Kansas City . He is featured in the new book Full Metal : The 50 Most Influential Heavy Metal Songs of the 1980s and the True Stories Behind Their Lyrics . In a new interview conducted exclusively for the book , Moody discusses the impact of Metallica 's `` Fade to Black '' on him as a lyricist , in a full chapter about the song that also examines its social and cultural significance , both back during 1984 and today . Moody co-starred with Shawn Crahan in Darren Lynn Bousman 's short horror musical film The Devil 's Carnival , which screened on tour in April 2012 . On April 21 , 2017 , Moody announced that he would be forming a new band , called `` Villain '' , after his 2017 tour and his lawsuit with Prospect Park had concluded . On June 12 , 2017 , Moody publicly stated during their set in Tilburg , Netherlands , that it will be his last show with Five Finger Death Punch . However , the band have since released a statement via their Facebook page stating that bands that tour as heavily as they do will `` inevitably have a few derailments , but the train always keeps on moving '' , implying that all shows will proceed as planned and that Moody will remain as the band 's frontman . Moody checked himself into rehab and will sit out for the rest of the tour with Five Finger Death Punch , which will see vocalist Tommy Vext filling in for Moody . Personal life ( edit ) Although born in Denver , Colorado on January 7 , 1980 , Moody lived in several smaller cities in Colorado . He said he spent several summers with his grandmother in La Crosse , Wisconsin . `` My grandmother put me in choir when I was about seven years old . I was only in it about two or three years . Music 's always been real close to my heart . Like anybody else , there were ups and downs in my life and music just always seemed to be consistent , so it was easy to latch on to . I started singing in bands when I was 16 years old . They used to kick me out of bars after my set was done . '' Moody currently resides in Las Vegas , Nevada , and has an 18 - year - old daughter back in Colorado . Alcoholism ( edit ) In 2012 , Moody revealed that his alcohol problem had nearly got him fired from the band . Other members of Five Finger Death Punch would n't answer his phone calls and they had lost many tour managers , all harming the band and themselves . Moody had even performed while drunk ; he claimed he would perform in front of large crowds and not remember any of it the next day . He started to cut down on the alcohol and drink with more responsibility , before stopping completely . Moody says that he `` felt like a junkie and from that extreme , it takes a lot of effort to go back . '' Moody appears to reference his alcoholism and its battles in the video `` I Apologize , '' where Moody is walking through a graveyard filled with artists that have died struggling with addiction ; including Janis Joplin , Jimi Hendrix , Scott Weiland , Layne Staley , Kurt Cobain , John Bonham , Jim Morrison , Sid Vicious and many others . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Motograter was voted the best band of 2003 by Hit Parader . Five Finger Death Punch has won several awards including The Best New Band award at the 2009 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards , the Most Promising Artist award from FMQB 's 2009 year - end Metal poll . They were also nominated for the Best International Newcomer award at 2009 Kerrang ! Awards and won the Best Breakthrough Band award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards . Best Song for `` Lift Me Up '' at the 2014 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards . Discography ( edit ) Motograter ( edit ) 2003 : Motograter There are also four Motograter demos with Moody on lead vocals , including `` Down ( 2002 Demo ) , `` No Name ( 2002 Demo ) , `` Red ( 2002 Demo ) '' , and `` Failure ( Live 2004 ) '' . Ghost Machine ( edit ) 2005 : Ghost Machine 2006 : Hypersensitive After Hypersensitive , Ghost Machine started working on a remix album that they had to put on the back burner because of the success of Five Finger Death Punch . Four remixes were released for stream on the band 's MySpace music remix page : `` God Forbid ( Black Cape Remix ) '' , `` Vegas Moon ( Pete Murray Remix ) '' , `` Siesta Loca ( Steven 's Organic Drum Remix ) '' and `` Burning Bridges ( Depression Remix ) '' . Five Finger Death Punch ( edit ) 2007 : The Way of the Fist 2009 : War Is the Answer 2011 : American Capitalist 2013 : The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 2013 : The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 2015 : Got Your Six 2017 : A Decade of Destruction 2018 : And Justice for None Guest appearances ( edit ) List of guest appearances in other types of album with other performing artists , showing year released and album name . Year Title Other performer ( s ) Album 2012 `` A Penny for a Tale '' N / A The Devil 's Carnival Filmography ( edit ) Bled ( 2009 ) ( as Incubus ) The Devil 's Carnival ( 2012 ) ( as the hobo clown ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greening , Ivan Lewis . `` Songwriter / Composer : GREENING IVAN LEWIS '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil 's Carnival ( 2012 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.deadpress.co.uk/71619/news-ivan-moody-calls-tilburg-his-last-show-in-five-finger-death-punch Jump up ^ http://www.metalinjection.net/latest-news/drama/ivan-moody-to-sit-out-five-finger-death-punch-european-tour-checks-back-into-rehab Jump up ^ `` TGetting friendly with Five Finger Death Punch ( 2007 ) '' . Dabelly.com/ . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` TGIvan Moody of Five Finger Death Punch grew up here and still has a love for Colorado '' . westword.com/ . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Spencer thought drugs had killed him - Metal Hammer '' . Metalhammer.teamrock.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Five Finger Death Punch 's Ivan Moody Digs Own Grave in ' I Apologize ' Video '' . loudwire.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Former MOTOGRATER Frontman Resurfaces In FIVE FINGER DEATH PUNCH '' . Roadrunnerreocrds.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Five Finger Death Punch 's official website Five Finger Death Punch Zoltan Bathory Jeremy Spencer Ivan Moody Jason Hook Chris Kael Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) And Justice for None ( 2018 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' `` Gone Away '' Related articles Discography Invidia Motograter Matt `` Nuke '' Nunes Mylon Guy Noah `` Shark '' Robertson James Anthony Legion Dustin `` Skunk '' Anderson Jesse Stamper Zak `` The Waz '' Ward Bruce `` Grater '' Butler Chris `` Crispy '' Binns Joey `` Smur '' Krzywonski Eric Gonzales Neil Godfrey Ivan `` Ghost '' Moody JR Swartz Ty Fury Aaron `` A-Bomb '' Abalos Tyler Hole Jeremy `` Twitch '' Scheller Mark Nosler Casey `` KC Kaos '' Cahill Michael `` Angel '' Woodruff Kery `` Venom '' Glennon Michael `` The Kidd '' Stewart Carlos `` Crow '' Pagan Derek `` D '' Campbell Joey Vice Albums Studio Motograter EPs Hugh Chardon Indy Pre-Release Singles `` Suffocate '' `` Down '' `` No Name '' Related bands Five Finger Death Punch Ghost Machine MusicBrainz : 3c7bfb9f - 668a - 48aa - befe - b7d0a0a9ba0c Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_L._Moody&oldid=832188573 '' Categories : 1980 births American male singers Living people American heavy metal singers Alternative metal musicians Nu metal singers American hard rock musicians Industrial metal musicians Singers from Denver Singers from Colorado Five Finger Death Punch members Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from December 2011 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from December 2011 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Magyar Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 11 : 21 . 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who is the president of the confederate states of america	The president was indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a six - year term , and was one of only two nationally elected Confederate officers , the other being the Vice President of the Confederate States . On February 18 , 1861 , Jefferson Davis became president of the provisional government . On February 22 , 1862 , he became president of the permanent government and served in that capacity until being captured by elements of the United States Cavalry in 1865 .		President of the Confederate States of America	president of the confederate states of america	The President of the Confederate States of America was the elected head of state and government of the Confederate States . The president also headed the executive branch of government and was commander - in - chief of the Army and Navy , and of the militia of the several states when called into Confederate service .	Article II of the Confederate States Constitution vested the executive power of the Confederacy in the president . The power included the execution of law , alongside the responsibility of appointing executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the senate . He was further empowered to grant reprieves and pardons , and convene and adjourn either or both houses of congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president was indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a six - year term , and was one of only two nationally elected Confederate officers , the other being the Vice President of the Confederate States . On February 18 , 1861 , Jefferson Davis became president of the provisional government . On February 22 , 1862 , he became president of the permanent government and served in that capacity until being captured by elements of the United States Cavalry in 1865 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and duties 2 Election and oath 3 Compensation 4 Post-presidency 5 List of presidents 5.1 Notes 6 Fictional Presidents of the Confederate States of America 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Powers and duties ( edit ) The constitutional powers of the President of the Confederate States of America were similar to those of the President of the United States of America . The permanent Confederate States Constitution made him commander - in - chief of the Army and Navy , and of the militia of the confederated states when called into service of the Confederate States . He was also empowered to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the Confederate States . He was authorized to make treaties ; to nominate and appoint diplomatic representatives , judges , and other officers of the Confederate States ( including the heads of the executive departments ) by and with the consent of the Confederate States Senate ; and to remove such representatives and officers . He could fill vacancies during a recess of the Senate , but he could not reappoint , during a recess , persons previously rejected by it . He was to supply Congress with information , recommend legislation , receive ambassadors and other public ministers , see that the federal laws were faithfully executed , and commission all officers of the military and naval forces of the Confederate States . Election and oath ( edit ) Confederate election ballot , Virginia , November 6 , 1861 1861 Inauguration of Jefferson Davis at the Capitol , Montgomery , Alabama On February 9 , 1861 , the provisional congress at Montgomery unanimously elected Jefferson Davis president and Alexander H. Stephens vice president . Stephens , who was a delegate to Congress from Georgia , was inaugurated on February 11 . Davis was inaugurated on February 18 upon his arrival from Mississippi , where he had gone upon his resignation from the U.S. Senate . Davis and Stephens were elected on Wednesday November 6 , 1861 , for six - years terms , as provided by the permanent constitution . The Capital had been moved in June 1861 , to Richmond , and the inauguration took place at the statue of Washington , on the public square , on February 22 , 1862 . Before Davis entered on the execution of his office as President of the Confederate States , he was constitutionally required to take the following oath or affirmation : `` I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Confederate States , and will , to the best of my ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution thereof . '' Compensation ( edit ) In 1861 , the President of the Confederate States earned a CS $ 25,000 annual salary , along with an expense account , and a nontaxable travel account . The President 's Office was located on the second floor of the Custom House on Main Street , a structure which also housed the Cabinet Room and the State and Treasury Department . The City of Richmond purchased the Brockenbrough house for presentation to the Confederate government for use as an executive mansion . Davis declined to accept the gift , but the mansion was leased for his use . Referred to as the `` White House of the Confederacy '' or the `` Grey House , '' the mansion was used by President Davis throughout the existence of his presidency . Later it became a repository for documents , relics , and pictures , and in 1896 it was redesignated the Confederate Museum . Post-presidency ( edit ) Late on the evening of April 2 , 1865 , President Davis , his aides , and members of the Cabinet , except Secretary of War Breckinridge , departed from Richmond on the Richmond and Danville Railroad . The Cabinet stayed at Danville , 140 miles ( 225 km ) southwest of Richmond , until April 10 , when , hearing of Lee 's surrender , it continued farther south . At Greensboro , North Carolina , on April 12 the Cabinet met with Generals Johnston and Beauregard and discussed surrender of Johnston 's army to General Sherman . As the railroad south of Greensboro had been destroyed , the flight from that location was on horseback and in ambulances , wagons , and carriages . The last Cabinet meetings took place at Charlotte , on April 24 , and 26 , and on May 4 ; when Davis left Washington , Georgia , the party consisted only of his aides and Postmaster General Reagan . Elements of the United States Cavalry captured Davis and his companions at an encampment near Irwinville , May 10 , 1865 . Jefferson Davis was imprisoned at Fort Monroe , Virginia , until his release on bail on May 13 , 1867 . During his confinement , the United States Government prepared to bring him to trial for treason and for complicity in the assassination of United States President Abraham Lincoln . He could not be tried in Virginia until the Federal court was reestablished there , but by the time the circuit judges were prepared in May 1867 , the United States Government decided the outcome of a trial before a local jury was far too uncertain and dropped the proceedings . In November 1868 , Davis was brought to trial under a new indictment , but the judges disagreed and the case was referred to the Supreme Court . President Johnson issued a general amnesty in December 1868 and the Supreme Court entered a nolle prosequi , thus freeing Davis . List of presidents ( edit ) No Portrait President State Term of office Party Term Previous office Vice President Jefferson Davis ( 1808 - 06 - 03 ) June 3 , 1808 -- ( 1889 - 12 - 06 ) December 6 , 1889 ( Aged 81 ) Mississippi February 18 , 1861 -- May 10 , 1865 Non-partisan ( 1861 ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Mississippi ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Alexander H. Stephens Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson Davis initially took an oath of office as President of the Confederate States of America on February 18 , 1861 , in Montgomery , Alabama , under conditions set forth in the Constitution of the Provisional Government . After being directly elected to the presidency , he took another oath of office ( this time for a six - year term ) on February 22 , 1862 , in Richmond , Virginia , as prescribed in the `` permanent '' Constitution of the Confederate States . Fictional presidents of the Confederate States of America ( edit ) Jake Featherston , a fictional character in the Southern Victory novel series by Harry Turtledove . The fictional timeline 's equivalent of Adolf Hitler , he is motivated by his desire to fight a second war against the United States as revenge for the Confederacy 's humiliating defeat in the First Great War and to eliminate the Confederacy 's black population and its ruling aristoracy , believing that the former had ' stabbed the South in the back ' and that the latter had incompetently led the Confederacy via the War Department and the Whig Party during the First Great War . President Lee , Jefferson Davis ' successor as President in the Southern Victory Series and an Independent . Robert E. Lee is often depicted as Confederate President in American Civil War alternate histories , but in the case of the Southern Victory Series , it is never specified whether it is him , Fitzhugh Lee or some other relation . Wade Hampton V , a fictional character in the Southern Victory novels by Harry Turtledove . The fictional descendent of Wade Hampton III , Hampton is elected President in 1921 over Jake Featherston ( Freedom Party ) and Ainsworth Layne ( Radical Liberal ) , but is assassinated by Freedom Party stalwart Grady Calkins in Birmingham , Alabama in June 1922 . In this alternate timeline , Hampton is the first President in either US or CS history to be assassinated . Burton Mitchel , a fictional character in the Southern Victory novels by Harry Turtledove . Possibly the fictional descendent of Charles B. Mitchel , Mitchel becomes President in 1922 after the assassination of Wade Hampton V and successfully runs for election in 1927 after the Confederate Supreme Court rules that he was eligible despite serving out more than five years of his predecessor 's term . After the start of the Great Depression in 1929 , Mitchel is blamed for the Confederacy 's economic woes , with shanty towns across the country being dubbed ' Mitcheltowns ' ( the equivalent of US ' Blackfordburghs ' and the Hoovervilles of our timeline ) . Mitchel would be the last Whig President of the Confederacy after his defeat to Jake Featherston at the 1933 presidential election . Donald Partridge , a fictional character in the Southern Victory novels by Harry Turtledove . A caricature of Dan Quayle , he became Vice President after an unsuccessful coup led by his predecessor Willy Knight ( being considered Knight 's polar opposite , a useless , harmless idiot who spent most of his time telling Featherston dumb farm - girl jokes and spending time in the company of various women ) . He eventually became President after Jake Featherson was assassinated by Cassius Madison , overseeing the Confederacy 's surrender to and annexation by the United States after the Second Great War ( 1941 - 1944 ) . Gabriel Semmes , a fictional character in the Southern Victory novels by Harry Turtledove . The possible descendent of Raphael Semmes , Semmes succeeds Woodrow Wilson as President in 1916 , having defeated Radical Liberal opponent Doroteo Arango at the 1915 presidential election . Semmes oversees the Confederate effort in the First Great War from 1916 until its eventual defeat by the United States in 1917 . See also ( edit ) Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum Vice President of the Confederate States of America Congress of the Confederate States Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States Treatment of slaves in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : C.S. Congress ( provisional ) ( May 1861 ) ( 1st pub . March 1861 ) . `` Article II '' . C.S. Constitution . Constitutional Convention . Syme & Hall , Printers to the Convention . ^ Jump up to : Beers , Henry Putney ( 2004 ) ( 1st pub . United States Government Publishing Office : 1968 ) . `` Chapter IV : The Presidency '' . The Confederacy : A Guide to the Archives of the Government of the Confederate States of America . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . pp. 62 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 911333 - 18 - 5 -- via National Archives Trust Fund Board . Jump up ^ Vanfelson , C.A. ( 1861 ) . The Little Red Book or Department Directory : For the Use of the Public in the Confederate States of America . Richmond : Tyler , Wise and Allegre , Printers . p. 4 . OCLC 52558640 -- via Enquirer Job Office . Further reading ( edit ) Henry , Robert Selph ( 1931 ) . `` Chapter VII : Government , Provisional and `` Permanent '' `` . The Story of the Confederacy ( 1st ed . ) . Garden City , New York : Garden City Publishing Company . pp. 88 -- 99 . OCLC 1300151 -- via The Bobbs - Merrill Co . McPherson , James M. ( 2014 ) . Embattled Rebel : Jefferson Davis as Commander in Chief . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 497 - 5 . OCLC 870248703 . External links ( edit ) The Papers of Jefferson Davis at Rice University ( hide ) Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis ( 1861 -- 65 ) Vice President Alexander H. Stephens ( 1861 -- 65 ) Secretary of State Robert Toombs ( 1861 ) Robert M.T. Hunter ( 1861 -- 62 ) Judah P. Benjamin ( 1862 -- 65 ) Secretary of the Treasury C.G. Memminger ( 1861 -- 64 ) G.A. Trenholm ( 1864 -- 65 ) John H. Reagan ( 1865 ) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker ( 1861 ) Judah P. Benjamin ( 1861 -- 62 ) George W. Randolph ( 1862 ) James A. Seddon ( 1862 -- 65 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1865 ) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory ( 1861 -- 65 ) Postmaster General John H. Reagan ( 1861 -- 65 ) Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin ( 1861 ) Thomas Bragg ( 1861 -- 62 ) Thomas H. Watts ( 1862 -- 63 ) George Davis ( 1864 -- 65 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America&oldid=816743857 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in Alabama 1865 disestablishments in Virginia Commanders in chief Government of the Confederate States Heads of government of unrecognized or largely unrecognized states Jefferson Davis Presidents by former country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 10 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what physical effect causes circulation in the atmosphere of jupiter	Circulation in Jupiter 's atmosphere is markedly different from that in the atmosphere of Earth . The interior of Jupiter is fluid and lacks any solid surface . Therefore , convection may occur throughout the planet 's outer molecular envelope . As of 2008 , a comprehensive theory of the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere has not been developed . Any such theory needs to explain the following facts : the existence of narrow stable bands and jets that are symmetric relative to Jupiter 's equator , the strong prograde jet observed at the equator , the difference between zones and belts , and the origin and persistence of large vortices such as the Great Red Spot .	convection	Atmosphere of Jupiter	atmosphere of jupiter	The atmosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary atmosphere in the Solar System . It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions ; other chemical compounds are present only in small amounts and include methane , ammonia , hydrogen sulfide and water . Although water is thought to reside deep in the atmosphere , its directly measured concentration is very low . The nitrogen , sulfur , and noble gas abundances in Jupiter 's atmosphere exceed solar values by a factor of about three .	The atmosphere of Jupiter lacks a clear lower boundary and gradually transitions into the liquid interior of the planet . From lowest to highest , the atmospheric layers are the troposphere , stratosphere , thermosphere and exosphere . Each layer has characteristic temperature gradients . The lowest layer , the troposphere , has a complicated system of clouds and hazes , comprising layers of ammonia , ammonium hydrosulfide and water . The upper ammonia clouds visible at Jupiter 's surface are organized in a dozen zonal bands parallel to the equator and are bounded by powerful zonal atmospheric flows ( winds ) known as jets . The bands alternate in color : the dark bands are called belts , while light ones are called zones . Zones , which are colder than belts , correspond to upwellings , while belts mark descending air . The zones ' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice ; what gives the belts their darker colors is uncertain . The origins of the banded structure and jets are not well understood , though a `` shallow model '' and a `` deep model '' exist . The Jovian atmosphere shows a wide range of active phenomena , including band instabilities , vortices ( cyclones and anticyclones ) , storms and lightning . The vortices reveal themselves as large red , white or brown spots ( ovals ) . The largest two spots are the Great Red Spot ( GRS ) and Oval BA , which is also red . These two and most of the other large spots are anticyclonic . Smaller anticyclones tend to be white . Vortices are thought to be relatively shallow structures with depths not exceeding several hundred kilometers . Located in the southern hemisphere , the GRS is the largest known vortex in the Solar System . It could engulf two or three Earths and has existed for at least three hundred years . Oval BA , south of GRS , is a red spot a third the size of GRS that formed in 2000 from the merging of three white ovals . Jupiter has powerful storms , often accompanied by lightning strikes . The storms are a result of moist convection in the atmosphere connected to the evaporation and condensation of water . They are sites of strong upward motion of the air , which leads to the formation of bright and dense clouds . The storms form mainly in belt regions . The lightning strikes on Jupiter are hundreds of times more powerful than those seen on Earth , and are assumed to be associated with the water clouds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vertical structure 2 Chemical composition 3 Zones , belts and jets 3.1 Specific bands 4 Dynamics 4.1 Shallow models 4.2 Deep models 4.3 Internal heat 5 Discrete features 5.1 Vortices 5.1. 1 Great Red Spot 5.1. 2 Oval BA 5.2 Storms and lightning 5.3 Disturbances 5.4 Hot spots 6 Observational history 6.1 Great Red Spot studies 6.2 White ovals 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Cited sources 11 Further reading 12 External links Vertical structure ( edit ) Vertical structure of the atmosphere of Jupiter . Note that the temperature drops together with altitude above the tropopause . The Galileo atmospheric probe stopped transmitting at a depth of 132 km below the 1 bar `` surface '' of Jupiter . The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers , by increasing altitude : the troposphere , stratosphere , thermosphere and exosphere . Unlike the Earth 's atmosphere , Jupiter 's lacks a mesosphere . Jupiter does not have a solid surface , and the lowest atmospheric layer , the troposphere , smoothly transitions into the planet 's fluid interior . This is a result of having temperatures and the pressures well above those of the critical points for hydrogen and helium , meaning that there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases . Hydrogen becomes a supercritical fluid at a pressure of around 12 bar . Since the lower boundary of the atmosphere is ill - defined , the pressure level of 10 bars , at an altitude of about 90 km below 1 bar with a temperature of around 340 K , is commonly treated as the base of the troposphere . In scientific literature , the 1 bar pressure level is usually chosen as a zero point for altitudes -- a `` surface '' of Jupiter . As with Earth , the top atmospheric layer , the exosphere , does not have a well defined upper boundary . The density gradually decreases until it smoothly transitions into the interplanetary medium approximately 5,000 km above the `` surface '' . The vertical temperature variations in the Jovian atmosphere are similar to those of the atmosphere of Earth . The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height until it reaches a minimum at the tropopause , which is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere . On Jupiter , the tropopause is approximately 50 km above the visible clouds ( or 1 bar level ) , where the pressure and temperature are about 0.1 bar and 110 K . In the stratosphere , the temperatures rise to about 200 K at the transition into the thermosphere , at an altitude and pressure of around 320 km and 1 μbar . In the thermosphere , temperatures continue to rise , eventually reaching 1000 K at about 1000 km , where pressure is about 1 nbar . Jupiter 's troposphere contains a complicated cloud structure . The upper clouds , located in the pressure range 0.6 -- 0.9 bar , are made of ammonia ice . Below these ammonia ice clouds , denser clouds made of ammonium hydrosulfide or ammonium sulfide ( between 1 -- 2 bar ) and water ( 3 -- 7 bar ) are thought to exist . There are no methane clouds as the temperatures are too high for it to condense . The water clouds form the densest layer of clouds and have the strongest influence on the dynamics of the atmosphere . This is a result of the higher condensation heat of water and higher water abundance as compared to the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide ( oxygen is a more abundant chemical element than either nitrogen or sulfur ) . Various tropospheric ( at 200 -- 500 mbar ) and stratospheric ( at 10 -- 100 mbar ) haze layers reside above the main cloud layers . The latter are made from condensed heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrazine , which are generated in the upper stratosphere ( 1 -- 100 μbar ) from methane under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation ( UV ) . The methane abundance relative to molecular hydrogen in the stratosphere is about 10 , while the abundance ratio of other light hydrocarbons , like ethane and acetylene , to molecular hydrogen is about 10 . Jupiter 's thermosphere is located at pressures lower than 1 μbar and demonstrates such phenomena as airglow , polar aurorae and X-ray emissions . Within it lie layers of increased electron and ion density that form the ionosphere . The high temperatures prevalent in the thermosphere ( 800 -- 1000 K ) have not been fully explained yet ; existing models predict a temperature no higher than about 400 K. They may be caused by absorption of high - energy solar radiation ( UV or X-ray ) , by heating from the charged particles precipitating from the Jovian magnetosphere , or by dissipation of upward - propagating gravity waves . The thermosphere and exosphere at the poles and at low latitudes emit X-rays , which were first observed by the Einstein Observatory in 1983 . The energetic particles coming from Jupiter 's magnetosphere create bright auroral ovals , which encircle the poles . Unlike their terrestrial analogs , which appear only during magnetic storms , aurorae are permanent features of Jupiter 's atmosphere . The thermosphere was the first place outside the Earth where the trihydrogen cation ( H + 3 ) was discovered . This ion emits strongly in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum , at wavelengths between 3 and 5 μm ; this is the main cooling mechanism of the thermosphere . Chemical composition ( edit ) Elemental abundances relative to hydrogen in Jupiter and Sun Element Sun Jupiter / Sun He / H 0.0975 0.807 ± 0.02 Ne / H 1.23 × 10 0.10 ± 0.01 Ar / H 3.62 × 10 2.5 ± 0.5 Kr / H 1.61 × 10 2.7 ± 0.5 Xe / H 1.68 × 10 2.6 ± 0.5 C / H 3.62 × 10 2.9 ± 0.5 N / H 1.12 × 10 3.6 ± 0.5 ( 8 bar ) 3.2 ± 1.4 ( 9 -- 12 bar ) O / H 8.51 × 10 0.033 ± 0.015 ( 12 bar ) 0.19 -- 0.58 ( 19 bar ) P / H 3.73 × 10 0.82 S / H 1.62 × 10 2.5 ± 0.15 Isotopic ratios in Jupiter and Sun Ratio Sun Jupiter C / C 0.011 0.0108 ± 0.0005 N / N < 2.8 × 10 2.3 ± 0.3 × 10 ( 0.08 -- 2.8 bar ) Ar / Ar 5.77 ± 0.08 5.6 ± 0.25 Ne / Ne 13.81 ± 0.08 13 ± 2 He / He 1.5 ± 0.3 × 10 1.66 ± 0.05 × 10 D / H 3.0 ± 0.17 × 10 2.25 ± 0.35 × 10 The composition of Jupiter 's atmosphere is similar to that of the planet as a whole . Jupiter 's atmosphere is the most comprehensively understood of those of all the gas giants because it was observed directly by the Galileo atmospheric probe when it entered the Jovian atmosphere on December 7 , 1995 . Other sources of information about Jupiter 's atmospheric composition include the Infrared Space Observatory ( ISO ) , the Galileo and Cassini orbiters , and Earth - based observations . The two main constituents of the Jovian atmosphere are molecular hydrogen ( H 2 ) and helium . The helium abundance is 0.157 ± 0.004 relative to molecular hydrogen by number of molecules , and its mass fraction is 0.234 ± 0.005 , which is slightly lower than the Solar System 's primordial value . The reason for this low abundance is not entirely understood , but some of the helium may have condensed into the core of Jupiter . This condensation is likely to be in the form of helium rain : as hydrogen turns into the metallic state at depths of more than 10,000 km , helium separates from it forming droplets which , being denser than the metallic hydrogen , descend towards the core . This can also explain the severe depletion of neon ( see Table ) , an element that easily dissolves in helium droplets and would be transported in them towards the core as well . The atmosphere contains various simple compounds such as water , methane ( CH ) , hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) , ammonia ( NH ) and phosphine ( PH ) . Their abundances in the deep ( below 10 bar ) troposphere imply that the atmosphere of Jupiter is enriched in the elements carbon , nitrogen , sulfur and possibly oxygen by factor of 2 -- 4 relative to the Sun . The noble gases argon , krypton and xenon also appear in abundance relative to solar levels ( see table ) , while neon is scarcer . Other chemical compounds such as arsine ( AsH ) and germane ( GeH ) are present only in trace amounts . The upper atmosphere of Jupiter contains small amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as ethane , acetylene , and diacetylene , which form from methane under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation and charged particles coming from Jupiter 's magnetosphere . The carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide and water present in the upper atmosphere are thought to originate from impacting comets , such as Shoemaker - Levy 9 . The water can not come from the troposphere because the cold tropopause acts like a cold trap , effectively preventing water from rising to the stratosphere ( see Vertical structure above ) . Earth - and spacecraft - based measurements have led to improved knowledge of the isotopic ratios in Jupiter 's atmosphere . As of July 2003 , the accepted value for the deuterium abundance is 2.25 ± 0.35 × 10 , which probably represents the primordial value in the protosolar nebula that gave birth to the Solar System . The ratio of nitrogen isotopes in the Jovian atmosphere , N to N , is 2.3 × 10 , a third lower than that in the Earth 's atmosphere ( 3.5 × 10 ) . The latter discovery is especially significant since the previous theories of Solar System formation considered the terrestrial value for the ratio of nitrogen isotopes to be primordial . Zones , belts and jets ( edit ) Polar view of planet Jupiter The visible surface of Jupiter is divided into several bands parallel to the equator . There are two types of bands : lightly colored zones and relatively dark belts . The wider Equatorial Zone ( EZ ) extends between latitudes of approximately 7 ° S to 7 ° N. Above and below the EZ , the North and South Equatorial belts ( NEB and SEB ) extend to 18 ° N and 18 ° S , respectively . Farther from the equator lie the North and South Tropical zones ( NtrZ and STrZ ) . The alternating pattern of belts and zones continues until the polar regions at approximately 50 degrees latitude , where their visible appearance becomes somewhat muted . The basic belt - zone structure probably extends well towards the poles , reaching at least to 80 ° North or South . The difference in the appearance between zones and belts is caused by differences in the opacity of the clouds . Ammonia concentration is higher in zones , which leads to the appearance of denser clouds of ammonia ice at higher altitudes , which in turn leads to their lighter color . On the other hand , in belts clouds are thinner and are located at lower altitudes . The upper troposphere is colder in zones and warmer in belts . The exact nature of chemicals that make Jovian zones and bands so colorful is not known , but they may include complicated compounds of sulfur , phosphorus and carbon . The Jovian bands are bounded by zonal atmospheric flows ( winds ) , called jets . The eastward ( prograde ) jets are found at the transition from zones to belts ( going away from the equator ) , whereas westward ( retrograde ) jets mark the transition from belts to zones . Such flow velocity patterns mean that the zonal winds decrease in belts and increase in zones from the equator to the pole . Therefore , wind shear in belts is cyclonic , while in zones it is anticyclonic . The EZ is an exception to this rule , showing a strong eastward ( prograde ) jet and has a local minimum of the wind speed exactly at the equator . The jet speeds are high on Jupiter , reaching more than 100 m / s . These speeds correspond to ammonia clouds located in the pressure range 0.7 -- 1 bar . The prograde jets are generally more powerful than the retrograde jets . The vertical extent of jets is not known . They decay over two to three scale heights above the clouds , while below the cloud level , winds increase slightly and then remain constant down to at least 22 bar -- the maximum operational depth reached by the Galileo Probe . Zonal wind speeds in the atmosphere of Jupiter The origin of Jupiter 's banded structure is not completely clear , though it may be similar to that driving the Earth 's Hadley cells . The simplest interpretation is that zones are sites of atmospheric upwelling , whereas belts are manifestations of downwelling . When air enriched in ammonia rises in zones , it expands and cools , forming high and dense clouds . In belts , however , the air descends , warming adiabatically as in a convergence zone on Earth , and white ammonia clouds evaporate , revealing lower , darker clouds . The location and width of bands , speed and location of jets on Jupiter are remarkably stable , having changed only slightly between 1980 and 2000 . One example of change is a decrease of the speed of the strongest eastward jet located at the boundary between the North Tropical zone and North Temperate belts at 23 ° N. However bands vary in coloration and intensity over time ( see below ) . These variations were first observed in the early seventeenth century . Specific bands ( edit ) Idealized illustration of Jupiter 's cloud bands , labeled with their official abbreviations . Lighter zones are indicated to the right , darker belts to the left . The Great Red Spot and Oval BA are shown in the South Tropical Zone and South Temperate Belt , respectively . The belts and zones that divide Jupiter 's atmosphere each have their own names and unique characteristics . They begin below the North and South Polar Regions , which extend from the poles to roughly 40 -- 48 ° N / S. These bluish - gray regions are usually featureless . The North North Temperate Region rarely shows more detail than the polar regions , due to limb darkening , foreshortening , and the general diffuseness of features . However , the North - North Temperate Belt ( NNTB ) is the northernmost distinct belt , though it occasionally disappears . Disturbances tend to be minor and short - lived . The North - North Temperate Zone ( NNTZ ) is perhaps more prominent , but also generally quiet . Other minor belts and zones in the region are occasionally observed . The North Temperate Region is part of a latitudinal region easily observable from Earth , and thus has a superb record of observation . It also features the strongest prograde jet stream on the planet -- a westerly current that forms the southern boundary of the North Temperate Belt ( NTB ) . The NTB fades roughly once a decade ( this was the case during the Voyager encounters ) , making the North Temperate Zone ( NTZ ) apparently merge into the North Tropical Zone ( NTropZ ) . Other times , the NTZ is divided by a narrow belt into northern and southern components . The North Tropical Region is composed of the NTropZ and the North Equatorial Belt ( NEB ) . The NTropZ is generally stable in coloration , changing in tint only in tandem with activity on the NTB 's southern jet stream . Like the NTZ , it too is sometimes divided by a narrow band , the NTropB . On rare occasions , the southern NTropZ plays host to `` Little Red Spots '' . As the name suggests , these are northern equivalents of the Great Red Spot . Unlike the GRS , they tend to occur in pairs and are always short - lived , lasting a year on average ; one was present during the Pioneer 10 encounter . The NEB is one of the most active belts on the planet . It is characterized by anticyclonic white ovals and cyclonic `` barges '' ( also known as `` brown ovals '' ) , with the former usually forming farther north than the latter ; as in the NTropZ , most of these features are relatively short - lived . Like the South Equatorial Belt ( SEB ) , the NEB has sometimes dramatically faded and `` revived '' . The timescale of these changes is about 25 years . Zones , belts and vortices on Jupiter . The wide equatorial zone is visible in the center surrounded by two dark equatorial belts ( SEB and NEB ) . The large grayish - blue irregular `` hot spots '' at the northern edge of the white Equatorial Zone change over the course of time as they march eastward across the planet . The Great Red Spot is at the southern margin of the SEB . Strings of small storms rotate around northern - hemisphere ovals . Small , very bright features , possible lightning storms , appear quickly and randomly in turbulent regions . The smallest features visible at the equator are about 600 kilometers across . This 14 - frame animation spans 24 Jovian days , or about 10 Earth days . The passage of time is accelerated by a factor of 600,000 . The occasional black spots in the image are shadows cast by moons . The Equatorial Region ( EZ ) is one of the most stable regions of the planet , in latitude and in activity . The northern edge of the EZ hosts spectacular plumes that trail southwest from the NEB , which are bounded by dark , warm ( in infrared ) features known as festoons ( hot spots ) . Though the southern boundary of the EZ is usually quiescent , observations from the late 19th into the early 20th century show that this pattern was then reversed relative to today . The EZ varies considerably in coloration , from pale to an ochre , or even coppery hue ; it is occasionally divided by an Equatorial Band ( EB ) . Features in the EZ move roughly 390 km / h relative to the other latitudes . The South Tropical Region includes the South Equatorial Belt ( SEB ) and the South Tropical Zone . It is by far the most active region the planet , as it is home to its strongest retrograde jet stream . The SEB is usually the broadest , darkest belt on Jupiter ; it is sometimes split by a zone ( the SEBZ ) , and can fade entirely every 3 to 15 years before reappearing in what is known as an SEB Revival cycle . A period of weeks or months following the belt 's disappearance , a white spot forms and erupts dark brownish material which is stretched into a new belt by Jupiter 's winds . The belt most recently disappeared in May 2010 . Another characteristic of the SEB is a long train of cyclonic disturbances following the Great Red Spot . Like the NTropZ , the STropZ is one of the most prominent zones on the planet ; not only does it contain the GRS , but it is occasionally rent by a South Tropical Disturbance ( STropD ) , a division of the zone that can be very long - lived ; the most famous one lasted from 1901 to 1939 . Images also reveal a rare wave structure in the planet 's atmosphere . The South Temperate Region , or South Temperate Belt ( STB ) , is yet another dark , prominent belt , more so than the NTB ; until March 2000 , its most famous features were the long - lived white ovals BC , DE , and FA , which have since merged to form Oval BA ( `` Red Jr . '' ) . The ovals were part of South Temperate Zone , but they extended into STB partially blocking it . The STB has occasionally faded , apparently due to complex interactions between the white ovals and the GRS . The appearance of the South Temperate Zone ( STZ ) -- the zone in which the white ovals originated -- is highly variable . There are other features on Jupiter that are either temporary or difficult to observe from Earth . The South South Temperate Region is harder to discern even than the NNTR ; its detail is subtle and can only be studied well by large telescopes or spacecraft . Many zones and belts are more transient in nature and are not always visible . These include the Equatorial band ( EB ) , North Equatorial belt zone ( NEBZ , a white zone within the belt ) and South Equatorial belt zone ( SEBZ ) . Belts are also occasionally split by a sudden disturbance . When a disturbance divides a normally singular belt or zone , an N or an S is added to indicate whether the component is the northern or southern one ; e.g. , NEB ( N ) and NEB ( S ) . Dynamics ( edit ) 2009 Circulation in Jupiter 's atmosphere is markedly different from that in the atmosphere of Earth . The interior of Jupiter is fluid and lacks any solid surface . Therefore , convection may occur throughout the planet 's outer molecular envelope . As of 2008 , a comprehensive theory of the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere has not been developed . Any such theory needs to explain the following facts : the existence of narrow stable bands and jets that are symmetric relative to Jupiter 's equator , the strong prograde jet observed at the equator , the difference between zones and belts , and the origin and persistence of large vortices such as the Great Red Spot . The theories regarding the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere can be broadly divided into two classes : shallow and deep . The former hold that the observed circulation is largely confined to a thin outer ( weather ) layer of the planet , which overlays the stable interior . The latter hypothesis postulates that the observed atmospheric flows are only a surface manifestation of deeply rooted circulation in the outer molecular envelope of Jupiter . As both theories have their own successes and failures , many planetary scientists think that the true theory will include elements of both models . Shallow models ( edit ) The first attempts to explain Jovian atmospheric dynamics date back to the 1960s . They were partly based on terrestrial meteorology , which had become well developed by that time . Those shallow models assumed that the jets on Jupiter are driven by small scale turbulence , which is in turn maintained by moist convection in the outer layer of the atmosphere ( above the water clouds ) . The moist convection is a phenomenon related to the condensation and evaporation of water and is one of the major drivers of terrestrial weather . The production of the jets in this model is related to a well - known property of two dimensional turbulence -- the so - called inverse cascade , in which small turbulent structures ( vortices ) merge to form larger ones . The finite size of the planet means that the cascade can not produce structures larger than some characteristic scale , which for Jupiter is called the Rhines scale . Its existence is connected to production of Rossby waves . This process works as follows : when the largest turbulent structures reach a certain size , the energy begins to flow into Rossby waves instead of larger structures , and the inverse cascade stops . Since on the spherical rapidly rotating planet the dispersion relation of the Rossby waves is anisotropic , the Rhines scale in the direction parallel to the equator is larger than in the direction orthogonal to it . The ultimate result of the process described above is production of large scale elongated structures , which are parallel to the equator . The meridional extent of them appears to match the actual width of jets . Therefore , in shallow models vortices actually feed the jets and should disappear by merging into them . While these weather -- layer models can successfully explain the existence of a dozen narrow jets , they have serious problems . A glaring failure of the model is the prograde ( super-rotating ) equatorial jet : with some rare exceptions shallow models produce a strong retrograde ( subrotating ) jet , contrary to observations . In addition , the jets tend to be unstable and can disappear over time . Shallow models can not explain how the observed atmospheric flows on Jupiter violate stability criteria . More elaborated multilayer versions of weather -- layer models produce more stable circulation , but many problems persist . Meanwhile , the Galileo Probe found that the winds on Jupiter extend well below the water clouds at 5 -- 7 bar and do not show any evidence of decay down to 22 bar pressure level , which implies that circulation in the Jovian atmosphere may in fact be deep . Deep models ( edit ) The deep model was first proposed by Busse in 1976 . His model was based on another well - known feature of fluid mechanics , the Taylor -- Proudman theorem . It holds that in any fast - rotating barotropic ideal liquid , the flows are organized in a series of cylinders parallel to the rotational axis . The conditions of the theorem are probably met in the fluid Jovian interior . Therefore , the planet 's molecular hydrogen mantle may be divided into cylinders , each cylinder having a circulation independent of the others . Those latitudes where the cylinders ' outer and inner boundaries intersect with the visible surface of the planet correspond to the jets ; the cylinders themselves are observed as zones and belts . Thermal image of Jupiter obtained by NASA Infrared Telescope Facility The deep model easily explains the strong prograde jet observed at the equator of Jupiter ; the jets it produces are stable and do not obey the 2D stability criterion . However it has major difficulties ; it produces a very small number of broad jets , and realistic simulations of 3D flows are not possible as of 2008 , meaning that the simplified models used to justify deep circulation may fail to catch important aspects of the fluid dynamics within Jupiter . One model published in 2004 successfully reproduced the Jovian band - jet structure . It assumed that the molecular hydrogen mantle is thinner than in all other models ; occupying only the outer 10 % of Jupiter 's radius . In standard models of the Jovian interior , the mantle comprises the outer 20 -- 30 % . The driving of deep circulation is another problem . The deep flows can be caused both by shallow forces ( moist convection , for instance ) or by deep planet - wide convection that transports heat out of the Jovian interior . Which of these mechanisms is more important is not clear yet . Internal heat ( edit ) As has been known since 1966 , Jupiter radiates much more heat than it receives from the Sun . It is estimated that the ratio between the power emitted by the planet and that absorbed from the Sun is 1.67 ± 0.09 . The internal heat flux from Jupiter is 5.44 ± 0.43 W / m , whereas the total emitted power is 335 ± 26 petawatts . The latter value is approximately equal to one billionth of the total power radiated by the Sun . This excess heat is mainly the primordial heat from the early phases of Jupiter 's formation , but may result in part from the precipitation of helium into the core . The internal heat may be important for the dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere . While Jupiter has a small obliquity of about 3 ° , and its poles receive much less solar radiation than its equator , the tropospheric temperatures do not change appreciably from the equator to poles . One explanation is that Jupiter 's convective interior acts like a thermostat , releasing more heat near the poles than in the equatorial region . This leads to a uniform temperature in the troposphere . While heat is transported from the equator to the poles mainly via the atmosphere on Earth , on Jupiter deep convection equilibrates heat . The convection in the Jovian interior is thought to be driven mainly by the internal heat . Discrete features ( edit ) Vortices ( edit ) New Horizons IR view of Jupiter 's atmosphere The atmosphere of Jupiter is home to hundreds of vortices -- circular rotating structures that , as in the Earth 's atmosphere , can be divided into two classes : cyclones and anticyclones . Cyclones rotate in the direction similar to the rotation of the planet ( counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern ) ; anticyclones rotate in the reverse direction . However , unlike in the terrestrial atmosphere , anticyclones predominate over cyclones on Jupiter -- more than 90 % of vortices larger than 2000 km in diameter are anticyclones . The lifetime of Jovian vortices varies from several days to hundreds of years , depending on their size . For instance , the average lifetime of an anticyclone between 1000 and 6000 km in diameter is 1 -- 3 years . Vortices have never been observed in the equatorial region of Jupiter ( within 10 ° of latitude ) , where they are unstable . As on any rapidly rotating planet , Jupiter 's anticyclones are high pressure centers , while cyclones are low pressure . Great Cold Spot on Jupiter Jupiter clouds ( Juno ; October 2017 ) The anticyclones in Jupiter 's atmosphere are always confined within zones , where the wind speed increases in direction from the equator to the poles . They are usually bright and appear as white ovals . They can move in longitude , but stay at approximately the same latitude as they are unable to escape from the confining zone . The wind speeds at their periphery are about 100 m / s . Different anticyclones located in one zone tend to merge , when they approach each other . However Jupiter has two anticyclones that are somewhat different from all others . They are the Great Red Spot ( GRS ) and the Oval BA ; the latter formed only in 2000 . In contrast to white ovals , these structures are red , arguably due to dredging up of red material from the planet 's depths . On Jupiter the anticyclones usually form through merges of smaller structures including convective storms ( see below ) , although large ovals can result from the instability of jets . The latter was observed in 1938 -- 1940 , when a few white ovals appeared as a result of instability of the southern temperate zone ; they later merged to form Oval BA . In contrast to anticyclones , the Jovian cyclones tend to be small , dark and irregular structures . Some of the darker and more regular features are known as brown ovals ( or badges ) . However the existence of a few long -- lived large cyclones has been suggested . In addition to compact cyclones , Jupiter has several large irregular filamentary patches , which demonstrate cyclonic rotation . One of them is located to the west of the GRS ( in its wake region ) in the southern equatorial belt . These patches are called cyclonic regions ( CR ) . The cyclones are always located in the belts and tend to merge when they encounter each other , much like anticyclones . The deep structure of vortices is not completely clear . They are thought to be relatively thin , as any thickness greater than about 500 km will lead to instability . The large anticyclones are known to extend only a few tens of kilometers above the visible clouds . The early hypothesis that the vortices are deep convective plumes ( or convective columns ) as of 2008 is not shared by the majority of planetary scientists . Great Red Spot ( edit ) Main article : Great Red Spot The Great Red Spot is decreasing in size ( May 15 , 2014 ) . The Great Red Spot ( GRS ) is a persistent anticyclonic storm , 22 ° south of Jupiter 's equator ; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years . A storm was described as a `` permanent spot '' by Gian Domenico Cassini after observing the feature in July 1665 with his instrument - maker Eustachio Divini . According to a report by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in 1635 , Leander Bandtius , whom Riccioli identified as the Abbot of Dunisburgh who possessed an `` extraordinary telescope '' , observed a large spot that he described as `` oval , equaling one seventh of Jupiter 's diameter at its longest . '' According to Riccioli , `` these features are seldom able to be seen , and then only by a telescope of exceptional quality and magnification . '' The Great Spot has been nearly continually observed since the 1870s , however . The GRS rotates counter-clockwise , with a period of about six Earth days or 14 Jovian days . Its dimensions are 24,000 -- 40,000 km east - to - west and 12,000 -- 14,000 km north - to - south . The spot is large enough to contain two or three planets the size of Earth . At the start of 2004 , the Great Red Spot had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had a century ago , when it was 40,000 km in diameter . At the present rate of reduction , it could potentially become circular by 2040 , although this is unlikely because of the distortion effect of the neighboring jet streams . It is not known how long the spot will last , or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations . An infrared image of GRS ( top ) and Oval BA ( lower left ) showing its cool center , taken by the ground based Very Large Telescope . An image made by the Hubble Space Telescope ( bottom ) is shown for comparison . According to a study by scientists at the University of California , Berkeley , between 1996 and 2006 the spot lost 15 percent of its diameter along its major axis . Xylar Asay - Davis , who was on the team that conducted the study , noted that the spot is not disappearing because `` velocity is a more robust measurement because the clouds associated with the Red Spot are also strongly influenced by numerous other phenomena in the surrounding atmosphere . '' Infrared data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder ( and thus , higher in altitude ) than most of the other clouds on the planet ; the cloudtops of the GRS are about 8 km above the surrounding clouds . Furthermore , careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the spot 's counterclockwise circulation as far back as 1966 -- observations dramatically confirmed by the first time - lapse movies from the Voyager flybys . The spot is spatially confined by a modest eastward jet stream ( prograde ) to its south and a very strong westward ( retrograde ) one to its north . Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about 120 m / s ( 432 km / h ) , currents inside it seem stagnant , with little inflow or outflow . The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time , perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size . In 2010 , astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared ( from 8.5 to 24 μm ) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central , reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3 -- 4 K . The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200 -- 500 mbar . This warm central spot slowly counter-rotates and may be caused by a weak subsidence of air in the center of GRS . The Great Red Spot 's latitude has been stable for the duration of good observational records , typically varying by about a degree . Its longitude , however , is subject to constant variation . Because Jupiter 's visible features do not rotate uniformly at all latitudes , astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude . System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 ° , and was originally based on the average rotation rate of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s . Despite this , the spot has ' lapped ' the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early 19th century . Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the South Equatorial Belt , and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance . Approximate size comparison of Earth superimposed on this Dec 29 , 2000 image showing the Great Red Spot It is not known exactly what causes the Great Red Spot 's reddish color . Theories supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by complex organic molecules , red phosphorus , or yet another sulfur compound . The GRS varies greatly in hue , from almost brick - red to pale salmon , or even white . The higher temperature of the reddest central region is the first evidence that the Spot 's color is affected by environmental factors . The spot occasionally disappears from the visible spectrum , becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow , which is its niche in the South Equatorial Belt ( SEB ) . The visibility of GRS is apparently coupled to the appearance of the SEB ; when the belt is bright white , the spot tends to be dark , and when it is dark , the spot is usually light . The periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals ; in the 50 years from 1947 to 1997 , the spot was darkest in the periods 1961 -- 1966 , 1968 -- 1975 , 1989 -- 1990 , and 1992 -- 1993 . In November 2014 , an analysis of data from NASA 's Cassini mission revealed that the red color is likely a product of simple chemicals being broken apart by sunlight in the planet 's upper atmosphere The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot , a feature observed near Jupiter 's north pole in 2000 by the Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft . A feature in the atmosphere of Neptune was also called the Great Dark Spot . The latter feature , imaged by Voyager 2 in 1989 , may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm . It was no longer present in 1994 , although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north . Oval BA ( edit ) Oval BA ( left ) Oval BA is a red storm in Jupiter 's southern hemisphere similar in form to , though smaller than , the Great Red Spot ( it is often affectionately referred to as `` Red Spot Jr . '' , `` Red Jr . '' or `` The Little Red Spot '' ) . A feature in the South Temperate Belt , Oval BA was first seen in 2000 after the collision of three small white storms , and has intensified since then . The formation of the three white oval storms that later merged into Oval BA can be traced to 1939 , when the South Temperate Zone was torn by dark features that effectively split the zone into three long sections . Jovian observer Elmer J. Reese labeled the dark sections AB , CD , and EF . The rifts expanded , shrinking the remaining segments of the STZ into the white ovals FA , BC , and DE . Ovals BC and DE merged in 1998 , forming Oval BE . Then , in March 2000 , BE and FA joined together , forming Oval BA . ( see White ovals , below ) Formation of Oval BA from three white ovals Oval BA ( bottom ) , Great Red Spot ( top ) and `` Baby Red Spot '' ( middle ) during a brief encounter in June , 2008 Oval BA slowly began to turn red in August 2005 . On February 24 , 2006 , Filipino amateur astronomer Christopher Go discovered the color change , noting that it had reached the same shade as the GRS . As a result , NASA writer Dr. Tony Phillips suggested it be called `` Red Spot Jr . '' or `` Red Jr . '' In April 2006 , a team of astronomers , believing that Oval BA might converge with the GRS that year , observed the storms through the Hubble Space Telescope . The storms pass each other about every two years , but the passings of 2002 and 2004 did not produce anything exciting . Dr. Amy Simon - Miller , of the Goddard Space Flight Center , predicted the storms would have their closest passing on July 4 , 2006 . On July 20 , the two storms were photographed passing each other by the Gemini Observatory without converging . Why Oval BA turned red is not understood . According to a 2008 study by Dr. Santiago Pérez - Hoyos of the University of the Basque Country , the most likely mechanism is `` an upward and inward diffusion of either a colored compound or a coating vapor that may interact later with high energy solar photons at the upper levels of Oval BA . '' Some believe that small storms ( and their corresponding white spots ) on Jupiter turn red when the winds become powerful enough to draw certain gases from deeper within the atmosphere which change color when those gases are exposed to sunlight . Oval BA is getting stronger according to observations made with the Hubble Space Telescope in 2007 . The wind speeds have reached 618 km / h ; about the same as in the Great Red Spot and far stronger than any of the progenitor storms . As of July 2008 , its size is about the diameter of Earth -- approximately half the size of the Great Red Spot . Oval BA should not be confused with another major storm on Jupiter , the South Tropical Little Red Spot ( LRS ) ( nicknamed `` the Baby Red Spot '' by NASA ) , which was destroyed by the GRS . The new storm , previously a white spot in Hubble images , turned red in May 2008 . The observations were led by Imke de Pater of the University of California , at Berkeley , US . The Baby Red Spot encountered the GRS in late June to early July 2008 , and in the course of a collision , the smaller red spot was shredded into pieces . The remnants of the Baby Red Spot first orbited , then were later consumed by the GRS . The last of the remnants with a reddish color to have been identified by astronomers had disappeared by mid-July , and the remaining pieces again collided with the GRS , then finally merged with the bigger storm . The remaining pieces of the Baby Red Spot had completely disappeared by August 2008 . During this encounter Oval BA was present nearby , but played no apparent role in destruction of the Baby Red Spot . Storms and lightning ( edit ) Lightning on Jupiter 's night side , imaged by the Galileo orbiter in 1997 Jupiter -- southern storms -- JunoCam The storms on Jupiter are similar to thunderstorms on Earth . They reveal themselves via bright clumpy clouds about 1000 km in size , which appear from time to time in the belts ' cyclonic regions , especially within the strong westward ( retrograde ) jets . In contrast to vortices , storms are short - lived phenomena ; the strongest of them may exist for several months , while the average lifetime is only 3 -- 4 days . They are believed to be due mainly to moist convection within Jupiter 's troposphere . Storms are actually tall convective columns ( plumes ) , which bring the wet air from the depths to the upper part of the troposphere , where it condenses in clouds . A typical vertical extent of Jovian storms is about 100 km ; as they extend from a pressure level of about 5 -- 7 bar , where the base of a hypothetical water cloud layer is located , to as high as 0.2 -- 0.5 bar . Storms on Jupiter are always associated with lightning . The imaging of the night -- side hemisphere of Jupiter by Galileo and Cassini spacecraft revealed regular light flashes in Jovian belts and near the locations of the westward jets , particularly at 51 ° N , 56 ° S and 14 ° S latitudes . On Jupiter lighting strikes are on average a few times more powerful than those on Earth . However , they are less frequent ; the light power emitted from a given area is similar to that on Earth . A few flashes have been detected in polar regions , making Jupiter the second known planet after Earth to exhibit polar lightning . Every 15 -- 17 years Jupiter is marked by especially powerful storms . They appear at 23 ° N latitude , where the strongest eastward jet , that can reach 150 m / s , is located . The last time such an event was observed was in March -- June 2007 . Two storms appeared in the northern temperate belt 55 ° apart in longitude . They significantly disturbed the belt . The dark material that was shed by the storms mixed with clouds and changed the belt 's color . The storms moved with a speed as high as 170 m / s , slightly faster than the jet itself , hinting at the existence of strong winds deep in the atmosphere . False color image of an equatorial hot spot Disturbances ( edit ) The normal pattern of bands and zones is sometimes disrupted for periods of time . One particular class of disruption are long - lived darkenings of the South Tropical Zone , normally referred to as `` South Tropical Disturbances '' ( STD ) . The longest lived STD in recorded history was followed from 1901 until 1939 , having been first seen by Percy B. Molesworth on February 28 , 1901 . It took the form of darkening over part of the normally bright South Tropical zone . Several similar disturbances in the South Tropical Zone have been recorded since then . Hot spots ( edit ) One of the most mysterious features in the atmosphere of Jupiter are hot spots . In them the air is relatively free of clouds and heat can escape from the depths without much absorption . The spots look like bright spots in the infrared images obtained at the wavelength of about 5 μm . They are preferentially located in the belts , although there is a train of prominent hot spots at the northern edge of the Equatorial Zone . The Galileo Probe descended into one of those equatorial spots . Each equatorial spot is associated with a bright cloudy plume located to the west of it and reaching up to 10,000 km in size . Hot spots generally have round shapes , although they do not resemble vortexes . The origin of hot spots is not clear . They can be either downdrafts , where the descending air is adiabatically heated and dried or , alternatively , they can be a manifestation of planetary scale waves . The latter hypotheses explains the periodical pattern of the equatorial spots . Observational history ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Jupiter Time - lapse sequence from the approach of Voyager 1 to Jupiter Early astronomers , using small telescopes , recorded the changing appearance of Jupiter 's atmosphere . Their descriptive terms -- belts and zones , brown spots and red spots , plumes , barges , festoons , and streamers -- are still used . Other terms such as vorticity , vertical motion , cloud heights have entered in use later , in the 20th century . The first observations of the Jovian atmosphere at higher resolution than possible with Earth - based telescopes were taken by the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft . The first truly detailed images of Jupiter 's atmosphere were provided by the Voyagers . The two spacecraft were able to image details at a resolution as low as 5 km in size in various spectra , and also able to create `` approach movies '' of the atmosphere in motion . The Galileo Probe , which suffered an antenna problem , saw less of Jupiter 's atmosphere but at a better average resolution and a wider spectral bandwidth . Today , astronomers have access to a continuous record of Jupiter 's atmospheric activity thanks to telescopes such as Hubble Space Telescope . These show that the atmosphere is occasionally wracked by massive disturbances , but that , overall , it is remarkably stable . The vertical motion of Jupiter 's atmosphere was largely determined by the identification of trace gases by ground - based telescopes . Spectroscopic studies after the collision of Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 gave a glimpse of the Jupiter 's composition beneath the cloud tops . The presence of diatomic sulfur ( S ) and carbon disulfide ( CS ) was recorded -- the first detection of either in Jupiter , and only the second detection of S in any astronomical object -- together with other molecules such as ammonia ( NH ) and hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) , while oxygen - bearing molecules such as sulfur dioxide were not detected , to the surprise of astronomers . The Galileo atmospheric probe , as it plunged into Jupiter , measured the wind , temperature , composition , clouds , and radiation levels down to 22 bar . However , below 1 bar elsewhere on Jupiter there is uncertainty in the quantities . Great Red Spot studies ( edit ) A wider view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from Voyager 1 in 1979 The first sighting of the GRS is often credited to Robert Hooke , who described a spot on the planet in May 1664 ; however , it is likely that Hooke 's spot was in the wrong belt altogether ( the North Equatorial Belt , versus the current location in the South Equatorial Belt ) . Much more convincing is Giovanni Cassini 's description of a `` permanent spot '' in the following year . With fluctuations in visibility , Cassini 's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713 . A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted around 1700 on a canvas by Donato Creti , which is exhibited in the Vatican . It is a part of a series of panels in which different ( magnified ) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various Italian scenes , the creation of all of them overseen by the astronomer Eustachio Manfredi for accuracy . Creti 's painting is the first known to depict the GRS as red . No Jovian feature was officially described as red before the late 19th century . The present GRS was first seen only after 1830 and well - studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879 . A 118 - year gap separates the observations made after 1830 from its 17th - century discovery ; whether the original spot dissipated and re-formed , whether it faded , or even if the observational record was simply poor are unknown . The older spots had a short observational history and slower motion than that of the modern spot , which make their identity unlikely . Hubble 's Wide Field Camera 3 took the GRS region at its smallest size ever . On February 25 , 1979 , when the Voyager 1 spacecraft was 9.2 million kilometers from Jupiter it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot back to Earth . Cloud details as small as 160 km across were visible . The colorful , wavy cloud pattern seen to the west ( left ) of the GRS is the spot 's wake region , where extraordinarily complex and variable cloud motions are observed . White ovals ( edit ) The white ovals that later formed Oval BA , imaged by the Galileo orbiter in 1997 The white ovals that were to become Oval BA formed in 1939 . They covered almost 90 degrees of longitude shortly after their formation , but contracted rapidly during their first decade ; their length stabilized at 10 degrees or less after 1965 . Although they originated as segments of the STZ , they evolved to become completely embedded in the South Temperate Belt , suggesting that they moved north , `` digging '' a niche into the STB . Indeed , much like the GRS , their circulations were confined by two opposing jet streams on their northern and southern boundaries , with an eastward jet to their north and a retrograde westward one to the south . The longitudinal movement of the ovals seemed to be influenced by two factors : Jupiter 's position in its orbit ( they became faster at aphelion ) , and their proximity to the GRS ( they accelerated when within 50 degrees of the Spot ) . The overall trend of the white oval drift rate was deceleration , with a decrease by half between 1940 and 1990 . During the Voyager fly - bys , the ovals extended roughly 9000 km from east to west , 5000 km from north to south , and rotated every five days ( compared to six for the GRS at the time ) . See also ( edit ) Jupiter portal Solar System portal Atmospheric sciences portal Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 Extrasolar planet ( many larger than Jupiter ) Galileo Spacecraft ( a mission that included both an orbiter and an atmospheric - entry probe ) Juno probe 2009 Jupiter impact event 2010 Jupiter impact event Ulysses ( spacecraft ) Voyager 1 , Voyager 2 Notes ( edit ) The scale height sh is defined as sh = RT / ( Mg ) , where R = 8.31 J / mol / K is the gas constant , M ≈ 0.0023 kg / mol is the average molar mass in the Jovian atmosphere , T is temperature and g ≈ 25 m / s is the gravitational acceleration at the surface of Jupiter . As the temperature varies from 110 K in the tropopause up to 1000 K in the thermosphere , the scale height can assume values from 15 to 150 km . The Galileo atmospheric probe failed to measure the deep abundance of oxygen , because the water concentration continued to increase down to the pressure level of 22 bar , when it ceased operating . While the actually measured oxygen abundances are much lower than the solar value , the observed rapid increase of water content of the atmosphere with depth makes it highly likely that the deep abundance of oxygen indeed exceeds the solar value by a factor of about 3 -- much like other elements . Various explanations of the overabundance of carbon , oxygen , nitrogen and other elements have been proposed . The leading one is that Jupiter captured a large number of icy planetesimals during the later stages of its accretion . The volatiles like noble gases are thought to have been trapped as clathrate hydrates in water ice . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hubble takes close - up portrait of Jupiter '' . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atreya Mahaffy Niemann et al. 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Guillot ( 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Sieff et al. 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show me the cast of black hawk down			Black Hawk Down ( film )	black hawk down ( film )	Black Hawk Down is a 2001 war film produced and directed by Ridley Scott , from a screenplay by Ken Nolan . It is based on the 1999 non-fiction book of the same name by Mark Bowden , which in turn is based on the 29 - part series of articles published in The Philadelphia Inquirer , chronicling the events of a 1993 raid in Mogadishu by the U.S. military aimed at capturing faction leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid , and the ensuing firefight , known as the Battle of Mogadishu . The film features a large ensemble cast , including Josh Hartnett , Ewan McGregor , Eric Bana , Tom Sizemore , William Fichtner , Jason Isaacs , Tom Hardy in his feature film debut , and Sam Shepard .	Black Hawk Down won two Academy Awards for Best Film Editing and Best Sound Mixing at the 74th Academy Awards . In 2009 , an extended cut of the film was released on DVD . The cut contained an additional 8 minutes of footage increasing the running time to 152 minutes . This extended cut has yet to be released on Blu - ray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 75th Rangers 2.2 Delta Force 2.3 160th SOAR ( Night Stalkers ) 2.4 Miscellaneous 3 Background and production 4 Release 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Soundtrack 5 Accolades 6 Controversies and inaccuracies 6.1 Mogadishu Mile 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1993 , following the ousting of the central government and start of a civil war , a major United Nations military operation in Somalia is authorized with a peacekeeping mandate . After the bulk of the peacekeepers are withdrawn , the Mogadishu - based militia loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid declares war on the remaining UN personnel . In response , the U.S. Army deploys three of its special operations forces -- 75th Rangers , Delta Force counter-terrorist operators , and 160th SOAR - Night Stalkers aviators -- to Mogadishu to capture Aidid , who has proclaimed himself president of the country . To consolidate his power and subdue the population in the south , Aidid and his militia seize Red Cross food shipments , while the UN forces are powerless to intervene directly . Outside Mogadishu , Rangers and Delta Force capture Osman Ali Atto , a faction leader selling arms to Aidid 's militia . A mission is planned to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid , two of Aidid 's top advisers . The U.S. forces include experienced men as well as new recruits , including 18 - year - old PFC Todd Blackburn and a desk clerk , SPC Grimes , going on his first mission . When his lieutenant is removed from duty after having an epileptic seizure , Staff Sergeant Matthew Eversmann is placed in command of Ranger Chalk Four , his first command . The operation begins and Delta Force operators capture Aidid 's advisers inside the target building . The Rangers and helicopters escorting the ground - extraction convoy take heavy fire , while Eversmann 's Chalk Four is dropped a block away by mistake . Blackburn is severely injured when he falls from one of the Black Hawk helicopters , so three Humvees led by SSG Jeff Struecker are detached from the convoy to return Blackburn to the UN-held Mogadishu Airport . SGT Dominick Pilla is shot and killed just as Struecker 's column departs , and shortly thereafter Black Hawk Super Six - One , piloted by CWO Clifton `` Elvis '' Wolcott crashes when shot down by a rocket - propelled grenade . Both Wolcott and his co-pilot are killed , the two crew chiefs are wounded , and one Delta Force sniper on board escapes in an MH - 6 Little Bird helicopter . The ground forces are rerouted to converge on the crash site . The Somali militia erects roadblocks , and LTC Danny McKnight 's Humvee column is unable to reach the crash area while sustaining heavy casualties . Meanwhile , two Ranger Chalks , including Eversmann 's unit , reach Super-Six One 's crash site and set up a defensive perimeter to await evacuation with the two wounded men and the fallen pilots . In the interim , Super Six - Four , piloted by CWO Michael Durant , is also shot down by an RPG and crashes several blocks away . With CPT Mike Steele 's Rangers pinned down and sustaining heavy casualties , no ground forces can reach Super Six - Four 's crash site nor reinforce the Rangers defending Super Six - One . Two Delta Force snipers , SFC Randy Shughart and MSG Gary Gordon are inserted by helicopter to Super Six - Four 's crash site , where they find Durant still alive . The site is eventually overrun , Gordon and Shughart are killed , and Durant is captured by Aidid 's militia before the angry mob of Somali civilians can kill him as well . McKnight 's column relinquish their attempt to reach Six - One 's crash site and return to base with their prisoners and the casualties . The men prepare to go back to extract the Rangers and the fallen pilots , and MG Garrison sends LTC Joe Cribbs to ask for reinforcements from the 10th Mountain Division , including Malaysian and Pakistani armored units from the UN coalition . As night falls , Aidid 's militia launch a sustained assault on the trapped Americans at Super Six - One 's crash site . The militants are held off throughout the night by strafing runs and rocket attacks from AH - 6J Little Bird helicopter gunships , until the 10th Mountain Division 's relief column is able to reach and save the American soldiers . The wounded and casualties are evacuated in the vehicles , but a few of Rangers and Delta Force soldiers are forced to run on foot from the crash site ; after fighting through militia forces , they eventually reach the Pakistani Compound UN Safe Zone . The end titles detail the immediate aftermath of the mission and end of military operations in Somalia : Michael Durant was released after 11 days of captivity , after which President Bill Clinton withdrew all US forces from Somalia . Mohamed Farah Aidid was killed in 1996 . Cast ( edit ) 75th Rangers ( edit ) Josh Hartnett as SSG Matt Eversmann Ewan McGregor as SPC John `` Grimesey '' Grimes Tom Sizemore as LTC Danny McKnight Ewen Bremner as SPC Shawn Nelson Gabriel Casseus as SPC Mike Kurth Hugh Dancy as SFC Kurt `` Doc '' Schmid Ioan Gruffudd as LT John Beales Tom Guiry as SSG Ed Yurek Charlie Hofheimer as CPL Jamie Smith Danny Hoch as SGT Dominick Pilla Jason Isaacs as CPT Mike Steele Brendan Sexton III as PVT Richard `` Alphabet '' Kowalewski Brian Van Holt as SSG Jeff Struecker Ian Virgo as PVT John Waddell Tom Hardy as SPC Lance Twombly Gregory Sporleder as SGT Scott Galentine Carmine Giovinazzo as SGT Mike Goodale Chris Beetem as SGT Casey Joyce Matthew Marsden as SPC Dale Sizemore Orlando Bloom as PFC Todd Blackburn Enrique Murciano as SGT Lorenzo Ruiz Michael Roof as PVT John Maddox Delta Force ( edit ) Sam Shepard as MG William F. Garrison Eric Bana as SFC Norm `` Hoot '' Gibson William Fichtner as SFC Jeff Sanderson Kim Coates as MSG Chris Wex Steven Ford as LTC Joe Cribbs Željko Ivanek as LTC Gary Harrell Johnny Strong as SFC Randy Shughart Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as MSG Gary Gordon Richard Tyson as SSG Daniel Busch 160th SOAR ( Night Stalkers ) ( edit ) Ron Eldard as CW4 Michael Durant Glenn Morshower as LTC Tom Matthews Jeremy Piven as CWO Clifton Wolcott Boyd Kestner as CW3 Mike Goffena Miscellaneous ( edit ) George Harris as Osman Atto Razaaq Adoti as Yousuf Dahir Mo'alim Treva Etienne as Firimbi Ty Burrell as United States Air Force Pararescue Timothy A Wilkinson Background and production ( edit ) Adapting Black Hawk Down : a Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden was the idea of director Simon West , who suggested to Jerry Bruckheimer that he should buy the film rights and let West direct . West moved on to direct Lara Croft : Tomb Raider ( 2001 ) instead . Ken Nolan was credited as screenwriter , and others contributed uncredited : Mark Bowden wrote an adaptation of his own book , Stephen Gaghan was hired to do a rewrite , Steven Zaillian and Ezna Sands rewrote the majority of Gaghan and Nolan 's work , actor Sam Shepard ( MGen . Garrison ) rewrote some of his own dialogue , and Eric Roth wrote Josh Hartnett and Eric Bana 's concluding speeches . Ken Nolan was on set for four months rewriting his script and the previous work by Gaghan , Zaillian , and Bowden . He was given sole screenwriting credit by a WGA committee . Filming began in March 2001 in Salé , Morocco , and concluded in late June . The book relied on a dramatization of participant accounts , which were the basis of the movie . SPC John Stebbins was renamed as fictional `` John Grimes . '' Stebbins had been convicted by court martial in 1999 for sexually assaulting his daughter . Mark Bowden said the Pentagon , ever sensitive about public image decided to alter factual history by requesting the change . Bowden wrote early screenplay drafts , before Bruckheimer gave it to screenwriter Nolan . The POW - captor conversation , between pilot Mike Durant and militiaman Firimbi , is from a Bowden script draft . For military verisimilitude , the Ranger actors took a one - week Ranger familiarization course at Fort Benning , the Delta Force actors took a two - week commando course from the 1st Special Warfare Training Group at Fort Bragg , and Ron Eldard and the actors playing 160th SOAR helicopter pilots were lectured by captured aviator Michael Durant at Fort Campbell . The U.S. Army supplied the materiel and the helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Most pilots ( e.g. , Keith Jones , who speaks some dialogue ) had participated in the historic battle on October 3 -- 4 , 1993 . On the last day of their week - long Army Ranger orientation at Fort Benning , the actors who portrayed the Rangers received letters slipped under their doors . It thanked them for their hard work , and asked them to `` tell our story true '' , signed with the names of the men who died in the Mogadishu firefight . A platoon of Rangers from B - 3 / 75 did the fast - roping scenes and appeared as extras ; John Collette , a Ranger Specialist during the battle , served as a stunt performer . Many of the actors bonded with the soldiers who trained them for their roles . Actor Tom Sizemore said , `` What really got me at training camp was the Ranger Creed . I do n't think most of us can understand that kind of mutual devotion . It 's like having 200 best friends and every single one of them would die for you '' . Although the filmmakers considered filming in Jordan , they found the city of Amman too built up and landlocked . Scott and production designer Arthur Max subsequently turned to Morocco , where they had previously worked on Gladiator . Scott preferred that urban setting for authenticity . Most of the film was photographed in the cities of Rabat and Salé ; the Task Force Ranger base sequences were filmed at Kénitra . To keep the film at a manageable length , 100 key figures in the book were condensed to 39 . The movie also does not feature any Somali actors . Additionally , no Somali consultants were hired for accuracy , according to writer Bowden . The film features soldiers wearing helmets with their last names on them . Although this was not accurate , director Ridley Scott used this device to help the audience distinguish among the characters because `` they all look the same once the uniforms are on '' . Release ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Black Hawk Down had a limited release in four theaters on December 28 , 2001 , in order to be eligible for the 2001 Oscars . It earned $179,823 in its first weekend , averaging $44,956 per theater . On January 11 , 2002 , the release expanded to 16 theaters and continued to do well with a weekly gross of $1,118,003 and an average daily per theater gross of $9,982 . On January 18 , 2002 , the film had its wide release , opening at 3,101 theaters and earning $28,611,736 in its first wide - release weekend to finish first at the box office for the weekend . Opening on the Martin Luther King holiday , the film grossed $5,014,475 on the holiday of Monday , January 21 , 2002 , for a 4 - day weekend total of $33,628,211 . Only Titanic had previously grossed more money over the Martin Luther King holiday weekend . Black Hawk Down finished first at the box office during its first three weeks of wide release . When the film was pulled from theatres on April 14 , 2002 , after its 15th week , it had grossed $108,638,746 domestically and $64,350,906 overseas for a worldwide total of $172,989,651 . Critical response ( edit ) The film received many positive reviews from mainstream critics . Empire magazine gave it a verdict of `` ambitious , sumptuously framed , and frenetic , Black Hawk Down is nonetheless a rare find of a war movie which dares to turn genre convention on its head '' . Film critic Mike Clark of USA Today wrote that the film `` extols the sheer professionalism of America 's elite Delta Force -- even in the unforeseen disaster that was 1993 's Battle of Mogadishu , '' and praised Scott 's direction : `` in relating the conflict , in which 18 Americans died and 70 - plus were injured , the standard getting - to - know - you war - film characterizations are downplayed . While some may regard this as a shortcoming , it is , in fact , a virtue '' . It has a 76 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 171 reviews with an average rating of 7 / 10 , with its critics consensus being : `` Though it 's light on character development and cultural empathy , Black Hawk Down is a visceral , pulse - pounding portrait of war , elevated by Ridley Scott 's superb technical skill . '' It has a rating of 74 on Metacritic , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film has had a small cultural legacy , which has been studied academically by media analysts dissecting how media reflects American perceptions of war . Newsweek writer Evan Thomas considered the movie one of the most culturally significant films of the George W. Bush presidency . He suggested that although the film was presented as being anti-war , it was at its core pro-war . He further wrote that `` though it depicted a shameful defeat , the soldiers were heroes willing to die for their brothers in arms ( ... ) The movie showed brutal scenes of killing , but also courage , stoicism and honor ( ... ) The overall effect was stirring , if slightly pornographic , and it seemed to enhance the desire of Americans for a thumping war to avenge 9 / 11 . '' Stephen A. Klien , writing in Critical Studies in Media Communication , argued that the film 's sensational rendering of war had the effect of encouraging audiences to empathize with the film 's pro-soldier leitmotif and `` conflate personal support of American soldiers with support of American military policy '' and discourage `` critical public discourse concerning justification for and execution of military interventionist policy . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Black Hawk Down ( soundtrack ) Accolades ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Black Hawk Down received four Academy Award nominations , including Best Director ( lost to A Beautiful Mind ) and Best Cinematography ( lost to The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ) , and won two Oscars : Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing . It also received three BAFTA Award nominations : Best Cinematography , Best Sound and Best Editing . Award Nominee Result NBR Award Top Ten Films Won AFI Award Cinematographer of the Year Slawomir Idziak Nominated Director of the Year Ridley Scott Nominated Editor of the Year Pietro Scalia Nominated Movie of the Year Jerry Bruckheimer Ridley Scott Nominated Production Designer of the Year Arthur Max Nominated Academy Award Best Film Editing Pietro Scalia Won Best Sound Mixing Michael Minkler Myron Nettinga Chris Munro Won Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated Saturn Award Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Nominated Eddie Award Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Pietro Scalia Won ADG Excellence in Production Design Award Contemporary Film Keith Pain Marco Trentini Gianni Giovagnoni Cliff Robinson Pier Luigi Basile Ivo Husnjak Arthur Max Nominated Harry Award Won BAFTA Award Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated Best Editing Pietro Scalia Nominated Best Sound Chris Munro Per Hallberg Michael Minkler Myron Nettinga Karen Baker Landers Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing -- Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film Per Hallberg Karen Baker Landers Chris Jargo Mark L. Mangino Chris Hogan Won Best Sound Editing -- Effects & Foley , Domestic Feature Film Per Hallberg Karen Baker Landers Craig S. Jaeger Jon Title Christopher Assells Dino Dimuro Dan Hegeman Michael A. Reagan Gregory Hainer Perry Robertson Peter Staubli Bruce Tanis Michael Hertlein Solange S. Schwalbe Won Plus Camerimage Golden Frog Slawomir Idziak Nominated Cinema Audio Society Award Outstanding Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Michael Minkler Myron Nettinga Chris Munro Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Ridley Scott Nominated Golden Trailer Award Best Drama Trailer Park , Inc . Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Movie Nominated Best Action Sequence First helicopter crash Nominated PFCS Award Best Acting Ensemble Eric Bana Ewen Bremner William Fichtner Josh Hartnett Jason Isaacs Ewan McGregor Sam Shepard Tom Sizemore Nominated Best Cinematography Slawomir Idziak Nominated Best Film Editing Pietro Scalia Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor : Action / Drama Josh Hartnett Nominated Choice Movie : Action / Drama Nominated World Soundtrack Award Best Original Soundtrack of the Year Hans Zimmer Nominated Soundtrack Composer of the Year Nominated Writers Guild of America Award Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published Ken Nolan Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Hans Zimmer ( also for The Ring ) Won DVD Exclusive Award Best Overall DVD , New Movie ( Including All Extra Features ) Charles de Lauzirika ( Deluxe Edition ) Nominated Saturn Award Best DVD Special Edition Release Nominated Controversies and inaccuracies ( edit ) Soon after Black Hawk Down 's release , the Somali Justice Advocacy Center in California denounced what they felt was its brutal and dehumanizing depiction of Somalis and called for its boycott . In a radio interview , Brendan Sexton , an actor who briefly appeared in the movie , said the version of the film which made it onto theater screens significantly differed from the one recounted in the original script . According to him , many scenes asking hard questions of the US regarding the violent realities of war and the true purpose of their mission in Somalia were cut . In a review featured in The New York Times , film critic Elvis Mitchell expressed dissatisfaction with the film 's `` lack of characterization '' and opined that the film `` reeks of glumly staged racism '' . Owen Gleiberman and Sean Burns , the film critics for the mainstream magazine Entertainment Weekly and the alternative newspaper Philadelphia Weekly , respectively , echoed the sentiment that the depiction was racist . American film critic Wheeler Winston Dixon also found the film 's `` absence of motivation and characterization '' disturbing , and wrote that while American audiences might find the film to be a `` paean to patriotism '' , other audiences might find it to be a `` deliberately hostile enterprise '' ; nevertheless , Dixon lauded the film 's `` spectacular display of pyrotechnics coupled with equally adroit editing . '' Jerry Bruckheimer , the film 's producer , rejected such claims on The O'Reilly Factor , putting them down to political correctness in part due to Hollywood 's liberal leanings . `` Down the Tubes '' . Philadelphia Weekly . Somali nationals charge that the African actors chosen to play the Somalis in the film do not resemble the culturally unique features of the Horn of Africa , nor does the language they communicate in sound like the Afro - Asiatic tongue spoken by the Somali people . They also claim the abrasive way lines are delivered and lack of authenticy regarding Somali culture fails to capture the tone , mannerisms , and spirit of actual life in Somalia . No Somali actors were used in the movie . In an interview with the BBC , the faction leader Osman Ali Atto said that many aspects of the film are factually incorrect . Taking exception with the ostentatious character chosen to portray him Ali Atto claimed he neither looks like the actor who portrayed him , nor smokes cigars or wears earrings , all later confirmed by SEAL Team Six sniper Howard E. Wasdin in his 2012 memoirs . Wasdin also indicated that while the character in the movie ridiculed his captors , in reality , Atto seemed concerned that Wasdin and his men had been sent to kill rather than apprehend him . Atto additionally stated that he had not been consulted about the project nor approached for permission , and that the film sequence re-enacting his arrest contained several inaccuracies : First of all when I was caught on 21 September , I was only travelling with one Fiat 124 , not three vehicles as it shows in the film ( ... ) And when the helicopter attacked , people were hurt , people were killed ( ... ) The car we were travelling in , ( and ) I have got proof , it was hit at least 50 times . And my colleague Ahmed Ali was injured on both legs ( ... ) I think it was not right , the way they portrayed both the individual and the action . It was not right . Navy SEAL Wasdin similarly remarked that while olive green military rigger 's tape was used to mark the roof of the car in question in the movie , his team in actuality managed to track down Atto 's whereabouts using a much more sophisticated technique involving the implantation of a homing device . ( This was hidden in a cane presented to Atto as a gift from a contact who routinely met with him , which eventually led the team directly to the faction leader . ) Malaysian military officials whose own troops were involved in the fighting have likewise raised complaints regarding the film 's accuracy . Retired Brigadier - General Abdul Latif Ahmad , who at the time commanded Malaysian forces in Mogadishu , told the AFP news agency that Malaysian moviegoers would be under the wrong impression that the real battle was fought by the Americans alone with Malaysian troops relegated to `` mere bus drivers to ferry them out '' . General Pervez Musharraf , who later became President of Pakistan after a coup , similarly accused the filmmakers of not crediting the work done by the Pakistani soldiers . In his autobiography In the Line of Fire : A Memoir , Musharraf wrote : The outstanding performance of the Pakistani troops under adverse conditions is very well known at the UN . Regrettably , the film Black Hawk Down ignores the role of Malaysia and Pakistan in Somalia . When U.S. troops were trapped in the thickly populated Madina Bazaar area of Mogadishu , it was the Seventh Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army that reached out and extricated them . The bravery of the U.S. troops notwithstanding , we deserved equal , if not more , credit ; but the filmmakers depicted the incident as involving only Americans . Mogadishu mile ( edit ) It is often believed that the soldiers involved in the Mogadishu Mile had to run all the way to the Mogadiscio Stadium , as shown in the film . However , in that scene the filmmakers took artistic license and dramatized the event , departing from the book . In the film , the Mogadishu Mile ends with about a dozen soldiers entering the Mogadiscio Stadium having run all the way through the city . In the book , it ends with soldiers reaching a rendezvous point on National Street ( in the opposite direction from the stadium ) : `` As he approached the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street , about five blocks south of the Olympic Hotel , he saw a tank and the line of APCs and Humvees and a mass of men in desert battle dress . He ran until he collapsed , with joy '' It was not only the Rangers and Delta Force soldiers who made the Mogadishu Mile , but soldiers from the U.S. 10th Mountain Division as well : `` We did n't ride off the crash site . We did n't run out . We walked expediently in a tactical formation for about a mile to get to an awaiting convoy . '' On the whole , the film version where the convoy leaves the soldiers running through the city alone does not correspond to the real event : `` No one ran out of the city . The Mog mile was to a rally point where the Pakistani tanks and the vehicles from 10th Mountain were , waiting to take the men of TFR out to the Pakistani stadium . '' `` These APCs were headed back about 800 meters to a strongpoint where reserve element has stayed behind with the tanks , and the plan was to move the wounded via the vehicles and the healthy by foot back to the strongpoint . That 's exactly what happened . That , in all it 's non-dramatic form , is the so - called `` Mogadishu mile '' ... '' See also ( edit ) Film portal Black Hawk Down ( book ) Battle of Mogadishu ( 1993 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk Down ( 2002 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Inside the Revolution Library : Where Joe Roth Went Wrong '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk Down '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 401 . 2007 . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Production Notes . Jump up ^ `` Text of the decision from USCourts.gov '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Turner , Megan ( 2001 - 11 - 18 ) . `` War - Film `` Hero '' Is A Rapist `` . New York Post . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Steven Jay ( 2011 ) . `` Black Hawk Down '' . Combat Films : American Realism , 1945 - 2010 ( 2 ed . ) . McFarland . pp. 257 -- 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5892 - 9 . Jump up ^ Laurence , John Shelton ; McGarrahan , John G. ( 2008 ) . `` Operation Restore Honor in Black Hawk Down '' . In Peter C. Rollins , John E. O'Connor . Why we fought : America 's wars in film and history . University Press of Kentucky . p. 431 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9191 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Raw , Laurence ( 2009 ) . The Ridley Scott Encyclopedia . Scarecrow Press . Lanham , Maryland . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6951 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Somalis flock to bootleg ' Black Hawk ' '' . ljworld . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Institute for Social and Cultural Communications '' . Z Magazine . 15 ( 1 - 6 ) : 6 . 2002 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Montalbano , Dave ( 2010 ) . The Adventures of Cinema Dave in the Florida Motion Picture World . Xlibris Corporation . California . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4500 - 2396 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dinning , Mark . `` Empire 's Black Hawk Down Movie Review '' . EmpireOnline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Clark , Mike ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Black Hawk ' turns nightmare into great cinema '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk Down '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk Down '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` ' Black Hawk Down ' : Arts and culture in the Bush era '' . TheDailyBeast.com , Newsweek . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2010 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Black Hawk Down , Down , Down : Three Perspectives on the Film '' Archived March 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... UncurledFist.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Black Hawk Rising '' . ZMag.org . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` As ' Black Hawk Down ' Director Ridley Scott Is Nominated for An Oscar , An Actor in the Film Speaks Out Against Its Pro-War Message '' . DemocracyNow.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( 2001 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Mission Of Mercy Goes Bad In Africa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Burns : `` Ridley Scott and Jerry Bruckheimer 's latest is racist crap '' `` . PhiladelphiaWeekly . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Wheeler , Winston ( 2003 ) . Visions of the Apocalypse : Spectacles of Destruction in American Cinema ( Paperback ed . ) . London and New York : Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 903364 - 74 - 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ISBN 1 - 903364 - 38 - 8 ( hardcover ) , see page 76 , lines 11 - 15 Jump up ^ `` Defending Black Hawk Down '' . FoxNews . January 15 , 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warlord thumbs down for Somalia film '' . BBC News . January 29 , 2002 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wasdin , Howard ( 2011 ) . SEAL Team Six -- Memoirs of a US Navy Sniper . pp. 225 -- 226 . Jump up ^ `` Jingoism jibe over Black Hawk Down '' . BBC News . January 21 , 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Musharraf , Pervez ( 2006 ) . In the Line of Fire : A Memoir . Free Press . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Mark ( 2001 ) . Black Hawk Down : A Story of Modern War . Signet . p. 350 . Jump up ^ `` The Mogadishu Mile '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Black Hawk Down 93 discussion forum Archived 2011 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Question for Belman or anyone else who ran out of the City '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... Black Hawk Down 93 discussion forum Archived 2011 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Col. Lee A. Van Arsdale . `` Audio Commentary by Task Force Rangers '' . Black Hawk Down 3 - Disk Deluxe Edition External links ( edit ) Official website Black Hawk Down on IMDb Black Hawk Down at the TCM Movie Database Black Hawk Down at AllMovie Black Hawk Down at Rotten Tomatoes Black Hawk Down at Metacritic Black Hawk Down at Box Office Mojo Black Hawk Down at the Internet Movie Firearms Database Films directed by Ridley Scott Feature films The Duellists ( 1977 ) Alien ( 1979 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Legend ( 1985 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) Black Rain ( 1989 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) White Squall ( 1996 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Body of Lies ( 2008 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) The Counselor ( 2013 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) Other work Boy and Bicycle ( short film , 1965 ) 1984 ( advertisement , 1984 ) Unrealized projects Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) GND : 4818819 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_Down_(film)&oldid=834562743 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2002 films American films American war films Battle of Mogadishu ( 1993 ) Columbia Pictures films Delta Force in films Films about shot - down aviators Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Ridley Scott Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in 1993 Films set in Somalia Films shot in Morocco Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Revolution Studios films Scott Free Productions films Somali Civil War films Somali - language films War films based on actual events Films scored by Hans Zimmer 2000s war films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 12 : 00 . 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who holds the record for the longest field goal	The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards , a record set by Matt Prater on December 8 , 2013 . The previous record was 63 , originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam , Sebastian Janikowski , and David Akers . High school , college and most professional football leagues offer only a three - point field goal ; however , some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four - point field goals . NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three ( much like Australian rules ' Super Goal or basketball 's three - point line ) , a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League . Similarly , the sport of arena football sought ( unsuccessfully ) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points ; it failed , since only one kicker ( Brian Mitchell ) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency . ( In six - man football , where there is no offensive line , all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three . )	Matt Prater	Field goal	field goal	A field goal ( FG ) is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football . To score a field goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick , or drop kick , the ball through the goal , i.e. , between the uprights and over the crossbar . American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage , while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player . The vast majority of field goals , in both codes , are placed kicked . Drop kicked field goals were common in the early days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times . In most leagues , a successful field goal awards three points ( a notable exception is in six - man football where , due to the difficulty of making a successful field goal because of the small number of players available to stop the opposing team from attempting a block , a field goal is worth four points ) .	A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick , but this is extremely rare . Since a field goal is worth only three points , as opposed to a touchdown , which is worth six points , it is usually only attempted in specific situations ( see Strategy ) . The goal structure consists of a horizontal crossbar suspended 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the ground , with two vertical goalposts 18 feet 6 inches ( 5.64 m ) apart extending vertically from each end of the crossbar . In American football the goals are centered on each end line ; in Canadian football the goals are centered on each goal line . Contents ( hide ) 1 Strategy 2 How field goals are kicked 3 Successful field goals 4 Missed field goals 5 Blocked field goals 6 History 7 Longest field goal records 7.1 NFL 7.2 CFL 7.3 College football 7.4 U Sports 7.5 High school 7.6 Independent amateur 7.7 Independent Women 's Football League 8 Longest missed field goal return records 8.1 NFL 8.2 CFL 8.3 NCAA 8.4 U Sports 9 References 10 External links Strategy ( edit ) As a field goal is worth only three points , while a touchdown scores at least six ( which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion , and potentially 8 with a two - point conversion ) , teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations : It is fourth down ( third down in Canadian rules ) , especially if the offense is more than a yard or two from a new first down , and within about 45 yards of the goal posts . In the first half , there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play . In the second half , there is enough time remaining to execute only one more play , and the team on offense needs three points to win or tie ( four points in a few leagues given special circumstances ) . The game is in overtime , and a FG is the quickest , easiest , and least risky way to end the match . Except in desperate situations , a team will generally attempt field goals only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely , and its kicker has a significant chance of success , as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick ( in the NFL ) or at the line of scrimmage ( in the NCAA ) . In American high school rules and Canadian football , where a missed field goal is treated the same as a punt , most teams still opt not to attempt field goals from very long range since field goal formations are not conducive to covering kick returns . Even under ideal conditions , the best professional kickers historically had difficulty making kicks longer than 50 yards consistently ( the NFL record is 64 yards and the CFL record , 62 yards ) . If a team chooses not to attempt a field goal on their last down , they can punt to the other team . A punt can not score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it ( though it can result in a single in Canadian football ) , but it may push the other team back toward its own end . The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 64 yards , a record set by Matt Prater on December 8 , 2013 . The previous record was 63 , originally set by Tom Dempsey and then matched by Jason Elam , Sebastian Janikowski , and David Akers . High school , college and most professional football leagues offer only a three - point field goal ; however , some professional leagues have encouraged more rare kicks through four - point field goals . NFL Europe encouraged long field goals of 50 yards or more by making those worth four points instead of three ( much like Australian rules ' Super Goal or basketball 's three - point line ) , a rule since adopted by the Stars Football League . Similarly , the sport of arena football sought ( unsuccessfully ) to repopularize the drop kick by making that worth four points ; it failed , since only one kicker ( Brian Mitchell ) was able to do it with any semblance of proficiency . ( In six - man football , where there is no offensive line , all field goals are worth four points instead of the usual three . ) The overall field goal percentage during the 2010 NFL season was 82.3 . In comparison , Jan Stenerud , one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( along with Ray Guy ) , had a career field goal percentage of 66.8 from 1967 to 1985 . How field goals are kicked ( edit ) Play media Video of a successful field goal try . When a team decides to attempt a field goal , it will generally line up in a very tight formation , with all but two players lined up along or near the line of scrimmage : the placekicker and the holder . The holder is usually the team 's punter or backup quarterback . Instead of the regular center , a team may have a dedicated long snapper trained especially to snap the ball on placekick attempts and punts . The holder usually lines up seven to eight yards behind the line of scrimmage , with the kicker a few yards behind him . Upon receiving the snap , the holder holds the ball against the ground vertically , with the stitches away from the kicker . The kicker begins his approach during the snap , so the snapper and holder have little margin for error . A split - second mistake can disrupt the entire attempt . Texas A&M attempts to kick a field goal against the Citadel in 2006 . The measurement of a field goal 's distance is from the goalpost to the point where the ball was positioned for the kick by the holder . In American football , where the goalpost is located at the back of the end zone ( above the end line ) , the ten yards of the end zone are added to the yard line distance at the spot of the hold . In the early days of the sport , placekickers approached the ball straight on , with the toe making first contact with the ball . The technique of kicking the ball `` soccer - style '' , by approaching the ball at an angle and kicking it with the instep , was introduced by kicker Pete Gogolak in the 1960s . The Hungarian - born Gogolak , reflecting his roots in European soccer , observed that kicking the ball at an angle could cover more distance than kicking straight on . Successful field goals ( edit ) If there is any time left in the half , the method of resuming play after a successful field goal varies between leagues . National Football League The scored - against team receives a kickoff . National Collegiate Athletic Association The scored - against team receives a kickoff . National Federation of High Schools The scored - against team can choose to either receive a kickoff or kick off themselves . ( In practice , almost all choose to receive . ) Canadian Football League The scored - against team may elect to either kick off , receive a kickoff , or scrimmage from the 35 - yard line . The option of scrimmaging from the 35 yard line was eliminated for the 2009 CFL season , but the change proved unpopular and was reversed the following year . Football Canada The scored - against team may elect to scrimmage the ball at its own 35 - yard line , kick off from its own 35 - yard line , or require the scoring team to kick off from its 45 - yard line . Missed field goals ( edit ) A missed field goal is said to be `` no good '' if the kicked ball does not cross between the uprights and / or over the crossbar of the goal posts . If it misses to the posts ' left it may be called `` wide left '' and `` wide right '' if it misses to the posts ' right . A field goal attempt may be described as `` short '' if it does not have sufficient distance to go over the cross bar . Some commentators will only describe a field goal attempt as being short if it appears to have been aimed correctly while others will describe an attempt appearing to lack both accuracy and distance as being both wide and short . If a field goal attempt is missed and does not go out of bounds , a defensive player may catch the ball and return it , like a punt or kickoff . This type of play usually occurs during an extremely long field goal attempt due to the distance the defense must travel to reach the returner . If there is a significant likelihood of a miss and the strategic game situation warrants it , the defense places a player downfield , in or near their end zone , to catch the ball . The risk in this is that the return man may be tackled deep in his own territory , at a considerably worse position than he could have gotten by letting the ball go dead ( see below ) ; furthermore , should the returner fumble the ball , the kicking team can recover it and gain a new set of downs ( the advantage is that the kicking team is lined up very close together to stop kick blockers , and not spread across the field like a kickoff or punt team , and is therefore in poor position to defend the return ) . Thus , teams will usually return a kick only towards the end of a half ( when the kick will be the final play ) or in a particularly desperate situation . If a ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar , but lands in the field of play , the ball is considered dead and can not be returned . ( This is not the case in arena football , where large `` rebound nets '' surround the goal posts for the explicit purpose of keeping the ball in play . ) However , if the ball caroms off one of the goal posts or the crossbar and continues into the goal , the score counts . Situations where the defense does not return a missed field goal vary between leagues and levels of play : National Football League Missed field goals attempted from the defending team 's 20 - yard line or closer result in the defense taking possession at their 20 - yard line . Missed field goals attempted from behind the 20 - yard line result in the opposing team taking possession at the spot of the kick . ( Until 1994 , the opposing team would take possession at the line of scrimmage , unless the kick was attempted from inside the 20 - yard line , in which case the opposing team would take possession at the 20 - yard line . ) NCAA The opposing team takes possession at the line of scrimmage rather than at the spot of the kick . If the line of scrimmage is inside the 20 - yard line , the opposing team takes possession at the 20 . High school Under NFHS ( high school ) rules , a field goal attempt is no different from any other scrimmage kick ( punt , drop kick ) . If the field goal attempt is no good and enters the end zone it is a touchback . If the ball becomes dead on the field the defensive team will next put the ball in play from that point . If a field goal is blocked behind the line of scrimmage either team may pick it up and return it ( see below ) . Canadian football If the defense does not return a missed field goal out of the end zone , or if a missed field goal attempt goes out the back of end zone , then the kicking team scores a single point . This sometimes results in the team on defense stationing their punter behind the goal posts to punt the ball out of the end zone , in case of a missed field - goal attempt , to preserve a victory or tie . Also , a missed field goal may be played by any onside player on the kicking team , ( onside players being the kicker and anyone behind him at the time of the kick ) . It is risky to have anyone positioned behind the kicker when the ball is being kicked since those player ( s ) would be unable to help prevent the defending players from blocking the kick ; however , on occasion teams might intentionally miss a field goal in hope of recovering the ball in the end zone for a touchdown . Returning a missed field goal is much more likely in Canadian football than in American rules for a few reasons . First , since the goal posts are on the goal line in front of a 20 - yard end zone ( rather than at the back of a 10 - yard end zone ) , a missed field goal is much less likely to go out of bounds while in the air . Also , not returning the ball out of the end zone results in the defense conceding a single point , which may be crucial in a close game . Moreover , the wider field of the Canadian game makes the average return longer ( in terms of yardage ) . However , many Canadian football coaches judge that conceding a single and taking possession at the 35 - yard line is preferable to returning a missed field goal and avoiding a single at the cost of poor field position . Blocked field goals ( edit ) The San Francisco 49ers block a field goal attempt by Philadelphia Eagles kicker David Akers on October 12 , 2008 , and return it for a touchdown . The Fresno State Bulldogs block a Texas A&M field goal attempt . Occasionally , the defense will succeed in blocking a field goal . If a blocked field goal is in or behind the neutral zone , it is treated like a fumble and can be advanced by either team . Beyond the neutral zone , a blocked kick is treated like a punt and can be advanced only by the defense , unless a defensive player fumbles the ball , after which an offensive player can advance it . History ( edit ) In the early days of football , kicking was highly emphasized . In 1883 , the scoring system was devised , with field goals counting for 5 points , and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece . In 1897 , the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point . Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904 , and then to the modern 3 points in 1909 . The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football ; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956 . The spot of the conversion has also changed through the years . In 1924 , NCAA rules spotted the conversion at the 3 - yard line , before moving it back to the 5 - yard line in 1925 . In 1929 , the spot was moved up to the 2 - yard line , which the NFL had done until 2014 . In 1968 , the NCAA diverged from the NFL rules in moving the spot back to the original 3 - yard line . Canadian rules originally spotted the conversion at the 5 - yard line , which remains closer than in the American code as the goalposts are at the front of the end zone . In 2015 , to make conversion kicks harder , the NFL and CFL moved the spot of the kick to the 15 and 25 - yard lines , respectively . In addition , the CFL moved the spot for a two - point conversion up to the 3 - yard line to entice more teams to go for 2 points as opposed to one . The goalposts were originally located on the goal line ; this led to many injuries and sometimes interfered with play , and the NCAA moved the goal posts to the rear of the end zone 90 years ago in 1927 . The NFL ( still following NCAA rules at the time ) followed suit , but moved the posts back to the goal line starting in the 1932 NFL Playoff Game , a change made necessary by the size of the indoor Chicago Stadium and kept when the NFL rules stopped mirroring the NCAA rules in 1933 . The NFL kept the post at the goal line until 43 years ago , when they were moved back to the rear of the end zone for the 1974 season . This was partly a result of the narrowed hashmark distance of 1972 , which had made for easier field - goal angles . The Canadian game still has posts on the goal line . The width of the goalposts and the hashmarks have also varied throughout the years . In 1959 , the NCAA goalposts were widened to 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.11 m ) , the standard width for high school posts today . In 1991 , the college goalposts were reduced in width to 18 ft 6 in ( 5.64 m ) , matching the NFL . For the 1991 and 1992 seasons , this meant potentially severe angles for short field goal attempts , since the hashmark width remained at 53 ft 4 in ( 16.26 m ) . In 1993 , the NCAA narrowed the distance between the hashmarks to 40 ft ( 12.19 m ) , matching what was the width of hashmarks in the NFL from 1945 through 1971 ; the NFL narrowed the hashmarks in 1972 to goalpost width at 18.5 feet ( 5.64 m ) . In the CFL , the hashmarks are 51 feet ( 16 m ) , but the field is 195 feet ( 59 m ) in width , 35 feet ( 11 m ) wider than the American field . The NFL increased the height of the uprights above the crossbar to 20 feet ( 6.10 m ) in 1966 and 30 feet ( 9.14 m ) in 1974 . In 2014 , they were raised five feet to 35 feet ( 10.67 m ) after the adoption of a proposal by New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick . The `` slingshot '' goalpost , with a single post curving to support the crossbar , was invented by Jim Trimble and Joel Rottman in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . The first were built by Alcan and displayed at Expo 67 , the World 's fair in Montreal . The NFL had standardized the goalposts in 1966 and adopted the slingshot for the 1967 season ; the NCAA later adopted the same rule , but later allowed the use of `` offset '' goalposts , with two posts rather than one . Three schools in Division I FBS currently use dual - support posts : Florida State , LSU , and Washington State . A special exemption was allowed by the NFL for the New Orleans Saints to use the offset goalposts during the 2005 season , when they used LSU 's stadium for home games after Hurricane Katrina . Goalposts at the professional level today are sometimes equipped with a camera mounted to the stanchion immediately behind the center of the crossbar . Since these cameras are both above and slightly behind the crossbar , a field goal attempt will be judged good if it strikes this equipment . In 1989 , the NCAA banned the kicking tee , requiring kicks from the ground . During the 2011 NFL season , a record 90 field goals of 50 yards or longer were made . In 2012 , this record was increased to 92 field goals of 50 yards or longer . Longest field goal Records ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As recorded in Guinness World Records : The record for a field goal at any level is 69 yards . It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions ( now Texas A&M University -- Commerce ) in Shotwell Stadium , Abilene , Texas . NFL ( edit ) The longest field goal made was 64 yards by Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos on December 8 , 2013 . The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski on September 28 , 2008 . In the history of the NFL regular season , only 18 field goals have been made from at least 60 yards : Distance Kicker Team Result Opposition Date Notes Location Elevation Weather 64 yards Matt Prater Denver Broncos 51 -- 28 Tennessee Titans December 8 , 2013 End of 1st half Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) 13 ° F ; Sunny ; Wind : S at 3 mph ; Humidity : 72 % 63 yards Tom Dempsey New Orleans Saints 19 -- 17 Detroit Lions November 8 , 1970 Born with a stub for a right foot . Game - winning kick as time expired . Detroit kicker Errol Mann had kicked a field goal with : 08 remaining to give Lions the lead . Tulane Stadium 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) 63 yards Jason Elam Denver Broncos 37 -- 24 Jacksonville Jaguars October 25 , 1998 First field goal to tie record ; soccer - style kicker Mile High Stadium 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) 63 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 23 -- 20 Denver Broncos September 12 , 2011 left - footed Sports Authority Field at Mile High 5,280 ft ( 1,610 m ) Light rain early 63 yards David Akers San Francisco 49ers 30 -- 22 Green Bay Packers September 9 , 2012 left - footed ; end of first half ; ball bounced off crossbar before crossing the plane Lambeau Field 640 ft ( 200 m ) 70 ° F ; Mostly Cloudy ; Wind : N at 7 mph ; Humidity : 43 % 62 yards Matt Bryant Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles October 22 , 2006 game - winning kick as time expired Raymond James Stadium 35 ft ( 11 m ) 61 yards Sebastian Janikowski Oakland Raiders 9 -- 23 Cleveland Browns December 27 , 2009 left - footed FirstEnergy Stadium 580 ft ( 180 m ) 61 yards Jay Feely Arizona Cardinals 16 -- 19 ( OT ) Buffalo Bills October 14 , 2012 right - footed ; longest game - tying field goal with 1 : 09 remaining in the 4th quarter , missed a 38 - yard field goal that would have won the game at the end of regulation University of Phoenix Stadium 1,150 ft ( 350 m ) Retractable roof closed 61 yards Justin Tucker Baltimore Ravens 18 -- 16 Detroit Lions December 16 , 2013 Right - footed ; game - winning field goal with 43 seconds remaining ; sixth field goal of the game Ford Field 601 ft ( 183 m ) Dome 61 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 18 -- 21 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings November 8 , 2015 Right - footed TCF Bank Stadium 869 ft ( 265 m ) 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) ; sunny 61 yards Jake Elliott Philadelphia Eagles 27 -- 24 New York Giants September 24 , 2017 Right - footed ; game winning kick as time expired . Second game of NFL career . Lincoln Financial Field 39 ft ( 12 m ) 91 ° F ( 33 ° C ) ; sunny 60 yards Steve Cox Cleveland Browns 9 -- 12 Cincinnati Bengals October 21 , 1984 straight - ahead kick ; on AstroTurf Riverfront Stadium 490 ft ( 150 m ) 60 yards Morten Andersen New Orleans Saints 17 -- 20 Chicago Bears October 27 , 1991 left - footed ; on AstroTurf ; first 60 - yard kick done indoors Louisiana Superdome Sea level Dome 60 yards Rob Bironas Tennessee Titans 20 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts December 3 , 2006 Right - footed ; game winner with six seconds remaining LP Field 400 ft ( 120 m ) 60 yards Dan Carpenter Miami Dolphins 10 -- 13 Cleveland Browns December 5 , 2010 End of 1st half Sun Life Stadium 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) , wind SW at 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) 60 yards Greg Zuerlein St. Louis Rams 19 -- 13 Seattle Seahawks September 30 , 2012 in his rookie season ; longest field goal in third quarter ; also kicked a 58 - yard field goal in the first quarter Edward Jones Dome 466 ft ( 142 m ) Dome 60 yards Chandler Catanzaro Arizona Cardinals 18 -- 33 Buffalo Bills September 25 , 2016 longest field goal in career New Era Field 600 ft ( 180 m ) Prior to Dempsey 's 1970 kick , the longest field goal in NFL history was a 56 - yard field goal by Bert Rechichar in 1953 . A 55 - yard field goal , achieved by a drop kick , was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in 1924 , and stood as the unofficial record until that point ; some sources indicate a 54 - yarder by Glenn Presnell in 1934 as the record , due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll 's 55 - yarder . In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29 , 2002 , Ola Kimrin kicked a 65 - yard field goal . However , because pre-season games are not counted toward official records , this accomplishment is not the official record . CFL ( edit ) 62 yards , Paul McCallum , Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Edmonton Eskimos , October 27 , 2001 60 yards , Dave Ridgway , Saskatchewan Roughriders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers , September 6 , 1987 College football ( edit ) 69 yards , Ove Johansson , Abilene Christian vs. East Texas State on October 16 , 1976 . ( NAIA ) 67 yards , Tom Odle , Fort Hays State vs. Washburn , 1988 . ( NCAA ) 67 yards , Joe Williams , Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois , 1978 . ( NCAA Division I ) 67 yards , Russell Erxleben , Texas vs. Rice , 1977 . ( NCAA Division I ) 67 yards , Steve Little , Arkansas vs. Texas , 1977 . ( NCAA Division I ) 65 yards , J.T. Haxall , Princeton vs. Yale , 1882 . All of the above kicks were successful with the use of a kicking tee , which was banned by the NCAA prior to the 1989 season . 65 yards , Martin Gramatica , Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois , 1998 - without a tee The longest known drop - kicked field goal in college football was a 62 - yard kick from Pat O'Dea , an Australian kicker who played on the Wisconsin Badgers football team . O'Dea's kick took place in a blizzard against Northwestern on November 15 , 1898 . U Sports ( edit ) The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 57 yards , by Jerry Foster of St. Mary 's Huskies , playing against the Mount Allison Mounties on October 18 , 1986 . High school ( edit ) 68 yards , Dirk Borgognone , Reno High School vs. Sparks High School ( Nevada ) , September 27 , 1985 67 yards , Austin Rehkow , Central Valley High School ( Spokane Valley , Washington ) vs. Shadle Park High School ( Spokane , Washington ) , October 18 , 2012 , game - tying FG with : 02 left in 4th quarter ( CV would go on to win 62 - 55 ) . ( tied with two others ) 62 yards , David Rosenbaum , Woodrow Wilson High School ( Washington , D.C. ) vs. Spingarn High School , October 3 , 2003 . While no records are kept , considered to be the longest extra point scored . Penalties due to excessive celebration , unsportsmanlike conduct , and taunting . Independent amateur ( edit ) 68 yards , Fabrizio Scaccia , Treasure Coast Bobcats ( FL ) , March 29 , 2009 ( world record for a kick without the aid of a tee , which was banned for field goal attempts in the NCAA in 1989 ) Independent women 's football League ( edit ) 44 yards , Sarah Oliver , California Quake vs. New Mexico Menace , April 26 , 2008 . Longest missed field goal return Records ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) Field goal returns are rare in the NFL , since an attempt with sufficient distance that misses the uprights will automatically be dead . Returns are possible when a field goal is short , but in that case returners will usually down the ball so as to scrimmage from the spot of the kick . Normally , a return will only be attempted when there is not enough time left in the half to run a play from scrimmage . Nevertheless , four field goals have been returned for at least 107 yards in the 21st century : Distance returned Returner Team Opposing kicker Opposing team Distance attempted Date Location 109 yards Antonio Cromartie San Diego Chargers Ryan Longwell Minnesota Vikings 58 yards November 4 , 2007 Metrodome 108 yards Devin Hester Chicago Bears Jay Feely New York Giants 52 yards November 12 , 2006 Giants Stadium 108 yards Nathan Vasher Chicago Bears Joe Nedney San Francisco 49ers 52 yards November 13 , 2005 Soldier Field 107 yards Chris McAlister Baltimore Ravens Jason Elam Denver Broncos 57 yards September 30 , 2002 Ravens Stadium CFL ( edit ) Because the goalposts in Canadian football are on the goal line , and because downing the ball in the end zone results in the kicking team scoring a single point , field goal returns are much more common . The longest missed field goal return in the CFL is 131 total yards . Against the Montreal Alouettes on August 22 , 1958 , the Toronto Argonauts ' Boyd Carter ran 15 yards , then threw a lateral to Dave Mann , who then returned it for the final 116 yards . This return , which started 21 yards behind the goal line , was during the era of 25 - yard end zones and therefore can not be met or exceeded on the modern field with 20 - yard end zones . Since the shortening of the end zones , a field goal has been returned for the maximum 129 yards on two occasions : by Tristan Jackson of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on July 14 , 2012 and by Trent Guy of the Montreal Alouettes on September 23 , 2012 . NCAA ( edit ) In NCAA college football , only five missed field goals returns for touchdowns have ever been returned 100 yards or more : September 17 , 1966 : Don Guest ( California Golden Bears ) , 108 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47 - yard field goal attempt by Washington State . September 28 , 1968 : Richie Luzzi ( Clemson Tigers ) , 108 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 47 - yard field goal attempt by Georgia . September 7 , 2013 : Odell Beckham Jr . ( LSU Tigers ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 59 - yard field goal attempt by UAB . November 30 , 2013 : Chris Davis , Jr . ( Auburn Tigers ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after what would have been a tie - breaking 57 - yard field goal attempt by Alabama fell short as time expired , what some writers and fans call the greatest play in college football history . September 3 , 2016 : Brandon Wilson ( Houston Cougars ) , 109 - yard return for a touchdown after a failed 53 - yard field goal attempt by Oklahoma . U Sports ( edit ) In U Sports football , the longest possible missed field goal return is 129 yards , and this has occurred three times . Jeremy Botelho of the Manitoba Bisons playing against the Simon Fraser Clansmen on September 11 , 2009 Jedd Gardner of the Guelph Gryphons playing against the McMaster Marauders on October 8 , 2010 Tunde Adeleke of the Carleton Ravens playing against the Ottawa Gee - Gees on October 5 , 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/4_2012_Field.pdf ^ Jump up to : Battista , Judy ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Kickers Are Becoming Ca n't - Miss Performers '' . The New York Times . p . SP4 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.cornellbigred.com/News/football/2007/10/29/DartNotes102907.asp?path=football Jump up ^ http://static.nfl.com/static/content/public/image/rulebook/pdfs/14_2013_Scoring.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ncaapublications.com/productdownloads/FR14.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Amateur Rule Book for Tackle Football '' ( PDF ) . Vancouver Mainland Football League . Football Canada . p. 19 . 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Jump up ^ Brown , Nathan . ( 2012 ) . ( 3 ) Austin Rehkow Incredible RECORD 67 - Yard Field Goal ! ! ! Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/04/sports/sp-hs62xp5 Jump up ^ `` Faces in the Crowd . '' Sports Illustrated ( April 20 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Catherine B Vivo ( 2008 - 05 - 02 ) , Quake - # 81 Sarah `` Ollie '' Oliver Field Goal Record 04 - 26 - 08 , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 Jump up ^ `` San Diego 's Cromartie sets NFL record with 109 - yard FG return '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hester 's record return pushes Bears past sleeping Giants '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 12 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vasher 's 108 - yard return lifts Bears over 49ers '' . Associated Press . ESPN . November 13 , 2005 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens beat Broncos in every way possible '' . Associated Press . ESPN . September 30 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/video/index/id/76119 Jump up ^ http://cfl.ca/article/hes-the-guy-129-yard-touchdown-seals-win-for-als ^ Jump up to : `` How rare is missed field goal returned for touchdown ? '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Yards to Glory , SEC version '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Auburn - Alabama : The Greatest Play in College Football History ? '' . Here&Now . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Mike ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Auburn - Alabama is greatest ending in sports history '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarchi , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Is the 2013 Iron Bowl ( Alabama vs. Auburn ) the Most Dramatic Finish to a Football Game of All - Time ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lupica , Mike ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` End of Auburn vs. Alabama is one second in college football that will be talked about forever '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Houston - Play - By - Play - September 3 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official NFL Field Goal Records ( hide ) Gridiron football concepts Codes American Glossary History Early Modern Rules Canadian American -- Canadian comparison Burnside rules Glossary Arena Indoor 9 - man 8 - man 6 - man Flag Touch Street / Backyard Powderpuff Wheelchair Rules of gridiron football codes Levels of play Youth / midget Pop Warner AYF High school Varsity Junior varsity College Club Sprint Professional Practice squad Women 's International Field Lines Yard lines Hash marks Goal line Sidelines Line of scrimmage Field goal range Spaces End zone Red zone Neutral zone Coffin corner Flat Gap Hole Pocket Scoring Touchdown One - point conversion Two - point conversion Field goal Safety Single ( rouge ) Turnovers Fumble Interception Muffed punt Turnover on downs Downs First down Three - and - out Fourth down conversion Dead ball Play clock Timeout Kneel Spike Time warnings 3 min . 2 min . 1 min . 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when are they coming out with season 2 of riverdale	Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters by Archie Comics . It was ordered to series at The CW in May 2016 , and the 13 - episode first season premiered on January 26 , 2017 , and concluded on May 11 , 2017 . It was adapted for television by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and executive produced by Greg Berlanti . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is scheduled to debut on October 11 , 2017 .	October 11 , 2017	Riverdale ( 2017 TV series )	riverdale ( 2017 tv series )	Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters by Archie Comics . It was ordered to series at The CW in May 2016 , and the 13 - episode first season premiered on January 26 , 2017 , and concluded on May 11 , 2017 . It was adapted for television by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and executive produced by Greg Berlanti . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is scheduled to debut on October 11 , 2017 .	The show features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews , Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , his next door neighbor who has a crush on him , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , his new love interest and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , his ex-best friend and the narrator of the show . The show also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy , the lead singer of the Pussycats , and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , the twin sister of Jason Blossom , who is at the center of the series ' mystery . Other characters in the show include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , and Veronica respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.4 Notes 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale while exploring the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business and is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh new start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once the best friend of Archie , who is still dealing with the rift that came between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to establish an affair with Fred Andrews following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Recurring ( edit ) Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller : The town 's police chief and Kevin 's father . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : The estranged father of Jughead , and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : The mother of Cheryl and Jason . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : The father of Polly and Betty , and husband to Alice Cooper . Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton : The father of Chuck , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee : the principal of Riverdale High School . Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . ( season 1 ) Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : The older sister of Betty , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : The father of Cheryl and Jason . ( season 1 ) Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The butler for the Lodge family . Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : The younger brother of Valerie . Guest ( edit ) Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : The mother of Archie , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . Jump up ^ Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 . Jump up ^ Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the beautiful daughter of a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff . Archie asks his father for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after imagining her brother on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against her mother 's wishes , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Kreiger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl is questioned by the sheriff about her role in Jason 's death , but she gets bailed out by her parents . Betty , upset with how her mother is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , the Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is horrified to learn that her new boyfriend , Chuck Clayton , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Archie 's dad builds him a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Ms. Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and his father having dinner with Ms. Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Ms. Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from her mother upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots her mother meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Cheryl 's parents refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but she does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Archie 's father , Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts her parents about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but that Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford Blossom . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice fight over with whom Polly should live . Alice finds out that Hal had previously tried to take Polly to get an abortion and then kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in the Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Veronica 's father threatens to retaliate against her mother if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on her father 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his dad returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that her father may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with his father . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence , and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , and Jason and Polly 's relationship was technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but find him dead of overdose . The police are summoned , and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin , and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , before informing Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that her father has been formally released , and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , Cheryl directs them to his corpse hanging in the syrup distillery , next to several open casks filled with drugs . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and that Jason found out , leading to his abduction and subsequent death at the hands of Clifford . F.P. is cleared of any charges relating to the murder but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that in high school , she found out that she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . After receiving a text from Cheryl announcing she is going to commit suicide , Veronica , along with Archie , Betty , and Jughead , rush to Sweetwater River , where Archie manages to punch through the ice and save Cheryl . Cheryl later burns down her mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . Archie meets Fred at Pop 's where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBD 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' TBA Michael Grassi TBA TBA TBD 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' TBA Ross Maxwell TBA TBA TBD 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' TBA Amanda Lasher TBA TBA TBD 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' TBA Aaron Allen TBA TBA TBD 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' TBA Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson TBA TBA TBD 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' TBA James DeWille TBA TBA TBD 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' TBA Yolonda Lawrence TBA TBA TBD 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' TBA Shepard Boucher TBA TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting ( edit ) Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming ( edit ) Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley . Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation ( edit ) Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the on - going Riverdale the comic book series is set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular on - going comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 89 % based on 51 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a normalized score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBD TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice TV Ship # BUGHEAD ( Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse ) Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` CW Midseason Schedule : ' Supernatural ' & ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' On the Move '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron C. ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Archie Com '' live - action aubamayangTV pilot `` . Archie Comics . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks . '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here we go . Season Two of # Riverdale is officially underway ! Are you ready ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Come for the burgers , stay ... for the rest of your life . Episode 2 of # Riverdale Season 2 . It 's on . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` # Riverdale fans , if you see Kevin Keller , please tell him ... DON 'T GO IN THE WOODS ! # prayforkevin '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dark Season Two of # Riverdale continues , and Gang , NO ONE is ready for episode four ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` # Riverdale fans , please tell @ lilireinhart : DON 'T . ANSWER. THE . PHONE . BETTY . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` North vs. South . Bulldog vs. Serpent . Archie vs. Jughead ? ? Betty vs. Veronica ? ? What is happening in # Riverdale ? ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` This is one of my FAVORITE scripts for # Riverdale so far ... But it wo n't be for Jughead , Josie , and Betty ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Uh - oh . Now it 's # Archie and # Veronica 's turn to enter # Riverdale 's ... House of the Devil ! ! Will # Varchie survive ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` He sees you when you 're sleeping , he knows when you 're awake ... Who 's been naughty or nice in # Riverdale this year ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . 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orange is the new vlack season 1 cast			Orange Is the New Black	orange is the new black	Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television .	Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense had ocurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim , particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics , review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex Women in Prison ( 1987 ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . 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what does it mean the dog days are over			Dog Days Are Over	dog days are over		`` Dog Days Are Over '' Single by Florence + the Machine from the album Lungs B - side `` You 've Got the Love '' Released 1 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) Format 7 - inch CD digital download Recorded 2007 -- 08 Genre Indie pop indie rock Length 4 : 13 Label Universal Island Moshi Moshi IAMSOUND Songwriter ( s ) Florence Welch Isabella Summers Producer ( s ) James Ford Florence + the Machine singles chronology `` Kiss with a Fist '' ( 2008 ) `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( 2008 ) `` Rabbit Heart ( Raise It Up ) '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( 2010 ) `` Cosmic Love '' ( 2010 ) Second issue ( 2010 ) Music video `` Dog Days Are Over '' on YouTube `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( 2010 ) on YouTube `` Dog Days Are Over '' is a song by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine from their debut album Lungs ( 2009 ) . It was originally scheduled for release on 24 November 2008 through Moshi Moshi Records in the UK as the album 's second single , but was later pushed back for release on 1 December 2008 . A day later on 2 December 2008 the single was released in download and seven inch vinyl format through IAMSOUND Records in the US . The B - side to the single is a cover of `` You Got the Love '' by The Source featuring Candi Staton which later was confirmed as a track on their debut album and the band 's fifth single . The single reached the top 30 in Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom and the United States . A demo version of `` Dog Days Are Over '' is featured on disc two of the deluxe edition of Lungs . A six - minute , forty - second - long Optimo remix of `` Dog Days Are Over '' has also been made available . An acoustic version of the song was performed live on BBC 's Radio 1 Big Weekend . The track has been performed at a great number of high - profile festivals through 2008 and 2009 , including the Reading and Leeds festivals . The band also performed the song on the Mercury Prize 2009 awards show and BBC Introducing . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 2010 re-release 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music videos 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 Legacy 9 Track listing and formats 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background and recording ( edit ) `` Dog Days Are Over '' was recorded with no instruments in a studio the `` size of a loo '' . The song was inspired by a giant text installment titled `` Dog Days Are Over '' by artist Ugo Rondinone , which lead singer Florence Welch used to see every day , riding her bike over Waterloo Bridge . The song was produced and mixed by James Ford of Simian Mobile Disco and The Last Shadow Puppets , who is also famous for producing for the likes of Bloc Party and the Arctic Monkeys . He is also credited as playing piano and guitar on the record . Welch co-wrote the song with Isabella Summers , who is also credited as the song 's co-producer , and played piano on the record . Welch and Summers also teamed up for the percussion on the track , together with Charlie Hugall . `` Dog Days Are Over '' also features musicians Tom `` Moth '' Monger ( harp ) , Bruce White ( viola ) , Everton Nelson ( violin ) , Christopher Lloyd Hayden ( drums ) and Rob Ackroyd ( guitar ) . Jimmy Robertson , extensively involved in the recording of the band 's debut record Lungs , recorded and mixed `` Dog Days '' as well . 2010 re-release ( edit ) The song was re-released into the UK market on 11 April 2010 , accompanied with a new video . When questioned about why there would be a new video , she claimed `` The original was so cheap ( ... ) It was a video camera in a forest , with my dad and Marks & Spencer sandwiches . '' Critical reception ( edit ) `` Dog Days Are Over '' has been widely praised by music critics . According to MusicOMH.com , `` ' Dog Days Are Over ' only seems likely to add to her already burgeoning reputation . While not as immediately catchy as `` Kiss with a Fist , '' it 's an urgent , pounding , almost bluesy anthem which shows off Florence 's voice to its very best advantage `` . Further , the track 's B - side , a cover of `` You 've Got the Love '' , was praised . `` Following with her tradition of some finely chosen cover versions , there 's even an excellent rendition of The Source 's `` You Got the Love '' . Contactmusic.com rated the song 9 / 10 . The website remarked that `` It 's brilliant . It 's a masterful yet primal tour - de-force of folk / pop / rock that reveals a beguiling talent that should surely be regarded as one of the finds of the musical year . `` Dog Days Are Over '' succeeds in capturing a powerfully ' live ' studio sound that sinks , swells and explodes in a series of unconventional verse / choruses that , accentuated by Welch 's snarling `` . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 33 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Chart performance ( edit ) On 6 December 2008 , `` Dog Days Are Over '' debuted at number 89 on the UK Singles Chart . The following week it dropped one place to number 90 before dropping out of the top 100 . It then re-entered the chart a month later on 17 January 2009 at number 93 before dropping out of the chart again . Approximately four months later the single made another re-entry on 23 May 2009 , this time at number 91 . Following performances on Top of the Pops , Jools Holland and uses in television advertisement for Slumdog Millionaire and Eat , Pray , Love , `` Dog Days Are Over '' began to receive increasing amounts of digital downloads , despite not having been re-released . On 10 January 2010 , `` Dog Days Are Over '' re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 23 , marking its highest peak to date . However , the following week , on the 17 January 2010 , the single fell one place to number 24 . Following the single 's re-release in March 2010 , it re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 34 on 4 April 2010 . The following week , the single rose to number 24 before dropping again . On 15 January 2010 , `` Dog Days Are Over '' entered the Irish Singles Chart for the first time , reaching a peak of number 35 . This was the third Top 40 hit for Florence in Ireland . Following its re-release in March 2010 , the single once again entered the Irish Singles Chart , this time climbing to number 24 and a week later to number 17 . The following week , the single rose to number 15 , and the week after , number 13 . On 15 April 2010 , the single entered the Top 10 at its peak position , number 6 , making `` Dog Days Are Over '' Florence 's fourth highest - charting single in Ireland , after `` Cosmic Love '' ( number 3 ) , `` Shake It Out '' ( number 2 ) , and `` Spectrum ( Say My Name ) '' ( number 1 ) . On the week ending 25 September 2010 , `` Dog Days Are Over '' debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Following the performance of `` Dog Days Are Over '' on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , the track sold 96,000 digital downloads which signified a 257 % increase over the previous week and leaped to number 21 giving Florence her first top 30 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . As of June 2016 , the song has sold over 3,151,000 downloads in the United States alone . Music videos ( edit ) The video , filmed in Sydenham Woods , was uploaded onto YouTube on 6 November 2008 . `` I just made it on a whim . We went down to the woods and we only had one camera . I got my dad to put a clown costume on and my friend 's nephew to dress up as the baby clown while we decorated the woods . Dog walkers gave us the weirdest looks . It was really fun . '' The video starts with Florence lying in a forest , when a person ( Isabella Summers ) in a white dress comes over and blindfolds her , and leads her to a clearing , filled with eerie - looking carnival / clown dressed people . Florence stands blindfolded for a few seconds , then takes the blindfold off and runs from the people . She eventually trips , and lays there as the carnival / clown people dress her like them . She then goes and dances with them , and the video ends with her walking away with 2 of the other people . The video featured acclaimed performance artist Theo Adams . On 10 March 2010 , UK newspaper The Sun 's official website featured the new video that would accompany the re-release of the track on 22 March 2010 . It was directed by Georgie Greville and Geremy Jasper and edited by Paul Snyder . It was shot by cinematographer Adam Frisch . It shows Florence dancing in a white - washed room wearing many different costumes and gradually being joined by go - go dancers , drummers wearing tribal outfits , harpists , marching band bass drummers and a gospel choir wearing white and purple . At the climax of the song Florence runs by all the people and as she does , they burst into ash in a flash of brightly coloured light . The video ends with Florence once again standing alone in the room . Throughout the video she wears full - body white make - up with intricate clothing and vivid red eye - liner and blusher . On 3 August 2010 the video was nominated for four MTV Video Music Awards in the categories Video of the Year , Best Rock Video , Best Art Direction and Best Cinematography , and won for Best Art Direction on 12 September 2010 . Live performances ( edit ) `` Dog Days Are Over '' was performed on every date of the Lungs Tour 2009 and has become a fan favourite . Florence often asks the crowd to do a particular action during the end of the song . During the songs original promotion , the band played the song at BBC Introducing Sessions , along with `` My Boy Builds Coffins '' , `` Kiss with a Fist '' and `` I 'm Not Calling You a Liar '' . Florence and the Machine performed the song at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in December 2010 . The song has been performed live several times since the confirmation of the song being re-released . The song was first performed on Alan Carr : Chatty Man on 18 March 2010 . The band also performed the song on GMTV on the single 's release date , 22 March 2010 . The band performed the song live at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . It was later performed on Saturday Night Live on 20 November 2010 ; and on The Colbert Report on 21 June 2011 . Cover versions ( edit ) The cast of Glee performed the song in the episode `` Special Education '' on 30 November 2010 , with Jenna Ushkowitz ( as Tina Cohen - Chang ) and Amber Riley ( as Mercedes Jones ) singing the lead . The cast version was also released as a digital single , and charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 22 , one space below a bounding return of the original to its post-VMA peak . It was performed on their 2011 Tour and was featured in the film and live recording soundtrack . The thirteenth season of American Idol was performed by Jena Irene . It was covered by Chinese artist Shang Wenjie in Chinese TV show I am a Singer . The Finalist of Indonesian Idol ( season 8 ) Yuka Tamada sang this for first week on Spectacular Show , and receive a great feedback and reach the Top 3 . California - based hardcore punk band , Stick To Your Guns , also covered this song as a part of a Sumerian Records tribute compilation . Legacy ( edit ) The song was used in an advertisement for programming on RTÉ and in an episode of BAFTA Award - winning teen drama Skins , as well as playing during the episode selection menu on some DVD releases . In 2010 it was used in an advertising campaign for the television premiere of Slumdog Millionaire on Channel 4 . It was used in a promo for the first series of CBBC series , Deadly 60 . It was also heard in the NBC medical drama Mercy , and used during a promotional video for the show . In addition the song was used in Episode 3.8 of Secret Diary of a Call Girl . It also featured in Gossip Girl Season 4 Episode 14 . In March 2010 , the song was used in the theatrical trailer for Eat , Pray , Love . The song was used in July 2010 for a commercial for Covert Affairs and was used in the pilot of the series . The song was used extensively in Australia during winter in 2009 , for advertising for the latter half of the 2009 AFL season . This song was covered by Amber Riley ( Mercedes ) and Jenna Ushkowitz ( Tina ) from Glee on the second - season episode `` Special Education '' in November 2010 . The song has also been used extensively in a series of television advertisements by Telus in Canada . Also is used as a background music in the Apple 's iPad 2 Introduction Video show at the Apple Special Event were the iPad 2 was introduced . The background music of the song is also featured in a promotional video for the 1GOAL Education for All campaign called `` 2 girls born on the same day '' . Track listing and formats ( edit ) Original 7 - inch Vinyl / CD Single Promo `` Dog Days Are Over '' -- 4 : 10 `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 48 2010 Re-release 7 - inch Vinyl `` Dog Days Are Over '' -- 4 : 10 `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( Optimo Espacio Remix ) - 6 : 43 2010 Digital Download Bundle `` Dog Days Are Over '' - 4 : 10 `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( Breakage Remix ) - 4 : 48 `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Remix ) - 6 : 43 `` Dog Days Are Over '' ( Optimo Espacio Remix ) - 6 : 43 `` You 've Got The Love '' ( Strings version , Live From The Union Chapel ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 47 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 47 Brazil ( ABPD ) 48 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 27 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 3,151,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine Lungs '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine - Lungs '' . Discogs . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + the Machine -- Dog Days Are Over ( An Optimo ( Espacio ) Remix ) -- Listening & stats at '' . Last.fm. 2008 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Greg ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` BBC - Newsbeat - Music - Florence & The Machine win a Brit '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine * - Lungs ( CD , Album , Album ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flo 's full of Frizz The Sun Showbiz Bizarre '' . The Sun . 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ MusicOMH review Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . MusicOMH Jump up ^ contactmusic review Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years '' . NME . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Florence & The Machine '' . Chart Stats . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Florence + the Machine '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Billboard Chart Moves : Florence and the Machine , LFO , Katy Perry , Rihanna , Selena Gomez and more Jump up ^ Bruno Mars Lands Atop Hot 100 , Rihanna Roars Into Top 10 Billboard.com ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 06 / 06 / 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing - Artist - Florence and the Machine - Dog Days are Over '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website News Gigs Music Blogs - News '' . Florence And The Machine . Archived from the original on 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Archives Episodes Details '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dog Days Are Over 我是歌手现场版 -- 尚雯婕 -- 音乐 -- 优酷网 , 视频高清在线观看 Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1GOAL : 2 girls born on the same day '' . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 15 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence The Machine Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence The Machine Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence The Machine Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence The Machine Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence The Machine Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Dog Days Are Over in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Florence + The Machine -- Dog Days Are Over '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Florence and the Machine Florence Welch Isabella Summers Studio albums Lungs Ceremonials How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful High as Hope Live albums Live at the Wiltern MTV Unplugged Singles `` Kiss with a Fist '' `` Dog Days Are Over '' `` Rabbit Heart ( Raise It Up ) '' `` Drumming Song '' `` You 've Got the Love '' `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' `` Cosmic Love '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' `` What the Water Gave Me '' `` Shake It Out '' `` No Light , No Light '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Breath of Life '' `` Spectrum ( Say My Name ) '' `` Lover to Lover '' `` Over the Love '' `` What Kind of Man '' `` Ship to Wreck '' `` Queen of Peace '' `` Delilah '' `` Wish That You Were Here '' `` Stand by Me '' `` Sky Full of Song '' `` Hunger '' `` Patricia '' Concerts and tours Lungs Tour Ceremonials Tour How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful Tour High as Hope Tour Related articles Discography Awards and nominations `` Addicted to Love '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog_Days_Are_Over&oldid=857817264 '' Categories : 2008 singles 2008 songs Florence and the Machine songs Island Records singles Song recordings produced by James Ford ( musician ) Songs written by Florence Welch Songs written by Isabella Summers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use British English from November 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Македонски Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2018 , at 06 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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distinguish between gross domestic product and net domestic product	The net domestic product ( NDP ) equals the gross domestic product ( GDP ) minus depreciation on a country 's capital goods .		Net domestic product	net domestic product	The net domestic product ( NDP ) equals the gross domestic product ( GDP ) minus depreciation on a country 's capital goods .	Net domestic product accounts for capital that has been consumed over the year in the form of housing , vehicle , or machinery deterioration . The depreciation accounted for is often referred to as `` capital consumption allowance '' and represents the amount of capital that would be needed to replace those depreciated assets . If the country is not able to replace the capital stock lost through depreciation , then GDP will fall . In addition , a growing gap between GDP and NDP indicates increasing obsolescence of capital goods , while a narrowing gap means that the condition of capital stock in the country is improving . It reduces the value of capital that is why it is separated from GDP to get NDP . See also ( edit ) Net national product References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Rudiger ; Fischer , Stanley ; Startz , Richard ( 2004 ) . Macroeconomics . New York : McGraw - Hill Irwin . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 282340 - 2 . This economics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Net_domestic_product&oldid=798594838 '' Categories : Gross domestic product Economics and finance stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2009 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français हिन्दी Latviešu Polski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 20 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20domestic%20product	2,548
when did the book of eli come out	The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers , written by Gary Whitta , and starring Denzel Washington , Gary Oldman , Mila Kunis , Ray Stevenson , and Jennifer Beals . The story revolves around Eli , a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world , who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States . The history of the post-war world is explained along the way , as is the importance of Eli 's task . Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico .	2010	The Book of Eli	the book of eli		The Book of Eli Theatrical release poster Directed by The Hughes brothers Produced by Joel Silver Susan Downey Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson Denzel Washington Written by Gary Whitta Starring Denzel Washington Gary Oldman Mila Kunis Ray Stevenson Jennifer Beals Music by Atticus Ross Leopold Ross Claudia Sarne Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Cindy Mollo Production company Alcon Entertainment Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( USA ) Summit Entertainment ( International ) Release date January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $157,107,755 The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers , written by Gary Whitta , and starring Denzel Washington , Gary Oldman , Mila Kunis , Ray Stevenson , and Jennifer Beals . The story revolves around Eli , a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world , who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States . The history of the post-war world is explained along the way , as is the importance of Eli 's task . Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . The film was released in theaters in January 2010 . Alcon Entertainment financed and co-produced the film with Silver Pictures , while it was distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States ; international sales were handled by Summit Entertainment . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse , Eli ( Denzel Washington ) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States . Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills , hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him . Searching for water , he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie ( Gary Oldman ) . Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book . His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it , but to no avail . In town Eli barters with a store owner , the Engineer ( Tom Waits ) , to recharge the battery of his portable music player . While waiting , he goes across the street to the town bar , where a gang of bikers attack , but he quickly kills all fifteen . Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself , Carnegie asks Eli to stay , making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable . After Carnegie 's blind mistress Claudia ( Jennifer Beals ) gives Eli some food and water , Carnegie orders Claudia 's daughter Solara ( Mila Kunis ) to seduce Eli , but he turns her down . While killing time , she finds his book . Unperturbed , Eli offers to share his food with her , and before they eat , he says grace . The following day , Solara repeats the prayer , but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara 's words relate to the book he has been seeking . He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book , and realizes Eli 's book is the one he wants -- a Bible . Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli , but the bullets seemingly just graze him , as if he is being protected . Eli shoots most of Carnegie 's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a ricocheted shotgun blast . Solara , having left the town , leads Eli to a cave which is the town 's water supply , hoping she can accompany him on his travels . Eli traps her inside and continues on alone . Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her , but Eli reappears and kills them . As they continue on , Eli explains his mission to Solara . According to Eli , his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible , as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago . He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head , which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe . The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey . Eventually , Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house . They fall into a trap , but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents , George ( Michael Gambon ) and Martha ( Frances de la Tour ) , who invite them in for tea . When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals , they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive . In the ensuing shootout , George , Martha and many of Carnegie 's men are killed . While Eli and Solara are captured , Carnegie threatens to kill Solara unless Eli surrenders the Bible . With the Bible now in his possession , Carnegie shoots Eli , leaving him for dead . Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli . Rather than chase her , Carnegie returns to the town , since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel . Solara finds Eli , and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge , and then row to Alcatraz Island , where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music . Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible . Once inside , Eli , revealed to be blind , begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi ( Malcolm McDowell ) , the leader of the group . Meanwhile , back in the town , the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers , to his dismay , that it is in Braille , and orders Claudia to read it to him . She pretends that she can not remember how to read it , telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok . At the sanctuary , Eli has died , but not before he finished reciting the entire book . The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible , and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other . Solara , though offered sanctuary , chooses to return home , taking with her Eli 's machete and other possessions . Cast Denzel Washington as Eli Gary Oldman as Carnegie Mila Kunis as Solara Ray Stevenson as Redridge Jennifer Beals as Claudia Evan Jones as Martz Joe Pingue as Hoyt Frances de la Tour as Martha Michael Gambon as George Tom Waits as Engineer Chris Browning as Hijack Leader Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi ( uncredited ) Production In May 2007 , Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli , based on a script by Gary Whitta . ( The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell . ) Subsequently , Anthony Peckham rewrote the script , and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role . The following October , Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington . Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures . Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes , which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali . Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role . Reception Box Office The film was released in North America on January 15 , 2010 in 3,111 theaters . It took in $11,672,970 -- $3,752 per theater , its opening day . By the end of its opening four - day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553 -- $12,355 per theater . It ranked number two , behind Avatar . On its second weekend , it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493 -- $5,057 per theater . By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286 -- $2,897 per theater . The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada , and $62,256,659 in other markets , with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718 . Critical reception Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 47 % of 201 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` It 's certainly uneven , and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp , but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately . '' Based on 33 critics reviews , Metacritic ( another review aggregator ) has assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted `` this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington 's bigger grossers . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film : `` You wo n't be sorry you went . It grips your attention , and then at the end throws in several WTF ! moments , which are a bonus . '' Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club , Scott Tobias graded the film a B , and wrote `` At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios , the Hughes ' ashen , bombed - out future world looks a little too familiar , no matter how crisply they present it . But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film 's overt religiosity ... '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , calling it `` a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases , or The Road without humanity . Home Media The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on May 31 , 2010 in the UK and on June 15 , 2010 in the United States and Canada . The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week . It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine 's Rental Chart , the Nielsen VideoScan Blu - ray chart , and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart , where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin . See also Eli ( biblical figure ) References Jump up ^ THE BOOK OF ELI rated 15 by the BBFC Jump up ^ `` Movie projector : ' Book of Eli ' first major challenger to ' Avatar ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Alcon spent $80 million to produce the movie , which stars Denzel Washington . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli shoots in New Mexico '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Interview , Part 1 : Gary Whitta on ' The Book of Eli ' '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 2 Aug 2017 . Jump up ^ Bakhshian , Sara ( January 2010 ) . `` ' The Book of Eli ' : Interview with Denzel Washington , Mila Kunis , and Gary Oldman '' . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Hughes brothers set for ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Dave McNary ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Denzel Washington picks up ' Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Gary Oldman joins ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( February 2009 ) . `` Jack Black Rocks ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' and More First Looks '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman joins Denzel on ' Eli ' '' . Reel Suave . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli -- Behind the Scenes : Stunts '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , January 15 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 15 -- 18 , 2010 ( 4 - day weekend ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 22 -- 24 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 29 -- 31 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli Review '' . ' Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . The AV Club . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli Sweeps Video Charts '' . wowcelebrities.us . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Book of Eli The Book of Eli at the American Film Institute Catalog The Book of Eli on IMDb The Book of Eli at AllMovie The Book of Eli at Box Office Mojo The Book of Eli at Rotten Tomatoes The Book of Eli at Metacritic Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes Together Menace II Society ( 1993 ) Dead Presidents ( 1995 ) American Pimp ( 1999 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) Allen only Knights of the South Bronx ( 2005 ) New York , I Love You ( 2008 ) Broken City ( 2013 ) The Defiant Ones ( 2017 ) Albert only Alpha ( 2018 ) Films by Denzel Washington Director Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) Fences ( 2016 ) Producer Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) The Equalizer ( 2014 ) Fences ( 2016 ) The Equalizer 2 ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Eli&oldid=852397103 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2043 in fiction Alcatraz Island in fiction Alcon Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Warner Bros. films American action thriller films American films D - Box motion - enhanced films Films about blind people Films directed by the Hughes brothers Films produced by Joel Silver Films set in the 2040s Films shot in New Mexico Post-apocalyptic films Silver Pictures films Cannibalism in fiction Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Bible in popular culture Films scored by Atticus Ross Films produced by Denzel Washington Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 18 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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how many songs did the grateful dead play	Their first UK performance was at the Hollywood Music Festival in 1970 . Their largest concert audience came in 1973 when they played , along with the Allman Brothers Band and the Band , before an estimated 600,000 people at the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen . The 1998 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records recognized them with a listing under the heading , `` most rock concerts performed '' ( 2,318 concerts ) . They played to an estimated total of 25 million people , more than any other band , with audiences of up to 80,000 attending a single show . Many of these concerts were preserved in the band 's tape vault , and several dozen have since been released on CD and as downloads . The Dead were known for the tremendous variation in their setlists from night to night -- the list of songs documented to have been played by the band exceeds 500 . The band has released four concert videos under the name View from the Vault .	songs documented to have been played by the band exceeds 500	Grateful Dead	grateful dead	The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto , California . Ranging from quintet to septet , the band is known for its unique and eclectic style , which fused elements of rock , psychedelia , experimental music , modal jazz , country , folk , bluegrass , blues , reggae , and space rock , for live performances of lengthy instrumental jams , and for their devoted fan base , known as `` Deadheads '' . `` Their music , '' writes Lenny Kaye , `` touches on ground that most other groups do n't even know exists . '' These various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead `` the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world '' . The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue . The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 and a recording of their May 8 , 1977 performance at Cornell University 's Barton Hall was added to the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2012 . The Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide .	The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s . The founding members were Jerry Garcia ( lead guitar , vocals ) , Bob Weir ( rhythm guitar , vocals ) , Ron `` Pigpen '' McKernan ( keyboards , harmonica , vocals ) , Phil Lesh ( bass , vocals ) , and Bill Kreutzmann ( drums ) . Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands , including Mother McCree 's Uptown Jug Champions and the Warlocks . Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead ; he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. , who had played bass for a few gigs . Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967 . With the exception of McKernan , who died in 1973 , and Hart , who took time off from 1971 to 1974 , the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30 - year history . The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten ( keyboards ; 1968 -- 1970 ) , John Perry Barlow ( nonperforming lyricist ; 1971 -- 1995 ) , Keith Godchaux ( keyboards ; 1971 -- 1979 ) , Donna Godchaux ( vocals ; 1972 -- 1979 ) , Brent Mydland ( keyboards , vocals ; 1979 -- 1990 ) , and Vince Welnick ( keyboards , vocals ; 1990 -- 1995 ) . Pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992 , as well as a guest with the band on occasion before and after the tours . After the death of Garcia in 1995 , former members of the band , along with other musicians , toured as the Other Ones in 1998 , 2000 , and 2002 , and the Dead in 2003 , 2004 , and 2009 . In 2015 , the four surviving core members marked the band 's 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together . There have also been several spin - offs featuring one or more core members , such as Dead & Company , Furthur , the Rhythm Devils , Phil Lesh & Friends , RatDog , and Billy & the Kids . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation ( 1965 -- 1966 ) 2 Main Career ( 1967 -- 1995 ) 3 Aftermath ( 1995 to the present ) 3.1 `` Fare Thee Well '' 3.2 Dead & Company 4 Musical Style 5 Merchandising and Representation 6 Live Performances 6.1 Concert sound systems 6.2 Tapes 7 Artwork 8 Deadheads 9 Donation of Archives 10 Awards 11 Membership 12 Discography 13 See Also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Formation ( 1965 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) The Grateful Dead in 1980 . Left to right : Jerry Garcia , Bill Kreutzmann , Bob Weir , Mickey Hart , Phil Lesh . Not pictured : Brent Mydland . The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks , a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto , California jug band called Mother McCree 's Uptown Jug Champions . The band 's first show was at Magoo 's Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park , California , on May 5 , 1965 . They were initially known as the Warlocks ; coincidentally , the Velvet Underground ( similarly influenced by avant - garde music ) was also using that name on the East Coast . The show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved . Gigging as a bar band , the group quickly changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name ( not the Velvet Underground , who by then had also changed their name ) had signed a recording contract . The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose , California on December 4 , 1965 , at one of Ken Kesey 's Acid Tests . Earlier demo tapes have survived , but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have been recorded by the band 's fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8 , 1966 . Later that month , the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival , an early psychedelic rock concert . The name `` Grateful Dead '' was chosen from a dictionary . According to Phil Lesh , in his autobiography ( pp. 62 ) , `` ... ( Jerry Garcia ) picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary ... ( and ) ... In that silvery elf - voice he said to me , ' Hey , man , how about the Grateful Dead ? ' '' The definition there was `` the soul of a dead person , or his angel , showing gratitude to someone who , as an act of charity , arranged their burial . '' According to Alan Trist , director of the Grateful Dead 's music publisher company Ice Nine , Garcia found the name in the Funk & Wagnalls Folklore Dictionary , when his finger landed on that phrase while playing a game of Fictionary . In the Garcia biography , Captain Trips , author Sandy Troy states that the band was smoking the psychedelic DMT at the time . The term `` grateful dead '' appears in folktales of a variety of cultures . In mid-1969 , Phil Lesh told another version of the story to Carol Maw , a young Texan visiting with the band in Marin County who also ended up going on the road with them to the Fillmore East and Woodstock . In this version , Phil said , `` Jerry found the name spontaneously when he picked up a dictionary and the pages fell open . The words ' grateful ' and ' dead ' appeared straight opposite each other across the crack between the pages in unrelated text . '' Other supporting personnel who signed on early included Rock Scully , who heard of the band from Kesey and signed on as manager after meeting them at the Big Beat Acid Test ; Stewart Brand , `` with his side show of taped music and slides of Indian life , a multimedia presentation '' at the Big Beat and then , expanded , at the Trips Festival ; and Owsley Stanley , the `` Acid King '' whose LSD supplied the tests and who , in early 1966 , became the band 's financial backer , renting them a house on the fringes of Watts and buying them sound equipment . `` We were living solely off of Owsley 's good graces at that time ... ( His ) trip was he wanted to design equipment for us , and we were going to have to be in sort of a lab situation for him to do it , '' said Garcia . Main career ( 1967 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) The Mantra - Rock Dance promotional poster featuring the Grateful Dead One of the group 's earliest major performances in 1967 was the Mantra - Rock Dance -- a musical event held on January 29 , 1967 , at the Avalon Ballroom by the San Francisco Hare Krishna temple . The Grateful Dead performed at the event along with the Hare Krishna founder Bhaktivedanta Swami , poet Allen Ginsberg , bands Moby Grape and Big Brother and the Holding Company with Janis Joplin , donating proceeds to the Krishna temple . The band 's first LP , The Grateful Dead , was released on Warner Brothers in 1967 . Classically trained trumpeter Phil Lesh performed on bass guitar . Bob Weir , the youngest original member of the group , played rhythm guitar . Ron `` Pigpen '' McKernan played keyboards and harmonica until shortly before his death in 1973 at the age of 27 . Garcia , Weir , and McKernan shared the lead vocal duties more or less equally ; Lesh only sang a few leads but his tenor was a key part of the band 's three - part vocal harmonies . Bill Kreutzmann played drums , and in September 1967 was joined by a second drummer , New York native Mickey Hart , who also played a wide variety of other percussion instruments . 1970 included tour dates in New Orleans , Louisiana , where the band performed at The Warehouse for two nights . On January 31 , 1970 , the local police raided their hotel on Bourbon Street , and arrested and charged a total of 19 people with possession of various drugs . The second night 's concert was performed as scheduled after bail was posted . Eventually the charges were dismissed , with the exception of those against sound engineer Owsley Stanley , who was already facing charges in California for manufacturing LSD . This event was later memorialized in the lyrics of the song `` Truckin ' '' , a single from American Beauty which reached number 64 on the charts . Mickey Hart took time off from the Grateful Dead beginning in February 1971 , leaving Kreutzmann once again as the sole percussionist . Hart rejoined the Grateful Dead for good in October 1974 . Tom `` TC '' Constanten was added as a second keyboardist from 1968 to 1970 , while Pigpen also played various percussion instruments and sang . After Constanten 's departure , Pigpen reclaimed his position as sole keyboardist . Less than two years later , in late 1971 , Pigpen was joined by another keyboardist , Keith Godchaux , who played grand piano alongside Pigpen 's Hammond B - 3 organ . In early 1972 , Keith 's wife , Donna Jean Godchaux , joined the Grateful Dead as a backing vocalist . Following the Grateful Dead 's `` Europe ' 72 '' tour , Pigpen 's health had deteriorated to the point that he could no longer tour with the band . His final concert appearance was June 17 , 1972 , at the Hollywood Bowl , in Los Angeles ; he died in March 1973 of complications from liver damage . The death of Pigpen did not slow the band down , and they continued with their new members . They soon formed their own record group , Grateful Dead Records . Later that year , they released their next studio album , the jazz - influenced Wake of the Flood . It became their biggest commercial success thus far . Meanwhile , capitalizing on Flood 's success , the band soon went back to the studio , and the next year , 1974 , released another album , From the Mars Hotel . Not long after that album 's release however , the Dead decided to take a hiatus from live touring . In September 1975 the Dead released their eighth studio album , Blues for Allah . Their hiatus was short - lived , though , as they resumed touring in June 1976 . That same year , they signed with Arista Records . Their new contract soon produced Terrapin Station in 1977 . The band 's tour in the spring of that year is held in high regard by their fans , and their May 8 concert at Cornell University in Ithaca , New York is often considered to be one of the best performances of their career . Although things appeared to be going well for the band , problems were arising with their two newest members , Keith and Donna Jean Godchaux . The pair were frequently fighting , and Keith 's heroin addiction was affecting his playing . Both of these issues were causing complications with touring , and they agreed to leave the band in February 1979 . Grateful Dead performing at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in 1987 : Jerry Garcia ( custom Tiger guitar ) , Mickey Hart ( drums ) . Following the departure of the Godchauxs , Brent Mydland joined as keyboardist and vocalist and was considered `` the perfect fit '' . The Godchauxs then formed the Heart of Gold Band before Keith died in a car accident in 1980 . Mydland was the keyboardist for the Grateful Dead for 11 years until his death by narcotics overdose in July 1990 , becoming the third keyboardist to die . During the 1980s the band transformed as the talents of Mydland helped power the group . Shortly after Mydland found his place in the early 1980s , Garcia 's health began to decline . His drug habits caused him to lose his liveliness on stage . After beginning to gradually curtail his opiate usage in 1985 , Garcia slipped into a diabetic coma for several days in July 1986 . After he recovered , the band released In the Dark in July 1987 , which resulted as their best selling studio album release , and also produced their only top - 10 chart single , `` Touch of Grey '' . Also that year , the group toured with Bob Dylan , as documented on the album Dylan & the Dead . Inspired by Garcia 's improved health and a successful album , the band 's energy and chemistry peaked in the late 1980s and 1990 . Performances were vigorous and as a result , every show exceeded its maximum audience capacity . The band 's `` high time '' came to a sudden halt when Mydland died after the summer tour in 1990 . They now had to rebuild ; Vince Welnick , former keyboardist for the Tubes , joined as a band member , while Bruce Hornsby , who had a successful career with his own band the Range , joined as a touring member . Both performed on keyboards and vocals - Welnick until the band 's end , and Hornsby mainly from 1990 to 1992 . Aftermath ( 1995 to the present ) ( edit ) Bob Weir onstage in 2007 , playing a Modulus G3FH Mickey Hart leading a drum circle in February 2005 See also : Reunions of the Grateful Dead Jerry Garcia died in August 1995 and the remaining band members decided to disband . Since that time , there have been a number of reunions by the surviving members involving various combinations of musicians . Additionally , the former members have also begun or continued their individual projects . In 1998 , Bob Weir , Phil Lesh , and Mickey Hart , along with several other musicians , formed a band called the Other Ones , and performed a number of concerts that year , releasing a live album , The Strange Remain , the following year . In 2000 , the Other Ones toured again , this time with Kreutzmann but without Lesh . After taking another year off , the band toured again in 2002 with Lesh . That year , the Other Ones then included all four living former Grateful Dead members who had been in the band for most or all of its history . At different times the shifting lineup of the Other Ones also included guitarists Mark Karan , Steve Kimock , and Jimmy Herring , keyboardists Bruce Hornsby , Jeff Chimenti , and Rob Barraco , saxophonist Dave Ellis , drummer John Molo , bassist Alphonso Johnson , and vocalist Susan Tedeschi . In 2003 , the Other Ones , still including Weir , Lesh , Hart , and Kreutzmann , changed their name to the Dead . The Dead toured the United States in 2003 , 2004 and 2009 . The band 's lineups included Jimmy Herring and Warren Haynes on guitar , Jeff Chimenti and Rob Barraco on keyboards , and Joan Osborne on vocals . In 2008 , members of the Dead played two concerts , called `` Deadheads for Obama '' and `` Change Rocks '' . Following the 2009 Dead tour , Lesh and Weir formed the band Furthur , which debuted in September 2009 . Joining Lesh and Weir in Furthur were John Kadlecik ( guitar ) , Jeff Chimenti ( keyboards ) , Joe Russo ( drums ) , Jay Lane ( drums ) , Sunshine Becker ( vocals ) , and Zoe Ellis ( vocals ) . Lane and Ellis left the band in 2010 , and vocalist Jeff Pehrson joined later that year . Furthur disbanded in 2014 . In 2010 , Hart and Kreutzmann re-formed the Rhythm Devils , and played a summer concert tour . Since 1995 , the former members of the Grateful Dead have also pursued solo music careers . Both Bob Weir & RatDog and Phil Lesh and Friends have performed many concerts and released several albums . Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann have also each released a few albums . Hart has toured with his world music percussion ensemble Planet Drum as well as the Mickey Hart Band . Kreutzmann has led several different bands , including BK3 , 7 Walkers ( with Papa Mali ) , and Billy & the Kids . Donna Godchaux has returned to the music scene , with the Donna Jean Godchaux Band , and Tom Constanten also continues to write and perform music . All of these groups continue to play Grateful Dead music . In October 2014 , it was announced that Martin Scorsese will produce a documentary film about the Grateful Dead , to be directed by Amir Bar - Lev . David Lemieux will supervise the musical selection , and Weir , Hart , Kreutzmann and Lesh have agreed to new interviews for the film . Bar - Lev 's four - hour documentary , titled Long Strange Trip , was released in 2017 . `` Fare Thee well '' ( edit ) Main article : Fare Thee Well : Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead In 2015 , Weir , Lesh , Kreutzmann , and Hart reunited for five concerts called `` Fare Thee Well : Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead '' . The shows were performed on June 27 and 28 at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , and on July 3 , 4 , and 5 at Soldier Field in Chicago , Illinois . The band stated that this would be the final time that Weir , Lesh , Hart , and Kreutzmann would perform together . They were joined by Trey Anastasio of Phish on guitar , Jeff Chimenti on keyboards , and Bruce Hornsby on piano . Demand for tickets was very high . The concerts were simulcast via various media . The Chicago shows have been released as a box set of CDs and DVDs . Fare Thee Well at Soldier Field , Chicago , Illinois Dead & Company ( edit ) Main article : Dead & Company In the fall of 2015 , Mickey Hart , Bill Kreutzmann , and Bob Weir joined with guitarist John Mayer , keyboardist Jeff Chimenti , and bassist Oteil Burbridge to tour in a band titled Dead & Company . Mayer recounts that in 2011 he was listening to Pandora and happened upon the Grateful Dead song `` Althea '' , and that soon Grateful Dead music was all he would listen to . The band has played three tours : October -- December 2015 , June -- July 2016 , and May -- July 2017 . Musical style ( edit ) An acoustic performance at the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco in 1980 . Left to right : Garcia , Lesh , Kreutzmann , Weir , Hart , Mydland . The Grateful Dead formed during the era when bands such as the Beatles , the Beach Boys and the Rolling Stones were dominating the airwaves . `` The Beatles were why we turned from a jug band into a rock ' n ' roll band , '' said Bob Weir . `` What we saw them doing was impossibly attractive . I could n't think of anything else more worth doing . '' Former folk - scene star Bob Dylan had recently put out a couple of records featuring electric instrumentation . Grateful Dead members have said that it was after attending a concert by the touring New York City band the Lovin ' Spoonful that they decided to `` go electric '' and look for a dirtier sound . Gradually , many of the East - Coast American folk musicians , formerly luminaries of the coffee - house scene , were moving in the electric direction . It was natural for Jerry Garcia and Bob Weir , each of whom had been immersed in the American folk music revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s , to be open - minded toward electric guitars . The Grateful Dead 's early music ( in the mid-1960s ) was part of the process of establishing what `` psychedelic music '' was , but theirs was essentially a `` street party '' form of it . They developed their `` psychedelic '' playing as a result of meeting Ken Kesey in Palo Alto , California , and subsequently becoming the house band for the Acid Tests he staged . The Dead were not inclined to fit their music to an established category such as pop rock , blues , folk rock , or country & western . Individual tunes within their repertoire could be identified under one of these stylistic labels , but overall their music drew on all of these genres and , more frequently , melding several of them . It was doubtless with this in mind that Bill Graham said of the Grateful Dead , `` They 're not the best at what they do , they 're the only ones that do what they do . '' Often ( both in performance and on recording ) the Dead left room for exploratory , spacey soundscapes . Their live shows , fed by their improvisational approach to music , made the Grateful Dead different from most other touring bands . While most rock and roll bands rehearse a standard show for their tours that is replayed night after night , city after city , the Grateful Dead never did . As Garcia stated in a 1966 interview , `` We do n't make up our sets beforehand . We 'd rather work off the tops of our heads than off a piece of paper . '' They maintained this operating ethic throughout their existence . For each performance , the band drew material from an active list of a hundred or so songs . The 1969 live album Live / Dead did capture more of their essence , but commercial success did not come until Workingman 's Dead and American Beauty , both released in 1970 . These records largely featured the band 's laid - back acoustic musicianship and more traditional song structures . With their rootsy , eclectic stylings , particularly evident on the latter two albums , the band pioneered the hybrid Americana genre . Phil Lesh ( left ) performing with TelStar in 2008 As the band and its sound matured over thirty years of touring , playing , and recording , each member 's stylistic contribution became more defined , consistent , and identifiable . Lesh , who was originally a classically trained trumpet player with an extensive background in music theory , did not tend to play traditional blues - based bass forms , but opted for more melodic , symphonic and complex lines , often sounding like a second lead guitar . Weir , too , was not a traditional rhythm guitarist , but tended to play jazz - influenced , unique inversions at the upper end of the Dead 's sound . The two drummers , Mickey Hart and Kreutzmann , developed a unique , complex interplay , balancing Kreutzmann 's steady beat with Hart 's interest in percussion styles outside the rock tradition . Hart incorporated an 11 - count measure to his drumming , bringing a new dimension to the band 's sound that became an important part of its emerging style . Garcia 's lead lines were fluid , supple and spare , owing a great deal of their character to his training in fingerpicking and banjo . The band 's primary lyricists , Robert Hunter and John Perry Barlow , commonly used themes involving love and loss , life and death , gambling and murder , beauty and horror , chaos and order , God and other religious themes , travelling and touring . In a retrospective , The New Yorker described Hunter 's verses as `` elliptical , by turns vivid and gnomic '' , which were often `` hippie poetry about roses and bells and dew , '' and critic Robert Christgau described them as `` American myths '' that later gave way to `` the old karma - go - round '' . Merchandising and representation ( edit ) Hal Kant was an entertainment industry attorney who specialized in representing musical groups . He spent 35 years as principal lawyer and general counsel for the Grateful Dead , a position in the group that was so strong that his business cards with the band identified his role as `` Czar '' . Kant brought the band millions of dollars in revenue through his management of the band 's intellectual property and merchandising rights . At Kant 's recommendation , the group was one of the few rock ' n roll pioneers to retain ownership of their music masters and publishing rights . In 2006 , the Grateful Dead signed a ten - year licensing agreement with Rhino Entertainment to manage the band 's business interests including the release of musical recordings , merchandising , and marketing . The band retained creative control and kept ownership of its music catalog . A Grateful Dead video game titled Grateful Dead Game -- The Epic Tour was released in April 2012 and was created by Curious Sense . Live performances ( edit ) Grateful Dead members in the early 1980s : Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Jerry Garcia watch Bill Kreutzmann play the drums . Not pictured are Phil Lesh and Mickey Hart . Mail ordered Grateful Dead concert tickets for their spring 1994 Nassau Coliseum run of shows The Grateful Dead toured constantly throughout their career , playing more than 2,300 concerts . They promoted a sense of community among their fans , who became known as `` Deadheads '' , many of whom followed their tours for months or years on end . In their early career , the band also dedicated their time and talents to their community , the Haight - Ashbury area of San Francisco , making available free food , lodging , music , and health care to all . It has been said that the band performed `` more free concerts than any band in the history of music '' . With the exception of 1975 , when the band was on hiatus and played only four concerts together , the Grateful Dead performed many concerts every year , from their formation in April 1965 , until July 9 , 1995 . Initially all their shows were in California , principally in the San Francisco Bay Area and in or near Los Angeles . They also performed , in 1965 and 1966 , with Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters , as the house band for the Acid Tests . They toured nationally starting in June 1967 ( their first foray to New York ) , with a few detours to Canada , Europe and three nights at the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt in 1978 . They appeared at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 , the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Festival Express train tour across Canada in 1970 . They were scheduled to appear as the final act at the infamous Altamont Free Concert on December 6 , 1969 after the Rolling Stones but withdrew after security concerns . `` That 's the way things went at Altamont -- so badly that the Grateful Dead , prime organizers and movers of the festival , did n't even get to play , '' staff at Rolling Stone magazine wrote in a detailed narrative on the event '' Their first UK performance was at the Hollywood Music Festival in 1970 . Their largest concert audience came in 1973 when they played , along with the Allman Brothers Band and the Band , before an estimated 600,000 people at the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen . The 1998 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records recognized them with a listing under the heading , `` most rock concerts performed '' ( 2,318 concerts ) . They played to an estimated total of 25 million people , more than any other band , with audiences of up to 80,000 attending a single show . Many of these concerts were preserved in the band 's tape vault , and several dozen have since been released on CD and as downloads . The Dead were known for the tremendous variation in their setlists from night to night -- the list of songs documented to have been played by the band exceeds 500 . The band has released four concert videos under the name View from the Vault . In the 1990s , the Grateful Dead earned a total of $285 million in revenue from their concert tours , the second - highest during the 1990s , with the Rolling Stones earning the most . This figure is representative of tour revenue through 1995 , as touring stopped after the death of Jerry Garcia . Their numerous studio albums were generally collections of new songs that they had first played in concert . The band was also famous for its extended musical jams , which featured both individual improvisations as well as distinctive `` group - mind '' improvisations during which each of the band members improvised individually while simultaneously blending together as a cohesive musical unit . Musically , this may be illustrated in that the band not only improvised within the form of songs , but also with the form . The Grateful Dead have often been described as having never played the same song the same way twice . The cohesive listening abilities of each band member made for a transcendence of what might be called `` free form '' and improvisation . Their concert sets often blended songs , one into the next ( a segue ) . Concert sound systems ( edit ) The Wall of Sound was a large sound system designed specifically for the Grateful Dead . The band was never satisfied with the house system anywhere they played . After the Monterey Pop Festival , the band 's crew ' borrowed ' some of the other performers ' sound equipment and used it to host some free shows in San Francisco . In their early days , soundman Owsley `` Bear '' Stanley designed a public address ( PA ) and monitor system for them . Bear was the Grateful Dead 's soundman for many years ; he was also one of the largest suppliers of LSD . Stanley 's sound systems were delicate and finicky , and frequently brought shows to a halt with technical breakdowns . After Stanley went to jail for manufacturing LSD in 1970 , the group briefly used house PAs , but found them to be even less reliable than those built by their former soundman . On February 2 , 1970 the group contacted Bob Heil to use his system . In 1971 , the band purchased their first solid - state sound system from Alembic Inc Studios . Because of this , Alembic would play an integral role in the research , development , and production of the Wall of Sound . The band also welcomed Dan Healy into the fold on a permanent basis that year . Healy would mix the Grateful Dead 's live sound until 1993 . Tapes ( edit ) Like several other bands during this time , the Grateful Dead allowed their fans to record their shows . For many years the tapers set up their microphones wherever they could , and the eventual forest of microphones became a problem for the official sound crew . Eventually , this was solved by having a dedicated taping section located behind the sound board , which required a special `` tapers '' ticket . The band allowed sharing of tapes of their shows , as long as no profits were made on the sale of their show tapes . Sometimes the sound crew would allow the tapers to connect directly to the sound board , which created exceptional concert recordings . Recently , there have been some disputes over which recordings archive.org could host on their site . Although all the recordings are hosted at present , the sound board recordings can only be streamed and not downloaded . Of the approximately 2,350 shows the Grateful Dead played , almost 2,200 were taped , and most of these are available online . The Band began collecting and cataloging tapes early on and Dick Latvala was their keeper . `` Dick 's Picks '' is named after Latvala . After his death in 1999 , David Lemieux gradually took the post . Concert set lists from a subset of 1,590 Grateful Dead shows were used to perform a comparative analysis between how songs were played in concert and how they are listened online by Last.fm members . In their book Marketing Lessons from the Grateful Dead : What Every Business Can Learn From the Most Iconic Band in History , David Meerman Scott and Brian Halligan identify the taper section as a crucial contributor to increasing the Grateful Dead 's fan base . Artwork ( edit ) Owsley `` Bear '' Stanley wrote that the `` dancing bears '' designed by Bob Thomas for History of the Grateful Dead , Volume One ( Bear 's Choice ) are marching , not dancing . Over the years , a number of iconic images have come to be associated with the Grateful Dead . Many of these images originated as artwork for concert posters or album covers . Skull and Roses The skull and roses design was composed by Alton Kelley and Stanley Mouse , who added lettering and color , respectively , to a black and white drawing by Edmund Joseph Sullivan . Sullivan 's drawing was an illustration for a 1913 edition of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam . Earlier antecedents include the custom of exhibiting the relic skulls of Christian martyrs decorated with roses on their feast days . The rose is an attribute of Saint Valentine , who according to one legend , was martyred by decapitation . Accordingly , in Rome , at the church dedicated to him , the observance of his feast day included the display of his skull surrounded by roses . This was discontinued in the late 1960s when Valentine was removed from the Roman Catholic canon , along with other legendary saints whose lives and deeds could not be confirmed . Kelley and Mouse 's design originally appeared on a poster for the September 16 and 17 , 1966 Dead shows at the Avalon Ballroom . Later , it was used as the cover for the album Grateful Dead ( 1971 ) . The album is sometimes referred to as Skull and Roses . Jester Another icon of the Dead is a skeleton dressed as a jester and holding a lute . This image was an airbrush painting , created by Stanley Mouse in 1972 . It was originally used for the cover of The Grateful Dead Songbook . Dancing Bears A series of stylized dancing bears was drawn by Bob Thomas as part of the back cover for the album History of the Grateful Dead , Volume One ( Bear 's Choice ) ( 1973 ) . Thomas reported that he based the bears on a lead sort from an unknown font . The bear is a reference to Owsley `` Bear '' Stanley , who recorded and produced the album . Bear himself wrote , `` the bears on the album cover are not really ' dancing ' . I do n't know why people think they are ; their positions are quite obviously those of a high - stepping march . '' Steal Your Face Skull Perhaps the best - known Grateful Dead art icon is a red , white , and blue skull with a lightning bolt through it . The lightning bolt skull can be found on the cover of the album Steal Your Face ( 1976 ) , and the image is sometimes known by that name . It was designed by Owsley Stanley and artist Bob Thomas , and was originally used as a logo to mark the band 's equipment . Dancing Terrapins The two dancing terrapins first appeared on the cover of the album Terrapin Station ( 1977 ) . They were drawn by Kelley and Mouse , based on a drawing by Heinrich Kley . Since then these turtles have become one of the Grateful Dead 's most recognizable logos . Uncle Sam Skeleton The Uncle Sam skeleton was devised by Gary Gutierrez as part of the animation for The Grateful Dead Movie ( 1977 ) . The image combines the Grateful Dead skeleton motif with the character of Uncle Sam , a reference to the then - recently written song `` U.S. Blues '' , which plays during the animation . Deadheads ( edit ) Main article : Deadhead Fans and enthusiasts of the band are commonly referred to as Deadheads . While the origin of the term may be unclear , Dead Heads were made canon by the notice placed inside the Skull and Roses ( 1971 ) album by manager Jon McIntire : `` DEAD FREAKS UNITE : Who are you ? Where are you ? How are you ? Send us your name and address and we 'll keep you informed . Dead Heads , P.O. Box 1065 , San Rafael , California 94901 . '' Many of the Dead Heads would go on tour with the band . As a group , the Dead Heads were considered very mellow . `` I 'd rather work nine Grateful Dead concerts than one Oregon football game '' , Police Det . Rick Raynor said . `` They do n't get belligerent like they do at the games '' . Donation of Archives ( edit ) On April 24 , 2008 , members Bob Weir and Mickey Hart , along with Nion McEvoy , CEO of Chronicle Books , UC Santa Cruz chancellor George Blumenthal , and UC Santa Cruz librarian Virginia Steel , held a press conference announcing that UCSC 's McHenry Library would be the permanent home of the Grateful Dead 's complete archival history from 1965 to the present . The archive includes correspondence , photographs , fliers , posters , and several other forms of memorabilia and records of the band . Also included are unreleased videos of interviews and TV appearances that will be installed for visitors to view , as well as stage backdrops and other props from the band 's concerts . Blumenthal stated at the event , `` The Grateful Dead Archive represents one of the most significant popular cultural collections of the 20th century ; UC Santa Cruz is honored to receive this invaluable gift . The Grateful Dead and UC Santa Cruz are both highly innovative institutions -- born the same year -- that continue to make a major , positive impact on the world . '' Guitarist Bob Weir stated , `` We looked around , and UC Santa Cruz seems the best possible home . If you ever wrote the Grateful Dead a letter , you 'll probably find it there ! '' Professor of music Fredric Lieberman was the key contact between the band and the university , who let the university know about the search for a home for the archive , and who had collaborated with Mickey Hart on three books in the past , Planet Drum ( 1990 ) , Drumming at the Edge of Magic ( 1991 ) , and Spirit into Sound ( 2006 ) . The first large - scale exhibition of materials from the Grateful Dead Archive was mounted at the New - York Historical Society in 2010 . Awards ( edit ) In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked the Grateful Dead No. 57 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . On February 10 , 2007 , the Grateful Dead received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . The award was accepted on behalf of the band by Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann . In 2011 , a recording of the Grateful Dead 's May 8 , 1977 , concert at Cornell University 's Barton Hall was selected for induction into the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress . Twelve members of the Grateful Dead ( the eleven official performing members plus Robert Hunter ) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 , and Bruce Hornsby was their presenter . Membership ( edit ) Main article : List of Grateful Dead members Lead guitarist Jerry Garcia was often viewed both by the public and the media as the leader or primary spokesperson for the Grateful Dead , but was reluctant to be perceived that way , especially since he and the other group members saw themselves as equal participants and contributors to their collective musical and creative output . Garcia , a native of San Francisco , grew up in the Excelsior District . One of his main influences was bluegrass music , and he also performed -- on banjo , one of his other great instrumental loves , along with the pedal steel guitar -- in bluegrass bands , notably Old and in the Way with mandolinist David Grisman . Bruce Hornsby never officially joined the band full - time , because of his other commitments , but he did play keyboards at most Dead shows between September 1990 and March 1992 , and sat in with the band over one hundred times in all between 1988 and 1995 . Jerry Garcia referred to him as a `` floating member '' who could come and go as he pleased . Robert Hunter and John Perry Barlow were the band 's primary lyricists , starting in 1967 and 1971 respectively and continuing until the band 's dissolution . Hunter collaborated mostly with Garcia and Barlow mostly with Weir , though each wrote with other band members as well . Both are listed as official members at Dead.net , the band 's website , alongside the performing members . Barlow was the only member not inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Grateful Dead discography The Grateful Dead ( 1967 ) Anthem of the Sun ( 1968 ) Aoxomoxoa ( 1969 ) Live / Dead ( 1969 ) Workingman 's Dead ( 1970 ) American Beauty ( 1970 ) Grateful Dead ( Skull & Roses ) ( 1971 ) Europe ' 72 ( 1972 ) History of the Grateful Dead , Volume One ( Bear 's Choice ) ( 1973 ) Wake of the Flood ( 1973 ) From the Mars Hotel ( 1974 ) Blues for Allah ( 1975 ) Steal Your Face ( 1976 ) Terrapin Station ( 1977 ) Shakedown Street ( 1978 ) Go to Heaven ( 1980 ) Reckoning ( 1981 ) Dead Set ( 1981 ) In the Dark ( 1987 ) Dylan & the Dead ( 1989 ) Built to Last ( 1989 ) Without a Net ( 1990 ) See Also ( edit ) Book : Grateful Dead List of Grateful Dead cover versions Internet Archive ( section on Grateful Dead ) Unfinished Grateful Dead Album Grateful Dead portal Rock music portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meriwether , Nicholas G. ( 2012 ) . Reading the Grateful Dead : A Critical Survey . Scarecrow Press . p. 280 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 8371 - 6 . Jump up ^ Metzger , John ( 1999 ) . `` Mother McCree 's Uptown Jug Champions '' . The Music Box . The Music Box , Inc . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` purveyors of freely improvised space music '' -- Blender Magazine , May 2003 Archived June 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Dark Star , '' both in its title and in its structure ( designed to incorporate improvisational exploration ) , is the perfect example of the kind of `` space music '' that the Dead are famous for . Oswald 's titular pun `` Grayfolded '' adds the concept of folding to the idea of space , and rightly so when considering the way he uses sampling to fold the Dead 's musical evolution in on itself . '' -- Islands of Order , Part 2 , by Randolph Jordan , in Offscreen Journal Archived September 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , edited by Donato Totaro , Ph. D , film studies lecturer at Concordia University since 1990 . Jump up ^ Santoro , Gene ( 2007 ) . `` Grateful Dead '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum -- Grateful Dead detail '' . Inductees . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , Inc . Archived from the original ( asp ) on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Lenny ( 1970 ) . `` The Grateful Dead -- Live / Dead '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garofalo , pg. 219 Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Artists of all Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead : inducted in 1994 '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Entries to the National Recording Registry '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead Biography '' . rockhall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sylvan , Robin ( 2002 ) . Traces of the Spirit : The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music . NYU Press . pp. 86 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9809 - 6 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Luke ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) . `` UC Santa Cruz 's Grateful Dead archive offers a reason to visit the campus this summer '' . santacruzsentinel.com . The Santa Cruz Sentinel . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , pg. 332 Jump up ^ Garofalo , pg. 218 Jump up ^ Although he is identified as an official member on the band 's website , Barlow ( who frequently collaborated with Weir , Mydland and Welnick ) was not inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Band Archived May 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Dead.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2019 Jump up ^ `` Dead 50 '' . Grateful Dead . Jump up ^ Metzger , John . Mother McCree 's Uptown Jug Champions album review Archived September 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Music Box , May 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Magoo 's Pizza Parlor -- May 5 , 1965 Grateful Dead '' . Dead.net . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tony Bove . `` Rockument 's Rise and Fall of the Haight - Ashbury '' . Rockument.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kreutzmann , Bill ; Eisen , Benjy ( 2015 ) . Deal : My Three Decades of Drumming , Dreams , and Drugs with the Grateful Dead . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03379 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Big Nig 's House -- December 4 , 1965 Grateful Dead '' . Dead.net . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Scott ( 2003 ) . The Tombstone Tourist . Simon & Schuster . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 6330 - 7 . Jump up ^ Herbst , Peter ( 1989 ) . The Rolling Stone Interviews : 1967 - 1980 . St. Martin 's Press . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 03486 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Grateful Dead Live at Fillmore Auditorium on 1966 - 01 - 08 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years Ago : Grateful Dead and Big Brother & the Holding Company Begin the Haight - Ashbury Era at the Trips Festival '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com. 2016 - 01 - 31 . 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'' Jerry Garcia interview , Rolling Stone , 1972 Jump up ^ `` Garcia 's influence on the overall chemistry of the band was surprisingly subtle , McNally tells NPR 's Scott Simon . ' Jerry was not the leader , except by example ... He was a charismatic figure . ' '' Simon , Scott . `` ' A Long Strange Trip ' : Insider McNally Writes a History of the Grateful Dead '' , NPR Music , January 11 , 2003 Archived February 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNally , Dennis , `` A Long Strange Trip '' , New York 2002 , p. 447 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1186 - 5 Jump up ^ Scott , Dolgushkin , Nixon , `` Deadbase X '' , New Hampshire , p. 79 . ISBN 1 - 877657 - 21 - 2 Jump up ^ Brown , David , `` So Many Roads : The Life and Times of the Grateful Dead '' , p. 382 ( referencing Garcia 's calling Hornsby a `` floating member '' ) DeCapo Books , Boston , MA 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0306821707 Jump up ^ The Band : Robert Hunter Archived May 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Dead.net . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : The Band : John Perry Barlow Archived May 28 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Dead.net . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Allen , Scott W. ( 2014 ) . Aces Back to Back : The History of the Grateful Dead ( 1965 - 2013 ) . Outskirts Press . ISBN 978 - 1478719434 . Browne , David ( 2015 ) . So Many Roads : The Life and Times of the Grateful Dead . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0306821707 . Dodd , David ; Spaulding , Diana ( 2001 ) . The Grateful Dead Reader . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514706 - 5 . Gans , David ( 2002 ) . Conversations with the Dead : The Grateful Dead Interview Book . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81099 - 9 . Gans , David ; Simon , Peter ( 1985 ) . Playing in the Band : An Oral and Visual Portrait of the Grateful Dead . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61630 - 4 . Gerould , Gordon Hall ( 1908 ) . The Grateful Dead : The History of a Folk Story . D. Nutt , London . Harrison , Hank ( 1973 ) . The Dead Book : A Social History of the Grateful Dead . Links . ISBN 978 - 0825630019 . Jackson , Blair ( 1999 ) . Garcia : An American Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88660 - 2 . Jackson , Blair ; Gans , David ( 2015 ) . This Is All a Dream We Dreamed : An Oral History of the Grateful Dead . Flatiron Books . ISBN 978 - 1250058560 . Kreutzmann , Bill ; Eisen , Benjy ( 2015 ) . Deal : My Three Decades of Drumming , Dreams , and Drugs with the Grateful Dead . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03379 - 6 . Lesh , Phil ( 2005 ) . Searching for the Sound : My Life with the Grateful Dead . Little , Brown and Co . ISBN 0 - 316 - 00998 - 9 . McNally , Dennis ( 2002 ) . A Long Strange Trip : The Inside History of the Grateful Dead . Broadway Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1186 - 3 . Parish , Steve ; Layden , Joe ( 2003 ) . Home Before Daylight : My Life on the Road with the Grateful Dead . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312303532 . Richardson , Peter ( 2015 ) . No Simple Highway : A Cultural History of the Grateful Dead . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1250010629 . Scully , Rock ; Dalton , David ( 1995 ) . Living with the Dead : Twenty Years on the Bus with Garcia and the Grateful Dead . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 77712 - 4 . Tuedio , James A. ; Spector , Stan ( 2010 ) . The Grateful Dead in Concert : Essays on Live Improvisation . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4357 - 4 . Weiner , Robert G. ( 1999 ) . Perspectives on the Grateful Dead : Critical Writings . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30569 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGrateful Deadat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Grateful Dead at DMOZ Grateful Dead at AllMusic Live recordings by Grateful Dead at the Internet Archive FBI Records : The Vault - The Grateful Dead at vault.fbi.gov ( hide ) Grateful Dead Tom Constanten Jerry Garcia Donna Jean Godchaux Keith Godchaux Mickey Hart Robert Hunter Bill Kreutzmann Phil Lesh Ron `` Pigpen '' McKernan Brent Mydland Bob Weir Vince Welnick Studio albums The Grateful Dead Anthem of the Sun Aoxomoxoa Workingman 's Dead American Beauty Wake of the Flood From the Mars Hotel Blues for Allah Terrapin Station Shakedown Street Go to Heaven In the Dark Built to Last Live albums Live / Dead Vintage Dead Historic Dead Grateful Dead Europe ' 72 History of the Grateful Dead , Volume One ( Bear 's Choice ) Steal Your Face Reckoning Dead Set Dylan & the Dead Without a Net One from the Vault Infrared Roses Two from the Vault Grayfolded Hundred Year Hall Dozin ' at the Knick Fallout from the Phil Zone Terrapin Station ( Limited Edition ) Live at the Fillmore East 2 - 11 - 69 Ladies and Gentlemen ... the Grateful Dead Nightfall of Diamonds Postcards of the Hanging Steppin ' Out with the Grateful Dead : England ' 72 Go to Nassau Birth of the Dead The Closing of Winterland Rockin ' the Rhein with the Grateful Dead The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack Rare Cuts and Oddities 1966 Truckin ' Up to Buffalo Fillmore West 1969 : The Complete Recordings Fillmore West 1969 Live at the Cow Palace Three from the Vault Winterland 1973 : The Complete Recordings Rocking the Cradle : Egypt 1978 To Terrapin : Hartford ' 77 Winterland June 1977 : The Complete Recordings Crimson White & Indigo Formerly the Warlocks Europe ' 72 : The Complete Recordings Europe ' 72 Volume 2 Dark Star Spring 1990 Spring 1990 : So Glad You Made It Winterland : May 30th 1971 May 1977 Sunshine Daydream Family Dog at the Great Highway , San Francisco , CA 4 / 18 / 70 Live at Hampton Coliseum Spring 1990 ( The Other One ) Wake Up to Find Out Houston , Texas 11 - 18 - 1972 30 Trips Around the Sun : The Definitive Live Story 1965 -- 1995 30 Trips Around the Sun Shrine Exposition Hall , Los Angeles , CA 11 / 10 / 1967 Capitol Theatre , Passaic , NJ , 4 / 25 / 77 July 1978 : The Complete Recordings Red Rocks : 7 / 8 / 78 July 29 1966 , P.N.E. Garden Aud. , Vancouver Canada May 1977 : Get Shown the Light Cornell 5 / 8 / 77 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium , Washington , D.C. , July 12 & 13 , 1989 View from the Vault Dick 's Picks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Road Trips Vol 1 No 1 Vol 1 No 2 Vol 1 No 3 Vol 1 No 4 Vol 2 No 1 Vol 2 No 2 Vol 2 No 3 Vol 2 No 4 Vol 3 No 1 Vol 3 No 2 Vol 3 No 3 Vol 3 No 4 Vol 4 No 1 Vol 4 No 2 Vol 4 No 3 Vol 4 No 4 Vol 4 No 5 Dave 's Picks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Digital Download Series 5 6 7 8 Family Dog at the Great Highway 9 10 11 12 Spectrum 11 / 5 / 79 Spectrum 11 / 6 / 79 Compilations Skeletons from the Closet : The Best of Grateful Dead What a Long Strange Trip It 's Been The Arista Years Selections from the Arista Years The Very Best of Grateful Dead Flashback with the Grateful Dead The Best of the Grateful Dead Long Strange Trip Box sets Dead Zone : The Grateful Dead CD Collection ( 1977 -- 1987 ) So Many Roads ( 1965 -- 1995 ) The Golden Road ( 1965 -- 1973 ) Beyond Description ( 1973 -- 1989 ) The Warner Bros. Studio Albums All the Years Combine : The DVD Collection Videography The Grateful Dead Movie Dead Ahead So Far Dead Ringers : The Making of Touch of Grey Backstage Pass Infrared Sightings Ticket to New Year 's Downhill from Here Anthem to Beauty Sunshine Daydream Long Strange Trip Side projects and spin - off bands The Other Ones The Dead Furthur Dead & Company 2015 tour Summer 2016 tour Summer 2017 tour Fall 2017 tour Jerry Garcia Band RatDog Phil Lesh and Friends Rhythm Devils Donna Jean Godchaux Band Heart of Gold Band Missing Man Formation New Riders of the Purple Sage Old and in the Way Legion of Mary Reconstruction Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band JGB Kingfish Bobby and the Midnites SerialPod BK3 7 Walkers Billy & the Kids Related Discography Band members Acid Tests Eric Andersen John Perry Barlow Bill Graham v. Dorling Kindersley Dark Star Orchestra Day of the Dead Deadhead Deadheads for Obama Deadicated : A Tribute to the Grateful Dead Bob Dylan Fare Thee Well : Celebrating 50 Years of the Grateful Dead ( album ) Festival Express Bill Graham Gerrit Graham Grateful dead ( folklore ) Grateful Dead Archive The Grateful Dead Channel The Grateful Dead Family Album Grateful Dead Meet - Up at the Movies Grateful Dead Records Rick Griffin David Grisman Lenny Hart Dan Healy Bruce Hornsby Jazz Is Dead Alton Kelley Steve Kimock Ned Lagin Dick Latvala David Lemieux Branford Marsalis Mother McCree 's Uptown Jug Champions Stanley Mouse The Music Never Stopped The Music Never Stopped : Roots of the Grateful Dead Pickin ' on the Grateful Dead : A Tribute Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra Relix Reunions of the Grateful Dead Rex Foundation Merl Saunders Rock Scully Bob Seidemann Shakedown Street ( vending area ) Laurence Shurtliff Owsley Stanley Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Unfinished Grateful Dead album Howard Wales Wall of Sound Wharf Rats Categories Grateful Dead Albums Members Songs Book Portal Jerry Garcia Studio albums New Riders of the Purple Sage New Riders of the Purple Sage Jerry Garcia and Howard Wales Hooteroll ? 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what season of the game of thrones is it	The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss .	seventh season	Game of Thrones ( season 7 )	game of thrones ( season 7 )	The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss .	The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 % approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=807526721 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 15 : 01 . 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where does the term jim crow come from	Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States . Enacted by white Democratic - dominated state legislatures in the late 19th century after the Reconstruction period , these laws continued to be enforced until 1965 . They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America , starting in 1896 with a `` separate but equal '' status for African Americans in railroad cars . Public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War . This principle was extended to public facilities and transportation , including segregated cars on interstate trains and , later , buses . Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those which were then available to European Americans ; sometimes they did not exist at all . This body of law institutionalized a number of economic , educational , and social disadvantages . De jure segregation existed mainly in the Southern states , while Northern segregation was generally de facto -- patterns of housing segregation enforced by private covenants , bank lending practices , and job discrimination , including discriminatory labor union practices . `` Jim Crow '' was a pejorative expression meaning `` Negro '' .		Jim Crow laws	jim crow laws	Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States . Enacted by white Democratic - dominated state legislatures in the late 19th century after the Reconstruction period , these laws continued to be enforced until 1965 . They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America , starting in 1896 with a `` separate but equal '' status for African Americans in railroad cars . Public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War . This principle was extended to public facilities and transportation , including segregated cars on interstate trains and , later , buses . Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those which were then available to European Americans ; sometimes they did not exist at all . This body of law institutionalized a number of economic , educational , and social disadvantages . De jure segregation existed mainly in the Southern states , while Northern segregation was generally de facto -- patterns of housing segregation enforced by private covenants , bank lending practices , and job discrimination , including discriminatory labor union practices . `` Jim Crow '' was a pejorative expression meaning `` Negro '' .	Jim Crow laws -- sometimes , as in Florida , part of state constitutions -- mandated the segregation of public schools , public places , and public transportation , and the segregation of restrooms , restaurants , and drinking fountains for whites and blacks . The U.S. military was already segregated . President Woodrow Wilson , a Southerner , initiated segregation of federal workplaces at the request of southern Cabinet members in 1913 . These Jim Crow laws revived principles of the 1865 and 1866 Black Codes , which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans . Segregation of public ( state - sponsored ) schools was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education . In some states it took years to implement this decision . Generally , the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , but years of action and court challenges have been needed to unravel the many means of institutional discrimination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Origins of Jim Crow laws 3 Early attempts to break Jim Crow 4 Racism in the United States and defenses of Jim Crow 5 Post-World War II era 6 Removal 6.1 Courts 6.2 Public arena 6.3 End of de jure segregation 6.4 African - American life 7 Remembrance 8 New Jim Crow 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology The phrase `` Jim Crow Law '' can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about Louisiana requiring segregated railroad cars . The origin of the phrase `` Jim Crow '' has often been attributed to `` Jump Jim Crow '' , a song - and - dance caricature of blacks performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface , which first surfaced in 1832 and was used to satirize Andrew Jackson 's populist policies . As a result of Rice 's fame , `` Jim Crow '' by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning `` Negro '' . When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century , these statutes became known as Jim Crow laws . Origins of Jim Crow laws Main article : Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 During the Reconstruction period of 1865 -- 1877 , federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U.S. South for freedmen , the African Americans who had formerly been slaves , and the minority of blacks who had been free before the war . In the 1870s , Democrats gradually regained power in the Southern legislatures , having used insurgent paramilitary groups , such as the White League and the Red Shirts , to disrupt Republican organizing , run Republican officeholders out of town , and intimidate blacks to suppress their voting . Extensive voter fraud was also used . Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years , with increasing violence against blacks during campaigns from 1868 onward . In 1877 , a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the government 's withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South . White Democrats had regained political power in every Southern state . These Southern , white , Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws , officially segregating black people from the white population . Blacks were still elected to local offices throughout the 1880s , but their voting was suppressed for state and national elections . Democrats passed laws to make voter registration and electoral rules more restrictive , with the result that political participation by most blacks and many poor whites began to decrease . Between 1890 and 1910 , ten of the eleven former Confederate states , starting with Mississippi , passed new constitutions or amendments that effectively disenfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites through a combination of poll taxes , literacy and comprehension tests , and residency and record - keeping requirements . Grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks . Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures . In Louisiana , by 1900 , black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls , although they comprised the majority of the state 's population . By 1910 , only 730 blacks were registered , less than 0.5 % of eligible black men . `` In 27 of the state 's 60 parishes , not a single black voter was registered any longer ; in 9 more parishes , only one black voter was . '' The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that black voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896 -- 1904 . The growth of their thriving middle class was slowed . In North Carolina and other Southern states , blacks suffered from being made invisible in the political system : `` ( W ) ithin a decade of disfranchisement , the white supremacy campaign had erased the image of the black middle class from the minds of white North Carolinians . '' In Alabama tens of thousands of poor whites were also disenfranchised , although initially legislators had promised them they would not be affected adversely by the new restrictions . Those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices . They effectively disappeared from political life , as they could not influence the state legislatures , and their interests were overlooked . While public schools had been established by Reconstruction legislatures for the first time in most Southern states , those for black children were consistently underfunded compared to schools for white children , even when considered within the strained finances of the postwar South where the decreasing price of cotton kept the agricultural economy at a low . Like schools , public libraries for blacks were underfunded , if they existed at all , and they were often stocked with secondhand books and other resources . These facilities were not introduced for African Americans in the South until the first decade of the 20th century . Throughout the Jim Crow era , libraries were only available sporadically . Prior to the 20th century , most libraries established for African Americans were school - library combinations . Many public libraries for both European - American and African American patrons in this period were founded as the result of middle - class activism aided by matching grants from the Carnegie Foundation . In some cases , progressive measures intended to reduce election fraud , such as the Eight Box Law in South Carolina , acted against black and white voters who were illiterate , as they could not follow the directions . While the separation of African Americans from the general population was becoming legalized and formalized during the Progressive Era ( 1890s -- 1920s ) , it was also becoming customary . For instance , even in cases in which Jim Crow laws did not expressly forbid black people to participate in sports or recreation , a segregated culture had become common . In the Jim Crow context , the presidential election of 1912 was steeply slanted against the interests of black Americans . Most blacks still lived in the South , where they had been effectively disfranchised , so they could not vote at all . While poll taxes and literacy requirements banned many poor or illiterate Americans from voting , these stipulations frequently had loopholes that exempted European Americans from meeting the requirements . In Oklahoma , for instance , anyone qualified to vote before 1866 , or related to someone qualified to vote before 1866 ( a kind of `` grandfather clause '' ) , was exempted from the literacy requirement ; but the only persons who had the franchise before that year were white , or European - American males . European Americans were effectively exempted from the literacy testing , whereas black Americans were effectively singled out by the law . Woodrow Wilson was a Democrat elected from New Jersey , but he was born and raised in the South , and was the first Southern - born president of the post-Civil War period . He appointed Southerners to his Cabinet . Some quickly began to press for segregated workplaces , although the city of Washington , D.C. , and federal offices had been integrated since after the Civil War . In 1913 , for instance , Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo -- an appointee of the President -- was heard to express his opinion of black and white women working together in one government office : `` I feel sure that this must go against the grain of the white women . Is there any reason why the white women should not have only white women working across from them on the machines ? '' Wilson introduced segregation in federal offices , despite much protest from African - American leaders and national groups . He appointed segregationist Southern politicians because of his own firm belief that racial segregation was in the best interest of black and European Americans alike . At Gettysburg on July 4 , 1913 , the semi-centennial of Abraham Lincoln 's declaration that `` all men are created equal '' , Wilson addressed the crowd : How complete the union has become and how dear to all of us , how unquestioned , how benign and majestic , as state after state has been added to this , our great family of free men ! In sharp contrast to Wilson , a Washington Bee editorial wondered if the `` reunion '' of 1913 was a reunion of those who fought for `` the extinction of slavery '' or a reunion of those who fought to `` perpetuate slavery and who are now employing every artifice and argument known to deceit '' to present emancipation as a failed venture . Historian David W. Blight notes that the `` Peace Jubilee '' at which Wilson presided at Gettysburg in 1913 `` was a Jim Crow reunion , and white supremacy might be said to have been the silent , invisible master of ceremonies . '' ( See also : Great Reunion of 1913 ) In Texas , several towns adopted residential segregation laws between 1910 and the 1920s . Legal strictures called for segregated water fountains and restrooms . Jim Crow laws were a product of what had become the solidly Democratic South due to disfranchisement of blacks . Early attempts to break Jim Crow Sign for the `` colored '' waiting room at a bus station in Durham , North Carolina , 1940 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 , introduced by Charles Sumner and Benjamin F. Butler , stipulated a guarantee that everyone , regardless of race , color , or previous condition of servitude , was entitled to the same treatment in public accommodations , such as inns , public transportation , theaters , and other places of recreation . This Act had little effect . An 1883 Supreme Court decision ruled that the act was unconstitutional in some respects , saying Congress was not afforded control over private persons or corporations . With white southern Democrats forming a solid voting bloc in Congress , due to having outsize power from keeping seats apportioned for the total population in the South ( although hundreds of thousands had been disenfranchised ) , Congress did not pass another civil rights law until 1957 . In 1887 , Rev. W.H. Heard lodged a complaint with the Interstate Commerce Commission against the Georgia Railroad company for discrimination , citing its provision of different cars for white and black / colored passengers . The company successfully appealed for relief on the grounds it offered `` separate but equal '' accommodation . In 1890 , Louisiana passed a law requiring separate accommodations for colored and white passengers on railroads . Louisiana law distinguished between `` white '' , `` black '' and `` colored '' ( that is , people of mixed European and African ancestry ) . The law had already specified that blacks could not ride with white people , but colored people could ride with whites before 1890 . A group of concerned black , colored and white citizens in New Orleans formed an association dedicated to rescinding the law . The group persuaded Homer Plessy to test it ; he was a man of color who was of fair complexion and one - eighth `` Negro '' in ancestry . In 1892 , Plessy bought a first - class ticket from New Orleans on the East Louisiana Railway . Once he had boarded the train , he informed the train conductor of his racial lineage and took a seat in the whites - only car . He was directed to leave that car and sit instead in the `` coloreds only '' car . Plessy refused and was immediately arrested . The Citizens Committee of New Orleans fought the case all the way to the United States Supreme Court . They lost in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , in which the Court ruled that `` separate but equal '' facilities were constitutional . The finding contributed to 58 more years of legalized discrimination against black and colored people in the United States . In 1908 Congress defeated an attempt to introduce segregated streetcars into the capital . Racism in the United States and defenses of Jim Crow 1904 caricature of `` White '' and `` Jim Crow '' rail cars by John T. McCutcheon . Despite Jim Crow 's legal pretense that the races be `` separate but equal '' under the law , non-whites were given inferior facilities and treatment . White Southerners encountered problems in learning free labor management after the end of slavery , and they resented black Americans , who represented the Confederacy 's Civil War defeat : `` With white supremacy being challenged throughout the South , many whites sought to protect their former status by threatening African Americans who exercised their new rights . '' White Democrats used their power to segregate public spaces and facilities in law and reestablish social dominance over blacks in the South . One rationale for the systematic exclusion of black Americans from southern public society was that it was for their own protection . An early 20th - century scholar suggested that allowing blacks to attend white schools would mean `` constantly subjecting them to adverse feeling and opinion '' , which might lead to `` a morbid race consciousness '' . This perspective took anti-black sentiment for granted , because bigotry was widespread in the South after slavery became a racial caste system . Post-World War II era After World War II , African Americans increasingly challenged segregation , as they believed they had more than earned the right to be treated as full citizens because of their military service and sacrifices . The Civil Rights Movement was energized by a number of flashpoints , including the 1946 police beating and blinding of World War II veteran Isaac Woodard while he was in U.S. Army uniform . In 1948 President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 , desegregating the armed services . As the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum and used federal courts to attack Jim Crow statutes , the European - dominated governments of many of the southern states countered by passing alternative forms of restrictions . The NAACP Legal Defense Committee ( a group that became independent of the NAACP ) -- and its lawyer , Thurgood Marshall -- brought the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) before the Supreme Court . In its pivotal 1954 decision , the Court unanimously overturned the 1896 Plessy decision . The Supreme Court found that legally mandated ( de jure ) public school segregation was unconstitutional . The decision had far - reaching social ramifications . De jure segregation was not brought to an end until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . History has shown that problems of educating poor children are not confined to minority status , and states and cities have continued to grapple with approaches . The court ruling did not stop de facto or residentially based school segregation . Such segregation continues today in many regions . Some city school systems have also begun to focus on issues of economic and class segregation rather than racial segregation , as they have found that problems are more prevalent when the children of the poor of any ethnic group are concentrated . Associate Justice Frank Murphy introduced the word `` racism '' into the lexicon of U.S. Supreme Court opinions in Korematsu v. United States , 323 U.S. 214 ( 1944 ) . He stated that by upholding the forced relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II , the Court was sinking into `` the ugly abyss of racism '' . This was the first time that `` racism '' was used in Supreme Court opinion ( Murphy used it twice in a concurring opinion in Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co 323 192 ( 1944 ) issued that day ) . Murphy used the word in five separate opinions , but after he left the court , `` racism '' was not used again in an opinion for almost two decades . It next appeared in the landmark decision of Loving v. Virginia , 388 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) . Interpretation of the Constitution and its application to minority rights continues to be controversial as Court membership changes . Observers such as Ian F. Lopez believe that in the 2000s , the Supreme Court has become more protective of the status quo . Removal Courts In 1971 , the Supreme Court , in Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education , upheld desegregation busing of students to achieve integration . Public arena In 1955 , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man in Montgomery , Alabama . This act of civil disobedience was an important catalyst in the growth of the Civil Rights Movement ; activists built the Montgomery Bus Boycott around it , which lasted more than a year and resulted in desegregation of the privately run buses in the city . Civil rights protests and actions , together with legal challenges , resulted in a series of legislative and court decisions which contributed to undermining the Jim Crow system . Numerous boycotts and demonstrations against segregation had occurred throughout the 1930s and 1940s . The NAACP had been engaged in a series of litigation cases since the early 20th century in efforts to combat laws that disenfranchised black voters across the South . Some of the early demonstrations achieved positive results , strengthening political activism , especially in the post-World War II years . Black veterans were impatient with social oppression after having fought for the United States and freedom across the world . In 1947 K. Leroy Irvis of Pittsburgh 's Urban League , for instance , led a demonstration against employment discrimination by the city 's department stores . It was the beginning of his own influential political career . End of de jure segregation President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 In January 1964 , President Lyndon Johnson met with civil rights leaders . On January 8 , during his first State of the Union address , Johnson asked Congress to `` let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined . '' On June 21 , civil rights workers Michael Schwerner , Andrew Goodman , and James Chaney disappeared in Neshoba County , Mississippi , where they were volunteering in the registration of African - American voters as part of the Mississippi Summer Project . The disappearance of the three activists captured national attention and the ensuing outrage was used by Johnson and civil rights activists to build a coalition of northern Democrats and Republicans and push Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . On July 2 , 1964 , Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 . It invoked the Commerce Clause to outlaw discrimination in public accommodations ( privately owned restaurants , hotels , and stores , and in private schools and workplaces ) . This use of the Commerce Clause was upheld in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 379 US 241 ( 1964 ) . By 1965 , efforts to break the grip of state disenfranchisement by education for voter registration in southern counties had been under way for some time , but had achieved only modest success overall . In some areas of the Deep South , white resistance made these efforts almost entirely ineffectual . The murder of the three voting - rights activists in Mississippi in 1964 and the state 's refusal to prosecute the murderers , along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism against blacks , had gained national attention . Finally , the unprovoked attack on March 7 , 1965 , by county and state troopers on peaceful Alabama marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge en route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery , persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators ' resistance to effective voting rights enforcement legislation . President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings soon began on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended legally sanctioned state barriers to voting for all federal , state and local elections . It also provided for federal oversight and monitoring of counties with historically low minority voter turnout . Years of enforcement have been needed to overcome resistance , and additional legal challenges have been made in the courts to ensure the ability of voters to elect candidates of their choice . For instance , many cities and counties introduced at - large election of council members , which resulted in many cases of diluting minority votes and preventing election of minority - supported candidates . Although sometimes counted among `` Jim Crow laws '' of the South , such statutes as anti-miscegenation laws were also passed by other states . Anti-miscegenation laws were not repealed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but were declared unconstitutional by the 1967 Supreme Court ruling in Loving v. Virginia . African - American life An African - American man drinking at a `` colored '' drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , 1939 The Jim Crow laws and the high rate of lynchings in the South were major factors which lead to the Great Migration during the first half of the 20th century . Because opportunities were so limited in the South , African Americans moved in great numbers to northern cities to seek better lives , becoming an urbanized population . Despite the hardship and prejudice of the Jim Crow era , several black entertainers and literary figures gained broad popularity with white audiences in the early 20th century . They included luminaries such as tap dancers Bill `` Bojangles '' Robinson and the Nicholas Brothers , jazz musicians such as Duke Ellington and Count Basie , and the actress Hattie McDaniel ( in 1939 she was the first black to receive an Academy Award when she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind ) . African - American athletes faced much discrimination during the Jim Crow period . White opposition led to their exclusion from most organized sporting competitions . The boxers Jack Johnson and Joe Louis ( both of whom became world heavyweight boxing champions ) and track and field athlete Jesse Owens ( who won four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin ) earned fame during this era . In baseball , a color line instituted in the 1880s had informally barred blacks from playing in the major leagues , leading to the development of the Negro Leagues , which featured many fine players . A major breakthrough occurred in 1947 , when Jackie Robinson was hired as the first African American to play in Major League Baseball ; he permanently broke the color bar . Baseball teams continued to integrate in the following years , leading to the full participation of black baseball players in the Major Leagues in the 1960s . Remembrance Ferris State University in Big Rapids , Michigan , houses the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia , an extensive collection of everyday items that promoted racial segregation or presented racial stereotypes of African Americans , for the purpose of academic research and education about their cultural influence . New Jim Crow In 2012 , civil rights advocate Michelle Alexander argued in The New Jim Crow that America 's War on Drugs , which disproportionately affected African - Americans , had produced discrimination comparable to that of the Jim Crow laws . Yale law professor James Forman Jr. countered that African - Americans , as represented by such cities as Washington D.C. , have generally supported tough - on - crime policies , and that there appears to be a connection between drugs and violent crimes -- a discussion `` New Jim Crow '' theorists have avoided . See also Discrimination portal Law portal African American portal Anti-miscegenation laws Apartheid Black Codes in the United States Burmese nationality law Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era Dunning School Group Areas Act List of Jim Crow law examples by state Lynching Mass racial violence in the United States Penal labour Racial segregation in the United States Racism Racism in the United States Second - class citizen Sundown town Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement The New Jim Crow Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Woodward , C. Vann and McFeely , William S. ( 2001 ) , The Strange Career of Jim Crow . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Louisiana 's ' Jim Crow ' Law Valid '' . The New York Times . New York . December 21 , 1892 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . New Orleans , Dec 20 . -- The Supreme Court yesterday declared constitutional the law passed two years ago and known as the ' Jim Crow ' law , making it compulsory on railroads to provide separate cars for blacks . Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann and McFeely , William S . The Strange Career of Jim Crow. 2001 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Michael Perman. Struggle for Mastery : Disfranchisement in the South , 1888 -- 1908 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 , Introduction ^ Jump up to : J. Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics : Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One - Party South , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1974 ^ Jump up to : Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , 2000 , pp. 12 , 27 Retrieved Mar 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 Jump up ^ Reese , W. ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . History , Education , and the Schools . Springer . p. 145 . ISBN 9780230104822 . Jump up ^ Buddy , J. , & Williams , M. ( 2005 ) . `` A dream deferred : school libraries and segregation '' , American Libraries , 36 ( 2 ) , 33 - 35 . Jump up ^ Battles , D.M. ( 2009 ) . The History of Public Library Access for African Americans in the South , or , Leaving Behind the Plow . Lanham , Md. : Scarecrow Press . ^ Jump up to : Fultz , M. ( 2006 ) . `` Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation . '' Libraries & The Cultural Record , 41 ( 3 ) , 338 . Jump up ^ Holt , Thomas ( 1979 ) . Black over White : Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Tomlins , Christopher L. The United States Supreme Court : The Pursuit of Justice . 2005 , p. 195 Jump up ^ King , Desmond . Separate and Unequal : Black Americans and the US Federal Government . 1995 , page 3 . Jump up ^ Schulte Nordholt , J.W. and Rowen , Herbert H. Woodrow Wilson : A Life for World Peace . 1991 , pp. 99 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Blight , David W. Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory. page 9 -- 11 Jump up ^ New York Times , 30 March 1882 : ' COLORED METHODISTS INDIGNANT OVER THE EXPULSION OF THEIR SENIOR BISHOP FROM A FLORIDA RAILWAY CAR . : ... Colored men of spirit and culture are resisting the conductors , who attempt to drive them into the `` Jim Crow cars , '' and they sometimes succeed ... ' Jump up ^ New York Times , 30 July 1887 : ' NO `` JIM CROW '' CARS . : `` ... The answer further avers that the cars provided for the colored passengers are equally as safe , comfortable , clean , well ventilated , and cared for as those provided for whites . The difference , it says , if any , relates to matters aesthetical only ... '' Jump up ^ Congress rejected by a majority of 140 to 59 a transport bill amendment proposed by James Thomas Heflin ( Ala . ) to introduce racially segregated streetcars to the capital 's transport system . The New York Times , 23 February 1908 : ' `` JIM CROW CARS '' DENIED BY CONGRESS ' Jump up ^ John McCutheon . The Mysterious Stranger and Other Cartoons by John T. McCutcheon , New York , McClure , Phillips & Co. 1905 . Jump up ^ Gates , Henry Louis and Appiah , Anthony . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . 1999 , p. 1211 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Edgar Gardner . The Problems of the Present South . 1910 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Taylor , Jon E. ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) . Freedom to Serve : Truman , Civil Rights , and Executive Order 9981 . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 89449 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of Korematsu v. United States opinion '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ Steele v. Louisville , Findlaw . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ian F. Haney ( February 1 , 2007 ) , `` A nation of minorities : race , ethnicity , and reactionary colorblindness '' , Stanford Law Review ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 - CRA - Title VII - Equal Employment Opportunities - 42 US Code Chapter 21 '' . Jump up ^ `` LBJ for Kids -- Civil rights during the Johnson Administration '' . University of Texas . Jump up ^ See generally , Lopez , Ian F. Haney ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` A nation of minorities : race , ethnicity , and reactionary colorblindness '' . Stanford Law Review . Jump up ^ `` Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws '' Archived March 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ `` RELICS OF RACISM : BIG RAPIDS MUSEUM LETS ITS MEMORABILIA TELL THE UGLY STORY OF JIM CROW IN AMERICA '' . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michelle ( 2012 ) . The New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1595586438 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Hear ( November 8 , 2014 ) . `` The `` New Jim Crow '' Reconsidered `` . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Further reading Ayers , Edward L. The Promise of the New South . New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . Barnes , Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit . New York : Columbia University Press , 1983 . Bartley , Numan V . The Rise of Massive Resistance : Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s . Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press , 1969 . Bond , Horace Mann . `` The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States . '' Journal of Negro Education vol. 4 ( July 1935 ) , pp. 321 -- 327 . Chin , Gabriel , and Karthikeyan , Hrishi . Preserving Racial Identity : Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asians , 1910 to 1950 , 9 Asian L.J. 1 ( 2002 ) Campbell , Nedra . More Justice , More Peace : The Black Person 's Guide to the American Legal System . Lawrence Hill Books ; Chicago Review Press , 2003 . Cole , Stephanie and Natalie J. Ring ( eds . ) , The Folly of Jim Crow : Rethinking the Segregated South . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Dailey , Jane ; Gilmore , Glenda Elizabeth and Simon , Bryant ( eds . ) , Jumpin ' Jim Crow : Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights . 2000 . Delany , Sarah ; Delany , A. Elizabeth ; and Hearth , Amy Hill . Having Our Say ; The Delany Sisters ' First 100 Years . Thorndike , ME : G.K. Hall & Co. , 1993 . Fairclough , Adam . `` ' Being in the Field of Education and Also Being a Negro ... Seems ... Tragic ' : Black Teachers in the Jim Crow South . '' The Journal of American History vol. 87 ( June 2000 ) , pp. 65 -- 91 . Feldman , Glenn . Politics , Society , and the Klan in Alabama , 1915 -- 1949 . University of Alabama Press , 1999 . Harvey Fireside , Separate and Unequal : Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1293 - 7 Foner , Eric . Reconstruction , America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 . New York : HarperCollins , 1988 . Gaines , Kevin . Uplifting the Race : Black Leadership , Politics , and Culture in the Twentieth Century University of North Carolina Press , 1996 . Gaston , Paul M. The New South Creed : A Study in Southern Mythmaking New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1970 . Gilmore , Glenda Elizabeth . Gender and Jim Crow Women and the Politics ... in North Carolina , 1896 -- 1920 ( 1996 ) Griffin , John Howard Black Like Me . New York : Signet , 1996 . Haws , Robert , ed . The Age of Segregation : Race Relations in the South , 1890 -- 1945 University Press of Mississippi , 1978 . Hackney , Sheldon . Populism to Progressivism in Alabama ( 1969 ) Johnson , Charles S. Patterns of Negro Segregation Harper and Brothers , 1943 . Klarman , Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 Litwack , Leon F ... Trouble in Mind : Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow . New York : Alfred A. Knopf : 1998 . Lopez , Ian F. Haney . `` A nation of minorities '' : race , ethnicity , and reactionary colorblindness . Stanford Law Review , February 1 , 2007 . Kantrowitz , Stephen . Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy ( 2000 ) McMillen , Neil R. Dark Journey : Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Medley , Keith Weldon . We As Freemen : Plessy v. Ferguson . Pelican . March , 2003 . Murray , Pauli . States ' Law on Race and Color . University of Georgia Press . 2d ed. 1997 ( Davison Douglas ed . ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1883 - 7 Myrdal , Gunnar . An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York : Harper and Row , 1944 . Newby , I.A. Jim Crow 's Defense : Anti-Negro Thought in America , 1900 -- 1930 . Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press , 1965 . Percy , William Alexander . Lanterns on the Levee : Recollections of a Planter 's Son . 1941 . Reprint , Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press , 1993 . Rabinowitz , Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South , 1856 -- 1890 ( 1978 ) Smith , J. Douglas . Managing : Race , Politics , and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . Smith , J. Douglas . `` The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia , 1922 -- 1930 : `` Nominally White , Biologically Mixed , and Legally Negro . '' Journal of Southern History vol. 68 ( February 2002 ) , pp. 65 -- 106 . Smith , J. Douglas . `` Patrolling the Boundaries of Race : Motion Picture Censorship and Jim Crow in Virginia , 1922 -- 1932 . '' Historical Journal of Film , Radio , and Television 21 ( August 2001 ) : 273 -- 91 . Sterner , Richard . The Negro 's Share ( 1943 ) detailed statistics Woodward , C. Vann . The Strange Career of Jim Crow. 1955 . Woodward , C. Vann . The Origins of the New South : 1877 -- 1913 ( 1951 ) . External links The History of Jim Crow , Ronald L.F. Davis -- A series of essays on the history of Jim Crow . Archived index at the Wayback Machine . Creating Jim Crow -- Origins of the term and system of laws . Racial Etiquette : The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America -- The basics of Jim Crow etiquette . `` You Do n't Have to Ride Jim Crow ! '' PBS documentary on first Freedom Ride , in 1947 . List of laws enacted in various states Ferris University page about Jim Crow Voices on Antisemitism Interview with David Pilgrim , founder of Jim Crow Museum from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum Jim Crow Era , History in the Key of Jazz , Gerald Early , Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri ( esp . see section `` Jim Crow is Born '' ) `` Jim Crow Laws '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Examples of Jim Crow laws Jim Crow Signs at A History of Central Florida Podcast Jim Crow Era Participants Federal government Presidents Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Congress African - American Senators African - American Representatives Henry Cabot Lodge William E. Chandler George F. Hoar John J. Ingalls Henry W. Blair Benjamin Harrison John Sherman James G. Blaine Joseph B. 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American history Anti-black racism in the United States Debt bondage Discrimination in the United States History of African - American civil rights History of racial segregation in the United States Legal history of the United States Politics and race in the United States Race legislation in the United States Political terminology of the United States Reconstruction Era United States repealed legislation White supremacy in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 贛語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Crow%20laws	2,551
what station is the breakfast club on iheartradio	The Breakfast Club Genre Talk , Hip hop , Politics Running time 4 hours Country of origin United States Home station Power 105.1 ( New York City ) Syndicates Premiere Radio Networks The Young Turks TV adaptations Simulcast on Revolt Starring DJ Envy Angela Yee Charlamagne Tha God Produced by Eddie F . Original release 2010 ( at WWPR - FM ) since 2013 ( Syndication ) -- present Opening theme Smells Like Teen Spirit performed by Nirvana Website The Breakfast Club Official Website	Power 105.1	The Breakfast Club ( radio show )	the breakfast club ( radio show )	The Breakfast Club is an American syndicated radio show based in New York City hosted by DJ Envy , Angela Yee , and Charlamagne Tha God . It currently airs in 50 plus markets around the country and on REVOLT every morning . Common topics of discussion on the show are celebrity gossip ( especially in the hip hop industry ) , progressive politics , sexual and dating issues . The show is also currently affiliated with The Young Turks Network .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Segments 3 Past / Recurring segments 4 Affiliates 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Breakfast Club was established December 2010 on Power 105.1 as a local morning show . In April 2013 , Premiere Networks ( WWPR - FM 's corporate cousin through owner Clear Channel Communications , now iHeartMedia , Inc . ) launched a weekend version of the show Weekends with the Breakfast Club , which is a Top 20 Countdown . Four months later , The Breakfast Club was rolled out into syndication . Since March 2014 , The Breakfast Club has been simulcast on REVOLT . The show became partially owned by The Young Turks on September 10 , 2016 . In July 2017 , comedian Lil Duval joked on the show about killing a sex partner if she turned out to be a transgender woman . Host Charlamagne Tha God , while noting that killing a trans person was a hate crime , stated that women not disclosing their trans status were `` taking away a person 's power of choice '' and `` should go to jail or something '' . In response , trans activists , including Raquel Willis and Elle Hearns , called for the show to be boycotted or cancelled . Segments ( edit ) Front Page News Get It Off Your Chest The Rumor Report Ask Yee ( Wednesday and Thursdays ) Donkey of the Day Freaky Friday ( Friday ) Positive note of the day Call in and Weigh in Interview Goon Toons ( Friday ) People 's Choice Mix Shoot Your Shot ( Monday ) Past / Recurring segments ( edit ) The Freezer Slander the Breakfast Club After the Club New Song of the day The Decision ( Mondays ) Hoe Appreciation Day Affiliates ( edit ) REVOLT TV WWPR , New York City , New York ( flagship station ) WUSL , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania KOHT , Tucson , Arizona WKKV , Milwaukee , Wisconsin W281AB , Birmingham , Alabama WZHT , Montgomery , Alabama WQUE , New Orleans , Louisiana KHBT , Waco , Texas KQBT , Houston , Texas KKMY , Beaumont , Texas W257BQ , Charleston , South Carolina WHXT , Columbia , South Carolina WRSV , Raleigh , North Carolina ( simulcast on WDUR - AM ) W242BX , Greenville , South Carolina WMIB , Miami , Florida W283AN , Orlando , Florida WJBT , Jacksonville , Florida WOWI , Norfolk , Virginia WJLB , Detroit , Michigan WQHH , Lansing , Michigan WRDG , Atlanta , Georgia WFXE , Columbus , Georgia WQBT , Savannah , Georgia WGOV , Valdosta , Georgia WTFX , Louisville , Kentucky W280DO , Lexington , Kentucky WDHT , Dayton , Ohio WZCB , Columbus , Ohio WRVZ , Charleston , West Virginia WCZQ , Champaign , Illinois KVEG , Las Vegas , Nevada WJMN , Boston , Massachusetts KATZ - FM , St. Louis , Missouri WZRL , Indianapolis , Indiana KWEE , Portland , Oregon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Premiere Radio Networks '' . Premiere Radio . Jump up ^ `` New York 's Power 105.1 Introduces New Morning Show '' . Jump up ^ `` Clear Channel Begins Breakfast Club Syndication Rollout '' . Jump up ^ `` The Breakfast Club is coming to REVOLT ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Lil Duval Jokes About Murdering Transgender Women , Leads To ' The Breakfast Club ' Boycott '' . Essence . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eligon , John ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Transgender African - Americans ' Open Wound : ' We 're Considered a Joke ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starr , Terrell Jermaine ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Trans Black Women Are Petitioning Charlamagne tha God Over Transphobic Comments on Show '' . The Root . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Morning drive - time radio programs in New York City Morning Edition ( WNYC - 93.9 ) Ty Bentli , Kelly Ford and Chuck Wicks ( WNSH - 94.7 ) The Todd Show ( WPLJ - 95.5 ) El Vacilón de la Mañana ( WSKQ - 97.9 ) Golic and Wingo ( WEPN - 98.7 ) Elvis Duran and the Morning Show ( WHTZ - 100.3 ) Shannon in the Morning ( WCBS - 101.1 ) Cubby Bryant and Carolina Bermudez ( WKTU - 103.5 ) The Breakfast Club ( WWPR - 105.1 ) The Steve Harvey Morning Show ( WBLS - 107.5 ) The Morning Show with Boomer ( WFAN - 660 / 101.9 ) Len Berman ( WOR - 710 ) Imus in the Morning ( WABC - 770 ) The Takeaway ( WNYC - 820 ) Joe Piscopo ( WNYM - 970 ) Mark Riley ( WWRL - 1600 ) The Young Turks Hosts Main Cenk Uygur Ana Kasparian Other Jimmy Dore Alonso Duralde Brett Erlich Ryan Grim John Iadarola Shaun King Nomiki Konst Christy Lemire Ben Mankiewicz Dylan Ratigan Michael Shure Dan Rather David Sirota Emma Vigeland Former Jordan Chariton Jill Pike Dave Rubin Cara Santa Maria Partners The Bill Press Show Richard A. Fowler The Majority Report with Sam Seder Secular Talk The Breakfast Club Other Justice Democrats Mad as Hell Wolf PAC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club_(radio_show)&oldid=833213489 '' Categories : American music radio programs IHeartRadio digital channels 2010 radio programme debuts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 08 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Breakfast%20Club%20%28radio%20show%29	2,552
when did hearst castle became a state park	Hearst Castle is a National Historic Landmark and California Historical Landmark mansion located on the Central Coast of California , United States . Designed by architect Julia Morgan , it was a residence for newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst between 1919 and 1947 . Hearst died in 1951 , and it became a California State Park in 1954 . The site was opened to visitors in 1958 . Since that time it has been operated as the Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument where the estate , and its considerable collection of art and antiques , is open for public tours . Despite its location far from any urban center , the site attracts `` millions of travelers each year '' .	1954	Hearst Castle	hearst castle	Hearst Castle is a National Historic Landmark and California Historical Landmark mansion located on the Central Coast of California , United States . Designed by architect Julia Morgan , it was a residence for newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst between 1919 and 1947 . Hearst died in 1951 , and it became a California State Park in 1954 . The site was opened to visitors in 1958 . Since that time it has been operated as the Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument where the estate , and its considerable collection of art and antiques , is open for public tours . Despite its location far from any urban center , the site attracts `` millions of travelers each year '' .	Hearst formally named the estate `` La Cuesta Encantada '' ( `` The Enchanted Hill '' ) , but usually called it `` the ranch '' . Hearst Castle and grounds are also sometimes referred to as `` San Simeon '' without distinguishing between the Hearst property and the adjacent unincorporated area of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Location 2.1 Climate 3 Design 4 Size 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links History ( edit ) Invitations to Hearst Castle were highly coveted during its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s . The Hollywood and political elite often visited , usually flying into the estate 's airfield or taking a private Hearst - owned train car from Los Angeles . Among Hearst 's guests were Charlie Chaplin , Cary Grant , the Marx Brothers , Charles Lindbergh , Greta Garbo , Joan Crawford , Clark Gable , James Stewart , Bob Hope , Calvin Coolidge , Franklin Roosevelt , Dolores del Río , and Winston Churchill . While guests were expected to attend the formal dinners each evening , they were normally left to their own dwellings during the day while Hearst directed his business affairs . Since `` the Ranch '' had so many facilities , guests were rarely at a loss for things to do . The estate 's theater usually screened films from Hearst 's own movie studio , Cosmopolitan Productions . Hearst Castle was the inspiration for the `` Xanadu '' mansion of the 1941 Orson Welles film Citizen Kane , a fictionalization of William Randolph Hearst 's career . Hearst Castle was not used as a location for the film , which instead used Oheka Castle in Huntington , New York , as well as buildings in San Diego 's Balboa Park . Commercial filming is rare at Hearst Castle and most requests are turned down . Since the property was donated to the state of California only two projects have been granted permission : Stanley Kubrick 's Spartacus , which used the castle to stand in as Crassus ' villa ; and Lady Gaga 's music video for `` G.U.Y. '' Spanish style guest house , designed by Julia Morgan One condition of the Hearst Corporation 's donation of the estate was that the Hearst family would be allowed to use it when they wished . Patty Hearst , a granddaughter of William Randolph , related that as a child , she hid behind statues in the Neptune Pool while tours passed by . Although the main estate is now a museum , the Hearst family continues to use an older Victorian house on the property as a retreat -- the original house built by George Hearst in the late 19th century . The house is screened from tourist routes by a dense grove of eucalyptus to provide maximum privacy for the guests . In 2001 , Patty Hearst hosted a Travel Channel show on the estate , and Amanda Hearst modeled for a fashion photo shoot at the estate for a Hearst Corporation magazine , Town and Country , in 2006 . Hearst Castle joined the National Register of Historic Places on June 22 , 1972 and became a United States National Historic Landmark on May 11 , 1976 . Hearst Castle was included as one of America 's `` 10 Amazing Castles '' by Forbes Travel.com . Forbes said , `` Quite possibly the nation 's most famous castle , William Randolph Hearst went to great lengths to bring back the best of European architecture -- most notably ceilings from churches and monasteries -- which were pieced back together in California to create his highly eclectic Central Coast getaway . '' Location ( edit ) Zebras are a popular attraction on the Hearst ranch . They are descendants from Hearst 's private zoo . Hearst Castle is located near the unincorporated community of San Simeon , California , approximately 250 miles ( 400 km ) from both Los Angeles and San Francisco , and 43 miles ( 69 km ) from San Luis Obispo at the northern end of San Luis Obispo County . The estate itself is five miles ( eight kilometers ) inland atop a hill of the Santa Lucia Range at an altitude of 1,600 feet ( 490 m ) . The region is sparsely populated because the Santa Lucia Range abuts the Pacific Ocean , which provides dramatic seaside vistas but few opportunities for development and hampered transportation . The surrounding countryside visible from the mansion remains largely undeveloped . Its entrance is approximately five miles north of Hearst San Simeon State Park . Hearst Castle was built on Rancho Piedra Blanca that William Randolph Hearst 's father , George Hearst , originally purchased in 1865 . The younger Hearst grew fond of this site over many childhood family camping trips . He inherited the ranch , which had grown to 250,000 acres ( 1,012 km ) and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of coastline , from his mother Phoebe Hearst in 1919 . Although the large ranch already had a Victorian mansion , the location selected for Hearst Castle was undeveloped , atop a steep hill whose ascent was a dirt path accessible only by foot or on horseback over 5 miles ( 8 km ) of cutbacks . Climate ( edit ) The Hearst Castle area has a warm - summer mediterranean climate ( Köppen csb ) that is moderated by its relative proximity to the Pacific coastline . hide Climate data for Hearst Castle Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 59.9 ( 15.5 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 65.3 ( 18.5 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 74.7 ( 23.7 ) 75 ( 23.9 ) 78.3 ( 25.7 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 73.9 ( 23.3 ) 65.8 ( 18.8 ) 59.4 ( 15.2 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 54.7 ( 12.6 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 66 ( 18.9 ) 68 ( 20.0 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 64 ( 17.8 ) 57.6 ( 14.2 ) 52 ( 11.1 ) 59.9 ( 15.5 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 46.2 ( 7.9 ) 46.6 ( 8.1 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) 55.4 ( 13.0 ) 57 ( 13.9 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 54.3 ( 12.4 ) 49.3 ( 9.6 ) 44.4 ( 6.9 ) 51.1 ( 10.6 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.5 ( 139.7 ) 5.902 ( 149.9 ) 4.5 ( 114.3 ) 1.902 ( 48.3 ) 0.701 ( 17.8 ) 0.098 ( 2.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.098 ( 2.5 ) 0.299 ( 7.6 ) 1.402 ( 35.6 ) 2.799 ( 71.1 ) 5.799 ( 147.3 ) 28.902 ( 734.1 ) Source : Design ( edit ) Owner William Randolph Hearst with architect Julia Morgan in 1926 . Photograph by Irvin Willat . Hearst first approached American architect Julia Morgan with ideas for a new project in April 1919 , shortly after he took ownership . Hearst 's original idea was to build a bungalow , according to a draftsman who worked in Morgan 's office who recounted Hearst 's words from the initial meeting : I would like to build something upon the hill at San Simeon . I get tired of going up there and camping in tents . I 'm getting a little too old for that . I 'd like to get something that would be a little more comfortable . After approximately one month of discussion , Hearst 's original idea for a modest dwelling swelled to grand proportions . Discussion for the exterior style switched from initial ideas of Japanese and Korean themes to the Spanish Revival that was gaining popularity and that Morgan had furthered with her work on the Los Angeles Herald Examiner headquarters in 1915 . Hearst was fond of Spanish Revival , but dissatisfied with the crudeness of the colonial structures in California . Mexican colonial architecture had more sophistication but he objected to its profusion of ornamentation . Turning to the Iberian Peninsula for inspiration , he found Renaissance and Baroque examples in southern Spain more to his tastes . Hearst particularly admired a church in Ronda and asked Morgan to pattern the Main Building towers after it . The Panama - California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego held the closest approaches in California to the look Hearst desired . He decided to substitute a stucco exterior in place of masonry in deference to Californian traditions . Tower of the Church of Santa María la Mayor , in Ronda , Spain , which served as inspiration for the Hearst Castle towers . By late summer 1919 , Morgan had surveyed the site , analyzed its geology , and drawn initial plans for the Main Building . Construction began in 1919 and continued through 1947 when Hearst stopped living at the estate due to ill health . Morgan persuaded Hearst to begin with the guest cottages , because the smaller structures could be completed more quickly . Hearst Castle as seen from the southwest The estate is a pastiche of historic architectural styles that its owner admired in his travels around Europe . Hearst was a prolific buyer who did not so much purchase art and antiques to furnish his home as he did build his home to get his bulging collection out of warehouses . This led to incongruous elements , such as the private cinema , whose walls were lined with shelves of rare books . The floor plan of the Main Building is chaotic due to his habit of buying centuries - old ceilings , which dictated the proportions and decor of various rooms . Hearst Castle featured 56 bedrooms , 61 bathrooms , 19 sitting rooms , 127 acres ( 0.5 km ) of gardens , indoor and outdoor swimming pools , tennis courts , a movie theater , an airfield , and the world 's largest private zoo . Zebras and other exotic animals still roam the grounds . Morgan , an accomplished civil engineer , devised a gravity - based water delivery system that transports water from artesian wells on the slopes of Pine Mountain , a 3,500 - foot - high ( 1,100 m ) peak 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of Hearst Castle , to a reservoir on Rocky Butte , a 2,000 - foot ( 610 m ) knoll less than a mile southeast from Hearst Castle . The Neptune Pool at Hearst Castle was rebuilt three times to suit its owner 's tastes . Its centerpiece is the façade of an ancient Roman temple Hearst imported to California . One highlight of the estate is the outdoor Neptune Pool , located near the edge of the hilltop , which offers an expansive vista of the mountains , ocean and the main house . Due to drought conditions and leaks in the pool , it is now drained . The Neptune Pool patio features an ancient Roman temple front , transported wholesale from Europe and reconstructed at the site . Hearst was an inveterate tinkerer , and would tear down structures and rebuild them on a whim . For example , the Neptune Pool was rebuilt three times before Hearst was satisfied . As a consequence of Hearst 's persistent design changes , the estate was never completed in his lifetime . Although Hearst Castle 's ornamentation is borrowed from historic European themes , its underlying structure is primarily steel reinforced concrete . The use of modern engineering techniques reflects Morgan 's background as a civil engineering graduate of the University of California , Berkeley and the first female architecture graduate of the École nationale supérieure des Beaux - Arts in Paris . Morgan designed tiles for the castle , and used several tile companies to produce them : Solon & Schemmel ( San Jose ) , Grueby Faience Company ( Boston ) , Batchelder ( Pasadena ) , and California Faience ( Berkeley ) . Albert Solon and Frank Schemmel came to Hearst Castle to perform the tile work . Camille Solon , son of Marc - Louis - Emmanuel Solon and brother of Albert Solon of Solon and Schemmel Tile Company , designed the mosaics of blue - and - gold Venetian glass tile used in the property 's indoor Roman Pool and he also designed and painted the murals in the Gothic Study of Casa Grande . Hearst Castle Roman Pool in September 2012 During Hearst 's ownership , a private power plant supplied electricity to the remote location . Most of the estate 's chandeliers have bare light bulbs , because electrical technology was so new when Hearst Castle was built . Size ( edit ) The total square footage of the buildings on the estate exceeds 90,000 square feet ( 8,300 m2 ) . The area of Casa Grande , the `` castle '' , is 60,645 square feet ( 5,634 m2 ) . The areas of the guest houses on the property are : Casa del Mar : 5,875 square feet ( 546 m2 ) Casa del Monte : 2,291 square feet ( 213 m2 ) Casa del Sol : 2,604 square feet ( 242 m2 ) Gallery ( edit ) Egyptian Artifacts - Oldest Pieces In The Collection Door detail , Casa del Monte Hearst Castle dining room Terrace and vista See also ( edit ) California portal Hearst San Simeon State Park Neptune Pool Wyntoon Xanadu ( Citizen Kane ) List of largest houses in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's ( 21 December 2010 ) . Fodor 's Northern California 2011 : With Napa , Sonoma , Yosemite , San Francisco & Lake Tahoe . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0503 - 1 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State Park Notes '' . Planning and Civic Comment. 20 ( 3 ) : 27 . September 1954 . Jump up ^ `` State Park Notes '' . Planning and Civic Comment. 24 ( 3 ) : 58 . September 1958 . The Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument was dedicated and opened to the public June 2 Jump up ^ `` Hearst Castle '' . San Simeon welcomes you . San Simeon Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The top houses from the movies '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Linn , Sarah ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Hearst Castle goes Gaga as pop diva shoots video this week at estate '' . The Cambrian . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Shyam ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga denies claim she ' wasted 356K gallons of water to fill massive pool at Hearst Castle ' during worst drought in California history '' . MailOnline.com . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` News Release : Hearst Castle and Vikingsholm named by Forbes Travel.com '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Parks and Recreation . February 10 , 2009 . See also `` In Pictures : Great American Castles '' . Forbes.com . December 10 , 2010 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hearst Castle history Jump up ^ `` San Simeon - Hearst Castle , California Temperature Averages '' . Weaterbase . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Wilson ; forward by Lynn Forney McMurray ( 2007 ) . Julia Morgan : Architect of Beauty . Gibbs Smith . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4236 - 0088 - 6 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Garden and Vistas - Tour Information Archived 2010 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . from HearstCastle.org Jump up ^ `` Drought forces Hearst Castle to pool resources '' . San Louis Obispo Tribune . February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ami Lieu ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Drought prompts Hearst Castle to close restrooms , drain pool '' . Social Wanderer . KCET . Jump up ^ Wilson : Julia Morgan : Architect of Beauty , 2007 , p. xi Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Camille Solon Drawings Collection , 1900 - 1952 '' . Jump up ^ Facts and Stats from the official Hearst Castle website Sources ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lewis , O. ( 1958 ) . Fabulous San Simeon ; a history of the Hearst Castle , a Calif. state monument located on the scenic coast of Calif. , together with a guide to the treasures on display . San Francisco : California Historical Society . Collord , M. , & Miller , A. ( 1972 ) . Castle fare : featuring authentic recipes served in Hearst Castle . San Luis Obispo , CA : Blake Printery . Boulian , D.M. ( 1972 ) . Enchanted gardens of Hearst Castle . Cambria , Calif : Phildor Press . Martin , C. ( 1977 ) . Hearst Castle : mythology , legend , history in art . Cambria , Calif : Galatea Publications . Coffman , T. ( 1985 ) . Morgan , J. , Hearst , W.R. , & Loe , N.E. ( 1987 ) . San Simeon revisited : the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst . San Luis Obispo , Calif : Library Associates , California Polytechnic State University . Blades , J. , Nargizian , R.A. , & Carr , G. ( 1993 ) . The Hearst Castle collection of carpets : fine rug reproductions . Santa Barbara , Calif : Jane Freeburg . Kastner , V. ( 1994 ) . Remains to be seen : remains of Spanish ceilings at Hearst Castle . San Simeon , CA : Hearst San Simeon State Historic Monument . Loe , N.E. ( 1994 ) . Hearst Castle : an interpretive history of W.R. Hearst 's San Simeon estate . ( S.l. ) : ARA Services . Sullivan , J. ( 1996 ) . Castle chronicles : : `` sketching around Hearst Castle '' . Los Osos , Calif : The Bay News ? . California . ( 2001 ) . Hearst Castle : Hearst San Simeon State Historical Monument . Sacramento , CA : California State Parks . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hearst Castle . 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Norris Rancho Marino Landels - Hill Big Creek McLaughlin Motte Rimrock Quail Ridge Sagehen Creek Field Station San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Santa Cruz Island Scripps Coastal Sedgwick Stebbins Cold Canyon Steele Burnand Anza - Borrego Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center Valentine Eastern Sierra Younger Lagoon Heritage registers National Natural Landmarks U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hearst_Castle&oldid=848742756 '' Categories : State parks of California Castles in California William Randolph Hearst Hearst family residences Gardens in California Houses in San Luis Obispo County , California Museums in San Luis Obispo County , California Historic house museums in California Open - air museums in California Houses completed in 1947 Julia Morgan buildings National Historic Landmarks in California National Register of Historic Places in San Luis Obispo County , California Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums History of California History of San Luis Obispo County , California Protected areas established in 1957 Santa Lucia Range Landscape design history of the United States Gothic Revival architecture in California Mediterranean Revival architecture in California Neoclassical architecture in California Spanish Revival architecture in California Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 00 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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